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Who built the first iron hulled steamship, the Great Britain	SS Great Britain, Isambard Kingdom Brunel's steamship By Ben Johnson \| Comments A recent popular poll placed Isambard Kingdom Brunel as the second Greatest Briton of all time, second after Sir Winston Churchill. He was without doubt Britain’s greatest engineer, and of all the legacies he left to the world, one of his greatest was the SS Great Britain. The wrought iron steamship was built in 1843 in Bristol, under the supervision of Brunel for the Great Western Steamship Company. The Great Britain set the design standards for today’s modern shipping and eminently demonstrated the industry and inventiveness of the Victorian era . Almost single-handedly Brunel shaped the future of mass passenger travel and international communications. Originally conceived as a paddle steamer, her design was quickly altered to take advantage of the new technology of screw propulsion, and her engines were converted to power a massive sixteen foot iron propeller. When launched in 1843 she was by far the largest ship in the world, at almost 100 metres she was over 30 metres longer than her nearest rival, and was the first screw propelled, ocean-going, wrought iron ship. Weighing in at a massive 1930 tons, she was designed initially for the Trans-Atlantic luxury passenger trade, and could carry 252 first and second class passengers and crew of 130. Whilst her first few voyages demonstrated her technological ability, they were not a great financial success, attracting far fewer passengers than anticipated. Her career in this trade was thus short lived, and after she ran aground on the sands of Dundrum Bay in Northern Ireland in 1846, her engines were so badly damaged that she was sold on. Under Gibbs Bright and Co, the ship prospered. The new owners took advantage of the increase in emigration caused by the Australian gold rush, and re-built the ship as an emigrant carrier, taking people to Australia. With a new upper deck added and a new engine fitted, she could now transport 750 passengers in three classes. Over the next 24 years and 32 voyages she carried over 16,000 emigrants to Australia, and was known in her time as one of the fastest, most elegant and luxurious emigrant clipper ships – the ‘Greyhound of the Seas’. The average time she took on the return journey to Australia was 120 days - very competitive for the mid-19th century. Passage on the ss Great Britain could virtually guarantee that a passenger would arrive on time, well ahead of any sail powered rivals. As meat went off easily on these long voyages, large numbers of live animals were carried for food, giving the ship the appearance of Noah's Ark rather than an emigrant ship. On one voyage in 1859, the ship carried 133 live sheep, 38 pigs, 2 bullocks, 1 cow, 420 fowl, 300 ducks, 400 geese and 30 turkeys. Passenger diaries record the ship as smelling and sounding like a barnyard! Between 1854 and 1855 she was chartered by the Government to carry troops to and from the Crimean War, and over the course of the conflict transported over 44,000 troops. Following the war she was rebuilt yet again before being chartered by the Government for further troop transportation duties, carrying the 17th Lancers and 8th Hussars to the Indian Mutiny. In 1861, for a marginally less serious conflict, the Great Britain also carried the first ever English cricket side to tour Australia. The tour was immensely successful with a 15,000 crowd attending the opening match at Melbourne. The tourists played 12 games in all, winning 6, drawing 4 and losing 2. And bad news could often follow glad news, such as when the onboard newspaper the ‘Great Britain Times’ reported death of the pet koala bear belonging to the ship’s carpenter. Apparently the marsupial died of ‘pulmonary consumption’ on 25 October 1865, much to the sadness of crew and passengers. One of the ship’s more eccentric captains, Captain Gray, climbed each mast at least once a week and interrupted one voyage to Australia to claim the uninhabited island of St. Martin for the Empire. He held a banquet that evening to celebrate. Photographs courtesy of the ss Great Britain Trust By the late 1870’s the Great Britain was showing her age, her engines were removed, and she was converted into a fast three-masted sailing ship. In this unrecognisable guise, the once proud ship transported Welsh coal to San Francisco. On her third trip, however, she ran into trouble around Cape Horn, and was forced to run for shelter in Port Stanley in the Falkland Islands . Damaged as a result of this, she was sold as a coal and wool storage hulk in Port Stanley. In all the Great Britain had 25 accidents entered in her logs – ranging from collisions with other vessels, running aground, lost spars and mast damage, to losing that eccentric Captain Gray in mysterious circumstances. She remained in Port Stanley through the First World War , with coal from her hold helping to replenish the battle cruisers Inflexible and Invincible before the decisive battle of the Falkland Islands on 7 December 1914, in which the armoured cruisers Gneisenau and Scharnhorst and light cruisers Nurnberg and Leipzig were sunk. By 1937 the Great Britain’s hull was no longer watertight, and after being towed a short distance from Port Stanley, she was beached and abandoned to the elements. Attempts to rescue her in the late 1930’s and 1960’s failed, but finally in 1970 an epic salvage effort refloated the ship, and she was towed back home across the Atlantic to Bristol. Despite spending nearly 100 years suffering in the harsh South Atlantic weather, the Great Britain was able to float up the River Avon herself! After covering over a million miles, Brunel’s 155 year old iron hull had stood the test of time superbly. Following yet another refit, this time costing in the region of £11.3 million, Brunel’s ss Great Britain was re-launched as one of the world’s most important maritime museums in 2005. For further details visit www.ssgreatbritain.org . Tweet If you enjoyed this article, you might also like... RMS Titanic, the unsinkable ship - When she set sail across the Atlantic on her maiden voyage from Southampton, England to New York City on 10 April 1912, the RMS Titanic, at 52,310 tons, was the largest passenger steam ship the world had ever seen. Steam trains and railways - The man who first put steam engines on rails was a tall, strong Cornishman described by his schoolmaster as “obstinate and inattentive”. Richard Trevithick (1771-1833), who learnt his craft in... Merthyr and the Welsh Men of Steet - In the mid 1700’s, Merthyr Tydfil was just a small Welsh farming village in the upper Taff Valley. By the 1820s, Merthyr was the source of 40% of Britain's iron exports. It was an area which produced... Museums in Britain - View our interactive map showing the location of several hundred museums across the length and breadth of Britain, ranging from internationally famous museums such as the Natural History Museum, to specialist sporting and local history museums. Popular This Month	Isambard Kingdom Brunel
What space first is held by Anna Fisher	Maritime Topics onstamps, Brunel Ships, Great Western, Great Britain, Great Eastern two steam engines with 225 HP rated output each two paddle side wheels, four masts with auxiliary sails Speed 8.5 to 9 kn, 128 1st class passengers, 20 in 2nd class Crew 57 men During one of the first trial runs a steam boiler heated the frames around the funnel area so strongly that the captain set the ship aground. However, damage was minor and the ship refloated with the next tide. Only 7 passengers dared ride along for its first Atlantic passage � many were scared of this new mode of transportation. This first passage also was to become an ocean race between the "Great Western" and the smaller "Sirius", on time charter to the British & American Steam Navigation Company. The "Great Western" won with an average speed of 8 kn and three days less than needed by the "Sirius" (15:18). Although nobody yet spoke of a "Blue Riband " at the time, the "Great Western" was the fastest ship on the North Atlantic route. During the following 8 years the "Great Western" performed 67 crossings between Bristol and/or Liverpool and New York, reliably and regularly, with average travel time of 12 to 15 days. In 1846 the ship was sold to the Royal Steam Packet Company. In 1855 she was requisitioned by the British authorities and used as a troop transporter in the Crimean War. 1856/57 the ship was scrapped. This letter was carried aboard in 1842: with "Great Western" from Liverpool and Bristol to New York, "Paid at Liverpool" with 8 pence and 6 cent ship fee in New York. The manuscript "8" and "6" are recognizable above the address. In 1839 construction of the "Great Britain" began as wheel steamer "Mammoth". But due to the success of screw steamer "Archimedes", Brunel radically changed the building plans. The ship was to become the first ocean-going vessel with screw propulsion, and the first transatlantic ship built of iron. Other innovations were waterproof transverse bulkheads, a double bottom, and a balanced rudder. She was renamed in "Great Britain". Some data: two steam engines, 2,000 HP a screw propeller of 4.7m diameter with six blades six masts with auxiliary sails Speed of 8.5 to 12 kn 360 1st class passengers Crew 130 men In June 1845 the "Great Britain" performed her maiden voyage from Liverpool to New York in 15 days. On following trips there were a number of incidents: In a storm a mast broke, a propeller blade fell off, in 1846, on her fifth voyage, she ran hard aground in Dundrum Bay near Belfast. About a year later she was salvaged and laid-up, then sold to Gibbs & Bright in 1850. The ship was converted to a four-masted vessel with two side-by-side funnels, engines were replaced, and interiors were modernized. In 1852 she made her first voyage from Liverpool to Melbourne and Sydney with 636 emigrants and a full cargo of freight. In 1853 she was re-rigged from a four-masted ship to a three-master with one funnel. By 1875 "Great Britain" had made 32 trips to Australia, the fastest one in 54 days. In-between "Great Britain" was used as troop transporter, 1855/56 for the Crimean War and 1857/58 during the Indian Mutiny. The ship then was several times re-rigged, under various owners. From 1882, as a 3-masted pure sailing ship, she served in the U.K./San Francisco trade. Severely storm damaged off Cape Horn in 1886, she sought refuge at Port Stanley in the Falklands where she became a storage hulk for wool and coals. In 1937 the "Great Britain" was towed to Sparrow Cove and placed aground. Her strong iron hull and double bottom saved her to this day. In the 1960s the British naval architect Dr. Ewan Corlett drew public attention to the wreck and its historical significance. He founded the "SS Great Britain Project" which raised the funds to salvage her. In 1970 the hull was lashed onto a pontoon (see stamp above) and towed to Bristol. Thus "Great Britain" returned to the same place where she was built 125 years before, in the Great Western Drydock. The ship has since been restored to her original 19th century appearance and is today a maritime museum. A letter carried on "Great Britain�s maiden voyage in 1845 from Liverpool to New York; Postage 8 pence paid at Liverpool and 6 cent ship fee charged at New York. The "Great Eastern" was Isambard Kingdom Brunel�s engineering masterpiece. Not only the largest ship of the era, she was five decades ahead of her time! Her dimensions were truly gigantic. "Great Eastern" -- originally named �Leviathan� -- was built to take passengers and emigrants to Australia and to be suitable as a troop transport. She was designed for large amounts of cargo and a coal capacity sufficient for an entire round voyage-- ports with coaling depots were rare and expensive at the time. She was intended to surpass the clipper ships� dominant position in the Australia trade. Some construction data: Double bottom, double hull, and nine transverse bulkheads. A 4,900 HP engine for the single screw of 24 feet in diameter. A 3.400 HP driving the paddle wheels of 58 feet diameter. Five funnels; six masts with 5,000 square meters auxiliary sails. Average speed around 14 knots. 800/2,000/1,200 passengers in 1st/2nd/3rd Class. Crew around 400 men. From planning in 1851 to launching in 1858 one misfortune followed another. Workers fell off scaffolding and died, a riveter and his apprentice disappeared without a trace. Years later, during demolition, human bones were found in the double bottom. There were cost overruns, building came to a stop, new financing had to be obtained. The launch, planned sideways due to the ship�s length, ended in disaster -- the hull got stuck. Finally, after four attempts, the ship was afloat. The Eastern Steam NavigationCo. went bankrupt and sold the unfinished ship to the newly establised Great Ship Company. The earlier name "Leviathan" was changed to "Great Eastern". A boiler exploded on her maiden voyage, resulting in the death of six engineers and injuring many others. The ship's boat carrying the captain ashore capsized. Captain, bosun, and a decksboy drowned. All this on a maiden voyage spelt a bad Omen! Relations between Brunel and the shipyard�s Russell during the construction period were severely strained, involving financing, building problems, and Russell�s ignoring of Brunel�s instructions. Publicity, Russel blamed all mishaps on Brunel. Isambard Kingdom fell ill and suffered a stroke. He was unable to participate in the trial runs and died on September 15, 1859. Misfortune continued to plague the ship. On her maiden voyage to New York she had just 38 paying passengers aboard -- with room for 4000! It was a financial disaster. A water pipe burst during the homebound voyage spoiling a large amount of provisions. A drive shaft broke, then "Great Eastern" collided with another vessel. Thus went four years moving passengers, and once serving as a troop transport to Canada. In 1862 she stranded on an unknown reef off Long Island. Her double bottom saved her from becoming a total loss. Salvaged and sold once more in 1864, she was converted to a cable layer and in 1865 successfully laid the 2000 miles long transatlantic telegraph cable from Ireland to Newfoundland. In 1867 "Great Eastern" was chartered by a French company intending to bring guests from New York to Brest to visit the Paris World Exhibition. However, only 191 passengers took passage and the venture ended in a financial loss. Jules Verne was aboard and later wrote his novel "A Floating City�. Between 1869 and 1875 she laid several more undersea cables in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Afterwards the ship was auctioned off to several successive owners. In 1886 the iron ship "Great Eastern" became a floating carnival at the Liverpool World�s Fair, once more in a money-losing endeavour. Then, there was no further use for this giant vessel. There were purpose-built cable laying ships, fast express passenger liners, and the opening of the Suez Canal along the way. This extraordinary vessel, unfortunately a �white elephant� far ahead of her time, was scrapped in 1889 /90. Source:	i don't know
Which country was the first to produce cigarettes commercially	History of Tobacco Bibliography History of Tobacco Tobacco has a long history in the Americas. The Mayan Indians of Mexico carved drawings in stone showing tobacco use. These drawings date back to somewhere between 600 to 900 A.D. Tobacco was grown by American Indians before the Europeans came from England, Spain, France, and Italy to North America. Native Americans smoked tobacco through a pipe for special religious and medical purposes. They did not smoke every day. Tobacco was the first crop grown for money in North America. In 1612 the settlers of the first American colony in Jamestown, Virginia grew tobacco as a cash crop. It was their main source of money. Other cash crops were corn, cotton, wheat, sugar, and soya beans. Tobacco helped pay for the American Revolution against England. Also, the first President of the U.S. grew tobacco. By the 1800's, many people had begun using small amounts of tobacco. Some chewed it. Others smoked it occasionally in a pipe, or they hand-rolled a cigarette or cigar. On the average, people smoked about 40 cigarettes a year. The first commercial cigarettes were made in 1865 by Washington Duke on his 300-acre farm in Raleigh, North Carolina. His hand-rolled cigarettes were sold to soldiers at the end of the Civil War. It was not until James Bonsack invented the cigarette-making machine in 1881 that cigarette smoking became widespread. Bonsack's cigarette machine could make 120,000 cigarettes a day. He went into business with Washington Duke's son, James "Buck" Duke. They built a factory and made 10 million cigarettes their first year and about one billion cigarettes five years later. The first brand of cigarettes were packaged in a box with baseball cards and were called Duke of Durham. Buck Duke and his father started the first tobacco company in the U.S. They named it the American Tobacco Company. Credit: An 1892 Duke of Durham box of machine-rolled cigarettes Tobacco Biology & Politics The American Tobacco Company was the largest and most powerful tobacco company until the early 1900's. Several companies were making cigarettes by the early 1900's. In 1902 Philip Morris company came out with its Marlboro brand. They were selling their cigarettes mainly to men. Everything changed during World War I (1914-18) and World War II (1939-45). Soldiers overseas were given free cigarettes every day. At home production increased and cigarettes were being marketed to women too. More than any other war, World War II brought more independence for women. Many of them went to work and started smoking for the first time while their husbands were away. By 1944 cigarette production was up to 300 billion a year. Service men received about 75% of all cigarettes produced. The wars were good for the tobacco industry. Since WW II, there have been six giant cigarette companies in the U.S. They are Philip Morris, R.J. Reynolds, American Brands, Lorillard, Brown & Williamson, and Liggett & Myers (now called the Brooke Group). They make millions of dollars selling cigarettes in the U.S. and all over the world. In 1964 the Surgeon General of the U.S. (the chief doctor for the country) wrote a report about the dangers of cigarette smoking. He said that the nicotine and tar in cigarettes cause lung cancer. In 1965 the Congress of the U.S. passed the Cigarette Labelling and Advertising Act. It said that every cigarette pack must have a warning label on its side stating "Cigarettes may be hazardous to your health." By the 1980's, the tobacco companies had come out with new brands of cigarettes with lower amounts of tar and nicotine and improved filters to keep their customers buying and to help reduce their fears. The early 1980's were called the "tar wars" because tobacco companies competed aggressively to make over 100 low tar and "ultra" low tar cigarettes. Each company made and sold many different brands of cigarettes. In 1984 Congress passed another law called the Comprehensive Smoking Education Act. It said that the cigarette companies every three months had to change the warning labels on cigarette packs. It created four different labels for the companies to rotate. Public Law 98-474, "Comprehensive Smoking Education Act, 1984" Credit: Smoking Tobacco & Health, Centers for Disease Control Since the 1980's, federal, state, local governments, and private companies have begun taking actions to restrict cigarette smoking in public places. The warning labels were the first step. Tobacco companies cannot advertise cigarettes on television or radio. It is against a law that was passed by Congress in 1971. Many cities across the U.S. do not allow smoking in public buildings and restaurants. Since 1990, airlines have not allowed smoking on airplane flights in the U.S. that are six hours or less. State taxes on cigarettes have increased. As it becomes more difficult for tobacco companies to sell their products in the U.S., they are looking outside. U.S. tobacco companies are now growing tobacco in Africa, South America (Brazil and Paraguay), India, Pakistan, the Phillipines, Greece, Thailand, and the Dominican Republic. Fifty percent (50%) of the sales of U.S. tobacco companies go to Asian countries, such as Thailand, South Korea, Malaysia, the Phillipines, and Taiwan.	France
In which European country did the last legal execution of a witch take place	History of Television - Mitchell Stephens History of Television Article by Mitchell Stephens Few inventions have had as much effect on contemporary American society as television. Before 1947 the number of U.S. homes with television sets could be measured in the thousands. By the late 1990s, 98 percent of U.S. homes had at least one television set, and those sets were on for an average of more than seven hours a day. The typical American spends (depending on the survey and the time of year) from two-and-a-half to almost five hours a day watching television. It is significant not only that this time is being spent with television but that it is not being spent engaging in other activities, such as reading or going out or socializing. EXPERIMENTS Electronic television was first successfully demonstrated in San Francisco on Sept. 7, 1927. The system was designed by Philo Taylor Farnsworth, a 21-year-old inventor who had lived in a house without electricity until he was 14. While still in high school, Farnsworth had begun to conceive of a system that could capture moving images in a form that could be coded onto radio waves and then transformed back into a picture on a screen. Boris Rosing in Russia had conducted some crude experiments in transmitting images 16 years before Farnsworth's first success. Also, a mechanical television system, which scanned images using a rotating disk with holes arranged in a spiral pattern, had been demonstrated by John Logie Baird in England and Charles Francis Jenkins in the United States earlier in the 1920s. However, Farnsworth's invention, which scanned images with a beam of electrons, is the direct ancestor of modern television. The first image he transmitted on it was a simple line. Soon he aimed his primitive camera at a dollar sign because an investor had asked, "When are we going to see some dollars in this thing, Farnsworth?" EARLY DEVELOPMENT RCA, the company that dominated the radio business in the United States with its two NBC networks, invested $50 million in the development of electronic television. To direct the effort, the company's president, David Sarnoff, hired the Russian-born scientist Vladimir Kosma Zworykin, who had participated in Rosing's experiments. In 1939, RCA televised the opening of the New York World's Fair, including a speech by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who was the first president to appear on television. Later that year RCA paid for a license to use Farnsworth's television patents. RCA began selling television sets with 5 by 12 in (12.7 by 25.4 cm) picture tubes. The company also began broadcasting regular programs, including scenes captured by a mobile unit and, on May 17, 1939, the first televised baseball gameÑbetween Princeton and Columbia universities. By 1941 the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), RCA's main competition in radio, was broadcasting two 15-minute newscasts a day to a tiny audience on its New York television station. Early television was quite primitive. All the action at that first televised baseball game had to be captured by a single camera, and the limitations of early cameras forced actors in dramas to work under impossibly hot lights, wearing black lipstick and green makeup (the cameras had trouble with the color white). The early newscasts on CBS were "chalk talks," with a newsman moving a pointer across a map of Europe, then consumed by war. The poor quality of the picture made it difficult to make out the newsman, let alone the map. World War II slowed the development of television, as companies like RCA turned their attention to military production. Television's progress was further slowed by a struggle over wavelength allocations with the new FM radio and a battle over government regulation. The Federal Communications Commission's (FCC) 1941 ruling that the National Broadcasting Company (NBC) had to sell one of its two radio networks was upheld by the Supreme Court in 1943. The second network became the new American Broadcasting Company (ABC), which would enter television early in the next decade. Six experimental television stations remained on the air during the warÑone each in Chicago, Philadelphia, Los Angeles, and Schenectady, N.Y., and two in New York City. But full-scale commercial television broadcasting did not begin in the United States until 1947. THE BEGINNING OF COMMERCIAL TELEVISION By 1949 Americans who lived within range of the growing number of television stations in the country could watch, for example, The Texaco Star Theater (1948), starring Milton Berle, or the children's program, Howdy Doody (1947Ð60). They could also choose between two 15-minute newscastsÑCBS TV News (1948) with Douglas Edwards and NBC's Camel News Caravan (1948) with John Cameron Swayze (who was required by the tobacco company sponsor to have a burning cigarette always visible when he was on camera). Many early programsÑsuch as Amos 'n' Andy (1951) or The Jack Benny Show (1950Ð65)Ñwere borrowed from early television's older, more established Big Brother: network radio. Most of the formats of the new programsÑnewscasts, situation comedies, variety shows, and dramasÑwere borrowed from radio, too (see radio broadcasting and television programming). NBC and CBS took the funds needed to establish this new medium from their radio profits. However, television networks soon would be making substantial profits of their own, and network radio would all but disappear, except as a carrier of hourly newscasts. Ideas on what to do with the element television added to radio, the visuals, sometimes seemed in short supply. On news programs, in particular, the temptation was to fill the screen with "talking heads," newscasters simply reading the news, as they might have for radio. For shots of news events, the networks relied initially on the newsreel companies, whose work had been shown previously in movie studios. The number of television sets in use rose from 6,000 in 1946 to some 12 million by 1951. No new invention entered American homes faster than black and white television sets; by 1955 half of all U.S. homes had one. McCARTHYISM In 1947 the House Committee on Un-American Activities began an investigation of the film industry, and Sen. Joseph R. McCarthy soon began to inveigh against what he claimed was Communist infiltration of the government. Broadcasting, too, felt the impact of this growing national witch-hunt. Three former members of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) published "Counterattack: The Newsletter of Facts on Communism," and in 1950 a pamphlet, "Red Channels," listed the supposedly Communist associations of 151 performing artists. Anti-Communist vigilantes applied pressure to advertisersÑthe source of network profits. Political beliefs suddenly became grounds for getting fired. Most of the producers, writers, and actors who were accused of having had left-wing leanings found themselves blacklisted, unable to get work. CBS even instituted a loyalty oath for its employees. Among the few individuals in television well positioned enough and brave enough to take a stand against McCarthyism was the distinguished former radio reporter Edward R. Murrow. In partnership with the news producer Fred Friendly, Murrow began See It Now, a television documentary series, in 1950. On Mar. 9, 1954, Murrow narrated a report on McCarthy, exposing the senator's shoddy tactics. Of McCarthy, Murrow observed, "His mistake has been to confuse dissent with disloyalty." A nervous CBS refused to promote Murrow and Friendly's program. Offered free time by CBS, McCarthy replied on April 6, calling Murrow "the leader and the cleverest of the jackal pack which is always found at the throat of anyone who dares to expose Communist traitors." In this TV appearance, McCarthy proved to be his own worst enemy, and it became apparent that Murrow had helped to break McCarthy's reign of fear. In 1954 the U.S. Senate censured McCarthy, and CBS's "security" office was closed down. THE GOLDEN AGE Between 1953 and 1955, television programming began to take some steps away from radio formats. NBC television president Sylvester Weaver devised the "spectacular," a notable example of which was Peter Pan (1955), starring Mary Martin, which attracted 60 million viewers. Weaver also developed the magazine-format programs Today, which made its debut in 1952 with Dave Garroway as host (until 1961), and The Tonight Show, which began in 1953 hosted by Steve Allen (until 1957). The third network, ABC, turned its first profit with youth-oriented shows such as Disneyland, which debuted in 1954 (and has since been broadcast under different names), and The Mickey Mouse Club (1955Ð59; see Disney, Walt). The programming that dominated the two major networks in the mid-1950s borrowed heavily from another medium: theater. NBC and CBS presented such noteworthy, and critically acclaimed, dramatic anthologies as Kraft Television Theater (1947), Studio One (1948), Playhouse 90 (1956), and The U.S. Steel Hour (1953). Memorable television dramas of the eraÑmost of them broadcast liveÑincluded Paddy Chayefsky's Marty (1955), starring Rod Steiger (Ernest Borgnine starred in the film), and Reginald Rose's Twelve Angry Men (1954). By the 1955Ð56 television season, 14 of these live-drama anthology series were being broadcast. This is often looked back on as the "Golden Age" of television. However, by 1960 only one of these series was still on the air. Viewers apparently preferred dramas or comedies that, while perhaps less literary, at least had the virtue of sustaining a familiar set of characters week after week. I Love Lucy, the hugely successful situation comedy starring Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz, had been recorded on film since it debuted in 1951 (lasting until 1957). It had many imitators. The Honeymooners, starring Jackie Gleason, was first broadcast, also via film, in 1955 (lasting until 1956 with the original cast). The first videotape recorder was invented by Ampex in 1956 (see video; video recording; video technology). Another format introduced in the mid-1950s was the big-money quiz show. The $64,000 Question (1955Ð58) and Twenty-One (1956Ð58) quickly shot to the top of the ratings. In 1959, however, the creator of The $64,000 Question, Louis C. Cowan, by that time president of CBS television, was forced to resign from the network amid revelations of widespread fixing of game shows (see Van Doren, Charles). TELEVISION AND POLITICS Television news first covered the presidential nominating conventions of the two major parties, events then still at the heart of America politics, in 1952. The term "anchorman" was used, probably for the first time, to describe Walter Cronkite's central role in CBS's convention coverage that year. In succeeding decades these conventions would become so concerned with looking good on television that they would lose their spontaneity and eventually their news value. The power of television news increased with the arrival of the popular newscast, The Huntley-Brinkley Report, on NBC in 1956 (see Huntley, Chet, and Brinkley, David). The networks had begun producing their own news film. Increasingly, they began to compete with newspapers as the country's primary source of news (see journalism). The election of a young and vital president in 1960, John F. Kennedy, seemed to provide evidence of how profoundly television would change politics. Commentators pointed to the first televised debate that fall between Kennedy, the Democratic candidate for president, and Vice-President Richard M. Nixon, the Republican's nominee. A survey of those who listened to the debate on radio indicated that Nixon had won; however, those who watched on television, and were able to contrast Nixon's poor posture and poorly shaven face with Kennedy's poise and grace, were more likely to think Kennedy had won the debate. Television's coverage of the assassination of President Kennedy on Nov. 22, 1963, and of the events that followed, provided further evidence of the medium's power. Most Americans joined in watching coverage of the shocking and tragic events, not as crowds in the streets, but from their own living rooms. A newscast that would soon surpass the popularity of Huntley-Brinkley, The CBS Evening News with Walter Cronkite, debuted in 1962 (and was broadcast until 1981). By the end of the decade Cronkite had become not just a highly respected journalist but, according to public opinion surveys, "the most trusted man in America." His role in coverage of the Vietnam War would be important. While the overwhelming majority of television news reports on the Vietnam War were supportive of U.S. policy, television news film of the fighting sometimes gave Americans back home an unfamiliar, harsh, and unromantic view of combat. Many believed it contributed to growing public dissatisfaction with the war. And some of the anger of those defending U.S. policy in Vietnam was leveled against television news. In 1965, CBS reporter Morley Safer accompanied a group of U.S. Marines on a "search and destroy" mission to a complex of hamlets called Cam Ne. The Marines faced no enemy resistance, yet they held cigarette lighters to the thatched roofs and proceeded to "waste" Cam Ne. After much debate, Safer's filmed report on the incident was shown on CBS. Early the next morning the president of CBS received an angry phone call from the president of the United States, Lyndon B. Johnson, accusing the network of a lack of patriotism. During the Tet offensive in 1968, Cronkite went to Vietnam to report a documentary on the state of the war. That documentary, broadcast on Feb. 28, 1968, concluded with what Cronkite has described as "a clearly labeled editorial": "It is increasingly clear to this reporter that the only rational way out will be to negotiate," he said. President Johnson was watching Cronkite's report. According to Bill Moyers, one of his press aides at the time: "The president flipped off the set and said, `If I've lost Cronkite, I've lost middle America.'" THE THREE NETWORKS AT THE HEIGHT OF THEIR POWER In 1964 color broadcasting began on prime-time television. The FCC initially approved a CBS color system, then swung in RCA's favor after Sarnoff swamped the marketplace with black-and-white sets compatible with RCA color (the CBS color system was not compatible with black-and-white sets and would have required the purchase of new sets). During the 1960s and 1970s a country increasingly fascinated with television was limited to watching almost exclusively what appeared on the three major networks: CBS, NBC, and ABC. These networks purchased time to broadcast their programs from about 200 affiliates eachÑstations in each of the major cities or metropolitan areas of the United States. In the larger cities, there might also be a few independent stations (mostly playing reruns of old network shows) and perhaps a fledgling public broadcasting channel. Programming on each of the three networks was designed to grab a mass audience. Network shows therefore catered, as critics put it, to the lowest common denominator. James Aubrey, president of CBS television, doubled the network's profits between 1960 and 1966 by broadcasting simple comedies like The Beverly Hillbillies (1962Ð71). In 1961, Newton Minow, then chairman of the FCC, called television a "vast wasteland." Programming became a little more adventurous with the arrival of more realistic situation comedies, beginning with CBS's All in the Family in 1971 (broadcast until 1979). Along with situation comediesÑusually a half-hour focused on either a family and their neighbors or a group of co-workersÑthe other main staple of network prime-time programming has been the one-hour drama, featuring the adventures of police, detectives, doctors, lawyers, or, in the early decades of television, cowboys. Daytime television programming consisted primarily of soap operas and quiz shows until the 1980s, when talk shows discussing subjects that were formerly taboo, such as sexuality, became popular. The three major networks have always been in a continual race for ratings and advertising dollars. CBS and NBC dominated through the mid-1970s, when ABC, traditionally regarded as a poor third, rose to the top of the ratings, largely because of shrewd scheduling. PUBLIC BROADCASTING A Carnegie Commission report in 1967 recommended the creation of a fourth, noncommercial, public television network built around the educational nonprofit stations already in operation throughout the United States (see television, noncommercial). Congress created the Public Broadcasting System that year. Unlike commercial networks, which are centered in New York and Los Angeles, PBS's key stations, many of which produce programs that are shown throughout the network, are spread across the country. PBS comprises more than 300 stations, more than any commercial network. Some of the most praised programs on PBS, such as the dramatic series Upstairs, Downstairs (1971), have been imports from Britain, which has long had a reputation for producing high-quality television. Perhaps the most influential of PBS's original contributions to American television were the educational program for preschoolers, Sesame Street, which first appeared in 1969Ñand is still a popular programÑand a thoughtful news program called The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer (1995; originally The MacNeil/Lehrer NewsHour, first broadcast in 1975Ñsee MacNeil, Robert and Lehrer, Jim). Among the many special series produced for public broadcasting, The Civil War (1990), a five-part historical documentary, was particularly successful and won some of the largest audiences ever achieved by public TV. PBS funds come from three major sources: congressional appropriations (which suffered substantial cuts beginning in 1982), viewer donations, and private corporate underwriters. None of these types of contributions are problem-free. Government funding brings the possibility of government interference. Conservatives, dating back to the Nixon administration, have pressured PBS to make its programming less liberal. The search for viewer donations has led to long on-air fundraising campaigns. And some critics contend that the need to win corporate support discourages programming that might challenge corporate values. THE RISE OF CABLE The force that would challenge the dominance of the three major television networks and offer Americans the choice of dozens and potentially hundreds of television channelsÑcable TVÑbegan quietly in a few geographically isolated towns. Large antennas erected in high places gave everyone connected the chance to receive all the channels available in the nearest city. By 1960 the United States had about 640 such CATV (community antenna television) systems. It soon became apparent, however, that the "television deprived" were not the only viewers who might want access to additional channels and additional programming. In New York City, cable operators contracted to broadcast the home games of the local basketball and hockey teams. By 1971 cable had more than 80,000 subscribers in New York. Then networks specifically designed to be distributed by the cable system began to appear: Time Inc.'s Home Box Office (HBO) in 1975; Ted Turner's "superstation," soon renamed WTBS, in 1976; C-SPAN (live broadcasts of the House of Representatives), ESPN (sports), and Nickelodeon (children's programming), all in 1979. Turner followed with the Cable News Network (CNN) the next year. INTERNATIONAL GROWTH Television's development followed different patterns in other countries. Often government, not private corporations, owned some, most, or all of the major networks. In Great Britain the British Broadcasting Corporation, the country's dominant radio broadcaster, established and retained dominance over television. The BBC, funded by a tax on the sale of television sets, established a worldwide reputation for producing quality programming. The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, also freed by government support from many commercial pressures, was praised by some observers for the seriousness of much of its news and public-affairs programming. France's major television networks were also supported by the government; however, in France that support was seen as encouraging a tilt in news coverage toward the side of whatever party happened to be in power. By the late 1980s and 1990s, as cable and direct-satellite television systems increased the number of channels, the hold of these government-funded networks began to weaken. Most countries around the world began moving more toward the U.S. model of privately owned, advertiser-supported television networks. POLITICS ADAPTS TO TELEVISION By the 1980s politicians and government leaders were familiar enough with the workings of television to be able to exploit the medium to their own ends. This seemed particularly apparent during the presidency of Ronald Reagan, himself formerly the host of a television show (General Electric Theater, 1954Ð62). Reagan's skilled advisors were masters of the art of arranging flags and releasing balloons to place him in the most attractive settings. They also knew how to craft and release messages to maximize positive coverage on television newscasts. The Persian Gulf War in 1991 provided further proof of the power of television, with pictures of U.S. bombs falling on the Iraqi capital broadcast live in the United States. Both Iraqi and U.S. leaders admitted to monitoring CNN to help keep up with news of the war. However, the U.S. Defense Department, armed with lessons learned in Vietnam, succeeded in keeping most reporters well away from the action and the bloodshed. Instead, pictures were provided to television by the military of "smart" bombs deftly hitting their targets. NEW TECHNOLOGIES In the 1980s, home videocassette recorders became widely available. Viewers gained the ability to record and replay programs and, more significantly, to rent and watch movies at times of their own choosing in their own homes. Video games also became popular during this decade, particularly with the young, and the television, formally just the site of passive entertainment, became an intricate, moving, computerized game board. The number of cable networks grew throughout the 1980s and then exploded in the 1990s as improved cable technology and direct-broadcast satellite television multiplied the channels available to viewers. The number of broadcast networks increased also, with the success of the Fox network and then the arrival of the UPN and WB networks. The share the broadcast networks attracted continued to erode, from well over 90 percent in the early 1980s to under 50 percent by 1997. Although the population of the United States has continued to grow, the Nielson Media Research company estimated that fewer people watched the highly publicized final episode of Seinfeld in 1998 (first aired in 1990; see Seinfeld, Jerry) than watched the final episode of MASH in 1983 (first aired in 1972). The trial of former football star O. J. Simpson in 1994 for the murder of his wife (he was acquitted) further demonstrated the hold that cable networks had on American audiences. Some stations carried almost every minute of the lengthy trial live and then filled the evening with talk shows dissecting that day's developments. The effects of television on children, particularly through its emphasis on violence and sex, has long been an issue for social scientists, parents, and politicians (see children's television). In the late 1980s and 1990s, with increased competition brought on by the proliferation of cable networks, talk shows and "tabloid" news shows seemed to broaden further frank or sensational on-air discussion of sex. In response to government pressure, the television industry decided to display ratings of its programs in 1996. The ratings were designed to indicate the age groups for which the programs might be suitable: TV-G (for general audiences), TV-PG (parental guidance suggested), TV-14 (unsuitable for children under 14), and TV-MA (for mature audiences only). In response to additional complaints, all the networks except NBC agreed the next year to add V (for violence), S (for sex), L (for course language) and D (for suggestive dialogue) to those ratings. Also, the "V-chip" imbedded in new television sets, in accordance with a provision of a telecommunications bill passed in 1996, gave parents the power to automatically prevent their children from watching television programs with inappropriate ratings. Critics of the ratings saw them as a step toward censorship and questioned whether a TV-14 rating would make a program seem more, not less, attractive to an inquisitive child. In 1997 the federal government gave each U.S. television broadcaster an additional channel on which to introduce high definition television, or HDTV. Initial transmissions of this high-resolution form of television, in which images appear much sharper and clearer, began in 1998. Standard television sets cannot pick up HDTV and will presumably have to be replaced or modified by 2006, when traditional, low-definition television broadcasts are scheduled to end and broadcasters are scheduled to return their original, non-HDTV channel to the government. The HDTV format approved in the United States calls for television signals to be transmitted digitally. This will allow for further convergence between computers, the Internet, and television. In 1998 it was already possible to view video on the World Wide Web and to see and search television broadcasts on a computer. As computers become more powerful, they should be able to handle video as easily as they now handle text. The television schedule may eventually be replaced by a system in which viewers are able to watch digitally stored and distributed programs or segments of programs whenever they want. Such technological changes, including the spread of new cable networks, have been arriving slower in most other countries than in the United States. Indeed, according to one survey, it was only in the 1990s that the spread of television transmitters, television sets, and electricity made it possible for half of the individuals in the world to watch television. However, television's attraction globally is strong. Those human beings who have a television set watch it, by one estimate, for an average of two-and-a-half hours a day. Mitchell Stephens Bibliography: Barnouw, Erik, Tube of Plenty: The Evolution of American Television, 2d ed. (1990); Fisher, David E. and Marshall J., Tube: The Invention of Television (1997); Stephens, Mitchell, Broadcast News, 3d ed. (1993), A History of News (1996) and The Rise of the Image, the Fall of the Word (1998); Watson, Mary A., Defining Visions: Television and the American Experience since 1945 (1997).	i don't know
What is or was the name of Cliff Richard's backing group	Cliff Richard & The Shadows — Free listening, videos, concerts, stats and photos at Last.fm british Sir Cliff Richard OBE (born Harry Rodger Webb on 14 October 1940) is an English singer. With his backing group The Shadows , he dominated the British popular music scene in the late 1950s and early 1960s, before and during the The Beatles' first year in the charts. A conversion to Christianity and subsequent softening of his music led to his having more of a pop than rock image. Although never able to achieve the same impact in the United States… read more	The Shadows
Liz McLarnon, Natasha Hamilton and Jenny Frost are all members of which pop group	Cliff Richard - Music on Google Play Cliff Richard About the artist Sir Cliff Richard OBE is a British pop singer, musician, performer, actor and philanthropist. Richard has sold more than 250 million records worldwide. He has total sales of over 21 million singles in the United Kingdom and is the third-top-selling artist in UK Singles Chart history, behind the Beatles and Elvis Presley. Richard was originally positioned as a rebellious rock and roll singer in the style of Little Richard and Elvis Presley. With his backing group, the Shadows, Richard dominated the British popular music scene in the pre-Beatles period of the late 1950s to early 1960s. His 1958 hit single, "Move It", is often described as Britain's first authentic rock and roll song, and John Lennon once claimed that "before Cliff and the Shadows, there had been nothing worth listening to in British music." Increased focus on his Christian faith and subsequent softening of his music later led to a more middle of the road pop image, and he sometimes ventured into contemporary Christian music. 1 $9.49 The Fabulous Rock 'n' Roll Songbook is a studio album by Cliff Richard. Promoted as his 100th album, the album was released through Rhino Records on November 11, 2013 and is made up of 14 covers of... 1 The Shadows 0 The Shadows are a British instrumental rock group, and Cliff Richard's backing band, with 69 UK chart singles from the 1950s to the 2000s, 35 credited to the Shadows and 34 to Cliff Richard and the... 0 Hank Marvin 0 Hank Brian Marvin, also known as Hank B. Marvin, is an English multi-instrumentalist, vocalist and songwriter. He is best known as the lead guitarist for the Shadows, a group which primarily perfor... 0 Shakin' Stevens 0 Michael Barratt, known as Shakin' Stevens, is a platinum-selling British rock and roll singer and songwriter who was the UK's biggest-selling singles artist of the 1980s. His recording and performi... 0 Cilla Black 0 Priscilla Maria Veronica White OBE, known by her stage name Cilla Black, was an English singer, television presenter, actress, and author. Championed by her friends the Beatles, she began her caree... 0 Tom Jones 0 At 75 years of age, Tom Jones – the man, the legend, the voice – is in fabulous shape. In the latest upturn in his fabled career, Sir Tom has been more acclaimed than ever before, thanks to a serie... 0 Billy Fury 0 Ronald William Wycherley, better known by his stage name Billy Fury, was an English singer from the late 1950s to the mid 1960s, and remained an active songwriter until the 1980s. Rheumatic fever, ... 0 Showaddywaddy 0 Showaddywaddy are a pop rock group from Leicester, England. They specialise in revivals of hit songs from the 1950s and early 1960s as well as original material and dress as Teddy Boys. 0 Helen Shapiro 0 Helen Kate Shapiro is an English pop singer, jazz singer and actress. She is best known for her 1960s UK chart toppers, "You Don't Know" and "Walkin' Back to Happiness". 0 Engelbert Humperdinck 0 Engelbert Humperdinck is an English pop singer. Humperdinck is regarded by music critics to be "one of the finest middle-of-the-road balladeers around." He is best known for his songs "Release Me" ... 0 The New Seekers 0 The New Seekers are a British-based pop group, formed in 1969 by Keith Potger after the break-up of his group, the Seekers. The idea was that the New Seekers would appeal to the same market as the ... 0 Elvis Presley 0 Elvis Aaron Presley was an American singer and actor. Regarded as one of the most significant cultural icons of the 20th century, he is often referred to as "the King of Rock and Roll", or simply, ... 0 David Essex 0 David Essex, OBE is an English musician, singer-songwriter, and actor. Since the 1970s, he has attained 19 Top 40 singles in the UK and 16 Top 40 albums. He has also had an extensive career as an a... 0 Matt Monro 0 Matt Monro, known as The Man with the Golden Voice, was an English singer who became one of the most popular entertainers on the international music scene during the 1960s and 1970s. Throughout his... 0 Adam Faith 0 Terence "Terry" Nelhams-Wright, known as Adam Faith, was a British teen idol, singer, actor and financial journalist. He was one of the most charted acts of the 1960s. He became the first UK artist... 0 Marty Wilde 0 Marty Wilde, MBE is an English singer and songwriter. He was among the first generation of British pop stars to emulate American rock and roll, and is the father of pop singers Ricky, Kim and Roxan... 0 Mud 0 Mud are an English glam rock band, formed in February 1966. Their earlier success came in a pop and then glam rock style, while later hits were influenced by 1950s rock and roll, and are best remem... 0	i don't know
What was the U.K.'s top selling single in the 50's	The UK's top 50 million-selling singles - NME 1/50 50. Black Eyed Peas – ‘I Gotta Feelin’’ With thanks to the Official Charts Company, in with a bullet at 50. Black Eyed Peas – ‘I Gotta Feelin’’. An object lesson in directness: all you need to sell warehouse-loads is an airheaded lyric and a one-fingered synth riff from David Guetta. Year: 2009 Sold: 1.3m Credit: Press 2/50 49. Celine Dion – ‘Think Twice’ 49. Celine Dion – ‘Think Twice’. Celine Dion’s first UK No.1 took an unprecedented 14 weeks to get to the top of its chart run – just shy of its actual running time. Year: 1994 Sold: 1.3m Credit: Press 3/50 48. Dexys Midnight Runners – ‘Come On Eileen’ 48. Dexys Midnight Runners – ‘Come On Eileen’. Kevin Rowland’s celtic soul reinvention was fuelled by nabbing fiddle player Helen O’Hara from former Runner Kevin Archer’s new band Blue Ox Babes. The result was a transatlantic No.1 and wedding disco purgatory. Year: 1982 Sold: 1.31m Credit: Press 4/50 47. All Saints – ‘Never Ever’ 47. All Saints – ‘Never Ever’. “A few questions that I need to know.” Grammatical crimes did nothing to derail All Saints’ sweet doo-wop update, another slow-burner that took two months to finally win over the public. Year: 1997 Sold: 1.31m Credit: Press 5/50 46. Tony Christie feat. Peter Kay – ‘(Is This The Way To) Amarillo’ 46. Tony Christie feat. Peter Kay – ‘(Is This The Way To) Amarillo’. Goofing around in the video is enough to get you a “featuring” credit these days. Peter Kay doesn’t actually appear on the record, a Comic Relief re-release of Christie’s 1971 version, but his moonface dominates. Year: 2005 Sold: 1.31m Credit: Press 6/50 45. Spice Girls – ‘Wannabe’ 45. Spice Girls – ‘Wannabe’. The only thing that could fill the Take That-less void in 1996 was a girlband who overcame charming amateurism to make “Girl Power!” a viable mantra and record some damned good tunes. Yeah, they did. Year: 1996 Sold: 1.32m Credit: Press 7/50 44. Gareth Gates – ‘Unchained Melody’ 44. Gareth Gates – ‘Unchained Melody’. After losing the Pop Idol final to the far superior Will Young, Gareth Gates embarked on a pop career with all the enthusiasm of Eeyore. He tackles ‘Unchained Melody’ with less vim and charisma than Robson and bleedin’ Jerome. Year: 2002 Sold: 1.34m Credit: Press 8/50 43. Fugees – ‘Killing Me Softly’ 43. Fugees – ‘Killing Me Softly’. One time, two time. Credit goes to Lauryn Hill for effortlessly redirecting attention from Wyclef Jean’s dunderheaded rap barfs with a soul vocal so sweet it bore comparison with Roberta Flack’s take. Year: 1996 Sold: 1.36m Credit: Press 9/50 42. Adele – ‘Someone Like You’ 42. Adele – ‘Someone Like You’. Check back here in 60 years to see how high this can fly. Adele’s probably pulling in about 10K sales a week for her heartsick ballad/weirdo stalker anthem. Year: 2011 Sold: 1.36m Credit: Press 10/50 41. Engelbert Humperdinck – ‘Release Me’ 41. Engelbert Humperdinck – ‘Release Me’. This kept The Beatles’ ‘Strawberry Fields Forever’/’Penny Lane’ off No.1, don’t you know, using the underhand tactic of selling hundreds of thousands more copies. Year: 1967 Sold: 1.38m Credit: Press 11/50 40. The Beatles – ‘We Can Work It Out’/’Day Tripper’ 40. The Beatles – ‘We Can Work It Out’/’Day Tripper’. The first of five entries for The Beatles, who made the most of the market by rarely putting their singles on albums. Pop stars were generous back then. Year: 1964. Sold: 1.39m Credit: Press 12/50 39. Jennifer Rush – ‘The Power Of Love’ 39. Jennifer Rush – ‘The Power Of Love’. One of those vast power ballads that you know you love despite it representing everything you hate about music – unearned melodrama, strangled vowels and everyone’s mum buying one record a decade. Year: 1985 Sold: 1.39m Credit: Press 13/50 38. Survivor – ‘Eye Of The Tiger’ 38. Survivor – ‘Eye Of The Tiger’. The theme from Rocky III with the left-hook, right-hook, uppercut riff was outsold by ‘Come On Eileen’ and Irene Cara’s ‘Fame’ in 1982 but eventually won on points. Year: 1982 Sold: 1.41m Credit: Press 14/50 37. Coolio feat. L.V. – ‘Gangsta’s Paradise’ 37. Coolio feat. L.V. – ‘Gangsta’s Paradise’. Coolio’s remodeling of Stevie Wonder’s ‘Pastime Paradise’ was an inspired flip, taking a raging diatribe against flabby nostalgia and turning it inwards on himself. Year: 1995 Sold: 1.41m Credit: Press 15/50 36. The Seekers – ‘The Carnival Is Over’ 36. The Seekers – ‘The Carnival Is Over’. Aussie folkers The Seekers made it to No.1 at the end of 1966, sandwiched between The Beatles and The ‘Stones. This adaptation of a Russian folk song is the biggest selling single you’ve never heard. Year: 1965 Sold: 1.41m Credit: Press 16/50 35. The Beatles – ‘I Feel Fine’ 35. The Beatles – ‘I Feel Fine’. A profound influence on The Jesus And Mary Chain, ‘I Feel Fine’ features the first recorded use of feedback, caused when John Lennon leant his guitar against the amp. Cool cat George Martin let them stick it on the record. Year: 1964 Sold: 1.41m Credit: Press 17/50 34. Bill Haley & His Comets, ‘(We’re Gonna) Rock Around The Clock’ 34. Bill Haley & His Comets, ‘(We’re Gonna) Rock Around The Clock’. An old boy pushing 30 by time ‘…Rock Around The Clock’ became a hit, Bill Haley nevertheless found himself the kiss-curled poster-boy for teenage rebellion. For about five minutes. Year: 1955 Sold: 1.42m Credit: Press 18/50 33. George Michael, ‘Careless Whisper’ 33. George Michael, ‘Careless Whisper’. “I ain’t planning on going solo,” lied George just a few weeks earlier on Wham!’s ‘Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go’. This one was already in the can, but Andrew Ridgeley was gifted a writing credit to sweeten the pill. Year: 1984 Sold: 1.45m Credit: Press 19/50 32. Village People – ‘YMCA’ 32. Village People – ‘YMCA’. The Young Men’s Christian Association still thrives today, 170 years after its creation, thanks in no small part to the campaigning efforts of a motorcycle cop, a Native American, a cowboy, a construction worker, an army officer and a biker. Year: 1978 Sold: 1.46m Credit: Press 20/50 31. Culture Club – ‘Karma Chameleon’ 31. Culture Club – ‘Karma Chameleon’. The peak of Culture Club’s career when they could release any old drivel with a catchy harmonica solo and it would bed down at No.1 for six weeks. Just one year later it was all ‘The War Song’ and an empire in ruins. Year: 1983 Sold: 1.47m Credit: Press 21/50 30.Celine Dion – ‘My Heart Will Go On’ 30.Celine Dion – ‘My Heart Will Go On’. “But I thought the old lady dropped it into the ocean at the end?” “Well, baby, I went down and got it for you…”. Year: 1998 Sold: 1.48m Credit: Press 22/50 29. Britney Spears – ‘…Baby One More Time’ 29. Britney Spears – ‘…Baby One More Time’. Amazing what a school uniform and a vast, peerless, indelible pop tune by Swedish chart don Max Martin will do. That sort of blend means instant, doomed megastar. Year: 1999 Sold: 1.51m Credit: Press 23/50 28. Ken Dodd – ‘Tears’ 28. Ken Dodd – ‘Tears’. Actually, this might be the biggest selling single you’ve never heard – and you might be better off keeping it that way, as Doddy shelves the tickling stick for a minute and gets all ‘emosh’. This is not what we paid for. Year: 1965 Sold: 1.52m Credit: Press 24/50 27. Baddiel & Skinner & Lightning Seeds – ‘Three Lions’ 27. Baddiel & Skinner & Lightning Seeds – ‘Three Lions’. A song that was catchy enough to become the kind of terrace anthem it aped, ‘Three Lions’ drove our brave Ingerlund boys on to ignominious semi-final penalty shoot-out disgrace. Year: 1996 Sold: 1.53m Credit: Press 25/50 26. Whitney Houston – ‘I Will Always Love You’ 26. Whitney Houston – ‘I Will Always Love You’. Whitters took Dolly Parton’s quavery original and invested it with monolithic power and a note that she held for its full 10-week reign at No.1. The single was an event that dwarfed The Bodyguard, the movie it came from. Year: 1992 Sold: 1.53m Credit: Press 26/50 25. The Beatles – ‘Can’t Buy Me Love’ 25. The Beatles – ‘Can’t Buy Me Love’. Unusually, ‘Can’t Buy me Love’ was originally recorded in Paris at the Pathé Marconi Studios. The Beatles were playing a residency at the Olympia Theatre and knocked this one off at a piano in their hotel room. Bang. Million-seller. Year: 1964 Sold: 1.53m Credit: Press 27/50 24. The Human League – ‘Don’t You Want Me’ 24. The Human League – ‘Don’t You Want Me’. Beautiful but dour synth pop noir that appeared to voice Phil Oakey’s fears that alchemical singers Joanne Catherall and Susanne Sulley would leave the band. In the end, everyone else did except them. Year: 1981 Sold: 1.54m Credit: Press 28/50 23. Various Artists – ‘Perfect Day’ 23. Various Artists – ‘Perfect Day’. Naturally, Lou Reed’s bittersweet ballad ended up as a star-studded, back-slapping BBC corporate funding advert. He was happy with the version though, and even happier when it was put out under the Children In Need banner and sold bucketloads. Year: 1997 Sold: 1.55m Credit: Press 29/50 22. Puff Daddy & Faith Evans – ‘I’ll Be Missing You’ 22. Puff Daddy & Faith Evans – ‘I’ll Be Missing You’. The Notorious B.I.G. seen off in style with Puffy mumbling lazily over The Police’s ‘Every Breath You Take’. It’s what he would’ve wanted. Year: 1997 Sold: 1.56m Credit: Press 30/50 21. Frankie Goes To Hollywood – ‘Two Tribes’ 21. Frankie Goes To Hollywood – ‘Two Tribes’. There was only one way to go after ‘Relax’: bigger. ‘Two Tribes’ is Trevor Horn chucking in every production trick in the book, only Holly Johnson’s sneer surviving like a sarky Cheshire Cat. Year: 1984 Sold: 1.58m Credit: Press 31/50 20. John Travolta & Olivia Newton-John – ‘Summer Nights’ 20. John Travolta & Olivia Newton-John – ‘Summer Nights’. The follow-up to the even huger ‘You’re The One That I Want’ is a ruthless dissection of boy/girl perspectives on a summer fling, softened by a shot of doo-wop ecstasy. Year: 1978 Sold: 1.59m Credit: Press 32/50 19. John Lennon – ‘Imagine’ 19. John Lennon – ‘Imagine’. It took four years to get a single release over here and five more to reach No.1, but Lennon’s reappropriation of Yoko Ono’s notebook philosophy set to Phil Spector’s cushioned production has become a universal prayer for a secular society. Year: 1975 Sold: 1.60m Credit: Press 33/50 18. Wham! – ‘Last Christmas’/’Everything She Wants’ 18. Wham! – ‘Last Christmas’/’Everything She Wants’. Not even a No.1 – you try releasing a record the same week as Band Aid – ‘Last Christmas’ saw Wham! performing the classic switcheroo, promoting ‘Everything She Wants’ to centre stage once all the decorations came down. Year: 1984 Sold: 1.60m Credit: Press 34/50 17. Bryan Adams – ‘(Everything I Do) I Do It For You’ 17. Bryan Adams – ‘(Everything I Do) I Do It For You’. Sometimes, in those brief moments between sleep and wakefulness, it feels like ‘(Everything I Do)…’ is still No.1, that arrow is still piercing the tree and Bryan Adams has never met Mel C. Year: 1991 Sold: 1.72m Credit: Press 35/50 16. Cher – ‘Believe’ 16. Cher – ‘Believe’. Who knew Cher would introduce the future? The birth of Brian Higgins’ Xenomania writing and production crew was also the – reputed – first use of Auto-Tune as a creative effect rather than sticking plaster. Nice one. Year: 1998 Sold: 1.74m Credit: Press 36/50 15. The Beatles – ‘I Want To Hold Your Hand’ 15. The Beatles – ‘I Want To Hold Your Hand’. The one that broke the Fab Four in America. Just as crucially, it was one of the true collaborative efforts by Lennon and McCartney, written “eyeball to eyeball” in Jane Asher’s cellar. So to speak. Year: 1963. Sold: 1.77m Credit: Press 37/50 14. Will Young – ‘Anything Is Possible’/’Evergreen’ 14. Will Young – ‘Anything Is Possible’/’Evergreen’. Still the biggest reality show winner, consigning attempts by Hear’Say, Leona Lewis, Girls Aloud and, um, Steve Brookstein to the dustbin of history. Year: 2002 Sold: 1.79m Credit: Press 38/50 13. Aqua – ‘Barbie Girl’ 13. Aqua – ‘Barbie Girl’. ONE AND THREE QUARTER MILLION OF YOU. Bravo. Aqua’s big day-glo breakthrough is a po-mo pop classic. Amazingly, Mattel launched a lawsuit against the best advert they ever had. Year: 1997 Sold: 1.79m Credit: Press 39/50 12. Stevie Wonder – ‘I Just Called To Say I Love You’ 12. Stevie Wonder – ‘I Just Called To Say I Love You’. Grown men weep salt tears that this schmaltzy stroll is the biggest selling Stevie Wonder single, but over here it was the only song of his we sent to No.1. We’re just going to have to swallow it. Year: 1984 Sold: 1.83m Credit: Press 40/50 11. Boney M – ‘Mary’s Boy Child’/’Oh My Lord’ 11. Boney M – ‘Mary’s Boy Child’/’Oh My Lord’. Frank Farian’s proto-Milli Vanilli had a stellar year in 1978, capping it with a shameless tilt at the Christmas No.1 spot with this Harry Belafonte cover, medleyed with Farian original ‘Oh My Lord’. It worked and everything. Year: 1978 Sold: 1.85m Credit: Press 41/50 10. Wet Wet Wet – ‘Love Is All Around’ 10. Wet Wet Wet – ‘Love Is All Around’. The amazing thing about ‘Love is All Around’’s 15-week stay at No.1 was that it just got better. Right? Oh. Well, the Wets finally got the message and deleted it as soon as interest waned. Year: 1994 Sold: 1.85m Credit: Press 42/50 9. Robson & Jerome – ‘Unchained Melody’/’(There’ll Be Bluebirds Over) The White Cliffs Of Dover’ 9. Robson & Jerome – ‘Unchained Melody’/’(There’ll Be Bluebirds Over) The White Cliffs Of Dover’. Collective lunacy swamped the UK for a year or so as every wet fish Soldier, Soldier duo Robson & Jerome slopped out was belted towards the top of the charts. Year: 1995 Sold: 1.86m Credit: Press 43/50 8. The Beatles – ‘She Loves You’ 8. The Beatles – ‘She Loves You’. Finally, the biggest of The Beatles’ singles. It could’ve been so different – Macca’s dad suggested they sing, “She loves you, yes, yes, yes,” demonstrating in one fell swoop rock’n’roll’s generational schism. Year: 1963 Sold: 1.90m Credit: Press 44/50 7. Frankie Goes To Hollywood – ‘Relax’ 7. Frankie Goes To Hollywood – ‘Relax’. Whatever you may have heard, ‘Relax’ was already pelting up the charts before Mike Read ‘banned’ it. Trevor Horn’s monster production and Holly Johnson’s filthy swagger were destined for nothing less. Year: 1983 Sold: 2.00m Credit: Press 45/50 6. Boney M – ‘Rivers of Babylon’/’Brown Girl In The Ring’ 6. Boney M – ‘Rivers of Babylon’/’Brown Girl In The Ring’. Wham!’s cunning switcheroo had its roots in Boney M flipping the two sides of their million-seller when ‘Rivers Of Babylon’ was sinking out of the top 20. A quick re-branding and it was top 3. Year: 1978 Sold: 2.00m Credit: Press 46/50 5. John Travolta & Olivia Newton-John – ‘You’re The One That I Want’ 5. John Travolta & Olivia Newton-John – ‘You’re The One That I Want’. All it took was a bit of leather and lycra to persuade Danny that Sandy was the girl for him. How heartwarming. Written by long-term Newton-John collaborator John Farrar. Year: 1978 Sold: 2.00m Credit: Press 47/50 4. Wings – ‘Mull Of Kintyre’/’Girls School’ 4. Wings – ‘Mull Of Kintyre’/’Girls School’. Macca must have felt a certain frisson as he outsold every Beatles track and saw ‘Mull Of Kintyre’ become the first single to pass two million sales in the UK. But he doesn’t like to talk about it. Year: 1977 Sold: 2.00m Credit: Press 48/50 3. Queen – ‘Bohemian Rhapsody’ 3. Queen – ‘Bohemian Rhapsody’. Two separate No.1 stints for Queen’s epic loop-out propel it to the upper reaches, and past anything Beatley. The greatest UK rock band then? 180 overdubs say “maybe”. Year: 1975 Sold: 2.36m Credit: Press 49/50 2. Band Aid, ‘Do They Know It’s Christmas?’ 2. Band Aid, ‘Do They Know It’s Christmas?’. Bob Geldof and Midge Ure braved critical ego mass to get all the stars of the 80s in one place, without make-up. The mammoth sales and humanitarian aid seem a secondary achievement. Year: 1984 Sold: 3.69m Credit: Press 50/50 1. Elton John – ‘Something About The Way You Look Tonight’/’Candle In The Wind 97’ 1. Elton John – ‘Something About The Way You Look Tonight’/’Candle In The Wind 97’. Let’s not pretend the A-side had anything to do with this. A miasma of collective grief sent the whole country to the shops. Were you one of them? Year: 1997 Sold: 4.90m Now watch our million-sellers playlist . Credit: Press	Rock Around the Clock
Who is the only man to have won the World Driver's championship driving his own car	Rock Around the Fifties – Top Selling Songs of the 1950’s \| Don'stuff Rock Around the Fifties – Top Selling Songs of the 1950’s Posted on October 25, 2008 \| 9 Comments Do you remember the 50’s? Do I remember? No – Yet, the 50’s were the best time of my life. I didn’t work, I didn’t go to school, I didn’t have to do anything… except eat, drink, fill my diaper, and cry (I was born in June of ’59 – I know… I’m ancient). At any rate, here are the top selling songs of my birth decade (pay special attention to 1959) as determined by the RIAA and NEA . This list reads like the soundtrack to American Graffitti or Happy Days (thinking particulary about Rock Around the Clock, Blueberry Hill, At the Hop, and Yakety Yak). The top selling song of the decade? Rock Around the Clock by Bill Haley and his Comets (bonus trivia- Bill Haley started out as a yodeling cowboy singer and was not the first to record Rock Around the Clock): The Top Selling Songs of the 1950’s: Nat King Cole – Mona Lisa – 1950 Patti Page – The Tennessee Waltz – 1950 Roy Rogers/Dale Evans – Happy Trails – 1951 Les Paul & Mary Ford – How High the Moon – 1951 The Weavers – On Top of Old Smoky – 1951 cast recording – The King and I – 1951 Hank Williams – Your Cheatin’ Heart – 1953 The Chordettes – Mr. Sandman – 1954 Erroll Garner Trio – Misty – 1954 The Modern Jazz Quartet – Django – 1954 The Penguins – Earth Angel – 1954 Joe Turner – Shake Rattle and Roll – 1954 Bo Diddley – Bo Diddley – 1955 Tennessee Ernie Ford – Sixteen Tons – 1955 *Bill Haley & the Comets – Rock Around the Clock – 1955 Al Hibbler – Unchained Melody – 1955 George Beverly Shea – How Great Thou Art – 1955 Mary Lou Williams – Zodiac Suite – 1955 Johnny Cash – I Walk the Line – 1956 Doris Day – Que Sera Sera – 1956 Fats Domino – Blueberry Hill – 1956 The Five Satins – In the Still of the Night – 1956 Little Richard – Tutti Frutti – 1956 Frankie Lymon & Teenagers – Why Do Fools Fall in Love – 1956 Carl Perkins – Blue Suede Shoes – 1956 Elvis Presley – Heartbreak Hotel – 1956 Elvis Presley – Hound Dog/Don’t Be Cruel – 1956 Muddy Waters – Got My Mojo Workin’ – 1956 cast recording – My Fair Lady – 1956 Harry Belafonte – Banana Boat (Day-O) – 1957 Sam Cooke – You Send Me – 1957 Danny & The Juniors – At the Hop – 1957 The Everly Brothers – Wake Up Little Susie – 1957 Buddy Holly – Peggy Sue – 1957 Jerry Lee Lewis – Great Balls of Fire – 1957 Johnny Mathis – Chances Are – 1957 cast recording – West Side Story – 1957 Chuck Berry – Johnny B. Goode – 1958 The Champs – Tequila – 1958	i don't know
What is the home ground of Chelsea FC	Chelsea FC Stadium Tour & Museum - Free with London Pass Attractions Nearby Tour the grounds of Chelsea Football Club and experience what life is like as a player, behind-the-scenes of this iconic team Stamford Bridge is home to Chelsea Football Club, a popular football team playing in the English Premier League. Chelsea’s Stamford Bridge stadium is a great example of the grandeur and importance of the national game. Part of the Chelsea FC Stadium Tour is a visit to the changing rooms where Chelsea’s world famous squad spends many tense and season-defining moments. You will also experience the atmosphere of this enigmatic space and relive the drama experienced there both in recent and historic games. The legacy of Chelsea FC is immense and as part of your Chelsea tour you will be offered the chance to visit areas usually reserved for the players on a match day, including the dugouts and the press room, with many photo opportunities. Visitors to Chelsea FC can also experience the Chelsea Museum, an interactive tour of into the prestigious history of the football club. The museum brings to life through fun, interactive and user friendly exhibitions one of the most engaging and fascinating stories of modern football. It’s not to be missed whether you are Chelsea fan or not. Tours: 10am-5pm - tours will depart at least twice an hour. Museum: 9.30am-5pm - last entry to the Museum is at 4pm. Please check our Closures and Notices page for changes to opening hours, tour times and exceptional closure dates Tours are not ran on home match days or the day before a European fixture. The museum will be open on selected match days. Matches and fixtures are subject to change so ring in advance to check. Please arrive at least 30 minutes before the start of your tour, especially at peak times. It is always advisable to check the website for any changes to opening times before arriving at the Stadium. You cannot pre-book with the London Pass. With the London Pass the Chelsea FC Stadium tour is completely free – that’s a huge saving of £22 for adults and £13 for children. The benefits don’t stop there, London Pass holders can also enjoy; - Free entry to over 60 top attractions and sights - Free comprehensive 160+ page London Pass guidebook The un-missable tour of Stamford Bridge, home of the Chelsea Football team, is a fun, informative and unforgettable experience, enjoyed by sports fans of all ages, from all over the world. See The: Full List Of Attractions Included Easy and convenient - I was able to purchase my London Pass online, with a discount before arriving into the city. It was convientent to pick up at a central location as well. I purchased the 7 day pass, which enabled me to see much around the city! Trina Partida from UK	Stamford Bridge
How many strokes at the start and the turn are competitive breast strokers allowed to take while under water	Griffin Park \| Brentford FC \| Football Ground Guide Football Ground Guide Address: Braemar Road, Brentford, TW8 0NT Telephone: 08453 456 442 Pitch Size: 110 x 73 yards Club Nickname: The Bees Home Kit: Red, White & Black Away Kit: Grey and White Bill Axeby and Brook Road Stands Braemar Road Stand WHAT IS GRIFFIN PARK LIKE? The ground is rather compact and certainly has an individual feel. On one side is the recently christened Bill Axbey Stand (formerly the New Road Stand), which is named after a long time supporter who watched the Bees for an incredible 89 years before passing away in 2007. This stand is a single tiered, covered all seated stand, which has a number of supporting pillars running across the front of it. The roof of the stand is painted with a large advert, designed to catch the eye of passengers flying into Heathrow Airport. Currently this is an advert for Qatar Airways, but in the past amongst others, it has been for KLM and easyJet. Opposite is the Bees United (Braemar Road) Stand. Again this stand is single tiered, all seated and has a number of supporting pillars. It has a very low roof, which makes you wonder what the view would be like from the very back row of the stand. At one end is the BIAS Stand (aka the Ealing Road Terrace), which up to 2007, was an open terrace that was given to away supporters. However the Club have now erected a roof on this end and decided to give it back to the home fans. This should really help boost the atmosphere within the stadium. Interestingly the sponsors of the terrace BIAS are not a company but the Brentford Independent Association of Supporters. Opposite is the Brook Road Stand. This stand which was opened in 1986, is a strange affair; a small double decker stand that has seating on the first tier and terracing below. It is known affectionately by the Brentford fans as the 'Wendy House'. The ground is complete with a set of four imposing floodlights. Griffin Park is also used for Chelsea reserve team matches. NEW STADIUM The Club have received planning permission to build a new 20,000 capacity stadium, at Lionel Road (in-between Kew Bridge Railway Station and the M4). The site is just under two miles away from Griffin Park. The scheme will also see the construction of 910 flats and a hotel. The stadium may also be shared with London Welsh Rugby Club. If things go to plan then works could start in early 2017, with Brentford could be kicking off in their new home for the start of the 2019/20 season. WHAT IS IT LIKE FOR VISITING FANS? Away fans are housed in the Brook Road Stand at one end of the ground. This covered two tiered stand has 600 seats in its upper tier and room for around 1,000 fans below in the terrace. The upper tier has good unhindered views of the playing area, whilst below in the lower terraced area there are a couple of prominent supporting pillars, which may affect your view. There is a good selection of refreshments on offer including a selection of Pies (£3.30), Pasties (£3), Hot Dogs (£3.50), Burgers (£3.50), Cheeseburgers (£3.60) and Sausage Rolls (£2). I also have been informed that an enterprising home owner has set up a hot dog and cake stall in their front garden on Brook Road South, just along from the away supporters entrance. Tim Porter a visiting Torquay United supporter adds; 'The home fans were the most friendly I've come across for a long time - before kick-off, the stadium announcer asked all the home fans to put their hands together for the Torquay fans who had made such a long journey. I expected indifferent silence or abuse, but there was almost universal clapping!' I also had an enjoyable visit to Griffin Park and didn't experience any problems. PUBS FOR AWAY FANS Brentford is famous for being the only ground in England that has a pub at every corner of the ground. The surrounding land was formerly owned by the Griffin Brewery, hence the name Griffin Park. However one of these pubs the Royal Oak is currently closed. The other three; The Griffin (which serves Fullers real ale), The Princess Royal and The New Inn. The New Inn is the favoured pub for away supporters. Derek Hall a visiting Hartlepool United fan adds; 'Probably the best pub out of the four is the Griffin, with the New Inn a fairly close second, although this was packed on our visit'. Roger Stamp informs me; 'Probably the best real ale pub in Brentford is the 'Magpie & Crown' which is only five minutes walk away from the ground, on Brentford High Street. The pub has four real ales on tap and welcomes both home and away supporters'. LONDON HOTELS - FIND AND BOOK YOURS AND HELP SUPPORT THIS WEBSITE If you require hotel accommodation in London then first try a hotel booking service provided by Booking.com . They offer all types of accommodation to suit all tastes and pockets from; Budget Hotels, Traditional Bed & Breakfast establishments to Five Star Hotels and Serviced Apartments. Plus their booking system is straightforward and easy to use. Yes this site will earn a small commission if you book through them, but it will help towards the running costs of keeping this Guide going. DIRECTIONS AND CAR PARKING Leave the M4 at junction 2 and take the A4, going around the Chiswick Roundabout so that you end up coming back on yourself. Continue along the A4 and at the first roundabout take a left onto the B455 (Ealing Road). The ground is located about half a mile down this road on your right. There is no parking at the ground for supporters. So apart from a small pay and display car park in Layton Road (first right off Ealing Road) which costs £5 for three hours (but is free after 6.30pm), then it is street parking. However there are residents only parking schemes in operation on some of the roads, so please pay attention to the small parking information signs. Some roads in the area (such as Somerset Road, which is off the A3002 Boston Manor Road) do also allow pay and display parking at a cost of £1 for 30 minutes, so you would be looking at a cost of £6 for three hours. Although some (check the signage to make sure) are free after 6.30pm on weekday evenings. Post Code for SAT NAV: TW8 0NT BY TRAIN The nearest railway station is Brentford. This is around a five minute walk away from the ground. This station is on the London Waterloo to Reading line, which normally has services running every 15 minutes on Saturday afternoons. To get from the station to the ground, exit onto Station Road. Take the first right into Orchard Road, right again into Windmill Road and then first left into Hamilton Road which leads into New Road and the ground. Caleb Johnstone-Cowan informs me; 'The nearest Underground Station to the ground is South Ealing, which is on the Piccadilly Line. This tube station is around a 15 minute walk from the ground, down Ealing Road'. Mick Hubbard adds; 'Finding the ground is easy enough though - you simply turn right out of the tube station and just go straight down Ealing Road, then taking your life in your hands to cross the A4 at the bottom! Otherwise as you come out of the station cross over to the other side of Ealing Road and catch a number 65 bus down to the ground'. The nearest railway station is Brentford. This is around a five minute walk away from the ground. This station is on the London Waterloo to Reading line, which normally has services running every 15 minutes on Saturday afternoons. To get from the station to the ground, exit onto Station Road. Take the first right into Orchard Road, right again into Windmill Road and then first left into Hamilton Road which leads into New Road and the ground. Caleb Johnstone-Cowan informs me; 'The nearest Underground Station to the ground is South Ealing, which is on the Piccadilly Line. This tube station is around a 15 minute walk from the ground, down Ealing Road'. Mick Hubbard adds; 'Finding the ground is easy enough though - you simply turn right out of the tube station and just go straight down Ealing Road, then taking your life in your hands to cross the A4 at the bottom! Otherwise as you come out of the station cross over to the other side of Ealing Road and catch a number 65 bus down to the ground'. Find train times, prices and book tickets with trainline. Booking tickets in advance will normally save you money! BOOK TRAIN TICKETS WITH TRAINLINE Remember if travelling by train then you can normally save on the cost of fares by booking in advance. Visit the the trainline website to see how much you can save on the price of train tickets. Click on the trainline logo below: Brentford operate a category system for ticket prices (A & B) whereby the most popular matches cost more to watch. Category A prices are shown below with Category B prices in brackets. Home Fans* Braemar Road Stand (Centre): Adults £30 (B £28), Over 65's £24 (B £22), Under 22's £22 (B £20), Under 18's £8 (B £6) Braemar Road Stand (Wings): Adults £25 (B £23), Over 65's £19 (B £17), Under 22's £17 (B £15), Under 18's £8 (B £6) Bill Axbey Stand (Centre): Adults £30 (B £28), Over 65's £24 (B £22), Under 22's £22 (B £20), Under 18's £8 (B £6) Bill Axbey Stand (Wings): Adults £25 (B £23), Over 65's £19 (B £17), Under 22's £17 (B £15), Under 18's £8 (B £6) BIAS Ealing Road Terrace: Adults £25 (B £23), Over 65's £18 (B £17), Under 22's £17 (B £15), Under 18's £7 (B £6) Away Fans* Brook Road Stand (Seating): Adults £30 (B £28), Over 65's £24 (B £22), Under 22's £22 (B £20), Under 18's £8 (B £6) Brook Road Stand (Terrace): Adults £26 (B £24), Over 65's £20 (B £18), Under 22's £18 (B £16), Under 18's £7 (B £6), * Please note that these ticket prices are for tickets purchased at least one week before the game. Tickets bought thereafter will cost £5 more per Adult ticket (Excludes Family Tickets). The Club also offer Family Tickets at Grade B prices for adults (all fixtures) and just £5 for Students and £1 Under 18's. In addition home Supporters who become club members can get a discount of £5 on home match prices. Thorne In The Side Fanzine £1 Hey Jude Fanzine £1 Beesotted £2 39,626 v Preston North End, FA Cup 6th Round, March 5th, 1938. Average Attendance Saturday 22nd October 2016, 3pm Tom Bellamy (Barnsley fan) Why were you looking forward to this game and visiting Griffin Park? This is the first time I have been to Griffin Park, and when I read other reviews about the ground I was looking forward to going. Also Brentford would be ground number 60 for me, albeit over a period of 50 years! Also, this match would be the 4,000th Brentford league game, and Barnsley were on a run of six games without a win. So the result of this game could be special for both clubs. How easy was your journey/finding the ground/car parking? The journey proved to be a long one because of the number of road works both on the M1 South and the North Circular towards the ground. Having set off at 9am from Barnsley I arrived at the ground at 2.15 pm. So, I didn't have time for a pint at one of the "four pubs located at each corner of the ground" which I was looking forward to. I travelled down by car and managed to find somewhere to park on the Butts Estate, which is off Somerset Road via the A3002 from the A4. I noticed there were a few small car parks in the area but they were all full up by the time I arrived. There was also some pay and display street parking at £2 per hour to a max of 5 hrs stay. However, I found a bit of spare land on the Upper Butts/ Church Walk, which was only 10 minutes from Griffin Park and the away end. What you did before the game pub/chippy etc, and were the home fans friendly? On entering the ground I was met by the stewards who were all very friendly indeed. They searched by bag which had a flask and a few goodies inside and sent me on my way to the turnstile at the away end which was the Brook Road Stand. What you thought on seeing the ground, first impressions of away end then other sides of Griffin Park? The ground looked very compact and intimate, with some old fashioned looking stands and terraces. All the Barnsley fans were located in the Brook Road Stand and either sat down in the upper tier, which was only six rows deep, or stood on the terrace directly underneath. I chose to sit down which although the view was very good there wasn't much leg room, and I am just over 6ft tall. Comment on the game itself, atmosphere, stewards, pies, facilities etc.. The game was very competitive from the kick off, with Brentford creating the most openings and were unlucky not to score from a couple of easy chances. However, it was Barnsley who broke the deadlock with a goal just before half time. The second half was much the same but also Barnsley created some good chances, and were rewarded by scoring their second goal. The match ended with Barnsley winning 2-0 and therefore ending a string of six games without winning. Also it meant Barnsley moved up the table from a possible 18th , if they had lost, to 12th. All the Barnsley players were giving a standing ovation from the 900 or so travelling fans. Comment on getting away from the ground after the game: There was some delay in getting away from the ground due to the volume of traffic and roadworks on the North Circular Road. But once I got into the M1 North it was okay. Summary of overall thoughts of the day out: Overall I had a great day , nice weather and a good away result. I know Brentford are looking towards a new ground near to Griffin Park but if we play them again next season I would have no hesitation in coming back to either this ground or their new one. Saturday 1st October 2016, 3pm David Burke (Wigan Athletic fan) Why were you looking forward to this game and visiting Griffin Park? I go to all the away games, so this one was only special because I've never been to Griffin Park before. How easy was your journey/finding the ground/car parking? I went on a minibus to this one. The parking facilities were ridiculous! A long walk down a road, over a railway bridge and another long walk down a road! Not good for people with ambulant problems! What you did before the game pub/chippy etc, and were the home fans friendly? We stopped off at the Hendon pub (in Hendon); a nice eat and drink place about 45 minutes away. Ruddles Ale Pie and Mash highly recommended! We then went onto the Griffin by the Brentford ground but it was too busy (and expensive) for me. What you thought on seeing the ground, first impressions of away end then other sides of Griffin Park? The away end is in two sections; a seated area above a terraced area. I decide to stand on the terrace below; a bad mistake! I stood on the top step and still couldn't see over the cross bar properly. Stanchions also made it a bad view. The terrace being so small couldn't block some of the sunlight out making viewing the other end difficult. Ironically, the away supporters had their hands to their eyes for the entire game because of the sun! The touchline stands were small but adequate. Comment on the game itself, atmosphere, stewards, pies, facilities etc.. Brentford fans very quiet during most of the game. Strange really because they were fifth going into this game and Wigan were 19th. Wigan fans, as all away fans do, tried to rally the team continuously. Brentford had, by far, the best of the first half and would have been frustrated at half time at 0-0. Wigan had a better second half which added to an end to end game. 0-0 away from home and a good point from Wigan against a strong Brentford side. Comment on getting away from the ground after the game: Long reverse walk back to the coach! Summary of overall thoughts of the day out: If I go to Brentford again I'll make sure of seating tickets so I can get a chance to look down instead of up! Saturday 19th March 2016, 3pm Daniel Ainsworth (Blackburn Rovers fan) Why were you looking forward to this game and visiting Griffin Park? This season I have started following Blackburn more often and decided to go to the Brentford match. With tickets at a bargain price of £6 for Under 19s and £12 for Students, we decided to journey down to London. How easy was your journey/finding the ground/car parking? Griffin Park is situated in-between some houses and from about five minutes drive away, we seemed be constantly turning either right or left. When we finally arrived, I hadn't realised that we were actually at the ground. This wasn't helped as the coaches were not allowed down Braemar Reload before kick, due to the number of fans in the streets and instead had to park far away from the ground under a bridge below the M4 motorway. What you did before the game pub/chippy etc, and were the home fans friendly? We arrived at around 2:30pm so we decided to get straight into the ground. However, a commonly known fact, there is a pub on every corner of the stadium and therefore there is not a shortage of places to drink for fans arriving slightly earlier than usual. What you thought on seeing the ground, first impressions of away end then other sides of Griffin Park? Griffin Park is a an older traditional lower league ground and I really liked this look. The away end was split into two tiers. With standing in the lower tier and seating above. I was in the lower standing area and the view was great. However this might not be so good if you get stuck behind one of the two supporting pillars. The other three ends were all one stand, and they all looked similar. They were all pretty much full, with the only empty parts being right at the top in the end opposite. Comment on the game itself, atmosphere, stewards, pies, facilities etc.. The game was lacklustre for the first 65 minutes until our centre back Grant Hanley was sent off for a second yellow. This was the only real time that the home fans made some noise. The game looked to be heading for a 0-0 draw until we was given a free kick on the left side (from our view). The ball was swung in and Tony Watt controlled, then knocked it to Shane Duffy who leathered into the top of the net to send approx. 1,000 Blackburn Fans into hysterical scenes, especially when Duffy then leaped into the crowd! The Blackburn fans who had kept singing throughout the game were rewarded with this goal and the atmosphere was immense. The stewards were brilliant and we were having a bit of fun with one who was singled out as a 'Pineapple', with him participating with chants about himself! People need to note that although the usual food is served, there is no alcohol served in the ground due to food being served. Comment on getting away from the ground after the game: Due to the coaches being under a motorway, we had a long walk to the coaches but the police assisted us all the way. We then had to wait for them to escort us out. Summary of overall thoughts of the day out: It was a great day and nothing beats an away win, especially when it's a late winner! I would recommend Griffin Park for people to visit a traditional ground and have a good day out. Saturday 19th March 2016, 3pm Garry (Blackburn Rovers fan) Why were you looking forward to this game and visiting Griffin Park? I was looking forward to visiting Griffin Park as I love traditional old grounds and with Brentford announcing plans to leave soon I had to tick it off the list. So myself and a Brentford supporting friend decided to make the journey down from our home in the Midlands. How easy was your journey/finding the ground/car parking? I decided to drive and had a good carefree journey down. Obviously as soon as you get to London you do experience a bit of congestion so I would allow a bit of extra time for your journey. I ended up finding parking on The Butts Estate (at a cost of £2 per hour), but was only 10 minutes walk to the ground. I ended up following home fans and floodlights to the ground. What you did before the game pub/chippy etc, and were the home fans friendly? We decided to have a walk around the ground and see the famous four pubs on every corner. One pub the 'Griffin' had a good mix of home and away fans getting on with a relaxed atmosphere without any signs of trouble and a barbecue in the rear garden. We decided to get fish and chips from close by chippy (on Albany Road) which was very good and not too expensive. Brentford fans were very friendly and welcoming and there was no feeling of intimidation at all around the stadium. What you thought on seeing the ground, first impressions of away end then other sides of Griffin Park? If you are a fan of grounds of days gone by then you will love Griffin Park. The four traditional floodlights at TH ground that can be seen for miles! The away end the Brook Road Stand is a little congested, especially if your team has a large away following. The terracing part of this hasn't got great any height to it between steps, so if you are not very tall, then you may experience some hindrance in seeing all of the playing action. Both side stands were seated.. One looking like a converted terrace with the other being a slightly newer build. The other end of the ground was a also terracing. Comment on the game itself, atmosphere, stewards, pies, facilities etc.. The facilities seemed good for an older away end and the toilets were clean. Stewards were very friendly and helpful. The game was a scrappy affair with both teams not creating too many chances. Early in the second half the Rovers were reduced to ten men with a second yellow for Grant Hanley and Brentford with their tales up decided to put the pressure on with lots of attacks, that said without really troubling Jason Steele in the Rovers goal. Then on 85 minutes with a rare attack, Rovers were awarded a free kick which found its way to Tony Watt who spotted Shane Duffy unmarked in the area who smashed the ball home into the top left hand corner! Cue delirium in the away end with both fans and players both going wild. I know Ewood Park isn't the greatest for atmosphere but I have to say I was a little disappointed with the Brentford fans who hardly little noise throughout the game. Comment on getting away from the ground after the game: After the game there was no sign of trouble and with lots of stewards and Police on the streets and with roads around the ground closed off it resulted in a quick get away. The was hardly any traffic after the game and the only congestion was the London evening traffic joining the motorway. Summary of overall thoughts of the day out: Overall a great day out, especially after a late winner! Griffin Park is well worth visiting and will be a sad loss when it's gone. If you love traditional old grounds it is a must! Saturday 9th January 2016, 3pm Liam Stewart (Walsall fan) Why were you looking forward to visiting Griffin Park? I've never been to Griffin Park before so I was looking forward to it. It had a special feel about it as Manager Dean Smith left Walsall for Brentford just over a month ago. How easy was your journey/finding the ground/car parking? I travelled on the supporters coach and the journey took around two and a half hours including a service stop. Finding the ground was easy enough as we parked around the corner and we spotted the iconic floodlights of the ground. What you did before the game pub/chippy etc, and were the home fans friendly? We went to The New Inn pub where all away supporters were gathered. The home fans were some of the nicest I have came across as they didn't cause trouble and were helping out with directions. What you thought on seeing the ground, first impressions of the away end and other sides of Griffin Park? Griffin Park is located in the middle of a housing estate but you wouldn't think it was from the inside. The away is a two tiered stand with the lower standing and upper seating. Comment on the game itself, atmosphere, stewards, pies, facilities etc.. Brentford didn't start the game well leading to the only goal of the game from Walsall's Sam Mantom who on 34 minutes tucked the ball into the bottom corner to make it 1-0. The 1,661 travelling Walsall fans were unbelievable, non stop singing for 90 minutes. Comment on getting away from the ground after the game: Getting away from the ground was easy enough as we asked the local police where our coaches were parked and we walked the same way we did before. The traffic wasn't too bad as we headed home. Summary of overall thoughts of the day out: Griffin Park was a very good away day overall. Nothing beats beating your old managers team to progress to the next round of the cup! Saturday 19th December 2015, 3pm Oliver Fisher (Huddersfield Town fan) Why were you looking forward to visiting Griffin Park? I had been to Brentford only once before. On that occasion in 2002, it was first away ground that I visited and we were beaten 3-0. I was quite young at the time so I don't remember much of that experience, so I was looking forward to visiting a traditional football league ground and another trip to the capital. How easy was your journey/finding the ground/car parking? I travelled by train and arrived in London King's Cross around 12:30pm and chose the route of getting the Victoria Line to Vauxhall and getting the South West Trains service to Hounslow via Brentford. This was easy enough; everything is very clearly signposted in London and you really cannot go wrong. I did however learn that the train after mine had broken down, causing the route to close temporarily, so in a way I was lucky! What you did before the game pub/chippy etc, and were the home fans friendly? As I was meeting up with a friend who had appeared on Soccer AM that morning, I headed to the Griffin pub which is one of the famous 'corner pubs' at Griffin Park. There was a great atmosphere in there; wall-to-wall with both Brentford and Town fans all enjoying a drink and the usual pre-match banter. Would highly recommend the place. What you thought on seeing the ground, first impressions of away end then other sides of Griffin Park? We were in the lower tier standing section. The ticket price for students in there was only £5 which is fantastic value compared to the usual £20+ at other clubs. There is something unique about Griffin Park and being so close to the action. It really is a wonderful ground full of soul, although I did find it strange the amount of people who stayed sat down for Brentford's goals. Comment on the game itself, atmosphere, stewards, pies, facilities etc.. Having conceded a third goal in the 30th minute, it appeared Huddersfield Town were once again set to spoil an otherwise great day. At half-time my mate queued for a burger, and due to the narrow constraints of the away end the queuing system was a little bit spontaneous and not too organised, but he got served fairly quickly. A much better second half resulted in a 4-2 scoreline in favour of the home side. Comment on getting away from the ground after the game: To allow the rush to die down, we went for a pint at The Globe pub, which is just over the bridge from Brentford Railway station. Another wonderful place which although an ardent Brentford pub, we were made to feel very welcome and even got interviewed by local fanzine Beesotted. Summary of overall thoughts of the day out: Despite the result, another terrific away day in London. Home fans friendly, great pubs, a gem of a ground and I can't wait to go back! Tuesday 11th August 2015, 7.45pm Chris Carpenter (Oxford United fan) Why you were looking forward to going to Griffin Park? I was really excited before the game, as it was the first away trip of the season. It was also to be my first visit to Griffin Park, plus the League Cup is a competition that Oxford always seem to do well in. How easy was your journey/finding the ground/car parking? As Brentford is on the west side of outer London we decided it would be easier to drive there. It ended up being the right decision as we drove down there in less than an hour. We found some very handy parking in Somerset Road, which was free after 6.30pm, or £1 per 30 minutes otherwise. What you did before the game pub/chippy etc, and were the home fans friendly? The most famous thing about Griffin Park is the fact that it has a pub on each corner. However the first one we came across was boarded up. The next pub we came across was the New Inn. This turned out to be a brilliant football pub. Very good pints, quick service, SKY television and a very friendly atmosphere between home and away fans. What you thought on seeing the ground, first impressions of away end then other sides of Griffin Park? On first sight the ground looked proper old school. With proper floodlight towers, entrances through gaps in the houses and a mishmash of different stands of the older vintage. The away end was a double decker affair with seats on top and standing below with a small food stand at one end. Comment on the game itself, atmosphere, stewards, pies, facilities etc.. The game itself was over in 15 minutes as Oxford went 3-0 up. This was largely because Brentford had put out a youthful team, but Oxford played really well. We were standing right on the fence with a great view of the pitch. There seemed so many stewards about but all seemed friendly enough. The food offering was terrible, very expensive and poor quality. The over 900 Oxford fans created a brilliant atmosphere, the Brentford fans didn't seem that loud but fair play to them for staying to the end and not really booing despite losing in the end 4-0. Comment on getting away from the ground after the game: We did stop for a quick pint after the game back at the New Inn pub, but once back at the car we flew home with no traffic at all. Saturday, August 9th, 2014, 3pm James Butler (Charlton Athletic fan) Once again the first game of the season was away, this year we had the short trip across London to play Brentford. Somehow over the years a visit to Brentford’s Griffin Park has alluded me. But not this time. With ticket secured I left my local train station in Bexley at 1pm to arrive, via a meet up with my mate Del boy at Waterloo, before arriving at Brentford at 2.17pm. First job was a visit to the Griffin pub, one of the famous 4 Griffin park pubs. I have to say I was a little underwhelmed, but quite what I expect from the much hyped “pub in each corner legend” I am not quite sure. What I would say however was that home and away fans mingled quite amicably with not a hint of trouble, despite many Charlton fans voicing their presence quite loudly. On to the ground, to which we were greeted very pleasantly by at least two stewards who wished us a good afternoon and that they hoped we had a good visit. Ok, yes, one did whisper that he felt I was wasting £26. He is after all entitled to his opinion! Once inside I was less than impressed. We had elected to pay the extra £1 for an upstairs seat. The view from here is absolutely fine, but leg room? come on Brentford FC you are having a laugh! I don’t expect an armchair, but it was a good job the 6 foot plus Del boy was in an aisle seat. The access and more particularly the emergency exits, must pass a safety test, but I hope this never gets tested here for real, must be a West London thing, it’s the same in the away end at QPR. The rest of the ground is extremely dated, but I guess it is a change from the boring modern stadia up and down the country, although it’s not difficult to see why Brentford are looking to relocated, Griffin Park has seen better days. As for the match itself? Brentford, back at the 2nd tier of English football for the first time in 21 years started as if they wanted this to be one the best days every seen at Griffin Park, Charlton their willing accomplices. Charlton with 7 debutants played like strangers, Brentford like men processed. As the half progressed the home team calmed down, the away team got to know each other. Second half saw a complete turnaround, Charlton came out like a train, forcing chance after chance and eventually taking the lead mid-way through the half. Then Charlton missed an open goal which would have made it 2-0. Brentford encouraged by this let off and an increasingly vociferous crowd poured forward equalising 5 minutes from the end. It ended all square with us standing by the exit for the quick getaway, we had eating a drinking to do after the game, with my 'opening day of the season BBQ', back at mine. I arrived back home only 30 mins later than I would for a home game. All in all it was a good day out. Maybe not the greatest ground, but we had an unimpeded view of an ok match, the marks on my knees from the seat in front had faded by the next morning the hang over replacing them. Brentford v Preston North End League One Friday, April 18th, 2013, 3pm Paul Willott (Preston North End fan) During the formative part of the season, once the early pace setters had been established in the division, this had stood out as a fixture that could well be a promotion decider and hence was “ring-fenced” in the diary and held in much anticipation. The anticipation then grew during the early months of 2014 as the end of season shakedown approached and with Preston carrying great away form, we sensed a day of destiny. However, in the month of March, too many dropped points meant the significance of the game was slightly reduced and on the morning of the fixture it was more a case of whether we could delay the almost inevitable automatic promotion of the hosts rather than stop it, and the play-offs were in reality once again going to be the fayre on offer for Preston supporters. Nevertheless, the match promised to be a good one on paper, and for a Kent based supporter such as myself, London based fixtures offer both a reasonable lie-in and the prospect of a few beers and today was no exception as I arranged to meet a Croydon based old school-friend of mine for the day. Griffin Park itself is a modest old ground that to be fair is past its sell-by date, but it does have that lovely flavour of older grounds being situated in old established residential street, an eclectic mix of stands that have been tweaked over time, and a classic set of old fashioned floodlight pylons. I travelled by train from Strood via St Pancras, Victoria Line to Vauxhall and then back on the overground service originating from Waterloo for Brentford station where I met my friend. On reaching the ground we decided to sample a few beers in the “Princess Royal” pub where although busy we were served pretty promptly each time. I was equally intrigued to notice the big sceen inside the bar was broadcasting German Bundesliga TV, which is not something I’ve found in too many pubs and bars in the UK on match day. For the record, Hannover 96 were cruising to a 3 – 1 win away at Eintracht Frankfurt, for those who may have the slightest interest!!! We then popped down to the ground to collect our tickets and then we moved onto “The Griffin” pub, which had become largely the preserve of Preston fans. The fact the automatic promotion was now in all but mathematical terms out of reach had clearly not deterred hordes from travelling down to the capital in good voice, and many were dressed in suits and bowler hats, as today had apparently been designated the “gentry” day. Once a season, in honour of the nickname bestowed upon the fans by our one time manager Alan Ball Snr, there is a “gentry” day where supporters are encouraged to dress for the part. One observation I would make about “The Griffin” pub is that the toilets are clearly not suited to heavy use ; waders would have barely been satisfactory and it was quite grim which is a shame as it detracts from what is otherwise a grand pub with excellent service. As 3pm approached we headed out to join the queue of expectant Preston fans looking to get into the away stand which was clearly a sell out. I would suggest anyone going to Brentford as an away fan to make sure they have eaten plenty before getting to Griffin Park if a large away turnout is expected as the small concourse area simply couldn’t cope and it was a bit of a crush. On the plus side though, the atmosphere was crackling on the little terrace ; we had standing tickets for the “lower deck” of the rather odd little double decker stand which is similar to the little Symphony stand at Bradford’s Valley Parade, except here only the upper deck is seated. View From The Away End The match itself was an anti-climax. Preston huffed and puffed but seemed laboured whilst Brentford themselves produced little better. The moment the decided the match happened right in front of us when a soft penalty decision went in favour of the Bees, which was duly converted. The second half continued in a footballing sense exactly the same, whereas gradually the home support started to find their voice, a voice that had been lacking in the first half most probably due to those “nearly there” nerves of fans daring to hope of promotion. The atmosphere was certainly better than the football on this particular Good Friday. As the second half progressed, a sudden burst of cheering and a flare set off in the Ealing Road Terrace had people checking their mobile phones, and a goal for Crawley at the expense of Leyton Orient meant that indeed automatic promotion could be secured for the home side. However, when a second penalty was awarded some 10 minutes before the end of the match, the same player who had converted the earlier spot-kick contrived to blaze this opportunity over the bar which would be an apt summing of the quality for the afternoon. In truth I don’t think either set of fans cared ; the Bees were on course for automatic promotion back to the second tier for the first time since 1993, and after several seasons of little cheer and decline, most Preston fans would have been delighted with being in a play-off berth for most of the season had it been offered back in august. The final whistle sparked a jubilant and good natured pitch invasion that the stewards wisely made no attempt to stop, and an overwhelming number of Preston fans stayed to applaud the celebrating Bees fans enjoying their moment. Once the crowd thinned sufficiently in the away stand, we departed and headed back for “The Griffin” only to find it was strictly home fans only being enforced by police as well as security. We had a quiet conference, and as we were both minus any colours, using my fake but well practised London accent we gained entry and got served. The home fans didn’t mind in the least, and we happily reviewed the season with them over a few beers before wishing them luck next season and receiving their good wishes for the inevitable play-offs. Sadly, the thought of using the toilets again in the Griffin pub, led us to leave there and move to another nearby pub the “Royal Oak” which although not the most salubrious public house at least had half decent toilet facilities. After some more drinks, we headed our separate ways home. Will I ever chance upon Griffin Park again? I fear not, as plans for the new stadium nearby are apparently gathering momentum. If that is the case, then at least the club are staying local and it may also allow London Welsh RFU to return “home” from their temporary lodgings at Oxford. Time will tell. Preston North End will not be visiting Griffin Park next season in the league, that’s the one certainty due to yet another play-off disappointment. Saturday, April 13th, 2013, 3pm Jack Griffin (Portsmouth fan) 1. Why you were looking forward to going to the ground (or not as the case may be): I was looking forward to going to Griffin Park because I've never been before and it's a chance to tick a ground off the 92. I've heard good things about Griffin Park and it's four pubs so it looked like a good day out. 2. How easy was your journey/finding the ground/car parking? I took the train up from Southampton Central, to London Waterloo and then changed onto a local service to Brentford. The total journey times was about 2 and a half hours, but well worth it. The ground was hard to find, but we got there in the end with plenty of time left to go for a drink. 3. What you did before the game pub/chippy.... home fans friendly? I had one drink at the Royal Oak pub and the moved onto the Griffin pub, grabbing a burger on the way. We left the pub with 20 minutes to go before kick off. The home fans were friendly and helpful, and told us a bit about the area and where to go to drink. 4. What you thought on seeing the ground, first impressions of away end then other sides of the ground? It seemed unusual to be standing on a terrace again, but brought back memories to me of the old days, where most grounds were like that. It was a small yet cosey stadium and the acoustics of the stand meant that we could make lots of noise, with the Brentford fans looking at us in disbelief. 5. Comment on the game itself, atmosphere, stewards, pies, facilities etc.. The game was very exciting we went one nil down early on, but then we got behind the team on and we got an equaliser just before half time. Soon after we came out for the second half we scored to make it 2-1. Just as we thought we were going to get an away win, some poor defending, saw Brentford pegging it back to 2-2 before scoring another to make it 3-2. So unfortunately we lost but apart from the defending it was a good team performance. 6. Comment on getting away from the ground after the game: After the game it was easy to get back to the station and quick to get on a train back to waterloo, where there was a train waiting for me back to Southampton... then a ferry back to the Isle of Wight...home. 7. Summary of overall thoughts of the day out: Definitely a great away day, and was well worth the effort to get there. Next time we play them hopefully go there again and definitely recommend going if your team are playing there. Tuesday, October 2nd 2012, 8pm Matt Brooker (Shrewsbury Town fan) 1. Why you were looking forward to going to the ground (or not as the case may be): I was looking to travel to a few new grounds this year, and having never visited Griffin Park, or any of it's four pubs, I decided it wouldn't be right if I didn't go to this game. I had heard Brentford is a very decent away day, so was very much looking forward to it. 2. How easy was your journey/finding the ground/car parking? I got the train down, which was quite difficult coming from Shrewsbury. I had to take a train to Crewe, then to London Euston, then I jumped onto the Northern line to Waterloo, before finally getting on a train to Brentford. Took me about three and half hours in total hours in total, but I was not the only fan taking this route. Finding the ground from Brentford station is not that straightforward as the ground is set back in a housing estate and is nearly impossible to see. But Brentford fans are more than helpful, and gave be the quickest and safest way to get to the away turnstiles, and the walk once I was going in the right direction was only around five minutes. 3. What you did before the game pub/chippy.... home fans friendly? I went into The Griffin pub for a quick one before the game. There were already a few Shrewsbury fans already were, the atmosphere was friendly as both sets of fans mixed happily without incident. 4. What you thought on seeing the ground, first impressions of away end then other sides of the ground? Griffin Park is a very unusual ground. With the away end having a bottom terrace beneath an upper tier of seating. Both the left and right side of the ground have 2, different sized seated stands. Opposite, behind the other goal, is another terrace, where the louder Brentford fans were stood. 5. Comment on the game itself, atmosphere, stewards, pies, facilities etc.. The game itself was very lively, with Shrewsbury being awarded a penalty late into the second half, only for ref to change his mind after a discussion with the linesman. Brentford too had a goal disallowed because it was offside. In the end, the game had a disappointing result of 0-0, with both teams battling it out until the very end. The atmosphere inside the ground was fantastic, the acoustics in the away end are amazing, allowing even a small number of fans to created tremendous noise. The home terrace opposite us was also creating a fair amount of noise, and there was some great banter between the home and away fans. The food in the ground was OK, £3.20 for a cheeseburger which was pretty decent, I've had alot worse at other grounds. The toilets were OK too, cramped, but again, I have seen alot worse at other grounds. The stewards were out of sight the entire game which is always a good thing. 6. Comment on getting away from the ground after the game: After the game there was a rush of people on the road heading to the station, mostly Brentford fans, with the majority of Shrewsbury fans taking the club coaches home. The Police presence at the train station was larger than I've seen at any of the other League One games I've been to this season. Stupidly, I didn't check which platform I was supposed to be on, and I nearly missed my train, but some Brentford lads shouted to the train guard to wait as I ran across the bridge to change platform. Thankfully I made it, and was able to get on the last train from Euston to Wolverhampton where I got picked up. 7. Summary of overall thoughts of the day out: Definitely a great away day, and was well worth the effort to get there. It would have been much better had it been on a Saturday, but even for a Tuesday night it was fantastic. Definitely hope to visit this ground next season, and would recommend for people to visit Griffin Park when their team plays there! Saturday, April 28th 2012, 3pm Dan Brennan (Sheffield Wednesday fan) It's the final away game of the season for Wednesday, and with the promotion battle between ourselves and Sheffield United set up so beautifully, a trip to Brentford was a no-brainer. We drove down to Brentford - relatively easy to find, straight down the M1 and I would just recommend that you head for Heathrow Airport. From there you can't really go wrong. Parking around the ground we found to be almost non-existent. There is simply nowhere to park. We had to park about 3/4 of a mile away from the stadium, which was annoying. The ground is not situtaed in the ideal place in all honesty. After we, we walked round to The Griffin pub. This is on the corner of the Brook Road Stand and the Braemer Road Stand and served alcohol and food at very good prices. There was a good atmosphere in the pub and around the ground to be honest. I don't enjoy slating grounds but Griffin Park is atrocious. The away stand is a complete mess - the stand above is neat and provides and excellent view (I'd also like to thank the stewards who were decent enough to let me go up to take photos) but the terrace below is terrible. Nowhere near enough room in the stand, the pillars do obstruct your view more or less wherever you stand and the stand isn't steep enough to provide a good view. When Wednesday scored I was crushed and was uncomfortable throughout the game. The Bill Axbey Stand is aging and looked as if the view would be terrible and this stand also had a TV gantry, where a set of ladders took you up there - it looked incredibly makeshift. The Braemar Road stand is better but still looks a bit of a mish-mash, and the terrace opposite the away stand is very small and simple. Overall, unfortunately, the ground is not in good shape and really is quite poor. The game itself was great in terms of the result - a 2-1 win for Wednesday - but the performance was edgy and Wednesday rode their luck throughout. Keith Treacy's fluke free-kick was cancelled out by a Brentford penalty but Miguel Llera won it for the Owls. The one positive of the away terrace is that the acoustics are simply wonderful - Wednesday made a tremendous amount of noise and this did create a good atmosphere, but I have to say the noise from the Brentford fans was the worst I've ever seen from a home side. They were silent and contributed nothing to the atmopshere. I have to say that Griffin Park, as a stadium, is one the poorest I've visited. The away stand needs knocking down and re-building in my opinion. The ground has character but that's because it's a mess in all honesty. The Brentford fans were disappointing but a good result for Wednesday meant it was a relatively enjoyable day out. Saturday, April 14th 2012, 3pm James Spring (Notts County fan) 1. Why were you looking forward to visiting the ground? The latest stop on the Weymouth based Notts County fan’s tour would be Griffin Park. This was a new ground for me, and with it being such a big game for both clubs, it was set to be a good day out. 2. How easy was your journey? We caught the train from Weymouth, changed at Clapham Junction, and arrived at Brentford station just after 1pm. There’s a map just outside the station showing you where the local pubs and the ground are. You also pass Griffin Park enroute from Clapham junction to Brentford, so you get a good idea of where the ground is. It’s no more than a ten minute walk from the station. You can see the floodlights from the station so just follow them. 3. What you did before the game, pub/chippy, home fans friendly? We had looked on Google maps prior to our visit, and noted that there was a McDonald’s not too far from the station, which is also shown on the map outside the station which I previously mentioned. Head down Boston Manor Road, and the restaurant is located about a five minute walk down this road. There were quite a few Brentford fans and Notts County fans in there without any trouble, atmosphere seemed pretty friendly. From McDonald’s, you can get to Griffin Park by heading up St Paul’s Road, then along Lateward Roadd, where you’ll eventually come to Brook Street, where you see the ground on the left. I brought the match day programme “The Bee” for £3, which was a very good read. 4. What you thought on seeing the ground, first impressions of away end and other sides of the ground? The ground is nicely tucked into a housing estate. From the outside it looks quite old fashioned. Getting into the away end is a bit like walking up someone’s driveway. You walk up this pathway where you eventually come to the turnstiles. The away end consists of a Terrace at the bottom, and the top tier has the seats. We were in the terrace. The view from the terrace is pretty good, certainly better than what I was expecting it to be, but your view can be occassionally hindered by the supporting pillars. The rest of the ground, I have to say looks a bit untidy, with all four stands of a different design and size, nothing seems to match. To the left of the away end is the Bill Axbey stand, to the right, the rather old fashioned looking Braemar Road Stand, and at the other end is the Ealing Road Terrace, where the nosier home fans seemed to stand. 5. Comment on the game itself , atmosphere, stewards, pies, facilities etc The game was being billed as Brentford’s biggest in two years. A win for them would have seen them climb above Notts into the final playoff spot. Anything other than 3 points would leave Brentford with a lot to do to make the playoffs. The first half was very tight and nervy. Jeff Hughes fired a shot against the crossbar for Notts, from which Brentford caught County on the break but a last gasp tackle from Julian Kelly prevented what would surely have been a goal for the hosts. I had tried the food outlet before the game, but was not impressed with paying over £2 for a cold cup of tea! The second half was similar to the first half, but it became more open and both sides had chances to take the lead, which they couldn’t take. The full time whistle blew, and the contrasting emotions of both sets of players and fans said it all. Brentford had not taken their chance to move into the top 6, while Notts remained 6th, and with Carlisle Utd losing, Notts moved a point clear. The atmosphere was excellent throughout the game with over 700 Notts fans singing for pretty much the full 90 minutes. The stewards were pretty un-noticeable throughout the match which is always a good thing. 6. Comment on getting away from the ground after the game: A lot of supporters from both sides appeared to be heading back to the train station so we followed them, and had arrived back at Brentford station by about 5 past 5. There were a few coppers at the station but both sets of fans mixed without any trouble at all at either the station or on the train back to Clapham Junction. 7. Summary of overall thoughts of day out: A good game of football, a big point for Notts, a great day out, and we got home an hour earlier than expected having caught an earlier train. Would definitely return to Brentford. Tuesday, April 3rd 2012, 7.45pm Craig Milne (Doing the 92) 1. Why you were looking forward to going to the ground (or not as the case may be): I was looking forward to visiting the ground having passed it numerous times driving into London. 2. How easy was your journey/finding the ground/car parking? Having read up on this website I looked for street parking but with the hope of something a bit more secure, sadly the car park right next to the ground is for passholders only. As a result I parked on the street with no restrictions only a five minute walk from the ground. 3. What you did before the game pub/chippy.... home fans friendly? I walked all round the ground to see the 4 pubs. 4. What you thought on seeing the ground, first impressions of away end then other sides of the ground? The ground is slap bang in the middle of a housing estate. The home terrace back wall is also the back wall to many a garden. It was a surprise to see them so close. The stewards I spoke to were friendly and helpful. I was on the home terrace behind the goal and enjoyed the atmosphere, with lots of families around. I visited the programe shop in the Main Stand however as an away fan you cannot gain entrance to it because of its location. A good selection of programmes and very friendly staff who were surprised to hear I was a Carlisle fan just passing though. The gentleman in the programme shop was very chatty, informative and interested in everyone who came by. 5. Comment on the game itself, atmosphere, stewards, pies, facilities etc.. A 2-0 win for Brentford saw them climb towards the play offs. Oldham came out playing the better football but once Brentford took the lead the game changed. A match played with style by Brentford and hard fought by Oldham. Cracking atmosphere in all areas off the ground towards the end of the game and nerves were settled. The two tier away end looked interesting, perhaps I'll save that for another day. Stewards I spoke to were helpful and maybe it was a low attendance but they managed the crowd without effecting the viewers enjoyment. Once you gain entrance to the Main Stand you can also access the terrace and vice versa so you could meet your mates at half time. Plenty of outlets inside the stadium with express outlets offering meal deals, alcohol, pies, hot dogs and a variety of other snacks and soft drinks. 6. Comment on getting away from the ground after the game: Not a problem at all. I was parked facing the main road out and drove straight out. If you were on the other side of the stadium I could see it being awkward as the road past the stadium was busy with buses and pedestrians. 7. Summary of overall thoughts of the day out: It was a night match and a bit damp to say the least, i thought the sun always shined in London! A great ground, friendly people, helpful staff and no issues with parking. Next time I won't drive and I can then savour the atmosphere of the pubs. Saturday, January 28th 2012, 3pm Marc Batt (Neutral fan) 1. Why you were looking forward to going to the ground (or not as the case may be): With Oxford's game against Burton Albion re-arranged for Sunday, I decided to attend a game at Griffin Park. With Brentford performing well in League One and chasing play-offs, and Wycombe seemingly struggling at the other end of the league, I thought it would make a nice change to be a neutral rather than enduring the rollercoaster ride that is watching Oxford United every week! Obviously the 'notorious pub on each corner' also seemed quite special about the ground. 2. How easy was your journey/finding the ground/car parking? I took the train from Oxford, which required a couple of changes- firstly at Reading and then at Virginia Water to arrive at Brentford station. The surrounding streets were parked full of cars, so I would recommend drivers to arrive early! 3. What you did before the game pub/chippy.... home fans friendly? I only had enough time to enter one of the four pubs, sadly! I decided to try the Princess Royal as I would be standing on the terrace nearby. The locals seemed friendly enough, though it was quite obvious I was not exactly a hardcore Brentford fan! I spoke to an older gentlemen who made me seem quite welcome (seeing as I wasn't one to be supporting Wycombe especially), who had earlier given me directions to get around the ground to the Ealing Road terrace. 4. What you thought on seeing the ground, first impressions of away end then other sides of the ground? The ground certainly has character and history about it. Despite the fact it is supposedly on a flight route, I didn't seem to notice any planes going directly overhead (maybe as I was focused more on the game perhaps), and they certainly did not cause any disturbance. As I mentioned, the ground does have history and this is what you can expect to find if you attend more modern stadiums on a regular basis. However I would not call Griffin Park 'outdated'. The ground is more than fit enough to host football every week. 5. Comment on the game itself, atmosphere, stewards, pies, facilities etc.. What a gem to attend. The first ten minutes saw Wycombe play very good football, with Brentford seemingly struggling to make it out of their own half! The next twenty minutes were one-way traffic rather; half an hour gone and the Bees found themselves three goals to the good. Two goals from top scorer Gary Alexander and another from Sam Saunders saw a 3-0 HT scoreline. The atmosphere was fantastic, with the right side of the terrace making A LOT of noise. The Wycombe fans weren't exactly silent either! HT- I warn you- the food is fairly expensive. I attended the game by myself, however if you were a Dad (or Mum!) with his/her two kids on a Saturday afternoon, do not expect much change from £20. There are a few deals on offer- a burger/pie, crisps/choc bar and drink for what I seemingly remember as £5.70. The food is okay, I chose a cheeseburger and onions for £3.30- far better than food at The Kassam however, and for that Brentford, I thank you! The stewards do not seem to cause much bother, however they keep walking from the front of the terrace to the back which seemed odd. The second half kicked off and within about a minute, Wycombe had one back! It poised the game delicately, and Wycombe did seem to be taking the game to Brentford- as the man on the terrace next to me suggested, a real 'jekyll and hyde' performance from Brentford for large parts of the second half. By 75 minutes, Brentford had restored the three goal lead with midfielder Diagouraga (I think that's how its spelt!). Wycombe then pulled a sneaky goal back from a corner through Ben Strevens. No prizes for guessing who then finished the scoring from Brentford as Alexander struck a fantastic volley, of Premier League quality, to win the game for the Bees on 80 minutes and claim the match ball.An absolutely great game of football! 5-2 to Brentford! 6. Comment on getting away from the ground after the game: Getting to the station was fairly easy, I would give around 15-20 minutes time to catch your train as the streets surrounding can become quite crowded. I cannot give a review for drivers so much, but as with coming away from any game, give yourself plenty of time and expect the unexpected! 7. Summary of overall thoughts of the day out: Fantastic day out for any football fan, particularly traditionalists. I can't promise a 5-2 scoreline every week, but it is certainly a good trip. I will be attending next year for sure (hopefully with Oxford, when we get promoted and Brentford don't! Sorry Brentford fans!). The club can be very proud of their ground, their football, and their fans. Saturday, October 15th 2011, 3pm Oliver Thewes (German groundhopper) We are three German lads interested in English Football, so we decided to visit Griffin Park on our recent trip to London. I am a Eintracht Frankfurt supporter, whilst my two friends support Borussia Dortmund. Why visit Griffin Park and not Stamford Bridge or another Premier League Ground, you may ask? Well, we are traditionalists and like the old school football. We arrived by tube at South Ealing, then following then the advice on this site to took a bus to the ground. Although one of us insisted on walking and it was not too easy to convince him not to do so! Before the game we had a few beers in the New Inn , great atmosphere with friendly home supporters who could not believe that we came over from Germany to watch the Bees. Afterwards I bought some Bees' merchandise in the club shop. Griffin Park is a nice old fashioned ground , but that's what we like in these days when football is getting more and more commercial. The game itself was not so thrilling. Stewards very relaxed , toilets not too great. The pies were wonderful, they went well with Carling Lager. After the game we did not leave the area immediately , but visited the other three pubs around the ground instead.In the Griffin we met again our new friends from the New Inn. All in all a great day , and one thing is for sure , we will come back very soon! Saturday, August 27th 2011, 3pm Jason Jandu (Neutral fan) I decided to go west for my latest London football outing to watch the match between Brentford and Tranmere. Even at this early stage of the season, it was a top of the table clash. The Bees had attracted attention with an excellent start of three wins from four under new manager Uwe Rosler, Tranmere had also begun their campaign well, and both teams had scored a good few goals in the process. So I thought there was the possibility of quite a high-scoring game at Griffin Park. The journey to the ground wasn’t so much difficult as time consuming, taking virtually as long as the match itself to travel from Bexleyheath Station to Brentford Station via Waterloo and walk down to the ground. As previous reviews have mentioned, the fact that Griffin Park is squeezed in between several normal suburban streets makes finding the ways in a little tricky. The turnstiles of the Main Stand and the ticket collection point, are located at the bottom of Braemar Road, and the entrances to the other ends are literally set in between houses. So you have to keep a close eye when you walk round the streets surrounding the stadium. Once I found the correct entrance I took my place in the Bill Axbey Stand – in which you can sit pretty much anywhere, so don’t waste time like I did looking for the block printed on your ticket – and found a seat in the family section. I sat and read the very good Beesotted fanzine I accidentally bought from a lad outside the ground who I thought was selling the match programme! Now I admit that my opinion of Griffin Park may be coloured by my previous trips this season to the very decent grounds of The Valley, The Den and the Emirates, but all in all I found it a pretty shabby and ramshackle ground, to be honest. You had the Main Stand opposite featuring a complete mish-mash of different sections of seating. Terracing for the home fans to the left. On the right the very odd stand for the visitors; with seating in the upper tier and terracing below. The stand I was sitting in was made up of long rows of seats, metal A-frames and the dreaded view-restricting iron girders supporting the roof, corrugated iron sheeting at the back and a collection of metal bars and floorboards resembling a camera gantry which hung precariously from the roof at the front of the stand. The compact nature of the ground means that everything feels a bit cramped, from the turnstiles getting in to the concourses outside and the seats you sit in. The old-fashioned nature of the ground is further underlined by the traditional floodlight pylons standing in each corner, so all in all, it did give me the impression of watching League One football in a non-league setting. As I said above, my standards might be too high but I do feel that League One grounds should be a little higher up the scale than Griffin Park in view of the nicer new stadiums being built around the country these days. At least the stewards were unfussy and inconspicuous throughout. The match began, and as strange as it may sound for a team who had won their previous match 5-0, Brentford looked very nervous, hesitant and unsure of themselves. They gave the ball away far too easily, their build-up play consisted of slow and ponderous passing amongst the defence and midfield. They failed to make inroads down the flanks and through the middle of what was admittedly a strong opposition defence, and in general they looked fairly sluggish against the sharp and nippy Tranmere midfield. Who were symbolised by the man of the match in my view, right midfield Andy Robinson, who created the first goal midway through the first half with a terrific cross headed in by Robbie Weir and scored the second just after half time with a powerful low drive into the corner from 25 yards. Brentford’s main chances came in the first half when Clayton Donaldson had his one-on-one saved by Tranmere keeper Owain fon Williams and Gary Alexander flicked the ball onto the bar, but other than that they were disappointing – not that Uwe Rosler seemed too bothered about it from his unexpectedly muted presence on the bench – and were well contained by a Tranmere side who seem capable of going places this season. After the match finished in simultaneous driving rain and bright sunshine, it took a fair while to filter out of one of the few exits through the corrugated iron sheeting and find one’s bearings – not that the mishap I suffered in skidding on a wet pavement and crashing into a neighbour’s bush helped on that score – to make it back to the train station and make my way back to Bexleyheath. In fact, I could sum up the whole of the trip to Brentford as being a bit of a damp squib, really; admittedly some aspects of that were my fault. But neither the match, the Brentford performance or the ground was what I hoped it would be and, in view of how long it took me to get there, I’d probably only consider going back in the future for a match of really high importance, frankly. Saturday, February 26th 2011, 3pm Luke Phillips (Bristol Rovers fan) I have attended Griffin Park many a time with my father, however this season was the first time that I had attended Brentford away with a group of "lads". I always look forward to Griffin Park as the away terrace is a fantastic little covered terrace where you can really make some noise, oh and there is a pub on each corner of the ground! If you are coming from the South West, please be advised that there is no direct route to Brenford station. We set off from Bristol Parkway at about 11:00 to Reading station, we then had to dash through the station to get to Platform 4A to catch the train leaving in 5 minutes time to Virginia Water. Once we had arrived at Virginia Water we then had to get onto the middle platform (can't quite remember which platform number it was) to Brentford station which is only about a 15-20 minute trip. Once we had arrived at Brentford, finding the ground was easy, you simply turn right out of the station and walk along Orchard Road and turn right onto Windmill road and take the next left onto Hamilton Road. The walk should take you no less than 10 minutes! Once we arrived at the ground we all noticed a very strong Rovers presence in The Griffin Pub. So we went in there and had a a pre-match drink with the Gasheads. After we had left the pub we walked around the local area and discovered a small take away on Albany Road-I do believe it was called the "Best Kebab and Fish Bar" that serves halal food (which was perfect for us considering we were travelling with a Muslim). The prices were very reasonable, a burger was roughly £2.50 and Chips wrapped in Pitta bread was about £1.50. The home fans were very friendly and welcoming and couldn't of done enough to help out other away fans who may of been lost or whatever. For those who haven't been before, Griffin Park is a fantastic ground that just oozes character. The away end is unusual as above the terrace there is an area where fans who prefer to sit can do so. The away terrace has wind shields at the side and back so it's obvious a good away following will generate some really good noise. However there are some rather annoying supporting pillars in the way but you can still get a good view of the pitch. The two stands at either sides of the are pretty much identical all seater stands. Right opposite the away end is a modern(ish) looking terrace where the noisier Brentford fans will stand. There was just shy of 900 Rovers fans in Brentford with the vast majority choosing to stand in the enclosed terrace. This helped us created a very good atmosphere. The open terrace opposite the away end occasionally sang up. There was some cracking banter to be had with the stands to the left and right of the away end. One guy had decided to start abusing the Rovers fans-so we all piped up with "Does your boyfriend know you're here?". He then retaliated by snogging his mate! The stewards were usually quite friendly and allowed us all to have fun on the terrace, however they did get a little strict shortly after Rovers had conceded a controversial penalty, although they soon became relaxed once the game had resettled. I can't comment on the food as I never sampled it due to eating before I entered the ground however they had a good selection food ranging from Balti pies and sausage rolls that were all reasonably priced. The toilets were average, reasonably clean although cramped. However I have seen worse toilets! This was a very hotly contested and controversial game, so emotions were running high. Due to this we decided to get back to the train station rather quickly to avoid any potential trouble. However I don't think any trouble would of occurred due to a strong police presence. Once we boarded the train there were some rowdy Brentford fans who were messing around with the intercom and being a nuisance to most people on the train, however they soon stopped when an older Brentford fan with his son put them in his place. Once we had arrived at Virginia Water we didn't know which platform we had to get on to get to Reading. Fortunately that same man was a train driver and helped us along our away back to Reading. Another enjoyable day out at Brentford seen Rovers controversially beaten. Unfortunately I wont be going back to Brentford this year as we were relegated, but I would definitely go back as it is my favourite away ground to go to!	i don't know
What letter is used the most in the English language	The most common first letter in a word in order of frequency T, O, A, W, B, C, D, S, F, M, R, H, I, Y, E, G, L, N, O, U, J, K The most common second letter in a word in order of frequency H, O, E, I, A, U, N, R, T The most common third letter in a word in order of frequency E, S, A, R, N, I The most common last letter in a word in order of frequency E, S, T, D, N, R, Y, F, L, O, G, H, A, K, M, P, U, W More than half of all words end with Letters most likely to follow E in order of frequency The most common digraphs on order of frequency TH, HE, AN, IN, ER, ON, RE, ED, ND, HA, AT, EN, ES, OF, NT, EA, TI, TO, IO, LE, IS, OU, AR, AS, DE, RT, VE The most common trigraphs in order of frequency THE, AND, THA, ENT, ION, TIO, FOR, NDE, HAS, NCE, TIS, OFT, MEN The most common double letters in order of frequency SS, EE, TT, FF, LL, MM, OO The most common two-letter words in order of frequency of, to, in, it, is, be, as, at, so, we, he, by, or, on, do, if, me, my, up, an, go, no, us, am The most common three-letter words in order of frequency the, and, for, are, but, not, you, all, any, can, had, her, was, one, our, out, day, get, has, him, his, how, man, new, now, old, see, two, way, who, boy, did, its, let, put, say, she, too, use The most common four-letter words in order of frequency That, with, have, this, will, your, from, they, know, want, been, good, much, some, time, very, when, come, here, just, like, long, make, many, more, only, over, such, take, than, them, well, were The most commonly used words in the English language in order of frequency The, of, and, to, in, a, is, that, be, it, by, are, for, was, as, he, with, on, his, at, which, but, from, has, this, will, one, have, not, were, or, all, their, an, I, there, been, many, more, so, when, had, may, today, who, would, time, we, about, after, dollars, if, my, other, some, them, being, its, no, only, over, very, you, into, most, than, they, day, even, made, out, first, great, must, these, can, days, every, found, general, her, here, last, new, now, people, public, said, since, still, such, through, under, up, war, well, where, while, years, before, between, country, debts, good, him, interest, large, like, make, our, take, upon, what	E
What type of animals are Cheviots, Southdowns and Shropshires	English Letter Frequency Counts: Mayzner Revisited or ETAOIN SRHLDCU ETAOIN SRHLDCU Introduction On December 17th 2012, I got a nice letter from Mark Mayzner , a retired 85-year-old researcher who studied the frequency of letter combinations in English words in the early 1960s. His 1965 publication has been cited in hundreds of articles. Mayzner describes his work: I culled a corpus of 20,000 words from a variety of sources, e.g., newspapers, magazines, books, etc. For each source selected, a starting place was chosen at random. In proceeding forward from this point, all three, four, five, six, and seven-letter words were recorded until a total of 200 words had been selected. This procedure was duplicated 100 times, each time with a different source, thus yielding a grand total of 20,000 words. This sample broke down as follows: three-letter words, 6,807 tokens, 187 types; four-letter words, 5,456 tokens, 641 types; five-letter words, 3,422 tokens, 856 types; six-letter words, 2,264 tokens, 868 types; seven-letter words, 2,051 tokens, 924 types. I then proceeded to construct tables that showed the frequency counts for three, four, five, six, and seven-letter words, but most importantly, broken down by word length and letter position, which had never been done before to my knowledge. and he wonders if: perhaps your group at Google might be interested in using the computing power that is now available to significantly expand and produce such tables as I constructed some 50 years ago, but now using the Google Corpus Data, not the tiny 20,000 word sample that I used. The answer is: yes indeed, I am interested! And it will be a lot easier for me than it was for Mayzner. Working 60s-style, Mayzner had to gather his collection of text sources, then go through them and select individual words, punch them on Hollerith cards , and use a card-sorting machine . Here's what we can do with today's computing power (using publicly available data and the processing power of my own personal computer; I'm not relying on access to corporate computing power): I consulted the Google books Ngrams raw data set, which gives word counts of the number of times each word is mentioned (broken down by year of publication) in the books that have been scanned by Google. I downloaded the English Version 20120701 "1-grams" (that is, word counts) from that data set given as the files "a" to "z" (that is, http://storage.googleapis.com/books/ngrams/books/googlebooks-eng-all-1gram-20120701-a.gz to http://storage.googleapis.com/books/ngrams/books/googlebooks-eng-all-1gram-20120701-z.gz). I unzipped each file; the result is 23 GB of text (so don't try to download them on your phone). I then condensed these entries, combining the counts for all years, and for different capitalizations: "word", "Word" and "WORD" were all recorded under "WORD". I discarded any entry that used a character other than the 26 letters A-Z. I also discarded any word with fewer than 100,000 mentions. (If you want you can download the word count file ; note that it is 1.5 MB.) I generated tables of counts, first for words, then for letters and letter sequences, keyed off of the positions and word lengths. Word Counts My distillation of the Google books data gives us 97,565 distinct words, which were mentioned 743,842,922,321 times (37 million times more than in Mayzner's 20,000-mention collection). Each distinct word is called a "type" and each mention is called a "token." To no surprise, the most common word is "the". Here are the top 50 words, with their counts (in billions of mentions) and their overall percentage (looking like a Zipf distribution): WORD COUNT PERCENT bar graph the 53.10 B 7.14% the of 30.97 B 4.16% of and 22.63 B 3.04% and to 19.35 B 2.60% to in 16.89 B 2.27% in a 15.31 B 2.06% a is 8.38 B 1.13% is that 8.00 B 1.08% that for 6.55 B 0.88% for it 5.74 B 0.77% it as 5.70 B 0.77% as was 5.50 B 0.74% was with 5.18 B 0.70% with be 4.82 B 0.65% be by 4.70 B 0.63% by on 4.59 B 0.62% on not 4.52 B 0.61% not he 4.11 B 0.55% he i 3.88 B 0.52% i this 3.83 B 0.51% this are 3.70 B 0.50% are or 3.67 B 0.49% or his 3.61 B 0.49% his from 3.47 B 0.47% from at 3.41 B 0.46% at which 3.14 B 0.42% which but 2.79 B 0.38% but have 2.78 B 0.37% have an 2.73 B 0.37% an had 2.62 B 0.35% had they 2.46 B 0.33% they you 2.34 B 0.31% you were 2.27 B 0.31% were their 2.15 B 0.29% their one 2.15 B 0.29% one all 2.06 B 0.28% all we 2.06 B 0.28% we can 1.67 B 0.22% can her 1.63 B 0.22% her has 1.63 B 0.22% has there 1.62 B 0.22% there been 1.62 B 0.22% been if 1.56 B 0.21% if more 1.55 B 0.21% more when 1.52 B 0.20% when will 1.49 B 0.20% will would 1.47 B 0.20% would who 1.46 B 0.20% who so 1.45 B 0.19% so no 1.40 B 0.19% no Word Lengths And here is the breakdown of mentions (in millions) by word length (looking like a Poisson distribution). The average is 4.79 letters per word, and 80% are between 2 and 7 letters long: LEN COUNT PERCENT bar graph 1 22301.22 M 2.998% 1 2 131293.85 M 17.651% 2 3 152568.38 M 20.511% 3 4 109988.33 M 14.787% 4 5 79589.32 M 10.700% 5 6 62391.21 M 8.388% 6 7 59052.66 M 7.939% 7 8 44207.29 M 5.943% 8 9 33006.93 M 4.437% 9 10 22883.84 M 3.076% 10 11 13098.06 M 1.761% 11 12 7124.15 M 0.958% 12 13 3850.58 M 0.518% 13 14 1653.08 M 0.222% 14 15 565.24 M 0.076% 15 16 151.22 M 0.020% 16 17 72.81 M 0.010% 17 18 28.62 M 0.004% 18 19 8.51 M 0.001% 19 20 6.35 M 0.001% 20 21 0.13 M 0.000% 21 22 0.81 M 0.000% 22 23 0.32 M 0.000% 23 Here is the distribution for distinct words (that is, counting each word only once regardless of how many times it is mentioned). Now the average is 7.60 letters long, and 80% are between 4 and 10 letters long: LEN COUNT PERCENT bar graph 1 26 0.027% 1 2 662 0.679% z Two-Letter Sequence (Bigram) Counts Now we turn to sequences of letters: consecutive letters anywhere within a word. In the list below are the 50 most frequent two-letter sequences (which are called "bigrams"): BI COUNT PERCENT bar graph TH 100.3 B (3.56%) TH HE 86.7 B (3.07%) HE IN 68.6 B (2.43%) IN ER 57.8 B (2.05%) ER AN 56.0 B (1.99%) AN RE 52.3 B (1.85%) RE ON 49.6 B (1.76%) ON AT 41.9 B (1.49%) AT EN 41.0 B (1.45%) EN ND 38.1 B (1.35%) ND TI 37.9 B (1.34%) TI ES 37.8 B (1.34%) ES OR 36.0 B (1.28%) OR TE 34.0 B (1.20%) TE OF 33.1 B (1.17%) OF ED 32.9 B (1.17%) ED IS 31.8 B (1.13%) IS IT 31.7 B (1.12%) IT AL 30.7 B (1.09%) AL AR 30.3 B (1.07%) AR ST 29.7 B (1.05%) ST TO 29.4 B (1.04%) TO NT 29.4 B (1.04%) NT NG 26.9 B (0.95%) NG SE 26.3 B (0.93%) SE HA 26.1 B (0.93%) HA AS 24.6 B (0.87%) AS OU 24.5 B (0.87%) OU IO 23.5 B (0.83%) IO LE 23.4 B (0.83%) LE VE 23.3 B (0.83%) VE CO 22.4 B (0.79%) CO ME 22.4 B (0.79%) ME DE 21.6 B (0.76%) DE HI 21.5 B (0.76%) HI RI 20.5 B (0.73%) RI RO 20.5 B (0.73%) RO IC 19.7 B (0.70%) IC NE 19.5 B (0.69%) NE EA 19.4 B (0.69%) EA RA 19.3 B (0.69%) RA CE 18.4 B (0.65%) CE LI 17.6 B (0.62%) LI CH 16.9 B (0.60%) CH LL 16.3 B (0.58%) LL BE 16.2 B (0.58%) BE MA 15.9 B (0.57%) MA SI 15.5 B (0.55%) SI OM 15.4 B (0.55%) OM UR 15.3 B (0.54%) UR Below is a table of all 26 × 26 = 676 bigrams; in each cell the orange bar is proportional to the frequency, and if you hover you can see the exact counts and percentage. There are only seven bigrams that do not occur among the 2.8 trillion mentions: JQ, QG, QK, QY, QZ, WQ, and WZ. If you look closely you see they are shown as deleted ZZ N-Letter Sequences (N-grams) What are the most common n-letter sequences (called "n-grams") for various values of n? You can see the 50 most common for each value of n from 1 to 9 in the table below. 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You will be able to get counts for, say, the number of times the bigram "he" appears in positions 2 through 3 of 4-letter words, for example. This is the kind of tables provided by Mayzner, but with 37 million times more data (and with a few more columns). The tables are large, so we present them in separate files; for each n-gram length from n=1 to n=9, we offer a Google Fusion Table file; you can browse the table online, or download it (with the "File > Download" menu item). We also offer all the files rolled up into a .zip file, or in a fusion table folder: N	i don't know
Who is the most famous daughter of Major Bruce Shand	Obituary: Major Bruce Shand \| News \| The Guardian Major Bruce Shand Camilla's father, cool under fire - military and matrimonial Tom Corby Share on Messenger Close Major Bruce Shand, who has died aged 89, was famous for keeping his cool: this earned him two military crosses in the second world war and, half a century later, the gratitude of the Prince of Wales for keeping quiet - in public, though not in private - when Charles began an illicit affair with Shand's daughter Camilla, now the Duchess of Cornwall. During more than a decade of lurid headlines, there were rumours of confrontations between Shand and Charles over Camilla's status, before the couple married in April 2005. As one long-standing friend put it: "I think [Shand] was completely frank with him, but they never came to blows." There was a strong bond between father and daughter, and Shand could not tolerate Camilla being treated shoddily. One reported instance of his intervention was in 1993, after the disclosure of intimate taped phone calls between the lovers. At a private meeting, Shand reportedly reproached Charles for ruining his daughter's life, reducing the prince to tears. Conversely, throughout the divorce from Princess Diana, he was said to have been a tower of strength to both Charles and Camilla. Charles grew "very fond" of his father-in-law, admiring his courage, wit and impeccable manners. Shand's father, Philip Morton Shand, was an architectural writer and critic, and an authority on food and wine. His company imported Alvar Aalto's furniture to Britain, and he counted among his circle such leading architects as Walter Gropius, Le Corbusier and Wells Coates. His marriage to Edith Marguerite Harrington ended in divorce when Bruce was three. Philip went on to acquire three more wives; his youngest child grew up to be Elspeth Howe (Baroness Howe of Idlicote), though Bruce met his half sister only when she was 16, and, indeed, 15 years were to pass after his parents' divorce before he again encountered his father. He had a peripatetic childhood, being raised partly by his mother and stepfather, and by his Shand grandmother, to whom he was devoted. He was sent to Rugby school, which he found oppressive, but developed a love of horses and riding. He went on to Sandhurst, was commissioned in the 12th Lancers as a second lieutenant in 1937, and indulged his interest in hunting and polo. In his self-deprecating memoir, Previous Engagements (1990), Shand recalled how he went to war in 1939 wishing he could have emulated a young officer from his regiment who had set off to fight the Boers in a hansom cab, having been at a splendid party in London the night before. The reality was very different. Seven months after mobilisation, he was in St Omar, northern France, facing the Germans in their drive towards the sea. He pulled back with his men to the coast, and narrowly avoided capture before evacuation from Dunkirk. Typically, his memoir does not mention the MC, though the citation spoke of his "skill and great daring" and how, by "the fearless manoeuvring of his troop, he covered the withdrawal of a column in the face of fire from four enemy tanks". By 1942 Shand was in North Africa. The battle of El Alamein was raging and, promoted to major, he was ordered to slip through the enemy's retreating frontline on a reconnoitre. Heading down an escarpment, he was confronted by a German motorised column, which engaged his men in heavy fire. He managed to withdraw a group of the 6th Rajputana Rifles and organised the evacuation of 20 armoured cars, which would otherwise have fallen into enemy hands. The citation to his second MC said he had constantly proved himself a cavalry leader of "the first order". Wounded, he was taken prisoner and spent the rest of the war as a PoW. Shand returned to Britain in 1945 to marry Rosalind Cubitt, the daughter of Lord Ashcombe, whose builder ancestors had created large swathes of central London, including Belgravia and Pimlico. After dabbling in various enterprises, Shand settled into a comfortable life as a partner in a firm of Mayfair wine merchants. He was vice lord lieutenant of East Sussex (1974-92), a deputy lieutenant of the former county of Sussex and joint master of the Southdown fox hounds (1956-75). His wife died in 1994; he is survived by two daughters and a son. · Bruce Middleton Hope Shand, soldier, born January 22 1917; died June 11 2006	Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall
What breed of dog is identified with Hush Puppies advertising	CAMILLA SUPPORTED BY FAMILY AT FATHER'S FUNERAL CAMILLA SUPPORTED BY FAMILY AT FATHER'S FUNERAL SEND TO A FRIEND 16 JUNE 2006 A visibly heartbroken Camilla bid farewell to her beloved father Major Bruce Shand at his funeral on Friday. The Duchess of Cornwall was joined by 150 mourners including Prince Charles and his sons at the private service held in Dorset. Major Bruce, a decorated war veteran of El Alemain, passed away last Sunday with his family at his bedside after a long illness. The 89-year-old lived with his daughter Annabelle in Stourpaine, Dorset, in his later years. As the mourners left the 45-minute service at Holy Trinity Church, Camilla's daughter Laura was comforted by her new husband Harry Lopes. The Duchess' son, Tom, had earlier read the moving poem When I Am Dead by Christina Rossetti, and the congregation sang hymns including Jerusalem and I Vow To Thee My Country. Others paying their respects included Camilla's former husband Andrew Parker Bowles, former chancellor Lord Howe and the actor Edward Fox. In March this year Camilla travelled to El Alemain to pay tribute on her father's behalf at the graves of two of his fallen comrades.	i don't know
What product did Actor Rutger Hauer advertise on TV	Rutger Hauer - Biography - IMDb Rutger Hauer Biography Showing all 52 items Jump to: Overview (4) \| Mini Bio (1) \| Spouse (2) \| Trade Mark (7) \| Trivia (32) \| Personal Quotes (6) Overview (4) 6' 1½" (1.87 m) Mini Bio (1) Blonde, blue-eyed, tall and handsome Dutch actor Rutger Hauer has an international reputation for playing everything from romantic leads to action heroes to sinister villains. Hauer was born in Breukelen, a town in the province of Utrecht, the Netherlands. He is the son of Teunke (Mellema) and Arend Hauer , both actors. Because his parents were often touring, he and his three sisters were raised by a nanny. A bit of a rebel during his childhood, he chafed at the rules and rigors of school and was often getting into mischief. His grandfather had been the captain of a schooner and at age 15, Hauer ran away to work on a freighter for a year. Like his great-grandfather, Hauer is color-blind, which prevented him from furthering his career as a sailor. Upon his return he attended night school and started working in the construction industry. When he again bombed at school, his parents enrolled him in drama classes. Fancying himself a poet, he spent most of his time writing poetry and hanging out in Amsterdam coffee houses instead of studying. He was expelled for poor attendance and afterward spent a brief period in the Dutch navy. Deciding he didn't like military life, he convinced his superiors that he was mentally unfit and was sent to a special home for psych patients. It was an unpleasant place, but Hauer remained there until he convinced his ranking officers that the military really did not need him. - IMDb Mini Biography By: A. Nonymous Spouse (2) ( 22 November 1985 - present) (1 child) Heidi Merz Frequently worked with Paul Verhoeven His intense depiction of psychopaths A jacket with a red AIDS ribbon designed by a Japanese fashion stylist Trivia (32) Father of Ayesha Hauer Is color blind. According to an interview she gave when Interview with the Vampire: The Vampire Chronicles (1994) was first published, Rutger Hauer was Anne Rice 's original vision for Lestat when the book was being written. Despite a popular rumor that Julian Sands was her first choice, he did not even begin to show up in films or television until 1982, so Rice could not have been aware of him in 1976 when she was writing the book; Rutger has been acting since 1968. Rice may have said Sands would be great for the part when they were casting the film, because she has said that by the time the film was being made Hauer was too old to play Lestat. Was Paul Verhoeven 's first choice to play RoboCop (1987), before Peter Weller was cast. Both his first and last name end with the letters "er". He has appeared in 13 movies/television-series whose title or alternative title end with "er" or "ers". He has played 8 characters whose names end with "er". Speaks German fluently (more or less accent-free). Wife, Ineke ten Kate, whom he married in 1985, was a painter and sculptor. Is an environmentalist. Fought for the release of Greenpeace's co-founder, Paul Watson, who was convicted in 1994 for sinking an illegal Norwegian whaling vessel. According to the Official Rutger Hauer website, the vessel was sunk in 1992 as a protest to Norway's announced intention to return to the commercial slaughter of whales, which was to be done in violation of the International Whaling Commission's global ban on whaling. The Dutch Mail Service issued a stamp in 1995 with Rutger on it, taken from a scene in Turkish Delight (1973). Set up an AIDS research foundation called the Rutger Hauer Starfish Foundation. Parents, Arend and Teunke Hauer, operated an acting school in Amsterdam. Has appeared in two vampire movies with Donald Sutherland : Buffy the Vampire Slayer (1992) and Salem's Lot (2004). Director Richard Donner originally wanted to use him as the villain Marquet in Ladyhawke (1985), but Hauer turned that role down and expressed more interest in playing the film's hero Etienne Navarre. Son of Arend Hauer . Spent five years in a pantomime company prior to seriously pursuing an acting career. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, Hauer became well known to the British mainstream for a series of Guinness commercials where he is clad in black. He publicly took a dislike for the drink and had to spit it out after each take. His appearance is credited for an increase in sales of Guinness. Grandfather of Leandro Maeder . He gives master classes in moviemaking to students and new actors and moviemakers. This takes places in Rotterdam, Netherlands. He has been doing this for several years. Turned down a role in Paul Verhoeven 's Black Book (2006). Has a tattoo on each shoulder; one of his former wife, and the other of a friend who died. Explained that "It's a way of saying 'You're under my skin.'". As a hobby, he used to design trucks in the 1980s. Founded the I've Seen Films International Film Festival. Has named his five favorite films as Hiroshima Mon Amour (1959), Apocalypse Now (1979), Wings of Desire (1987), GasLand (2010) and Position Among the Stars (2010). Has made a television series and five movies directed by Paul Verhoeven . However, they had a falling-out on their last combined effort, the much-troubled Flesh+Blood (1985), and the two have not worked again since. When making his debut in the United States, he was advised to use a more English-sounding name in order to better appeal to the American public. He refused, assuming that his American career would be short-lived anyway. Loves to ride the motorcycle. While on a break from filming The Blood of Heroes (1989), he made a tour and subsequently got lost in the Australian desert. It was by chance that he found the setback on his own. Has a vampire named Kurt Barlow in Salem's Lot (2004) and a fairy named Niall Brigant on the television series True Blood (2008). Has played Dracula in Dracula III: Legacy (2005), and the arch-nemesis of Dracula, Van Helsing in Dracula 3D (2012) where Thomas Kretschmann was Dracula. Ironically, Kretschmann went on to play the role of Van Helsing on the television series Dracula (2013) a year after. Was considered for the role Bukovsky in Lifeforce (1985). Was offered the lead role in Das Boot (1981). He turned it down in favour of Blade Runner (1982). He did his own stunt driving on The Hitcher (1986). Personal Quotes (6) "Good guy" or "bad guy", hero or anti hero; doesn't matter to me, what role I play, only the character have something magical. I don't know what the appeal is. I can see I've got blue eyes and I don't look like the Hunchback of Notre Dame but I can't understand the fuss. I have a lot of energy. I'm a lot stronger than most people. During the initial release of The Hitcher (1986), he stated that he would not be seeking antagonist roles. In 1986, a periodical in Spokane, Washington, The Spokesman Review, ran the headline "He plays villains without a 'Hitch'". Was concerned of being typecast. [on what his favorite or most memorable performance is of his own]: The deepest was Blade Runner (1982), because it was the first time where I just danced with the director and, let's say, the concept and the tone: I understood, on a very strong level, what he wanted, and by instinct I gave it to him. Half the time, what the hell did I know? I was just starting out to be an actor right there. This was after an experience on Nighthawks (1981) which was pretty tough and very bureaucratic and difficult. If your creative ideas are strangled, that doesn't work for me. It doesn't mean I have to be right -- that's not the point at all. It's just there needs to be a click between the creator and you. That was Blade Runner for me. To dance along, so long and beautifully, and then for it to be reformatted so it could live another 20 years; this is something completely unique. So there's only one way to answer that question. Film is not a medium for actors. Everyone seems to think so, since it is the actors who get promoted to stardom. Creating stars is only a marketing ploy. It's the stars that sell a movie. The same technique is used in selling music, baseball games and hamburgers. An actor does not make or break a movie. Some of them look good on screen, but they are not important. How many extremely bad movies are there with one good or very good actor, or even two or three very good actors in the credits? I like to think of myself as a good actor, and even I made quite a lot of bad movies. Why are good actors no longer good when they play in a bad movie? And how many good movies have actors that are normally mediocre at best? See also	Guinness
What gives macaroons their distinctive flavour	Rutger Hauer \| True Blood Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia [{{{twitter}}} Twitter] [[:Category:{{{Images}}}\|Images]] Rutger Oelsen Hauer, born January 23, 1944, in Breukelen, Netherlands, is a Dutch actor, writer and environmentalist who plays the role of Niall Brigant on the HBO original series True Blood . Making his debut on the episode " Who Are You, Really? ", at the beginning of the series' sixth season, Rutger plays the role of the king of the tribe that the Stackhouse family is from, and the faerie grandfather to Sookie and Jason Stackhouse and their young cousin Hunter Savoy . Playing a recurring role through the same season, Rutger is the oldest supernatural creature currently alive in the series, following the death of Macklyn Warlow , and was last seen on the episode " May Be the Last Time ", in the series' seventh, and final, season. Contents Edit Blonde, blue-eyed, tall and handsome Dutch actor Rutger Hauer has an international reputation for playing everything from romantic leads to action heroes to sinister villains. The son of actors, Hauer was born in Breukelen, a town in the province of Utrecht, the Netherlands. Because his parents were often touring, he and his three sisters were raised by a nanny. A bit of a rebel during his childhood, he chafed at the rules and rigors of school and was often getting into mischief. His grandfather had been the captain of a schooner and at age 15, Hauer ran away to work on a freighter for a year. Like his great-grandfather, Hauer is color-blind, which prevented him from furthering his career as a sailor. Upon his return he attended night school and started working in the construction industry. When he again bombed at school, his parents enrolled him in drama classes. Fancying himself a poet, he spent most of his time writing poetry and hanging out in Amsterdam coffee houses instead of studying. He was expelled for poor attendance and afterward spent a brief period in the Dutch navy. Deciding he didn't like military life, he convinced his superiors that he was mentally unfit and was sent to a special home for psych patients. It was an unpleasant place, but Hauer remained there until he convinced his ranking officers that the military really did not need him. His career began in 1969 with the title role in the popular Dutch television series Floris. Filmography Father of Ayesha Hauer Is color blind. According to an interview she gave when Interview with the Vampire: The Vampire Chronicles (1994) was first published, Rutger Hauer was Anne Rice's original vision for Lestat when the book was being written. Despite a popular rumor that Julian Sands was her first choice, he did not even begin to show up in films or television until 1982, so Rice could not have been aware of him in 1976 when she was writing the book; Rutger has been acting since 1968. Rice may have said Sands would be great for the part when they were casting the film, because she has said that by the time the film was being made Hauer was too old to play Lestat. Was Paul Verhoeven's first choice to play RoboCop (1987). Both his first and last name end with the letters "er". He has appeared in 13 movies/television-series whose title or alternative title end with "er" or "ers". He has played 8 characters whose names end with "er". Speaks fluently German (more or less accent-free) Once in a Dutch production of "Hair". Wife, Ineke, whom he married in 1985, was a painter and sculptor. Is an environmentalist. Fought for the release of Greenpeace's co-founder, Paul Watson who was convicted in 1994 for sinking an illegal Norwegian whaling vessel. According to The Official Rutger Hauer website, the vessel was sunk in 1992 as a protest to Norway's announced intention to return to the commercial slaughter of whales, which was to be done in violation of the International Whaling Commission's global ban on whaling. The Dutch Mail Service issued a stamp in 1995 with Rutger on it, taken from a scene in Turkish Delight (1973). Set up an AIDS research foundation called the Rutger Hauer Starfish Foundation. Parents, Arend and Teunke, operated an acting school in Amsterdam. Has appeared in two vampire movies with Donald Sutherland: Buffy the Vampire Slayer (1992) and 'Salem's Lot (2004) (TV). Director Richard Donner originally wanted to use him as the villain Marquet in Ladyhawke (1985), but Hauer turned that role down and expressed more interest in playing the film's hero Etienne Navarre. Former father-in-law of his Buffy the Vampire Slayer (1992) co-star Thomas Jane . Son of Arend Hauer. Spent five years in a pantomime company prior to seriously pursuing an acting career. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, Hauer became well known to the British mainstream for a series of Guinness commercials where he is clad in black. He publicly took a dislike for the drink and had to spit it out after each take. His appearance is credited for an increase in sales of Guinness. Grandfather of Leandro Maeder. He gives master classes in moviemaking to students and new actors and moviemakers. This takes places in Rotterdam, Netherlands. He has been doing this for several years. Turned down a role in Paul Verhoeven's Black Book (2006). Has a tattoo on each shoulder; one of his former wife, and the other of a friend who died. Explained that "It's a way of saying "You're under my skin". As a hobby, he used to design trucks in the 1980s. Founded the I've Seen Films International Film Festival. He named his 5 favorite films as GasLand (2010), Position Among the Stars (2010), Hiroshima, mon amour (1959), Wings of Desire (1987) and Apocalypse Now (1979). He made a television series and five movies directed by Paul Verhoeven. However, they had a falling-out on their last combined effort, the much-troubled Flesh+Blood (1985), and the two have not worked again since. When making his debut in the United States, he was advised to use a more English-sounding name in order to better appeal to the American public. He refused, assuming that his American career would be short-lived anyway. Loves to ride the motorcycle. While on a break from filming The Blood of Heroes (1989), he made a tour and subsequently got lost in the Australian desert. It was by chance that he found the setback on his own. Frequently cast as vampires in movies and TV series. Plays a vampire named Barlow in Salem's lot (2004) and a fairy named Niall in the TV series True Blood. Personal Quotes Edit "'Good guy' or 'bad guy', hero or anti hero; doesn't matter to me, what role I play, only the character have something magical." "I don't know what the appeal is. I can see I've got blue eyes and I don't look like the Hunchback of Notre Dame but I can't understand the fuss." "I have a lot of energy. I'm a lot stronger than most people." "During the initial release of The Hitcher (1986), stated that he would not be seeking antagonist roles. In 1986, a periodical in Spokane, WA, The Spokesman Review, ran the headline "He plays villains without a 'Hitch'". Was concerned of being typecast." "[on what his favorite or most memorable performance is of his own]: The deepest was Blade Runner, because it was the first time where I just danced with the director and, let's say, the concept and the tone: I understood, on a very strong level, what he wanted, and by instinct I gave it to him. Half the time, what the hell did I know? I was just starting out to be an actor right there. This was after an experience on Nighthawks which was pretty tough and very bureaucratic and difficult. If your creative ideas are strangled, that doesn't work for me. It doesn't mean I have to be right -- that's not the point at all. It's just there needs to be a click between the creator and you. That was Blade Runner for me. To dance along, so long and beautifully, and then for it to be reformatted so it could live another 20 years; this is something completely unique. So there's only one way to answer that question." "Film is not a medium for actors. Everyone seems to think so, since it is the actors who get promoted to stardom. Creating stars is only a marketing ploy. It's the stars that sell a movie. The same technique is used in selling music, baseball games and hamburgers. An actor does not make or break a movie. Some of them look good on screen, but they are not important. How many extremely bad movies are there with one good or very good actor, or even two or three very good actors in the credits? I like to think of myself as a good actor, and even I made quite a lot of bad movies. Why are good actors no longer good when they play in a bad movie? And how many good movies have actors that are normally mediocre at best?"	i don't know
Tooth's lager is brewed in which country	Tooth's KB Lager - Tooths - NSW TOOTH'S KB LAGER - Tooths - NSW 1. Tooth's Tooth's S KB LAGER - RED & WHITE 1 37.78 cl. on seam, no volume on face 2 37.9 cls. on seam, no volume on face 3 37.9 cls. on seam, volume on face 4 37.9 cls. on seam, volume on face 5 Tooth's KB LAGER - RED & WHITE - (No Apostrophe in Tooths) 7 Tooths KB LAGER - Draught Brewed - Gold Can - Invicta logo 10 QANTAS Property not for resale - on base 15 QANTAS Property not for resale - on base 17 QANTAS Property not for resale - on base 19 For Armed Forces Only Duty Unpaid - on base 20 Brewed & Canned BY etc. on side 22 Brewed & Canned BY etc. on side 23 Brewed & Canned FOR etc. on side 24 Brewed & Canned FOR etc. on side 25 Brewed & Canned FOR etc. on side 5 Tooth KB LAGER - Draught Brewed - Horse head logo 26 QANTAS Property not for resale - on base 28 3 Cities E2163 new shaped base 31 TOOTH KB LAGER - Draught Brewed - Horse head logo 33 as above with new shaped base 35 as above with new shaped base 37 4.7% ALC/VOL on face - old shaped base 38 as above with new shaped base 7 KB LAGER - Horse Head logo 39 B & C Carlton & United Breweries (NSW) Pty Limited, Australia E15142 40 B & C Carlton & United Breweries (NSW) Pty Limited, Australia D15142 41 Carlton & United Breweries (NSW) Pty Limited, E15142 - Product of Australia 42 Carlton & United Breweries (NSW) Pty Limited, D15142 - Product of Australia 43 Carlton & United Breweries (NSW) Pty Limited, D15142 - Product of Australia 44 Carlton & United Breweries (NSW) Pty Limited, 26 Broadway, Sydney - Product of Australia 8 Silver canning symbol below ALC/VOL 48 Black canning symbol above ALC/VOL, RA1 below 49 As above with sticker Imported/ Jardine Otard Wines & Spirits 50 Black canning symbol above ALC/VOL, RA1 opposite side of can 51 As above but 4.6% ALC/VOL 52 RC1 below address, thin black writing on can 54 RC1 below address, bold black writing on can 55 RC1 - barcode, 4% ALC/VOL, 12g ALC/CAN, band near base in red 56 RC1 - barcode, 4.0 % ALC/VOL, 12g ALC/CAN, band near base in Black 57 RC1, 3124mm barcode 4.0 % ALC/VOL, 12g ALC/CAN, 58 RC1, 3115mm barcode 4.0 % ALC/VOL, 12g ALC/CAN, 11 KB LAGER - CUB logo -COLD GOLD 4.6% ALC/VOL Approx. 1.4 Standard drinks c1995 59 RC1 alongside CP1, CP1 under ALC/VOL 60 as above with Silver 5c DEPOSIT in STH AUST KB LAGER - CUB logo - 4.4% ALC/VOL Approx. 1.3 Standard drinks 61 ST AP1 Gold can with CUB logo in black circle at top of can. Black on white barcode at top of can, 5 lines of address, AP1 & RC8 beneath barcode,. Alcohol contents on opposite side of can 62	Australia
From which country do we get the cheese Danbo	86/4138 Tooth Collection: Beer Cans (3), 740ml, "Draught Brewed Tooth's KB Lager" - Powerhouse Museum Collection + 91/1330-11 Drink can, 'Castle Lager', al... 86/4138 Tooth Collection: Beer Cans (3), 740ml, "Draught Brewed Tooth's KB Lager" This image is not currently available as a higher resolution full colour zoom. This may be because this object has not been moved from storage and re-photographed in recent times. Object statement Tooth Collection: Beer Cans (3), 740ml, "Draught Brewed Tooth's KB Lager" This text content licensed under CC BY-NC . Description Tooth Collection: Beer Cans (3), 740ml, "Draught Brewed Tooth's KB Lager" This text content licensed under CC BY-SA . Acquisition credit line Gift of Tooth & Company Ltd under the Australian Government's Tax Incentives for the Arts Scheme, 1986 This object belongs to: This object record is currently incomplete. The information available may date back as far as 125 years. Other information may exist in a non-digital form. The Museum continues to update and add new research to collection records. Short persistent URL Concise link back to this object: https://ma.as/65166 Cite this object in Wikipedia Copy and paste this wiki-markup: {{cite web \|url=https://ma.as/65166 \|title=86/4138 Tooth Collection: Beer Cans (3), 740ml, "Draught Brewed Tooth's KB Lager" \|author=Powerhouse Museum \|accessdate=17 January 2017 \|publisher=Powerhouse Museum, Australia}} Copyright Images on this site are reproduced for the purposes of research and study only. Whilst every effort has been made to trace the Copyright holders, we would be grateful for any information concerning Copyright of the images and we will withdraw them immediately on Copyright holder's request. Object viewed times. Parent IRN: 2111. Master IRN: 2111 Img: 19334 Flv: H:452px W:653px SMO:0 RIGHTS:. 500 Harris Street, Ultimo, Sydney	i don't know
What is the main ingredient of the Indian dish dhal	Indian Dal \| Whole Foods Market Whole Foods Market Tweet Serves 6 Nutritious and flavorful, with added heat from a jalapeño, this recipe is an ideal choice for a quick evening meal. Dal is one of the principal foods of the Indian subcontinent where the term can be used to mean either an ingredient or the dish made from it. If using green or black beluga lentils instead of red, the cooking time should be increased by 10 to 15 minutes. 2 cups red lentils, sorted and rinsed 2 tablespoons extra-virgin olive oil 1 yellow onion, finely chopped 1 teaspoon whole cumin seeds 1/4 teaspoon ground cardamom 4 cloves garlic, finely chopped 2 tablespoons finely chopped ginger 4 cups low-sodium vegetable broth 1 1/2 cup chopped tomatoes, with their juice 1/3 cup chopped fresh cilantro 1 teaspoon ground turmeric 1/4 teaspoon fine sea salt 1 jalapeño pepper, stemmed, seeded and finely chopped You must be signed in to use shopping lists. Sign in or create account Create a new list: Cancel Method: Heat oil in a large pot over medium high heat. Add onions and cook until softened, about 5 minutes. Add cumin, cardamom, garlic and ginger and cook, stirring often, until fragrant, about 2 minutes. Add lentils, broth, tomatoes, cilantro, turmeric, salt and jalapeño and bring to a boil. Reduce heat to medium low, cover and simmer, stirring often, until lentils are soft, about 15 minutes. Ladle into bowls and serve. Nutritional Info: Per Serving: 310 calories (60 from fat), 6g total fat, 0.5g saturated fat, 300mg sodium, 43g carbohydrates, (10 g dietary fiber, 4g sugar), 18g protein. Special Diets: Sugar Conscious Note: We've provided special diet and nutritional information for educational purposes. But remember — we're cooks, not doctors! You should follow the advice of your health-care provider. And since product formulations change, check product labels for the most recent ingredient information. See our Terms of Service. Limit To Recipes Featured In Health Starts Here® Get seasonal recipes and cooking tips delivered to your inbox! Email Address User Login Select a store Selecting a store allows you to see that store's content throughout the site, such as sales, store events, and more. Select Your Location "Whole Foods Market" is a registered trademark of Whole Foods Market IP, L.P. Sign in with a social account {* loginWidget } Sign in with your social account Welcome back { welcomeName }! Almost Done! Please confirm the information below before signing in. { #socialRegistrationForm } { socialRegistration_firstName } { socialRegistration_lastName } { socialRegistration_emailAddress } { socialRegistration_displayName } { socialRegistration_postalCode } By clicking "Sign in", you confirm that you accept our terms of service and have read and understand privacy policy . { backButton } { /socialRegistrationForm } Thank you for registering! We have sent a confirmation email to { emailAddressData }. Please check your email and click on the link to activate your account. Almost Done! Please confirm the information below before signing in. Already have an account? Sign In. { #registrationForm } { traditionalRegistration_firstName } { traditionalRegistration_lastName } { traditionalRegistration_emailAddress } { traditionalRegistration_password } { traditionalRegistration_passwordConfirm } { traditionalRegistration_displayName } { traditionalRegistration_postalCode } { captcha } By clicking "Create Account", you confirm that you accept our terms of service and have read and understand privacy policy . { backButton *}	Lentil
Who starred as Jerry opposite Julia Roberts in the 2001 film The Mexican	Essential Ingredients for Indian Cooking Checklist \| Real Simple Essential Ingredients for Indian Cooking Checklist Stock your pantry with a few basic ingredients to create an authentic Indian meal. Check Beans, dried Incorporate mung beans, lentils, or chickpeas into Indian dishes, or serve them as a side (possibly in a traditional dal stew). Check Cardamom An herb with medicinal properties, cardamom is used in sweets, chai tea, curries, and rice dishes. Check Chili peppers Indian cuisine’s reputation for spiciness comes largely from chili peppers. The type of chili used depends on the recipe or the chef, and it can show up in paste, powder, or fresh form. Check The sweet spice is used more commonly in savory dishes. Check Coriander Both the seeds and the leaves of coriander are put to good use in Indian cooking—frequently as a spice in curries and as a garnish on dal. Check Cumin A regular in Indian curries, this strong spice adds a bit of warmth and earthiness to recipes. Check Garam masala This blend of spices can contain everything from dried chili peppers to coriander to mustard seed to garlic. It’s typically added to a dish late in the prep so that the fragrance lingers. Check Ginger An integral spice in curries, ginger is also used in vegetable dishes and adds flavor to tea and coffee drinks. To prolong the life of fresh ginger, wrap it tightly and store in the refrigerator or freezer. Check Mustard seed Indian cooks use a very small, very dark version of the whole seed that has a slight smell similar to curry. Check Onion and garlic Considered the “wet seasonings” of Indian cuisine, onions and garlic are used in a wide variety of dishes. Check Turmeric This intensely yellow spice is used in many Indian dishes and is considered to be an antiseptic both inside and outside the body. The Real Simple Checklist App Create your own to-do lists from scratch or use the 100+ customized lists we’ve created to help you in any situation. Get the app. With this free download, you will be able to: Get organized with 15 free Real Simple Checklists Share tasks with your friends and family Create your own custom checklists Receive helpful tips and advice from Real Simple editors Set reminders on tasks so you won't forget anything	i don't know
Who won an Oscar by playing the male lead in the 1999 film American Beauty	1999 Academy Awards® Winners and History The Sixth Sense (1999) Actor: KEVIN SPACEY in "American Beauty," Russell Crowe in "The Insider," Richard Farnsworth in "The Straight Story," Sean Penn in "Sweet and Lowdown," Denzel Washington in "The Hurricane" Actress: HILARY SWANK in "Boys Don't Cry", Annette Bening in "American Beauty", Janet McTeer in "Tumbleweeds", Julianne Moore in "The End of the Affair", Meryl Streep in "Music of the Heart" Supporting Actor: MICHAEL CAINE in "The Cider House Rules", Tom Cruise in "Magnolia", Michael Clarke Duncan in "The Green Mile", Jude Law in "The Talented Mr. Ripley", Haley Joel Osment in "The Sixth Sense" Supporting Actress: ANGELINA JOLIE in "Girl, Interrupted", Toni Collette in "The Sixth Sense", Catherine Keener in "Being John Malkovich", Samantha Morton in "Sweet and Lowdown", Chloe Sevigny in "Boys Don't Cry" Director: SAM MENDES for "American Beauty", Spike Jonze for "Being John Malkovich", Lasse Hallstrom for "The Cider House Rules", Michael Mann for "The Insider", M. Night Shyamalan for "The Sixth Sense" Among this year's varied Oscar contenders, British-London theatrical-stage director Sam Mendes' debut feature film American Beauty, a quirky, grim dark comedy/drama about the contemporary American family from DreamWorks, was the top Oscar-winning film (with eight significant nominations and five wins). With an ensemble cast, the low-budget film viewed a dysfunctional family's angst and crisis in suburbia. It was shot for roughly $12.5 million in 55 days. Significant images included symbolically-used, computer-generated rose petals, and the sight of a wind-tossed plastic garbage bag. It was the first non-historical epic (or non-period film) to win the top honor since Silence of the Lambs (1991) . Its five Oscars included Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Cinematography (Conrad L. Hall with his second Oscar following a previous win for Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (1969) ) and Best Original Screenplay (Alan Ball). This was the fourth instance (in the past five years) that the Best Picture-winning film was based on an original screenplay. American Beauty lost its three nominations for Best Actress, Best Film Editing, and Best Original Score (Thomas Newman). Hilary Swank's win as Best Actress for Boys Don't Cry (over Annette Bening) kept American Beauty from sweeping the 'Big Five' honors. The first of the other heavily-nominated Best Picture nominees (below) was the only one that won Oscars: director Lasse Hallstrom's and Miramax's coming of age story The Cider House Rules (with seven nominations and two wins), set within a New England orphanage/abortion clinic, with two Oscars, Best Adapted Screenplay (by John Irving for his own 1985 novel) and Best Supporting Actor (Michael Caine). Its other nominations included Best Picture, Best Director, Best Score, Best Film Editing and Best Art Direction director Michael Mann's scathing and compelling The Insider (with seven nominations and no wins), a serious, based-on-a-true-story film about tobacco-industry controversies (Best Picture, Best Actor (Russell Crowe), Best Director, Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Cinematography, Best Film Editing and Best Sound) India-born, 29 year-old director M. Night Shyamalan's dark-horse favorite and most successful of the nominees, the plot-twisting The Sixth Sense (with six nominations and no wins), the immensely-popular, psychological horror-thriller about a precocious young boy named Cole (Haley Joel Osment) who saw visions of ghosts ("I see dead people") and sought help from a child psychologist (Bruce Willis) (Best Supporting Actor, two for M. Night Shyamalan for Best Director and Best Original Screenplay, Best Supporting Actress, and Best Film Editing) writer/director Frank Darabont's The Green Mile (with four nominations and no wins), a lengthy film about a magical death-row inmate and his pet mouse (Mr. Jingles) - the second of Darabont's versions of a Stephen King adaptation set in a prison (Best Picture, Best Supporting Actor, Best Adapted Screenplay, and Best Sound) Except for Lasse Hallstrom, who had a previous Best Director nomination for My Life as a Dog (1988), the other four Best Director nominees were all first-time contenders. The Green Mile was the sole Best Picture-nominated film to not have its director, Frank Darabont, nominated - he was replaced by Spike Jonze for Being John Malkovich. Four other films received fewer than expected nominations and meager awards: Topsy-Turvy (with four nominations and two wins), about Gilbert and Sullivan, lacked Best Director and Best Picture nominations but scored two Oscar wins: Best Costume Design and Best Makeup. Its other two nominations were for director Mike Leigh's Best Original Screenplay and Best Art Direction The Talented Mr. Ripley (with five nominations and no wins) - Best Supporting Actor (Jude Law), Best Adapted Screenplay (by writer/director Anthony Minghella), Best Original Score, Best Art Direction, and Best Costume Design the peculiarly weird and original Being John Malkovich (with three nominations and no wins) - Best Director (Spike Jonze), Best Supporting Actress (Catherine Keener), and Best Original Screenplay (Charlie Kaufman) Magnolia (with three nominations and no wins) - Best Supporting Actor (Tom Cruise), Best Original Screenplay (Paul Thomas Anderson), and Best Original Song ("Save Me" by Aimee Mann) Kevin Spacey won the Best Actor Academy Award for an inspiring performance in American Beauty (his second career nomination and second Oscar win) - as rebellious, beleaguered and doomed Lester Burnham, a casualty of suburban family life who faced a mid-career crisis, dropped out from his job for the advertising magazine Media Monthly, worked at a fast-food joint called Mr. Smiley's, and lusted after his daughter's best high-school friend and temptress Angela (Mena Suvari). Spacey previously won the Best Supporting Actor award for The Usual Suspects (1995). [Spacey became the 10th performer to win Oscars in both the lead and supporting categories, following after Helen Hayes, Jack Lemmon, Ingrid Bergman, Maggie Smith, Robert DeNiro, Meryl Streep, Jack Nicholson, Gene Hackman, and Jessica Lange.] The other nominees in the Best Actor category included: 79 year-old "Grey Fox" Richard Farnsworth (with his second and last career nomination, and first Best Actor nomination) became the oldest lead actor nominee ever for his moving role as ailing, 73 year-old Iowan widower Alvin Straight, who journeyed from Laurens, IA to Mount Zion, WI on a riding lawn-mower for a reunion with his sick brother in director David Lynch's low-key true story The Straight Story [Farnsworth's first nomination was as Best Supporting Actor for Comes a Horsemen (1978)] Denzel Washington (with his fourth nomination), the only nominee in director Norman Jewison's The Hurricane as the falsely-accused middleweight boxer Rubin "Hurricane" Carter. This was a widely-praised film that had been a leading contender for Best Picture honors. Washington's fourth nomination established a record for an African-American actor. [Previous nominations and wins: Best Actor nomination for Malcolm X (1992), Best Supporting Actor nomination for Cry Freedom (1987), and an Oscar for Best Supporting Actor in Glory (1989).] Sean Penn (with his second nomination) as a womanizing, unreliable, but talented 1930s jazz guitarist Emmet Ray in Woody Allen's minor semi-biographical Sweet and Lowdown. [His previous nomination was for Best Actor in Dead Man Walking (1995)] New Zealand-born 35 year-old Russell Crowe (with his first nomination) for playing a tortured 53-year old tobacco company executive turned whistle-blowing crusader Jeffrey Wigand in The Insider In the Best Actress category, newcomer first-time nominee (and ex-Beverly Hills 90210 star) Hilary Swank won the Oscar for her audacious, gender-reversed role as doomed, real-life Nebraskan 20 year-old Brandon Teena (nee Teena Brandon), who was raped and murdered for cross-dressing in director Kimberly Peirce's debut independent film Boys Don't Cry. She played a member of the opposite sex, although she was a pre-operative transsexual, biological female. [Note: Linda Hunt won Best Supporting Actress for The Year of Living Dangerously (1982) for playing a man - she was the first female actress to win an Oscar for playing a gender-switched character role - a character of the opposite sex.] The other Best Actress nominees were: Meryl Streep (with her twelfth career nomination, 20 years after her first Oscar (for Best Supporting Actress) and 17 years after her second Oscar (for Best Actress), and 21 years after her first nomination, and tying Katharine Hepburn's record of 12 for the most acting nominations), as East Harlem elementary school music-violin teacher Roberta Tsavaras in director Wes Craven's critically-disparaged Music of the Heart [Note: This was Streep's 10th Best Actress nomination, and fourth Best Actress nomination in the 90s.] Annette Bening (with her second career nomination) as the 'perfect' bitchy suburban, real-estate agent wife Caroline Burnham in American Beauty [Bening's first nomination was Best Supporting Actress for The Grifters (1990)] British actress Janet McTeer (with her first nomination) as the saucy, single mother/divorcee Mary Jo Walker in Gavin O'Connor's mother-daughter drama Tumbleweeds Julianne Moore (with her second career nomination) as the obsessed, philandering mistress-lover Sarah Miles in the film adaptation of Graham Greene's WWII romantic drama The End of the Affair [Note: Moore's first nomination was Best Supporting Actress for Boogie Nights (1997)] The Best Supporting Actor category was won by Michael Caine (with his fifth career nomination and his second Oscar win in the category - he never won a Best Actor Oscar!) as the St. Cloud Orphanage's kind, ether-addicted abortion-gynecologist Dr. Wilbur Larch in The Cider House Rules. In his performance, he was noted for his encouraging farewell words, in a New England accent, to the children at bedtime each night: "Good night, you Princes of Maine, you Kings of New England." Caine won the same award for Hannah and Her Sisters (1986). [Four Britons were nominated for acting in this year: Caine, Law, Morton, and McTeer.] The other Best Supporting Actor nominees included: Michael Clarke Duncan (with his first nomination) for his role as the giant, simple-minded, miracle-working healer, and wrongly-convicted rapist/killer prison inmate John Coffey in a 1935 Louisiana prison in the fantasy-drama The Green Mile Tom Cruise (with his third career nomination and no previous Oscars) for his uninhibited role as crass, misogynistic, self-help sex promoter/speaker-guru and co-star Jason Robards' estranged son Frank "T.J." Mackey in writer/director/producer Paul Thomas Anderson's character study of lives intertwined one day in San Fernando Valley, California - Magnolia Jude Law (with his first nomination) for his performance as Dickie Greenleaf, the wealthy, carefree, decadent and victimized boyfriend/playboy of co-star Gwyneth Paltrow in The Talented Mr. Ripley 11 year-old Haley Joel Osment, the youngest of the nominees for his precocious performance as Cole Sear - a nine year-old boy with secretive psychic powers who can see spirits of dead people ("I see dead people"), in the surprise blockbuster The Sixth Sense All were first-time nominees in the Best Supporting Actress category: Angelina Jolie won her first Oscar for her stunning performance as Lisa, a disturbed and rebellious mental hospital patient in director James Mangold's Girl, Interrupted (the film's only Oscar). [Her father, Jon Voight had won the Best Actor Oscar a generation ago as a crippled Vietnam veteran in Coming Home (1978). They joined the only other father-daughter Oscar winners from the past: Henry Fonda (for On Golden Pond (1981)) and Jane Fonda (for Klute (1971) and Coming Home (1978)).] The other first-time Best Supporting Actress nominees were: Australian actress Toni Collette for her role as struggling, single working mother Lynn Sear with a troubled child in The Sixth Sense Catherine Keener as John Malkovich's aloof, bewitching office co-worker Maxine Lund in the under-nominated Being John Malkovich Samantha Morton for her role as the shy, waifish, mute laundress Hattie - abandoned by her boyfriend and befriended by a disillusioned jazz guitarist (co-star Sean Penn), in Woody Allen's Sweet and Lowdown Chloe Sevigny as co-star transvestite Hilary Swank's love-struck, teenaged romantic partner Lana in the dramatic, low-budget independent film Boys Don't Cry [Note: Four other actresses were previously nominated and won an Oscar (both lead and supporting) for mute roles, including: Jane Wyman in Johnny Belinda (1948), Patty Duke in The Miracle Worker (1962), Marlee Matlin in Children of a Lesser God (1986), and Holly Hunter in The Piano (1993).] The Matrix won four Oscars in all its nominated categories (all technical-achievement areas) - Best Sound, Best Film Editing, Best Sound Effects Editing and Best Visual Effects. In the three technical categories it was nominated in, the year's biggest box-office blockbuster and most vacuous film - Star Wars: Episode I - The Phantom Menace lost to The Matrix . Sleepy Hollow won Best Art Direction (its other two nominations were Best Cinematography and Best Sound Effects Editing). Oscar Snubs and Omissions: Best Director nominee Spike Jonze was denied a Best Picture nomination for his first feature-length film Being John Malkovich, while director Frank Darabont's Best Picture nominee The Green Mile was denied a Best Director nomination. Directors Mike Leigh, Anthony Minghella and Paul Thomas Anderson - for Topsy-Turvy, The Talented Mr. Ripley, and Magnolia respectively, were also lacking Best Director nods. The End of the Affair, Magnolia, and Being John Malkovich were all deprived of a Best Picture nomination. The most notable oversight of the year was for Jim Carrey who impersonated the late comic Andy Kaufman in Man on the Moon - he was a Golden-Globe winner for the role but was snubbed by the Academy for the second year in a row in a lead acting role - the previous year the insult revolved around his performance in The Truman Show. [Even the smutty cartoonish South Park: Bigger, Longer, and Uncut edged out Man on the Moon with its sole nomination For Best Original Song.] Other omissions include: perennial Oscar favorite Tom Hanks for his role as head guard Paul Edgecomb in The Green Mile Emily Watson for her role as an Irish mother in Angela's Ashes Thora Birch as Kevin Spacey's sullen daughter Jane and Mena Suvari as seductive cheerleader (and Spacey's love interest) Angela in American Beauty Philip Seymour Hoffman and Julianne Moore for performances in Magnolia Natalie Portman as a sensitive teenager in Anywhere But Here Bruce Willis for his role as psychologist Dr. Malcolm Crowe in The Sixth Sense Reese Witherspoon as overachieving high-school student Tracy Enid Flick, and Matthew Broderick as an underpaid, resentful HS teacher in director Alexander Payne's Election - a film that received a sole Best Adapted Screenplay nomination Liev Schreiber for his role as a dull but decent husband named Marty, with a straying, unfaithful wife (Diane Lane) in A Walk on the Moon Six films were completely denied nominations: the late Stanley Kubrick's last movie Eyes Wide Shut, Tim Robbins' Cradle Will Rock, the Internet-hyped The Blair Witch Project, Three Kings, Spike Lee's Summer of Sam, and Beavis and Butthead creator Mike Judge's comedic satire Office Space (with an unnominated performance by Gary Cole as the office boss). The Talented Mr. Ripley was shut out of many categories: Best Picture, Matt Damon (as jealous and then treacherous Tom Ripley) and Gwyneth Paltrow (as Jude Law's girlfriend Marge Sherwood) for acting nominations, and Best Director. The Insider's Al Pacino and Christopher Plummer (as CBS newsman Mike Wallace) were also denied nominations. Being John Malkovich's John Cusack (as puppeteer Craig Schwartz), Cameron Diaz (as Cusack's dowdy, pet-obsessed wife Lotte) and John Malkovich (as Himself) were equally ignored. Toy Story 2, a beautifully-crafted computer-animated film was only able to secure a Best Original Song nomination ("When She Loved Me" by Randy Newman), and the animated adventure fantasy The Iron Giant went completely unnominated. Another major omission was the intriguing, bewildering, trend-setting and plot-twisting Spanish psychological drama Open Your Eyes (1997, Sp.) (aka Abre Los Ojos), released in the USA in 1999, with nominations lacking for Best Picture, Best Director (Alejandro Amenábar), Best Actor (Eduardo Noriega), Best Supporting Actress (Penelope Cruz), and Best Original Screenplay (Amenábar and Mateo Gil). (The possible years for the film to be submitted as Spain's Foreign Language Film nominee were taken by Secrets of the Heart (1997, Sp.) (aka Secretos del corazón) in 1997, The Grandfather (1998, Sp.) (aka El Abuelo) in 1998, and this year's Best Foreign Language Film Winner, Pedro Almodóvar's superb All About My Mother (1999, Sp.) (aka Todo sobre mi madre)).	Kevin Spacey
Tomorrow is another day is the last line in which film	12 Actors Nominated for an Oscar After 60 \| Backstage 12 Actors Nominated for an Oscar After 60 By Matt Busekroos \| Posted Feb. 11, 2016, 5 p.m. Share: Robert Duvall Photo Source: Shutterstock.com Oscar records are broken every year, especially among actors with many benchmarks relating to an actor’s age. In 2013, Emmanuelle Riva (“Amour”) broke a new record becoming the oldest nominee in the lead actress category at 85. Meanwhile, Quvenzhané Wallis (“Beasts of the Southern Wild”) appeared alongside Riva as the youngest ever nominated at 9 years old. Here are some more record breakers featuring actors who received acting nominations after the age of 60! Gloria Stuart, “Titanic” (1997) (87 years, 221 days) Stuart holds the title as the oldest actor ever nominated for an Oscar. She received her single nomination in the supporting category at 87 for the James Cameron disaster epic, “Titanic.” Playing Rose DeWitt Bukater, Stuart narrates the film in the modern day detailing of her character’s experience and romance on the ship, as portrayed by Kate Winslet in flashbacks. Stuart ultimately lost the Oscar to Kim Basinger for “L.A. Confidential.” However, “Titanic” remains the most-winning film in history with 11 Oscars, alongside “Ben-Hur” and “The Lord of the Rings: Return of the King.” Emmanuelle Riva, “Amour” (2012) (85 years, 321 days)The Academy finally embraced acclaimed Austrian filmmaker Michael Haneke with his film “Amour” in 2012, which amassed five nominations, including one for 85-year-old Riva, who became the oldest female actor nominated for a leading role. She stars as a woman who becomes paralyzed after suffering a stroke. Riva won a BAFTA Award for her performance, but lost the Oscar to Jennifer Lawrence (“Silver Linings Playbook”) on the night of her 86th birthday. Robert Duvall, “The Judge” (2014) (84 years, 10 days) Duvall earned his seventh Oscar nomination in supporting for his role as a judge suspected of murder in the aptly titled film, “The Judge.” Duvall is the oldest male actor to receive a nomination in either lead or supporting at 84. While Duvall lost the Oscar to J.K. Simmons (“Whiplash”), the actor previously won for his leading role in 1983’s “Tender Mercies.” Christopher Plummer, “Beginners” (2011) (82 years, 42 days) This actor didn’t receive his first Oscar nomination until the age of 80 for his performance as Leo Tolstoy in 2009’s “The Last Station.” Plummer lost to Christoph Waltz (“Inglourious Basterds”), however, he returned for his second nomination just two years later for “Beginners.” The actor became the oldest recipient of a competitive acting Oscar at 82, surpassing Jessica Tandy’s two-decade old record. Jessica Tandy, “Driving Miss Daisy” (1989) (80 years, 252 days) Tandy is the oldest female actor to win an Oscar for a leading role in “Driving Miss Daisy.” Tandy stars as an elderly woman who develops a friendship with her African-American chauffeur in the South during the 1950s. Tandy received one more Oscar nomination in supporting for 1991’s “Fried Green Tomatoes.” Richard Farnsworth, “The Straight Story” (1999) (79 years, 167 days) Farnsworth remains the oldest male actor nominated for an Oscar in a leading role at 79. Farnsworth stars in David Lynch’s “The Straight Story” as a man who journeys across the country on a lawn mower to make amends with his dying brother. The actor lost his second Oscar nomination to Kevin Spacey (“American Beauty”). He previously earned a nod in supporting for 1978’s “Comes a Horseman.” Judi Dench, “Philomena” (2013) (79 years, 38 days) Dench received her seventh Oscar nomination at 79 for “Philomena.” “Philomena” is based on a true story of a woman searching for her son who she gave up for adoption years earlier. Dench earned all seven of her Oscar nominations over the age of 60. No other actor in history has accumulated that many nominations after that age. Dench won her first Oscar for her scene stealing cameo as Queen Elizabeth in 1998’s “Shakespeare in Love.” Bruce Dern, “Nebraska” (2013) (77 years, 226 days) Dern is only second to Richard Farnsworth as the oldest male actor nominated for a leading role at 77. Dern won a Cannes Award and his second Oscar nomination for the Alexander Payne black-and-white dramedy, “Nebraska.” Dern lost the Oscar to Matthew McConaughey ( “Dallas Buyers Club” ). The actor received his first nomination in supporting for 1978’s “Coming Home.” Henry Fonda, “On Golden Pond” (1982) (76 years, 317 days) Fonda won his first competitive Oscar for his final theatrical performance in 1982’s “On Golden Pond.” Fonda remains the oldest male actor to win in a leading role at 76. The actor received an Honorary Award one year prior to winning competitively. Fonda earned his first acting nomination for 1940’s “The Grapes of Wrath,” and an additional nomination for producing 1957’s “12 Angry Men.” Clint Eastwood, “Million Dollar Baby” (2004) (74 years, 239 days) Eastwood hit a triple receiving three nominations for acting, directing, and producing 2004’s “Million Dollar Baby.” Eastwood’s performance lost to Jamie Foxx (“Ray”), but he won his other two nominations. Eastwood is one of the oldest nominees in the lead acting category, and currently holds the record as the oldest director to win. Katharine Hepburn, “On Golden Pond” (1982) (74 years, 275 days) Hepburn is the most winning actor of all time with four leading Oscars, and won her fourth and final golden statue opposite Henry Fonda in “On Golden Pond” at 74. She previously won for 1933’s “Morning Glory,” 1967’s “Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner,” and 1968’s “The Lion in Winter” (in a tie with “Funny Girl” star Barbra Streisand). Hepburn is the second oldest female actor to win for a leading role after Jessica Tandy. The actor impressively collected throughout her career 12 nominations over a span of 48 years. Charlotte Rampling, “45 Years” (2015) (69 years, 343 days) Charlotte Rampling is the oldest actor nominated for an Oscar this year at 69 for her devastating turn in “45 Years.” She is also one of the oldest actors ever to receive a nomination in a leading role. Rampling is a first-time nominee this year. Inspired by this post? Check out our film audition listings ! Read Also:	i don't know
What is the name of the wind that brings heavy seasonal rain to Southern Asia	monsoon - National Geographic Society monsoon The rice paddies of Southeast Asia depend on the seasonal monsoon. Photograph by James P. Blair Monsoon Zone The Monsoon Zone is a belt of low-pressure air currents that circle the Earth at the Equator. The Monsoon Zone is also known as the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). The Monsoon Zone is usually warm and experiences mild winds. At sea, the Monsoon Zone is known as the Doldrums due to its lack of winds. Monsoon Cup The Monsoon Cup is an international yachting race held every year in the state of Terengganu, Malaysia. The race is held during monsoon season, making it a challenging race for sailors. A monsoon is a seasonal change in the direction of the prevailing, or strongest, winds of a region. Monsoons cause wet and dry seasons throughout much of the tropics . Monsoons are most often associated with the Indian Ocean. Monsoons always blow from cold to warm regions. The summer monsoon and the winter monsoon determine the climate for most of India and Southeast Asia. Summer Monsoon The summer monsoon is associated with heavy rainfall . It usually happens between April and September. As winter ends, warm, moist air from the southwest Indian Ocean blows toward countries like India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and Myanmar. The summer monsoon brings a humid climate and torrential rainfall to these areas. India and Southeast Asia depend on the summer monsoon. Agriculture , for example, relies on the yearly rain. Many areas in these countries do not have large irrigation systems surrounding lakes, rivers, or snowmelt areas. Aquifer s, or supplies of underground water, are shallow. The summer monsoon fills well s and aquifers for the rest of the year. Rice and tea are some crop s that rely on the summer monsoon. Dairy farms, which help make India the largest milk producer in the world, also depend on the monsoon rains to keep cows healthy and well-fed. Industry in India and Southeast Asia also relies on the summer monsoon. A great deal of electricity in the region is produced by hydroelectric power plants, which are driven by water collected during the monsoons. Electricity powers hospitals, schools, and businesses that help the economies of these areas develop. When the summer monsoon is late or weak, the regions economy suffers. Fewer people can grow their own food, and large agribusinesses do not have produce to sell. Governments must import food. Electricity becomes more expensive, sometimes limiting development to large businesses and wealthy individuals. The summer monsoon has been called Indias true finance minister . Heavy summer monsoons can cause great damage. Residents of such urban area s as Mumbai, India, are used to the streets flooding with almost half a meter (1.5 feet) of water every summer. However, when the summer monsoon is stronger than expected, floods can devastate the region. In cities like Mumbai, entire neighborhood s can be drown ed. In rural areas, mudslide s can bury villages and destroy crops. In 2005, a strong monsoon devastated western India. As the summer monsoon blew in from the southwest, it first hit the state of Gujarat. More than 100 people died. Then, the monsoon rains hit the state of Maharashtra. Flooding in Maharashtra killed more than 1,000 people. On July 26, 2005, the city of Mumbai, Maharashtra, received almost a meter (39.1 inches) of rain. Winter Monsoon The Indian Oceans winter monsoon, which lasts from October to April, is less well-known than its rainy summer equivalent. The dry winter monsoon blows from the northeast. These winds start in the air above Mongolia and northwestern China. Winter monsoons are less powerful than summer monsoons in Southeast Asia, in part because the Himalaya Mountains prevent much of the wind and moisture of the monsoons from reaching the coast. The Himalayas also prevent much of the cool air from reaching places like southern India and Sri Lanka, keeping them warm all year. Winter monsoons are sometimes associated with drought s. Not all winter monsoons are dry, however. Unlike the western part of Southeast Asia, the eastern, Pacific coast of Southeast Asia experiences its rainy season in the winter. The winter monsoon brings moist air from the South China Sea to areas like Indonesia and Malaysia. Other Monsoons The Asian-Australian monsoon , which includes the Indian Ocean, stretches from northern Australia to Russias Pacific coast. This huge monsoon wind system then stretches into the Indian Ocean. Finally, it reaches its end on the Indian coast of Africa. Monsoon winds exist in other parts of the world, too. The North American monsoon happens once a year, usually in the middle of summer. Warm, moist air from the Gulf of California blows northeast, while warm, moist air from the Gulf of Mexico blows northwest. These two winds meet over the Sierra Madre Occidental mountains in central Mexico. The monsoon brings moisture to the mountain ecosystem before continuing north to the U.S. states of Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas. The North American monsoon can be a natural aid to firefighter s. Summer temperatures in Arizona regularly reach more than 100 degrees Fahrenheit, making wildfire s difficult to contain. The North American monsoon is also the primary water source for most desert ecosystems in the region. However, it can also confuse and interrupt daily life for people and businesses not used to dealing with heavy rain. Term the strategy of applying profit-making practices to the operation of farms and ranches. agriculture Noun Asian-Australian monsoon Noun weather system stretching from Australia to Africa, bringing rainy seasons and dry seasons to most of Southeast Asia. climate to keep under control, hold, or prevent escape. cow large, domesticated mammal used for milk and meat. crop having to do with the production of milk, cream, butter, or cheese. damage harm that reduces usefulness or value. desert Noun areas of calm winds north of the Equator in the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans. drought to die or suffocate in a liquid. dry arid or lacking in moisture. economy system of production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. ecosystem set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and flow of electric charge. Equator person responsible for a nation's economy. firefighter person who works to control and put out fires. flood air containing a large amount of water vapor. hydroelectric power usable energy generated by moving water converted to electricity. import to bring in a good or service from another area for trade. industry activity that produces goods and services. Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) Noun belt of low-pressure air currents that circle the Earth at the Equator. Also known as the Monsoon Zone. irrigation monsoon Noun seasonal change in the direction of the prevailing winds of a region. Monsoon usually refers to the winds of the Indian Ocean and South Asia, which often bring heavy rains. yachting competition held in Malaysia during the winter. Monsoon Zone Noun belt of low-pressure air currents that circle the Earth at the Equator. Also known as the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). mountain landmass that forms as tectonic plates interact with each other. mudslide rapid, downhill flow of soil and water. Also called a mudflow. neighborhood Noun summer weather system bringing the rainy season to central Mexico and the Southwest United States. prevailing wind wind that blows from one direction. primary amount of precipitation that falls in a specific area during a specific time. rainy season time of year when most of the rain in a region falls. rice grass cultivated for its seeds. season summer monsoon Noun change in the direction of a prevailing wind, resulting in a region's rainy season or dry season. tea plant native to Asia cultivated for its leaves. torrential tropics Plural Noun region generally located between the Tropic of Cancer (23 1/2 degrees north of the Equator) and the Tropic of Capricorn (23 1/2 degrees south of the Equator). a hole drilled in the Earth to obtain a liquid or gaseous substance. wildfire uncontrolled fire that happens in a rural or sparsely populated area. wind Noun movement of air (from a high pressure zone to a low pressure zone) caused by the uneven heating of the Earth by the sun. winter monsoon Noun change in the direction of a prevailing wind, resulting in a region's rainy season or dry season. yachting	Monsoon
What was Robin Williams' job in the film Good Morning Vietnam	Indian monsoon \| meteorology \| Britannica.com Indian monsoon Earth sciences Indian monsoon, the most prominent of the world’s monsoon systems, which primarily affects India and its surrounding water bodies. It blows from the northeast during cooler months and reverses direction to blow from the southwest during the warmest months of the year. This process brings large amounts of rainfall to the region during June and July. Monsoon clouds over Lucknow, India. Sunnyoraish Average date of onset of the summer monsoon across different regions of Asia. At the Equator the area near India is unique in that dominant or frequent westerly winds occur at the surface almost constantly throughout the year; the surface easterlies reach only to latitudes near 20° N in February, and even then they have a very strong northerly component. They soon retreat northward, and drastic changes take place in the upper-air circulation (see climate: Jet streams ). This is a time of transition between the end of one monsoon and the beginning of the next. Late in March the high-sun season reaches the Equator and moves farther north. With it go atmospheric instability, convectional (that is, rising and turbulent) clouds , and rain. The westerly subtropical jet stream still controls the flow of air across northern India, and the surface winds are northeasterlies. Monsoon onset and early developments As the high-sun season (that is, the Northern Hemisphere summer) moves northward during April, India becomes particularly prone to rapid heating because the highlands to the north protect it from any incursions of cold air. There are three distinct areas of relative upper tropospheric warmth—namely, (1) above the southern Bay of Bengal , (2) above the Plateau of Tibet , and (3) across the trunks of the various peninsulas that are relatively dry during this time. These three areas combine to form a vast heat-source region. The relatively warm area above the southern Bay of Bengal occurs mostly at the 500–100- millibar level. (This atmospheric pressure region typically occurs at elevations between 5,500 and 16,100 metres [18,000 and 53,000 feet] but may vary according to changes in heating and cooling.) It does not appear at a lower level and is probably caused by the release of condensation heat (associated with the change from water vapour to liquid water) at the top of towering cumulonimbus clouds along the advancing intertropical convergence . In contrast, a heat sink appears over the southern Indian Ocean as the relatively cloud-free air cools by emitting long-wavelength radiation. Monsoon winds at the surface blow from heat sink to heat source. As a result, by May the southwest monsoon is well-established over Sri Lanka , an island off the southeastern tip of the Indian peninsula. Map of climatic heat sources and heat sinks for Asian summer and winter monsoons. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. North American monsoon Also in May, the dry surface of Tibet (above 4,000 metres [13,100 feet]) absorbs and radiates heat that is readily transmitted to the air immediately above. At about 6,000 metres (19,700 feet) an anticyclonic cell arises, causing a strong easterly flow in the upper troposphere above northern India. The subtropical jet stream suddenly changes its course to the north of the anticyclonic ridge and the highlands, though it may occasionally reappear southward of them for very brief periods. This change of the upper tropospheric circulation above northern India from westerly jet to easterly flow coincides with a reversal of the vertical temperature and pressure gradients between 600 and 300 millibars. On many occasions the easterly wind aloft assumes jet force. It anticipates by a few days the “burst,” or onset, of the surface southwesterly monsoon some 1,500 km (900 miles) farther south, with a definite sequential relationship, although the exact cause is not known. Because of India’s inverted triangular shape, the land is heated progressively as the sun moves northward. This accelerated spread of heating, combined with the general direction of heat being transported by winds, results in a greater initial monsoonal activity over the Arabian Sea (at late springtime), where a real frontal situation often occurs, than over the Bay of Bengal. The relative humidity of coastal districts in the Indian region rises above 70 percent, and some rain occurs. Above the heated land, the air below 1,500 metres (5,000 feet) becomes unstable, but it is held down by the overriding easterly flow. This does not prevent frequent thunderstorms from occurring in late May. Peak period EU Considers Rules For Robots During June the easterly jet becomes firmly established at 150 to 100 millibars, an atmospheric pressure region typically occurring at elevations between 13,700 and 16,100 metres (45,000 and 53,000 feet). It reaches its greatest speed at its normal position to the south of the anticyclonic ridge, at about 15° N from China through India. In Arabia it decelerates and descends to the middle troposphere (3,000 metres [9,800 feet]). A stratospheric belt of very cold air, analogous to the one normally found above the intertropical convergence near the Equator, occurs above the anticyclonic ridge, across southern Asia at 30°–40° N and above the 500-millibar level (6,000 metres [19,700 feet]). These upper-air features that arise so far away from the Equator are associated with the surface monsoon and are absent when there is no monsoonal flow. The position of the easterly jet controls the location of monsoonal rains, which occur ahead and to the left of the strongest winds and also behind them and to the right. The surface flow, however, is a strong, southwesterly, humid, and unstable wind that brings humidities of more than 80 percent and heavy squally showers that are the “burst” of the monsoon. The overall pattern of the advance follows a frontal alignment , but local episodes may differ considerably. The amount of rain is variable from year to year and place to place. Blowing in the Wind: Fact or Fiction? Most spectacular clouds and rain occur against the Western Ghats in India, where the early monsoonal airstream piles up against the steep slopes, then recedes, and piles up again to a greater height. Each time it pushes thicker clouds upward until wind and clouds roll over the barrier and, after a few brief spells of absorption by the dry inland air, cascade toward the interior. The windward slopes receive 2,000 to 5,000 mm (80 to 200 inches) of rain in the monsoon season. Connect with Britannica Facebook Twitter YouTube Instagram Pinterest Various factors, especially topography , combine to make up a complex regional pattern. Oceanic air flowing toward India below 6,000 metres (19,700 feet) is deflected in accordance with the Coriolis effect . The converging moist oncoming stream becomes unstable over the hot land and is subject to rapid convection . Towering cumulonimbus clouds rise thousands of metres, producing violent thunderstorms and releasing latent heat in the surrounding air. As a result, the upper tropospheric warm belt migrates northwestward from the ocean to the land. The main body of air above 9,000 metres (29,500 feet) maintains a strong easterly flow. Later, in June and July, the monsoon is strong and well-established to a height of 6,000 metres (less in the far north), with occasional thickening to 9,000 metres. Weather conditions are cloudy, warm, and moist all over India. Rainfall varies between 400 and 500 mm (16 and 20 inches), but topography introduces some extraordinary differences. On the southern slopes of the Khasi Hills at only 1,300 metres (4,300 feet), where the moist airstreams are lifted and overturned, the village of Cherrapunji in Meghalaya state receives an average rainfall of 2,730 mm (107 inches) in July, with record totals of 897 mm (35 inches) in 24 hours in July 1915, more than 9,000 mm (354 inches) in July 1861, and 16,305 mm (642 inches) in the monsoon season of 1899. Over the Ganges valley the monsoon, deflected by the Himalayan barrier, becomes a southeasterly airflow. By then the upper tropospheric belt of warmth from condensation has moved above northern India, with an oblique bias. The lowest pressures prevail at the surface. It is mainly in July and August that waves of low pressure appear in the body of monsoonal air. Fully developed depressions appear once or twice per month. They travel from east to west more or less concurrently with high-level easterly waves and bursts of speed from the easterly jet, causing a local strengthening of the low-level monsoonal flow. The rainfall consequently increases and is much more evenly distributed than it was in June. Some of the deeper depressions become tropical cyclones before they reach the land, and these bring torrential rains and disastrous floods . A fertilizer plant at the port of Paradip, India, inundated by a storm surge after the Orissa … AP Editor Picks: Exploring 10 Types of Basketball Movies A totally different development arises when the easterly jet moves farther north than usual. The monsoonal wind rising over the southern slopes of the Himalayas brings heavy rains and local floods. The weather over the central and southern districts, however, becomes suddenly drier and remains so for as long as the abnormal shift lasts. The opposite shift is also possible, with midlatitude upper air flowing along the south face of the Himalayas and bringing drought to the northern districts. Such dry spells are known as “breaks” of the monsoon. Those affecting the south of India are similar to those experienced on the Guinea Coast during extreme northward shifts of the wind belts (see West African monsoon ), whereas those affecting the north are due to an interaction of the middle and low latitudes. The southwest monsoon over the lower Indus plain is only 500 metres (about 1,600 feet) thick and does not hold enough moisture to bring rain. On the other hand, the upper tropospheric easterlies become stronger and constitute a true easterly jet stream. Western Pakistan , Iran , and Arabia remain dry (probably because of the divergence in this jet) and thus become the new source of surface heat. Monsoon withdrawal By August the intensity and duration of sunshine have decreased, temperatures begin to fall , and the surge of southwesterly air diminishes spasmodically almost to a standstill in the northwest. Cherrapunji still receives over 2,000 mm (79 inches) of rainfall at this time, however. In September, dry, cool, northerly air begins to circle the west side of the highlands and spread over northwestern India. The easterly jet weakens, and the upper tropospheric easterlies move much farther south. Because the moist southwesterlies at lower levels are much weaker and variable, they are soon pushed back. The rainfall becomes extremely variable over most of the region, but showers are still frequent in the southeastern areas and over the Bay of Bengal. Average withdrawal date of the summer monsoon across South Asia. Trending Topics Lady Flora Hastings By early October, variable winds are very frequent everywhere. At the end of the month, the entire Indian region is covered by northerly air and the winter monsoon takes shape. The surface flow is deflected by the Coriolis force and becomes a northeasterly flow. This causes an October–December rainy season for the extreme southeast of the Deccan (including the Madras coast) and eastern Sri Lanka, which cannot be explained by topography alone because it extends well out over the sea. Tropical depressions and cyclones are important contributing factors. Most of India thus begins a sunny, dry, and dusty season. The driest period comes in November in the Punjab ; December in central India, Bengal, and Assam; January in the northern Deccan; and February in the southern Deccan. Conversely, the western slopes of the Karakoram Range and Himalayas are then reached by the midlatitude frontal depressions that come from the Atlantic and the Mediterranean. The winter rains they receive, moderate as they are, place them clearly outside the monsoonal realm. Workers transplanting rice near Mangalore, Karnataka, India. Agriculture on the Indian subcontinent … Baldev/Shostal Associates Because crops and water supplies depend entirely on monsoonal rains, it became imperative that quantitative long-range weather forecasts be available. Embedded in the weather patterns of other parts of the world are clues to the summer conditions in South Asia. These clues often appear in the months leading up to monsoon onset. For a forecast to be released at the beginning of June, South American pressure and Indian upper-wind data for the month of April are examined. These data, though widely separated from one another, are positively correlated and may be used as predictors of June conditions. Forecasts may be further refined in May by comparing rainfall patterns in both Zimbabwe and Java with the easterly winds above the city of Kolkata ( Calcutta ) in West Bengal state. In this situation the correlation between rainfall and easterly winds is negative.	i don't know
Who directed the 1999 film The Talented Mr Ripley	The Talented Mr. Ripley (1999) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error The Talented Mr. Ripley ( 1999 ) R \| In late 1950s New York, Tom Ripley, a young underachiever, is sent to Italy to retrieve Dickie Greenleaf, a rich and spoiled millionaire playboy. But when the errand fails, Ripley takes extreme measures. Director: User Lists Related lists from IMDb users a list of 31 titles created 20 May 2011 a list of 34 titles created 15 Oct 2014 a list of 31 titles created 01 Aug 2015 a list of 34 titles created 06 Sep 2015 a list of 30 titles created 5 months ago Title: The Talented Mr. Ripley (1999) 7.3/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Nominated for 5 Oscars. Another 10 wins & 75 nominations. See more awards » Photos A young man is a reformed gambler who must return to playing big stakes poker to help a friend pay off loan sharks. Director: John Dahl Tom Ripley persuades a man to commit a murder for a large sum of money. The situation goes out of control, and that man must escape trouble. Director: Liliana Cavani In the waning days of the American Civil War, a wounded soldier embarks on a perilous journey back home to Cold Mountain, North Carolina to reunite with his sweetheart. Director: Anthony Minghella An underdog lawyer takes on a fraudulent Insurance company. Director: Francis Ford Coppola A politically charged epic about the state of the oil industry in the hands of those personally involved and affected by it. Director: Stephen Gaghan The U.S. government decides to go after an agro-business giant with a price-fixing accusation, based on the evidence submitted by their star witness, vice president-turned-informant Mark Whitacre. Director: Steven Soderbergh Danny Ocean and his eleven accomplices plan to rob three Las Vegas casinos simultaneously. Director: Steven Soderbergh The relationships of two couples become complicated and deceitful when the man from one couple meets the woman of the other. Director: Mike Nichols A cockney womanizer learns the hard way about the dangers of his actions. Director: Charles Shyer Edit Storyline The 1950s. Manhattan lavatory attendant, Tom Ripley, borrows a Princeton jacket to play piano at a garden party. When the wealthy father of a recent Princeton grad chats Tom up, Tom pretends to know the son and is soon offered $1,000 to go to Italy to convince Dickie Greenleaf to return home. In Italy, Tom attaches himself to Dickie and to Marge, Dickie's cultured fiancée, pretending to love jazz and harboring homoerotic hopes as he soaks in luxury. Besides lying, Tom's talents include impressions and forgery, so when the handsome and confident Dickie tires of Tom, dismissing him as a bore, Tom goes to extreme lengths to make Greenleaf's privileges his own. Written by <[email protected]> How far would you go to become someone else? See more » Genres: Rated R for violence, language and brief nudity \| See all certifications » Parents Guide: 25 December 1999 (USA) See more » Also Known As: The Strange Mr. Ripley See more » Filming Locations: $12,738,237 (USA) (24 December 1999) Gross: Did You Know? Trivia The scenes set in New York City that open the film were originally shot in Rome but were deemed unsatisfactory and later reshot in New York City. See more » Goofs When Freddie and Dickie are talking on the boat, Freddie has a drink in his left hand, and stirs it nervously with his right. From the reverse angle, the drink is in his right hand and there is no stirring. See more » Quotes [first lines] Tom Ripley : If I could just go back... if I could rub everything out... starting with myself. See more » Crazy Credits The opening title uses all the adjectives of the complete title before cutting to the final "The Talented Mr. Ripley". See more » Connections A ravishing, emotionally complex, and heart-rending film of great elegance 3 January 2000 \| by moviebuffcole – See all my reviews Seeing this gorgeous tango between Damon and Law, I was never less than captivated and riveted. Minghella has fashioned something literate, powerful, seductive, charming, tragic, and beautiful. His casting is nearly perfect. Damon is unforgettable as an amoral but fascinating character whom we even sympathize with by film's end. Law is stunning as Dickie, the man whose life Ripley adores. Paltrow is good, though she is not given a whole lot to do. Blanchett is perfect in a small but pivotal role that only adds to her already impressive filmography. This is a near-masterpiece. Minghella's talent for visual opulence is second to none, and his work here should earn him a directing Oscar nod. The same goes for many others associated with this brilliant achievement. The ending is as unsuspected as it is inevitable, that is, sad and unsettling. In fact, the whole film underscores these emotions. Whereas Highsmith's original novel was cold and sometimes inert, the film makes Ripley much more of a living, breathing character, and as such, a great symbol of tragedy. It may be some time before I forget this intense experience. Certainly one that deserves multiple viewings. One of the best films of 1999. I think this may be one of the best pictures I have ever seen. Bravo everyone. A moving, rich knockout! 110 of 145 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	Anthony Minghella
What was the name of the character played by Christopher Lloyd in the Back to The Future series of films	The Talented Mr. Ripley (film) - Wikiquote The Talented Mr. Ripley (film) From Wikiquote The Talented Mr. Ripley is a 1999 film directed by Anthony Minghella , and starring Matt Damon , Gwyneth Paltrow , and Jude Law . It is based on the 1955 novel of the same title by Patricia Highsmith . Contents Tom Ripley[ edit ] If I could just go back... if I could rub everything out... starting with myself. I always thought it would be better to be a fake somebody than a real nobody. You're the brother I never had. I'm the brother you never had. I would do anything for you, Dickie. I really feel happy. As if I had been handed a whole new life. I could live Dickie's life for him. Well, whatever you do, however terrible, however hurtful, it all makes sense, doesn't it, in your head. You never meet anybody that thinks they're a bad person. [while planning to kill Marge] And that's the irony, Marge. I loved you. You may as well know it, Marge: I loved you. I don't know... maybe it's grotesque of me to say this now, so just write it on a piece of paper or something and put it in your purse for a rainy day. 'Tom loves me.' 'Tom loves me.' You know, without the glasses you're not even ugly. I could fuck this ice box, I love it so much. Now you'll find out why Ms. Sherwood shows up for breakfast, Tom. It's not love, it's my coffee machine. "See Venice and die," is what they say? Or is it Rome ? Confusing cities in the famous expression, "See Naples and die!" I can't write and I can't spell. that's the privilege of a first class education. Marge-Ripley can't ski. We'll have to teach him that too. Such low class, Marge. Does this guy know anything? I love the fact that you brought Shakespeare with you and no clothes. Ermelinda says you wash the same shirt out every night. Is that true?..She can do that stuff for you . Anyway, anything you want , most of its ancient. Without glasses you're not even ugly (Dickie puts on Tom's glasses[You look like] Clark Kent.(Dickie returns Tom's glasses)Now Superman Did I know you at Princeton, Tom?I didn't , did I?...I mean it as a compliment . You got such great taste, I don't know. Most of the thugs at Princeton had tasted everything and had no taste. Used to say , the Cream of America: Rich and thick. Freddie's the perfect example. I'm actually a little relieved you're going, to be honest. I think we've seen enough of each other to for a while. You can be a leech -you know that-and its boring. You can be quite boring. Marge Sherwood[ edit ] Why is it when men play they always play at killing each other? Dick? Dickie? I know you can hear me. What am I doing, chasing you around...? I was going to say I would count to three and if you didn't open the door, but I won't count any more. On you. I won't count on you any more. Whatever it is, whatever you've done or haven't done, you've broken my heart. That's one thing I know you're guilty of, and I don't know why. [crying] I don't know why, I just don't know why... Herbert Greenleaf[ edit ] You know, people always say that you can't choose your parents, but you can't choose your children... What a waste of lives and opportunities. [abruptly turning his attention to a street musician] I'd pay that fellow $100 right now to shut up. Peter Smith Kingsley[ edit ] Officially, there are no Italian homosexuals. It makes Michelangelo and Leonardo very inconvenient. Good things about Mr. Ripley? Could take some time. Tom is talented. Tom is tender... Tom is beautiful... Tom is a mystery. Tom is not a nobody. Tom has secrets he doesn't want to tell me, and I wish he would. Tom has nightmares. That's not a good thing. Tom has someone to love him. That is a good thing. Tom is crushing me. Tom is crushing me... Tom, you're crushing me! Alvin MacCarron[ edit ] I don't care for B.S. I don't care to hear it. I don't care to speak it. Mr.Greenleaf also feels there was a silent promise in Dickie's letter to you which he intends to honor. He intends to transfer a good part of Dickie's income from his trust into your name. He doesn't intend on giving the Italian police any information about Dickie's past. He's rather hoping hoping you feel the same. Dickie Greenleaf: Everybody should have one talent, what's yours? Tom Ripley: Telling lies, forging signatures and impersonating almost anybody. Dickie Greenleaf: That's three. Nobody should have more than one talent. So, do an impression. Tom Ripley: What, now? Dickie Greenleaf: Yeah. Tom Ripley: [imitating Dickie's father] "The only talent my son has is for cashing his allowance." Dickie Greenleaf: [stunned] What? Tom Ripley: "Oh, I love to sail, believe me, I love to sail. Instead, I make sailboats, and other people sail them." Dickie Greenleaf: Stop! It's too much. You're making the hairs on my neck stand up! Tom Ripley: "Oh, yes, jazz? Let's face it, jazz is insolent noise." Dickie Greenleaf: It's like he's here. Horrible, like the old bastard's here! That's brilliant! Brilliant! How do you know him? Tom Ripley: Oh, I met him in New York. Dickie Greenleaf: Marge, you have to hear this! This is scary. Marge Sherwood, I'd like you to meet my father, Herbert Richard Greenleaf, the First. Tom Ripley: "How do you do, Marge. Dickie's made a fine catch. I know Emily thinks so." Marge Sherwood: I... I don't get it. Dickie Greenleaf: It's uncanny! Tom Ripley: [turning to Dickie] "Could you ever conceive of going to Italy, Tom? Bring him back?" Dickie Greenleaf: [confused] What? Tom Ripley: "I'd pay you if you would go to Italy and persuade my son to come home. I'd pay you a thousand dollars." Marge Sherwood: [about Tom Ripley] I like him. Dickie Greenleaf: Marge, you like everybody. Tom Ripley: [Imitating Marge's voice] I like him. [imitating Dickie's voice] Marge, you like everybody. Tom Ripley: That ring is superb. Marge Sherwood: Oh, Tom, I love you! See? Dickie Greenleaf: I had to promise, capital p, to never take it off. Otherwise I'd give it to you. Marge Sherwood: Isn't it great? I found it in Naples. I had to bargain for it for about two weeks! Dickie Greenleaf: Uh, I hope it wasn't cheap, Marge? Marge Sherwood: Oh, it was! Tom Ripley: Nothing is more naked than your handwriting. See how nothing's quite touching the line? That's vanity. Dickie Greenleaf: Well, we certainly know that that's true. Freddie Miles: Oh God! Don't you want to fuck every woman you see just once? Dickie Greenleaf: Only once? Freddie Miles: Absolutely once. Ciao. Dickie Greenleaf: Tom Ripley. Freddie Miles. Freddie Miles: I mean, hey, if I'm late what would her husband say. Dickie Greenleaf: You look gorgeous. Freddie Miles: As always. Marge Sherwood: The thing with Dickie... it's like the sun shines on you, and it's glorious. And then he forgets you and it's very, very cold. Tom Ripley: So I'm learning. Marge Sherwood: When you have his attention, you feel like you're the only person in the world, that's why everybody loves him so much. [bitterly] And that's just the boys... Dickie Greenleaf: You can be a leech! You know that. It's boring. You're quite...boring.(a long pause before Tom spoke.) Tom Ripley: The funny thing is I'm not pretending to be somebody else and you are... Dickie Greenleaf: Boring. Tom Ripley: I've been absolutely honest with you...about my feelings. Dickie Greenleaf: Boring.. Tom Ripley: But you... first of all, I know there's something. That evening when we played chess, for instance, it was obvious. Dickie Greenleaf: [curious] What evening? Tom Ripley: Oh sure, no, no, it's too dangerous for you to take on. Oh, no, no, we're brothers. Hey. And then you do this sordid thing with Marge. Fucking her on the boat so we all have to listen. Which was excruciating! And you follow your cock around and now you're getting married! I'm bewildered, forgive me. You're lying to Marge and then you're getting married to her. You're knocking up Silvana. You're ruining everybody. You wanna play the sax, you wanna play the drums. I mean, which is it, Dickie? What do you actually play?! Dickie Greenleaf: [enraged] Who are you? Huh? Some third class mooch? Who are you? Who are you to say anything to me? Who are you to tell me anything?! [slaps Tom in the face] Actually I really, really do not want to be on this boat with you. I can't move without you moving. And it gives me the creeps. You give me the creeps! I can't move without you moving... Tom Ripley: Shut up... Dickie Greenleaf: ...I can't breathe without you following me around! You move without [mocks Tom with a falsetto voice] "Dickie, Dickie, Dickie!", like a little girl all the time! Tom Ripley: SHUT UP! [hits Dickie by the side of the face with the oar he just grabbed. Dickie grabs his face with both hands. Tom, shocked, puts the oar down] Oh God, Dickie... Dickie Greenleaf: [with an unmarked cut on his face, suddenly split open causing his face to be disfigured with blood] For God's sake... Tom Ripley: Oh, God! Ok. Ok. [seeing the bloody Dickie] We have to get... Ok. Freddie Miles: In fact, the only thing that looks like Dickie is you. Tom Ripley: Hardly. Freddie Miles: Have you done something to your hair? Tom Ripley: Freddie, do you have something you'd like to say? Freddie Miles: What? I think I'm saying it. Something's going on. He's either converted to Christianity... or to something else. Tom Ripley: I suggest you ask Dickie that yourself. Otello's is on delle Croce, just off the Corso. Freddie Miles: Is it on [mocks Tom in an effeminate voice] "delle Croce, just off the Corso?" You're a quick study, aren't you? Last time you didn't know your ass from your elbow, now you're giving me directions. [sneers] That's not fair, you probably do know your ass from your elbow. I'll see you. Peter Smith-Kingsley: Can you imagine, though, if he did kill Freddie, what that must be like? Just to wake up every morning. I mean, how can you? Just wake up and be a person? Drink your coffee? Tom Ripley: Well, whatever you do, however terrible, however hurtful, it all makes sense, doesn't it, in your head? You never meet anybody who thinks they're a bad person. Peter Smith-Kingsley: Well maybe, but you're still tormented. You must be. You've killed someone. Tom Ripley: Don't you just take the past, and put it in a room in the basement, and lock the door and never go in there? That's what I do. Peter Smith-Kingsley: God, yes. Though in my case, it's probably a whole building. Tom Ripley: And then you meet someone special, and all you want to do is to toss them the key and say, open up, step inside. But you can't, because it's dark, there are demons... and if anybody saw how ugly it is... Peter Smith-Kingsley: That's the music talking. It's hard to be gloomy if you're playing "Ease Up, Mother Brown". [takes Tom's hands and plays a more light-hearted tune] Tom Ripley: I keep wanting to do that, fling the door open just let light in and clean everything out. [Peter sits next to him, smiling warmly, but Tom pulls away] Tom Ripley: See, the thing is, Peter... Peter Smith-Kingsley: [sadly] No key. [Marge has found Dickie's rings in Tom's pocket; Tom is about to kill her to keep her quiet] Marge Sherwood: [terrified] I wasn't snooping. I was just looking for a needle and thread to mend my bra. Tom Ripley: That scent you're wearing... I bought that for you, not Dickie. The thing about Dickie... so many things... That day when he was late coming back from Rome? I tried to tell you this. He was with another girl. I'm not talking about Meredith, either. Another girl who we met in a bar. He couldn't be faithful for five minutes. So when he makes a promise, it doesn't mean what it means when you make a promise, or I make a promise. He has so many realities, Dickie, and he believes them all. He lies, he lies, and that's his... and half the time he doesn't even realize he's doing it! Today, I actually started wondering if he may have actually killed Freddie. [Marge notices that blood is seeping into Tom's robe pocket, obviously from a concealed knife] Tom Ripley: He would get so crazy if anyone contradicted him — well, you know that. You know that. And that's the irony, Marge — I loved you. You may as well know that now. I loved you. I don't know, maybe it's grotesque of me to say that now, so... just write it on a piece of paper and save it for a rainy day. "Tom loves me." "Tom loves me." Marge Sherwood: Why do you have Dickie's rings? Tom Ripley: I told you. He gave them to me. Marge Sherwood: Why? When? Tom Ripley: I feel as if you haven't been listening to anything I've been saying. Marge Sherwood: I don't believe you! Tom Ripley: It's all true. Marge Sherwood: I don't believe a single word you've said! Tom Ripley: Marge, you're shivering, look at you. Can I hold you? Please, let me hold you. [Marge screams in fright, when suddenly Peter walks through the door] Marge: [running into his arms, sobbing] Oh, God, Peter! Get me out of here, get me out of here! Peter Smith-Kingsley: Marge, what's going on? Tom, are you okay? Tom Ripley You try. You try talking to her. I give up. Marge Sherwood: Why do I think there's never been a Ripley rainy day? Tom Ripley: What? Marge Sherwood: [leans closer] I know it was you. You killed Dickie! I know it was you! Peter Smith-Kingsley: Sorry, I'm completely lost. Tom Ripley: I know. I'm lost. I'm going to be stuck in the basement, aren't I? [voice cracking] That's my, that's my... terrible, and alone, and dark, and I've lied about who I am, and where I am, and now no one will ever find me. Peter Smith-Kingsley: What do you mean... lied about who you are? Tom Ripley: [near tears] I always thought it'd be better to be a fake somebody than a real nobody. Peter Smith-Kingsley: What are you talking about? You're not a nobody. That's the last thing you are. [Tom lays down next to Peter, preparing to strangle him] Tom Ripley: No, no, don't get up. Just tell me nice things, some nice things about Tom Ripley.	i don't know
Who had a No 1 in the 90's with Saturday Night	Whigfield - Saturday Night [Official Video HD] - YouTube Whigfield - Saturday Night [Official Video HD] Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Oct 18, 2010 Sannie Carlson (best known as Whigfield) is the name of a lady with Danish origins who decided to make a mark in the history of pop-dance music by selling millions worldwide. In 1994 she gained a place in the Guinness Book of Records with the song "Saturday Night" as the first artist to go straight to number one in the UK singles chart with a debut single. Her discography is extremely impressive including numerous hit singles all over the world & four studio albums, a career spanning over a decade which for a pop-dance act is extremely unusual. After many years on stage Sannie has decided to concentrate on the other side of the music industry, writing & composing for other artists in the business, both DJs & singers with names such as the Grammy winner Benny Benassi, Adam K, Ann Lee and In-Grid. Category	Whigfield
Who wrote the song Crazy, made famous by Patsy Cline	Whigfield - Saturday Night [Official Video HD] - YouTube Whigfield - Saturday Night [Official Video HD] Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Oct 18, 2010 Sannie Carlson (best known as Whigfield) is the name of a lady with Danish origins who decided to make a mark in the history of pop-dance music by selling millions worldwide. In 1994 she gained a place in the Guinness Book of Records with the song "Saturday Night" as the first artist to go straight to number one in the UK singles chart with a debut single. Her discography is extremely impressive including numerous hit singles all over the world & four studio albums, a career spanning over a decade which for a pop-dance act is extremely unusual. After many years on stage Sannie has decided to concentrate on the other side of the music industry, writing & composing for other artists in the business, both DJs & singers with names such as the Grammy winner Benny Benassi, Adam K, Ann Lee and In-Grid. Category	i don't know
Who sang the theme tune for the first series of Auf Wiedershen Pet	auf wiedersehen pet thats living alright - YouTube auf wiedersehen pet thats living alright Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Mar 13, 2008 from first series of auf wiedersehen pet opening titles joe fagins thats living alright Category	Joe Fagin
What was the first top ten entry for The Jam (1979)	Joe Fagin Sheet Music from Auf Wiedersehen, Pet. Auf Wiedersehen, Pet 1983 - 2016 That’s Livin’ Alright Sheet Music Joe Fagin wrote and sang the classic theme tune to this first series. The song was released in the UK and reached number 3 in the charts. The theme tune goes hand in hand with the show, and is the mortar to the shows bricks! If you are a budding musician, you now have the Sheet Music to help you crack this classic song!. Many thanks to Gavin Owen for sending this in. Copyright: Images, articles and text are copyright awpet.com. Do you have something to add? If you have something to add, whether it be pictures, a magazine interview or something else, we would love to have it on the Fansite! Please use the Contact link above in the navigation bar and Email us. Auf Wiedersehen, Pet	i don't know
Which well known singer is the daughter of the founder of the Simon and Schuster publishing company	Carly Simon - Biography - IMDb Carly Simon Jump to: Overview (2) \| Mini Bio (2) \| Spouse (2) \| Trivia (29) Overview (2) 5' 10½" (1.79 m) Mini Bio (2) She was raised in the Riverdale section of New York City with two sisters and a brother. Her father, Richard Simon, played Chopin and Beethoven on the piano. She attended so many Brooklyn Dodgers games with her father that she was made a team mascot before they moved to Los Angeles. She once said if she could see herself in a ballplayer, it would be Pee Wee Reese; a shortstop is not quite in the infield and not quite in the outfield. Three of her uncles gained distinction in various fields of music. George, as an authority on Jazz; Henry, as a Musicologist and book editor; and Alfred, as the music director of a classical radio station. She attended Riverdale County School and spent two years at Sarah Lawrence before dropping out to form a folk duo with her sister, Lucy. They billed themselves as the Simon Sisters and managed to get work at small clubs on the eastern seaboard. Carly even did Al Jolson improvisations. Lucy eventually left the act and married a physician. Carly's eldest sister Joanna was a professional opera singer. Carly suffered from severe stage fright and one time passed out and collapsed in the middle of a concert in 1981. She met her first husband...James Taylor...as a child when their parents had summered near one another on Martha's Vineyard. (Taylor's father was director of the UNC Chapel Hill Medical College). She married Taylor in 1971 and they later divorced. She has been married to writer Jim Hart since 1981 and they live on Martha's Vineyard, Mass. She has a son and daughter from her marriage to James Taylor. - IMDb Mini Biography By: Mike McKinley <[email protected]> The daughter of Richard Simon, co-founder of the Simon and Schuster publishing company, Carly got her start in music singing in coffee houses with her sister Lucy in the early 60s. After an unsuccessful attempt to launch a solo career, Carly burst onto the music scene in 1971 with her first Top 10 hit "That's The Way I've Always Heard It Should Be," which won her the Best New Artist Grammy Award and set the stage for an enormously successful career. After her second hit, "Anticipation," Carly roared to the top of the charts with her album NO SECRETS, and its #1 hit "You're So Vain." Newly married to James Taylor, Carly piled up a series of bestselling albums, including PLAYING POSSUM (1975), which featured controversial cover art of a scantily-clad Carly, although there had always been a sort of subtle sexuality on many of her album covers before (and after); however, none were as blatant as this particular one. Her career marched on, and in 1977, Carly performed her first movie-theme, "Nobody Does It Better," from THE SPY WHO LOVED ME, and it became an international smash. Her sales high continued with 1978's "You Belong To Me" and the album BOYS IN THE TREES, but after the release of her hit "Jesse" in 1980, Carly's career started to wane. Although she released a series of interesting albums in the '80s, none of them were commercial successes. After her divorce from James Taylor, she also retired from performing live. But then in 1987, Carly wrote the theme for HEARTBURN - "Coming Around Again" - and her career was revitalized. The song was a big hit and the album of the same name was a best-seller and charted for well over a year. By that point, she was a legend and was then able to release albums at a more relaxed pace, which allowed her to be more adventurous in her writing and creativity. Since then, all of her work has been very well received, most notable "Let The River Run," which she wrote for WORKING GIRL and won her her first Oscar. Carly's album THE BEDROOM TAPES (2000) reflected her personal trials more overtly than any of her other albums up to that point, particularly a case of writer's block as well as her breast cancer ordeal and the accompanying depression she experienced due to chemotherapy. Nevertheless, Carly is now healthy and content and remains a notable presence in the media and music industry, including her cameo on Janet Jackson's "Son of a Gun," as well as the televised tribute to Beach Boy Brian Wilson. - IMDb Mini Biography By: jonathan Spouse (2) ( 3 November 1972 - 1983) (divorced) (2 children) Trivia (29) Has released musical albums (including CDs) on the Elektra, Warner Brothers, Epic, Arista, Rhino, Columbia, Hear Music, and Iris records. Her song "You're So Vain" (released in late 1972) was a number-one pop hit in 1973. Is the niece of singer 'Peter Dean'. Wrote "Anticipation" (1971) about love interest Cat Stevens . Her father was president and co-founder of Simon & Schuster publishing house. Children with James Taylor : Sally Taylor (b. 7 January 1974) and Ben Taylor (b. 22 January 1977). Her song "You're So Vain" is allegedly about Warren Beatty . Received an honorary degree from Berklee College of Music (Boston, Massachusetts) Ranked #28 on VH1's 100 Greatest Women of Rock N Roll Won the 1972 Grammy for Best New Artist	Carly Simon
What is the name of the crossword game show that was presented by Tom O' Connor	Where Can i Download Boys in the Trees by Carly Simon Free Ebooks ‹ Ebook Download Free Boys in the Trees Reviews Apr 19, 2016 Jason Book 5 of 35 for 2016."My father sits at night with no lights on, his cigarette glows in the dark..."With those hauntingly beautiful words Carly Simon appeared on the music scene in 1970. Her first single "That's the Way I Always Heard It Should Be" made it to Number One on the charts ... Mar 19, 2016 ☮Karen A nod of gratitude to my GR friend, Jennifer, who in her great review said to skip (I skimmed) the first 40% to get right to the good stuff. Rightly so, as I wasn't the least bit interested in Simon's "mommy and daddy" episodes, but greatly interested in the evolution of her music and ... Mar 1, 2016 Jeanette Well, it's more like an autobiography up to age 35 than what is consistently called "memoir" in this modern age. But regardless, Carly IS honest!What she isn't is something else altogether. Because IMHO, it's rather hard to give her praise or other nice strokes if this book reflects "h... Feb 23, 2016 W. Whalin I listened to every part of this memoir from the well-known recording artist Carly Simon. I learned a great deal about her life. In her early years, the youngest daughter of the co-founder of Simon & Schuster, Dick Simon, Carly Simon struggled with stuttering when she spoke. The bo... Feb 22, 2016 Lori This was an honest memoir by Carly Simon. She was born in New York and grew up in New York City. her father was The "Simon" in Simon and Schuster publishing company. Her father help start up the company. She grew up meeting many famous authors and people in music and show business. Her... Feb 17, 2016 Louise Carly Simon tells the story of her childhood, the early stages of her career, her single life and her marriage and its disintegration. In each, she openly bares very private parts of herself.The family story was a page turner for me. You could feel the 1950’s formality, its music ... Feb 15, 2016 Sian Lile-Pastore Lovely memoir with lovely writing. I don't really know anything about Carly Simon or James Taylor, so was going in cold. And the story of their relationship is wonderful, romantic and then heartbreaking. She is very kind to him and never bitter, even tho James probably did her wrong (t... Feb 7, 2016 Koeeoaddi 2.5Too much childhood, too little music. Much better to accept that the creative process is mysterious and just listen to the songs.[I should admit that this is not all the fault of the author. I often wind up being unsatisfied by these musical memoirs. They invariably suffer from eith... Feb 6, 2016 Bob Varettoni The Half-Life of Carly SimonThis is an enjoyable listen – and I do mean listen, since the audio version of this autobiography is read by the author and includes a musical score woven throughout – about the first half of Carly Simon’s life.The narrative basically ends in ... Feb 1, 2016 Barbara Sheppard I guess I have discovered something about myself after reading this book. Memoirs are not for me. I have enough to worry about in my own life and do not really have the energy to fret about anyone else's. I found this book to be kind of boring and upsetting at the same time. It seems t... About the Author Carly Elisabeth Simon is an American singer/songwriter and musician. She is also an Academy Award, a Golden Globe and two-time Grammy Award winner. Simon was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1994.	i don't know
What was Captain Mainwaring's favourite description of Private Pike	Dad's Army uncovered: 35 things you need to know about the BBC comedy classic - Mirror Online TV Dad's Army uncovered: 35 things you need to know about the BBC comedy classic It has been 35 years since Dad's Army finished its original telly run - check out our essential need to know facts about the comedy favourite Share Get celebs updates directly to your inbox + Subscribe Thank you for subscribing! Could not subscribe, try again laterInvalid Email Despite its original run ending 35 yesterday, Dad’s Army still has a prominent pride of place in British TV history. More than just a comedy, few other shows have contributed as many immediately recognisable moments that are remembered so fondly across all ages. So are the show's stars - Clive Dunn's recent sad passing evidenced one again how Dad's Army has stayed with viewers across the years. Think you know everything there is to know about this national telly treasure? Think you’re dooooooooooomed? Well don’t panic! Here are 35 facts on the adventure of the Home Guard during Britain’s finest hour! 1. Television and beyond! Dad’s Army ran for an epic 80 television episodes across nine series from 1968 to 1977 as well as a number of short sketches. But it wasn’t all about television: the Captain Mainwaring and his men also crossed radio and stage on their way to becoming national treasures. 2. Almost Mainwarings Arthur Lowe is most famous for his role as bumbling Captain George Mainwaring, a character some of his co-stars thought resembled him! But he wasn’t the first choice. Some BBC bosses, including Head of Comedy Michael Mills, were against his casting and the role was offered to Thorley Walters and even future Doctor Who Jon Pertwee before Lowe took on his most famous part. 3. They don’t like it down ‘em! Arthur Lowe certainly knew what comedy he liked and knew what he didn’t. In one episode he refused to film a scene where Private Frazer tries to free a bomb from Captain Mainwaring’s trousers. After a few rewrites, as you may remember, Corporal Jones ended up taking the bomb for the team. But Arthur Lowe insisted on something a bit more permanent: he had a clause written into his contract that he would never have his trousers removed! 4. War veterans View gallery Corporal Jones may always be the first of the platoon to want to ‘stick it up ‘em’ but the late Clive Dunn , who served four years in prisons and prisoner of war camps in Austria during WW2, was a pacifist. Other members of the cast and crew had fought not only in the Second World War, but also the First such as Arnold Ridley (Private Godfrey). During WWII, Arthur Lowe served as a Sergeant Major and John Le Mesurier a Captain, while director/producer David Croft rose to the rank of major after joining the Royal Artillery in 1942. 5. Real Home Guard Of the television Home Guard platoon only John Laurie (Frazer) and Arnold Ridley (Godfrey) had actually served in the real Home Guard during the Second World War. Ridley had joined the Home Guard’s forerunner, the Local Defence Volunteers in 1940, narrowly escaping injury or death when his cottage was hit by a bomb in 1944. Laurie was also a veteran of the First World War, as a member of the Honourable Artillery Company. 6. Permission to sing, sir! Video Loading Click to play Tap to play The video will start in 8Cancel Play now The late Clive Dunn achieved fame as one of the most quotable characters in Dad’s army, Corporal ‘Don’t Panic’ Jones. But at the same time he was playing the role, he also managed to score a number one hit single with 1971’s ‘Grandad’ – a song that featured none other than Rick Wakeman on keyboards. It certainly wasn’t the end of Dunn’s musical career - he even released his own album, ‘Permission to Sing Sir!’ 7. Private Perry! One of the show’s most popular characters, Private Pike (played by Ian Lavender ) was based on writer Jimmy Perry’s real life experience as a teenager being molly-coddled by his mum. "She didn't go so far as making me wear a scarf, but she came pretty near" he said. Shouldn’t have told us that, Pike! 8. Almost Walkers While Pike may be semi-autobiographical, and perhaps because of it, Jimmy Perry wrote the character of spiv Private Joe Walker to play himself. Eventually James Beck was cast after co-writer David Croft told Perry to choose between acting or writing! Despite the ultimatum, Perry did manage to fit in a cameo in the sixth episode of the first series ‘Shooting Pains’ as Charlie Cheeseman. 9. The real life Walmington-on-sea The outside scenes of the fictional Walmington were actually filmed in Thetford, Norfolk. You’ll know if you’re there: Since 2007, a statue of Captain Mainwaring has sat on a bench by the Little Ouse river. 10. Mrs Mainwaring Where was Mrs Mainwaring? (Photo: BBC) 1968 was a great year for unseen wives. Not only did Dad’s Army start in the UK, but it was also the year that Colombo kicked off across the Atlantic. “She hasn’t left the house much since Munich” Captain Mainwaring said about his never-seen wife... Or did she? Mrs Mainwaring actually made an appearance in the Dad’s Army Annual 1974 story ‘Mum’s Army’. 11. The American remake Click to play Tap to play The video will start in 8Cancel Play now Yes, another one! ABC filmed a pilot in 1976 for their version of Dad’s Army - The Rear Guard featured the WWII antics of the American Civil Defense! You can’t blame them for adapting the classic u-boat episode ‘The Deadly Attachment’ for the first show, but a full series was never commissioned. Perhaps the idea of a German invasion of America was just a bit too far-fetched! 12. Game on One for Dad's Army fans of a slightly younger generation Sadly the heyday of Dad’s Army was over far before video games hit the shelves. But that hasn’t stopped tributes popping up. The Sega Mega-CD version of Mortal Kombat had a special cheat called ‘Dad’s code’ which replaced the names of original fighters such as Sub-Zero, Raiden and Kitana with those of Mainwaring, Frazer, Pike and gang! 13. Where’s the movie? If you sit back with your complete Dad’s Army DVD collection of all nine series you might think something’s missing. Where’s the 1971 film? In fact, while the series is owned by the BBC, the film is owned by Columbia Pictures. When it was made in between television series, they insisted on a number of changes, including recasting Mrs Pike. 14. Carry On Dad’s Army! There were a number of cross-over actors between the two comedy franchises. Ian Lavender (Pike) starred in Carry on Behind while Bill Pertwee managed to make two Carry On films. Actresses fared a little better. Barbara Windsor guest starred as a fairground sharpshooter in the sixth episode of the first series while the late Wendy Richard not only appeared in two Carry On films, co-starring with Barbara Windsor in the early 1970s, but also managed to play two separate characters in Dad’s Army. 15. Don’t panic! Dad's Army, Arthur Lowe and John Le Mesurier, Clive Dunn, James Beck, John Laurie, Ian Lavender and Arnold Ridley (Photo: PA) The BBC are normally ready for a crisis... Even today Auntie keeps an episode of Dad’s Army in the wings as an emergency back-up just in case a show goes off air. Sound far-fetched? It happened when the 6 o’clock news was hit by a power-cut in 2000. 16. The missing episodes In the 1960s, BBC storage policies weren’t future proof. With VHS not even a glimmer in a VCR, programmes rolls took up lot of valuable space. So the BBC decided to bin episodes of many classic shows! Early episodes of Doctor Who are perhaps the most famous casualties, but Dad’s Army was not immune. While the comedy came out of it better than most, three episodes from the second series remain lost to this day. 17. How popular? In the late 1960s, early Dad’s Army first screened to an audience of 8 million, a figure a lot of TV executives would beg for today. However, in the 1970s heyday of audience figures the sit-com found itself near the top of the pile, attracting more than 18 million viewers at its peak. 18. One of Britain’s best sitcoms (Photo: Daily Mirror) In 2004, Dad’s Army came fourth in a BBC poll to find Britain’s best sitcom. It may have lost out to new pretenders The Vicar of Dibley, Blackadder and Only Fools and Horse’s but it beat Fawlty Towers into fifth. 19. Dad’s Army: The Sequel! It happened! In 1981, a sequel called ‘It Sticks Out Half a Mile’ was recorded for BBC Radio, starring Arthur Lowe and John Le Mesurier. Sadly, Lowe died soon after the recording, but a full 14 part series was made at the insistence of Lowe’s widow. The new series featured former Warden Hodges and former Private Pike renovating a pier with a loan from ‘Uncle Arthur’. 20. The radio show! Before the sequel, ‘Dad’s Army’ was no stranger to radio. Many of the television episodes were adapted for BBC Radio 4 by writing duo Harold Snoad and Michael Knowles. As you may expect, some classic scenes had to be adapted for the new media, but the main change was the addition of a ‘newsreader’ who added an extra WWII atmosphere to each installment. 21. The stage show! In 1975 the hit TV series even transferred to the stage, featuring many of the original cast under what could be greatest show name ever: ‘Dad's Army: A Nostalgic Music and Laughter Show of Britain’s Finest Hour’. It may have been twice disrupted by bomb scares during its four month run in the West End, but went on to tour the country until September 1976. Clive Dunn who plays Corporal Jones right to left Ian Lavender as pike and James Beck as Private Walker (Photo: Daily Mirror) 22. Private Den! In 2007 the stage show was revived, with adaptations of classic television scripts. The show ran for a year with ex-Eastender villain Leslie Grantham as Private Walker. 23. The Stage Show Down Under! Audiences could enjoy Dad's Army—The Musical in Australia and New Zealand in 2004 and 2005. If you’re itching for a look, you can find some clips on the series DVDs. 24. The Dad’s Army Appreciation Society Former cast members Bill Pertwee (Warden Hodges) and Frank Williams (the Vicar) set up the Appreciation Society in 1993. The Society helped set up the Dad’s Army Collection and its 1,700 members host a variety of events around the country proving that the show still has a strong fan base. 25. That theme tune! 30. One’s favourite show When Bill Pertwee, Captain Mainwaring’s nemesis Warden Hodges, collected his MBE in 2007 he let slip a royal secret... Her Majesty is apparently a Dad’s Army fan. The Queen Mother was also said to enjoy spending an evening watching the show - her VHS copies of the show can be seen in the Castle of Mey, her Scottish residence in Caithness. 31. Festive army Dad’s Army became a familiar sight in the festive schedules with specials in 1971, 1975 and 1976. But yuletide recognition was some time coming: in 1968, 1969, 1970 and then again in 1972 the show only featured in short specials as part of the BBC’s Christmas Night with the Stars. 32. ‘You stupid boy!’	Stupid Boy
In which American cop series did the hero keep a cockatoo called Fred	List of Characters \| Dad's Army Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Edit Mainwaring (pronounced Man-er-ing) was played by Arthur Lowe . He was the pompous - if essentially brave and unerringly patriotic - local bank manager. In the series pilot Mainwaring appointed himself leader of his town's contingent of Local Defence Volunteers. Of the platoon , he and Joe Walker were the only adult members with no prior combat experience, and, therefore, had no medals - a fact which sometimes caused tension with the other members of the Home Guard . He did, however, serve in France, "during the whole of 1919—somebody had to clear up the mess." Although an ensemble piece, the series focused particularly upon Mainwaring, who has invested all his efforts into the platoon as a way of escaping from an unhappy marriage to Elizabeth, daughter of a Bishop, and a stalled career at the bank. Edit Wilson, played by John Le Mesurier , was a diffident, upper-class bank clerk, Wilson was nonetheless Mainwaring's inferior in the bank and on parade; his suave, understated social superiority, public school education and handsome looks led to a certain amount of jealousy on Mainwaring's part. During World War 1 he fought in the Royal Artillery at Mons, Gallipoli and the Somme. In the last episode he revealed that he had been a Captain. Edit Jones was the oldest member of the platoon (born 1870), but was played by Clive Dunn , a younger actor. Jones was an old campaigner who had participated, as a boy soldier, in the campaign of Kitchener of Khartoum in the Sudan between 1896 and 1898, and also fought in World War 1. By 1940 he worked as the town butcher, which occasionally enabled him to supplement his superiors' meaty ration. Jones was leader of the platoon's first section. He has a story for every occasion, and will never hesitate in telling it, regardless of how long-winded or irrelevant it is. Despite being the oldest member of the platoon, Jones demonstrates an almost boyish enthusiasm for combat and is the first to volunteer for anything, no matter how ill-advised that may be. In Battle of the Giants we learn Jones caught malaria whilst serving in Africa, he got over the main illness but sometimes (though not often) he gets malarial chills, he tells Mainwaring not to worry because he says "I've been getting these chills for 40 years". Jack Craig was David Croft's original first choice for the role, and David Jason, who later excelled at playing characters such as Blanco in "Porridge", was also linked to the role. Edit Walker was played by James Beck in the television series and seven episodes of the radio series, Graham Stark for five radio episodes with Larry Martyn for the remainder of the radio series. A Black Market "spiv"", Walker was the only fit, able-bodied man of military age in Walmington-on-Sea's home guard. His absence from the regular armed forces was due to a corned beef allergy, although it was implied that Walker had probably found a way to play the system. Mainwaring often turned a blind eye to his profiteering as he could sometimes supply the platoon (and Mainwaring) with useful items. On more than one occasion, Walker's willingness to use underhand tactics allowed Mainwaring's platoon to triumph over rivals in the Home Guard, Army and ARP. He was disciplined several times by Captain Mainwaring for making jokes at inappropriate times. Though Beck was the second youngest regular cast member, he was the first to die. As a result, Walker was written out of the series after series 6. Edit The youngest platoon member - played by Ian Lavender - Pike, a cosseted mother's boy and often the target of Mainwaring's derision ("You stupid boy!"), was a junior bank clerk. He called Wilson "Uncle Arthur", and although never explicitly stated, it was often implied that Wilson and Pike's mother were having a relationship. It was also occasionally suggested that Wilson was Pike's father (although the writers only acknowledged this in interviews after the programme ended). He frequently threatens to set his mother on Mainwaring whenever he is shouted at or forced to do anything he doesn't want to do. He has the lowest position at Swallow bank, subordinate to both Wilson and Mainwaring. Edit Frazer was played by John Laurie . The character was a dour Scottish coffin maker and a Chief Petty Officer in the Royal Navy who fought at the Battle of Jutland although his main duty was cooking), Frazer was tight with money, had wild staring eyes, and was known for issuing regular pronouncements of doom. In the early episodes Frazer was the keeper of a philately shop, but by series four the writers had decided that he should become the local undertaker, in keeping with his gloomy nature. Openly eager for more power within the platoon, he sometimes led rebellions against Manwaring and was the only member of the platoon to be portrayed as a villain in episodes such as " A Soldier's Farewell " & " The Two and a Half Feathers ", though for the most part he was loyal and well-intentioned. Edit Played by Arnold Ridley , Godfrey, whilst not as old as Jones, was certainly the most frail member of the platoon, and as such was the platoon's medical orderly. He had served in World War One as a conscientious-objecting stretcher bearer, winning the Military Medal before becoming a tailor at the Army & Navel Stores. Godfrey was an amiable, vague, lifelong bachelor who lived with his sisters in an idyllic cottage, and was a martyr to his weak bladder, leading to many requests to be "excused". He was very loyal to Captain Mainwaring, except on one occasion when he took part in a plot to make Mainwaring's feet hurt. Non-platoon characters Edit The Vicar ( Frank Williams ) was the vicar of St. Aldhelm’s Church. To help the war effort, he shares his church hall and office with Mainwaring's platoon, much to his dismay because he never gets to use it when he needs it. Edit Mr. Maurice Yeatman ( Edward Sinclair ) was the local verger and head of the Seas Scouts group. Yeatman was often hostile to the platoon. Labelled a "troublemaker" by Jones, he is ridiculously loyal to the vicar, and his good friend Mr. Hodges. Other Platoon members Edit In addition to the seven featured players, the platoon also included a "back row" of anonymous extras, who filled the platoon up to size while on parade or display. The extras did not speak, but there were a handful of platoon members who had a secondary but significant role:- Edit Private Thomas Bracewell ( John Ringham ) was an upper-class buffoon who was set to be a major character in the series. Due to the overwhelming number of major characters that were introduced, it was decided that he was to be dropped. He only appears in first episode of the programme, and was mentioned in the second episode. Ringham also appeared in 2 episodes as Captain Bailey. Edit Private Cheeseman ( Talfryn Thomas ) - originally a Welsh journalist who appeared in one episode in series six, after the death of James Beck he joined the platoon for series seven. David Croft writes that the character was "irritating without being funny", although it is also reported that John Laurie (Frazer), the show's resident Scot, was strongly against the character. The writers decided that Cheeseman should not return for series eight and nine. A character called Charlie Cheeseman (played by Jimmy Perry ) appeared in the sixth episode, but he was unrelated. Edit Private George 'Nobby' Clarke ( John Cater ) - joined the platoon briefly when he tried to dig up dirt about Jones' history in the Sudan. He was revealed to have had an affair with his commanding officer's wife, and when this was revealed in Jones' retelling of events, he fled Walmington never to return. Other members of the platoon mentioned by name throughout the series are: Agnew; Bailey; Cullen-Jones; Day; Desmond; Elgood; Hancock; Hardcastle; Hastings; Hope; Locke; Lovekin; Macey; Meadows; Wiper; Woods. Recurring characters Edit Mrs. Yeatman ( Olive Mercer ) (series 5,8) - Beryl Yeatman was the Verger's wife, referred to in one episode by her husband as Tracey. She ran the women's keep fit club, and captained the womens' netball team. In Everybody's Trucking , it was revealed she was having an affair with Mr. Blewitt. Edit Sidney Blewett ( Harold Bennett ) (series 3-9) - Mr Blewett was an elderly gentleman who recurred in a variety of roles, but always under the same name. During the series, he was seen as a photographer and the vicar's gardener, but often as a passer-by who became involved in the platoon's escapades. Edit Mrs. Marcia Fox ( Pamela Cundell ) (series 2-9) - Corporal Jones's lady friend and finally wife. Described as a "flashy woman" by Captain Mainwaring, her first name in the episode " Mum's Army " is revealed as Marcia, although this changes to "Mildred" by the final episode. However, she is mostly referred to as Mrs. Fox. In the early episodes she mentions her husband, but by series four she is a widow and is seen about with several men of the town in addition to Jones. In one episode, " The Godiva Affair " , Jones fears he has lost her affections to Mr. Gordon, and, in " Everybody's Trucking ", Mrs Yeatman's discovery of the verger out for a spin on a motor-cycle with Mrs Fox provokes the revelation of her own liaison with Mr Blewitt. When, at Jones's prompting, Mainwaring raises the question of her apparently split affections between Jones and Gordon, Mrs Fox misunderstands his purpose and, to Mainwaring's horror, thinks that he is propositioning her himself. Edit The Mayor of Walmington ( Fred McNaughton ) - Walmington's highest public official. His appearances usually involve playing the straight man to his excitable Town Clerk. Once when watching a 'keep-fit' display, he responds to Mr Gordon's remark of "that's very nice" with a straight-laced "Yes, if you like that sort of thing". He also takes part, in full ceremonial dress, in a thrilling train-chase in the episode " The Royal Train ". There are allusions to a habit of making long-winded speeches. Edit Shirley ( Wendy Richard ) (series 4-6) - Walker's recurring girlfriend appeared in 4 episodes, Shirley (although she is referred to as Edith Parish in " Mum's Army " and is credited the name of Edith Parish in her first appearance in the series 4 episode " The Two and a Half Feathers "), is a cinema usherette and was played up to be a bit of a 'tart'. In particular, she annoys Mainwaring by suggesting that he fancies her. Edit Dolly Godfrey ( Amy Dalby , later Joan Cooper ) Private Godfrey's younger sister. Renowned for the quality of her upside-down cakes & cucumber sandwiches. Like Mrs Mainwaring she rarely appears, but is constantly referred to by her brother. Joan Cooper, Arthur Lowe's real-life wife, also played Dolly in the stage adaptation of Dad's Army. Edit Cissy Godfrey Private Godfrey's other sister appeared in one episode of series 2 and 3 episodes of series 3 (1969), played by Nan Braunton . Braunton reprised the role in two episodes of the radio series, in which Cissy was Private Godfrey's only sister. The role of Cissy was later taken over by Kathleen Saintsbury in an episode of the eighth television series, and by Joan Cooper (who had previously played Dolly Godfrey in the television series) in an episode of the third radio series. Edit Colonel Pritchard ( Robert Raglan ) (series 3-9) - The superior officer from whom Captain Mainwaring most frequently received his orders. A stern, serious man, he unexpectedly appeared to admire Mainwaring, frequently commenting on his successes and warning people not to underestimate him. Raglan also played Captain Square's sergeant in one episode. Edit Captain Square ( Geoffrey Lumsden ) (all series) - commander of the Eastgate platoon of the Home Guard and rival of Captain Mainwaring. In early episodes he was "Corporal-Colonel Square", being a Corporal in the Home Guard and a former Colonel in the Army. In episode three, he almost replaces Mainwaring due to having weapons, but these turn out to be very out-of-date. In " A Brush with the Law ", Square is seen in his other capacity as a magistrate and almost has the chance to send Mainwaring to prison. Edit Captain Stewart ( Michael Knowles ) - A smarmy officer from the War Office who informs Mainwaring that his platoon have been picked for 'special duties' (which in fact means digging latrines and peeling potatoes). One of several similar characters portrayed in the series by Michael Knowles. Edit Captain Ramsey ( Fulton Mackey ) - A harsh but fair Scottish officer who runs a training course to test Home Guard units and assess whether they are 12-star material. His attempts to make the weekend a serious test of the men are frustrated (largely by the idiocy of Lance-Corporal Jones and a stray consignment of onions) and he quickly becomes exasperated. Ramsey's favourite catchphrase appears to be "you haven't done very well", which is quickly amended when Mainwaring and his men pull off "the best bit of initiative I've seen in this whole war" for which he awards them the coveted 12-stars. Fulton MacKay's character seemed to have come straight out of his Mr Mackey personae in Porridge (Fulton Mackay also appeared as a doctor in the episode " The Miser's Hoard " Edit U-Boat Captain ( Philip Madoc ) - Commander of the crew of a captured U-Boat , brings Mainwaring face to face with the Nazi enemy in " The Deadly Attachment ". A supercilious brute who is making a list of Britons who offend him to be brought to account "when we have won the war" which unsurprisingly get Mainwaring's gander up. He is also cunning, as when he tricks his captors by feigning illness. He presents Mainwaring with one of the platoon's most dangerous and deadly situations in the entire war, when he takes the entire platoon prisoner and plans to take them back to France with him, only to be foiled in the nick of time. Edit General Monteverdi ( Edward Evans ) -The senior Italian officer in a POW camp who tries to defend the scruffiness and general laziness of the Italian detainees. Serving in North Africa he was captured, apparently, because he refused to fight against the English. Mainwaring clearly does not think much of him. It is revealed that Monteverdi is complicit in Walker’s scheme to smuggle prisoners out at nights to work for him. Edit Mrs. Prentice ( Brenda Cowling ) - An old friend of Godfrey, now in possession of her late husband's farm which needs harvesting. Mainwaring volunteers the platoon's services. In gratitude she organises supper and potato wine for the platoon which leads to some high spirits. A widow, having spurned him to marry a farmer, Godfrey hints at a more intimate moment when he tells her he hasn't touched potato wine "since that night". Edit Captain Rodrigues ( Alan Tilvern ) - A Spanish Civil War veteran who is only interested in 'killing Nazis'. He dislikes the platoon of 'amateurs' and thinks Mainwaring should go back to running a bank. He is portrayed as a vicious, unpleasant character. He appears closer to a bandit than a Captain in the British army. Edit Violet Gibbons ( Sally Douglas ) - An ATS girl to whom Pike is briefly engaged, much to Mainwaring's disapproval. She had previously worked at Woolworths, a Fish and Chip Shop and for a while dated Private Walker. She appears at the platoon dance, where Pike announces their engagement. Looking bored and chewing gum she does not entirely appear to return Pike's unquestioning adoration and, much to everyone's relief, the engagement is quickly broken off. Edit E.C. Egan ( Fred Trueman )- A professional fast-bowler recruited by Hodges as an ARP Warden in an underhand attempt to win the friendly cricket match between the Wardens and the Home Guard. Egan reckons he can skittle Mainwaring's men out in about four overs. However he badly injures his shoulder after his first delivery and has to leave the field. In his absence, the Home Guard go on to win the match due to Hodges declaring early. In reality, Trueman played many matches for England. Edit Patrick Regan ( J.G. Devlin ) - A suspected member of the Irish Republican Army, the platoon are ordered to arrest him, but only a few are available. Trouble comes when his 'associates' come looking for him, leading to a brawl. Fortunately Wilson proves to be handy with his fists. Edit Police Constable Arthur English - a Walmington police constable deputed to arrest Regan. He came alone, as the rest of his station were busy playing a darts match with the Free French. He warns that Regan may be an "ugly customer", but Mainwaring ignores his advice. Edit General Menzies ( Campbell Singer ) - Local commander. Visiting the platoon while Fraser is in temporary command in the episode If the Cap Fits... he mistakes him for Mainwaring. He invites his fellow Scot to a dress dinner to pipe in the haggis. Fraser hopes this will embarrass the English Mainwaring, but to everyone's shock Mainwaring had learned the bagpipes on his honeymoon, foiling Fraser's scheme. Edit Mr Palethorpe ( Jack Haig )- Landlord of the Six Bells just outside Walmington. When the platoon, dressed as Nazis for the production of a film, enter the bar and demand to be served he is convinced the balloon has gone up and triggers an invasion alert.	i don't know
The name of which Greek god is used to describe a handsome man	Urban Dictionary: Adonis Adonis A guy otherwise known as esteran/esteban. Has the biggest donk you've ever seen.. with both eyes closed. But when they're opened it's only 180 degrees. He has bleached brown hair and a peace sign tattoo on his scrawny arm that is a circle that probably has a diameter of 3 inches and nothing mire because if it was bigger it wouldn't fit in the dimmensions of his arm. Person: Woah that guy has a big donk and his name is esteban. Person #2: Yeah he's an Adonis.	Adonis
In Roman mythology how were Romulus and Remus related	Mythology in Words, Phrases, Expressions and Language. Achilles' Heel Meaning: A person's weak spot. Greek Myth: A hero of the Trojan War, Achilles was a Greek hero whose mother Thetis was a Nereid, or sea goddess. Since Achilles was destined to die young, Thetis dipped him into the river Styx, which would render him invincible. However, she had held him by the heel, thus leaving a vulnerable area. He would later die, as prophesized, by an arrow to his heel. Adonis Meaning: A handsome young man. Greek Myth:A product of incest, Adonis was a beautiful youth whom the goddess of love, Aphrodite, eventually fell in love with. Adonis was tragically killed by Aphrodites other lover Ares , diguised as a boar. Also used to indicate a beautiful male: Apollo (god of music and prophesy) Amazon Meaning: A strong, husky woman Greek Myth: From a race, as the Greeks described them, of warrior women. The word Amazon itself is Greek for "breastless", and it was widely believed Amazons severed a breast in order to shoot an arrow with greater ease.Yowch! Beware of Greeks Bearing Gifts... Meaning: Be weary of anyone offering something; they may have an ulterior motive. Greek Myth: Though it may have been Virgil in his masterpiece the Aeneid who immortalized this phrase ( Timeo Danaos et dona ferentes...—" I fear Greeks even bearing gifts"), it can initially be attributed to the Trojan Horse and the "gift" the goddess Athene gave Priam's barricaded city. The horse contained armed men who sacked Troy during the night. Caught Between Scylla & Charybdis Meaning: A difficult choice where either decision could end in disaster. More familiar as "Caught between a rock and a hard place" "between the devil and the deep blue sea". Greek Myth: The hero Odysseus spent nine years returning home after the Trojan War. Along his voyage by sea, he came upon Scylla and Charybdis. Scylla was an enormous sea monster with numerous hands and six dog heads sprouting from her body; she ate men alive. Charybdis was a tremendous whirlpool that digested ships whole. Since the only way to get home was to choose either route, Odysseus had to decide on one horror or the other. He chose Scylla, losing six crewmen to Scylla's hunger. Chaos/Chaotic Meaning: Disorderly, extreme confusion Greek Myth: According to the Latin poet Ovid, who relayed the the myths of Greece and Rome in his Metamorphoses, the gap which all the universe sprung from. Chaos represented the disorder before the gods; eventually, Chaos begot the beginning of it. Dionysiac Frenzy Meaning: A state, usually associated with alcohol, where one loses complete control. Greek Myth: Dionysius was the god of the vine and his followers, the Bacchae were women who would roam the woods in an uncontrollable, trance-like demeaner. Dog as Man's Best Friend or Faithful Companian Meaning: Self-explanatory Greek Myth: Many ancient cultures treated the dog as a scavanger. One classic example is the belief that any dissodent's body, such as Jezebel, should be "thrown to the dogs" after death. But one story overrides such belief of the dog: when Odysseus returned home in disguise, his faithful dog, who had patiently awaited his return though near death, managed to stay alive to see his master--and was practically the only one who recognized him. On its deathbed, it managed to look up at its master and wag its tail in appreciation. Now that's loyalty. Elysium Fields Meaning: Paradise Greek Myth: The Greeks did not believe in a heaven and hell per se; instead, their dead went to the realm of the god Hades. Elysium, also known as "Isle of the Blessed", was where the exceptional humans were sent; most mere mortals became mere "shades" upon their deaths. A few worthless beings ended their being in Tartarus, the closest equivalent to hell in Greek mythology. The Face That Launched A Thousand Ships Meaning: Any one person causing disaster, especially war. Greek Myth: This is a direct reference to Helen of Troy, the most beautiful woman in the world. The abduction of her by the Trojan prince Paris caused Menelaus, her husband, to declare war on Troy. Because of prior alliances, eventually all of the Argives (Greeks) were involved; thus, Helen's beauty had "launched a thousand ships" into war. Fate Meaning: Evitable, predestined turn of events. Greek Myth: The Fates were three sisters: Lachesis (lot), Clotho (the spinner), and Atropos (not to be turned). Based on the Greek notion of the "thread of life", the Fates are representated as spinners. Lachesis allots each man a length of the thread of life, Clotho spins it, and Atropos severs it. No one — not even Zeus, ruler of the gods — could alter their decisions. Food of the Gods Meaning: Lucious, unbelievably delicious delicacies. Greek Myth: Nector and ambrosia were what the gods normally ate (they could, of course, eat almost anything, including humans). If a mortal were to eat the ambrosia (nector was the drink) he or she would be rendered immortal. Fury Meaning: Intense, uncontrollable anger. Greek Myth: The Furies were the "avengers", so to speak, of crimes. They would pursue anyone with bloodstained hands; they are particularly cruel to Orestes after the murder of Clytemnestra, his mother. Some scholars believe the Furies represent one's own tormented conscious. Giant/Titan Meaning: Large, massive beings Greek Myth: Giants were an enormous race whose existence began when Uranus, the first king of gods, was castrated by his son Cronus. Cronus was a Titan and the father of the gods; the Titans were therefore the "original" gods and actually aunts and uncles of them. Both Giants and Titans went to war with the gods, with the gods crushing both. Gordian Knots Meaning: An extremely perplexing puzzle or problem. Greek Myth: Legend mixes with mythology with this term. King Gordius of Phrygia tied the knot and it was destined that whomever could untie it revealed himself as the future lord of Asia. After many frustrating attempts to untie it, Alexander the Great finally sliced the knot with his sword, proving it would take brute force to eventually capture Asia. Thus, to cut the Gordian knot means to solve a puzzle in a powerful, decisive manner. Gorgon/Medusa Meaning: A severely ugly woman. Greek Myth: The Gorgons were three sisters who were so repulsive looking that their very gaze would turn a man to stone. Although they had apparently always been that way, there is a myth that one sister, Medusa, actually had been beautiful once; she was caught making love to the god Poseidon in the temple of Athena. Athena caught the lovers and immediately changed Medusa into a horrid Gorgon. To Harp Meaning: Incessantly bother. Greek Myth: Jason, in quest for the golden fleece, encounters King Phineus, who is continually tormented by Harpies. The Harpies are winged creatures whose origins might actually represent wind spirits. To King Phineus, the Harpies are grotesque women who constantly snatch his food and drink and will not let him be. Herculean Effort Meaning: A mighty try Greek Myth: Heracles, not Hercules (the Roman/Latin name), as you may know from the campy TV series, was the son of Zeus and a mortal woman. What the "action pack" show may not tell you is that Heracles was obligated to fulfill twelve tasks, called the Labors of Heracles. Any effort we nowadays may deem as tremendous can be attributed as "Herculean", or great, and is associated with the Labors. Hermaphrodite Meaning: Possessing both male and female genitalia. Greek Myth: Hermaphroditus was the son of Hermes and Aphrodite. The nymph Salmacis fell in love with him, but he rejected her. She entertwined her arms around him and held tight; the gods molded the two bodies together, never to part. Two sexes became one. Hot as Hades Meaning: Sweltering heat Greek Myth: As previously mentioned, Hades was the ruler of the underworld, and the Greeks did not have a concept of heaven or hell. However, it might be deduced that perhaps the real origin of this saying may be more appropriately changed to "hot as Tartarus", since that was the place in Hades's realm where punishment was dealt and would have been surely "hot". Hounds of Hell Meaning: Allegory for evil, or the pursuit by evil Greek Myth: Again, in reference to Hades's kingdom, Cerberus was a dog who guarded the entrance to the netherworld. There weren't really any "hounds", but Cerberus is often depicted with three—sometimes fifty—heads. A Judgement of Paris Meaning: Any difficult decision. Greek Myth: Paris, a Trojan prince, was given the impossible task of deciding which goddess--Athena, Aphrodite, or Hera—was the most beautiful. All three tried bribes, but Aphrodite's—the love of the most beautiful mortal woman in the world—was the most enticing. Of course, Paris (and Troy) gained the other goddesses' animosity, and the judgement of Paris proved fatal to his city. Leave No Stone Unturned Meaning: Search every minute detail Greek Myth: Eurystheus, the king responsible for Heracles's twelve labors, eventually goes after Heracles's sons following his death. He wants "no stone left unturned" in finding and killing them. Euripedes, better known for his masterpiece The Bacchae, wrote a play with this catch-phrase included in it. A Labyrinth Meaning: An elaborate maze Greek Myth: Queen Pasiphae gave birth to a horrible half-man, half-bull creature called the Minotaur. To conceal this monster, King Minos had the master craftsman Daedalus build the labyrinth. Because seven youths and seven maidens from Athens were sacraficed to this beast every year, the labyrinth was a series of perplexing hallways and corridors that no one could escape. Eventually Theseus (with the aid of Ariadne, whom he eventually dumped) did kill the Minotaur and escaped the labyrinth. Lesbian Meaning: A homosexual female Greek Myth: Again, this more based on legend than mythology. Inhabitants of the Greek island of Lesbos were Lesbians, and there was no sexual connotations attributed to them. Perhaps today's meaning refers to one of the famous Lesbians, Sappho, a poet whose works involve the deep, meaingful relationships between females. Midas Touch Meaning: A person who always is lucky is said to have the Midas touch. Greek Myth: Perhaps one of mythology's most famous tales is that of King Midas, who was granted the wish that everything he touched turned to gold. However, he soon realized that he could not eat, or drink, or even hug his daughter. Wisely, he rescinded his wish, and by immercing himself in the river Pactolus, lost the "golden touch". Modern-day Medea Meaning: A vengeful, often cruel, woman Greek Myth: Medea is a fascinating figure in mythology. Some see her as a tragic heroine dissed by a typical chauvenist pig male, others view her as an evil sorceress with a vengeful heart. Euripedes makes either case in his brilliant play Medea: After helping Argonauts acquire the Golden Fleece, she leaves her family (by killing her brother and scattering his limbs in the sea for her father) and marries Jason. Jason soon dumps her for a younger princess, claiming it is for the future of their two young sons. Medea, naturally, is furious. She murders her children and leaves a devastated Jason via a serpent-drawn chariot. Nemesis Meaning: An adversary, enemy, obstacle Greek Myth: The personification of retribution, Nemesis was a goddess sent to cause irritation and justification to those who deserved it. Odyssey Meaning: A adventure, journey Greek Myth: From the classical epic by Homer, the Odyssey. The hero Odysseus is returning from the Trojan War; it takes him nine long years. Along the way, he has a multitude of adventures—from the Lotus-Eaters to Cyclops. Oedipus (Electra) Complex Meaning: A son's (daughter's) attachment to his mother (her father). Greek Myth: Freud made this term almost a household phrase, but he was borrowing it from the tragic poet Sophocles and Sophocles's immortal play Oedipus Tyrannos. More commonly known as Oedipus Rex(again, the Latin), Oedipus (which means "swollen foot") was left to die as a baby after a horrific prophesy that he would kill his father and marry his mother. Well, you'll have to read the play for the particulars but suffice is to say it came true, hence Freud's interpretation. Electra, the "female Oedipus", was the daughter of Agamemnon. When her mother Clytemnestra murdered him, Electra swore vengence in Agamemnon's honor and her relentless obsession was ultimately the cause of Clytemnestra's death. Both Sophocles and Euripedes wrote plays that bear her name. Pandora's Box Meaning: To open a Pandora's box means to introduce yourself to trouble. Greek Myth: Zeus was disgusted with man and decided to inflict him with the worst trouble imaginable: the creation of woman. Hephaestus molded the woman from clay, and the goddesses bestowed gifts of charm and beauty to her. Zeus then gave her to Epimetheus (whose name means "afterthought") to marry, with a beautiful box (or jar) of evils as her dowry. Although told not to open it, she inevitably did, with only Hope flying out as salvage. Phobias Meaning: Fear Greek Myth: Phobos is the Greek word for fear, but originally Phobos was a son of Ares who was, indeed, the representation of fear, essentially in battles. He and his brother Deimos (panic) eventually became names of moons of Mars (the Roman version of Ares). Trojan Horse Meaning: Subversion or destruction from a seemingly serene person, people, or object, especially from the inside Greek Myth: The Trojan Horse was related by the Latin genius Virgil in the Aeneid. The Trojans were barricaded within their city walls while the Achaeans (Greeks) lay in wait outside. An enormous wooden horse is brought within the city; a gift from the gods, the Trojans believe, despite warnings from the princess Cassandra and the priest Laocoon. During the night, hidden soldiers from the horse's belly emerged and sacked the city. See also Greeks bearing gifts. Copyright © thehellenictimes. All Rights Reserved.	i don't know
After how many years does the mythical phoenix build it's funeral pyre and is then reborn	Phoenix \| Define Phoenix at Dictionary.com phoenix noun 1. (sometimes initial capital letter) a mythical bird of great beauty fabled to live 500 or 600 years in the Arabian wilderness, to burn itself on a funeral pyre, and to rise from its ashes in the freshness of youth and live through another cycle of years: often an emblem of immortality or of reborn idealism or hope. 2. genitive Phoenicis [fee-nahy-sis,, -nee-] /fiˈnaɪ sɪs,, -ˈni-/ (Show IPA). (initial capital letter) Astronomy. a southern constellation between Hydrus and Sculptor. 3. a person or thing of peerless beauty or excellence; paragon. 4. a person or thing that has become renewed or restored after suffering calamity or apparent annihilation. Origin of phoenix Medieval Latin 900 before 900; < Latin < Greek phoînix a mythical bird, purple-red color, Phoenician, date palm; replacing Middle English, Old English fēnix < Medieval Latin; Latin as above Phoenix Classical Mythology. the brother of Cadmus and Europa, and eponymous ancestor of the Phoenicians. a son of Amyntor and Cleobule who became the foster father of Achilles and who fought with the Greek forces in the Trojan War. 2. a city in and the capital of Arizona, in the central part. 3. Military. a 13-foot (4 meters), 989-pound (445 kg), U.S. Navy air-to-air missile with radar guidance and a range of over 120 nautical miles. Arizona a state in SW United States. 113,909 sq. mi. (295,025 sq. km). Capital: Phoenix. Abbreviation: AZ (for use with zip code), Ariz. Related forms [ar-uh-zoh-nee-uh n] /ˌær əˈzoʊ ni ən/ (Show IPA), adjective, noun Dictionary.com Unabridged Examples from the Web for phoenix Expand Sheriff Joe Arpaio Slammed in Federal Civil Rights Probe Report Terry Greene Sterling December 15, 2011 phoenix fully inhabits Freddie Quell, a disillusioned paint thinner-guzzling WWII Navy veteran prone to fits of rage. British Dictionary definitions for phoenix Expand noun 1. a legendary Arabian bird said to set fire to itself and rise anew from the ashes every 500 years 2. a person or thing of surpassing beauty or quality Word Origin Old English fenix, via Latin from Greek phoinix; identical in form with Greek Phoinix Phoenician, purple Phoenix1 noun (Latin genitive) Phoenices (ˈfiːnɪˌsiːz) 1. a constellation in the S hemisphere lying between Grus and Eridanus Phoenix2 noun 1. a city in central Arizona, capital city of the state, on the Salt River. Pop: 1 388 416 (2003 est) Arizona noun 1. a state of the southwestern US: consists of the Colorado plateau in the northeast, including the Grand Canyon, divided from desert in the southwest by mountains rising over 3750 m (12 500 ft). Capital: Phoenix. Pop: 5 580 811 (2003 est). Area: 293 750 sq km (113 417 sq miles) Abbreviation Ariz., (with zip code) AZ Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Word Origin and History for phoenix Expand n. Old English and Old French fenix, from Medieval Latin phenix, from Latin phoenix, from Greek phoinix, mythical bird of Arabia which flew to Egypt every 500 years to be reborn, also "the date" (fruit and tree), also "Phoenician," literally "purple-red," perhaps a foreign word (Egyptian has been suggested), or from phoinos "blood-red." Exact relation and order of the senses in Greek is unclear. Ðone wudu weardaþ wundrum fæger fugel feþrum se is fenix hatan ["Phoenix," c.900] Spelling assimilated to Greek 16c. (see ph ). Figurative sense of "that which rises from the ashes of what was destroyed" is attested from 1590s. The city in Arizona, U.S., so called because it was founded in 1867 on the site of an ancient Native American settlement. Arizona 1861, originally as the name of a breakaway Confederate region of southern New Mexico; organized roughly along modern lines as a U.S. territory in 1863. From Spanish Arizonac, probably from a local name among the O'odham (Piman) people meaning "having a little spring." Alternative theory is that it derives from Basque arizonak "good oaks." Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper Expand phoenix [(fee-niks)] A mythical bird that periodically burned itself to death and emerged from the ashes as a new phoenix. According to most stories, the rebirth of the phoenix happened every five hundred years. Only one phoenix lived at a time. Note: To “rise like a phoenix from the ashes” is to overcome a seemingly insurmountable setback. Phoenix [(fee-niks)] Capital city of Arizona . Arizona definition State in the southwestern United States bordered by Utah to the north, New Mexico to the east, Mexico to the south, and California and Nevada to the west. Its capital and largest city is Phoenix . Note: The Grand Canyon is in northwestern Arizona. The American Heritage® New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Expand operating system An operating system , built in BCPL on top of IBM MVT and later MVS by Cambridge University Computing Service from 1973 to 1995, which ran on the university central mainframe . All parts of the system were named after birds, including Eagle (the job scheduler, also the nearest pub), Pigeon (the mailer), GCAL (the text processor) and Wren (the command language), leading to Wren Libraries (a local pun). Phoenix was much used by chemists in daytime and by the rest of the university in the evenings, and was only abandoned in favour of Unix in 1995; it is one reason Cambridge made little contribution to Unix until then. Computing Service Phoenix closure memo (http://cam.ac.uk/cs/newsletter/1995/nl183/phoenix.html) (2003-12-05)	500 (disambiguation)
What was the sword of Damocles hanging from	Medieval Bestiary : Phoenix Rawlinson translation) Ovid [1st century CE] (The Metamorphoses, Book 15, 391-417): "... there is one, a bird, which renews itself, and reproduces from itself. The Assyrians call it the phoenix. It does not live on seeds and herbs, but on drops of incense, and the sap of the cardamom plant. When it has lived for five centuries, it then builds a nest for itself in the topmost branches of a swaying palm tree, using only its beak and talons. As soon as it has lined it with cassia bark, and smooth spikes of nard, cinnamon fragments and yellow myrrh, it settles on top, and ends its life among the perfumes. They say that, from the father's body, a young phoenix is reborn, destined to live the same number of years. When age has given it strength, and it can carry burdens, it lightens the branches of the tall palm of the heavy nest, and piously carries its own cradle, that was its father's tomb, and, reaching the city of Hyperion, the sun-god, through the clear air, lays it down in front of the sacred doors of Hyperion's temple." Lucan [1st century CE] (Pharsalia, book 6, verse 791-805): "Then copious poisons from the moon distils / Mixed with all monstrous things which Nature's pangs / Bring to untimely birth ... nor ashes fail / Snatched from an altar where the Phoenix died". Pliny the Elder [1st century CE] (Natural History, Book 10, 2): The phoenix, of which there is only one in the world, is the size of an eagle. It is gold around the neck, its body is purple, and its tail is blue with some rose-colored feathers. It has a feathered crest on its head. No one has ever seen the Phoenix feeding. In Arabia it is sacred to the sun god. It lives 540 years; when it is old it builds a nest from wild cinnamon and frankincense, fills the nest with scents, and lies down on it until it dies. From the bones and marrow of the dead phoenix there grows a sort of maggot, which grows into a bird the size of a chicken. This bird performs funeral rites for its predecessor, then carries the whole nest to the City of the Sun near Panchaia and places it on an alter there. Isidore of Seville [7th century CE] (Etymologies, Book 12, 7:22): The phoenix is a bird of Arabia, which gets its name from its purple (phoeniceus) color; or because it is singular and unique in the world and the Arabs call singular and unique phoenix. It lives for 500 years or more. When it sees that it has grown old it builds a pyre for itself from spices and twigs, and facing the rays of the rising sun ignites a fire and fans it with its wings, and rises again from its own ashes. Guillaume le Clerc [13th century CE] (Bestiaire): There is a bird named the phoenix, which dwells in India and is never found elsewhere. This bird is always alone and without companion, for its like cannot be found, and there is no other bird which resembles it in habits or appearance. At the end of five hundred years it feels that it has grown old, and loads itself with many rare and precious spices, and flies from the desert away to the city of Leopolis. There, by some sign or other, the coming of the bird is announced to a priest of that city, who causes fagots to be gathered and placed upon a beautiful altar, erected for the bird. And so, as I have said, the bird, laden with spices, comes to the altar, and smiting upon the hard stone with its beak, it causes the flame to leap forth and set fire to the wood and the spices. When the fire is burning brightly, the phoenix lays itself upon the altar and is burned to dust and ashes. Then comes the priest and finds the ashes piled up, and separating them softly he finds within a little worm, which gives forth an odor sweeter than that of roses or of any other flower. The next day and the next the priest comes again, and on the third day he finds that the worm has become a full-grown and full-fledged bird, which bows low before him and flies away, glad and joyous, nor returns again before five hundred years. (	i don't know
Which Scottish League football team is nicknamed the Borderers	Berwick Rangers News - Contact Us About Footymad Berwick Rangers, Berwick Rangers News, Berwick Rangers Match Reports, Berwick Rangers Player Squad, Berwick Rangers Results, Berwick Rangers Shielfield Park, Berwick Rangers Football Club. © 2004 - 2017 www.berwickrangers-mad.co.uk	Berwick Rangers F.C.
Which sport is played under Cartwright Rules	Berwick Rangers News - Contact Us About Footymad Berwick Rangers, Berwick Rangers News, Berwick Rangers Match Reports, Berwick Rangers Player Squad, Berwick Rangers Results, Berwick Rangers Shielfield Park, Berwick Rangers Football Club. © 2004 - 2017 www.berwickrangers-mad.co.uk	i don't know
How many hurdles are jumped in a men's 400 metres hurdle race	How high are the hurdles? How high are the hurdles? Hurdles \| 0 comments Hurdles should have 5 different heights that they can be set at. Each one of these heights is used for a different race or age group. The easiest way to explain the hurdle height is in inches (if you are from the United States). The hurdles can be adjusted anywhere from 42 inches down to 30 inches. When you change a setting on the hurdle it will adjust the height of the hurdle by 3 inches either up or down. As you go throughout your coaching career you may hear the hurdle heights described in other ways besides simply saying the height in inches. Many times you will hear the heights referred to using the terms Low (30 inches), Women’s (33 inches), Intermediate (36 inches), High School Highs (39 inches), and Open (42 inches). The low hurdle height is used for the women’s 300/400 meter hurdle race. In my area it is also occasionally used for the women’s 100 meter hurdle races for the junior varsity level. The women’s height is used for the 100 meter hurdles. Women run this height in high school all the way through to the Olympic level. The intermediate height is used for the men’s 300/400 hurdle races. They use this height from high school to the Olympic level. The high school highs are used for the boy’s 110 meter hurdle race at the high school level. The last height is the open height which is used for the men’s 110 meter hurdle races at the college and Olympic levels. Teaching your athletes these heights and terminology is very important. Doing so will allow you to get things set up a lot quicker. If you tell them to set the hurdles up at the intermediate height then they should know exactly where to set the hurdles up and which height to set them on. Having your athletes set the hurdles up allows them to get more work accomplished because multiple athletes can get them set up correctly faster than you can by yourself. Teaching your hurdlers this terminology is something that I try to do in the first week of hurdling and I recommend you do the same. Search for:	10
Which British surgeon is generally recognised as the founder of antiseptic surgery	Sprint Hurdles Sprint Hurdles Hurdling is, because of its technical and energy demands, an exciting and challenging event. The technical component of hurdling is clearly much greater than in sprinting, yet the concept of the hurdles race must be one of a sprint, with adjustment for each hurdle. The stride pattern for sprint hurdling is a 7 to 8 stride pattern to the first hurdle followed by a 3 stride pattern between the hurdles. Appropriate drills can be used to help develop the athlete's hurdling technique. Sprint Hurdling Technique The Start and Approach In sprint hurdling the first hurdle is only some seven or eight strides away so the athlete must come upright at the 3rd or 4th stride, much earlier than the sprinter. To enable this to happen the block spacings will have to be slightly altered. When using an eight stride approach the take-off foot is placed in the front block. Hurdle Clearance The athlete must attack the hurdle and aim to clear it, by approx. 17 to 18 cm, as quickly and efficiently as possible, raising their centre of gravity only a little more than in a normal sprint action. Leg Action The last stride of the approach to the first hurdle is shortened in order to allow the take-off leg to move rapidly under the hips. This ensures that a fast effective drive can be made across the hurdle. [1]. The take off distance is 1.98 metres to 2.29 metres (6½ to 7½ feet) from the hurdle. The body's centre of gravity is ahead of the foot on take off [1] Action of the leading leg: The knee must be picked up fast [1] The knee is driven at the hurdle [1] & [2] The lower part of the leg is left low and extends once the knee reaches the height of the barrier [1] & [2] The knee must be picked up in line with the vertical centre line of the body. There should be no tendency for the knee to be pulled across the body or for the lower leg to go out and round. The foot of the lead leg reaches its highest point some 15 to 30 centimetres (6 to 8 inches) in front of the hurdle rail. As the heel of the lead leg passes the barrier it must be pulled down and back to land under the body [3] & [4] There is no necessity for the lead leg to be straight over the top of the hurdle [3]. The leg straightens as it descends towards the ground [4] The foot of the lead leg grounds at 114 to 137 centimetres (3¾ to 4½ feet) beyond the hurdle. Action of the trailing leg: The trailing leg drives the body at the hurdle as the lead leg rises [1] The recovery of the trail leg must begin from well behind the body if the drive is to be completed The athlete should feel the trailing knee sweeping wide and flat over the hurdle [4]. As the leg crosses the hurdle, the foot must be cocked at the ankle so that the foot does not hit the barrier [4] After crossing the barrier, the knee continues to rise and comes round in front of the body [5] Many young athletes have a tendency to drop the trail leg off to the side after it has crossed the barrier. This has the effect of making the first stride short and pulling the athlete off balance. The trail leg must be pulled through high and fast so that the first stride is fast [5] & [6]. Arm Action As in sprinting, the arms act to balance the body and counter the rotations produced by the legs. The arm opposite to the lead leg actually leads the action into the hurdle and pushes/dives forwards as the lead leg rises [1]. The other arm should be taken back in a normal sprinting action. As the trail leg comes round the leading arm swings back and wide to counter the rotation of the trail leg [4]. Running Between Hurdles Three strides are used to cover the ground between the hurdles. To achieve this, the athlete has to modify his sprinting technique to make it fit the gap. A fast leg cadence and a shorter stride length is needed. The athlete may have to use a lower knee lift than in normal sprinting with an emphasis on leg speed. The correct range of movement and speed can be achieved by training over hurdles that are slightly closer together than normal. Key Hurdling Points The athlete is leaning towards the hurdle and driving the right knee at the hurdle. The leading arm is driven forward and up (ideally to forehead height). The athlete is leaning towards the hurdle and has now lifted the leading (right) foot to clear the hurdle. The leading (right) foot is now being pushed down to the track. The knee and foot of the trailing (left) leg are pointing out to the side (towards the camera) in order to clear the hurdle. The left knee is driven forward and up once the foot has cleared the hurdle and the toes of the left foot are dorsiflexed. The right leg is straight with the ball of the foot contacting with the track underneath the hip, the left arm is driven back, and the athlete is still leaning forward. The left knee is quickly pulled high into the stride away from the hurdle. The right leg remains straight, the hips stay high and the heel of the right foot does not touch the track allowing the athlete to sprint away from the hurdle. The ratio of the distances from the hurdle for the take off point and landing point is approx. 3:1. e.g. the athlete takes off 3 metres from the hurdle and lands 1 metre past the hurdle. Have a look at the Sprint Hurdles Photo Sequence of a young Colin Jackson and see if you can see the same key points. Safety Hurdling is dangerous on wet grass or any other slippery surface. It is also dangerous for children to run over hurdles in the opposite way to the correct running direction (i.e. with the feet of the hurdles on the far side). It is important to help the athletes in the learning situation, by using adapted equipment, lowering the hurdles and altering the distance between hurdles. Hurdles Touchdown Times The following facility will provide you with some checkpoint hurdle touchdown times that can be used when aiming for a particular time goal for 100m Hurdles for women, 110m Hurdles for men and 400m Hurdles for men and women. The calculations are based on the touch down down times of the top hurdlers at Olympic games . For a given finishing time the % of that time for each hurdle has been calculated and then averaged for a number of top hurdlers. Enter the target time, select the event, select gender and then click on the "Calculate" button. Target time	i don't know
Which very well known British TV actor's real name is David White	David Jason - Biography - IMDb David Jason Biography Showing all 601 items Jump to: Overview (3) \| Mini Bio (1) \| Spouse (1) \| Trivia (140) \| Personal Quotes (454) \| Salary (2) Overview (3) 5' 6" (1.68 m) Mini Bio (1) Sir David Jason was born in Edmonton, London, in 1940. He has become one of Britain's most famous and respected actors. He is a versatile actor who is most famously known for his role in Only Fools and Horses.... (1981) as Del Boy. He made his debut as DelBoy back in 1981 and was still playing the same role up to the Christmas special in 2002. His big break came in the 1967 children's comedy show Do Not Adjust Your Set (1967) starring alongside members of the Monty Python team: Terry Jones ; Eric Idle , and Michael Palin . Sadly, in 1990, he spent time away from work to nurse Myfanwy Talog , the Welsh actress who was his long time partner, before she died of cancer at the age of 49. He has come a long way from his days as an electrician and has won numerous awards for his work. He has managed to combine the comedy aspect of his career with rather more serious roles, such as that of Jack Frost in the highly-rated detective Series A Touch of Frost (1992) and has proved that he is a man of many talents. In the mid 1970s, he was convincingly made up as Blanco, an elderly prisoner, in episodes of Porridge (1974) with Ronnie Barker . He has also done voice work in children's TV. He has not really concentrated on films, although he was very impressive in the TV film, All the King's Men (1999) in 1999, playing Frank Beck, the Commander of the Sandringham Company who mysteriously disappeared whilst in action in The Great War campaign in Gallipoli in 1915. He lives in Buckinghamshire with his wife, Gill Hinchcliffe and their daughter, Sophie Mae, who was born in 2001. His hobbies are a little DIY and gardening. - IMDb Mini Biography By: Hasselbaink007 Spouse (1) ( 30 November 2005 - present) (1 child) Trivia (140) Younger brother of actor Arthur White , who appears in many episodes of A Touch of Frost (1992) with him. Became a father for the 1st time at age 61 when his partner Gill Hinchcliffe gave birth to their daughter Sophie Mae White on 26 February 2001. Worked as a self-employed electrician before becoming an actor, initially in the theatre and later moving to television. Did not find out until age 14 that he had a twin brother who had died at birth. He was considered for the role of Corporal Jones in the BBC series Dad's Army (1968), which eventually went to Clive Dunn . Received two awards at the British Television Awards. He got the awards for "Britain's Best Actor" and "Britain's Best Comedy Actor". After discovering that there was already a "David White" registered with Equity, he took the name "David Jason". It has long and popularly been rumoured that the name "Jason" came from his twin brother who had died in infancy. This is incorrect. His twin brother died without being named, and he chose "David Jason" as his stage name from his favourite book at school Jason and the Argonauts (1963). Knighted in the Queen Elizabeth II 's Birthday Honours. He collected the award from Queen Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace on 1 December 2005, having secretly married his long-term partner Gill Hinchcliffe at the Dorchester Hotel in London the day before. [2005] He was awarded an O.B.E. (Officer of the Order of British Empire) for his services to drama. Bob Monkhouse was enthusiastic about David Jason's comic potential and attempted to put together a pilot film for him called "Jason" in the late 1960s-early 1970s. A qualified dive master, he was taught to dive in the Cayman Islands. Appeared in juvenile court at the age of 14 for stealing lead. Ironically, in the Season 1 finale of Only Fools and Horses.... (1981), Del Boy steals three tons of lead, but for use as a fallout shelter. He then appeared in court when he was 18 for riding a motorbike without L-plates; he was fined 10 shillings. Has worked as a teaboy and a grease monkey in a garage. He lost his enthusiasm for being a mechanic when during Winter, the cold always found its way up his overalls while under a car; his parents were very disappointed. His first acting role was as a monkey in a primary school play at the age of 9, but his first lead role was in a Cromwellian play, Wayside War as a 17th Century Cavalier at the age of 14. He was forced to volunteer by the headmaster and wound up enjoying it. He then joined amateur theatre not long after and left it at the age of 25 - he joined just to pick up girls. The name of the acting troupe was "The Incognito Players", and he went on to be the most successful member; he was later asked to be a patron, which he accepted. Didn't watch television until the age of 13, when he saw the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II , she later knighted Jason. His family didn't hire a television until he was age 15, when ITV was first launched. Attended Northside Junior School and than Northside Secondary Modern. He left school at the age of 15 to pursue acting. Lots of his childhood clothes were hand-me-downs. Penned his autobiography, My Life in 2013. During World War II, a human arm landed on the roof of his childhood home; the family thought it was a chicken that would feed them for two meals. Started smoking at the age of 14. The first review of his work was "David White looked like a young James Cagney and played, though only 16, with the ease of a born actor". He still remembers it but thought it unlikely. Born five months after the outbreak of World War II, he spent his infancy in war-torn North London, and lived at 26 Lodge Lane, Finchley. He was delivered at North Middlesex County Hospital. His childhood home is now a car park. When he was 14, he worked as a grocery delivery boy at the local supermarket for almost no pay where he learned to ride a delivery bike. He always liked to ride a bike to work and home because it kept him at 8 stone and a 29 inch waist. Although mostly known as a comic actor, this was not so at the beginning of his career. While in amateur theatre, he appeared in a production of "The Glass Menagerie" by Tennessee Williams , and played one of Noah's sons, Ham ("the bad 'un"). A big fan of Ron Moody . Once played a raven on stage and prepared for the role by studying raven behavior at the Tower of London. In the Season 6 premiere episode of Only Fools and Horses.... (1981), Del Boy mentions how he once had a job at the Tower of London. Co-founded Topaz Productions in the late 1980s. A big fan of Ruth Madoc . His first experience of playing in the West End was as a pirate in a production of Peter Pan at the Strand; it was also his first experience of touring the country. Learned to dive at the age of 18. He went out with Phil Collins ' sister when they were still unknowns. The first rock concert Jason went to was Genesis with Collins on drums and Peter Gabriel on vocals at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, in 1974. He first appeared on television in a BBC pantomime, Mother Goose (1965) on Boxing Day. Although against illicit substances, he did smoke a joint for the first time when he was 40; it was his only one. Was given advice by Jon Pertwee when first starting his acting career. A mystic in the late 60s predicted he had a big future as an actor. Turned down for the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC) when he was 27. Has had a few brushes with death throughout his life, e.g. electrocution; drowning, etc. One of the top leading men on British television, despite his diminutive stature. Didn't do any televised drama until he was 26, when he had a recurring role on Crossroads (1964). Although the show has a bad reputation, he's defended it. After doing a guest spot, he was asked to become a regular but he declined because he didn't want to be tied down to playing just one character at this stage in his career. His first public appearance with his changed name was on May 24th, 1965. Quite timid as a boy. His family as a young man had Christmas chicken instead of turkey because it was cheaper. Worked as an electrician, which involved licking a finger and poking live circuitry to see how much of a shock you got. He considered a career as an electrician but then went to drama school at the age of 24. When acting dried up in the early years of his career, he went back to work as an electrician. Didn't get an agent until his mid-20s. Decided to make acting his career at the age of 20 after his first relationship went nowhere. He began professional acting at the age of 25. Once owned a treasured autograph of Spike Milligan . Later, Milligan wrote the Phantom Raspberry Blower of Old London Town for The Two Ronnies (1971), and Jason provided them (which he claims to be a master at). His first car was a second-hand Ford Zephyr six-saloon with crimped fins and shiny chrome wing mirrors. Changed his last name from White to Jason after there was already a David White in the acting profession. He at first tried David Whitehead but there was one of them too. He settled on Jason from Jason and the Argonauts, something he remembered from primary school. West Side Story is his favorite musical. Has a scar under his eye. Was told he had what it took to make it as a professional actor at the age of 22. A huge fan of The Goon Show, the first time he went to the theatre was to watch a recording of it. A big fan of Dylan Thomas . A big fan of The Prisoner (1967). A big fan of Buddy Holly . Had no formal education. Always likes to set money aside, but admits he's not very good with numbers so his accountants handle his finances - he treats them as friends. Once, while staying as a guest in Ronnie Barker's house, he got slightly drunk and couldn't sleep; he saw a door and assuming it led to a flat roof, decided to get some fresh air to help him sleep even though he couldn't see a thing beyond the door. He reconsidered after worrying about cutting his feet on any stones. The next morning he found the door led to nowhere but a 30ft drop to a disused mill wheel; Barker had a balcony built to prevent any more near tragedies. Still owns the credit board Phantom Raspberry Blower - David Jason from The Two Ronnies (1971). He's enormously proud of his contribution to "that little moment of comic history". Landed the part of Del Boy in Only Fools and Horses.... (1981) by making fun of director Ray Butt's Cockney accent with a pitch perfect imitation. During a horse riding lesson, the horse stepped on his foot, dislocating two of his toes; his injury was written into a play he was doing where the character had gout. Likes light and bitter beer. A driver used to take him and Ronnie Barker out looking for bric-a-brac. The more offbeat, the smaller it was, and the further away it was, the more Barker liked the shop. A friend of Darth Vader actor David Prowse since the beginning of his TV career. Richard Burton and Elizabeth Taylor were the biggest stars Jason ever worked with in his shortlived film career. Ronnie Barker's decision to retire at the age of 59 disappointed Jason but he respected his decision. He used to get poetry sent to him from Ronnie Barker . Barker was constantly playing with words and was very quick at composing verses. Ronnie Barker's nickname for Jason on Open All Hours (1973) was little feed. Jason claimed he was there to be Barker's stooge, and was frustrated when episodes ran long and his part had to be edited down just to feed Barker. Plays the trombone. For The Wind in the Willows (1984), Cosgrove Hall wanted Jason to play Ratty but he preferred Mr Toad. Everyone who had voiced Toad had made him unpleasant, but Jason made him into a lovable showoff. After Jason recorded an audition, he got the part. Has done two sex scenes in his career. Allergic to pollen. Got his big break in television at the age of 27 on Do Not Adjust Your Set (1967). Much of his early acting career involved physical comedy, but not much acting. He was afraid of becoming typecast as a comic actor. The first time he went abroad was to Switzerland for a skiing holiday in 1970. Became a big fan of the Bonzos after hearing "I'm the Urban Spaceman". A big fan of Laurel and Hardy. Began working in radio in 1970. Lost the part of Corporal Jones in Dad's Army (1968) (to his chagrin) when the original choice became available after his show was canceled by the BBC and was offered Corporal Jones as compensation. His first big West End role was in No Sex Please - We're British at the Strand in 1973, but his professional debut was in a Noël Coward production. He did No Sex Please - We're British for 18 months, six nights a week with two nights off for illness. After it was over, he was given a lighter and an engraved hollowed brick that he uses as a pen holder. Can do voices and impressions, including Tony Benn , Julian Clary and John Wayne . A big fan of Buster Keaton , he always tried to channel him whenever doing his own stunts. Wanted to work with Ronnie Barker years before Open All Hours (1973). He believed it profoundly affected the course of his life. He always considered him a mentor whenever they worked together. He never understood why Barker left ITV for the BBC because he wasn't in the know. He considered working with Barker on an entire series a dream outcome. The two became close friends. He claimed Barker was very wise and if he thought something was OK, that was good enough. Close friends with animator Brian Cosgrove , he's also a big fan of cartoons. Jason didn't know that Penfold from Danger Mouse (1981) was a hamster until a chagrined Cosgrove told him. Jason read for Dangermouse and Penfold, and Cosgrove almost named the character Supermouse. Of all the work he did with Cosgrove Hall, he considered The Wind in the Willows (1984) classic, successful and the most exciting. He loved the cast Cosgrove had managed to assemble, and said he was deeply dedicated to his craft. Has size 7 feet. Friend of the late Bob Monkhouse . They used to like winding each other up. Monkhouse wanted to do a silent movie with Jason but his workload kept him busy. They both hail from Weston-Super-Mare. A huge fan of Alistair Sim ever since he saw him in A Christmas Carol (1951). Jason considers Sim the definitive Scrooge. He kept some of Del Boy's shirts and sweaters after Only Fools and Horses.... (1981) was finished. It would have felt wrong to throw them away. When the pilot episode of Only Fools and Horses.... (1981) went through a chaotic production, including going through three directors at one point, Jason privately felt the BBC were trying to sabotage the show. Del Boy's core business in Only Fools and Horses.... (1981) is fly-pitching, although it was rarely seen. Jason loved doing the patter, the banter and the rhythm. He learned about fly-pitching from watching illegal street traders when he was living in London and doing theatre work. It was good research, and all his fly-pitching scenes were ad-libbed. While waiting to do some gliding, somebody spotted him, and that led to people with cameras and their kids and even their dogs posing beside the glider, while he was strapped in, embarrassed and frustrated with this unwanted attention. It put him off gliding. Nicholas Lyndhurst was also recognized but he just wore a baseball cap in public with the brim pulled down, and that worked for him. When they were recognized, people would yell lines at them from Only Fools and Horses.... (1981), particularly Lyndhurst. Once, he and Nicholas Lyndhurst brought a bag full of bangers into rehearsals on Only Fools and Horses.... (1981); they loaded stacked chairs with them and the cubicle doors in the toilets. When production assistant Tony Dow unstacked the chairs, they went off, making him afraid to touch them. Jason and Lyndhurst thought it funny until a cleaning lady tried to mop the gents and nearly died of fright. They never pulled that prank again. When he was first handed the script for the pilot episode of Only Fools and Horses.... (1981), Del Boy was the character that jumped out at him. He was expected to play Grandad but he had his heart set on Del, even though the show' creator and writer John Sullivan felt he was wrong for the part; Sullivan envisioned Del a winner, whereas Jason was known for playing life's losers. He could forget lines he knew the night before. Owns a house in the countryside to live but keeps a flat in London whenever he's working. The BBC weren't sure about casting him in the lead for Only Fools and Horses.... (1981) initially because he and Nicholas Lyndhurst looked nothing alike; John Sullivan disagreed. Del Boy needed to be shorter to remove any sense of physical intimidation between the brothers, and to imply the suspected illegitimacy of the Trotters. The famous scene from Only Fools and Horses.... (1981) where Del Boy fell through the open bar flap derived from John Sullivan watching the exact same thing happen to a man in a wine bar, except he grabbed onto the fixed part of the bar so he didn't fall right over. Sullivan thought it funny for the man's body language, trying to recover his cool. Sullivan wanted a slip, stumble and a tree like fall; Jason thought Del should go all the way over - start to go sideways, and than go over without looking in the direction of the fall, which Jason thought was the key to the scene. There was a hidden crash mat, but it was a hard shot to get because it was hard not to look where Jason was falling; Jason had done a number of falls in the theatre so that came in handy. Just as funny was Trigger's baffled reaction to Del's sudden disappearance. Jason gets people asking him about that fall all the time, and some never like to talk about anything else, but he's happy to be remembered for something so iconic. He only ever called in sick once during an episode of Only Fools and Horses.... (1981) for A Royal Flush. He lost his voice and needed three days to recover, putting it behind schedule. Did Only Fools and Horses.... (1981) and Open All Hours (1973) concurrently with occasional theatre work. In 1989, after the end of the sixth series of Only Fools and Horses.... (1981), he won a BAFTA award for Best Comedy Performance. He put the award on his mantelpiece, next to the one for Best Actor he had already. Always before a live studio recording of Only Fools and Horses.... (1981), he and Nicholas Lyndhurst used to go to the canteen and have the same meal, almost like a ritual or a superstition, because they used to get so nervous. Went on a tribute show to mark the BBC Television Centre's closing in 2012, as well as Ronnie Corbett , Miranda Hart and John Cleese . Filming on the fourth series of Only Fools and Horses.... (1981) began in February, 1984. Jason and Nicholas Lyndhurst were in makeup when a distraught Ray Butt came in to tell them Lennard Pearce had died over the weekend of a heart attack; his body at the foot of a flight of stairs. Jason and Lyndhurst were shocked and speechless and filming was canceled. Pearce had not been a well man, he was a heavy smoker even on the job. Pearce's funeral was several days later; a small and humble affair. Pearce didn't have much in the way of family; his landlady and her daughter were the closest people to him, but the cast mourned him like losing a family member. On November 24th, 1986 Only Fools and Horses.... (1981) was honored with a slot at the Royal Variety Performance, something that excited the whole crew; Jason, Nicholas Lyndhurst and John Sullivan thought about either re-doing a bit from an old script, or from the current one, A Royal Flush, which was filming on the Dorset Coast, that year's Christmas special. Sullivan opted for something new, a four-minute sketch Jason described as really neat. Del Boy, Rodney and Uncle Albert have a consignment of knock-off whiskey bottles, and mixed up meeting at a nightclub with the stage of the Theatre Royal, in the presence of Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother . Jason, Lyndhurst and Buster Merryfield rehearsed it to within an inch of their lives. It was a scene they didn't want to screw up. The tight schedule forced them to drive up from Dorset on the day of the show. There were so many acts at the Royal Variety Performance that the dressing rooms of the Theatre Royal couldn't house them. Watching the other acts from CCTV in their dressing room, they were the only ones doing something original, something that made them very nervous. They needn't have worried; the show was a success. At the end of the sketch, Del sees the Queen Mother and mistakes her for they're employer. When she waved back, Jason almost dried, because he was not expecting that. When they later met her, she said thank you; he was deeply touched, for five seconds when she said the exact same thing in the exact same tone to everyone else in the line. They then immediately went back to Dorset to finish A Royal Flush; they settled their adrenalin with bottles of whiskey and water, except for Merryfield who never drank. Because of the tight schedule, Jason didn't have the time to talk to his close friend, Bob Monkhouse , who was a guest at the Royal Variety Performance that night. Jason said it was a lovely interlude. Buster Merryfield used to get nervous during his early days on Only Fools and Horses.... (1981) and would often crash into the audience (deliver his lines without waiting for the laughter to die down), meaning his scenes had to be re-recorded. He would also dry up and lose his words and it got to him. Jason and Nicholas Lyndhurst used to sit him down for a talk when he worried he wouldn't last. If they ever made mistakes in the middle of a recording, they would blame someone and make it into a joke. If the audience felt the actors didn't care, they would relax and feel part of the joke. After that, Merryfield cracked his problem, relaxed into the show and the new partnership and became the lovable Uncle Albert. Before the start of the sixth series of Only Fools and Horses.... (1981), Jason was annoyed about something and went to see John Sullivan . Sullivan was writing terrific scripts that were too long and had to be edited down to 30 minutes. Jason felt they were cutting more funny material than most sitcoms manage in a full episode. One edit that had particularly vexed Jason was during the Series 5 episode Tea For Three. After Del Boy returned from a disastrous hang-gliding session, he originally had a speech Jason described as "beautifully constructed, full of suppressed rage" about all of the places Del had visited. Jason considered it a comic masterpiece, but because the episode had overrun, half the speech got cut. Sullivan agreed with Jason that the episodes needed to be longer. Jason and Sullivan approached Gareth Gwenlan while he was producing Series 6 with the plan to extend the episodes from 30 to 50 minutes. Gwenlan didn't think that was possible since sitcoms were traditionally 30 minutes in length, and couldn't sustain a longer running time. Jason said that would be true of an average writer, but not one of Sullivan's caliber. And yet they still keep cutting great material. Gwenlan than okayed the idea. Close friends with his Only Fools and Horses.... (1981) co-star Nicholas Lyndhurst . He liked to call Lyndhurst Nick. They struck up an instant rapport in a motor-home while waiting to film any location shoots, and would mess about at every opportunity. They used to play pranks on the set, e.g. pretending to have fallen out to worry the crew, or nailing Lennard Pearce's shoes to the floor or turning his costume inside out. Although Pearce mostly saw the funny side of things, that day he refused to work until director Ray Butt talked him around and Jason and Lyndhurst apologized. Jason claimed it was the only time Pearce lost perspective. Yorkshire Television wanted Jason to play Pop Larkin in The Darling Buds of May (1991). He admitted he was amazed the show went on to be a national, award-winning success. He had never read the book so went away and did so before accepting the part; he pronounced it a charming read, as well as lovely, but not much happened and didn't go anywhere. But the characters were strong, especially Pop Larkin, and he would be fun to play. Jason's condition was to shoot the series on film, because he didn't want it to be a studio production. At least on film, it would look good and have some quality about it, even if nothing happened. Owns two two-seater sports cars. Ronnie Barker and John Sullivan attended his 50th birthday party; they parked their cars in neighboring drives and roads so as not to spoil the surprise. On the birthday cake in icing was the scene from Only Fools and Horses.... (1981) where Del Boy and Rodney end up with blowup dolls. Jason's wife thought it in poor taste and Jason saw her point, but he considered the baker an artist with the marzipan. Barker delivered a speech at the party, and Jason said it was a lovely, high-spirited evening, and the nicest of surprises, but he wasn't surprised though, because all the lights were off when he came home - something his wife never did. In 2011, Catherine Zeta-Jones , his co-star from The Darling Buds of May (1991) invited him to a rented house in Richmond to have Sunday lunch with her and her husband Michael Douglas . It was the first time Jason had seen Jones since she had wed Douglas; they had rented a magnificent property and Douglas was in the pool playing with their sons. Douglas thanked Jason for being generous with Jones and looking after her on the set of the series. Jason was pleased he thought so. On The Darling Buds of May (1991), there was a famous scene where Jason shared a bath with Pam Ferris while eating supper. Jason thought about turning up to the set in a frog mask and flippers but couldn't go through with it. Jason and Ferris both wore swimming costumes and the water was colored up to protect their modesty's. Jason considered that scene their icebreaker. When Jason was cast as Detective Inspector Jack Frost, the character had to be cleaned up from the books, where Frost was a chain smoker, but Jason recently gave up smoking. He used to smoke four or five cigarettes a day, or in the evening with a drink, and didn't want to start again, and smoking was taboo on TV in 1992. In the early days of The Darling Buds of May (1991), Catherine Zeta-Jones was very nervous due to her lack of experience with television. Jason used to advise her to keep her eyes still while doing dialogue in closeup, something he used to do. All location shoots for The Darling Buds of May (1991) were done in and around Kent in glorious Summer weather. The house had an outhouse and a Tudor barn attached. The interiors were done in the studio in Yorkshire. Jason felt the genius of the show was blending footage from two different sources. Jason grew a mustache for the role of Detective Inspector Jack Frost; it was his idea as he imagined Frost grew one in his youth to give himself a few extra years and more maturity. He lost the mustache between series to play other parts and than needed four weeks to grow it back as well as stop shaving at the right time ahead of shooting. Sometimes Jason missed the mark and had to help it along with a bit of "coloring-in", but it was always ready for filming. Jason put on weight when playing Pop Larkin in The Darling Buds of May (1991). It was because of all the food in the show; bread and ham, cheese, pickled onions, roast dinners, chocolate, etc. It was meant to show the Larkin family's generous spirit and carefree love of life. There were also fried breakfasts cooked fresh on the set on a little stove. One day on the set, the shooting schedule meant Jason sat down to breakfast five times, which meant it was piled with bacon and eggs. Jason asked if he could skip the fry-ups, so they switched to kippers, which was just as bad. The extra weight he put on meant he couldn't wear a dinner jacket to that year's BAFTA's that fit the year before. He had to go on a few months of dieting to regain his former, "sylph-like" weight. A Touch of Frost (1992) also had a tough food regime that was hard on Jason's stomach, because Frost wasn't a healthy eater, e.g. bacon sandwiches, chips, fry-ups, etc. People used to remark on it to Jason, that he was eating badly. On The Darling Buds of May (1991), Jason once smuggled a cucumber into a bed scene with Pam Ferris . She had to deliver most of the dialogue and even though she knew it was there, she did the scene perfectly. It was only after the cameras stopped rolling that she wanted to know what the corpsing Jason was up to. Ferris is known for being very professional. When Barry Gibb made a cameo in an episode of Only Fools and Horses.... (1981) set in Miami, he invited David Jason and Nicholas Lyndhurst into his house, gave them tea and showed them around. Gibb was a big fan of the show and used to get tapes of it sent to America. Jason was never asked if he wanted to pursue a personal project until the end of The Darling Buds of May (1991). He decided he wanted to play a detective, which culminated in A Touch of Frost (1992). Before he got the role, five books, all crime fictions in different areas by different authors were posted to him. Jason took them on holiday to Florida and read them over the next fortnight by the pool. Before Jason settled on Detective Inspector Jack Frost, he considered a Sherlock Holmes type detective because it was different from anything else he had done. Jason called from Florida saying he wanted Frost. Knows how to milk cows, which came in handy when playing farmer Pop Larkin in The Darling Buds of May (1991). Owns a house in Buckinghamshire. Neither Jason nor Tessa Peake-Jones were parents during the episode of Only Fools and Horses.... (1981) when Raquel gave birth to Damien, so to make the scene realistic, they took advice from midwives at the West Middlesex Hospital while filming the scene. John Sullivan and Gareth Gwenlan approached Jason in 2011 with Del Boy coming back at 65 and what had become of everyone from Only Fools and Horses.... (1981). But two weeks later, Gwenlan phoned Jason saying Sullivan was in intensive care with viral pneumonia. He seemed on the mend, and got to leave hospital and go home at one point, but he had a relapse and went back to hospital and died not long after. After the studio recording of Time on our Hands, the last episode of Only Fools and Horses.... (1981), the cast got a standing ovation longer than any Jason had heard; it just went on and on and on. Nicholas Lyndhurst , Buster Merryfield and all the "fantastic cast" were joined by John Sullivan and they had a group hug on he set, all of them in tears. Nicholas Lyndhurst couldn't attend Jason's after party for fifty people during his knighting ceremony in 2005 but John Sullivan did as well as Brian Cosgrove ; Jason took the opportunity to announce his second wedding, to rapturous applause and table thumping. When alone in a caravan on a film shoot for A Touch of Frost (1992), Jason turned it into a workshop, making models from plastic kits, or during the evening to relax. He liked to build ships and planes which than developed into rockets and than launchable rockets between two and five feet tall, with an engine and an explosive component that could fly between 500 and 900ft in the air; Jason liked the rockets best because you could get a performance out of them. Jason assembled them with tools packed in an old makeup case and from specialist parts from obscure sources across Yorkshire. Jason launched them for cast and crew at the back of Leeds Hospital for three years when they filmed in the mortuary; sometimes to great acclaim, sometimes not. Jason later built a launch pad from an old lighting stand and added a launcher with a key, lights and a 2-tone alarm. They were the campest thing you had ever seen in your life. The masterpiece was a Saturn V replica with one of the biggest engines so it was a complex build. It launched like the real thing by hovering above the pad and set off into the sky. Jason liked launching that one most, especially when they came back, which was never a sure thing, with a parachute that emerged from the nose cone. After constant use, it failed to launch at all, and was reluctantly retired. On The Royal Bodyguard (2011), the series had an armorer who looked after all the weaponry. He along with his platoon in Afghanistan watched The Jolly Boys Outing, an episode of Only Fools and Horses.... (1981) to cheer themselves up, and it did. Jason was staggered and moved. Filming A Touch of Frost (1992) meant spending a lot of time away from home, at the studios in Leeds or on location in Wetherby, Harrogate, Dewsbury and all local stations. Yorkshire Television made it easy on Jason by renting out a cottage rather than pay for a hotel, especially since Jason could cook for himself; he just wanted somewhere simple to go at the end of the day to clear his head. Yorkshire Television found Jason an old farmer's cottage without central heating, so he had to light a fire; on warm evenings he sat out in the garden which was always a pleasure. When asked did he get lonely, he said he didn't, because he enjoyed the quiet time. He also had his own driver, on call 24hrs a day, who collected Jason from Buckinghamshire for the 3hr drive to Yorkshire while he worked on his scripts, stopping along the way for a bacon and egg roll and a cup of tea ("a very Frost-like meal"). Jason lived in a spartan farm cottage while the cast stayed at a hotel. Jason liked the darkness of A Touch of Frost (1992) after the lightness of Only Fools and Horses.... (1981) and The Darling Buds of May (1991) because it showed audiences he could play both, but lightness became a part of Frost too. Didn't name his son David so things wouldn't get complicated around the house. Jason got a letter from someone saying they saw a house on the market identical to Toad Hall from The Wind in the Willows (1984); it was three miles from Jason's house. He went looking for it and found it. He said it was wonderful and seemed to go on forever, it even had a lake, fed by its own spring. It wasn't Toad Hall, but he could imagine living in it. It was twice the value of the house he owned then. He thought about it but had to pay full price when he lost a coin toss (despite his reputation as a wheeler-dealer). But just driving up to the house made him realize how much he wanted it. Behind the cottage where Jason lives is the River Taff and a grassy mountain where he can have a think about things. It has a wonderful view. Used to go to a hotel periodically for seminars to go through scripts, plot developments and story ideas for A Touch of Frost (1992). In September, 2008 a press release went out about Detective Inspector Jack Frost's retirement. Not because of lack of storylines or Jason losing interest in the character (he would have happily played him forever). The problem was Jason's age: at 68, Jack Frost was the oldest copper on the force. He would have retired ten years before or sooner, so he bowed out. When his daughter Sophie-Mae was born (named after the girl from The BFG, where Jason voiced the title character in the movie), he thought about doing what Del Boy did when Damien was born from Only Fools and Horses.... (1981) but didn't. Once, Jason went to Wimbledon and in the front row was Jack Nicholson . Jason expected all the attention to be on Nicholson, but he wound up getting more attention and the people around him told them to leave him alone. Jason suspected that because Nicholson was the bigger star was ironically the reason he didn't get all the attention, because they were more intimidated by him than the more approachable Jason. Filmed episodes of A Touch of Frost (1992) with Christmas Specials of Only Fools and Horses.... (1981) concurrently in 1996. Former PM Tony Blair sent a letter to Jason asking if he would like to become a knight bachelor. Jason suspected a prank, considering it may have been Brian Cosgrove who hired Jason to play Dangermouse, Count Duckula, Mr Toad and the BFG, but the offer was genuine. During the Gulf War, Jason met someone in a pub who worked at RAF Command Headquarters. He told Jason they race 3-wheel vans against each other, paint them yellow with Trotters Independent Traders down the sides of them, like the van from Only Fools and Horses.... (1981). Jason went down to have a look, but he didn't see a race. Jason, Nicholas Lyndhurst and Buster Merryfield all sent a Trotters van out to Kuwait. They slipped it into a Hercules plane among other stuff on a supply run and when it was unloaded the crew would find the van, filled up with chewing gum, toothpaste, cake and Danger Mouse (1981) and Count Duckula (1988) tapes from Brian Cosgrove with labels saying Debbie Does Dallas and Unzipperdedoodah and all sorts to amuse them. Jason didn't ask for any publicity because he didn't want anyone to think it was just for that, but a private joke between the RAF and the Trotters. The van was put in the hold and covered up with medical supplies and ammunition and flew to Kuwait, where it's discovery brought some light relief. Personal Quotes (454) I've been fascinated by deep sea diving since watching Jacques-Yves Cousteau 's TV programmes as a lad. Marriage is like throwing yourself into a river when you only wanted a drink of water. I've never ever 'felt my age', whatever that means. I think that there are a lot of people who feel 22 when in fact they're 62, and there are a lot of youngsters out there who behave as if they were four times their age. It's an attitude of mind, isn't it? I've done my fair share of waiting on tables in restaurants, cleaning cars, whatever. I was even an electrician at one time, and I've done my fair bit of decorating, too. But slowly my fortunes changed. It was a long time before TV wanted me - I would have had to commit murder to get a part on the box at one time. Perhaps being a character actor on radio was, in retrospect, the best training I could get. When you had just three and then four channels, I could always find something that was watchable because the standard of TV was much higher. In those days they had so much more money to put into so many less programmes. I feel sorry for ITV, who are finding it difficult because of the recession and lack of advertising and they're in a bit of a spiral. One thing follows the other, of course, and if you don't have advertising revenue, you can't put it into programmes, so you end up with the shows that will generate the most ads, like The X Factor (2004) and Britain's Got Talent (2007). Personally, I'm not sure if I like those shows, but other people do, so I suppose, from ITV's point of view, it's good programming. But I'm an actor and so of course I want to see TV companies making good dramas. I want that to be a priority. A show like the Only Fools and Horses.... (1981) Christmas special got 24 million viewers, so practically everyone in the country was watching. But of course it's a different world now, with so many channels. And those kind of figures are really difficult to achieve. It doesn't help that channels try to split the audience by putting their best shows head-to-head. Recently the BBC moved Strictly Come Dancing (2004) to compete with The X Factor (2004) which, quite rightly, annoyed a lot of people. Why play silly buggers with the audience, especially in the case of the BBC, who don't need to do it at all? In the end the motive is just plain power hunger and empire-building and it's unnecessary; it doesn't serve the audience. When I worked with Ronnie Barker , who was very well known himself at the time, I always remember him saying, 'You don't have to be a shit to be a big star, David.' I've always tried to remember that. When we did Only Fools and Horses.... (1981), it was a five-day week. You'd rehearse for four days and record on a Sunday, but it was much more laid back. The Royal Bodyguard (2011) has been extremely intensive. I think that's because today's budgets are so tight, not just at the BBC, but for everybody. It's been really hard work. [on missing out on the part of Corporal Jones in Dad's Army (1968)] Bill Cotton was having drinks with Clive Dunn and hired him. Co-writer/producer David Croft protested. But Cotton said, 'David Jason? Who's he? Clive Dunn has a much better reputation.' What a blow that was, I tell you. I was bitterly disappointed, but that's showbusiness. Everything I've done has been a pleasure, touch wood. I love my job. Ronnie Barker said to me, 'Aren't we lucky: being paid very well for making ourselves laugh?' John Sullivan 's scripts were always very funny, and cast and crew got on well. You can't convince an audience if you're not enjoying it yourself. The trouble now is we have stand-up comedians who have forgotten about innuendo. In music-hall days, and especially at the BBC, you were never allowed swearwords, so they came up with brilliant wheezes in Beyond Our Ken, The Goon Show and Round the Horne - 'Hello, I'm Jules and this is my friend Sandy'. Everyone knew what it was about and the audience filled in the gaps. Today they push down barriers. Take the 'f' word. It's become commonplace. Stephen Fry - I'm a great fan and think he's clever - puts up a good argument for using all swearwords as a rich part of our language. But he couldn't persuade me. Language has implications and it's offensive if it's meant to denigrate something or someone. Only Fools had nothing unpleasant, really. I shouldn't be telling you this, but when Del Boy calls Rodney a dipstick, BBC executives thought it was OK because, 'He's so tall and thin, how terribly funny,' so it slipped past. Had they known the cockney rhyming slang they might have taken it out. Comedy is a funny business, which you have to take seriously. It requires a lot of thought, energy and adrenaline, so when you return home you want to calm down, recharge your batteries and not be the life and soul of the party. I'm not perfect, though. Any woman who takes on someone in this business has a bit of a handful. People have high expectations. You enter a room and know they're thinking, 'He'll be funny,' and you go, 'Leave it out, love. I'm having a day off.' You then become a disappointment. The most important thing for me is that I can sit back and watch it with my ten-year-old daughter, Sophie, without thinking, 'Whoops, why did they say that? Oh blimey' - and then unable get to the 'off ' knob fast enough. I try to protect what she sees on television, but you can't. Take the adverts: I was watching SpongeBob, a favourite cartoon of ours, but suddenly a scent advert came on with this girl stripping off as she walks towards the camera. It's done for mums but they forget a lot of girls are watching these powerful images. There wasn't much on telly the other night so with Sophie and her friend we watched Laurel and Hardy, made in the 1930s, and these kids laughed like drains. That's humour - doing what funny people have done since comedy began without being edgy and pushing boundaries. [on amateur theatre] This was where I cut my teeth - the first stages of my acting journey. [on his first job center interview] The whole setup felt fantastically, bowel-liquidisingly intimidating to me. When asked what kind of thing do you have in mind for yourself, my answer was I don't know. Hell hath no fury like a man spurned and on a motorbike. [on needing stitches several times as a boy] I probably only needed to go one more time to qualify for my own set of needles. [on the late 1950s] A period I remember with great affection. My life seemed to be coming together in this period, or settling into a rhythm. [on failing his first audition] It was dead man walking - one of the longest walks I'll ever make. I felt about as foolish as I have ever felt. I was a person who rather liked his home comforts. Learning wasn't really my thing, and it was fairly clear from an early stage that I would be unlikely to be troubling the scorers at Oxford. Many of the world's leading film stars are shorties, mentioning no Tom Cruises. I was going to do the unsteady thing. I was going to become an actor. The real dream for me was acting. I felt time creeping on. I couldn't bear the idea of getting to 35 and not having given it a shot - and then maybe living with the regret and the sense of what if for the rest of my life. The self-taught among us have our own particularly strong strain of the common actors' virus - and somehow no amount of success and acclaim ever quite squeezes it out of you. [on his first audition] My tongue had taken on the thickness of a can of Spam.	David Jason
What does a barometer measure	David Jason - Biography - IMDb David Jason Biography Showing all 601 items Jump to: Overview (3) \| Mini Bio (1) \| Spouse (1) \| Trivia (140) \| Personal Quotes (454) \| Salary (2) Overview (3) 5' 6" (1.68 m) Mini Bio (1) Sir David Jason was born in Edmonton, London, in 1940. He has become one of Britain's most famous and respected actors. He is a versatile actor who is most famously known for his role in Only Fools and Horses.... (1981) as Del Boy. He made his debut as DelBoy back in 1981 and was still playing the same role up to the Christmas special in 2002. His big break came in the 1967 children's comedy show Do Not Adjust Your Set (1967) starring alongside members of the Monty Python team: Terry Jones ; Eric Idle , and Michael Palin . Sadly, in 1990, he spent time away from work to nurse Myfanwy Talog , the Welsh actress who was his long time partner, before she died of cancer at the age of 49. He has come a long way from his days as an electrician and has won numerous awards for his work. He has managed to combine the comedy aspect of his career with rather more serious roles, such as that of Jack Frost in the highly-rated detective Series A Touch of Frost (1992) and has proved that he is a man of many talents. In the mid 1970s, he was convincingly made up as Blanco, an elderly prisoner, in episodes of Porridge (1974) with Ronnie Barker . He has also done voice work in children's TV. He has not really concentrated on films, although he was very impressive in the TV film, All the King's Men (1999) in 1999, playing Frank Beck, the Commander of the Sandringham Company who mysteriously disappeared whilst in action in The Great War campaign in Gallipoli in 1915. He lives in Buckinghamshire with his wife, Gill Hinchcliffe and their daughter, Sophie Mae, who was born in 2001. His hobbies are a little DIY and gardening. - IMDb Mini Biography By: Hasselbaink007 Spouse (1) ( 30 November 2005 - present) (1 child) Trivia (140) Younger brother of actor Arthur White , who appears in many episodes of A Touch of Frost (1992) with him. Became a father for the 1st time at age 61 when his partner Gill Hinchcliffe gave birth to their daughter Sophie Mae White on 26 February 2001. Worked as a self-employed electrician before becoming an actor, initially in the theatre and later moving to television. Did not find out until age 14 that he had a twin brother who had died at birth. He was considered for the role of Corporal Jones in the BBC series Dad's Army (1968), which eventually went to Clive Dunn . Received two awards at the British Television Awards. He got the awards for "Britain's Best Actor" and "Britain's Best Comedy Actor". After discovering that there was already a "David White" registered with Equity, he took the name "David Jason". It has long and popularly been rumoured that the name "Jason" came from his twin brother who had died in infancy. This is incorrect. His twin brother died without being named, and he chose "David Jason" as his stage name from his favourite book at school Jason and the Argonauts (1963). Knighted in the Queen Elizabeth II 's Birthday Honours. He collected the award from Queen Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace on 1 December 2005, having secretly married his long-term partner Gill Hinchcliffe at the Dorchester Hotel in London the day before. [2005] He was awarded an O.B.E. (Officer of the Order of British Empire) for his services to drama. Bob Monkhouse was enthusiastic about David Jason's comic potential and attempted to put together a pilot film for him called "Jason" in the late 1960s-early 1970s. A qualified dive master, he was taught to dive in the Cayman Islands. Appeared in juvenile court at the age of 14 for stealing lead. Ironically, in the Season 1 finale of Only Fools and Horses.... (1981), Del Boy steals three tons of lead, but for use as a fallout shelter. He then appeared in court when he was 18 for riding a motorbike without L-plates; he was fined 10 shillings. Has worked as a teaboy and a grease monkey in a garage. He lost his enthusiasm for being a mechanic when during Winter, the cold always found its way up his overalls while under a car; his parents were very disappointed. His first acting role was as a monkey in a primary school play at the age of 9, but his first lead role was in a Cromwellian play, Wayside War as a 17th Century Cavalier at the age of 14. He was forced to volunteer by the headmaster and wound up enjoying it. He then joined amateur theatre not long after and left it at the age of 25 - he joined just to pick up girls. The name of the acting troupe was "The Incognito Players", and he went on to be the most successful member; he was later asked to be a patron, which he accepted. Didn't watch television until the age of 13, when he saw the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II , she later knighted Jason. His family didn't hire a television until he was age 15, when ITV was first launched. Attended Northside Junior School and than Northside Secondary Modern. He left school at the age of 15 to pursue acting. Lots of his childhood clothes were hand-me-downs. Penned his autobiography, My Life in 2013. During World War II, a human arm landed on the roof of his childhood home; the family thought it was a chicken that would feed them for two meals. Started smoking at the age of 14. The first review of his work was "David White looked like a young James Cagney and played, though only 16, with the ease of a born actor". He still remembers it but thought it unlikely. Born five months after the outbreak of World War II, he spent his infancy in war-torn North London, and lived at 26 Lodge Lane, Finchley. He was delivered at North Middlesex County Hospital. His childhood home is now a car park. When he was 14, he worked as a grocery delivery boy at the local supermarket for almost no pay where he learned to ride a delivery bike. He always liked to ride a bike to work and home because it kept him at 8 stone and a 29 inch waist. Although mostly known as a comic actor, this was not so at the beginning of his career. While in amateur theatre, he appeared in a production of "The Glass Menagerie" by Tennessee Williams , and played one of Noah's sons, Ham ("the bad 'un"). A big fan of Ron Moody . Once played a raven on stage and prepared for the role by studying raven behavior at the Tower of London. In the Season 6 premiere episode of Only Fools and Horses.... (1981), Del Boy mentions how he once had a job at the Tower of London. Co-founded Topaz Productions in the late 1980s. A big fan of Ruth Madoc . His first experience of playing in the West End was as a pirate in a production of Peter Pan at the Strand; it was also his first experience of touring the country. Learned to dive at the age of 18. He went out with Phil Collins ' sister when they were still unknowns. The first rock concert Jason went to was Genesis with Collins on drums and Peter Gabriel on vocals at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, in 1974. He first appeared on television in a BBC pantomime, Mother Goose (1965) on Boxing Day. Although against illicit substances, he did smoke a joint for the first time when he was 40; it was his only one. Was given advice by Jon Pertwee when first starting his acting career. A mystic in the late 60s predicted he had a big future as an actor. Turned down for the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC) when he was 27. Has had a few brushes with death throughout his life, e.g. electrocution; drowning, etc. One of the top leading men on British television, despite his diminutive stature. Didn't do any televised drama until he was 26, when he had a recurring role on Crossroads (1964). Although the show has a bad reputation, he's defended it. After doing a guest spot, he was asked to become a regular but he declined because he didn't want to be tied down to playing just one character at this stage in his career. His first public appearance with his changed name was on May 24th, 1965. Quite timid as a boy. His family as a young man had Christmas chicken instead of turkey because it was cheaper. Worked as an electrician, which involved licking a finger and poking live circuitry to see how much of a shock you got. He considered a career as an electrician but then went to drama school at the age of 24. When acting dried up in the early years of his career, he went back to work as an electrician. Didn't get an agent until his mid-20s. Decided to make acting his career at the age of 20 after his first relationship went nowhere. He began professional acting at the age of 25. Once owned a treasured autograph of Spike Milligan . Later, Milligan wrote the Phantom Raspberry Blower of Old London Town for The Two Ronnies (1971), and Jason provided them (which he claims to be a master at). His first car was a second-hand Ford Zephyr six-saloon with crimped fins and shiny chrome wing mirrors. Changed his last name from White to Jason after there was already a David White in the acting profession. He at first tried David Whitehead but there was one of them too. He settled on Jason from Jason and the Argonauts, something he remembered from primary school. West Side Story is his favorite musical. Has a scar under his eye. Was told he had what it took to make it as a professional actor at the age of 22. A huge fan of The Goon Show, the first time he went to the theatre was to watch a recording of it. A big fan of Dylan Thomas . A big fan of The Prisoner (1967). A big fan of Buddy Holly . Had no formal education. Always likes to set money aside, but admits he's not very good with numbers so his accountants handle his finances - he treats them as friends. Once, while staying as a guest in Ronnie Barker's house, he got slightly drunk and couldn't sleep; he saw a door and assuming it led to a flat roof, decided to get some fresh air to help him sleep even though he couldn't see a thing beyond the door. He reconsidered after worrying about cutting his feet on any stones. The next morning he found the door led to nowhere but a 30ft drop to a disused mill wheel; Barker had a balcony built to prevent any more near tragedies. Still owns the credit board Phantom Raspberry Blower - David Jason from The Two Ronnies (1971). He's enormously proud of his contribution to "that little moment of comic history". Landed the part of Del Boy in Only Fools and Horses.... (1981) by making fun of director Ray Butt's Cockney accent with a pitch perfect imitation. During a horse riding lesson, the horse stepped on his foot, dislocating two of his toes; his injury was written into a play he was doing where the character had gout. Likes light and bitter beer. A driver used to take him and Ronnie Barker out looking for bric-a-brac. The more offbeat, the smaller it was, and the further away it was, the more Barker liked the shop. A friend of Darth Vader actor David Prowse since the beginning of his TV career. Richard Burton and Elizabeth Taylor were the biggest stars Jason ever worked with in his shortlived film career. Ronnie Barker's decision to retire at the age of 59 disappointed Jason but he respected his decision. He used to get poetry sent to him from Ronnie Barker . Barker was constantly playing with words and was very quick at composing verses. Ronnie Barker's nickname for Jason on Open All Hours (1973) was little feed. Jason claimed he was there to be Barker's stooge, and was frustrated when episodes ran long and his part had to be edited down just to feed Barker. Plays the trombone. For The Wind in the Willows (1984), Cosgrove Hall wanted Jason to play Ratty but he preferred Mr Toad. Everyone who had voiced Toad had made him unpleasant, but Jason made him into a lovable showoff. After Jason recorded an audition, he got the part. Has done two sex scenes in his career. Allergic to pollen. Got his big break in television at the age of 27 on Do Not Adjust Your Set (1967). Much of his early acting career involved physical comedy, but not much acting. He was afraid of becoming typecast as a comic actor. The first time he went abroad was to Switzerland for a skiing holiday in 1970. Became a big fan of the Bonzos after hearing "I'm the Urban Spaceman". A big fan of Laurel and Hardy. Began working in radio in 1970. Lost the part of Corporal Jones in Dad's Army (1968) (to his chagrin) when the original choice became available after his show was canceled by the BBC and was offered Corporal Jones as compensation. His first big West End role was in No Sex Please - We're British at the Strand in 1973, but his professional debut was in a Noël Coward production. He did No Sex Please - We're British for 18 months, six nights a week with two nights off for illness. After it was over, he was given a lighter and an engraved hollowed brick that he uses as a pen holder. Can do voices and impressions, including Tony Benn , Julian Clary and John Wayne . A big fan of Buster Keaton , he always tried to channel him whenever doing his own stunts. Wanted to work with Ronnie Barker years before Open All Hours (1973). He believed it profoundly affected the course of his life. He always considered him a mentor whenever they worked together. He never understood why Barker left ITV for the BBC because he wasn't in the know. He considered working with Barker on an entire series a dream outcome. The two became close friends. He claimed Barker was very wise and if he thought something was OK, that was good enough. Close friends with animator Brian Cosgrove , he's also a big fan of cartoons. Jason didn't know that Penfold from Danger Mouse (1981) was a hamster until a chagrined Cosgrove told him. Jason read for Dangermouse and Penfold, and Cosgrove almost named the character Supermouse. Of all the work he did with Cosgrove Hall, he considered The Wind in the Willows (1984) classic, successful and the most exciting. He loved the cast Cosgrove had managed to assemble, and said he was deeply dedicated to his craft. Has size 7 feet. Friend of the late Bob Monkhouse . They used to like winding each other up. Monkhouse wanted to do a silent movie with Jason but his workload kept him busy. They both hail from Weston-Super-Mare. A huge fan of Alistair Sim ever since he saw him in A Christmas Carol (1951). Jason considers Sim the definitive Scrooge. He kept some of Del Boy's shirts and sweaters after Only Fools and Horses.... (1981) was finished. It would have felt wrong to throw them away. When the pilot episode of Only Fools and Horses.... (1981) went through a chaotic production, including going through three directors at one point, Jason privately felt the BBC were trying to sabotage the show. Del Boy's core business in Only Fools and Horses.... (1981) is fly-pitching, although it was rarely seen. Jason loved doing the patter, the banter and the rhythm. He learned about fly-pitching from watching illegal street traders when he was living in London and doing theatre work. It was good research, and all his fly-pitching scenes were ad-libbed. While waiting to do some gliding, somebody spotted him, and that led to people with cameras and their kids and even their dogs posing beside the glider, while he was strapped in, embarrassed and frustrated with this unwanted attention. It put him off gliding. Nicholas Lyndhurst was also recognized but he just wore a baseball cap in public with the brim pulled down, and that worked for him. When they were recognized, people would yell lines at them from Only Fools and Horses.... (1981), particularly Lyndhurst. Once, he and Nicholas Lyndhurst brought a bag full of bangers into rehearsals on Only Fools and Horses.... (1981); they loaded stacked chairs with them and the cubicle doors in the toilets. When production assistant Tony Dow unstacked the chairs, they went off, making him afraid to touch them. Jason and Lyndhurst thought it funny until a cleaning lady tried to mop the gents and nearly died of fright. They never pulled that prank again. When he was first handed the script for the pilot episode of Only Fools and Horses.... (1981), Del Boy was the character that jumped out at him. He was expected to play Grandad but he had his heart set on Del, even though the show' creator and writer John Sullivan felt he was wrong for the part; Sullivan envisioned Del a winner, whereas Jason was known for playing life's losers. He could forget lines he knew the night before. Owns a house in the countryside to live but keeps a flat in London whenever he's working. The BBC weren't sure about casting him in the lead for Only Fools and Horses.... (1981) initially because he and Nicholas Lyndhurst looked nothing alike; John Sullivan disagreed. Del Boy needed to be shorter to remove any sense of physical intimidation between the brothers, and to imply the suspected illegitimacy of the Trotters. The famous scene from Only Fools and Horses.... (1981) where Del Boy fell through the open bar flap derived from John Sullivan watching the exact same thing happen to a man in a wine bar, except he grabbed onto the fixed part of the bar so he didn't fall right over. Sullivan thought it funny for the man's body language, trying to recover his cool. Sullivan wanted a slip, stumble and a tree like fall; Jason thought Del should go all the way over - start to go sideways, and than go over without looking in the direction of the fall, which Jason thought was the key to the scene. There was a hidden crash mat, but it was a hard shot to get because it was hard not to look where Jason was falling; Jason had done a number of falls in the theatre so that came in handy. Just as funny was Trigger's baffled reaction to Del's sudden disappearance. Jason gets people asking him about that fall all the time, and some never like to talk about anything else, but he's happy to be remembered for something so iconic. He only ever called in sick once during an episode of Only Fools and Horses.... (1981) for A Royal Flush. He lost his voice and needed three days to recover, putting it behind schedule. Did Only Fools and Horses.... (1981) and Open All Hours (1973) concurrently with occasional theatre work. In 1989, after the end of the sixth series of Only Fools and Horses.... (1981), he won a BAFTA award for Best Comedy Performance. He put the award on his mantelpiece, next to the one for Best Actor he had already. Always before a live studio recording of Only Fools and Horses.... (1981), he and Nicholas Lyndhurst used to go to the canteen and have the same meal, almost like a ritual or a superstition, because they used to get so nervous. Went on a tribute show to mark the BBC Television Centre's closing in 2012, as well as Ronnie Corbett , Miranda Hart and John Cleese . Filming on the fourth series of Only Fools and Horses.... (1981) began in February, 1984. Jason and Nicholas Lyndhurst were in makeup when a distraught Ray Butt came in to tell them Lennard Pearce had died over the weekend of a heart attack; his body at the foot of a flight of stairs. Jason and Lyndhurst were shocked and speechless and filming was canceled. Pearce had not been a well man, he was a heavy smoker even on the job. Pearce's funeral was several days later; a small and humble affair. Pearce didn't have much in the way of family; his landlady and her daughter were the closest people to him, but the cast mourned him like losing a family member. On November 24th, 1986 Only Fools and Horses.... (1981) was honored with a slot at the Royal Variety Performance, something that excited the whole crew; Jason, Nicholas Lyndhurst and John Sullivan thought about either re-doing a bit from an old script, or from the current one, A Royal Flush, which was filming on the Dorset Coast, that year's Christmas special. Sullivan opted for something new, a four-minute sketch Jason described as really neat. Del Boy, Rodney and Uncle Albert have a consignment of knock-off whiskey bottles, and mixed up meeting at a nightclub with the stage of the Theatre Royal, in the presence of Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother . Jason, Lyndhurst and Buster Merryfield rehearsed it to within an inch of their lives. It was a scene they didn't want to screw up. The tight schedule forced them to drive up from Dorset on the day of the show. There were so many acts at the Royal Variety Performance that the dressing rooms of the Theatre Royal couldn't house them. Watching the other acts from CCTV in their dressing room, they were the only ones doing something original, something that made them very nervous. They needn't have worried; the show was a success. At the end of the sketch, Del sees the Queen Mother and mistakes her for they're employer. When she waved back, Jason almost dried, because he was not expecting that. When they later met her, she said thank you; he was deeply touched, for five seconds when she said the exact same thing in the exact same tone to everyone else in the line. They then immediately went back to Dorset to finish A Royal Flush; they settled their adrenalin with bottles of whiskey and water, except for Merryfield who never drank. Because of the tight schedule, Jason didn't have the time to talk to his close friend, Bob Monkhouse , who was a guest at the Royal Variety Performance that night. Jason said it was a lovely interlude. Buster Merryfield used to get nervous during his early days on Only Fools and Horses.... (1981) and would often crash into the audience (deliver his lines without waiting for the laughter to die down), meaning his scenes had to be re-recorded. He would also dry up and lose his words and it got to him. Jason and Nicholas Lyndhurst used to sit him down for a talk when he worried he wouldn't last. If they ever made mistakes in the middle of a recording, they would blame someone and make it into a joke. If the audience felt the actors didn't care, they would relax and feel part of the joke. After that, Merryfield cracked his problem, relaxed into the show and the new partnership and became the lovable Uncle Albert. Before the start of the sixth series of Only Fools and Horses.... (1981), Jason was annoyed about something and went to see John Sullivan . Sullivan was writing terrific scripts that were too long and had to be edited down to 30 minutes. Jason felt they were cutting more funny material than most sitcoms manage in a full episode. One edit that had particularly vexed Jason was during the Series 5 episode Tea For Three. After Del Boy returned from a disastrous hang-gliding session, he originally had a speech Jason described as "beautifully constructed, full of suppressed rage" about all of the places Del had visited. Jason considered it a comic masterpiece, but because the episode had overrun, half the speech got cut. Sullivan agreed with Jason that the episodes needed to be longer. Jason and Sullivan approached Gareth Gwenlan while he was producing Series 6 with the plan to extend the episodes from 30 to 50 minutes. Gwenlan didn't think that was possible since sitcoms were traditionally 30 minutes in length, and couldn't sustain a longer running time. Jason said that would be true of an average writer, but not one of Sullivan's caliber. And yet they still keep cutting great material. Gwenlan than okayed the idea. Close friends with his Only Fools and Horses.... (1981) co-star Nicholas Lyndhurst . He liked to call Lyndhurst Nick. They struck up an instant rapport in a motor-home while waiting to film any location shoots, and would mess about at every opportunity. They used to play pranks on the set, e.g. pretending to have fallen out to worry the crew, or nailing Lennard Pearce's shoes to the floor or turning his costume inside out. Although Pearce mostly saw the funny side of things, that day he refused to work until director Ray Butt talked him around and Jason and Lyndhurst apologized. Jason claimed it was the only time Pearce lost perspective. Yorkshire Television wanted Jason to play Pop Larkin in The Darling Buds of May (1991). He admitted he was amazed the show went on to be a national, award-winning success. He had never read the book so went away and did so before accepting the part; he pronounced it a charming read, as well as lovely, but not much happened and didn't go anywhere. But the characters were strong, especially Pop Larkin, and he would be fun to play. Jason's condition was to shoot the series on film, because he didn't want it to be a studio production. At least on film, it would look good and have some quality about it, even if nothing happened. Owns two two-seater sports cars. Ronnie Barker and John Sullivan attended his 50th birthday party; they parked their cars in neighboring drives and roads so as not to spoil the surprise. On the birthday cake in icing was the scene from Only Fools and Horses.... (1981) where Del Boy and Rodney end up with blowup dolls. Jason's wife thought it in poor taste and Jason saw her point, but he considered the baker an artist with the marzipan. Barker delivered a speech at the party, and Jason said it was a lovely, high-spirited evening, and the nicest of surprises, but he wasn't surprised though, because all the lights were off when he came home - something his wife never did. In 2011, Catherine Zeta-Jones , his co-star from The Darling Buds of May (1991) invited him to a rented house in Richmond to have Sunday lunch with her and her husband Michael Douglas . It was the first time Jason had seen Jones since she had wed Douglas; they had rented a magnificent property and Douglas was in the pool playing with their sons. Douglas thanked Jason for being generous with Jones and looking after her on the set of the series. Jason was pleased he thought so. On The Darling Buds of May (1991), there was a famous scene where Jason shared a bath with Pam Ferris while eating supper. Jason thought about turning up to the set in a frog mask and flippers but couldn't go through with it. Jason and Ferris both wore swimming costumes and the water was colored up to protect their modesty's. Jason considered that scene their icebreaker. When Jason was cast as Detective Inspector Jack Frost, the character had to be cleaned up from the books, where Frost was a chain smoker, but Jason recently gave up smoking. He used to smoke four or five cigarettes a day, or in the evening with a drink, and didn't want to start again, and smoking was taboo on TV in 1992. In the early days of The Darling Buds of May (1991), Catherine Zeta-Jones was very nervous due to her lack of experience with television. Jason used to advise her to keep her eyes still while doing dialogue in closeup, something he used to do. All location shoots for The Darling Buds of May (1991) were done in and around Kent in glorious Summer weather. The house had an outhouse and a Tudor barn attached. The interiors were done in the studio in Yorkshire. Jason felt the genius of the show was blending footage from two different sources. Jason grew a mustache for the role of Detective Inspector Jack Frost; it was his idea as he imagined Frost grew one in his youth to give himself a few extra years and more maturity. He lost the mustache between series to play other parts and than needed four weeks to grow it back as well as stop shaving at the right time ahead of shooting. Sometimes Jason missed the mark and had to help it along with a bit of "coloring-in", but it was always ready for filming. Jason put on weight when playing Pop Larkin in The Darling Buds of May (1991). It was because of all the food in the show; bread and ham, cheese, pickled onions, roast dinners, chocolate, etc. It was meant to show the Larkin family's generous spirit and carefree love of life. There were also fried breakfasts cooked fresh on the set on a little stove. One day on the set, the shooting schedule meant Jason sat down to breakfast five times, which meant it was piled with bacon and eggs. Jason asked if he could skip the fry-ups, so they switched to kippers, which was just as bad. The extra weight he put on meant he couldn't wear a dinner jacket to that year's BAFTA's that fit the year before. He had to go on a few months of dieting to regain his former, "sylph-like" weight. A Touch of Frost (1992) also had a tough food regime that was hard on Jason's stomach, because Frost wasn't a healthy eater, e.g. bacon sandwiches, chips, fry-ups, etc. People used to remark on it to Jason, that he was eating badly. On The Darling Buds of May (1991), Jason once smuggled a cucumber into a bed scene with Pam Ferris . She had to deliver most of the dialogue and even though she knew it was there, she did the scene perfectly. It was only after the cameras stopped rolling that she wanted to know what the corpsing Jason was up to. Ferris is known for being very professional. When Barry Gibb made a cameo in an episode of Only Fools and Horses.... (1981) set in Miami, he invited David Jason and Nicholas Lyndhurst into his house, gave them tea and showed them around. Gibb was a big fan of the show and used to get tapes of it sent to America. Jason was never asked if he wanted to pursue a personal project until the end of The Darling Buds of May (1991). He decided he wanted to play a detective, which culminated in A Touch of Frost (1992). Before he got the role, five books, all crime fictions in different areas by different authors were posted to him. Jason took them on holiday to Florida and read them over the next fortnight by the pool. Before Jason settled on Detective Inspector Jack Frost, he considered a Sherlock Holmes type detective because it was different from anything else he had done. Jason called from Florida saying he wanted Frost. Knows how to milk cows, which came in handy when playing farmer Pop Larkin in The Darling Buds of May (1991). Owns a house in Buckinghamshire. Neither Jason nor Tessa Peake-Jones were parents during the episode of Only Fools and Horses.... (1981) when Raquel gave birth to Damien, so to make the scene realistic, they took advice from midwives at the West Middlesex Hospital while filming the scene. John Sullivan and Gareth Gwenlan approached Jason in 2011 with Del Boy coming back at 65 and what had become of everyone from Only Fools and Horses.... (1981). But two weeks later, Gwenlan phoned Jason saying Sullivan was in intensive care with viral pneumonia. He seemed on the mend, and got to leave hospital and go home at one point, but he had a relapse and went back to hospital and died not long after. After the studio recording of Time on our Hands, the last episode of Only Fools and Horses.... (1981), the cast got a standing ovation longer than any Jason had heard; it just went on and on and on. Nicholas Lyndhurst , Buster Merryfield and all the "fantastic cast" were joined by John Sullivan and they had a group hug on he set, all of them in tears. Nicholas Lyndhurst couldn't attend Jason's after party for fifty people during his knighting ceremony in 2005 but John Sullivan did as well as Brian Cosgrove ; Jason took the opportunity to announce his second wedding, to rapturous applause and table thumping. When alone in a caravan on a film shoot for A Touch of Frost (1992), Jason turned it into a workshop, making models from plastic kits, or during the evening to relax. He liked to build ships and planes which than developed into rockets and than launchable rockets between two and five feet tall, with an engine and an explosive component that could fly between 500 and 900ft in the air; Jason liked the rockets best because you could get a performance out of them. Jason assembled them with tools packed in an old makeup case and from specialist parts from obscure sources across Yorkshire. Jason launched them for cast and crew at the back of Leeds Hospital for three years when they filmed in the mortuary; sometimes to great acclaim, sometimes not. Jason later built a launch pad from an old lighting stand and added a launcher with a key, lights and a 2-tone alarm. They were the campest thing you had ever seen in your life. The masterpiece was a Saturn V replica with one of the biggest engines so it was a complex build. It launched like the real thing by hovering above the pad and set off into the sky. Jason liked launching that one most, especially when they came back, which was never a sure thing, with a parachute that emerged from the nose cone. After constant use, it failed to launch at all, and was reluctantly retired. On The Royal Bodyguard (2011), the series had an armorer who looked after all the weaponry. He along with his platoon in Afghanistan watched The Jolly Boys Outing, an episode of Only Fools and Horses.... (1981) to cheer themselves up, and it did. Jason was staggered and moved. Filming A Touch of Frost (1992) meant spending a lot of time away from home, at the studios in Leeds or on location in Wetherby, Harrogate, Dewsbury and all local stations. Yorkshire Television made it easy on Jason by renting out a cottage rather than pay for a hotel, especially since Jason could cook for himself; he just wanted somewhere simple to go at the end of the day to clear his head. Yorkshire Television found Jason an old farmer's cottage without central heating, so he had to light a fire; on warm evenings he sat out in the garden which was always a pleasure. When asked did he get lonely, he said he didn't, because he enjoyed the quiet time. He also had his own driver, on call 24hrs a day, who collected Jason from Buckinghamshire for the 3hr drive to Yorkshire while he worked on his scripts, stopping along the way for a bacon and egg roll and a cup of tea ("a very Frost-like meal"). Jason lived in a spartan farm cottage while the cast stayed at a hotel. Jason liked the darkness of A Touch of Frost (1992) after the lightness of Only Fools and Horses.... (1981) and The Darling Buds of May (1991) because it showed audiences he could play both, but lightness became a part of Frost too. Didn't name his son David so things wouldn't get complicated around the house. Jason got a letter from someone saying they saw a house on the market identical to Toad Hall from The Wind in the Willows (1984); it was three miles from Jason's house. He went looking for it and found it. He said it was wonderful and seemed to go on forever, it even had a lake, fed by its own spring. It wasn't Toad Hall, but he could imagine living in it. It was twice the value of the house he owned then. He thought about it but had to pay full price when he lost a coin toss (despite his reputation as a wheeler-dealer). But just driving up to the house made him realize how much he wanted it. Behind the cottage where Jason lives is the River Taff and a grassy mountain where he can have a think about things. It has a wonderful view. Used to go to a hotel periodically for seminars to go through scripts, plot developments and story ideas for A Touch of Frost (1992). In September, 2008 a press release went out about Detective Inspector Jack Frost's retirement. Not because of lack of storylines or Jason losing interest in the character (he would have happily played him forever). The problem was Jason's age: at 68, Jack Frost was the oldest copper on the force. He would have retired ten years before or sooner, so he bowed out. When his daughter Sophie-Mae was born (named after the girl from The BFG, where Jason voiced the title character in the movie), he thought about doing what Del Boy did when Damien was born from Only Fools and Horses.... (1981) but didn't. Once, Jason went to Wimbledon and in the front row was Jack Nicholson . Jason expected all the attention to be on Nicholson, but he wound up getting more attention and the people around him told them to leave him alone. Jason suspected that because Nicholson was the bigger star was ironically the reason he didn't get all the attention, because they were more intimidated by him than the more approachable Jason. Filmed episodes of A Touch of Frost (1992) with Christmas Specials of Only Fools and Horses.... (1981) concurrently in 1996. Former PM Tony Blair sent a letter to Jason asking if he would like to become a knight bachelor. Jason suspected a prank, considering it may have been Brian Cosgrove who hired Jason to play Dangermouse, Count Duckula, Mr Toad and the BFG, but the offer was genuine. During the Gulf War, Jason met someone in a pub who worked at RAF Command Headquarters. He told Jason they race 3-wheel vans against each other, paint them yellow with Trotters Independent Traders down the sides of them, like the van from Only Fools and Horses.... (1981). Jason went down to have a look, but he didn't see a race. Jason, Nicholas Lyndhurst and Buster Merryfield all sent a Trotters van out to Kuwait. They slipped it into a Hercules plane among other stuff on a supply run and when it was unloaded the crew would find the van, filled up with chewing gum, toothpaste, cake and Danger Mouse (1981) and Count Duckula (1988) tapes from Brian Cosgrove with labels saying Debbie Does Dallas and Unzipperdedoodah and all sorts to amuse them. Jason didn't ask for any publicity because he didn't want anyone to think it was just for that, but a private joke between the RAF and the Trotters. The van was put in the hold and covered up with medical supplies and ammunition and flew to Kuwait, where it's discovery brought some light relief. Personal Quotes (454) I've been fascinated by deep sea diving since watching Jacques-Yves Cousteau 's TV programmes as a lad. Marriage is like throwing yourself into a river when you only wanted a drink of water. I've never ever 'felt my age', whatever that means. I think that there are a lot of people who feel 22 when in fact they're 62, and there are a lot of youngsters out there who behave as if they were four times their age. It's an attitude of mind, isn't it? I've done my fair share of waiting on tables in restaurants, cleaning cars, whatever. I was even an electrician at one time, and I've done my fair bit of decorating, too. But slowly my fortunes changed. It was a long time before TV wanted me - I would have had to commit murder to get a part on the box at one time. Perhaps being a character actor on radio was, in retrospect, the best training I could get. When you had just three and then four channels, I could always find something that was watchable because the standard of TV was much higher. In those days they had so much more money to put into so many less programmes. I feel sorry for ITV, who are finding it difficult because of the recession and lack of advertising and they're in a bit of a spiral. One thing follows the other, of course, and if you don't have advertising revenue, you can't put it into programmes, so you end up with the shows that will generate the most ads, like The X Factor (2004) and Britain's Got Talent (2007). Personally, I'm not sure if I like those shows, but other people do, so I suppose, from ITV's point of view, it's good programming. But I'm an actor and so of course I want to see TV companies making good dramas. I want that to be a priority. A show like the Only Fools and Horses.... (1981) Christmas special got 24 million viewers, so practically everyone in the country was watching. But of course it's a different world now, with so many channels. And those kind of figures are really difficult to achieve. It doesn't help that channels try to split the audience by putting their best shows head-to-head. Recently the BBC moved Strictly Come Dancing (2004) to compete with The X Factor (2004) which, quite rightly, annoyed a lot of people. Why play silly buggers with the audience, especially in the case of the BBC, who don't need to do it at all? In the end the motive is just plain power hunger and empire-building and it's unnecessary; it doesn't serve the audience. When I worked with Ronnie Barker , who was very well known himself at the time, I always remember him saying, 'You don't have to be a shit to be a big star, David.' I've always tried to remember that. When we did Only Fools and Horses.... (1981), it was a five-day week. You'd rehearse for four days and record on a Sunday, but it was much more laid back. The Royal Bodyguard (2011) has been extremely intensive. I think that's because today's budgets are so tight, not just at the BBC, but for everybody. It's been really hard work. [on missing out on the part of Corporal Jones in Dad's Army (1968)] Bill Cotton was having drinks with Clive Dunn and hired him. Co-writer/producer David Croft protested. But Cotton said, 'David Jason? Who's he? Clive Dunn has a much better reputation.' What a blow that was, I tell you. I was bitterly disappointed, but that's showbusiness. Everything I've done has been a pleasure, touch wood. I love my job. Ronnie Barker said to me, 'Aren't we lucky: being paid very well for making ourselves laugh?' John Sullivan 's scripts were always very funny, and cast and crew got on well. You can't convince an audience if you're not enjoying it yourself. The trouble now is we have stand-up comedians who have forgotten about innuendo. In music-hall days, and especially at the BBC, you were never allowed swearwords, so they came up with brilliant wheezes in Beyond Our Ken, The Goon Show and Round the Horne - 'Hello, I'm Jules and this is my friend Sandy'. Everyone knew what it was about and the audience filled in the gaps. Today they push down barriers. Take the 'f' word. It's become commonplace. Stephen Fry - I'm a great fan and think he's clever - puts up a good argument for using all swearwords as a rich part of our language. But he couldn't persuade me. Language has implications and it's offensive if it's meant to denigrate something or someone. Only Fools had nothing unpleasant, really. I shouldn't be telling you this, but when Del Boy calls Rodney a dipstick, BBC executives thought it was OK because, 'He's so tall and thin, how terribly funny,' so it slipped past. Had they known the cockney rhyming slang they might have taken it out. Comedy is a funny business, which you have to take seriously. It requires a lot of thought, energy and adrenaline, so when you return home you want to calm down, recharge your batteries and not be the life and soul of the party. I'm not perfect, though. Any woman who takes on someone in this business has a bit of a handful. People have high expectations. You enter a room and know they're thinking, 'He'll be funny,' and you go, 'Leave it out, love. I'm having a day off.' You then become a disappointment. The most important thing for me is that I can sit back and watch it with my ten-year-old daughter, Sophie, without thinking, 'Whoops, why did they say that? Oh blimey' - and then unable get to the 'off ' knob fast enough. I try to protect what she sees on television, but you can't. Take the adverts: I was watching SpongeBob, a favourite cartoon of ours, but suddenly a scent advert came on with this girl stripping off as she walks towards the camera. It's done for mums but they forget a lot of girls are watching these powerful images. There wasn't much on telly the other night so with Sophie and her friend we watched Laurel and Hardy, made in the 1930s, and these kids laughed like drains. That's humour - doing what funny people have done since comedy began without being edgy and pushing boundaries. [on amateur theatre] This was where I cut my teeth - the first stages of my acting journey. [on his first job center interview] The whole setup felt fantastically, bowel-liquidisingly intimidating to me. When asked what kind of thing do you have in mind for yourself, my answer was I don't know. Hell hath no fury like a man spurned and on a motorbike. [on needing stitches several times as a boy] I probably only needed to go one more time to qualify for my own set of needles. [on the late 1950s] A period I remember with great affection. My life seemed to be coming together in this period, or settling into a rhythm. [on failing his first audition] It was dead man walking - one of the longest walks I'll ever make. I felt about as foolish as I have ever felt. I was a person who rather liked his home comforts. Learning wasn't really my thing, and it was fairly clear from an early stage that I would be unlikely to be troubling the scorers at Oxford. Many of the world's leading film stars are shorties, mentioning no Tom Cruises. I was going to do the unsteady thing. I was going to become an actor. The real dream for me was acting. I felt time creeping on. I couldn't bear the idea of getting to 35 and not having given it a shot - and then maybe living with the regret and the sense of what if for the rest of my life. The self-taught among us have our own particularly strong strain of the common actors' virus - and somehow no amount of success and acclaim ever quite squeezes it out of you. [on his first audition] My tongue had taken on the thickness of a can of Spam.	i don't know
Which French phrase used in English means have a good journey	4 Ways to Say Goodbye in French - wikiHow Journée means “day.” A general pronunciation of the phrase is bun zhoor-nay . Say "passez une bonne journée” in slightly more formal situations. This translates more literally to “have a good day” or “spend a good day.” Pronounce the sentence as pah-say oon bun zhoor-nay. 2 Wish someone a good evening with "bonne soirée." This translates literally into “good evening” and is the same thing as telling someone to “have a good evening.” Bonne means “good.” Pronounce this phrase as bun swahr-ray. 3 Tell someone to enjoy a trip with "bon voyage," "bonne route," or "bonnes vacances." [4] Each of these phrases can be translated into something along the lines of “have a good trip,” and each can be used to say goodbye to someone embarking on a journey or vacation. Voyage means “travel,” “trip,” or “journey,” so of the three, bon voyage translates most directly into “have a good trip.” Pronounce it as bun voy-ah-zh, with the final "ge" sounding like a soft "j." Route means “road,” “route,” or “way.” The phrase is generally used to say “have a good journey” or “have a safe journey,” and it is pronounced bun rhoot. Vacances means “holiday” or “vacation,” so the phrase “bonnes vacances” means “have a good vacation” or “have a good holiday.” Pronounce it as bun va-kahns. 4 Use "bonne continuation" for a brief meeting. [5] This phrase is generally only used to say goodbye to someone whom you met briefly and will likely never meet again. The phrase can be translated to mean "good luck" or "good continuation," as "continuation" means the same thing in both French and English. Pronounce the phrase as bun kohn-teen-u-ah-see-ohn. (The final 'n' is soft, nasal.) 5 Tell someone to take care with "prends soin de toi." In English, this phrase means “take care of yourself.” Prends means "take." In this context, de means "of." Toi means "you." Pronounce the entire phrase as prah swa doo twah. (swa uses a short 'a', as in 'cat'; doo uses 'oo' as in 'book'.) 6 Wish someone good luck with "bonne chance" or "bon courage." Both sayings can be told to someone as you depart, and both mean “good luck” in some form.” Bonne chance is used when actual luck or fortune is involved. Chance means "luck," "chance," or "fortune." Pronounce bonne chance as bun shahns. Bon courage is used to tell someone something along the lines of "be persistent" or "keep at it." Courage means "courage" or "fortitude." Pronounce bon courage as bohn koohr-razh. Method	Bon Voyage
What is the name of the topmost bone of the spine that supports the skull	Bon voyage - French Expression Bon voyage French expressions analyzed and explained Alison Gootee / Getty Images Meaning: have a good trip Literal translation: good trip Register : normal Notes: The expression bon voyage is used in both French and English to say good-bye to travelers and wish them well. Related expressions bonnes vacances - enjoy your vacation/holiday bonne route - safe journey, drive safely bon retour - safe journey home In French, bon can be added to pretty much any noun to wish someone well: bon appétit - enjoy your meal bon match - enjoy the game, have a good game bonne promenade - have a nice walk, enjoy your walk bon vélo - have a nice bike ride, enjoy your bike ride bon week-end - have a nice weekend And it means "happy" in relation to special occasions :	i don't know
What is the traditional antidote for a nettle sting	How to Treat a Sting from a Stinging Nettle (with Pictures) Cleaning the Area 1 Avoid touching the area at first. If possible, do not touch or rub the affected area for 10 minutes. Pour fresh water over the area without touching. Even though the pain can be intense during the first few minutes, by avoiding any touching or rubbing, you may prevent the pain from lingering for days. [1] The chemical irritants from the plant can dry on the surface of the skin, then they can be removed by soap and water. By avoiding any rubbing or touching at first, the chemicals are not pushed further into the skin, which can cause the painful reaction to last longer, possibly even days. [2] The chemicals released by the plant include acetylcholine, histamine, serotonin, moroidin, leukotrienes, and possibly formic acid. [3] 2 Use soap and water. Soap and water cleans the affected parts of the skin, and removes the chemicals released by the plant that cause the pain, swelling, redness, and itching. In many cases, once the area is washed, the pain either goes away completely, or is greatly reduced. [4] 3 Use a clean cloth. If you are not near soap or water, use a clean cloth to gently remove dirt and plant debris from the area until it can be more thoroughly cleaned. [5] 4 Apply tape. Lightly apply a strong tape, like duct tape, to the area involved, then remove the tape. This can help to remove any remaining fibers that may be lodged in the skin. [6] 5 Try a wax hair removal product. If the tape did not remove all the unwanted plant material from the skin, you can try using a wax hair remover. [7] Apply a layer of the wax removal, let it dry for about 5 minutes, then gently peel off the wax, taking the plant debris along with it. [8] Part 2 Taking Measures for Relief 1 Know what to expect. The stinging, burning, pain, and itching, is quite intense. The duration of the symptoms varies from person to person, and varies depending on the initial measures taken to clean the area as just described. [9] The rash looks similar to hives, with raised areas of whitish blisters. The entire area can appear swollen and inflamed, with a reddish tint to the area affected. [10] 2 Use leaves from other plants. Applying the juices contained in the leaves from either a dock plant or jewelweed plant may help. These plants often grow in the same areas as the nettle plant. Locate either plant, and crush a few leaves to release their juices. Apply the crushed leaves to the area affected. [11] The actual science behind the use of plants to treat this condition is very limited. Yet, this has been common practice in treating a sting from a nettle plant for centuries. [12] A dock weed plant commonly grows in the same general areas as the stinging nettle plant. The plant grows in height from 20 inches to about 50 inches, and the leaves grow to be about 16 inches long. The leaves are very large, oval, have rounded tips, and have a wavy look to the edges. The lower leaves have a reddish color to their stems. [13] A jewelweed plant is the same plant as an impatiens. These plants also grow naturally in the same areas where you may come across a stinging nettle. The chemical content found in the juice from the leaves and stem of a jewelweed plant is reportedly effective at counteracting the sting from a stinging nettle. [14] 3 Avoid scratching. The areas can itch quite strongly, but try to avoid scratching. Scratching can irritate the area even further, possibly break the skin, and cause the symptoms to linger. [15] For young children, you may want to put soft gloves or mittens on their hands to help avoid scratching. Also keep nails short. 4 Use cool compresses. Keep the area covered with cool compresses to help provide some relief from the stinging. The cooler temperature can help to reduce the redness and relieve some of the discomfort. [16] 5 Apply a paste made from baking soda. Using just baking soda and water, make a paste material and apply to the rash. Use cold water in your paste. The paste can help to relieve some of the itching, inflammation, and the burning sensation. [17] Apply any treatments gently to the area by using a dabbing motion to prevent further irritation. [18] 6 Use aloe vera. Apply the juice from an actual aloe vera plant leaf, or use a manufactured product with high concentrations of aloe vera. Using aloe vera can help to manage the red and inflamed areas, and reduce the burning sensation. [19] 7 Avoid hot temperatures. Take baths or showers in cooler water, and avoid applying anything warm to the area. Cooler temperatures are more soothing and help to reduce the redness and inflammation. [20] 8 Use over-the-counter products. Topical creams, ointments, or lotions, containing hydrocortisone can help to reduce the redness and stop the itching. [21] Apply over-the-counter topical products containing hydrocortisone to treat the rash. Follow the package directions. A rash that includes redness, itching, and inflammation may persist since the skin has been injured from the direct contact from the stinging nettle plant. [22] Calamine or Caladryl® lotion can help to provide a soothing feeling and help to reduce the itching and burning. [23] Over-the-counter oral antihistamines might also help to counteract the reaction that is occurring in your body. Available products include agents such as cetirizine, or Zyrtec®, loratadine, or Claritin®, and diphenhydramine, or Benadryl®. [24] Apply antibiotic creams or ointments. Products are available over-the-counter that contain a mixture of anti-infective agents. Apply the antibiotic cream or ointment directly to the areas involved. The coolness of the product will have a soothing effect, and the active properties of the cream or ointment can help prevent infection. [25] You can take an NSAID pain reliever for pain as long as you have no contraindication. Part 3 Knowing When to Seek Medical Attention 1 Seek immediate medical attention if allergic symptoms develop. In rare cases, someone may be allergic to the plant or to one of the chemicals released. Allergic reactions can be life-threatening. Immediate medical attention is warranted. [26] 2 Recognize an allergic reaction. Call 911 or go to the emergency department right away if you see one of the following symptoms of an allergic reaction: Difficulty breathing, wheezing, or feeling like your throat is tightening. A tight feeling in your chest that makes it hard to breathe. Swelling in your mouth area, including your lips or tongue. A rash that extends beyond the exposed area, and can be all over the body. Stomach upset, cramping, vomiting, or diarrhea, can sometimes be part of an allergic reaction. 3 Contact your pediatrician if a young child is exposed. Your doctor may be able to help guide you by prescribing topical medications or suggesting ways to treat the symptoms specific for young children. 4 Call your doctor if your symptoms are severe. If the areas of skin exposed to the plant are widespread, or if your symptoms do not improve in 24 hours, contact your doctor. Your doctor may prescribe prescription strength topical agents to treat the exposed areas, or stronger oral products to help resolve the reaction systemically. 5 Seek medical help if the areas look infected. If the areas have been scratched and the skin is broken, it is possible for an infection to set in. If you have areas of broken skin that are warm to the touch, draining pus, or more inflamed than the surrounding areas, then you may be developing an infection. Call your doctor right away if you experience these symptoms or if you have a fever. Your doctor may prescribe a topical antibiotic cream or ointment, or may want you take a course of oral antibiotics. Community Q&A How long does it take for the rash to stop itching? wikiHow Contributor The itching should subside within 24 hours. If the rash is still itching after 24 hours, you might be experiencing an allergic reaction, either to the stinging nettle itself or to one of the treatments. In that case, you could consult a doctor. Can I get scars from stinging nettles? wikiHow Contributor Can I get stinging nettles from sand or soil, or just the living plant? wikiHow Contributor No. You can only get stung by the living plant. There may be other chemicals in the air, however. Consider visiting your doctor to see if there is something you might be allergic to. Why do nettles still sting in winter? wikiHow Contributor The season does not affect the stinginess. It's the chemicals in the trichomes (the hollow hair-like structures on leaves and stem) that cause the problem. Can the sting cause joint pain? wikiHow Contributor It might be an allergic reaction. Go and see your doctor so they can check over the affected area. I was stung by a nettle plant several years ago and it still itches. Does this mean that fibers may still be in the skin since the initial contact wasn't treated properly? wikiHow Contributor No, the chemicals causing the irritation would have truly decomposed by then. It is possible that you have eczema, psoriasis, or even a memory of the itch that is relived whenever you feel stressed. See your doctor for specific advice. How do I treat a regular itchy plant? wikiHow Contributor Anti-itch creams are helpful. I prefer Benadryl. Make sure you are not allergic to the ingredients. If symptoms worsen or last longer than a week, consult a doctor. Can someone die from a stinging nettle sting? wikiHow Contributor Only if the stung person were severely allergic, in which case the sting could result in anaphylactic shock. Why is this life threatening and dangerous? wikiHow Contributor There is a possibility of life threatening allergic reactions, resulting in shortness of breath, tightness in chest, and swelling of lips, tongue, and throat. What should I do if I don't have tape? wikiHow Contributor Make a baking powder and cool water paste. Dab it on and leave it for a few minutes. When you remove it, hopefully nettle fibers will be in the dried paste. If this question (or a similar one) is answered twice in this section, please click here to let us know. Tips Try not to scratch the area, as this can cause the irritation to get worse. Clean and treat the area promptly. Continue to apply treatments as long as the area is uncomfortable. The stinging sensation can last from half an hour to a few days, depending on the sensitivity of your skin. If one remedy does not help, then try another. Contact your doctor if your symptoms are severe, widespread, and if they change or worsen. Don’t overlook the valuable help your healthcare professionals can provide, especially if children are involved. You can apply vinegar to the affected areas by dabbing it on with a clean cloth. Soaking aged tea in a bath with some salts lessens pain. Think about something that you love to take your mind off the itching, this might keep you from scratching and get it to heal faster. Usually nettles are along rivers or moist areas. If you get stung, go right onto the river and apply the mud or the dirt from the river bottom and rub it into the affected area two or three times if necessary. Updated: Views: 1,638,047 "This has happened to me a couple of times in the last few weeks. I'm not sure if it's the nettle plant or not, but I've been using hot water to treat and clean with, so knowing that I should have been using cold was a huge help with the itch & sting!"..." more - Dee Fauser "I didn't need to get past the first few steps, but I took the advice to wash with soap and water (without scratching), and it's better than it usually is."..." more - Zak Druzba "Providing information about what to do and what to put on it was helpful.Thank you! Step-by-step instructions stood out...appreciated!"..." more - Donna "This is the first article I read, used a couple of the methods for my ten-year-old son. Symptoms have really reduced, thank you."..." more - Victoria Van-Allen "The article was very useful. It contained lots of information and tips on how to treat nettle bites. Thank you."..." more - Betty Richardson "I found this very helpful because before I read the article I was really frightened with pain and discomfort."..." more - Sally Gokani "Good information. It helped me a lot to complete my school assignment. It also gave a good idea of treatment."..." more - Jessica Vikneshwari "My friend was cleaning my garden and got stung all over her arms and was able to apply some of the remedies. "..." more - Mary St. Luce After washing it with soap and cold water, I could hardly feel that I had been stung. 😃 - Tyler Brewster I was pleased to know I wouldn't die from stinging nettle. It just felt like I would. - Jane Marriotte This great article was our introduction to this weed here on our new ranch in Texas! - Mary Morey This is good because it helped me with my sting. - Janis Hellsworth I tripped and fell into nettle. This was helpful. - Anonymous Gave clear steps as to best practices. - Richard Andrews Really informative advice that works! - Tom Greene The tea bath worked like a charm! - Frances Lambert Good variety of helpful hints. - Paul Jones Thanks for the tips. - Josh Robinson	Rumex
What is the piece in tiddly-winks called that is flicked into the cup	Why DO stinging nettles hurt so much? Chemist shows how tiny hairs inject venom to produce pain - and dock leaves WON'T help \| Daily Mail Online Why DO stinging nettles hurt so much? Chemist shows how tiny hairs inject venom to produce pain - and dock leaves DON'T help Infographic created by chemistry teacher Andy Brunning explains why nettles stings hurt and effective treatment Chemists aren't sure which chemicals are in the venom, but histamine, acetylcholine and serotonin are culprits Trichome hairs inject cocktail into skin causing pain and swelling - and antihistamine is the only reliable treatment There's no evidence that dock leaves help, either by providing natural antihistamines are neutralising acids	i don't know
Who was Dawn French married to	Dawn French's secret wedding to Mark Bignell: A lavish eco-hotel and fireworks on the beach \| Daily Mail Online comments They've been dating for just over a year but Dawn French said she knew she wanted to spend the rest of her life with Mark Bignell. Now that wish has come true after the couple married in an intimate – and lavish – ceremony on the Cornish coast. The comedienne, 55, rented out an exclusive eco-hotel – where rooms cost up to £430 a night – for a weekend of celebrations, described as a 'big' but 'very classy and understated affair'. Scroll down for video You may kiss the bride: Dawn French has married her beau Mark Bignell in a secret ceremony this weekend Guests included comedy friends Jennifer Saunders, Sue Perkins and Kathy Burke, and screenwriter Richard Curtis. Alison Moyet sang for the guests in the evening, as did Miss French's daughter Billie, from her marriage to comedian Lenny Henry, which ended three years ago. The wedding at the Scarlet Hotel, near Newquay was held in a lounge overlooking a terrace with sweeping views of the rugged coast. RELATED ARTICLES Share this article Share The hotel's 37 bedrooms were decorated with custom-made floral jam jar arrangements of peonies and Lily of the Valley. In the evening, guests were treated to a firework display on the beach below, while red sparklers formed a heart with the letters D and M inside in the hotel garden. After 25 years with Henry, Miss French found love again with Mr Bignell, the boss of a Cornish charity that her mother founded before she passed away last year. Beautiful bouquet: A Cornwall-based florist posted a picture of Dawn's bouquet to their Facebook page Lavish: Wedding guests at the Cornish hotel were treated to a firework display on the beach below They started dating in January last year after Miss French lost almost eight stone by cutting out chocolate and carbohydrates. Speaking about being single, she said: 'I thought oh god, what do I do now? Do I have to do dating? How repulsive. I'll have to buy new pants. 'I did do some dating and it was excruciating and difficult as I'm not an accomplished flirter. 'Then, bang, I met somebody else. I started to claim my life back. It's a life with him. 'I know that I will make a good life for myself with all sorts of things as armour. Including stuff my new chap is teaching me that I never knew. 'Now my life is in Cornwall with him. I hope it is a life together.' Miss French revealed she had fallen in love with him when he wooed her with the Cocteau Twins' record Song To The Siren. The ex- factor: Dawn was married to Lenny Henry for 24 years before the pair divorced in 2010 'I knew when I heard the song it was an offer. You would fall in love if someone gave you that song,' she said. Mr Bignell, who has been married twice before, is the chief executive of the Hamoaze House charity, which helps recovering drug and alcohol abusers reintegrate into society. He has been working in the area for the past 20 years and has a daughter of 21 and a son of 18. Mr Bignell claims he did not know who Miss French was when they first met, to which she responded: 'I'm not boasting, but you'd actually have to have not watched television for the past 20 years to have avoided me, and he'd managed to do just that.' To rent the Scarlet Hotel, couples have to agree to a minimum spend of £29,000 – not including the band, lighting, flowers or photography. The 'eco-hotel', which prides itself on recycling and maintaining its green ethos, has a restaurant, three bars, a spa and panoramic views of Mawgan Porth beach. Charitable: Mr Bignell, who has been married twice before, is the chief executive of the Hamoaze House charity Dishes served at the hotel's restaurant include Cornish hake with chicken skin and pork fillet, cheek and belly with rhubarb, potato fondant, and white port sauce. A source said: 'The hotel looked stunning. They had rented out the whole place exclusively for the weekend. 'The wedding was up in the lounge with the white leather seats, looking out over the water. 'At about 9.30pm everyone went outside and watched fireworks from the hotel. They were on the beach below, big shells that went up to 400ft high in all different colours. 'Inside in the hotel garden there was a red heart, five foot wide and high, with the letters M and D in white in the heart. They all let off lanterns later. It was quite small – probably about 100 people there – but it was a proper celebrity wedding.' Florist Susanne Hatwood said she had created a 'spring-woodland' theme for the table centrepieces using delicate Lily of the Valley – but didn't know who for until she arrived at the venue. 'I didn't have the slightest idea who the bride really was till the last minute,' she said. The Garden Gate Flower Company, which provided the hotel displays, described the weekend as 'amazing' and a 'secret wedding'. Miss French was unavailable for comment last night.	Lenny Henry
Who were the real life married couple who starred in the 1990 film Mr and Mrs Bridge	Dawn French weds lover Mark Bignell in secret seaside ceremony - Mirror Online Dawn French weds lover Mark Bignell in secret seaside ceremony The Vicar of Dibley star married the 49-year-old after a 16-month romance Share Hitched: Dawn French and Mark Bignell (Photo: Wayne Perry) Share Get celebs updates directly to your inbox + Subscribe Could not subscribe, try again laterInvalid Email Dawn French has re-married in a secret seaside ceremony. The Vicar of Dibley star , 55, who was wed to Lenny Henry for 25 years, married Mark Bignell, 49, after a 16-month romance. Celebrity guests including Dawn’s close comedian writing pal Jennifer Saunders, singer Alison Moyet, actress Kathy Burke and screenwriter Richard Curtis. A source said: “It was an incredible wedding and Dawn looked beautiful and didn’t stop smiling all day. “There was a lovely ceremony at a hotel overlooking the sea and later people watched the sun go down as they enjoyed the first drinks of the evening. “The weather was unbelievable for April. It was a perfect day for a perfect couple.” The intimate ceremony was held near Dawn’s home close to the seaside town of Newquay, Cornwall. She had booked the entire Scarlet Hotel for the wedding, which included around 70 guests. A guest said that in the evening 80s star Alison Moyet sang a number of her hits in a mini concert she did especially for Dawn. Dawn’s daughter Billie from her marriage to Lenny is also thought to have sung a song with guests singing, drinking and dancing into the early hours. The news was confirmed on Facebook by The Garden Gate Flower company who supplied flowers for the big day. They posted a photo of bouquets they provided and wrote: “The news is out our secret wedding at the weekend was for the marvellous Dawn French and Mark Bignell! We provided 50 jam jar arrangements for each of the bedrooms. How amazing. Congratulations Dawn and Mark.” It is Dawn’s second marriage after she wed comedian Lenny in 1984. The pair divorced after 25 years of marriage in 2010 on the grounds of “unreasonable behaviour” and Dawn initially said in interviews afterwards she found dating difficult. But at the start of 2012 she met 49-year-old Mark, who has been married twice before, and is the chief executive of the Hamoaze House charity, which helps recovering drug and alcohol abusers reintegrate into society. He has been working in drug and alcohol rehabilitation for the past 20 years and he and Dawn were photographed arm in arm and smiling as they strolled along Cornish beaches. In an appearance on Desert Island Discs in December, Dawn said it was only when Mark played her a Cocteau Twins song called Song To The Siren she knew she’d found her man. She said: “I knew when I heard the song it was an offer. You would fall in love if someone gave you that song.” Dawn also said she had become content as a single woman when she first met Mark, who she started dating in January last year. She added: “Then, bang, I met somebody else...I started to claim my life back... It’s a life with him. “I know that I will make a good life for myself with all sorts of things as armour, including stuff my new chap is teaching me that I never knew.” Mark has also received the backing of Dawn’s pals. Jennifer Saunders said in March last year: “I’ve met her new bloke and he’s completely delightful.” The couple are now living together in Cornwall and Dawn thinks they will remain a couple for the rest of her life. She enthused: “Now my life is in Cornwall with him. I hope it is a life together.” But unless Mark goes with her to Australia, the pair are likely to spend some of this year apart as Dawn is due Down Under to appear on Australia’s Got Talent. Auditions have begun and the show is expected to go out on TV this Summer. Like us on Facebook Most Read Most Recent Most Read Most Recent	i don't know
Which former bandleader was married to Ava Gardner and Lana Turner	Ava Gardner’s deathbed confessions reveal stories of booze, sex and stardom \| New York Post Ava Gardner’s deathbed confessions reveal stories of booze, sex and stardom ‘SHORT’ COURTSHIP:Ava Gardner was a virgin when she wed Mickey Rooney in 1942, but says she “caught on very quickly.” (MPTV) ‘SHORT’ COURTSHIP: Ava Gardner was a virgin when she wed Mickey Rooney in 1942, but says she “caught on very quickly.” ( ) She was broke and alone and usually drunk, a one-time Hollywood goddess who had two choices: “I either write the book or sell the jewels,” she said. “And I’m kinda sentimental about the jewels.” And so, in January 1988, Ava Gardner, ravaged by booze and cigarettes and a recent stroke, called British journalist Peter Evans and asked him to ghostwrite her memoirs. What followed were the extended deathbed confessions of a legend, compiled for the first time in Evans’ last book, “Ava Gardner: The Secret Conversations.” Among the shocking revelations: first husband Mickey Rooney was such a womanizer that he cheated on Ava, then considered the most beautiful woman in the world, in their marital bed — while she was in the hospital recovering from an appendectomy. “He went through the ladies like a hot knife through fudge,” she said, adding that her best friend Lana Turner — who’d slept with Rooney first — called him “Andy Hard-On.” Gardner went on to marry bandleader Artie Shaw — “another kind of bully; he was always putting me down” — and then, most famously, Frank Sinatra, who left his wife for her. Sinatra knew it was true love on their first date, when they went for a late-night drunken drive from Palm Springs to Indio and “shot out streetlights and store windows” with a pair of .38s the Chairman kept in his glove compartment. While seeing Sinatra, Gardner also had an affair with the married Robert Mitchum. “I was crazy about him,” she said. When she told Mitchum that she was also seeing Sinatra, he ended things. “He said, ‘Get into a fight with him, and he won’t stop until one of you is dead,’ ” Gardner said. “He didn’t want to risk it being him.” Gardner was a teenage virgin from Grabtown, NC, when she was discovered by a talent scout in 1941. She’d grown up poor and uneducated, yet her mother always knew that Ava had what it took to be a movie star. So did she. “I wasn’t dumb,” Gardner said. “I knew that my looks might get me through the studio gates.” She knew she wasn’t a great actress, and didn’t much care: “A lot of my stuff ended up on the cutting-room floor,” she said. “A lot more should have.” After a screen test, she was signed to a seven-picture deal with MGM, and quickly became sought after by nearly every leading man in Hollywood. On her first day on the lot, she met Rooney, the 5-foot-2 star of the wholesome “Andy Hardy” series. “I wanted to f–k you the moment I saw you,” he told her. Gardner was 18 and innocent. “I was shocked,” she said. “I still didn’t know he was the biggest wolf on the lot . . . He’d screw anything that moved.” After a one-year courtship they wed, and one of Hollywood’s greatest sex symbols was a virgin on her wedding night. “I caught on very quickly,” she said. After Rooney came Howard Hughes. “I never loved him,” she said, adding that despite the generosity he showed her, paying for her dying mother’s medical care, he was also a racist. “Howard wouldn’t piss on a black man to put him out if he was on fire,” she said. Then, in 1945, she married Shaw — who’d also left his wife for her. But now Gardner was smoking three packs of Winstons a day and getting drunk constantly; she felt so intellectually insecure around her new husband that she finally took an IQ test. “He had me convinced that I was completely stupid,” Gardner said. “I didn’t have an enormous IQ, but I did have a high one.” One week after their first anniversary, Shaw dumped her for another woman. “The bastard broke my heart,” she said, and throughout her life she picked the wrong men. — including George C. Scott, who Gardner said would often drunkenly “beat the s–t out of me.” In 1951 she married Sinatra, who she later called the love of her life. Their relationship was famously tempestuous, and her best friend Turner — who’d also had affairs with Shaw and Sinatra — begged Gardner not to go through with it: “I’ve been there, honey,’ she told me. ‘Don’t do it!’ I should have listened to her.” Gardner had two abortions during her marriage to Sinatra, and a courtship that began with “fighting all the time, boozing and fighting,” ended the same way. They divorced in 1957, but remained close for the rest of their lives, and when Gardner pulled out of completing her memoirs, Evans suspected that Sinatra gave her the money she would have gotten for the book. Her decision wasn’t a complete surprise to Evans; she would later say that when she was “pushing clouds around,” he could publish their book. She died in 1990, at 67, from pneumonia. Share this:	Artie Shaw
Which 60's fashion designer was married to Alexander Plunkett Greene	Lana Turner - The Private Life and Times of Lana Turner. Lana Turner Pictures. Lana Turner (Julia Jean Mildred Frances Turner) 8 February 20/21 is born in Wallace, Idaho. Her father’s a gypsy-like worker who met her mother, Mildred Frances Cowan, at a Saturday night dance in Wallace. she grows up nicknamed Judy the family moves to San Francisco when she’s 8 14 December 30 her father is found murdered, dead from a fractured skull her family moves to Los Angeles, and she enrolls at Hollywood High School January 36 is spotted at an ice cream parlor across from Hollywood High, and it is not at Schwab’s Drug Store, as the legend goes, by Billy Wilkerson, publisher of The Hollywood Reporter 37 debuts in A Star Is Born 22 February 37 director Mervin LeRoy signs her to a personal contract at $50 a week and casts her for They Won’t Forget LeRoy sells her contract to MGM, in a deal arranged by Benny Thau does a lot of nightclub hopping screen-tests for Scarlett O’Hara in Gone with the Wind ? handsome attorney Greg Bautzer becomes her first love and fiancée until Joan Crawford comes between them 39 while filming Dancing Co-Ed, she meets 29-year-old playboy and bandleader Artie Shaw. She dislikes him from the first moment, but when her date Greg Bautzer begs off, she goes out with Artie. At midnight they decide to marry. 13 February 40 marries Shaw in Las Vegas her husband inundates her with thick books, classical records, and art gallery visits 12 September 40 her marriage to Shaw dissolves. There are rumors that MGM studio boss Louis B. Mayer feared she would become pregnant. Bautzer arranges her divorce. is off to Hawaii to recuperate from her divorce. Shaw will later marry actresses Ava Gardner and Evelyn Keyes. c. 41 actor Robert Hutton comes under her spell but eventually returns to Cleatus Caldwell, whom he will marry 41 while filming Honky Tonk, there are rumors of an off-screen romance with her co-star Clark Gable dates more than 150 men starts seeing billionaire Howard Hughes off and on until 1946 17 July 42 marries Joseph Stephen Crane, a 27-year-old tobacco heir and wanderer, who introduced himself at the Hollywood Mocambo nightclub, Las Vegas. He will join the Army soon afterwards. December 42 when she announces she’s pregnant, Cranes’ former wife announces that her divorce from Crane won’t be legally final until January 19, 1943 14 March 43 remarries Crane in Tijuana, Mexico 25 July 43 her daughter, Cheryl Christine Crane, is born April 44 sues Crane for divorce. Bautzer arranges the divorce. 21 August 44 her divorce from Crane is granted 45 earns $4,500 a week End 45 starts a torrid love affair with actor Turhan Bey. A wedding is planned for August 1946. 46 despite dating her, Turhan Bey flirts with his co-star Jane Adams while filming A Night in Paradise during a party at the home of actress Ann Rutherford, there’s a fight between Crane and Bey over her. Two weeks later, Bey ends their relationship by never calling her again. Religious differences become the official reason for the split. is comforted by actors Rory Calhoun, Peter Shaw, and Robert Hutton over the loss of Bey Mid-46 has an affair with Frank Sinatra, who’s is separating from his wife, Nancy director Otto Preminger tries to talk Darryl F. Zanuck into casting her as Peggy Cummins’ replacement in Forever Amber, but Linda Darnell gets the part has an passionate 18-month-affair with actor Tyrone Power, who’s still married to French actress Annabella Christmas 47 spends the holidays at Round Top, in Connecticut, the home of millionaire Henry J. Topping, the ex of actress Arline Judge. Topping’s a heavy gambler and alcoholic, who becomes violent when drunk. 26 April 48 marries Topping at the Bel Air residence of Billy Wilkerson. She sports a $30,000 trousseau for the occasion. Hedda Hopper considers her marriage to Topping the "Wedding of the Year." suffers a miscarriage, the first of two, while on honeymoon in Europe hits the headlines with an evening of strong drink and the showing of a stag film during a pool party at the Topping home 48 accepts a suspension rather than be in The Three Musketeers after an evening at the Mocambo, Topping catches her in an inappropriate moment with entertainer Billy Daniels ? slits her wrists, in her only recorded suicide attempt May 50 the Toppings attend the Bal Masque Charity Ball, paying $25-per-person admission. Her mask wins third prize. August 50 she and Topping give up their vacation to complete their house and to take care of their weimaraner dog September 51 separates from Topping. Shortly thereafter, she’s in the Hollywood Presbyterian Hospital with a lacerated arm, which she blames on a shower door. 31 December 51 MGM signs her to a new long-term contract 52 has an off-screen romance with her co-star in The Merry Window, Fernando Lamas doesn’t get along with her director Vincente Minnelli while filming The Bad and the Beautiful October 52 there are rumors that Frank Sinatra may have caught Ava Gardner and her in bed together 15 November 52 her divorce from Topping becomes final. She wins a $216,000 divorce settlement. Bautzer arranged her divorce. 53 after an open argument at a party at the home of Marion Davies concerning Lana’s new beau, actor Lex Barker, Lamas is replaced by Ricardo Montalban in her upcoming Latin Lovers Barker accompanies her to Italy where she films Flame and the Flesh. The couple makes headlines in Naples. 7 September 53 marries Barker, the ex of Arlene Dahl, in Turin, Italy December 53 ends her term with MGM April 56 with Barker she’s part of an almost inseparable foursome around town with actress Joan Caulfield and Frank Ross. The friendship started when they vacationed in Acapulco. 57 is considered for The Sound and the Fury is nominated for a Best Actress Oscar for Peyton Place 23 July 57 her divorce from Barker becomes final begins to date Johnny Stompanato, a 32-year-old gigolo and lieutenant of Los Angeles mobster Mickey Cohen. With her daughter away at Ojai’s Happy Valley School, she starts a torrid affair. 58 is off to England for Another Time, Another Place. Stompanato follows her. spends eight weeks with Stompanato, at her expense, in Acapulco Easter 58 her 14-year-old daughter Cheryl is back from school 4 April 58 after a violent argument between her and Stampanoto, Cheryl kills Stompanato by stabbing him in the back with a ten-inch butcher’s knife in her mother’s bathroom when Cheryl is arrested, Lana calls in attorney Jerry Giesler there are rumors that the reason for the murder was jealousy between her and Cheryl for the love of Stompanato Cheryl is found guilty of homicide and transferred to the El Retiro Institution at San Fernando Valley. Despite security precautions, she escapes twice. 59 a percentage of the profits of her smash hit Imitation of Life make her a wealthy woman is to star in Anatomy of a Murder, but differences with director Otto Preminger over her wardrobe have her replaced with Lee Remick 27 November 60 marries Fred May, a horse breeder from Chino, California, at the Miramar Hotel in Santa Monica. She’s 40; he’s 43. 62 will never speak to writer Harold Robbins again; he put the Stompanato case into his best-selling story Where Love Has Gone 15 October 62 gets a Mexican divorce from May, but they remain good friends 22 June 65 marries young film producer Robert Eaton. She’s 45; he’s 34. 69 talks Eaton into producing her upcoming The Big Cube 1 April 69 divorces Eaton, who will write a scandalous novel dealing with his marriage 8 May 69 marries Ronald Dante, a nightclub hypnotist, in Las Vegas, where he’s appearing at the Pussycat A-Go-Go. She’s 49; he’s 39. 69 stars in Harold Robbins’ "The Survivors," at a season budget of $8,000,000, the most expensive TV series to date. At the start she has a slapping orgy with producer William Frye over her jewelry. She later warns co-star Kevin McCarthy never to upstage her and battles for a limousine to be at her constant call. Late 69 separates from Dante and sues him for defrauding her of $35,000 8 June 71 is on the stage for the first time in the summer stock production of 40 Carats, which opens at the Shady Grove Music Fair, near Bethesda, Maryland. The show also plays in Pennsylvania and New York. 72 sells her Malibu Beach home and ranch and settles in a penthouse in Malibu 26 January 72 her divorce from Dante becomes final. He receives a settlement of approximately $200,000. her secretary-companion, Tylor Pero, becomes her steady escort Late 73 is off to London for Persecution. She will later call it the worst film she ever made. 13 April 75 is celebrated at the New York Town Hall in a special evening in a series of homages to "Legendary Ladies of the Screen" Late 75 is on stage at the Chicago Arlington Park Theatre with Louis Jourdan in The Pleasure of His Company her frequent escort is Ronald Ziegler, ex-President Nixon’s former press secretary Summer 77 tours in Bell, Book and Candle 77 her frequent escort is Charles Evans, New York businessman and brother of producer Robert Evans. He’s 11 years her junior. 29 June 95 dies at age 75 in Century City, California, of throat cancer is cremated; her ashes are given to the family Sources: Lana: The Public and Private Lives of Miss Turner by Joe Morella, The Hollywood Beauties by James Robert Parish, Movie Stars of the '40s by David Ragan, Modern Screen, www.IMDb.com. www.Findagrave.com Recommended Books:	i don't know
Which American motor manufacturer used to make the Wildcat	1965-70 Buick Wildcat Convertible Tops and Convertible Top Parts Important Information Original Patterns: Our Buick Wildcat convertible tops are made from original dealer patterns. The LeSabre and Wildcat take the same top. We offer the replacement tops in original pinpoint vinyl fabric and also in Haartz Stayfast canvas. Fabrics: You may read about these fabrics in the 'Help' section link at the top of this page. Installation: This is a classic two part top. You can read a thorough summary of the construction and installation of this top via the link at the bottom of this page. The full manual for installing the 1965-70 LeSabre or Wildcat top is available and is included in our top packages. We encourage do-it-yourself installation for handy persons who are comfortable renting and using an air powered staple gun. First time installers frequently do beautiful installations using our packages and manuals. Installation involves stapling fabric to tack strips embedded in the top frame bows; also the use of contact cement. There is no sewing. Both Parts Available Separately: If you wish to replace only the window section, or only the main top, the two parts are separately available. Hold Down Cables: A pair of cables, one on each side, thread through pocketed hems on the main top sides. The ends of the cables hold the top to the frame. New cables are recommended with each new top. (You can read about cables in the installation summary link.) Tacking strips: Much of the installation involves tacking or stapling (there is no sewing involved.) Tacking into the bow over the windshield (header bow) and into the bow over the rear window (rear top bow) is done into special strips embedded in these frame bows. We offer new tack strips for the front and rear top bows. They should not be required until after at least two tops have been stapled to them. Rebuilding the rear base line tacking strips requires grafting sections of suitable dimension and we would cut and ship per your needs for that purpose. Please inquire at [email protected] if you need to rebuild your rear base tacking strips. Top pads: Top padding "builds out" the top. Pads can last through two tops but should be replaced if of suspect condition. Top Boots: You have the option of using a top storage boot. Our boot fits, as original. Please select the appropriate boot based on the boot descriptions. Specify the fabric/color in the checkout message box. Hydraulics: We now stock hydraulic cylinders, motor-pumps, and hoses for your convertible tops. All are made to OEM specifications. Each can be ordered separately; however, when ordering hydraulic cylinders we recommend replacing both. The chances are that both hydraulic cylinders were manufactured at the same time: if one is on its way out the other may follow. If the top is raised and one hydraulic cylinder is working harder than the other the result over time can lead to a slightly bent convertible top frame. The replacement of both hydraulic cylinders will ensure that the top raises and lowers symmetrically. Systems for this car take Automatic Transmission Fluid (ATF) and have a 5 year warranty when used with this fluid. Brake fluid should not be used as it voids the warranty. We also offer an installation manual when ordered. The 12 volt motor-pumps include a mounting bracket with rubber grommets to reduce vibration. We also offer a rebuilding service for motor-pumps. Not all are repairable, but it is less expensive to have one rebuilt than to buy a new one. The motor-pump would need to be sent to us for evaluation. Hoses come with all new fittings and are made specifically to fit your car. Parts in this category (Buick Wildcat) fit cars for years: 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969 and 1970. We a now pleased to offer hydraulic cylinders, hydraulic motor pumps, and hydraulic hose sets for many different convertibles, they will be listed on your cars page if available. Also, checkout our newly added roof rail weatherstripping seals, front header weatherstripping seals, door weatherstripping seals, trunk weatherstripping seals. Look for extra savings on weatherstripping seals kits. We are continuing to grow our convertible related products: These include convertible top latches, tonneau covers, relays, switches, rear tacking rails (trimsticks), seat covers, car covers, and carpeting. Email questions to: [email protected]	Buick
Which motor manufacturer made the commercial vehicle called the Vario	1965-70 Buick Wildcat Convertible Tops and Convertible Top Parts Important Information Original Patterns: Our Buick Wildcat convertible tops are made from original dealer patterns. The LeSabre and Wildcat take the same top. We offer the replacement tops in original pinpoint vinyl fabric and also in Haartz Stayfast canvas. Fabrics: You may read about these fabrics in the 'Help' section link at the top of this page. Installation: This is a classic two part top. You can read a thorough summary of the construction and installation of this top via the link at the bottom of this page. The full manual for installing the 1965-70 LeSabre or Wildcat top is available and is included in our top packages. We encourage do-it-yourself installation for handy persons who are comfortable renting and using an air powered staple gun. First time installers frequently do beautiful installations using our packages and manuals. Installation involves stapling fabric to tack strips embedded in the top frame bows; also the use of contact cement. There is no sewing. Both Parts Available Separately: If you wish to replace only the window section, or only the main top, the two parts are separately available. Hold Down Cables: A pair of cables, one on each side, thread through pocketed hems on the main top sides. The ends of the cables hold the top to the frame. New cables are recommended with each new top. (You can read about cables in the installation summary link.) Tacking strips: Much of the installation involves tacking or stapling (there is no sewing involved.) Tacking into the bow over the windshield (header bow) and into the bow over the rear window (rear top bow) is done into special strips embedded in these frame bows. We offer new tack strips for the front and rear top bows. They should not be required until after at least two tops have been stapled to them. Rebuilding the rear base line tacking strips requires grafting sections of suitable dimension and we would cut and ship per your needs for that purpose. Please inquire at [email protected] if you need to rebuild your rear base tacking strips. Top pads: Top padding "builds out" the top. Pads can last through two tops but should be replaced if of suspect condition. Top Boots: You have the option of using a top storage boot. Our boot fits, as original. Please select the appropriate boot based on the boot descriptions. Specify the fabric/color in the checkout message box. Hydraulics: We now stock hydraulic cylinders, motor-pumps, and hoses for your convertible tops. All are made to OEM specifications. Each can be ordered separately; however, when ordering hydraulic cylinders we recommend replacing both. The chances are that both hydraulic cylinders were manufactured at the same time: if one is on its way out the other may follow. If the top is raised and one hydraulic cylinder is working harder than the other the result over time can lead to a slightly bent convertible top frame. The replacement of both hydraulic cylinders will ensure that the top raises and lowers symmetrically. Systems for this car take Automatic Transmission Fluid (ATF) and have a 5 year warranty when used with this fluid. Brake fluid should not be used as it voids the warranty. We also offer an installation manual when ordered. The 12 volt motor-pumps include a mounting bracket with rubber grommets to reduce vibration. We also offer a rebuilding service for motor-pumps. Not all are repairable, but it is less expensive to have one rebuilt than to buy a new one. The motor-pump would need to be sent to us for evaluation. Hoses come with all new fittings and are made specifically to fit your car. Parts in this category (Buick Wildcat) fit cars for years: 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969 and 1970. We a now pleased to offer hydraulic cylinders, hydraulic motor pumps, and hydraulic hose sets for many different convertibles, they will be listed on your cars page if available. Also, checkout our newly added roof rail weatherstripping seals, front header weatherstripping seals, door weatherstripping seals, trunk weatherstripping seals. Look for extra savings on weatherstripping seals kits. We are continuing to grow our convertible related products: These include convertible top latches, tonneau covers, relays, switches, rear tacking rails (trimsticks), seat covers, car covers, and carpeting. Email questions to: [email protected]	i don't know
Which British motor cycle manufacturer made the Manx	History History Twin tube chassis. Cast outrigger and headstock Öhlins NIX 30 front suspension. Öhlins TTXGP Norton bespoke rear suspension Radially mounted Brembo Monobloc Forged aluminium wheels with carbon option Race spec under seat carbon-fibre fuel tank Gold line axial front brake calipers Conventional style handlebars Integral brake and clutch master cylinders Steel chain guard Head office & production History Norton has long enjoyed a unique place in motorcycle history and continues to draw inspiration from the past whilst building on the Norton legacy for the future. Enjoy a more detailed history of the Norton name by clicking along the timeline below. 1898 The 1898 James Lansdowne Norton (known to all as 'Pa') founded Norton as a manufacturer of "fittings and parts for the two-wheel trade." 1900-1910 By 1902 the first Norton motorcycles were being produced using French and Swiss engines. In 1907 Rem Fowler won the Isle of Man twin cylinder class riding a Norton, the beginning of a strong racing tradition. Success in the very first Isle of Man TT race, followed by wins at Brooklands and other European races, helped cement Norton's reputation as a builder of serious road and race bikes. 1908 saw the company produce the first Norton engined bike, powered by a single cylinder side valve unit and by 1909 Norton motorcycles were on sale in Harrods! 1910-1930 The famous Norton logo, designed by Pa Norton and his daughter Ethel, appeared on the front of the 1914 catalogue and from 1916 Norton Motorcycles carried it on their tanks. In 1925 JL 'Pa' Norton died aged just 56, but not before he saw his motorcycles win the Senior and sidecar TTs in 1924, with the 500cc Model 18, Norton's first overhead valve single. 1930-1950 By the mid 1930s Norton was producing over 4,000 road bikes annually. Between the wars Norton won the Isle of Man Senior TT race ten times and, between 1930 and 1937, won 78 out of 92 Grand Prix races. With the onset of the second world war Norton withdrew from racing but between 1937 and 1945 manufactured almost 100,000 sidevalve motorcycles (almost a quarter of all military motorcycles) as their contribution to the war effort. The company enjoyed further TT victories every year from 1947-1954. 1950-1960 1949 saw the introduction of the twin cylinder Dominator, whilst in 1950 the Featherbed frame was introduced. Lightweight but strong, it was fitted to the Manx Nortons to help negotiate the turns of the Isle of Man track, improving the bikes' handling and contributing to further race success. By 1951 the Dominator and other Norton Cafe Racers were available with the Featherbed frame and its success meant that demand for more traditional frames rapidly diminished. By the end of the 1952 season, Geoff Duke riding for Norton, was the world champion in both the 350cc and 500cc classes and was awarded the OBE. 1960-1980 The 1961 Earls Court motor show heralded the introduction of the Commando, with the engine unit 'isolastically' insulated from the frame for a smooth, vibration-free ride. In the next decade over 500,000 were produced and sold and the Commando was named Motor Cycle News readers 'Machine of the Year' for five successive years. In the 1970s Norton raced under the sponsorship of John Player and the commercial success of the Commando was underlined by the 'Norton Girls' campaign. However this was the decade where the prevalence of Japanese models saw Norton, alongside other great British marques, driven to the brink of extinction. The last Commando was produced in 1976. 1980-2000 In the 1980s the company went through several incarnations - the rights to the name were split between several companies in several countries. The brand was relaunched in Lichfield in 1988 and in 1989 Norton made an emphatic return to racing when Steve Spray won the British Superbike Championship on the all-black JPS bike, a victory repeated in 1994 by Ian Simpson on the Duckhams Norton. The commercial market was slower, though the Wankel engined Interpol 2 motorcycle was popular with police forces and the RAC. This led to the creation of a civilian model called the Classic. In 1992 Steve Hislop, on an ABUS Norton, defeated Carl Fogarty, riding a Yamaha, to win the Isle of Man Senior TT, recording the first victory for a British bike for almost 30 years. 2000-Present Norton moved to its current home at Donington Park in 2008 and in 2009 CEO Stuart Garner set the World Speed Record for a Rotary Powered Motorcycle (recording 173mph for a timed mile). The first Commando 961SE was delivered in 2010 and the success of the Commando 961 sees Norton Motorcycles return to production. In 2012 Norton returned to race the TT with the SG1 and after promising results in 2013, the 2014 season and the long term future look bright!	Norton
Which car manufacturer made the Stilo	Norton Manx \| Flickr Norton Manx Sign in Group Description Norton Manx is a British racing motorcycle that was made from 1947 to 1962 by Norton Motors Ltd. Norton had contested every Isle of Man TT race from the inaugural 1907 event through into the 1970s, a feat unrivalled by any other manufacturer, and the development and honing of the Manx racing motorcycle was another step in this racing achievement. New Manx Norton's, built to various specifications are still available to buy new, from various suppliers around the world. Appearing just after the war, the 1947 Manx Norton was a lightly redesigned prewar racing Norton International, an overhead cam single cylinder. The Norton factory race bikes under Joe Craig were the experimental models, and a customer version was available to buy from the factory in Bracebridge Street, fitted with the McCandless brothers Featherbed frame for 1950, the Manx gained a new lease of racing life as a racing machine, the new frame giving the fine steering necessary for high speeds. The last Bracebridge Street, the original home of Norton, Manx Norton's were sold in 1963. Even though Norton had pulled out of International GP racing in 1954, the Manx had become the backbone of privateer racing. This group is dedicated to the Norton Manx motorcycles and is open to any one with an interest in the Norton Manx motorcycle. Please feel free to post your pictures and comments about the Norton Manx motorcycles. Regards. Peter Accepted content types: Photos, Videos, Images, Art, Screenshots Accepted safety levels: Safe	i don't know
What is the name of the pub used by the Trotters in Only Fools and Horses	The Cars Of Only Fools And Horses \| ShortList Magazine TV The cars of Only Fools and Horses At a terrible pub quiz in a town called Uxbridge we once witnessed a grown man lose his tiny mind over the question, "What is the slogan written on the side of Del Boy's famous Reliant Robin?" THERE IS NO RELIANT ROBIN IN ONLY FOOLS AND HORSES! he scrawled on our answer sheet in angry ink. IT IS A RELIANT REGAL. And although Steve may not have got any actual points that ill fated evening, he did in a some other way have one very good point. That point being that people should pay more attention to the motors of OFAH. There may not be any Reliant Robins in Fools, but bonjour, there are some cosmic motors... Reliant Regal 700cc Supervan Top speed: 55mph The eagle eyed amongst you will have noticed the differing number plates seen on the van over the years in Fools. The varying plates give the game away - there were in fact multiple Reliants used on the show. Claims on how many vans were used range from six to eighteen, though lets face it anyone who owns a Regal would be mad not to paint it yellow and claim it to be a Trotter original. Ricky Hatton owns one of these "official" Regals, another one has been converted into a hearse and can be used to transport your dead for as little as £600 a pop. Cushty. Boycie's Jag Jaguar E Type Top speed: 145mph In the classic episode where Del and Rodders chat up a pair of transvestites, and pretend Rodney is a world renowned tennis champ called Hot Rod, they also crash this incredible machine. The car they hit? Another motor that just misses out on this list - Del's former Vauxhall Velox. The dodgy Velox is driven by the bloke who went on to play Mr Sullivan in cult show Press Gang, and his terrible Aussie accent somehow fails to kill this brilliant scene. Denzil's Lorry DAF 2800 Top speed: 70mph Poor old Denzil, founder and owner of Transit Transworld Express "Any time, any load, anywhere." The bearded scouser's easy access to vans and trucks always made him a prime target for Del when he needed something dodgy picking up or dropping off. The combination of the DAF and Del not only lead to the end of Denzil's marriage, but also to him being placed in a mental hospital. The Pratmobile Ford Capri Ghia Top speed: 122mph Back in Series Seven, the heavily preggers Raquel was understandably not that keen for her baby to travel around dans le van. Hence Boycey flogged the Trotters this wonderful lime beast for a very reasonable £400 (that's sixteen ponies, right?). Controversially, to our cynical old eyes, the Pratmobile seems to miraculously change from a MKII Capri to a MKIII Capri after it’s been spruced up by Del. Quite the mechanic. The Jolly Boys Bus Ford R-1114 Top Speed: unknown Many cars, buses, bikes and vans have played important if slightly minor roles in the series, the Austin Alegro and Ford Cortina MKI of the title music included. One of our favourite bit part vehicles was the bus which provided the catalyst to the script when the Nags Head locals had their day out to Margate. A drunk driver, a dodgy radio, and the good decency to explode into a fireball with perfect comedy timing. What a bus. Shame it went bang really. Rodney's Roller Rolls Royce Silver Spirit Top speed: 120mph When the Trotters became millionaires Rodney bought at least two cars that we know of. A Jaguar XK8, and more famously a Roller for his brother, complete with the number plate DEL 1. The purchase of the latter nicely cues up Del's Nags Head punch line, "I'll buy the sandwiches, cos you bought the Rolls." However, in hindsight it was actually a bit tight of Rodney to buy a second hand car. Image: YouTube	Nags Head, North Carolina
What is the name of the local pub in Eastenders	Nags Head Pub You are in: Home > Nags Head Pub Nags Head Pub Published On Monday, August 13, 2012 By Guest Author . Under: Episodes , Only Fools and Horses . The Nags Head Pub and it’s most memorable moments – article by Only Fools and Horses fan Ryan Howes The Nags Head pub, which Del Boy, Rodney, Uncle Albert, Raquel, Cassandra and all the others used to drink in on a regular basis, is such an important location during all the series of Only Fools and Horses… We see scenes filmed in pub in almost every episode, but what were the most memorable moments? From Raquel the stripper to Rodney’s stag night, the pub provided some memorable moments which will live with us for ever and it’s these moments which really helped the series of Only Fools and Horses become such a wonderful piece of comedy. There were some painful, emotional, hilarious and simply classic moments based in the Nags Head pub in Peckham and it’s those moments which I intend on re-living throughout this article. One of the all-time greatest moments based in the Nags Head Pub, has to be Rodney and Cassandra’s wedding reception held in the hall above the bar, this was arguably the greatest pub moment of all time, but what made it so special? For me and I’m sure many others, it’s got to be towards the end of that certain scene where Rodney and Cassandra are about to leave to go on their honeymoon after just getting married. You can see Del and Rodders both pause for a few seconds and are looking directly at one another from opposite ends of the room, as this is the start of Rodney’s new life. After a short pause we see Rodney turns his back and leaves the room, you have Del, standing in the centre of the hall with a beautiful song being played in background. Throughout this wonderful scene the audience (although silent) played a huge role in making this moment so memorable. Why? Because normally Only Fools’ doesn’t contain scenes which are classed as emotional because it’s just so funny, however this scene was the complete opposite, not funny, just so perfectly emotional. Did you know; at the time of filming, the audience weren’t laughing and Tony Dow (the director at the time) said to John Sullivan ; “the audience aren’t laughing?” the response from John was spot on; “Tony, they aren’t laughing, because their crying”… and out came the tissues. Lovely Jubbly in’it! At first, this was schedule to be the last episode of Only Fools and Horses, with Rodney about to leave Del and move on in his new life, living with Cassandra, and a new job with Cassandra’s dad’s printing firm. However, because John Sullivan knew he couldn’t leave it at that, he decided to bring them back for another series to show Rodney and how he is getting on in his new life, and as we all know, things weren’t as Cushty as poor old Rodney would have liked. There are just so many unforgettable moments which are based at the Nags Head Pub, I don’t know where to start, but I feel it’s a must, that I embarrass poor old Del for this funny moment which occurred during Uncle Albert’s birthday party at the pub, unfortunately for Del things didn’t go as Cushty as he would have hoped; the moment he finds out Raquel (who he’s only just met) is a stripper… For Del it’s almost a heart breaker but for everyone else it’s another superb moment to add to the memory bank! After seeing Raquel beginning the strip on Uncle Albert as the surprise birthday present for him, Del feels let down, embarrassed, angry and upset and yet again it looked to be Bonjour to yet another of his birds. However, it wasn’t to be Bonjour to Raquel, as later that episode we found out that Del actually was still interested in her, and as ever with Derek Trotter around, things weren’t that easy, as he was later arrested… Let’s leave it at that shall we! Cos’bloody’mic! – What a Plonker you really are Del! The pub played a huge role for all the characters during the making of Only Fools and Horses, and there are still so many top moments… From Rodney winning a date with nervous Nerys to the Trotter family walking into the pub as millionaires for the first time! Although the greatest Fools and Horses moment of all time didn’t occur in the Nags Head, there are many moments which were filmed in the Nags Head Pub that are deservedly placed high on people’s Only Fools and Horses top moments list. This just shows what a key role the pub played in making OFAH such a brilliant piece of comedy and is still watched by millions across the globe today. People may ask what made the Nags Head Pub so great, I believe it’s mainly down to Mike Fisher the pubs friendly landlord, although the pub had many bar workers before Mike arrived on the scene, I still believe it was his character which made the pub such a popular location to film Only Fools And Horses and this is why I say Mike Fisher made the pub so great with some luvvly jubbly moments! Other Pukka Posts:	i don't know
What is the name of the local pub in Peak Practice	Longnor village in the Peak District Longnor village in the Peak District Longnor village in the Peak District Longnor village in the Peak District, is pretty and compact, and has an old world ambiance about it. Longnor sits high on the Staffordshire Moorlands with the river Dove to the east and the river Manifold to the west. Many of the the buildings were built of local stone mined at Daisy Knoll. Longnor was once a market centre for the region and has a little cobbled market square and a victorian market hall which dates back to 1873, but its ambition to be a thriving market town was hindered by the demise of the turnpikes and its lack of a railway link. Longnor hall is now a craft centre and coffee shop but it retains an inscription above the entrance, giving the tariffs of long forgotten market tolls. The church of St Bartholomew was rebuilt in the 18th century and stands on foundations at least 800 years old. It has an embattled western tower with pinnacles and contains a Norman font, though on the whole it is a rather grim looking building. Its churchyard contains the grave of a William Billings who following his birth in a cornfield, saw the capture of Gibralter, suffered wounds at the battle of Ramillies and later saw action against the Stuarts in both 1715 and 1745 and finally expired at a grand old age of 112 years. The village was once part of the Crewe and Harpur estate and one of the 4 pubs in the village bares that name. The other 3 are the Grapes, the Horseshoe Inn and the Cheshire Cheese. The Horsehoe Inn is the oldest, dating back to the 17th Century. More recently its facade was used as the exterior of the 'Black Swan' in ITV'S Peak Practice. Cheese was once made at Glutton Bridge near the village, and records show it was actually stored close to the site of today's Cheshire Cheese pub as far back as 1464. A shop called Heirs and Graces, a dolls hospital, is housed in a former Wesleyan chapel built in 1852, listed, and containing much of its original furniture, including its `flying` pulpit, choir stalls and pews. There is a small local industry in clock making, an art gallery, tea rooms and the village makes a good centre for exploring the upper reaches of the Manifold and Dove valleys. Edge Top is the old pack horse route between Flash and Longnor. It has been tarmac covered and provides a nice walk with marvellous views into the valleys below. The village is surrounded by some quite dramatic scenery making the area a magnet for walkers and cyclists. Longnor is home to the annual 'Longnor Sports' or 'Wakes races. This is a tradition going back to 1904 and always held on the first Thursday after the first Sunday in September. The event attracts thousands of visitors to Longnor and is held on Waterhouse Farm. It starts around noon with a gymkhana, followed by a series of harness races. This followed by a 'Golden Mile' fun run for all comers, then motorbike races and a final cross country hill race to round off the day. Accommodation around Longnor Monks Retreat Holiday Cottages - Spacious, beamed, quiet but not too isolated, lovingly maintained, and overlooking some of the most spectacular scenery in the Peak Park, the cottages are situated where Millers Dale meets Monks Dale - a conservation area of outstanding natural beauty, renowned for its excellent walking with a network of paths leading directly from the door. There are paths of all grades from very easy to more challenging past towering limestone cliffs and along peaceful rivered dales. Our farm trail leads to a ridge walk with views of 7 dales. Read more at Monks Retreat Holiday Cottages Other places of interest in the area Crowdecote is an attractive hamlet on the Derbyshire bank of the upper Dove. It has a pub called the Pack Horse Inn, which does B/B and has great views, including that of Chrome Hill and Packhorse Hill, which are as close to mountains as one gets in the Peak District. Hollinsclough was once had a cottage silk weaving industry, supplying the 18th century silk mills in Macclesfield but now makes an excellent centre for walks in this region. It is a small enchanting settlement of cottages and farmhouse set close to each other at a crossroads. The name comes from the clough that descends from Hollinsclough Moor, just south west of the village. It has a thriving community association which tries to keep its folk memories and traditions alive. It has 2 chapels, one built by a John Lomas in his back garden. He was a packhorse man, and a packhorse way came down from Axe Edge past the chapel. It also has a thriving Junior school. Earl Sterndale a small, quiet, hamlet has a 19th century church built on the site of a much earlier chapel.St Michaels was accidently bombed during the war and had to be rebuilt. It contains a font, believed to date back to Saxon times. The pub, called the Quiet Woman, has a sign which depicts a headless woman. The inscription reads `Soft words turneth away wrath`. She supposedly represents a nagging wife known as `chattering Charteris`, and her husband is reputed to have lost control and cut off her head. Glutton Bridge is a picturesque cluster of farms and cottages, sitting astride the road to Buxton, and marks the Staffordshire/ Derbyshire boundary. Directions for Longnor Longnor is just over the border in Staffordshire. It can be reached by taking the A515 from Ashbourne and taking a signposted left turn, about 13 miles later.The minor road from the A515 passes through the quaint village of Crowdercote with some marvellous views of the valley below.Beware of the hair-pin bends. More photographs of Longnor and the region at Longnor photographs Longnor market hall	Black swan (disambiguation)
Who was the first British woman to record for Tamla Motown	Longnor village in the Peak District Longnor village in the Peak District Longnor village in the Peak District Longnor village in the Peak District, is pretty and compact, and has an old world ambiance about it. Longnor sits high on the Staffordshire Moorlands with the river Dove to the east and the river Manifold to the west. Many of the the buildings were built of local stone mined at Daisy Knoll. Longnor was once a market centre for the region and has a little cobbled market square and a victorian market hall which dates back to 1873, but its ambition to be a thriving market town was hindered by the demise of the turnpikes and its lack of a railway link. Longnor hall is now a craft centre and coffee shop but it retains an inscription above the entrance, giving the tariffs of long forgotten market tolls. The church of St Bartholomew was rebuilt in the 18th century and stands on foundations at least 800 years old. It has an embattled western tower with pinnacles and contains a Norman font, though on the whole it is a rather grim looking building. Its churchyard contains the grave of a William Billings who following his birth in a cornfield, saw the capture of Gibralter, suffered wounds at the battle of Ramillies and later saw action against the Stuarts in both 1715 and 1745 and finally expired at a grand old age of 112 years. The village was once part of the Crewe and Harpur estate and one of the 4 pubs in the village bares that name. The other 3 are the Grapes, the Horseshoe Inn and the Cheshire Cheese. The Horsehoe Inn is the oldest, dating back to the 17th Century. More recently its facade was used as the exterior of the 'Black Swan' in ITV'S Peak Practice. Cheese was once made at Glutton Bridge near the village, and records show it was actually stored close to the site of today's Cheshire Cheese pub as far back as 1464. A shop called Heirs and Graces, a dolls hospital, is housed in a former Wesleyan chapel built in 1852, listed, and containing much of its original furniture, including its `flying` pulpit, choir stalls and pews. There is a small local industry in clock making, an art gallery, tea rooms and the village makes a good centre for exploring the upper reaches of the Manifold and Dove valleys. Edge Top is the old pack horse route between Flash and Longnor. It has been tarmac covered and provides a nice walk with marvellous views into the valleys below. The village is surrounded by some quite dramatic scenery making the area a magnet for walkers and cyclists. Longnor is home to the annual 'Longnor Sports' or 'Wakes races. This is a tradition going back to 1904 and always held on the first Thursday after the first Sunday in September. The event attracts thousands of visitors to Longnor and is held on Waterhouse Farm. It starts around noon with a gymkhana, followed by a series of harness races. This followed by a 'Golden Mile' fun run for all comers, then motorbike races and a final cross country hill race to round off the day. Accommodation around Longnor Monks Retreat Holiday Cottages - Spacious, beamed, quiet but not too isolated, lovingly maintained, and overlooking some of the most spectacular scenery in the Peak Park, the cottages are situated where Millers Dale meets Monks Dale - a conservation area of outstanding natural beauty, renowned for its excellent walking with a network of paths leading directly from the door. There are paths of all grades from very easy to more challenging past towering limestone cliffs and along peaceful rivered dales. Our farm trail leads to a ridge walk with views of 7 dales. Read more at Monks Retreat Holiday Cottages Other places of interest in the area Crowdecote is an attractive hamlet on the Derbyshire bank of the upper Dove. It has a pub called the Pack Horse Inn, which does B/B and has great views, including that of Chrome Hill and Packhorse Hill, which are as close to mountains as one gets in the Peak District. Hollinsclough was once had a cottage silk weaving industry, supplying the 18th century silk mills in Macclesfield but now makes an excellent centre for walks in this region. It is a small enchanting settlement of cottages and farmhouse set close to each other at a crossroads. The name comes from the clough that descends from Hollinsclough Moor, just south west of the village. It has a thriving community association which tries to keep its folk memories and traditions alive. It has 2 chapels, one built by a John Lomas in his back garden. He was a packhorse man, and a packhorse way came down from Axe Edge past the chapel. It also has a thriving Junior school. Earl Sterndale a small, quiet, hamlet has a 19th century church built on the site of a much earlier chapel.St Michaels was accidently bombed during the war and had to be rebuilt. It contains a font, believed to date back to Saxon times. The pub, called the Quiet Woman, has a sign which depicts a headless woman. The inscription reads `Soft words turneth away wrath`. She supposedly represents a nagging wife known as `chattering Charteris`, and her husband is reputed to have lost control and cut off her head. Glutton Bridge is a picturesque cluster of farms and cottages, sitting astride the road to Buxton, and marks the Staffordshire/ Derbyshire boundary. Directions for Longnor Longnor is just over the border in Staffordshire. It can be reached by taking the A515 from Ashbourne and taking a signposted left turn, about 13 miles later.The minor road from the A515 passes through the quaint village of Crowdercote with some marvellous views of the valley below.Beware of the hair-pin bends. More photographs of Longnor and the region at Longnor photographs Longnor market hall	i don't know
Which single was Motown's first American chart topper (It was by The Marvelettes)	Various - The Best Of Motown 1960s, Volume 1 (CD, Album) at Discogs Report Who would have guessed that when Berry Gordy Jr set up a small record company called Motown with an $800 loan, it would become one of the world's leading record labels. Bridging the gap between black and white culture, Motown was the pioneering all-black record company, home to so many legends such as Diana Ross and the Supremes, Marvin Gaye, Stevie Wonder, The Temptations, The Four Tops and several more. Compiling a collection of Motown's definitive classics on one disc is virtually impossible, and on this compilation there is actually only twelve featured. However, this is just the first volume of Motown's 60s classics and every one of these tracks are essential and lie among the greatest pop and soul classics in music history: 1. DANCING IN THE STREET - MARTHA & THE VANDELLAS This was proudly referred to by Motown insiders as ‘our national anthem’. The history of Dancing In The Street dates back to 1964. The song was penned by Mickey Stevenson at home after being inspired by the sight of black and white children all playing happily together under the huge spray of a burst water hydrant. While the song was being formed, Ivy Jo Hunter and Marvin Gaye were present. It was Marvin who inadvertently came up with the title Dancing In The Street while making an off-hand comment and for which he bargained a 25% royalty. A demo was recorded which carried a vocal by Marvin Gaye, with the backing track recorded on 22 May 1964, featuring Marvin on piano, Joe Messina on Telecaster, James Jamerson on bass and, in the absence of Benny Benjamin, Fred Waites on drums. In a moment of inspiration, Ivy Jo Hunter hauled some car tyre chains into the studio to make a sensational crashing percussion, achieved by continually slamming them against a piece of wood. It’s been said that by the end of the session his hands were bleeding! (This method was later employed on another renowned Martha & The Vandellas classic, Nowhere To Run ) It was actually first offered to Kim Weston to record, who turned it down. Once Martha Reeves came into the fold it was almost inconceivable to imagine anyone but her recording the song: She ripped into the song with conviction, sounding so fiery, passionate and soulful, delivering one of her best-ever vocal performances. The song has been analysed as intended to incite a riot, although all parties involved vehemently denied this allegation. The track is simply joyous and is really about people uniting in fun. Released in 1964, with There He Is (At My Door) as the B-side, the song fell just one slot short of the top spot on the pop chart and #8 R&B in the States. Surprisingly, in the UK it stopped at #28. However, when re-released in January 1969, with Quicksand as the new B-side, it flew up to #4. 2. BABY LOVE - THE SUPREMES After the major British invasion on the American charts in 1964, The Supremes were by far the biggest-selling American group. Their next single, Baby Love, mirrored Where Did Our Love Go. The lyrics were actually based on Lamont Dozier's first serious relationship, the narration reading like a crying plea to a selfish, uncaring lover. It's almost child-like in its simplicity. The track was first recorded on 24 July 1964, during which time Where Did Our Love Go was heading to the top of the charts. When first presented to Berry Gordy, it got the thumbs-down from him, as he thought it lacked commercial potential. Beginning in sedate tempo, it had none of the usual Motown gimmicks that hooked the listener from the outset. Lamont Dozier quoted in The Supremes 2000 box set: “It was originally cut slower than Where Did Our Love Go, and Mr. Gordy felt it should be at least as fast because it had been so successful.” Bearing this in mind, Holland-Dozier-Holland crafted a new introduction where Earl Van Dyke's swirling piano, hand-clapping and a bass-cymbal figure throb lead to an abrupt stop accentuated by a bang of the drum before Diana's trademark 'Ooh-ooh' backed by foot stomps as a nod to its predecessor. The tempo was rearranged into something considerably more sprightly and pop-flavoured, despite the lyrics conveying a tortured soul. By the time it reaches the second chorus, James Jamerson's bass-licks pump up through the horns and guitars, enlarging the arrangement. The Supremes’ vocals were added on 13 August, and the single was released in September. Though sounding distinctly, and intentionally, similar to Where Did Our Love Go, Baby Love was an even bigger success. Replacing Manfred Mann's Do Wah Diddy, Diddy, it remained at #1 for four weeks (the longest run at the top for a Supremes single) before hitting #1 on the other side of the Atlantic, making The Supremes the very first girl group in history to top the British Singles Chart. Baby Love, said to be a personal favourite of Berry Gordy's, was three minutes of utter perfection. Diana's sensitive, vulnerable delivery is so touchingly sweet, sincere and warm that it's impossible to find any flaws. Florence and Mary deliver memorable, almost hypnotic, backing vocals, complementing Diana's yearning lead. The song went on to be nominated the following year for a Grammy in the Best Rhythm & Blues Recording category. Like Where Did Our Love Go, Baby Love is another major, important, musical milestone, and both these historical pop/soul classics have been ranked in Rolling Stone magazine's list of The 500 Greatest Songs Of All Time. The Supremes were now Motown's biggest-selling act and were swiftly elevated to the company's number-one priority. At one point, Berry Gordy even served a memo to his staff, dictating that everything released by The Supremes would be nothing but number-one hits! 3. SHOP AROUND - SMOKEY ROBINSON & THE MIRACLES Written by Smokey Robinson and Berry Gordy Jr, Shop Around bore the distinction of becoming Motown's very first R&B chart-topper. The song had originally been intended for Barrett Strong as a follow-up to his hit Money (That's What I Want). Berry Gordy considered it to be more suited to the style of Smokey Robinson and his group The Miracles and, therefore, persuaded the group to record it instead. Following its initial release in September 1960, this became The Miracles fourth American single, backed with Who's Loving You as the B-side. However, it was hastily withdrawn from the market shortly after going on sale. Berry decided he wanted a tighter, punchier and more rounded production of the recording. When the single was re-issued, containing the familiar version we all know and love, it flew up to #2 Billboard Pop, and in the early months of 1961 sat pretty at the top of the R&B Chart for two months. This also marked their first release in Britain, released on the London American label in February'61. It's an immensely catchy recording, the strident bass-line capturing the early Motown sound at its best, while Smokey Robinson delivers a terrific lead with his sensual falsetto, complemented by a dazzling backdrop of harmonies from the Miracles. 4. MY GIRL - THE TEMPTATIONS This landmark Temptations classic was a shrewdly conceived updating of Mary Wells' My Guy, also penned by Smokey Robinson. Smokey has, on numerous occasions, stated that the song was tailor-made to fit the rough and ready vocal style of David Ruffin, although at that point in time Ruffin wasn't considered the lead singer in the group. Contradicting this statement are Ruffin's claims that the song was written for his daughter, while Claudette Robinson (Smokey's then-wife) having gone on record saying it was intended for her. Needless to say, the results are utterly thrilling. Smokey tutoured The Temptations through their vocal parts including the terrific vocal trade-offs on the track's chorus, where each member in turn sings the title. Beautifully orchestrated, including swirling strings and James Jamerson's bass licks, My Girl proudly topped both the American pop and R&B charts, and has since gone on to be one of Motown's most famous classics. 5. MY GUY - MARY WELLS Motown's first leading lady, Mary Wells, managed to score Motown its first British top forty entry (after forty-one releases) with this sumptuous classic, penned by one of the label's most prolific songwriters, Smokey Robinson. Recorded on 3 March 1964, My Guy was released just ten days later. The song is an uncomplicated statement of loyalty in love. Bearing a light but immensely catchy arrangement, the carefree rise-and-fall melodicism along with Wells' sweet, sensuous and emotive vocals, helped this rapidly become an American number one smash hit, while landing at #5 in the UK. A favourite of The Beatles (with whom she toured, at their request, as their support act), Mary Wells was at the height of her success and popularity at this point, easily being Motown's biggest female act. However, she was lured away from the label, signing a quarter-of-a-million dollar contract with Twentieth Century Fox in September 1964. In this new venture they also promised Mary a move into the movie business. Sadly, for what seemed such a lucrative deal, the movie career never materialised and she would release only a sporadic sprinkling of minor hit singles in the ensuing years, as well as other moves to different record labels. Still, Wells had most certainly made her mark and will always be remembered and acknowledged as Motown's very first leading lady. 6. HOW SWEET IT IS (TO BE LOVED BY YOU) - MARVIN GAYE This was Marvin's most successful single up to that point in 1964, shifting over 900,000 copies. Created by the genius trio Holland-Dozier-Holland after Eddie Holland had heard the phrase used on a television show, the track was rapidly laid down with Gaye reading from lyrics sheets on the studio floor. A pure pop confection, boasting some wonderful piano playing, Gaye's uplifting vocals complement the buoyant, feel-good tone impeccably. Although Gaye wanted to concentrate on being a more "serious" artist, this slice of commercial pop was a joyous recording and one that Gaye himself loved. Some years later, fellow Motown act Junior Walker recorded a far rockier renedition of How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved By You) which proved to be even more successful than Marvin's. A critic for AllMusic described Marvin's version as a "radiant pop confection", also noting that it was far from one of his usual songs which often reflected his own personal demons. 7. I CAN'T HELP MYSELF - THE FOUR TOPS Another landmark for the Four Tops, this track had been earmarked for the group by Lamont Dozier in its early stages, with composer Lamont Dozier approaching Duke Fakir in the audience of a Temptations concert and taking him home to play the song through. At first the song was immersed in a dark, sombre mood but lacked commercial potential. So the track was re-worked into something considerably more buoyant, including the light, vernacular words 'Sugar Pie, Honey Bunch', which was derived from Lamont Dozier's grandfather, who would use the refrain as a greeting to all visitors to his home beauty shop. Set to an infectious, pulsating beat, the track employs the use of a bass guitar which remains prominent in the mix, shattering tambourines, among others. Instantly memorable, with a rocketing lead vocal from Levi Stubbs, I Can't Help Myself raced to pole position on both the American pop and soul charts. 8. SHOTGUN - JUNIOR WALKER & THE ALL STARS Keeping up with developments in black American music in 1964-65 with the rise of Atlantic Records and Stax Volt, Berry Gordy shrewdly set up another subsidary label, Soul, for music aimed more at a predominantly black audience. Artists on this new label included the likes of Gladys Knight & The Pips, Jimmy Ruffin, Shorty Long and Junior Walker & The All Stars. Junior Walker was single-handedly bringing the saxophone back into popularity in the R&B world in the early 1960s. His raw, more street-wise sound was fresh and exciting, and of all his recordings Shotgun is, perhaps, his most definitive. Released in 1965, the compelling composition crossed over to the pop top five, whilst racing into pole position on the R&B chart. A pure masterpiece, the prominent saxophone playing being used to exhilarating effect. 9. PLEASE MR. POSTMAN - THE MARVELETTES The Marvelettes hold the distinguished honour of delivering Motown its first American pop chart-topper, putting the fledgling record company firmly on the map. They were also the label's first successful girl-group, long before Martha & The Vandellas and The Supremes got anywhere near the chart! The Marvelettes were a teen quartet (before eventually being reduced to a trio), with Gladys Horton as the main lead singer. Please Mr. Postman was offered to the group as a potential hit, the first track taking on a bluesy feel as opposed to the adolescent pop-soul style it became. Marvelette Georgia Dobbins made some adjustments before further being refined by Robert Bateman, Brian Holland and Freddie Gorman. Recorded in the summer of 1961, Please Mr. Postman was one of the first Motown tracks to be recorded on Mike McLean's newly built three-track console. Carrying a high-school style in its steady sound, enlivened with chirpy teenage innocence, Please Mr. Postman features an infectious vocal from the elegant Gladys Horton, her performance brimming with yearning and youthful angst. The recording is also notable for featuring a young Marvin Gaye on drums. Though it has been famously covered by the likes of The Beatles and The Carpenters, the definitive version, without a doubt, belongs to The Marvelettes. One of Motown's true defining classics, yet at this point it had yet to truly make its mark in Britain: It was released in the UK on the Fontana label, but failed to chart. 10. MONEY (THAT'S WHAT I WANT) - BARRETT STRONG Frequently covered over the years, including by the likes of The Beatles and the Rolling Stones, Money (That's What I Want) was Motown's very first hit single; it is also undoubtedly the definitive version of the song. Written by Strong, Janie Bradford and Berry Gordy, the song sounds tailor-made to fit the rough and ready vocal style of Barrett Strong and has a strong bluesy feel despite its overly buoyant arrangement. Solid Motown gold! 11. DO YOU LOVE ME? - THE CONTOURS What a classic we have here! By early 1962 Motown was enjoying huge success and Berry Gordy was more than ready to expand his horizons even further with the launch of the subsidary label Gordy (he would also set up several other subsidary label's over the course of time). Gordy's fourth American single was The Contours' third, composed by Mr. Gordy himself and originally intended as a vehicle for The Temptations. The group were rebellious and boisterous, their stage act drawing hysterics from audiences. The quirky style of Do You Love Me suited their rough-and-ready style down to the ground. The group tear into this song with such adrenalin-fuelled conviction, perfectly complementing its rip-roaring arrangement which is far from typical Motown. As most will know, this song took on a whole new lease of life in the late 80s when it was featured in the blockbusting film Dirty Dancing. Back in 1962 on its original release, it climbed its way up to #3 on the US Billboard Hot 100, while flying all the way to the top on the R&B Chart. It was also covered by British groups the Dave Clark Five and Brian Poole & The Tremeloes (who scored a UK no.1 hit with their version) but none of these pop-washed, watered-down takes on the song matched the razor-sharp immediacy and dynamic quality of The Contours' truly thrilling original. 12. I HEARD IT THROUGH THE GRAPEVINE - MARVIN GAYE A survey carried out on the British public in 2014 saw Marvin Gaye's I Heard It Through The Grapevine being declared Britain's Most-Loved Motown recording (closely followed by Diana Ross's Ain't No Mountain High Enough and Jimmy Ruffin's What Becomes Of The Broken Hearted ). Yet it was a track that took over eighteen months to be released as a single! The early-1967 backing track had been crafted with The Temptations in mind. Gaye would lay down his vocals on 10 April 1967, but it would take over a year before it made its way out into the public domain and even then was only as an album filler. In the interim it was recorded and released by Gladys Knight & The Pips who scored a huge hit with it. The backing track is notable for its rather sedate tempo, writer and producer Norman Whitfield opting for far more penetrating sound than initially conceived. The recording sessions ran over four days, the ensemble band recorded live: You can clearly hear the rattling wires on Benny Benjamin's snare drum on that haunting intro, intertwining seamlessly with Johnny Griffith's calmly concentrated electric piano. Eddie Willis and Joe Messina's electric guitar playing, coupled with Jack Ashford's insistent tambourine, the 20-second introduction is undoubtedly one of Motown's most memorable and instantly grabbing introductions. Once it kicks in to the main body of the song, Gaye lets rip with a gut-wrenching, agonising vocal, riding effortlessly across James Jamerson's upright bass. The story of the narrative is actually told in the musical track, the rattling percussion lurking in its doorways and a group of females gossiping giving the impression of a crowd of onlookers snooping gratutiously on Marvin's crushed pride. Tucked away on Gaye's In The Groove album, the track's electrifying intensity generated substantial interest, Chicago DJ Phil Jones spinning the song on his radio show which further provoked a stir by his listeners. As its solid reputation as an outstanding track spread, Motown finally released I Heard It Through The Grapevine as a single in November 1968 and watched it fly to the top of the US Billboard pop and soul charts. Then when released in early 1969 in the UK, it repeated its success by zooming to no.1 on the official British Singles Chart.	Please Mr. Postman
Which Motown singer had a top ten hit with It Should Have Been Me	"Please Mister Postman" by The Beatles. The in-depth story behind the songs of the Beatles. Recording History. Songwriting History. Song Structure and Style. Beatles fan mail, November 1963 “PLEASE MISTER POSTMAN” (Georgia Dobbins – William Garrett – Brian Holland – Robert Bateman – Freddie Gorman) The Beatles took pride in their recordings, whether it was newly written originals or well loved cover versions. When they entered EMI studios for recording sessions in the early years, no matter what they were recording and no matter how rushed their schedules were, they were on top of their game. As can be seen by the cover songs chosen for their second album “With The Beatles,” they were given more leeway to record what they felt strongly about, as opposed to having George Martin or Brian Epstein suggest the track list for them. The songs they chose to record usually weren’t big hits; in fact some were so obscure that many Beatles fans assumed they wrote them. “Please Mister Postman” was the exception. The fifth and final “girl group” song The Beatles picked to professionally record was also the biggest hit they chose. The original version of the song by the Motown group The Marvelettes peaked at #1 on the Billboard pop charts in December of 1961. It was actually the first #1 hit the Motown label ever had. Could The Beatles do the song justice? Would American audiences be interested in a young white British group covering a black R&B/pop smash hit? Capitol Records didn’t think so. They decided against including the song on their first album “ Meet The Beatles! ” for just that reason. On the surface, you can understand their reasoning, but after three million copies of the album had been sold by mid March, Capitol was ready to rush-release another album to cash in on the excitement. And you better believe they included “Please Mister Postman” on that next release, “ The Beatles’ Second Album .” The Marvelettes Songwriting History An interesting mystery surrounding “Please Mister Postman” is identifying the actual songwriter(s). You would think that taking a look at the label on the original record would solve this issue, but that is not the case. On The Marvelettes record you will see the songwriters’ credit as “Dobbins/Garrett/Brianbert,” but on the label of The Beatles version of the song you will see “Holland” as the songwriter. The Songwriters Hall Of Fame credits the song to “Holland/Bateman/Gorman” while The Beatles discography book “All Together Now” even lists Motown founder Berry Gordy as co-author of the song. To solve the mystery we need to look at the history of the song. The Marvels were a singing group from Inkster, Michigan made up of five high school friends Georgia Dobbins, Gladys Horton, Georgeanna Tillman, Juanita Cowart and Katherine Anderson. In early 1961 they landed an audition with Berry Gordy and Smokey Robinson at Hitsville, USA, home of Motown Records. Although they performed well, they were required to come back with their own original song. Georgia Dobbins took it upon herself to take a blues song written by a friend of hers named William Garrett and rework it for the group to perform at a later audition for Motown. Garrett only had a small set of lyrics but no melody for a song he titled “Please Mr. Postman” and, when Dobbins asked permission to re-write it to be suitable for a girl group to sing, he agreed as long as he would get songwriters’ credit. Dobbins, keeping only the song’s title, turned the song into a plea for a letter from a boyfriend. With this new song, they passed the second audition, but not until their name was changed from the plain-sounding (according to Gordy) Marvels to the Marvelettes. He also felt the song needed some sprucing up, so he hired the songwriting team of Brian Holland and Robert Bateman (collectively known as “Brianbert”) to re-work the song even more. Brian Holland also had a songwriting partner named Freddie Gorman (an actual Detroit postman) who was enlisted for the final touches on the song. When the Marvelettes turned up at the studio to record their first song, Georgia Dobbins was not present. Influenced by her father who didn’t want his daughter singing in nightclubs, she left the group and was replaced by Wanda Young. Although Gladys Horton ended up singing lead on “Please Mr. Postman,” Georgia Dobbins was gratefully still credited as co-author of the song, which spent a week at number one on the Billboard pop charts (as well as the R&B charts) in December of 1961. After The Marvelettes released the lackluster follow-up single “Twistin’ Postman” (capitalizing on their first hit and the ‘twist’ dance craze), their continued chart success included “Playboy,” “Beachwood 4-5789,” “Too Many Fish In The Sea” and “Don’t Mess With Bill.” After assorted personnel adjustments, they finally disbanded in 1970 shortly after Motown moved their headquarters to Los Angeles leaving the group behind. Brian Holland and Robert Bateman, known collectively as “Brianbert,” joined Motown as songwriters, producers and engineers in 1961. They both were members of an early Motown vocal group called The Satintones, although Brian had previously released a solo single in 1958 under the name Bryant Holland. Together they found their first real fame as co-writers and co-producers of the smash hit “Please Mr. Postman.” Although Robert Bateman left Motown shortly afterward in 1962, Brian Holland continued a prolific songwriting career with Lamont Dozier and Freddie Gorman. In 1963, Gorman was replaced in the songwriting team with Brian’s older brother Eddie Holland, which began the hugely successful Holland/Dozier/Holland songwriting career. Together, this trio worked as both songwriters and producers of an endless number of Motown hits which include 25 number one songs. Most noteworthy among these are “(Love Is Like A) Heatwave,” “How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved By You),” “Where Did Our Love Go,” “Stop! In The Name Of Love,” “Sugar Pie, Honey Bunch (I Can’t Help Myself),” “Reach Out I’ll Be There,” “You Keep My Hangin’ On” and countless others. Because of royalty and profit sharing issues, Holland/Dozier/Holland left Motown in early 1968 but kept busy in the music industry with their successful Invictus and Hot Wax record labels. A lawsuit with Motown continued all the way until 1977 when it was settled by Holland/Dozier/Holland paying a mere few thousand dollars in damages. Freddie Gorman was known in the music business as a singer in such 50's R&B groups as The Qualitones (“Tears Of Love”) and The Fideletones (“Pretty Girl”). His biggest accomplishment, though, was with the successful vocal group The Originals, who recorded for Soul Records in the late 60’s and early 70’s. Forming in 1966 and providing background vocals on such Motown hits as “What Becomes Of The Brokenhearted” and “For Once In My Life,” The Originals continued on, under the tutelage of Marvin Gaye, to score huge hits on the R&B charts. Their first single “Baby I’m For Real” became a #14 pop hit on the Billboard charts (#1 R&B) in 1969, while their follow-up “The Bells” peaked at #12 (#2 R&B) selling over a million copies. During the Disco era, they even scored a #1 hit on the Dance charts with “Down To Love Town.” They continued recording and performing until the group broke up in 1982. Freddie Gorman passed away in California on June 13th, 2006. It’s also noteworthy to mention that "Please Mister Postman" spent another week at number one on the Billboard pop charts in early 1975. The Carpenters remade the 14 year old song, which became their third of three number one hits for the group. Sadly, the song’s true originators no longer received writing credit on this release, the label reading “Holland/ Gorman/ Bateman” as the songs’ writers. The Beatles with George Martin in EMI Studio Two, 1963 Recording History July 30th, 1963, was the second recording session The Beatles had for their second British album “With The Beatles.” The first session for the album on July 18th consisted entirely of cover songs, and they continued this trend in resurrecting a chestnut from their 1962 stage shows, “Please Mister Postman” (changing from “Mr.” on the original version). This was the first of six songs The Beatles recorded on this day. The morning session on this day ran from 10 am to 1:30 pm at EMI Studio Two, after which they left for Playhouse Theatre in London to rehearse and record a performance for the BBC radio show “Saturday Club.” Being that they were very familiar with “Please Mister Postman,” it was a pretty straightforward recording with all four musicians singing and playing live for seven straight takes. Early takes of the song show them not breaking during the climactic vocal lines toward the end of the song (during “check it and see…” and “deliver the letta…”), so a decision must have been made (probably by George Martin) to accentuate these phrases by the time the seventh take was recorded. Since take seven was the keeper, overdubs were performed to double-track John Lennon’s lead vocals, which took the takes to nine, which was deemed ‘best.’ They recorded the song approximately from 10 to 11 am, thereby finishing the morning session with the much more difficult (and less familiar) original composition “ It Won’t Be Long .” The mono mix of the song was performed by George Martin and engineers Norman Smith and Geoff Emerick on August 21st, 1963 along with the rest of the tracks recorded thus far for the album. The same studio team (along with the mysterious B.T.) waited until October 29th, 1963 to create the stereo mix of the song which was also done with the rest of the album (except for “ Money (That’s What I Want) ,” which was created the next day). These are the mono and stereo mixes that appeared in the US as well, albeit with some extra reverb added by the Capitol team. Song Structure and Style The structure for “Please Mister Postman” consists of a 'refrain/ verse/ verse/ refrain/ verse/ refrain' pattern (or abbaba) which is somewhat unique for The Beatles repertoire. Preceding this pattern is a short introduction, and then an alternate refrain is repeated three times after the pattern. No solo or instrumental section is required in this song. What is quite common about this song in regards to pop music of the 50’s and early 60’s is the repeating four chord pattern, which encompasses every section of the song (except the introduction). Common as it may have been in pop music of that time, this pattern was virtually ignored by the Lennon/McCartney songwriting team throughout their career. The song begins with a hi-hat beat just before the one beat of the four measure introduction, which signals Paul and George’s “Wait,” ushering in John’s lead vocals. Only drums and a hint of bass are heard instrumentally in this introduction, which basically features John’s double-tracked vocals and Paul and George’s background vocals. A short bass run introduces full instrumentation of the band in this first eight measure refrain, which actually features the background vocalists (Paul and George) singing the melody line while the lead vocalist (John) sings accentuating vocal lines, such as “oh yeah” and “please, please.” The first two actual eight measure verses then follow, which allow the lead vocalist to tell his story as the background vocalists “ooh” in hushed tones to allow John center stage. After an identical refrain is heard, a third verse appears which once again allows the lead singer to add to the story. Another refrain then is heard, but this time the lead vocalist mostly sings with the background vocalists, accentuating his having to wait “such a long time” to hear from his girl. This moves directly into three eight-measure alternate refrains which features the key phrase “wait a minute” being indefinitely repeated by the lead and background vocalists. The seventh and eighth measures of the first two alternate refrains present a rest for all guitars as the lead vocalist portrays the urgency of his request for a “letta” from the postman. An interesting note is Lennon’s choosing to chop off the last syllable of the cute lyric “deliver the letta, the sooner the bet…” to allow for him to lead off the “wait a minute” melody line for a third alternate refrain. This third alternate refrain simply repeats the “wait a minute” vocals in mostly three-part harmony, which then segues into what would be a fourth alternate refrain, except that the song immediately fades out before it can get very far. In contrast to the playfulness of the original version, The Beatles steamroller the song from beginning to end. From Ringo’s open hi-hat rhythm section and the clanging rhythm guitars from both John and George to all three vocalists singing at the top of their range, the song is transformed into a rock and roll powerhouse. The double-tracked urgency and desperation displayed by Lennon’s vocals is what, in many people’s minds, outdoes the original for sheer excitement. The interplay between lead vocalist and background vocalists heard in this song is no doubt the inspiration to later Beatle arrangements such as “ You’re Going To Lose That Girl ,” “ You Can’t Do That ” and even “ Help! ” Songwriter Georgia Dobbins has expressed that the lyrics are conveying the singers’ distraught appeal for the mailman to deliver a letter from her boyfriend who has been away at war. Since The Beatles required a gender change in the lyrics, we can assume here that Lennon just really misses his girlfriend. American Releases Although Capitol Records didn't think America would be interested in The Beatles' version of a classic US #1 hit, their sister company Capitol of Canada didn't have such a thought. They included the song on their December 2nd, 1963 album release "Beatlemania!, With The Beatles" as well as placing it as the B-side to their December 9th single " Roll Over Beethoven ." Since import copies of this single were so popular in the US, the A-side of the single charted on Billboard at #68 and made both of these songs available in the states only on this single. This is where Capitol stepped in and saw fit to quickly put together a second US album " The Beatles' Second Album ," released on April 10th, 1964, which included the song. On January 21st, 2014, this album was released as an individual compact disc for the first time, the mono and stereo mixes being contained on a single CD. Capitol also released an EP disc to be sent to radio and TV stations entitled "The Beatles' Second Open-End Interview," which featured "Please Mister Postman" as the first of two songs on side two. Side one of this disc featured The Beatles answering questions that were printed on the record sleeve for the disc jockeys to ask them, simulating an actual interview with the group for local airplay. Less than a thousand of these discs were made, so they are worth a fortune. Since EP's were big sellers in Britain, Capitol tried their hand at it with Beatles music a couple of times. To highlight the fact that the Canadian " Roll Over Beethoven " single was now available in the US, they included both sides of that disc on the American EP "Four By The Beatles," released on May 11th, 1964. Probably because both of those songs were already available on "The Beatles' Second Album" by this time, the EP sold poorly, only reaching #92 on the Billboard pop charts. Nonetheless, this was the third US release of "Please Mister Postman." Sometime in 1967, Capitol released Beatles music on a brand new but short-lived format called "Playtapes." These tape cartidges did not have the capability to include entire albums, so two truncated four-song versions of " The Beatles Second Album " were released in this portable format, "Please Mr. Postman" being on both of these releases. These "Playtapes" are highly collectable today. On February 26th, 1987, the original British album "With The Beatles" was released on compact disc in mono, but then the September 9th, 2009 re-mastered CD re-released the stereo mix from 1964. The November 15th, 2004 box set "The Capitol Albums, Vol. 1" also contains the song in both stereo and mono as originally heard on " The Beatles' Second Album ." September 9th, 2009 was also the date the box set “The Beatles In Mono” was released which features a striking re-mastered mono version of the song. November 11th, 2013 was the release date for the album "On Air - Live At The BBC Volume 2" which featured yet another version of "Please Mister Postman." This rendition was recorded on July 10th, 1963, which was nearly three weeks prior to their official EMI album version that was recorded on July 30th. This early version, which was featured on the radio program "Pop Go The Beatles," has one noteworthy difference in that they hadn't yet incorporated the breaks at the end of the song (during, for example, the lyrics "deliver the letta..."). Released also at this time was a limited edition five-song sampler of this album for promotional purposes, this BBC recording of "Please Mister Postman" being included. John Lennon performing with the Beatles at the Casbah Coffee Club, March 1962 Live Performances Once The Beatles discovered "Please Mister Postman," which did not chart in Britain and was virtually unknown there, they worked up a blistering rendition and added it to their set lists. With Pete Best still in the band, they began performing the song in December of 1961. In his book "Tune In," Mark Lewisohn relates that it "became the third Tamla song in The Beatles' repertoire and all were sung by John, with Paul and George head to head at the second microphone to deliver the prominent backing vocals, and all three adding the handclaps high, at head level, as a visual attraction. They immediately made the song theirs in Liverpool." Billy Hatton of the rival Liverpool group The Four Jays remembers the experience of seeing The Beatles playing "Please Mister Postman" as "a wow moment. I was struck by how tight there were. As a semi-pro group, The Four Jays would take a month to start playing a new song really well." In The Beatles case, they mastered it very quickly. The Beatles performed the song on March 7th, 1962, taping it for their first ever BBC radio performance, which was for the show "Teenager's Turn - Here We Go." The program, which also featured Roy Orbison's "Dream Baby" and Chuck Berry's "Memphis, Tennessee," was broadcast the following day, March 8th, 1962. Throughout the rest of 1962, The Beatles frequently included "Please Mister Postman" in their repertoire, including their stints in Hamburg, Germany. As 1963 set in, and national stardom, their set lists became smaller and their focus was on promoting their recent hit singles and album tracks. Therefore, the song was put on the backburner for the first half of the year. Because The Beatles liked to pull out old chestnuts to play for BBC radio, "Please Mister Postman" was dusted off and recorded on July 10th, 1963, for "Pop Go The Beatles," which was broadcast on July 30th, 1963. This exact date was when the group entered into EMI Studio Two to properly record the song for their second British album, "With The Beatles." Therefore, the song was somewhat back in their focus for live performances. On February 23rd, 1964, the day after they returned from their historic first American visit, they mimed a performance of the song for the British television show "Big Night Out." This performance can be seen on the Anthology program. They also recorded one more version for BBC radio on February 28th, 1964, for the show "From Us To You," which aired on March 30th. After this, it appears that The Beatles retired the song for good. Conclusion It has been stated by some authors that when the cover versions of The Beatles outshine the originals, it was usually because of Lennon. While his vocal delivery on " Twist And Shout " and " Money (That's What I Want) " surely come to mind, "Please Mister Postman" definitely fits this category as well. Gladys Horton's charming vocal delivery for The Marvelettes original version suited it very nicely, but The Beatles tightened up the harmonies and performed the song with such confidence it almost makes the original sound like the imitation. Song Summary Written by: Georgia Dobbins / William Garrett / Brian Holland / Robert Bateman / Freddie Gorman Song Written: June, 1961 (approx.) Song Recorded: July 30, 1963 First US Release Date: April 10, 1964	i don't know
Where did Motown relocate to in 1971	The Motown Story The Motown Story By David Edwards and Mike Callahan Last update: August 8, 2012 The Motown story is the story of Berry Gordy, Jr., who was born in Detroit Michigan on November 28, 1929. He was the seventh of eight children of Berry Gordy II and Bertha Gordy. His parents had migrated to Detroit from Milledgeville, Georgia in 1922. His father ran a plastering contracting business and his mother sold insurance and real estate; they also ran a grocery store and print shop. Berry Gordy, Jr. dropped out of school after his junior year to become a professional boxer; he decided to get out of the fight game at about the time the Army drafted him in 1951. During his stint in the Army, he obtained his high school equivalency degree. In 1953, he married Thelma Coleman and in 1954 his first child was born, a daughter Hazel Joy. They had two other children, named Berry IV and Terry, but were divorced in 1959. When Berry got out of the Army 1953, he opened a jazz-oriented record store called the 3-D Record Mart that was financed by the Berry family. By 1955, the store had failed and Berry was working on the Ford automobile assembly line. While working on the line, Berry constantly wrote songs, submitting them to magazines, contests and singers. His first success as a songwriter came in 1957 when Jackie Wilson recorded "Reet Petite", a song he, his sister Gwen and Billy Davis (under the pseudonym of Tyran Carlo) had written. "Reet Petite" became a modest hit and netted Berry $1000 for the song. Over the next two years he co-wrote four more hits for Wilson, "To Be Loved", "Lonely Teardrops", "That's Why" and "I'll Be Satisfied". Berry later chose the title To Be Loved for his autobiography. Successful as a songwriter, Berry decided to produce his songs himself. His first production was titled "Ooh Shucks" by the Five Stars, which was released on George Goldner's Mark X label in 1957. Gordy had an extraordinary ability to recognize talent. In 1957 at a Detroit talent show, he saw a group the Miracles and decided to record them. The Miracles consisted of Claudette Rogers, Ronnie White, Pete Moore, Bobby Rogers and the lead singer William "Smokey" Robinson. Berry's first production for the Miracles was an answer record to the Silhouettes "Get a Job," titled "Got a Job," which he leased to Goldner for release on End records. The record got some airplay, but then died a quick death, as did the Miracles follow-up on End titled "I Cry." In 1958, Berry produced a record by Eddie Holland titled "You," which was leased to Mercury records. Also that year, Kudo Records issued 4 more Gordy productions, two of which are significant to the Motown story: the first Marv Johnson release, titled "My Baby O," and a Brian Holland (Eddie's brother) vocal, titled "Shock". With Smokey Robinson and the Holland brothers, Berry had discovered three incredible songwriters and producers. Also in 1958, he produced a record by Herman Griffin titled "I Need You" on the H.O.B. label, which is notable in that it was the first song to be published by Berry's publishing company called Jobete (pronounced "jo-BET"), named after his three children, Hazel Joy [Jo], Berry IV[Be], and Terry [Te]. "I Need You" was also the first record to credit the Rayber Voices, background singers named after Berry's second wife, Raynoma, and himself. Gordy decided to take total control of his songs, so on January 12, 1959, he borrowed $800 from his family's loan fund to start his own record label, called Tamla. He had originally wanted to call his label "Tammy," after a Debbie Reynolds film, but that title was already taken. Tamla Records was located at 1719 Gladstone Street in Detroit, and the first release was Marv Johnson's "Come to Me" [Tamla 101]. The song was picked up by United Artists and it became a mid-sized hit. United Artists signed Marv Johnson to a recording contract and Berry Gordy continued to produce him for that label. In 1959, Marv Johnson's "You Got What It Takes" became his first production to break into the pop Top 10. The third Miracles release was issued on a second label Berry formed, called Motown. The record was called "Bad Girl" and was pressed in minuscule numbers before being leased to Chess records of Chicago, where it was a moderate hit. In early 1960, Tamla released "Money" by Barrett Strong. Gordy knew he had a hit, so he leased it to Anna Records who had a distribution agreement with Chess. Anna Records was a Detroit-based company that was owned by Berry's sisters Anna and Gwen Gordy and Billy Davis. The label operated from 1958 to 1961, when it was absorbed into Motown. "Money" was a hit, reaching the #23 position, but more importantly, Barrett Strong joined Motown as a staff songwriter. He stayed with Motown until 1973. By the late 1950s, Detroit was perhaps the largest city in the United States that did not have a strong independent record company. With the establishment of Motown, the local talent had an outlet, and they starting showing up at the Motown offices. In 1960, a local girl singing group named the Primettes auditioned for Gordy. He was impressed with the group, but asked them to finish school and then come back. The Primettes came back to Motown after graduating, and were signed in January 1961. The group's name was changed to the Supremes, and they had their first release on Tamla in April of 1961. In 1960, Gordy met singer Mary Wells at a club where she sang for him, and he suggested she come to the office the next day. Berry signed her immediately and released a song she had written called "Bye Bye Baby" in December of that year. Mary Wells proved to be the first real "star" for the label, with a long string of pop hits. Berry discovered another singing group called the Distants, who changed their name to the Temptations, and released their first record on a new subsidiary label called Miracle in 1961. Their success was not to be as immediate as Mary Wells,' but it would eventually eclipse hers and be far longer lasting. Also in 1960, Gordy acquired the contract of a young Washington, DC-based singer named Marvin Gaye from his brother-in-law, Harvey Fuqua. Harvey was the leader of the Moonglows, who had had several hits for Chess before making some personnel changes in the late 1950s, and Gaye was a current member of that group. Gaye's first record was "Let Your Conscience Be Your Guide" in 1961. He had his first hit in 1962 with "Stubborn Kind of Fellow." Gaye was another performer whose road to fame was marked by only moderate success for many years before finally becoming a huge 1970s star. A common trivia question about Motown is, "What is the name of the first white group to record for Motown?" The not-often-heard correct answer is "Nick and the Jaguars," a trio from Pontiac, Michigan featuring drummer Nick Ferro and lead guitarist Marvin Weyer. Nick's dad, Johnny Ferro, brought the group to Berry Gordy in 1959. They recorded instrumentals "Ich-I-Bon #1"/"Cool and Crazy" at the Motown studio, and the tunes were released as a single on Tamla 5501 that year, before the normal 55500 Tamla series even got started. The first white vocal group was the Valadiers. This group was recommended to Berry Gordy by his pal Jackie Wilson. The Valadiers had one very minor hit in "Greetings (This is Uncle Sam)" on the Miracle label in 1961, and two other releases on the new Gordy subsidiary that was formed in 1962. The song "Greetings (This is Uncle Sam)" became a bigger hit for the Monitors in 1966 on Motown's subsidiary label, V.I.P., during the Vietnam war. Motown producer Robert Bateman discovered the Marvelettes at a talent show at Inkster High School. In August 1961, Bateman and Brian Holland co-produced the Marvelettes' first record, "Please Mr. Postman," and it became the first of Berry Gordy's records to reach the pop charts' #1 position. During that same year, "Shop Around" by the Miracles became the first Tamla record to sell a million copies, as it reached the #2 position. In 1959, a young blues singer named Martha Reeves met Mickey Stevenson, the Head of the Motown A&R department, and he hired her as a secretary. When Mary Wells missed a recording session, Martha called a vocal group she was in, the Del-Phis, to fill in. They recorded "There He Is (At My Door)," which was released on the Melody subsidiary. The record was a flop, but the group continued to be used for background vocal work. In 1962, with a new name the Vandellas, they backed Marvin Gaye on his hit "Stubborn Kind of Fellow". In 1963, production of the group was given over to Brian and Eddie Holland with their new partner Lamont Dozier. The Holland-Dozier-Holland production of "Come and Get These Memories" released in early 1963 (as Martha and the Vandellas on the Gordy subsidiary) is often credited as being the beginning of "The Motown Sound". Ronnie White, a member of the Miracles, arranged for an audition for an eleven year old, blind singer named Stevland Morris. Gordy was impressed with his talent, and said the boy was a "wonder". Signed to a Motown contract, Morris, renamed "Little Stevie Wonder," had a live recording from the Regal theater in Chicago released titled "Fingertips, Part 2" which reached the #1 spot on the pop charts in 1963. [An interesting thing happens on the record near the end, when a band member yells out "What key, what key?" The band backing Stevie thought he was finished and left the stage, and a second band was taking their place, when Stevie, responding to the audience applause, came back out for a short reprise. As he started playing his harmonica, the new band members didn't know what key the song was in, so in desperation yelled out for it.] The album containing "Fingertips, Part 2" [Tamla 240] titled 12 Year Old Genius became the first Motown album to reach the number 1 spot on the pop album charts. Berry Gordy formed a jazz subsidiary called Workshop Jazz in 1962. The formation of the label was not because Berry thought he could sell many jazz records; the failure of his 3-D Record Mart had shown him that. He established the label in order to convince the most talented jazz musicians in Detroit to play on his pop music sessions, and Berry enticed them with promises of album releases on the Workshop Jazz label. Gordy knew that even the most successful jazz album sales would be minuscule compared to the numbers he could generate in the popular music field. But Berry kept his promise to the musicians, and the 11 albums released on the label are some of the rarest albums on any Motown label. In 1963, Berry met a group that had released their first single in 1954 when they were called the Four Aims. By 1956, when they released a single on Chess, the group had changed its name to the Four Tops. Initially, Gordy was going to record them on his Workshop Jazz subsidiary, and an album was prepared for that label. This album has been the subject of much speculation over the years. Titled Breaking Though with the Four Tops, it is pictured on an early Motown inner sleeve. Whether the album was ever released is subject to debate; if it was, it would certainly be the most valuable Motown collectable in existence. The Four Tops were quickly switched to the Motown label and turned over to Holland-Dozier-Holland for production. "Baby I Need Your Loving" in August 1964 became their first chart hit. Any thought of more jazz recordings died with the success of that record. Gordy had established the foundation for the success of Motown for many years to come. With the Miracles, Four Tops, Marvelettes, Martha and the Vandellas, Supremes (still hitless to this point) and the Temptations, he had 6 of the best vocal groups on record. Added to these groups were solo singers Marvin Gaye, Stevie Wonder and Mary Wells. With himself, Mickey Stevenson, Smokey Robinson, and Holland-Dozier-Holland, he had proven songwriters and producers who knew how to make popular record hits. No story about Motown would be complete without talking about the Funk Brothers. They were the core of backing musicians that played on almost every Motown recording in the 1960s. The bass player was the incomparable James Jamerson. The drummer was Benny (Papa Zita) Benjamin, who was so good that Motown had to use two drummers (Richard "Pistol" Allen and Uriel Jones) to replace him when he died in 1968 of a stroke. Allen and Jones had been with Motown for some time, and in fact on some songs (Marvin Gaye's "I Heard It Through The Grapevine" for example), all three can be heard. The core members of the Funk Brothers were about a dozen musicians: Benjamin, Jamerson, Allen, Jones, guitarist Robert White, keyboardist Earl Van Dyke, trombonist Paul Riser, guitarist Eddie Willis, bandleader Joe Hunter, guitarist Joe Messina, percussionist Jack Ashford, vibraphonist Jack Brokensha, percussionist Eddie (Bongo) Brown, and keyboardist Johnny Griffith. In the early '60s, Gordy paid each of them between twenty five and fifty thousand dollars a year to keep them at the company; they were Motown's "most valuable players" and the foundation of the distinctive Motown sound. For many years, Smokey Robinson was the only artist that Gordy would allow to produce his own work. Although it certainly wasn't a hard and fast rule, in general Berry assigned specific artists to specific producers. Smokey produced Mary Wells, the Temptations and the Miracles. Holland-Dozier-Holland produced the Four Tops and the Supremes. Mickey Stevenson produced Marvin Gaye and the Marvelettes. Clarence Paul produced Stevie Wonder. Martha and the Vandellas were produced by both Mickey Stevenson and Holland-Dozier-Holland. Other Motown producers included Henry Cosby, Harvey Fuqua, Joe Hunter, Earl Van Dyke, and Johnny Griffith. Berry also produced many of his artists on occasion. In 1963, Motown had 6 records in the top 10, "You've Really Got a Hold on Me" and "Mickey's Monkey" by the Miracles, "Pride and Joy" by Marvin Gaye, "Fingertips Part 2" by Stevie Wonder, and "Heat Wave" and "Quicksand" by Martha and the Vandellas . Technically, Motown progressed through the years by putting new equipment in the hands of the engineers and producers. Until late 1964, masters were recorded on three tracks. Track one was for basic rhythm, track two the "sweetening" (strings, brass, etc.), and track three was for the vocals, which were overdubbed after the instrumental parts had been recorded to everyone's satisfaction. Mixdowns, whether mono or stereo, were done by the engineers, with the producers having little input at this point. In autumn, 1964, Motown progressed to eight tracks, using a machine designed and built in-house by Motown's Head of Engineering, Mike McLean. There were other 8-track machines in existence (notably at Atlantic and RCA in New York), but the industry standard at that time was 4-track — and in England, the standard was still mono! By early 1965, there was a definite increase in sophistication of the Motown sound. It was possibly this new capability that led to the re-recording of some of the early hits for the Motown collections that began appearing in stereo in 1965 and 1966. The Supremes were unsuccessful with their first six singles (actually, "Let Me Go the Right Way" had reached #26 on the R&B charts, but only #90 pop, and Gordy had much higher expectations for the group). These six early singles were produced by either Berry Gordy or Smokey Robinson. In late 1963, the group was given over to Holland-Dozier-Holland, and they produced their seventh single, "When the Lovelight Starts Shining Through His Eyes" which reached a respectable #23 on the pop charts while making #2 R&B. Their follow-up song, "Run Run Run" flopped, but in July 1964, they began a run of five consecutive #1 pop hits, "Where Did Our Love Go," "Baby Love," "Come See About Me," "Stop! In the Name of Love," and "Back In My Arms Again." Based on record sales, the Supremes went on to become the third largest selling artists in recording history, behind the Beatles and Elvis Presley. In 1964, Smokey Robinson produced "My Guy" by Mary Wells, which also went to #1. Motown reached the #2 spot with the Holland-Dozier-Holland produced "Dancing in the Street" by Martha and the Vandellas. The label certainly deserved the title painted on the front of their headquarters at 2648 West Grand Blvd., "Hitsville, U.S.A., The Motown Sound, The Sound of Young America". Berry Gordy formed two more subsidiary labels in 1964, Soul and V.I.P. The hits just kept coming in 1965, with five #1 hits: the Smokey Robinson produced "My Girl" by the Temptations, the Holland-Dozier-Holland produced "Stop! In the Name of Love", "Back in My Arms Again" and "I Hear a Symphony" by the Supremes, and "I Can't Help Myself" by the Four Tops. Motown had six other releases reach the top 10. In 1965, saxophonist Junior Walker and the All Stars had the first hit on the new Soul label, the top-ten "Shotgun". In 1966, Motown signed Gladys Knight and the Pips, a group from Atlanta, Georgia, to the Soul label. It was a journeyman group that had hit in 1961 with "Every Beat of My Heart" on the Vee Jay and Fury labels. They were assigned to a young producer named Norman Whitfield. He had recorded Marvin Gaye on a song that Whitfield and Barrett Strong had written called "I Heard It Through the Grapevine." When Berry Gordy refused to release the Marvin Gaye version of the song, Whitfield recorded it with Gladys Knight and the Pips, and the song went to #2. Gladys Knight and the Pips stayed with Motown for seven years, and had a few more hits. (Their biggest hit came after leaving Motown, when they reached #1 with "Midnight Train to Georgia" on the Buddah label.) When the Marvin Gaye version of "I Heard It Through the Grapevine" was finally released on an album in 1968, the Whitfield-produced song immediately got airplay, forcing its release as a single. The song went all the way to #1, and today is remembered as the definitive version of a classic song. For 1966, Motown produced 14 songs that reached the Top 10, with "You Can't Hurry Love" and "You Keep Me Hanging On" by the Supremes and "Reach Out I'll Be There" by the Four Tops reaching #1. That year, Gordy signed the Isley Brothers to Tamla. The brothers had hit with "Shout" on RCA and "Twist and Shout" on Wand in 1959 and 1962, respectively, but had been largely unsuccessful on the charts otherwise. Their biggest hit for Motown was the H-D-H produced "This Old Heart (Is Weak for You)" in 1966, but their future superstar success some years later came after they established their own record label, T-Neck. Also in 1966, Norman Whitfield took over production responsibilities for the Temptations from Smokey Robinson. His first production for the Temptations was "Ain't Too Proud to Beg," which he co-wrote with Eddie Holland. Eddie and Norman continued to write a string of hits for the Temps, including "Beauty is Only Skin Deep", "(I Know) I'm Losing You", and "(Loneliness Made Me Realize) It's You That I Need". He teamed with Roger Penzabene for the Temptations next hit, "I Wish It Would Rain". In mid-1968, Dennis Edwards replaced David Ruffin as the lead singer for the Temptations. When Whitfield teamed with Barrett Strong to write for the Temptations, the result was a new sound for Motown called "Psychedelic Soul". "Cloud Nine" was just the first of several Whitfield-Strong compositions to go Top 10, including "Run Away Child, Running Wild", the #1 hit "I Can't Get Next To You," "Psychedelic Shack," and Ball of Confusion (That's What the World is Today)." In 1967, thirteen Motown singles reached the Top 10 charts; "Love is Here and Now You're Gone" and "The Happening" by the Supremes reached #1. Motown had five major labels active: Motown, Tamla, Gordy, Soul, and V.I.P. In a move that would have tremendous significance for the future of Motown, Berry Gordy purchased a home in Los Angeles, California in 1967. In 1968, Motown had 10 singles in the Top 10, with "Love Child" by Diana Ross and the Supremes and "I Heard It Through the Grapevine" by Marvin Gaye reaching #1. Berry Gordy moved into his new home in Los Angeles, and the Motown Los Angeles branch offices were expanded. A tremendous loss for Motown occurred about that time, when arguably the most successful producers in history, Holland, Dozier, and Holland, left the company. The three were perhaps the only producers other than Phil Spector to become as big a name as the artists they recorded. The Holland-Dozier-Holland team was forced into inactivity from 1968 to 1970 due to lawsuits concerning their departure from Motown. They established two labels in 1970, Hot Wax and Invictus, and had moderate success with acts such as Chairmen of the Board, Flaming Ember, Freda Payne, and others, but they didn't establish the kind of hit-after-hit success they had enjoyed at Motown. In its tenth year of operation, 1969, Motown continued to roll along. Bobby Taylor (lead singer with a group called the Vancouvers) brought a family singing group from Gary, Indiana, to Berry Gordy's attention. The Jackson 5 were signed to Motown and 4 of their first six singles released between late 1969 and mid 1971 went to #1 on the pop charts, with the two that missed the #1 spot reaching #2. In order to prevent the creation of new superstar producers, like Holland-Dozier-Holland, Gordy credited writing and production on Jackson 5 records to "The Corporation", which was a team consisting of Berry Gordy, Freddie Perren, Deke Richards and Fonzie Mizell. For 1969, Motown had 12 singles in the Top 10, with "I Can't Get Next to You" by the Temptations, "Someday We'll Be Together" by Diana Ross and the Supremes and "I Want You Back" by the Jackson 5 reaching #1. Also in 1969, Motown established the Rare Earth label to issue white psychedelic rock music and other alternatives to R&B. The label was handled by the West Coast offices of Motown. Rare Earth (the label) was named for the first group signed to the label, a Detroit group originally formed in 1961 as the Sunliners. Their first album contained a twenty-minute-plus version of the Temptations' hit, "Get Ready." The Rare Earth label was also used for material leased from EMI in England, including the Pretty Things and Love Sculpture. The Rare Earth label was not too successful, but it limped along until 1976. In 1969, Motown acquired the distribution rights to the Chisa Label which was founded by Hugh Masekela and Stewart Levine. In 1970, six of the 14 Motown singles that reached the Top 10 went to #1. They were "ABC" and "The Love You Save" by the Jackson 5, "War" one of the more politically topical songs that were beginning to appear on Motown by Edwin Star, "The Tears of a Clown" by Smokey Robinson and the Miracles, and "Ain't No Mountain High Enough" by Diana Ross, now without the Supremes. The final performance of Diana Ross and the Supremes occurred at the Frontier Hotel in Las Vegas, which was recorded and issued as an album. Jean Terrell replaced Diana Ross as lead singer of the Supremes. Motown became more cognizant of its roots by establishing a new subsidiary label called Black Forum in 1970, releasing spoken word records by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Stokely Carmichael and black poets Langston Hughes and Margaret Danner. The label was active until 1973. In 1971, Motown has 11 singles reach the Top 10 with "Just My Imagination (Running Away with Me)" by the Temptations reaching the #1 spot. During this year, Motown moved increasingly into TV production, producing Diana! a television special with Diana Ross, and Goin' Back to Indiana, a Jackson 5 special. A cartoon series about the Jackson 5 also started in 1971. A new subsidiary was established called Mowest and the first release was "What the World Needs Now Is Love/Abraham, Martin, and John" a sweet-sounding medley interspersed with jarring recordings drawn from politically relevant topics such as war and assassination put together by Los Angeles deejay Tom Clay. The Mowest label was controlled by the west coast office of Motown and was used for talent developed by that office. By 1971, Marvin Gaye had been given creative control of his recordings, in that year he made an album titled What's Going On [Tamla 310], for which he wrote, produced, sang and played piano. At first, Gordy did not want to release the album, feeling that the album's hard-hitting, socially critical lyrics on songs like "Inner City Blues" would offend traditional Motown fans. Only after Gaye threatened to never make another record for Motown did Gordy relent and release the album. It is often acknowledged as one of the greatest albums ever made. What's Going On sold over a million copies and spawned three R&B number one hits, "Mercy Mercy Me (The Ecology)", "What's Going On" and "Inner City Blues (Make Me Wanna Holler)". All three songs also made the popular music Top 10 lists. The music on the album is spacey, spiritual and soulful, totally different than any album ever released on Motown until then. With What's Goin' On, Gaye had moved Motown music to a whole new level, and also made album sales a significant factor to a company that had always chased the hit single. 1972 was somewhat of a down year for Motown, with only 4 singles reaching the pop Top 10. Two of them, however, did go to #1: "Papa Was a Rollin' Stone" by the Temptations and "Ben" by Michael Jackson. Stevie Wonder, who by 1970 had been granted complete artistic freedom to produce his own albums, produced Talking Book [Tamla 319] in 1972, when he toured with the Rolling Stones as their opening act. Diana Ross began her film career with Lady Sings the Blues, receiving an Academy Award nomination for her portrayal of Billie Holiday. As the Los Angeles offices continued to grow and the Detroit headquarters shrank, a company newsletter in March, 1972, stated, "There are no plans at present to phase out the Detroit operations, as many rumors suggest". In June, Motown announced that it was closing its Detroit offices and moving its headquarters to Los Angeles. While the move probably made sense because of the increasing emphasis Berry Gordy was putting into making movies and television shows, many Motown fans believe the company's heart and soul was lost when it abandoned Detroit, that its most creative days were the 13 years from 1959 to 1972. In 1973, Berry Gordy resigned as President of Motown Records to become Chairman of the Board of Motown Industries, which included the record, motion picture, television and publishing divisions. Ewart Abner II, a Motown Vice President for six years (and former exec with Vee-Jay) became President of Motown Records. Motown had five #1 pop singles in the year, including, "Let's Get It On" by Marvin Gaye, "Keep on Truckin'" by Eddie Kendricks, "Touch Me In the Morning" by Diana Ross and "You Are the Sunshine of My Life" and "Superstition" by Stevie Wonder. Wonder's new album, called Innervisions [Tamla 326], was released and won five Grammy awards. In 1974, only four Motown singles reached the Top 10 and only Stevie Wonder's "You Haven't Done Nothin'" reached the #1 spot. Wonder's new album titled Fulfillingness' First Finale [Tamla 332], became the #1 album within three weeks of its release and also won five Grammys. Motown formed a country subsidiary label called Melodyland and signed T.G. Sheppard, Pat Boone, Dorsey Burnette and Ronnie Dove among others. A legal dispute over the label name arose in 1976 and the name was changed to Hitsville. The Hitsville label folded in 1977. A new group, the Commodores, had their first album released, titled Machine Gun. It went gold in five countries. In retrospect, the title track, an instrumental, was quite uncharacteristic of the smooth ballads featuring the voice of Lionel Richie that later became the groups' mainstays. The Commodores went on to become Motown's best selling act during the 1970s. For the period of 1974 to 1980, they averaged two million album sales per year. 1975 was another low point in Motown history, as only one Motown release "Boogie On Reggae Woman" by Stevie Wonder made the Top 10. The Jackson 5 left Motown for Epic records; actually the Jackson 4 went to Epic as "The Jacksons" and Jermaine, who had married Berry Gordy's daughter, stayed with Motown. Ewart Abner II resigned as President of Motown Records and Berry Gordy temporarily replaced him. Barney Ales, a former Vice President of the company, who had stayed in Detroit when the company moved to Los Angeles, rejoined the company when Motown purchased his Prodigal Label. During the year, Diana Ross starred in her second movie, Mahogany but it was certainly not as well received as Lady Sings the Blues. In 1976, the fortunes of the company rebounded with six Motown releases reaching the Top 10, including two hits by the Commodores. Three of the companies releases reached #1, including "Love Hangover" and "Do You Know Where You're Going To" by Diana Ross and "Love Machine (Part 1)" by the Miracles. Stevie Wonder released his Songs In the Key of Life album, which entered the pop charts at #1. He picked up four more Grammys for the album. Berry Gordy and Mike Curb formed a new country label named MC, which inherited many of the same artists that were on Melodyland/Hitsville, but the new label achieved little success. In 1977, Motown had three #1 pop hits, "Sir Duke" and "I Wish" by Stevie Wonder, and "Got to Give It Up (Part 1)" by Marvin Gaye, the latter one of the most infectious dance songs of all time. Two more singles by the Commodores also made the Top 10 that year. The next year, about the only single chart action for Motown was by the Commodores, who had the hit "Three Times a Lady." Their albums continued to sell in record numbers. Rick James was signed to the Gordy label and his first album Come and Get It [Gordy 981] eventually went on to sell 2 million copies. James' breakthrough album was 1981's Street Songs [Gordy 1002], which sold over three million copies. Motown Pictures produced The Wiz starring Diana Ross in 1978. In 1979, the Commodores "Still" was the only #1 pop hit for the year, and the group also had half the Top 10 singles with "Sail On". "Send One Your Love" by Stevie Wonder also reached the Top 10 in 1979. During the 1980's, Motown continued to sell massive numbers of albums, culminating with Lionel Richie's 1984 Can't Slow Down [Motown 6059], which became the largest selling album in the company's history when it sold 10 million copies worldwide. In 1982, Motown went to a consolidated numbering system for all albums released on the three remaining active labels, Motown, Gordy and Tamla, starting with Motown 6000ML by Bettye Lavette. In addition to the 3 major labels, Motown also released albums in the 6000 series on the Latino label, which was Motown's attempt at a Hispanic label, and Morocco, which stood for Motown Rock Company. In June 1988, Berry Gordy sold Motown Records to a partnership between MCA and Boston Ventures, with Gordy retaining the ownership of the Jobete Publishing catalog. Berry Gordy was always the consummate businessman. As good as he was as a judge of talent and hit songs, he was most of all an entrepreneur who transformed a $800 loan into the largest black owned business in United States history. In 1976, he pretty much summed it up when he said, "I earned 367 million dollars in 16 years. I must be doing something right"! Even though Motown sold millions more albums during the 1970s and 1980s then it had in the 1960s, Motown will always be remembered for the music it created during the 1960s that was heard on the tinny radios in automobiles as teenagers cruised the streets and highways. Never in history has one company produced so many top ten hits as Motown did during that marvelous decade. Today's commercials and movies are testimony to the great Motown songs of the '60s which are heard more than ever before. We would appreciate any additions or corrections to this story or discography. Just send them to us via e-mail . Both Sides Now Publications is an information web page. We are not a catalog, nor can we provide records or CDs listed in the discography. We have no association with Motown Records, which is currently owned by PolyGram, a part of the Universal Music Group. Should you want to contact Motown, or should you be interested in acquiring albums listed in this discography (which are all out of print), we suggest you see our Frequently Asked Questions page and Follow the instructions found there. This story and discography are copyright 1998, 1999, 2012 by Mike Callahan. Thanks to Craig Maki, Chris Williamson, Dan Eilenberg, Luci Gonzalez, Dustin Jackson, Nigel True, Shawn McLaughlin, Ulf Wahlberg, Bob Lee, Marv Weyer, Ritchie Hardin, Dave Randle, Aristotelis Zosakis, Steve Kamins, Ron Brunson and John Gunner.	Los Angeles
What sport did Ray French commentate on	Washngton Senators (1961-1971) 1972-Present Historical Moments: 1960: After years of struggling with attendance, and fighting with baseball, and city officials Calvin Griffith the owner of the original Senators gets approval to move. The approval comes as the American League decides to expand one year earlier then planned. Part of the approval comes because one of the two expansion teams will be placed in Washington to replace the charter American League franchise that moved to Minnesota. Although the team will pick up the old name Senators, it will be as an expansion team, since the team that moved to Minnesota was allowed to keep its history. 1961: On April 10th in front of 26,724 at Griffith Stadium, President John F. Kennedy throws out the first pitch, as the "New" Washington Senators lose to Chicago White Sox by a score of 4-3. The team would make losing a habit, as they would finish in last with a record of 61-101. However, one bright spot is pitcher Dick Donovan who captures the ERA title a 2.40. 1962: On April 9th the Senators beat the Detroit Tigers 4-1 in their new state of the art ballpark District of Columbia Stadium. The new stadium does nothing to help the team, as they finish in last again with a woeful 60-101 record. The highlight of the season of the season comes in September when pitcher Tom Cheney went 16 innings in a game against the Baltimore Orioles. Cheney would 228 pitches on the way to striking out 21 Orioles. This would establish a new record for strikeouts in an extra inning game. In collecting his record Cheney would strike every Baltimore Oriole out at least once. The game would finally end in the Senators favor when Bud Zipfel hit a home run in the top of the 16th. 1963: The fortunes of the Senators continue to sag as for the third year in a row as they finish in last, and post a horrible record of 56-106. In an attempt to bring an experienced winner to Washington, former Brooklyn Dodgers great Gil Hodges is named manger in the middle of the season, but the move has no effect as the Senators continue to lose. 1964: The Senators hit the century mark in losses for the fourth year in a row posting a 62-100 record while finishing in ninth place. 1965: In a multiplayer deal with Los Angeles Dodgers the Senators acquire outfielder Frank Howard. The slugger becomes an instant fan favorite as he launches mammoth home runs. However, the move does not improve the team that much and they still finish well below .500, but do avoid 100 losses for the first time finishing in eighth place at 70-92. 1966: The Senators avoid 90 losses for the first time in franchise history while finishing in eighth place with a record of 71-88. 1967: The Senators continue to improve for the third year in a row finishing in sixth Place with a 76-85 record. Leading the charge towards respectability is Frank Howard who slams 36 home runs. One game that sparked interest was on June 12th when the Senators beat the Chicago White Sox 6-5 in 22 innings. The game lasted 6 hours, 38 minutes and ended at 2:43 am, which caused the American League to adopt a curfew stating that no inning may start after 1:00 a.m. This rule, which was never adopted by the Natuional League would last 33 years. 1968: With Gil Hodges leaving to mange the New York Mets, the Senators fall back into last place with a 65-96 record under the leadership of Jim Lemon. Despite the terrible season Frank Howard wins the home run crown by smacking 44 Long Balls. 1969: Opening Day draws one of the largest crowds in Senators history, as DC Stadium is renamed RFK stadium in honor of former US Senator, and Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, who was assassinated in 1968 during a run for the presidency, a roll his brother had held until he was assassinated in Dallas in 1963. Another draw to RFK Stadium was new Manager Ted Williams, who many consider the greatest hitter of all-time. The move worked out as the Senators finish above .500 for the first time while finishing in fourth Place in the American League Eastern Division with a record of 86-76. Leading the way is Frank Howard, who finishes with 48 homers and places fourth in the MVP voting. Meanwhile, Dick Bosman wins the era title at 2.19. 1970: Despite another stellar year from Frank Howard, who captures two-thirds of the Triple Crown with 44 homers and 126 RBI, the Senators fall back into last place with a record of 70-92. 1971: In an attempt to help the sagging franchise, the Senators trade several up and coming players to the Detroit Tigers for two time Cy Young Winner Denny McLain. McLain, who missed most of the 1970 season because of various suspensions, and injuries, is on a slippery slope that would see his career and life go down in ruins. The move is a big failure as McLain, who won 30 games in 1968, loses 22 in his only year in Washington. The worst news for the fans of the Senators had nothing to do with their fifth Place 63-96 finish. For years the Senators had trouble-drawing fans to their stadium, it t led to the departure of Washington's original team to Minnesota in 1960. The American League did not want to lose its Washington presence expanded right away replacing the old team seamlessly. However, after a decade the new team was on the verge of leaving and baseball, and the city of Washington did not have any quick expansion options. Part of the problem preventing success in Washington was the Baltimore Orioles who cut their fan base in half, and was one of baseball best teams. The Senators meanwhile, who were struggling at the gate, received an offer from Dallas Fort Worth to move to Texas in 1972. Dallas-Fort Worth for years had been trying to lure a Major League team. In 1962 Major League officials halted an attempted move by the A's. In 1969, the metro area fell short in an attempt to gain one of baseball's 4 expansion slots. This left city officials just one option was to lure an existing team. So a Minor League Stadium on the Turnpike in near by Arlington was expanded. With the Senators struggling in Washington owner Robert E. Short began looking for other options. When Dallas offered a reported multi-million dollar up-front payment for TV and radio broadcast rights Short asked American League owners permission to make the move. With Baltimore already entrenched in the area, owners would have no problem with the move, and ten days before the end of the season it was approved. 1971: With the move to Texas approved a 71-year tradition of American League Baseball in the Nation's Capital was coming to an end. In the 71 years although the teams did not compete much, many fans stuck with them. It was once said "Washington first in war, first in peace, last in the American League". Despite this many fans stood by them, and anyone who played with Senators was a fan favorite. Washington fans did enjoy one championship in 1924, and a whole generation grew up watching Walter Johnson who many consider the greatest pitcher ever. However, most fans had to suffer through 90-loss last place season with players that would never get past the minors in other organizations. Washington Senators baseball was also a popular stop for the law makers of the country in their 71 history 11 Presidents of the United States, three Vice Presidents, a Speaker of the House of Representatives, a Canadian Prime Minister, and a "first son-in-law" all helped open major league seasons by throwing out the first ball for Washington baseball. Ten years earlier a similar move took Washington's original team, but expansion kept baseball in old DC, this time that was not going to happen so the September 30th game against the New York Yankees would likely be the final game in Washington baseball. In the final game, RFK Stadium was filled with angry jilted fans that continually interrupted play by throwing things onto the field. This would continue throughout the game, and into the ninth inning where the Senators were leading. The fans would then take a turn for the worse by streaming on to the field, and started a riot with two outs in the ninth. Order was unable to be restored and the game was forfeited, bringing an ugly end to a wonderful 71 years. 1972-2005: In an attempt to lure baseball back to Washington, city officials attempted to bring the National League's Padres from San Diego. In fact it looked like the move was close to happening, but Orioles ownership, and National League owners were able to block the move, as McDonalds founder Raymond A. Krok was brought in to buy the team, to keep them in San Diego. Over the next 30 years Washington and its suburbs would try to land several teams even trying to land an expansion team, but they would always come up short. Finally in 2004 the Montreal Expos after years of playing in limbo announced plans to move to Washington where they became the Nationals in 2005 , bringing National Pastime back to National Capital.	i don't know
What fruit is the main ingredient of guacamole	Avocados : Ingredient Information from Dr. Gourmet Ingredient Information: Avocados I love avocados. I have loved them since I was a kid when my mom would serve them garnished simply with her fantastic French Dressing. There was a time, though, when avocados had gotten a very bad rap. That was in the day when we had less information about fat in the diet and it was felt that ALL fat was bad (not so). OK, we know better now. The best part of knowing better about avocados is that you can eat them without feeling like you’re committing some low-fat, healthy diet sin. Just the opposite. They’re really good for you. Avocados grow in tropic and subtropic climates. They are actually a fruit and not a vegetable and are one of my favorite healthy foods. For a long time the only avocados available in the grocery were from Florida and California. Even though Florida was the first state in the U.S. to cultivate them, about 80% of domestic avocados in the grocery today are from California and the most common you will see is the Haas avocado. (There is now a huge import market from Central and South America.) The Haas avocado is the one with the pebbly skin and is a little smaller in size. The other common variety is the slightly larger, more teardrop shaped, Fuerte. Look for evenly colored green or dark green skin with no cuts or blemishes. Because of today’s produce market, avocados are available pretty much year ‘round. Like most fruits they are very fragile and are now picked very much unripe. The best way to ripen them is as you would with peaches, by placing them in a paper bag for about two days. You can find ripened ones in the market because they ripen fairly quickly but it’s a bit of a treasure hunt. A ripe avocado will give slightly to very gentle pressure. Don’t refrigerate them unless they have been cut. I prefer to eat them fairly quickly after they ripen, but they will keep up to about a week in the fridge. Avocados are essentially a fat. While a cup of slices is only about 120 calories, it’s mostly fat. But... they are really low in saturated fat and have tons of good monounsaturated fat (read that GOOD fat). They also have a lot of fiber, as well as being high in Vitamin C. 1/2 cup sliced avocado = 117 calories, 10 g fat, 1.5 g sat fat, 7 g mono fat, 1.5 g protein, 6 g carbohydrates, 5 mg sodium, 0 mg cholesterol, Vitamin K 15 mcg Related Articles Vitamin C from Fruits and Vegetables and Inflammation Research shows that heart disease, strokes and other conditions are at least partly caused by inflammation. There are a number of markers in the blood that researchers use to evaluate inflammation, so there is naturally a great deal of interest in factors that may help decrease these inflammatory markers in the blood. Eat your fruits and vegetables and keep your mouth happy Oral cancer, primarily a disease that occurs in men, was the seventh most common form of cancer—for both sexes—in 2002. Over 210,000 death are caused each year by oral cavity and pharynx cancers. The primary risk factors are well known and include chewing and/or smoking tobacco and consuming alcohol. Often nutritional and dietary deficiencies are linked to oral cancers, but recent research studies have sought to determine the effect of fruit and vegetable intake. Magnesium and irregular heart beats A number of my patients have trouble with irregular heart beats. It can be very common and is people call this many different things. Some feel they are having "skipped beats" or a "flip-flop" of the heart. Many will call these palpitations and it is best described as a feeling that the heart has jumped or beaten out of sequence. More fruits and vegetables, less heart disease I've written on many occasions about the positive effects of fruit and vegetable consumption on such conditions as oral cancer and gallbladder disease , as well as contributing disease factors like inflammatory markers and DNA oxidation. A recent French meta-analysis of the results of several prospective studies has specifically examined the relationship between fruit and vegetable intake and risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) Eating A Mediterranean Diet Reduces Your Risk Of Becoming Obese I have written extensively on how a Mediterranean style diet can help prevent disease. A group of researchers using information gathered in Spain about dietary patterns looked at how a diet that closely adheres to the Mediterranean patterns affects weight gain. Yet another reason to avoid trans-fats You've seen it in the news: Trans-fatty acids have been linked to an increased risk of inflammation (leading to heart disease and cancers), insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Researchers at Harvard and the Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts noted recently that factors relating to insulin sensitivity may have an effect on female infertility, which affects about 7 million women who are trying to conceive. Could eating foods containing trans-fatty acids be linked to infertility? Fruits and vegetables for prostate health Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) happens to almost all men as they age. It's a non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate whose most common symptom is difficulty in urination. Usually it's not a serious problem, but it can affect the sufferer's quality of life. Just how much someone's life is affected by their BPH symptoms is measured by a standard questionnaire called the American Urological Association Symptom Index (AUASI). The higher the score on the questionnaire, the more the patient is bothered by their symptoms. Dietary Fat and the Risk of Alzheimer's Disease It has become clearer and clearer that diets high in saturated fat and trans fats are associated with health problems. I have written about many different research studies that link diets high in these types of fats with heart disease and stroke. Recently, however, a very well designed study shows a clear connection between Alzheimer's Disease and an increased intake of saturated and trans fat. The Mediterranean Diet The Mediterranean Diet is the name that has evolved to symbolize the healthy foods eaten by those whose countries surround the Mediterranean Sea. Their diets are higher in vegetables, legumes, fruits, nuts and whole grain cereals. The main fat used is olive oil and there is less emphasis on highly saturated fats.	Avocado
Which bird was the emblem of the Roman Empire	Avocado Recipes: Salad, Guacamole, Sorbet - Great British Chefs Avocado recipes Avocado info The sheer versatility of the creamy avocado is demonstrated in our sublime recipe collection, from breakfast to lunch, dinner to dessert, the rich, buttery consistency of avocados makes them a luxurious addition to any dish. With bumpy or scaly skin (sometimes called “alligator pears”) and a large stone, avocados are actually a fruit, and as such are normally prepared and eaten raw to show off their vibrant green flesh, which looks particularly appetizing next to the pink tones of Steve Smith’s crab and smoked salmon salad . High in monounsaturated fats, they are an increasingly popular feature in desserts, and pair wonderfully with chocolate, such as in Marcello Tully’s avocado, lime and chocolate parfait . Hailing from Central America, it is the main ingredient in the Mexican dip guacamole, as its creaminess is the perfect foil for hot spices and crunchy textures, as shown in Matthew Tomkinson’s spicy veggie tacos recipe . You can also use them in this delicious Avocado pesto recipe from Rosana McPhee. More Filters	i don't know
What is the name of the thoroughfare that runs past the front entrance of Old Trafford football ground	Old Trafford - Manchester - The Stadium Guide The Stadium Guide Club: Manchester United FC \| Opening: 1910 \| Capacity: 75,811 seats History and description In the first decade of the 20th century, Manchester United played their home matches at a 50,000-stadium at Bank Street, when then president Davies began planning for a new stadium with double that capacity. A site was chosen near Trafford Park industrial estate, and architect Archibald Leitch was appointed to design the stadium. Old Trafford officially opened on the 19th of February 1910 with a match between Manchester and Liverpool (3-4). The stadium at that time consisted of one covered seating stand and open terraces on the other three sides. Capacity was slightly over 80,000. Few changes were made to the stadium until the construction of a roof over the United Road terrace in 1934. In 1939, Old Trafford recorded its highest attendance of 76,962 during an FA Cup semi-final match between Wolves and Grimsby Town. Due to its proximity to Trafford Park industrial estate, Old Trafford got heavily damaged by German air raids during World War 2. It took eight years to rebuilt the stadium, the delays being caused by limited post-war resources, and during that time United played at Maine Road , the ground of rivals Manchester City. In 1949, Man United moved back to a reconstructed, though smaller, Old Trafford. Incremental improvements and expansions were made in the following decades, which culminated in the complete renovation of the United Road (North) Stand in the 1960s. This stand also held the first private boxes to be constructed at a British ground. Old Trafford was one of the playing venues of the 1966 World Cup, during which it hosted three group matches. In those years, the capacity of the stadium fluctuated around 60,000. Old Trafford got gradually further improved in the 1970s and 1980s, including new and better cover, increased seating areas, and improved executive facilities. At the same time, however, the rise of hooliganism also resulted in the installation of security fences separating the stands from the pitch. In the early 1990s, plans were made to convert the stadium into an all-seater. This involved the demolition and replacement of the famous Stretford End terraces and the placement of seats in the lower-tiers of the other stands. Old Trafford got selected to be one of the playing venues of the 1996 European Championships, and as a result a new North Stand opened in 1995. By the start of Euro 1996 the stadium could hold about 56,000 fans. During the Euro 1996 tournament, Old Trafford hosted three group matches, a quarter-final, and the semi-final between the Czech Republic and France (0-0). In the years following, second tiers were added to the East and West Stand, raising capacity to 68,000 seats. In 2006, the stadium reached its current capacity when stands got built in the upper-tier corners on both sides of the North Stand. Old Trafford hosted its only European final in 2003, when the Champions League final between Milan and Juventus (0-0) was played at the stadium. In 2011, the stadium’s North Stand got renamed Sir Alex Ferguson Stand in honour of the club’s long-time manager. Old Trafford’s South Stand remains the only two-tiered stand of the stadium, but expansion possibilities are limited due to the railway line that runs behind the stand. While Man United has indicated that a further expansion to 95,000 seats remains a possibility, no concrete plans exist at the moment. (photos of the present Old Trafford below) How to get to Old Trafford Old Trafford is located just over 2 miles south-west from Manchester’s city centre and just under 3 miles from Manchester Piccadilly Station. If arriving by car from the M60, take junction 7&8 and turn onto Chester Road (A56) northbound. Follow Chester Road for about 2 miles and turn left onto Sir Matt Busby Way (access closed on matchdays). If using public transport, the stadium is best reached by Metrolink overground metro. From Piccadilly Station it is a 15-minute journey to Old Trafford station, which lies a 5-minute walk away from the stadium. On matchdays a special train service is provided from most Manchester city centre stations to Old Trafford Stadium rail station. Address: Sir Matt Busby Way, Old Trafford, Manchester, M16 0RA Eat, drink, and sleep near Old Trafford Old Trafford is located in an area that is a mix of residential housing and offices and light industry. The area lacks excitement, though there are a good few hotels around if you wish to stay close to the stadium. Hotel Football Manchester , backed by a number of former United players such as Gary Neville and Ryan Giggs, lies right next to the stadium and gets great reviews. Chesters Hotel , Trafford Hall Hotel , and Old Trafford Loge are also at short walking distance and significantly cheaper. There are also various hotels a little further north around the quays, which includes such chains as Ibis Budget , Ramada , and Holiday Inn Express . For an overview of all hotels near Old Trafford click here . There are naturally also many options in Manchester’s city centre , a short Metrolink journey away, though these hotels tend to be a little more expensive. The few pubs close to the stadium fill up quickly on matchdays, so it may be wiser to eat and drink in the centre. In particular the Deangate Locks and Castlefield area are perfectly situated on the Metrolink. Manchester United Tickets Tickets for Manchester United games can only be bought online . Match tickets for league games tend only to go on sale for club members. The cheapest membership costs £32.00 per year. Even though Manchester United almost always play for a full house, tickets for games against lower-profile teams will often be easily available for club members if bought in advance, especially for seats at the upper tiers. Ticket prices range from £31.00 for a lower-tier seat behind one of the goals to £53.00 for a central seat at the Sir Alex Ferguson or South Stand. You can find a seating plan here . Call +44 (0) 161 868 8000 for more information. Old Trafford stadium tours Manchester United organise guided stadium tours that include the dugouts, players tunnel, and the Manchester United Museum. The tour lasts about 80 minutes, which does not include time spent in the museum. Tours run seven days a week except matchdays and only run until 1:00 pm the day before a European home match. Tours run about every 30 minutes between 10:00 am and 4:30 pm, but opening times and frequency depend on the season. The museum is opened from 9:00 am to 5:00 pm, but closes on weekend matchdays and three hours before a non-weekend match. Pre-booking of tours is not required, but highly recommended as limited places are available. Bookings can be made online . The tour costs £18.00. For more information call +44 (0) 161 868 8000 or email [email protected] . Photos	Sir Matt Busby Way
What is the common name for the garden flower dianthus barbatus	Blaze at Old Trafford \| Daily Mail Online Blaze at Old Trafford Last updated at 14:11 12 April 2006 Firefighters tackled a blaze which broke out at Manchester United's Old Trafford football ground today, the Fire Service said. It started shortly before noon at the rear terrace on the seventh floor of the stadium where construction work was being carried out. The flames were put out within 40 minutes by three fire engines and an aerial appliance, said a Manchester Fire Service spokeswoman. She said: "At 12.01pm the Fire Service received one call to a fire at the rear of the terrace at Manchester United Football Club on Sir Matt Busby Way, Old Trafford. "It was the area of the terrace which was currently a construction site." The Fire Service spokeswoman said the fire in the North End was "located on the seventh floor involving scaffolding, propane cylinders and associated equipment." A spokesman for Manchester United, who face Sunderland at Old Trafford on Good Friday, said: "It did not affect the rest of the stadium. It was just a minor fire and only a couple of fire engines attended. "It was put out very quickly and nobody was evacuated. The damage looks superficial, there's probably a bit of black wood somewhere. "We're just waiting for the report from the constructors. We might get that later today. "There were no knock-on effects for the rest of the stadium."	i don't know
In which English county was tobacco growing tried on a large scale	A History of Bristol A BRIEF HISTORY OF BRISTOL By Tim Lambert SAXON BRISTOL Bristol began life as a village called Brigg stow, which means the meeting place at the bridge in the old Saxon language. At some point a wooden bridge was erected across the Avon. (Avon is a Celtic word meaning 'water'). The bridge was used as a meeting place and a village grew up by it. In time the name Brigg Stow changed to Bristol. By the 10th century Bristol had grown into a town. Bristol was probably a burgh or fortified settlement. Bristol was probably surrounded by a ditch and earth rampart with a wooden palisade on top. By the early 11th century there was a mint in Bristol so it was already a place of some importance. There would have been a weekly market in Bristol. Because of its position in the West Bristol was well placed to trade with Dublin and with Somerset and North Devon. Wool and leather were exported from Bristol. BRISTOL IN THE MIDDLE AGES The population of Bristol in 1066 is not known for certain but it may have been about 4,000. By the standards of the time it was a large and important town. Bristol submitted to William the Conqueror without a fight. In 1067 two of King Harold's sons landed nearby and tried to capture Bristol but the Bristolians fought them off. King William built a wooden fort in Bristol. In the early 12th century it was replaced by a stone castle. In 1155 Bristol was given a charter (a document confirming certain rights held by the townspeople). In 1171 after the English conquered Ireland the people of Bristol were given Dublin as a colony by the king and many Bristolians settled there. Bristol also benefited when Henry II became King in 1154. As well as being king of England Henry was ruler of part of South West France. Vast quantities of wine were imported from there into from there into Bristol in the Middle Ages. By the 13th century wine was main import in Bristol. In the later Middle Ages wine was imported from Spain and Portugal as well as France. (Wine Street is actually a corruption of Wynche Street because a wynche or pillory stood there in the Middle Ages). Another important import was woad which was used for dyeing. In Medieval Bristol wool was woven and dyed then exported. Other exports from Bristol included rope and sailcloth and lead. In the town wool was woven and dyed and leather was made. In Bristol there were also the same craftsmen found in any town such as carpenters, blacksmiths, brewers, bakers, butchers, tailors, and shoemakers. In the years 1239-1247 the course of the Frome, a tributary of the Avon, was diverted to make navigation easier. The new channel was more than 700 metres long and it cost �5,000 to build (a huge fortune in those days). In the late Middle Ages ships from Bristol went fishing off Iceland but in 1497 John Cabot made his famous voyage to Newfoundland and after that the fishing grounds changed to the coast of North America. In 1373 the boundaries of Bristol were extended to include Redcliffe. Bristol was made a county of its own separate from Gloucestershire and Somerset. Also in 1373 High Cross was erected. The Priory of St James was built in Bristol about 1129. An Augustinian Abbey followed about 1142. In the 13th century the friars arrived in Bristol. Friars were like monks but instead of withdrawing from the world they went out to preach. In Bristol there were Franciscan friars (called grey friars because of the colour of their costumes) and Carmelite or white friars. In the Middle Ages the church ran the only 'hospitals'. There were several in Bristol including St Johns hospital, St Catherines, St Marks and St Bartholmews. There were also leper hostels outside the town. In the Middle Ages many people went on long journeys called Pilgrimages to Jerusalem. In 1118 an order of fighting monks called the Knights Templar was founded to defend them. They owned a great deal of land in England including Temple Meads (meadows) at Bristol. They built the Temple Church. In the Middle Ages merchants brought a red flower called the scarlet lychnis (lychnis chalcedonia) from the eastern Mediterranean (it is also called the Maltese Cross or the nonsuch). It became the emblem of Bristol. BRISTOL IN THE 16th CENTURY A grammar school was founded in Bristol in 1532. In 1538 Henry VIII closed the friaries and the priory. In 1542 Bristol was made a city and was given a bishop. In the mid 16th century England became a Protestant country. Then Queen Mary 1553-58 tried to restore Catholicism. In the years 1555-57 five Protestants were martyred in Bristol. In the late 15th century the merchants of Bristol began to join together to protect their own interests. Their organisation, the Merchant Adventurers was incorporated in 1552. The main exports from Tudor Bristol were tin, lead, hides, fish, butter and cheese. However the cloth industry in Bristol declined. Meanwhile Tudor Bristol suffered from outbreaks of plague. There were severe outbreaks in 1575 and 1602-04. Queen Elizabeth Hospital School was founded in 1590. Red Maids girls school was founded in 1634 (it was called that because of the color of the school uniforms). Red Lodge was built about 1590. BRISTOL IN THE 17th CENTURY In 1642 came civil war between king and parliament. In December 1642 a parliamentary army occupied Bristol and earthwork defenses were created around the town. In July 1643 the Royalists lay siege to Bristol and soon captured the town. The Royalists held Bristol for more than 2 years. While they occupied the town in 1644-45 there was another outbreak of plague in Bristol. In September 1645 a parliamentary army attacked Bristol. By this time the king was losing the war and the Royalists soon surrendered Bristol. In 1656 Cromwell ordered that Bristol castle be destroyed to prevent it ever falling into Royalist hands. Bristol boomed in the late 17th century as new colonies were founded in the West Indies and North America. Bristol was, obviously, well placed to trade with them because of its position in the West. Tobacco was imported from North America and sugar from the West Indies. In the later 17th century a glass industry prospered in Bristol. So did a shipbuilding industry. Meanwhile Landoger Trow Inn was built in 1664. Then in 1669 a merchant paid for the Christmas Steps to be built on a steeply sloping street. BRISTOL IN THE 18th CENTURY In the 18th century Bristol was heavily involved in the slave trade. Manufactured goods from Bristol such as woolen cloth and brass and iron goods were given to the Africans in return for slaves. The slaves were then transported to the West Indies of North America and sold. The ships then took tobacco, sugar and rum back to Bristol. So the trade formed a triangle. Also in the 18th century timber was imported into Bristol from Scandinavia, mainly for shipbuilding. Glass and shipbuilding thrived in Georgian Bristol. So did a chocolate industry. Some of the tobacco imported from North America was made into snuff in windmills. The metal industry made cannons, chains and anchors. There was also a large brewing industry in Bristol. In the 18th century coal was mined within the boundaries of Bristol. In the 18th century Bristol grew rapidly. The population was probably about 25,000 in 1700. It rose to about 50,000 by the middle of the century. By 1801 Bristol had a population of 68,000. Many new streets were laid out in Bristol. Queen Square was built in 1702 to commemorate the visit of Queen Anne to Bristol. Prince Street followed it. So was James Square and Orchard Street. Later Unity Street, College Green, Cornwallis Crescent, Hotwells Crescent, Windsor Terrace, Portland Square and Berkeley Square were all built. However in this century the rich moved out of central Bristol and went to live in Clifton. Meanwhile Bristol Royal Infirmary was built in 1737. A number of other important buildings were erected in Bristol in the 18th century. In 1739 John Wesley built the worlds first Methodist chapel in Horsefair. The Exchange in Corn Street was built in 1743. The first bank in Bristol opened in 1750. The Theatre Royal was built in 1766. Moreover a new bridge was built in 1768. Tolls were charged for using the bridge. The council promised these tolls would be scrapped in 1793. When they were not the result was rioting which left several people dead and many more wounded. BRISTOL IN THE 19th CENTURY In 1801 the population of Bristol was 68,800. It continued to rise rapidly in the 19th century and reached 266,000 in 1881. However more riots took place in Bristol in 1831. At that time the House of Commons passed a Great Reform Bill. It would give rapidly growing cities in Bristol more MPs. However the House of Lords rejected the bill. One of the most outspoken critics of the bill was Charles Wetherall, Recorder of Bristol. He returned to Bristol on 29 October and crowds stoned his coach. The next day a full-scale riot began. About 100 houses were burned including the Bishops Palace and the Custom House. The riot ended the following day, 31 October, when troops were ordered to crush the riots. The Bristol riots left several hundred people dead. In 1835 Clifton was made part of Bristol. Meanwhile amenities in Bristol were improved. In 1806 an act of parliament formed a body of men with powers to pave, clean and light the streets of Bristol (at first oil lamps were used to light them but after 1818 gas was used). Like all Victorian towns Bristol was unsanitary. As a result there were epidemics of cholera in Bristol in 1832, 1848/49 and 1866. However there were many improvements in 19th century Bristol. The Guildhall was built in 1843. A waterworks was built in 1846 and over the next 20 years a piped water supply was extended to the whole of Bristol. In the 1850s a network of sewers was dug in Bristol. Meanwhile Bristol port continued to flourish. In 1804-09 a floating or tideless harbor was built where the water was kept at a constant depth. It was connected to the Avon by dock. In 1848 the council took over the docks. In 1877 new docks were built at Avonmouth. More were built at Portishead in 1879. Bristol was connected to London by rail in 1841. It was connected to Exeter in 1844 and Plymouth in 1848. Clifton suspension bridge was built in 1864. After 1874 horse drawn trams ran through the streets of Bristol. In 1895 the first electric trams began running. Two famous ships were built in Bristol in the early 19th century. The Great Western was launched in 1837 and the Great Britain was launched in 1844. The Cabot Tower was built in 1897 and in 1899 the mayor of Bristol was made a Lord Mayor. In the 19th century the copper, brass and glass industries in Bristol went into decline. On the other hand shipbuilding boomed in Bristol. So did the chocolate industry and soap making. The tobacco industry in Bristol also thrived. In the later 19th century there was also a cotton industry in Bristol. Life in the 19th Century BRISTOL IN THE 20th CENTURY By 1901 Bristol had a population of 330,000 and it continued to rise steadily. Meanwhile the Royal Edward Dock was built in 1908. Bristol university was founded in 1909 and its main building was erected in 1925. In the 20th century Bristol�s greatest industry became aircraft manufacture. Other industries in Bristol were chocolate, tobacco, engineering, chemicals, zinc, furniture and pottery. Moreover Bristol continued to be an important port in the 20th century. Royal Portbury Dock was built in 1977. During the Second World War 1,299 people in Bristol were killed by German bombing. About 3,000 buildings were destroyed and 90,000 were damaged. After 1945 the council built many new houses on the outskirts of Bristol to replace them. Furthermore the Council House was built in 1956. Arnolfini Art Gallery opened in 1957. The Robinson Building was erected in 1966. A polytechnic opened in Bristol in 1969. In 1992 it became the West of England University. Meanwhile Clifton Roman Catholic Cathedral was built in 1973. The Georgian House opened as a museum in 1939 and Harveys Wine Museum opened in 1965. In 1970 the Great Britain was brought back to Bristol and work began on refurbishing it. Bristol Industrial Museum opened in 1978. At the end of the 20th century Bristol continued to develop. Watershed Media Centre opened in 1982. In 1985 a statue of John Cabot was erected on Narrow Quay. The Galleries was built in 1991. A new bridge was erected over St Augustines Reach in 1998. BRISTOL IN THE 21st CENTURY In the 21st century Bristol continued to flourish. Today tourism is a major industry in Bristol. The Bristol Centre opened in 2000. It includes 3 attractions, Wildwalk, IMAX cinema and Explore, the science center. The British Empire and Commonwealth Museum opened in 2002. The Cabot Centre opened in Bristol in 2008. Today the population of Bristol is 428,000.	Gloucestershire
Which David Bowie number one came from the album Scary Monsters	A History of Bristol A BRIEF HISTORY OF BRISTOL By Tim Lambert SAXON BRISTOL Bristol began life as a village called Brigg stow, which means the meeting place at the bridge in the old Saxon language. At some point a wooden bridge was erected across the Avon. (Avon is a Celtic word meaning 'water'). The bridge was used as a meeting place and a village grew up by it. In time the name Brigg Stow changed to Bristol. By the 10th century Bristol had grown into a town. Bristol was probably a burgh or fortified settlement. Bristol was probably surrounded by a ditch and earth rampart with a wooden palisade on top. By the early 11th century there was a mint in Bristol so it was already a place of some importance. There would have been a weekly market in Bristol. Because of its position in the West Bristol was well placed to trade with Dublin and with Somerset and North Devon. Wool and leather were exported from Bristol. BRISTOL IN THE MIDDLE AGES The population of Bristol in 1066 is not known for certain but it may have been about 4,000. By the standards of the time it was a large and important town. Bristol submitted to William the Conqueror without a fight. In 1067 two of King Harold's sons landed nearby and tried to capture Bristol but the Bristolians fought them off. King William built a wooden fort in Bristol. In the early 12th century it was replaced by a stone castle. In 1155 Bristol was given a charter (a document confirming certain rights held by the townspeople). In 1171 after the English conquered Ireland the people of Bristol were given Dublin as a colony by the king and many Bristolians settled there. Bristol also benefited when Henry II became King in 1154. As well as being king of England Henry was ruler of part of South West France. Vast quantities of wine were imported from there into from there into Bristol in the Middle Ages. By the 13th century wine was main import in Bristol. In the later Middle Ages wine was imported from Spain and Portugal as well as France. (Wine Street is actually a corruption of Wynche Street because a wynche or pillory stood there in the Middle Ages). Another important import was woad which was used for dyeing. In Medieval Bristol wool was woven and dyed then exported. Other exports from Bristol included rope and sailcloth and lead. In the town wool was woven and dyed and leather was made. In Bristol there were also the same craftsmen found in any town such as carpenters, blacksmiths, brewers, bakers, butchers, tailors, and shoemakers. In the years 1239-1247 the course of the Frome, a tributary of the Avon, was diverted to make navigation easier. The new channel was more than 700 metres long and it cost �5,000 to build (a huge fortune in those days). In the late Middle Ages ships from Bristol went fishing off Iceland but in 1497 John Cabot made his famous voyage to Newfoundland and after that the fishing grounds changed to the coast of North America. In 1373 the boundaries of Bristol were extended to include Redcliffe. Bristol was made a county of its own separate from Gloucestershire and Somerset. Also in 1373 High Cross was erected. The Priory of St James was built in Bristol about 1129. An Augustinian Abbey followed about 1142. In the 13th century the friars arrived in Bristol. Friars were like monks but instead of withdrawing from the world they went out to preach. In Bristol there were Franciscan friars (called grey friars because of the colour of their costumes) and Carmelite or white friars. In the Middle Ages the church ran the only 'hospitals'. There were several in Bristol including St Johns hospital, St Catherines, St Marks and St Bartholmews. There were also leper hostels outside the town. In the Middle Ages many people went on long journeys called Pilgrimages to Jerusalem. In 1118 an order of fighting monks called the Knights Templar was founded to defend them. They owned a great deal of land in England including Temple Meads (meadows) at Bristol. They built the Temple Church. In the Middle Ages merchants brought a red flower called the scarlet lychnis (lychnis chalcedonia) from the eastern Mediterranean (it is also called the Maltese Cross or the nonsuch). It became the emblem of Bristol. BRISTOL IN THE 16th CENTURY A grammar school was founded in Bristol in 1532. In 1538 Henry VIII closed the friaries and the priory. In 1542 Bristol was made a city and was given a bishop. In the mid 16th century England became a Protestant country. Then Queen Mary 1553-58 tried to restore Catholicism. In the years 1555-57 five Protestants were martyred in Bristol. In the late 15th century the merchants of Bristol began to join together to protect their own interests. Their organisation, the Merchant Adventurers was incorporated in 1552. The main exports from Tudor Bristol were tin, lead, hides, fish, butter and cheese. However the cloth industry in Bristol declined. Meanwhile Tudor Bristol suffered from outbreaks of plague. There were severe outbreaks in 1575 and 1602-04. Queen Elizabeth Hospital School was founded in 1590. Red Maids girls school was founded in 1634 (it was called that because of the color of the school uniforms). Red Lodge was built about 1590. BRISTOL IN THE 17th CENTURY In 1642 came civil war between king and parliament. In December 1642 a parliamentary army occupied Bristol and earthwork defenses were created around the town. In July 1643 the Royalists lay siege to Bristol and soon captured the town. The Royalists held Bristol for more than 2 years. While they occupied the town in 1644-45 there was another outbreak of plague in Bristol. In September 1645 a parliamentary army attacked Bristol. By this time the king was losing the war and the Royalists soon surrendered Bristol. In 1656 Cromwell ordered that Bristol castle be destroyed to prevent it ever falling into Royalist hands. Bristol boomed in the late 17th century as new colonies were founded in the West Indies and North America. Bristol was, obviously, well placed to trade with them because of its position in the West. Tobacco was imported from North America and sugar from the West Indies. In the later 17th century a glass industry prospered in Bristol. So did a shipbuilding industry. Meanwhile Landoger Trow Inn was built in 1664. Then in 1669 a merchant paid for the Christmas Steps to be built on a steeply sloping street. BRISTOL IN THE 18th CENTURY In the 18th century Bristol was heavily involved in the slave trade. Manufactured goods from Bristol such as woolen cloth and brass and iron goods were given to the Africans in return for slaves. The slaves were then transported to the West Indies of North America and sold. The ships then took tobacco, sugar and rum back to Bristol. So the trade formed a triangle. Also in the 18th century timber was imported into Bristol from Scandinavia, mainly for shipbuilding. Glass and shipbuilding thrived in Georgian Bristol. So did a chocolate industry. Some of the tobacco imported from North America was made into snuff in windmills. The metal industry made cannons, chains and anchors. There was also a large brewing industry in Bristol. In the 18th century coal was mined within the boundaries of Bristol. In the 18th century Bristol grew rapidly. The population was probably about 25,000 in 1700. It rose to about 50,000 by the middle of the century. By 1801 Bristol had a population of 68,000. Many new streets were laid out in Bristol. Queen Square was built in 1702 to commemorate the visit of Queen Anne to Bristol. Prince Street followed it. So was James Square and Orchard Street. Later Unity Street, College Green, Cornwallis Crescent, Hotwells Crescent, Windsor Terrace, Portland Square and Berkeley Square were all built. However in this century the rich moved out of central Bristol and went to live in Clifton. Meanwhile Bristol Royal Infirmary was built in 1737. A number of other important buildings were erected in Bristol in the 18th century. In 1739 John Wesley built the worlds first Methodist chapel in Horsefair. The Exchange in Corn Street was built in 1743. The first bank in Bristol opened in 1750. The Theatre Royal was built in 1766. Moreover a new bridge was built in 1768. Tolls were charged for using the bridge. The council promised these tolls would be scrapped in 1793. When they were not the result was rioting which left several people dead and many more wounded. BRISTOL IN THE 19th CENTURY In 1801 the population of Bristol was 68,800. It continued to rise rapidly in the 19th century and reached 266,000 in 1881. However more riots took place in Bristol in 1831. At that time the House of Commons passed a Great Reform Bill. It would give rapidly growing cities in Bristol more MPs. However the House of Lords rejected the bill. One of the most outspoken critics of the bill was Charles Wetherall, Recorder of Bristol. He returned to Bristol on 29 October and crowds stoned his coach. The next day a full-scale riot began. About 100 houses were burned including the Bishops Palace and the Custom House. The riot ended the following day, 31 October, when troops were ordered to crush the riots. The Bristol riots left several hundred people dead. In 1835 Clifton was made part of Bristol. Meanwhile amenities in Bristol were improved. In 1806 an act of parliament formed a body of men with powers to pave, clean and light the streets of Bristol (at first oil lamps were used to light them but after 1818 gas was used). Like all Victorian towns Bristol was unsanitary. As a result there were epidemics of cholera in Bristol in 1832, 1848/49 and 1866. However there were many improvements in 19th century Bristol. The Guildhall was built in 1843. A waterworks was built in 1846 and over the next 20 years a piped water supply was extended to the whole of Bristol. In the 1850s a network of sewers was dug in Bristol. Meanwhile Bristol port continued to flourish. In 1804-09 a floating or tideless harbor was built where the water was kept at a constant depth. It was connected to the Avon by dock. In 1848 the council took over the docks. In 1877 new docks were built at Avonmouth. More were built at Portishead in 1879. Bristol was connected to London by rail in 1841. It was connected to Exeter in 1844 and Plymouth in 1848. Clifton suspension bridge was built in 1864. After 1874 horse drawn trams ran through the streets of Bristol. In 1895 the first electric trams began running. Two famous ships were built in Bristol in the early 19th century. The Great Western was launched in 1837 and the Great Britain was launched in 1844. The Cabot Tower was built in 1897 and in 1899 the mayor of Bristol was made a Lord Mayor. In the 19th century the copper, brass and glass industries in Bristol went into decline. On the other hand shipbuilding boomed in Bristol. So did the chocolate industry and soap making. The tobacco industry in Bristol also thrived. In the later 19th century there was also a cotton industry in Bristol. Life in the 19th Century BRISTOL IN THE 20th CENTURY By 1901 Bristol had a population of 330,000 and it continued to rise steadily. Meanwhile the Royal Edward Dock was built in 1908. Bristol university was founded in 1909 and its main building was erected in 1925. In the 20th century Bristol�s greatest industry became aircraft manufacture. Other industries in Bristol were chocolate, tobacco, engineering, chemicals, zinc, furniture and pottery. Moreover Bristol continued to be an important port in the 20th century. Royal Portbury Dock was built in 1977. During the Second World War 1,299 people in Bristol were killed by German bombing. About 3,000 buildings were destroyed and 90,000 were damaged. After 1945 the council built many new houses on the outskirts of Bristol to replace them. Furthermore the Council House was built in 1956. Arnolfini Art Gallery opened in 1957. The Robinson Building was erected in 1966. A polytechnic opened in Bristol in 1969. In 1992 it became the West of England University. Meanwhile Clifton Roman Catholic Cathedral was built in 1973. The Georgian House opened as a museum in 1939 and Harveys Wine Museum opened in 1965. In 1970 the Great Britain was brought back to Bristol and work began on refurbishing it. Bristol Industrial Museum opened in 1978. At the end of the 20th century Bristol continued to develop. Watershed Media Centre opened in 1982. In 1985 a statue of John Cabot was erected on Narrow Quay. The Galleries was built in 1991. A new bridge was erected over St Augustines Reach in 1998. BRISTOL IN THE 21st CENTURY In the 21st century Bristol continued to flourish. Today tourism is a major industry in Bristol. The Bristol Centre opened in 2000. It includes 3 attractions, Wildwalk, IMAX cinema and Explore, the science center. The British Empire and Commonwealth Museum opened in 2002. The Cabot Centre opened in Bristol in 2008. Today the population of Bristol is 428,000.	i don't know
Who composed the New World Symphony	Classical Classics - Dvorak's "New World" Symphony, Classical Notes, Peter Gutmann A bizarre aftermath of 9/11 was a resurgence of protest over how American influence had allegedly sullied the purity of other civilizations, depicting us as a sort of pernicious cultural kudzu overrunning and smothering the world's pristine artistic gardens. But unlike most of the other insidious and groundless propaganda claims that had burgeoned, to this one there's a kernel of truth. After all, with its ready availability and massive appeal, American culture has dominated much of the last century, and its reign promises to continue. While foreign purists may have cowered before incursions of Franglais and Warhol soup cans, our threat to most arts hardly warranted fears of irreparable corruption. In music, though, the uniquely American developments of jazz, blues and rock truly have permanently transformed world culture. So perhaps it's worth recalling that our own roots originated overseas in the first place. In the late 19th century, European art was roused by the same surge of nationalism that had already transformed Old World politics, as varied cultures found and proudly proclaimed their distinctive voices. But while American literature already had staked a formidable reputation, our serious music (along with painting and theatre) remained mired in Old World models. That didn't sit well with a handful of American patrons who sought to develop and project our own national character. Among them was Jeanette Thurber, wife of a wealthy New York merchant, who had founded the National Conservatory of Music, a pioneering venture which opened its doors in 1888 to promising African-American musicians but needed strong leadership. She found it in Antonin Dvorak (1841 – 1904). Influenced and inspired by his compatriot Bedrich Smetana, Dvorak had achieved great fame as an ardent champion of his beloved Czech music, fluently melding folk-tinged melodies into classical forms. But unlike Brahms, Liszt and other composers who studied folk music from an academic distance and used it as a fleeting exotic diversion, Dvorak's Moravian Duets, Czech Suite, Slavonic Dances and other cornerstones of his early fame were the very essence of his being. Born and raised a Bohemian peasant, Dvorak never strayed far from his roots. Like the saying goes, you can take the boy out of the country, but you can't take the country out of the boy. He loved simple pleasures, was enthralled by trains and far preferred a chat with manual laborers to learned discourse. This humble man brought Czech music to the world's attention by showcasing its intrinsic appeal. He often is compared to Schubert, with whom he shared effortless melodies, spontaneous harmonies and a relaxed ease, but Schubert's music wafted from Viennese taverns, while in Dvorak's you could feel the fresh rustic breeze and smell the hale country air. Dvorak was lured to New York in 1892 with the promise of a fee twenty times his salary in Prague. Upon arrival, he enthusiastically grasped Mrs. Thurber's charge. He proclaimed: I am convinced that the future music of this country must be founded on what are called Negro melodies. These can be the foundation of a serious and original school of composition, to be developed in the United States. These beautiful and varied themes are the product of the soil. They are the folk songs of America and your composers must turn to them. True to his word, Dvorak immersed himself in African-American music. He was particularly drawn to one of his students, Henry Burleigh, who often sang for Dvorak in his home and who later recalled that Dvorak saturated himself in the spirit of these old tunes. Much of his time in America was occupied by teaching and organizing performances. But above all else Dvorak was a composer and in his first winter in New York he began to write the symphony that would become his most cherished. (It was completed that summer on vacation in Spillville, Iowa, a colony of Czech immigrants who helped assuage Dvorak's intense homesickness.) Formally, the work fell solidly within European tradition, with a sonata-form opening, a meditative largo broken by restless outbursts, a lusty scherzo with bucolic trios and a vigorous, triumphant finish. In keeping with the emerging trend of cyclical form, its themes all germinated from a common seminal motif and returned in the finale. But beginning with its hugely successful premiere that December, its subtitle From the New World generated considerable confusion over its inspiration and thematic content. Resemblance to the atmosphere of Dvorak's prior work suggested to some commentators that the work was most heavily influenced by nostalgia for his beloved Bohemia. But assuming that Dvorak had set out to practice what he preached, others seized upon the prevalence of the syncopated rhythms, pentatonic scales and flattened sevenths of our native music to find a closer tie to America. They noted Dvorak's fascination with the Hiawatha legend and traced the symphony's largo and scherzo to scenes of the funeral and celebratory feast from an opera he had sketched but never pursued. They found especially significant the resemblance of a principal theme of the first movement to Swing Low, Sweet Chariot, reportedly one of Dvorak's favorite spirituals. But such speculation has its dangers – it's hard to find much meaning in the far more striking resemblance of a motif in the finale to Three Blind Mice. And subsequent critics who went so far as to assert that Dvorak copied his largo from a hymn, Goin' Home, were chagrined to realize that the song arose only decades later when lyrics were grafted onto Dvorak's original theme. The composer himself derided as nonsense claims that he used actual Indian- or African-American tunes and insisted that he only wrote in the spirit of native American music. In a delightful 1956 lecture (included in his The Infinite Variety of Music (Simon and Schuster, 1966)), Leonard Bernstein examined each of the themes, traced their origin to French, Scottish, German, Chinese and, of course, Czech sources, and concluded that the only accurate assessment was to consider the work multi-national. But as New York critic James Huneker pointed out in a discerning review of the premiere, the New World Symphony was distinctly American in the sense of being a composite, reflecting our melting-pot society. Indeed, much the same could be said for our culture generally – it's made of foreign ingredients but emerges from the cauldron with a clear American flavor. When Dvorak returned home in 1895, he left behind a legacy even greater than Mrs. Thurber had dared to dream – the very first piece of serious music that, regardless of its traditional form and disputed sources, somehow managed to embody and convey the American spirit. Wildly popular, Dvorak's New World Symphony served as an ambassador to legitimize American music to the rest of a dubious world and paved the way to acceptance of our 20th Century cultural exports. It seems altogether fitting that so many fine recorded performances of the New World were led by conductors raised in Dvorak's own Czech traditions, including Karel Ancerl, Istvan Kertesz, Raphael Kubilek, Vaclav Neumann, Libor Pesek, Joseph Suk, Vaclav Talich and Pavel Urbanek. Most of these tend to be smooth, patient and flowing, largely devoid of intensive interpretive touches and, by letting the piece speak for itself, serve to demonstrate just how fine a work it really is. Two of the greatest such New Worlds were led by Fritz Reiner and George Szell, who were born in Budapest but followed in Dvorak's footsteps and made careers in America. Both Reiner's reading with the Chicago Symphony (on RCA CD 62587) and Szell's with the Cleveland Orchestra (Sony MH2K 63151, coupled with splendid performances of Dvorak's two preceding symphonies) are played with precision and loving care, moderately paced, and brim with graceful detail. In keeping with the character of the work, more distinctive and individual interpretations come from emigrants who contributed to the richness of our music. Paul Paray , hailing from France, led the Detroit Symphony in a lean, sharp and propulsive reading that's the fastest on record (Mercury 434 317). Arturo Toscanini (Italian) with the NBC Symphony was clean and classic in the studio (BMG 60279) and more emphatic in concert (Arkadia 417). Bruno Walter (German), with the Hollywood-based Columbia Symphony, radiated a tender warmth (Sony 64484). Artur Rodzinski (Polish) and the Royal Philharmonic presented an unusual and somewhat volatile balance of especially prominent winds and tympani (Westminster 741 272). Leopold Stokowski (English, but among the most fervent advocates of our music), was impulsive and improvisatory (even adding climatic braying brass and cymbal crash improvements) in his six (!) recordings, of which the most unbuttoned and thrilling was with his hand-picked American Youth Orchestra in 1940 (Music and Arts 841). It seems especially apt that the New World received two of its finest performances from the most influential American-born conductor. Leonard Bernstein's 1962 reading with the New York Philharmonic (Sony 47547 or 60563) pulses with the very type of brash idealistic enthusiasm that inspired Dvor�k to have created it. (Incidentally, don't be misled by timings – Bernstein's 11-minute opening movement is every bit as swift as Toscanini's 8½; the difference lies in a repeat of the entire exposition rather than the tempo.) Bernstein's poignant largo and bounding scherzo lead to a massive finale, a deeply moving vision of a future filled with strength, resolve and dignity that seems especially timely. A 1986 remake (DG 427 346) is more deliberate and profoundly moving, played with great feeling by the Israel Philharmonic, an ensemble founded by Holocaust refugees who surely knew the meaning of freedom. But analyses of art should never be so simple. Indeed, an even more striking performance generated mystery over its confusing origins and still raises intriguing qualms over its pedigree. When the records first surfaced from wartime archives, they were thought to comprise a 1941 Berlin Philharmonic concert by Wilhelm Furtw�ngler , who had programmed this work during the War and was known for irritating his Nazis overseers by championing music of enemy peoples. Its 1981 release on a Swiss LP bore authentication by three musicologists and one of Furtw�ngler's musicians, but further research concluded that it was by the Munich Philharmonic led by Oswald Kabasta in one of his very last performances from July 1944. With seething melodrama and blazing intensity, Kabasta internalized the New World and transformed it into a tortured and desperate cry for a freedom he would never taste – distraught by his wartime role, he killed himself in 1946. It's an emotional roller-coaster, festering in the dank air of repression, its hazy light filtered by skepticism, its deceptively smooth transitions teasingly sarcastic. So – a Bohemian vision of a vital and free America potently conveyed by a conflicted Nazi. Ironic, to be sure, yet compelling proof of the universality of Dvorak's New World Symphony. Copyright 2001 by Peter Gutmann	Dvorak
What is or was the name of Herman's backing group	The True Story of "Goin' Home" - From Bohemia to Boston New England Song Series No. 2: The True Story of "GOIN' HOME" From Bohemia To Boston Goin' home, goin' home, I'm a goin' home; Quiet-like, some still day, I'm jes' goin' home. It's not far, jes' close by, Through an open door; Work all done, care laid by, Goin' to fear no more. Mother's there 'spectin' me, Lots o' folks gather'd there, All the friends I knew, All the friends I knew. Home, I'm goin' home! These opening lines are from "Goin' Home" (also known inaccurately as "Going Home") and based on Antonin Dvorak's famous "Largo" theme from his Symphony No. 9 (From the New World), Op. 95. His symphony was composed while he was in America and was first performed by the New York Philharmonic at Carnegie Hall on December 16, 1893. It has been said that Dvorak's themes in his symphony were inspired by American folk melodies, especially Afro-American or American Indian. But his themes are just as similar to Bohemian folk music and most likely came from that music tradition. Did Dvorak have anything to do with writing the words or arranging the music for"Goin' Home"? No. "Goin' Home"was actually written by one of Dvorak's pupils, William Arms Fisher (1861-1948), who adapted and arranged the Largo theme and added his own words. This is part of what Fisher wrote in the published sheet music of his song, "Goin' Home" (Oliver Ditson Company): The Largo, with its haunting English horn solo, is the outpouring of Dvorak's own home-longing, with something of the loneliness of far-off prairie horizons, the faint memory of the red-man's bygone days, and a sense of the tragedy of the black-man as it sings in his "spirituals." Deeper still it is a moving expression of that nostalgia of the soul all human beings feel. That the lyric opening theme of the Largo should spontaneously suggest the words 'Goin' home, goin' home' is natural enough, and that the lines that follow the melody should take the form of a negro spiritual accords with the genesis of the symphony. -- William Arms Fisher, Boston, July 21, 1922. Some have written that "Goin Home" was based on a spiritual written by Harry Burleigh. But there is no hard evidence to support that claim, even though Burleigh worked for Dvorak. Instead, it is William Arms Fisher who should be credited with adapting and arranging this song in "the form of a negro spiritual." It has sometimes been sung at funerals. Fisher described his song as: "a moving expression of that nostalgia of the soul all human beings feel." Thus, it might be suitable for a funeral or any other somber occasion "of the soul." But the false claims that continue to be written for this beautiful and poignant song just keeping... Goin' on and on.	i don't know
Which duo had the top selling single of 1981	UK Top 10 Best Selling Singles from ukcharts.20m.com Candle In The Wind 1997 / Something About The Way You Look Tonight Elton John (4.8 million copies) 1997 On 31st August 1997, Princess Diana died in a car crash with companion Dodi al Fayed. The news shocked the world. The world was plunged into mourning. Tributes flooded in. The funeral was held on 6th September 1997 (coincidentally, her wedding heads the top TV list, with 39m and the funeral is 5th with 31m). Sir Elton John performed this song of his at the funeral. It was originally a tribute to Marilyn Monroe when released in 1974, reaching #11, and #5 in 1988 when recorded with the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra. It was released on 13 September (a Saturday, unusually) and sold 658,000 copies on that one day, enough to send it straight to number one after just one day on release. It had sold 2 million by the end of its second week on chart, 3 million the next week, and eventually reached 4.8 million, thus making it the biggest selling single in the UK by a fair lead. In the USA, it received the grand total of 11 million sales. In Canada it probably fared best in terms of chart success, spending an astonishing 45 weeks at Number One over there. It became the best-selling single in the world, with total sales standing at 37 million. Fact: It was actually voted the third WORST Number One single in Channel 4's 100 Greatest #1s poll. 2 Do They Know It's Christmas? Band Aid (3.51m) 1984/5 This record was the brainchild of Boomtown Rats (2 #1s) frontman Bob Geldof. Watching the news one night, he saw the disturbing images of starving children in Ethiopia, and felt he simply had to do something. So the biggest superstar line-up was arranged for each star to sing their own part in this record, co-written and produced by former Ultravox (#2 with Vienna in 1981) frontman Midge Ure. At the time it was the fastest-selling single in UK history, shifting 750,000 copies in its first full week alone. The same recording returned to #3 the next Christmas, and a SAW (Stock, Aitken and Waterman) version recorded with SAW stars such as Kylie Minogue and Bananarama with the group entitled Band Aid II was the Christmas #1 for 3 weeks in 1989. Together with the Live Aid concert in 1985, they successfully raised ï¿½110 million for the worthy cause. Sadly, then Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher refused to drop the VAT (Value Added Tax) bill on the record. Artists featured on Band Aid: Adam Clayton, Bono (U2); Bob Geldof, Johnny Fingers, Simon Crowe, Pete Briquette (Boomtown Rats); David Bowie; Paul McCartney; Holly Johnson; Midge Ure, Chris Cross (Ultravox); Simon LeBon, Nick Rhodes, Andy Taylor, Roger Taylor, John Taylor (Duran Duran); Paul Young; Tony Hadley, Martin Kemp, Gary Kemp, John Keeble, Steve Norman (Spandau Ballet); Martyn Ware, Glenn Gregory (Heaven 17); Francis Rossi, Nick parfitt (Status Quo); Sting; Boy George, Jon Moss (Culture Club); Marilyn; Keren Woodward, Sarah Dallin, Siobhan Fahey (Bananarama); Jody Watley; Paul Weller; Robert "Kool" Bell, James Taylor, Dennis Thomas (Kool And The Gang); George Michael. 3 Bohemian Rhapsody Queen (2.13m) 1975 & 1991 Allegedly mapped out by songwriter Freddie Mercury of Queen on the back of a cereal packet, this almost six minute wonder is like three songs in one, with stunning nine-part harmony vocals and combining grunge metal with almost kitsch opera, accompanied with what was conceived as the first pop video. The group consisted of Roger Taylor, John Deacon, Brian May and Mercury. It entered at #47 and was #1 within three weeks, where it stayed for a groundbreaking 9 weeks. It sold a million copies. Then, 16 years later it returned, upon Mercury's AIDS-related death, to the #1 spot for another five weeks, pushing the total weeks at #1 to 14 (4th most) and it shifted, astonishingly, another million copies helped with the coupling of new track These Are The Days Of Our Lives (winner of 1992 award for Best British Single at the BRITs), and in addition all profits from the 1991 release went to charity, completing this all-charity Top 3. Fact: Was runner-up by two votes in Channel 4's Greatest #1s poll. 4 Mull of Kintyre / Girls' School Wings (2.05m) 1977 After coming close with three #2s, this was Paul McCartney's first post-Beatles #1. It reached #1 upon its third week, and just like the aforementioned song and topped the listings for nine consecutive weeks for his group Wings which also included wife Linda. It was written by McCartney as a paean to his Scotland home with group member Denny Laine because he felt Scotland needed a contemporary anthem. Parlophone thought Mull Of Kintyre wasn't strong enough to be a single in its own right, so the rockier Girl's School became its official double A side. They needn't have worried. The bagpipe-driven anthem became the UK's first single to top two million copies sold. Fact: despite selling more copies, this was at the tail end of the Channel 4 100 Greatest #1s poll (#100) while former bandmate John Lennon's Imagine, which also sold a million copies, headed the list. I'll stop the Channel 4 trivia now... 5 Rivers of Babylon/Brown Girl In The Ring Boney M (1,995,000 copies) 1978 Boney M were a disco-pop group manufactured by mogul Frank Farian (later behind lip-synchers Milli Vanilli) named after, of all things, a cop in an Australian TV show. The group consisted of Maisie Williams, Liz Mitchell, Marcia Barrett and Bobby Farrell. They were all originally from the West Indies but were based in Germany. The group did not sing vocals on their first single Baby Do You Wanna Bump (a hit in Germany) but that was the exception. They started out with four top ten hits, including a #2 hit. They were all simple disco-pop hits. Then this came along. It was the recording of Rivers of Babylon (previously recorded by the Melodians) which hit #1 in its third week. Choosing to record the song was a good move by them and Farian: it originally appeared in the Bible, therefore covering it would mean no royalties to pay to anyone - after all, the Bible is non-copyright. It stayed at #1 for five weeks in all, selling a million copies. The song was popular with a large audience, from young children to the elderly, but like all #1 hits it was destined to slip down the rankings. And so it did. But when the single was residing at #20, radio DJs started playing the supposed b-side, Brown Girl In The Ring. It rebounded and eventually reached #2 as a double a-side, with only John & Olivia (see #8) stopping it reaching the summit again. It went on to sell nearly two million copies, become the best-selling record of 1978 and is still the best-selling foreign single of all time in the UK. Furthermore, its 40 weeks on chart are enough to place it as one of the records with most weeks on chart. Critics loathed them, like any manufactured group, with one critic saying: "Boney M are as plastic as the records they make." But I think singer Maisie Williams has the final word here. "Someone must be buying our records and coming to our concerts, so we must be doing something right. In cold facts, a record sale is equally valid from anyone." 6 Relax Frankie Goes To Hollywood (1.91m) 1984 Ooooh. Bit of controversy here. Merseyside-based group Frankie Goes To Hollywood (named after a newspaper headline regarding Frank Sinatra's movie career) first premiered this track on pivotal music show The Tube. It sounded like late-Seventies funk. So they hooked up with producer Trevor Horn (part of group The Buggles - Video Killed The Radio Star #1 in 1979). Horn made three versions, before finally hitting on his fourth version as the final cut. His version was one of the first dance tracks ever made and frontman Holly Johnson says it inspired the dance boom. Oddly, the only presence of the group on the final cut - apart from Johnson's lead vocal - is the sound of them all jumping into a swimming pool. (Well what did you think it was? The mind boggles...) Anyway, moving swiftly on... it was released in November 1983. After a wait of 10 weeks, the track reached #1 in January 1984 and stayed there for five whole weeks. They'll be remembered for the record's unique marketing technique: the t-shirts. Paul Morley, co-director with Horn of ZTT Records, dreamt up the idea, and sold it to the band for ï¿½200-300. Soon everybody had snapped up a t-shirt, emblazoned with phrases such as "Frankie Says 'Relax!'". It was a great promotion tool. It was also aided in getting to #1 by the BBC... but not in a way they had hoped. As the record's prospects were mounting, with it finally entering the Top 40 after more than a month on sale, the BBC banned it for its sexually orientated lyrics, ensuring its swift rise from #35 into the top ten (#6) the following week, and on to #1 two weeks later. It slipped down the chart. But in June 1984, the record was #2 again while their second single Two Tribes had soared off record store shelves in its first week and gone all the way to #1 (one of only 14 records that decade to be a new entry at #1). Two Tribes was another million-seller for the group. Relax spent 48 consecutive weeks on chart. It later re-entered to bring the weeks on chart total to 52, and a 1993 re-issue brought the current total to 59 weeks. (Editor's note: although this is the most commonly-given explanation for the group's name, there are in fact good reasons to suspect that the Hollywood-goer in question is actually Frankie Vaughn. Both Vaughn and Sinatra were mentioned as sources when FGTH first appeared, and given that FGTH displayed more local pride than just about any other chart act ever, it seems more likely that they would take their name from their fellow Liverpudlian. Besides which, Frankie Vaughn was actually known as Frankie...) 7 She Loves You The Beatles (1.89m) 1963 Well, it's perhaps only fitting that the biggest British group of all time have an entry in this Top Ten. One of five million-sellers for the group - a record. Had record-breaking advance orders of 300,000 and hit #1 in its third week (like many records here) and stayed there for four weeks, spending a lengthy 36 weeks on chart in total. It is also one of only three singles to return to the top with two records reaching the summit in between (the others being Doris Day's Secret Love and Various Artists' Perfect Day). This one had a gap of seven weeks between appearences at the top. After another two weeks at the top in its second run, it was knocked off by their own follow-up, I Want To Hold Your Hand. This was later equalled in 1981 by band member John Lennon with Imagine and Woman, posthumously of course. She Loves You was also #1 in America, where it was one of the five records that occupied an all-Beatles Top 5 in 1964. 8 You're The One That I Want John Travolta & Olivia Newton-John (1.87m) 1978 One of two acts in this chart that specialised in duets and did two or three singles in all. Newton-John was already an accomplished country star, born in Cambridge, England, raised in Australia and Travolta a hot new American star, having just starred in classic disco movie Saturday Night Fever. They starred as Sandy Olsen and Danny Zuko in a movie version of Broadway hit Grease. It was surprising Newton-John starred, as she was nearly 30 at the time, with Travolta a youthful 24. Grease is the tale of teenage love; Danny the cool leader of the male gang at school, Sandy the new goody-two-shoes at school. At the end of the movie, she undergoes a complete transformation to become a rock chick. It was originally planned that they would sing a version of Elvis Presley's All Shook Up, but movie songwriter John Farrar had other ideas. He came up with an irresistible slice of racy country-pop. It reached #1 quickly and stayed there for nine weeks, thus making it the biggest #1 hit of the decade in chart terms. The follow up, Summer Nights, a cut from earlier in the movie also hit number one three months later and stayed there for seven weeks. You're The One That I Want has featured on two hit megamixes and appeared in its own right as a single again upon its 20th anniversary in 1998 (when the movie also reappeared) and reached #4. 9 Unchained Melody / (There'll Be Bluebirds Over) The White Cliffs Of Dover Robson Green and Jerome Flynn (1.82m) 1995 It came from nowhere really. Robson and Jerome were starring in popular television drama Soldier Soldier in 1995. In one show they sang their version of Unchained Melody, best known as a hit for another duo, the Righteous Brothers, whose version had originally reached #14 in 1965 and later #1 after being used in the popular movie Ghost in 1990 (actually the biggest selling single of 1990). Record stores were inundated with customers wanting to buy a record which wasn't actually on sale. Simon Cowell, then head of RCA Records, left endless messages with the boys' agents begging them to record this. One of them eventually said that if he continued to harass his client he'd sue him. Jerome Flynn stepped in though, and asked how much was on the table. He and Robson agreed. They recorded it, and it shot straight to #1, remaining there for seven weeks. Cowell estimates that most buyers were housewives who had seen the show. Another #1 million-seller followed (another double a-side of covers) and their final single, almost a year later sold 600,000 copies and was, surprise, surprise a covers extravaganza - this time, would you Adam and Eve it, a TRIPLE a-side of covers from the Geordie kids. Apparently Robson plans a comeback... 10 Mary's Boy Child - Oh My Lord (medley) Boney M (1.79m) 1978 And so we end this Top Ten with that lot again. It's one of four singles here to top the Christmas chart, but one of two here to top the chart at Christmas and have a Christmas theme. Not much really to say. A cover of Harry Belafonte's Mary's Boy Child (the 1957 Christmas #1 and also a million seller) mixed into a medley with Oh My Lord, it entered at #7 and soared the next week to #1. It spent four weeks at #1, giving the song Mary's Boy Child a total of 11 weeks at #1. It sold rapidly and there was no way it wouldn't have been Christmas #1 that year, its closest competitor having nothing to do with Christmas and reaching #1 right after it (Village People's YMCA). After its spell at #1, it spent little other time on chart. Its eight-week chart run can be broken down as: 1st week: #7, 2-5th week: #1, giving it just three more post-Christmas weeks on chart. With this record 10th, it means that the next song to break into the 10 will dispose of this one... now when will that be? With sales figures from The Official Chart Company / Channel 4 "Ultimate Chart": 11 Love Is All Around Wet Wet Wet (1,783,82712) 12 Anything Is Possible / Evergreen Will Young (1,779,938) 13 I Just Called To Say I Love You Stevie Wonder (1,775,000) 14 I Want To Hold Your Hand The Beatles (1,750,000) 15 Barbie Girl Aqua (1,722,418) 16 Believe Cher (1,672,108) 17 Perfect Day Various Artists (1,548,538) 18 (Everything I Do) I Do It For You Bryan Adams (1,527,824) 19 Tears Ken Dodd (1,521,000) 20 Can't Buy Me Love The Beatles (1,520,000) 21 Summer Nights John Travolta and Olivia Newton-John (1,515,000) 22 Two Tribes Frankie Goes To Hollywood (1,510,000) 23 Imagine John Lennon (1,486,581) 24 Baby One More Time Britney Spears (1,450,154) 25 Don't You Want Me Human League (1,430,000) 26 Last Christmas Wham (1,420,000) 27 I Feel Fine The Beatles (1,410,000) 28 I'll Be Missing You Puff Daddy & Faith Evans (1,409,688) 29 Karma Chameleon Culture Club (1,405,000) 30 The Carnival is Over Seekers (1,400,000) 31 Rock Around The Clock Bill Haley and his Comets (1,392,000) 32 We Can Work It Out / Day Tripper The Beatles (1,385,000) 33 Y.M.C.A. Village People (1,380,000) 34 Careless Whisper George Michael (1,365,995) 35 Release Me Engelbert Humperdinck (1,365,000) 36 I Will Always Love You Whitney Houston (1,355,055) 37 The Power Of Love Jennifer Rush (1,321,530) 38 Unchained Melody Gareth Gates (1,318,714)* 39 My Heart Will Go On Celine Dion (1,312,551) 40 Wannabe Spice Girls (1,269,841) 41 Killing Me Softly Fugees (1,268,157) 42 Never Ever All Saints (1,254,604) 43 Gangsta's Paradise Coolio ft LV (1,246,306) 44 Diana Paul Anka (1,240,000) 45 Think Twice Celine Dion (1,234,982) 46 It's Now Or Never Elvis Presley (1,210,000) 47 Green Green Grass Of Home Tom Jones (1,205,000) 48 Come On Eileen Dexy's Midnight Runners & the Emerald Express (1,201,000) 49 It Wasn't Me Shaggy featuring RikRok (1,180,708) 50 Heart Of Glass Blondie (1,180,000) 51 Mary's Boy Child Harry Belafonte (1,175,000) 52 The Last Waltz Engelbert Humperdinck (1,160,000) 53 Bright Eyes Art Garfunkel (1,155,000) 54 Tragedy / Heartbeat Steps (1,149,000) 55 Don't Give Up On Us David Soul (1,145,000) 56 I Love You Love Me Love Gary Glitter (1,140,000) 57 Tainted Love Soft Cell (1,135,000) 58 Stranger On the Shore Mr. Acker Bilk (1,130,000) 59 It's Like That (remix) Run DMC vs Jason Nevins (1,119,905) 60 Teletubbies Say Eh-Oh! Teletubbies (1,107,235) 61 Spaceman Babylon Zoo (1,098,860) 62 I Remember You Frank Ifield (1,096,000) 63 I Believe / Up On The Roof Robson & Jerome (1,093,972) 64 Saturday Night Whigfield (1,092,250) 65 Pure and Simple Hear'Say (1,078,434) 66 No Matter What Boyzone (1,074,192) 67 2 Become 1 Spice Girls (1,072,073) 68 The Young Ones Cliff Richard & the Shadows (1,052,000) 69 Earth Song Michael Jackson (1,038,821) 70 Can't Get You Out Of My Head Kylie Minogue (1,037,235) 71 Blue (Da Ba Dee) Eiffel 65 (1,023,526) 72 Can We Fix It? Bob the Builder (1,008,777) 73 Merry Christmas Everybody Slade (1,006,500) 74 Save Your Kisses For Me Brotherhood Of Man (1,006,200) 75 Eye Level (TV Theme From "Van Der Valk") Simon Park Orchestra (1,005,500) 76 Blue Monday New Order (1,001,400) 77 Long Haired Lover From Liverpool Little Jimmy Osmond (998,000) 78 Another Brick In The Wall, Part 2 Pink Floyd (995,000) 79 Don't Cry For Me Argentina Julie Covington (993,000) 80 Eye Of The Tiger Survivor (990,000) 81 I'd Like To Teach the World To Sing New Seekers (990,000) 82 Tie A Yellow Ribbon Round The Old Oak Tree Dawn featuring Tony Orlando (988,000) 83 Stand And Deliver Adam and the Ants (985,000) 84 Under The Moon Of Love Showaddywaddy (985,000) 85 Torn Natalie Imbruglia (982,324) 86 Especially For You Kylie Minogue and Jason Donovan (982,000) 87 Hit Me With Your Rhythm Stick Ian and the Blockheads (979,100) 88 Sugar Sugar The Archies (979,000) 89 The Lion Sleeps Tonight (Wimoweh) Tight Fit (978,000) 90 The Next Time / Bachelor Boy Cliff Richard & the Shadows (976,000) 91 Fame Irene Cara (975,000) 92 Theme From Ghostbusters Ray Parker Jr (974,001) 93 Uptown Girl Billy Joel (974,000) 94 Ride On Time Black Box (973,000) 95 Telstar Tornados (967,000) 96 Wonderwall Oasis (966,940) 97 Amazing Grace The Pipes and Drums and Military Band of the Royal Scots Dragoon Guards (962,000) 98 Back For Good Take That (959,000) 99 Sailing Rod Stewart (955,000) 100 Mississippi Pussycat (947,000) *Has sold even more since this chart was compiled and has now outsold The Power Of Love by Jennifer Rush.	Soft Cell
What sport are the Boston Celtics involved in	UK Top 10 Best Selling Singles from ukcharts.20m.com Candle In The Wind 1997 / Something About The Way You Look Tonight Elton John (4.8 million copies) 1997 On 31st August 1997, Princess Diana died in a car crash with companion Dodi al Fayed. The news shocked the world. The world was plunged into mourning. Tributes flooded in. The funeral was held on 6th September 1997 (coincidentally, her wedding heads the top TV list, with 39m and the funeral is 5th with 31m). Sir Elton John performed this song of his at the funeral. It was originally a tribute to Marilyn Monroe when released in 1974, reaching #11, and #5 in 1988 when recorded with the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra. It was released on 13 September (a Saturday, unusually) and sold 658,000 copies on that one day, enough to send it straight to number one after just one day on release. It had sold 2 million by the end of its second week on chart, 3 million the next week, and eventually reached 4.8 million, thus making it the biggest selling single in the UK by a fair lead. In the USA, it received the grand total of 11 million sales. In Canada it probably fared best in terms of chart success, spending an astonishing 45 weeks at Number One over there. It became the best-selling single in the world, with total sales standing at 37 million. Fact: It was actually voted the third WORST Number One single in Channel 4's 100 Greatest #1s poll. 2 Do They Know It's Christmas? Band Aid (3.51m) 1984/5 This record was the brainchild of Boomtown Rats (2 #1s) frontman Bob Geldof. Watching the news one night, he saw the disturbing images of starving children in Ethiopia, and felt he simply had to do something. So the biggest superstar line-up was arranged for each star to sing their own part in this record, co-written and produced by former Ultravox (#2 with Vienna in 1981) frontman Midge Ure. At the time it was the fastest-selling single in UK history, shifting 750,000 copies in its first full week alone. The same recording returned to #3 the next Christmas, and a SAW (Stock, Aitken and Waterman) version recorded with SAW stars such as Kylie Minogue and Bananarama with the group entitled Band Aid II was the Christmas #1 for 3 weeks in 1989. Together with the Live Aid concert in 1985, they successfully raised ï¿½110 million for the worthy cause. Sadly, then Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher refused to drop the VAT (Value Added Tax) bill on the record. Artists featured on Band Aid: Adam Clayton, Bono (U2); Bob Geldof, Johnny Fingers, Simon Crowe, Pete Briquette (Boomtown Rats); David Bowie; Paul McCartney; Holly Johnson; Midge Ure, Chris Cross (Ultravox); Simon LeBon, Nick Rhodes, Andy Taylor, Roger Taylor, John Taylor (Duran Duran); Paul Young; Tony Hadley, Martin Kemp, Gary Kemp, John Keeble, Steve Norman (Spandau Ballet); Martyn Ware, Glenn Gregory (Heaven 17); Francis Rossi, Nick parfitt (Status Quo); Sting; Boy George, Jon Moss (Culture Club); Marilyn; Keren Woodward, Sarah Dallin, Siobhan Fahey (Bananarama); Jody Watley; Paul Weller; Robert "Kool" Bell, James Taylor, Dennis Thomas (Kool And The Gang); George Michael. 3 Bohemian Rhapsody Queen (2.13m) 1975 & 1991 Allegedly mapped out by songwriter Freddie Mercury of Queen on the back of a cereal packet, this almost six minute wonder is like three songs in one, with stunning nine-part harmony vocals and combining grunge metal with almost kitsch opera, accompanied with what was conceived as the first pop video. The group consisted of Roger Taylor, John Deacon, Brian May and Mercury. It entered at #47 and was #1 within three weeks, where it stayed for a groundbreaking 9 weeks. It sold a million copies. Then, 16 years later it returned, upon Mercury's AIDS-related death, to the #1 spot for another five weeks, pushing the total weeks at #1 to 14 (4th most) and it shifted, astonishingly, another million copies helped with the coupling of new track These Are The Days Of Our Lives (winner of 1992 award for Best British Single at the BRITs), and in addition all profits from the 1991 release went to charity, completing this all-charity Top 3. Fact: Was runner-up by two votes in Channel 4's Greatest #1s poll. 4 Mull of Kintyre / Girls' School Wings (2.05m) 1977 After coming close with three #2s, this was Paul McCartney's first post-Beatles #1. It reached #1 upon its third week, and just like the aforementioned song and topped the listings for nine consecutive weeks for his group Wings which also included wife Linda. It was written by McCartney as a paean to his Scotland home with group member Denny Laine because he felt Scotland needed a contemporary anthem. Parlophone thought Mull Of Kintyre wasn't strong enough to be a single in its own right, so the rockier Girl's School became its official double A side. They needn't have worried. The bagpipe-driven anthem became the UK's first single to top two million copies sold. Fact: despite selling more copies, this was at the tail end of the Channel 4 100 Greatest #1s poll (#100) while former bandmate John Lennon's Imagine, which also sold a million copies, headed the list. I'll stop the Channel 4 trivia now... 5 Rivers of Babylon/Brown Girl In The Ring Boney M (1,995,000 copies) 1978 Boney M were a disco-pop group manufactured by mogul Frank Farian (later behind lip-synchers Milli Vanilli) named after, of all things, a cop in an Australian TV show. The group consisted of Maisie Williams, Liz Mitchell, Marcia Barrett and Bobby Farrell. They were all originally from the West Indies but were based in Germany. The group did not sing vocals on their first single Baby Do You Wanna Bump (a hit in Germany) but that was the exception. They started out with four top ten hits, including a #2 hit. They were all simple disco-pop hits. Then this came along. It was the recording of Rivers of Babylon (previously recorded by the Melodians) which hit #1 in its third week. Choosing to record the song was a good move by them and Farian: it originally appeared in the Bible, therefore covering it would mean no royalties to pay to anyone - after all, the Bible is non-copyright. It stayed at #1 for five weeks in all, selling a million copies. The song was popular with a large audience, from young children to the elderly, but like all #1 hits it was destined to slip down the rankings. And so it did. But when the single was residing at #20, radio DJs started playing the supposed b-side, Brown Girl In The Ring. It rebounded and eventually reached #2 as a double a-side, with only John & Olivia (see #8) stopping it reaching the summit again. It went on to sell nearly two million copies, become the best-selling record of 1978 and is still the best-selling foreign single of all time in the UK. Furthermore, its 40 weeks on chart are enough to place it as one of the records with most weeks on chart. Critics loathed them, like any manufactured group, with one critic saying: "Boney M are as plastic as the records they make." But I think singer Maisie Williams has the final word here. "Someone must be buying our records and coming to our concerts, so we must be doing something right. In cold facts, a record sale is equally valid from anyone." 6 Relax Frankie Goes To Hollywood (1.91m) 1984 Ooooh. Bit of controversy here. Merseyside-based group Frankie Goes To Hollywood (named after a newspaper headline regarding Frank Sinatra's movie career) first premiered this track on pivotal music show The Tube. It sounded like late-Seventies funk. So they hooked up with producer Trevor Horn (part of group The Buggles - Video Killed The Radio Star #1 in 1979). Horn made three versions, before finally hitting on his fourth version as the final cut. His version was one of the first dance tracks ever made and frontman Holly Johnson says it inspired the dance boom. Oddly, the only presence of the group on the final cut - apart from Johnson's lead vocal - is the sound of them all jumping into a swimming pool. (Well what did you think it was? The mind boggles...) Anyway, moving swiftly on... it was released in November 1983. After a wait of 10 weeks, the track reached #1 in January 1984 and stayed there for five whole weeks. They'll be remembered for the record's unique marketing technique: the t-shirts. Paul Morley, co-director with Horn of ZTT Records, dreamt up the idea, and sold it to the band for ï¿½200-300. Soon everybody had snapped up a t-shirt, emblazoned with phrases such as "Frankie Says 'Relax!'". It was a great promotion tool. It was also aided in getting to #1 by the BBC... but not in a way they had hoped. As the record's prospects were mounting, with it finally entering the Top 40 after more than a month on sale, the BBC banned it for its sexually orientated lyrics, ensuring its swift rise from #35 into the top ten (#6) the following week, and on to #1 two weeks later. It slipped down the chart. But in June 1984, the record was #2 again while their second single Two Tribes had soared off record store shelves in its first week and gone all the way to #1 (one of only 14 records that decade to be a new entry at #1). Two Tribes was another million-seller for the group. Relax spent 48 consecutive weeks on chart. It later re-entered to bring the weeks on chart total to 52, and a 1993 re-issue brought the current total to 59 weeks. (Editor's note: although this is the most commonly-given explanation for the group's name, there are in fact good reasons to suspect that the Hollywood-goer in question is actually Frankie Vaughn. Both Vaughn and Sinatra were mentioned as sources when FGTH first appeared, and given that FGTH displayed more local pride than just about any other chart act ever, it seems more likely that they would take their name from their fellow Liverpudlian. Besides which, Frankie Vaughn was actually known as Frankie...) 7 She Loves You The Beatles (1.89m) 1963 Well, it's perhaps only fitting that the biggest British group of all time have an entry in this Top Ten. One of five million-sellers for the group - a record. Had record-breaking advance orders of 300,000 and hit #1 in its third week (like many records here) and stayed there for four weeks, spending a lengthy 36 weeks on chart in total. It is also one of only three singles to return to the top with two records reaching the summit in between (the others being Doris Day's Secret Love and Various Artists' Perfect Day). This one had a gap of seven weeks between appearences at the top. After another two weeks at the top in its second run, it was knocked off by their own follow-up, I Want To Hold Your Hand. This was later equalled in 1981 by band member John Lennon with Imagine and Woman, posthumously of course. She Loves You was also #1 in America, where it was one of the five records that occupied an all-Beatles Top 5 in 1964. 8 You're The One That I Want John Travolta & Olivia Newton-John (1.87m) 1978 One of two acts in this chart that specialised in duets and did two or three singles in all. Newton-John was already an accomplished country star, born in Cambridge, England, raised in Australia and Travolta a hot new American star, having just starred in classic disco movie Saturday Night Fever. They starred as Sandy Olsen and Danny Zuko in a movie version of Broadway hit Grease. It was surprising Newton-John starred, as she was nearly 30 at the time, with Travolta a youthful 24. Grease is the tale of teenage love; Danny the cool leader of the male gang at school, Sandy the new goody-two-shoes at school. At the end of the movie, she undergoes a complete transformation to become a rock chick. It was originally planned that they would sing a version of Elvis Presley's All Shook Up, but movie songwriter John Farrar had other ideas. He came up with an irresistible slice of racy country-pop. It reached #1 quickly and stayed there for nine weeks, thus making it the biggest #1 hit of the decade in chart terms. The follow up, Summer Nights, a cut from earlier in the movie also hit number one three months later and stayed there for seven weeks. You're The One That I Want has featured on two hit megamixes and appeared in its own right as a single again upon its 20th anniversary in 1998 (when the movie also reappeared) and reached #4. 9 Unchained Melody / (There'll Be Bluebirds Over) The White Cliffs Of Dover Robson Green and Jerome Flynn (1.82m) 1995 It came from nowhere really. Robson and Jerome were starring in popular television drama Soldier Soldier in 1995. In one show they sang their version of Unchained Melody, best known as a hit for another duo, the Righteous Brothers, whose version had originally reached #14 in 1965 and later #1 after being used in the popular movie Ghost in 1990 (actually the biggest selling single of 1990). Record stores were inundated with customers wanting to buy a record which wasn't actually on sale. Simon Cowell, then head of RCA Records, left endless messages with the boys' agents begging them to record this. One of them eventually said that if he continued to harass his client he'd sue him. Jerome Flynn stepped in though, and asked how much was on the table. He and Robson agreed. They recorded it, and it shot straight to #1, remaining there for seven weeks. Cowell estimates that most buyers were housewives who had seen the show. Another #1 million-seller followed (another double a-side of covers) and their final single, almost a year later sold 600,000 copies and was, surprise, surprise a covers extravaganza - this time, would you Adam and Eve it, a TRIPLE a-side of covers from the Geordie kids. Apparently Robson plans a comeback... 10 Mary's Boy Child - Oh My Lord (medley) Boney M (1.79m) 1978 And so we end this Top Ten with that lot again. It's one of four singles here to top the Christmas chart, but one of two here to top the chart at Christmas and have a Christmas theme. Not much really to say. A cover of Harry Belafonte's Mary's Boy Child (the 1957 Christmas #1 and also a million seller) mixed into a medley with Oh My Lord, it entered at #7 and soared the next week to #1. It spent four weeks at #1, giving the song Mary's Boy Child a total of 11 weeks at #1. It sold rapidly and there was no way it wouldn't have been Christmas #1 that year, its closest competitor having nothing to do with Christmas and reaching #1 right after it (Village People's YMCA). After its spell at #1, it spent little other time on chart. Its eight-week chart run can be broken down as: 1st week: #7, 2-5th week: #1, giving it just three more post-Christmas weeks on chart. With this record 10th, it means that the next song to break into the 10 will dispose of this one... now when will that be? With sales figures from The Official Chart Company / Channel 4 "Ultimate Chart": 11 Love Is All Around Wet Wet Wet (1,783,82712) 12 Anything Is Possible / Evergreen Will Young (1,779,938) 13 I Just Called To Say I Love You Stevie Wonder (1,775,000) 14 I Want To Hold Your Hand The Beatles (1,750,000) 15 Barbie Girl Aqua (1,722,418) 16 Believe Cher (1,672,108) 17 Perfect Day Various Artists (1,548,538) 18 (Everything I Do) I Do It For You Bryan Adams (1,527,824) 19 Tears Ken Dodd (1,521,000) 20 Can't Buy Me Love The Beatles (1,520,000) 21 Summer Nights John Travolta and Olivia Newton-John (1,515,000) 22 Two Tribes Frankie Goes To Hollywood (1,510,000) 23 Imagine John Lennon (1,486,581) 24 Baby One More Time Britney Spears (1,450,154) 25 Don't You Want Me Human League (1,430,000) 26 Last Christmas Wham (1,420,000) 27 I Feel Fine The Beatles (1,410,000) 28 I'll Be Missing You Puff Daddy & Faith Evans (1,409,688) 29 Karma Chameleon Culture Club (1,405,000) 30 The Carnival is Over Seekers (1,400,000) 31 Rock Around The Clock Bill Haley and his Comets (1,392,000) 32 We Can Work It Out / Day Tripper The Beatles (1,385,000) 33 Y.M.C.A. Village People (1,380,000) 34 Careless Whisper George Michael (1,365,995) 35 Release Me Engelbert Humperdinck (1,365,000) 36 I Will Always Love You Whitney Houston (1,355,055) 37 The Power Of Love Jennifer Rush (1,321,530) 38 Unchained Melody Gareth Gates (1,318,714)* 39 My Heart Will Go On Celine Dion (1,312,551) 40 Wannabe Spice Girls (1,269,841) 41 Killing Me Softly Fugees (1,268,157) 42 Never Ever All Saints (1,254,604) 43 Gangsta's Paradise Coolio ft LV (1,246,306) 44 Diana Paul Anka (1,240,000) 45 Think Twice Celine Dion (1,234,982) 46 It's Now Or Never Elvis Presley (1,210,000) 47 Green Green Grass Of Home Tom Jones (1,205,000) 48 Come On Eileen Dexy's Midnight Runners & the Emerald Express (1,201,000) 49 It Wasn't Me Shaggy featuring RikRok (1,180,708) 50 Heart Of Glass Blondie (1,180,000) 51 Mary's Boy Child Harry Belafonte (1,175,000) 52 The Last Waltz Engelbert Humperdinck (1,160,000) 53 Bright Eyes Art Garfunkel (1,155,000) 54 Tragedy / Heartbeat Steps (1,149,000) 55 Don't Give Up On Us David Soul (1,145,000) 56 I Love You Love Me Love Gary Glitter (1,140,000) 57 Tainted Love Soft Cell (1,135,000) 58 Stranger On the Shore Mr. Acker Bilk (1,130,000) 59 It's Like That (remix) Run DMC vs Jason Nevins (1,119,905) 60 Teletubbies Say Eh-Oh! Teletubbies (1,107,235) 61 Spaceman Babylon Zoo (1,098,860) 62 I Remember You Frank Ifield (1,096,000) 63 I Believe / Up On The Roof Robson & Jerome (1,093,972) 64 Saturday Night Whigfield (1,092,250) 65 Pure and Simple Hear'Say (1,078,434) 66 No Matter What Boyzone (1,074,192) 67 2 Become 1 Spice Girls (1,072,073) 68 The Young Ones Cliff Richard & the Shadows (1,052,000) 69 Earth Song Michael Jackson (1,038,821) 70 Can't Get You Out Of My Head Kylie Minogue (1,037,235) 71 Blue (Da Ba Dee) Eiffel 65 (1,023,526) 72 Can We Fix It? Bob the Builder (1,008,777) 73 Merry Christmas Everybody Slade (1,006,500) 74 Save Your Kisses For Me Brotherhood Of Man (1,006,200) 75 Eye Level (TV Theme From "Van Der Valk") Simon Park Orchestra (1,005,500) 76 Blue Monday New Order (1,001,400) 77 Long Haired Lover From Liverpool Little Jimmy Osmond (998,000) 78 Another Brick In The Wall, Part 2 Pink Floyd (995,000) 79 Don't Cry For Me Argentina Julie Covington (993,000) 80 Eye Of The Tiger Survivor (990,000) 81 I'd Like To Teach the World To Sing New Seekers (990,000) 82 Tie A Yellow Ribbon Round The Old Oak Tree Dawn featuring Tony Orlando (988,000) 83 Stand And Deliver Adam and the Ants (985,000) 84 Under The Moon Of Love Showaddywaddy (985,000) 85 Torn Natalie Imbruglia (982,324) 86 Especially For You Kylie Minogue and Jason Donovan (982,000) 87 Hit Me With Your Rhythm Stick Ian and the Blockheads (979,100) 88 Sugar Sugar The Archies (979,000) 89 The Lion Sleeps Tonight (Wimoweh) Tight Fit (978,000) 90 The Next Time / Bachelor Boy Cliff Richard & the Shadows (976,000) 91 Fame Irene Cara (975,000) 92 Theme From Ghostbusters Ray Parker Jr (974,001) 93 Uptown Girl Billy Joel (974,000) 94 Ride On Time Black Box (973,000) 95 Telstar Tornados (967,000) 96 Wonderwall Oasis (966,940) 97 Amazing Grace The Pipes and Drums and Military Band of the Royal Scots Dragoon Guards (962,000) 98 Back For Good Take That (959,000) 99 Sailing Rod Stewart (955,000) 100 Mississippi Pussycat (947,000) *Has sold even more since this chart was compiled and has now outsold The Power Of Love by Jennifer Rush.	i don't know
What is the name of the two handled vaulting horse used in gymnastics	History of Gymnastics \| iSport.com History of Gymnastics History of Gymnastics Gymnastics is one of the most popular Olympic sports. It combines grace, beauty, athleticism, and strength in a thrilling display of competition that has captivated fans since the debut of the modern Olympic Games. Soldier Requirement Gymnastics formally originated in ancient Greece, where it was used by soldiers to get ready for war. The skills and strength needed to perform gymnastic moves-running, jumping, tumbling, mounting and dismounting horses-were all thought to be great assets to those battling on the war field. As a result, gymnastics became a vital component of Greek education. It was mandatory for all students to practice the sport and eventually the gymnasiums developed into schools where gymnastics, music, and mathematics were all taught and perfected. And as the Roman Empire gained power and ascended to the Greek peninsula, Greek gymnastics evolved into nothing more than glorified military training. This tradition continued across centuries and continents. In the early 19th century, the United States Military began adopting gymnastics for their own training programs. By the 20th century, the US Army had a mandatory list of drills for soldiers to practice, a culmination of gymnastic maneuvers targeted to build muscles and strengthen active young men. In the beginning of the 20th century, however, militaries around the world began to focus on a different kind of strength-advanced technology, equipment and arsenals of weaponry. As a result, gymnastics lost its power as a military training tool and eventually became a respected sport in its own right. Modern Day Apparatus is Born The sport of modern gymnastics really began to develop in the late 18th to early 19th centuries. During this time, two physical educators named Johann Friedrich GutsMuth and Friedrich Ludwig Jahn, designed the now familiar apparatuses like the horizontal bar, parallel bars, side horse with pommels, balance beam, and vaulting horse. Boys were taught how to perform specific activities on each different apparatus and with such technique specification, the sport of gymnastics was born. For this reason, Freidrich Jahn is known as the "father of gymnastics." In the 1920s, women could only compete in synchronized calisthenics. It wasn't until 1952 that all women were eligible to compete in a wider variety of gymnastic events. The International Gymnastics Federation (FIG) formed in 1891 and five years later, gymnastics was included in the first modern Olympic Games, where Germany dominated and took home almost every medal in the competition. Women first started participating in gymnastic events in the 1920s and were first included in the Olympics in the 1928 Games held in Amsterdam. Gymnastics is Standardized In 1954, the sport was standardized to regulate the different events and apparatuses for women and men. Men's gymnastics was set to include both individual and team events with the following apparatuses: Floor, horizontal bar, parallel bars, still rings, pommel horse, and vault. Women were allowed to compete in four events as individuals and as a team: Vault, balance beam, uneven parallel bars, and floor. The ten to one scoring system was also introduced that same year and by 1955, modern gymnastics had become the sport we recognize today. In 1962, rhythmic gymnastics was recognized by FIG as a legal competition. However, it wasn't until the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles that it officially became an Olympic event. Trampoline was added as an official Olympic sport in the 2000 Sydney Games. Both rhythmic gymnastics and trampoline fall under the athletic umbrella of gymnastics. The Perfect 10 For years, the sport of gymnastics was considered a strength sport for men and a grace sport for women-men would score high for their extreme power and physicality, and women would score high for their grace and artistic flourish. In 1972, however, that double standard changed when a 17-year old Soviet gymnast named Olga Korbut burst onto the gymnastic scene. She was the first woman to combine strength and power with the grace expected of a female gymnast and her sky-high scores proved the style was here to stay. During the 1970s, television audiences continued to be captivated by the amazing feats of gymnasts. In the 1976 Olympic Games in Montreal, another young female gymnast won the hearts of people world-wide. Her name: Nadia Comaneci. The ponytailed little girl completed four routines that scored perfect ten's: Two on the balance beam, one on the uneven bars and one on the floor exercise. Her perfect scores and inspiring feats caused a wave of young kids across the world to sign up for gymnastics lessons. Mary-Lou Retton was one of these girls. She was coached by Bela Karolyi, Nadia's former coach, and competed with power and gusto on her way to two perfect 10's in the 1984 Olympics, which led to her winning the women's All-Around Champion title. Controversy Creates Change For over 80 years, gymnastics was based on a point scale that ranged from one to ten. A perfect score of 10 was the stuff of legend (as seen with Nadia Comaneci) and the ultimate goal of every gymnast. But after Comaneci and the 1976 Olympics, judges started to become more liberal with their scores and the "10" lost much of its significance. In the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics, for example, 44 perfect tens were handed out. As a result of score inflation, it became increasingly difficult to differentiate between a good routine (performed well and with high levels of difficulty) and an excellent routine (performed perfectly and with an even higher degree of difficulty). In the 1990s, the International Federation of Gymnastics (FIG) felt that too many ten's were being awarded and decided to overhaul the entire system. They gave routines start values based on level of difficulty and the succession of tricks in the routine. Any error would deduct from that start value - making it virtually impossible to score a 10. This scoring system stood throughout the 1990s. However in 2004 at the Athens games, controversy erupted. American Paul Hamm was awarded the gold medal in the men's all-around competition after winning by only 12/1000's of a point. Later, the bronze medal winner, Yang Tae Young from South Korea, filed a protest claiming that his final score on the parallel bars was inaccurate because it was mistakenly given an incorrect start value. If the start value for the routine had been correct, Young-not Hamm-would have won the gold. A huge controversy ensued. Three of the judges were fired, Hamm was asked to give up his medal, then asked to share it, and finally after a lengthy court process, was officially recognized as the winner. Spurred by this controversy, in 2005 the FIG changed its code of points to reflect a new way of differentiating between gymnast's routines. The perfect 10 was dismissed for a new, more complicated judging procedure that analyzed performances based on starting difficulty and execution. In the current system, a good score is usually in the mid-to-high 16's-not quite the same ring as the perfect 10, but possibly more fair and accurate for the competitors. Where We Are Today Throughout the years, gymnastic greats such as Shannon Miller, Keri Strug, Paul Hamm, Shawn Johnson, Nastia Liukin and many others, have carried gymnastics popularity throughout the world. Today gymnastics is one of the most popular Olympic sports and thousands of children around the world sign up for gymnastic lessons every year. Share this Guide:	Pommel
What colour is muscovado sugar	Gym-Tech: PE & Gymnastics equipment PE & Gymnastics Equipment Gym-Tech supply a comprehensive range of equipment & apparatus for PE & gymnastics in schools, clubs & leisure facilities. Our range includes balance beams, balance benches, vaulting equipment, parallel bars, climbing frames plus climbing, balancing and key stage equipment. Scroll down to view details of our products: Floor balance beam, carpet covered Floor Balance Beam Ideal for practice, these wooden beams are available with a clear lacquered finish or carpet covered for a more comfortable feel. the beam can be adjusted on the stands to two different heights. Length 2.4m (8') x width 65mm (2 1/2") x height 165 to 245mm (6 1/2 to 10") Options: GBEM061 floor balance beam, lacquered finish £133.40 GBEM062 floor balance beam, carpet covered £158.60 Contact us to place an order, or for further information: Tel: 01295 760907 \| Fax: 01295 768092 \| e-mail: [email protected] Eurobeam balance beam in three different positions Eurobeam Balance Beam A highly versatile 3-in-1 balance beam, which can be easily converted from a 150mm high floor beam to a 340mm high training beam or to an inclined beam. Lacquered wood with a carpet covered top, fitted with end posts and supplied with detachable end legs. Length 2.4m (8') x width 100mm (4") x height 150 to 340mm (6 to 13") Options: GBEM070 Eurobeam balance beam £200.70 Contact us to place an order, or for further information: Tel: 01295 760907 \| Fax: 01295 768092 \| e-mail: [email protected] Suedette balance beam, floor level Suedette balance beam, 450mm high Suedette Balance Beams Balance beams with a suedette covering to provide a softer, more comfortable feel. Available in floor level or a 450mm high raised versions with sturdy steel legs. Length 3m (9'9") Options: GBEM050 Suedette balance beam, floor level £243.10 GBEM030 Suedette valance beam, 450mm high £253.80 Contact us to place an order, or for further information: Tel: 01295 760907 \| Fax: 01295 768092 \| e-mail: [email protected] Traditional balance benches Traditional Balance Benches The most popular bench for use in schools. These British made benches are constructed from sturdy timber. They feature a lacquered soft wood top with deep side rails and rubber buttons to allow the bench to be turned over without damaging the wood. One turned over the sturdy rail can be used as a balance beam. The benches are also available with hooks at one or both ends which allow them to be clipped onto other equipment such as climbing frames or trestles. Options: GBBS060 6' (1.8m) long traditional balance bench £180.10 GBBS062 6' (1.8m) long traditional balance bench with 2 hooks £195.00 GBBS064 6' (1.8m) long traditional balance bench with 4 hooks £210.00 GBBS890 8'9" (2.7m) long traditional balance bench £201.60 GBBS892 8'9" (2.7m) long traditional balance bench with 2 hooks £216.50 GBBS894 8'9" (2.7m) long traditional balance bench with 4 hooks £231.40 GBBS110 11' (3.4m) long traditional balance bench £257.60 GBBS112 11' (3.4m) long traditional balance bench with 2 hooks £272.50 GBBS114 11' (3.4m) long traditional balance bench with 4 hooks £284.60 Contact us to place an order, or for further information: Tel: 01295 760907 \| Fax: 01295 768092 \| e-mail: [email protected] Timber balance benches Timber Balance Benches A similar design to the traditional bench, but built with economy in mind. These benches feature a smooth top with a 4" balance rail underneath, plus rubber feet to protect the end rails. A pair of end hooks are fitted to one end of the bench to allow it to be attached to other apparatus such as climbing frames. Options: GBBE018 6' (1.8m) long timber balance bench £149.30 GBBE024 7'10" (2.4m) long timber balance bench £166.10 Contact us to place an order, or for further information: Tel: 01295 760907 \| Fax: 01295 768092 \| e-mail: [email protected] Gym benches Gym Benches Exclusive to Gym-Tech, the Gym Bench features a timber top with a sturdy steel frame, and is available with or without end hooks. The standard size is 7' (2.1m) long, but the bench can be custom made to other sizes. Options: GBBB008 8' (2.4m) long Gym Bench £211.40 GBBB010 10' (3m) long Gym Bench with 2 hooks £240.00 GBBB019 Pair of hooks (can be fitted each end) £20.00 Contact us to place an order, or for further information: Tel: 01295 760907 \| Fax: 01295 768092 \| e-mail: [email protected] Padded balance benches Padded Balance Benches The same timber top and steel frame as the Gym Bench, but with the addition of a padded & pvc covered top for extra safety and comfort. The benches are also supplied complete with pairs of hooks at both ends. The standard size is 7' (2.1m) long, but the bench can be custom made to other sizes. Options: GBBA070 7' (2.1m) long padded balance bench £166.70 GBBA080 8' (2.4m) long padded balance bench £198.30 Contact us to place an order, or for further information: Tel: 01295 760907 \| Fax: 01295 768092 \| e-mail: [email protected] Vaulting box Vaulting Box Traditional five section timber vaulting box with a padded hide top. Available in two heights, and with or without wheeling gear (used to safely & easily move the box). Options: GVBX034 1.02m (3'4") high 5 section vaulting box £723.30 GVBX035 1.02m (3'4") high 5 section vaulting box with wheeling gear £854.00 GVBX042 1.27m (4'2") high 5 section vaulting box £774.60 GVBX043 1.27m (4'2") high 5 section vaulting box with wheeling gear £896.00 Contact us to place an order, or for further information: Tel: 01295 760907 \| Fax: 01295 768092 \| e-mail: [email protected] Bar box Bar Box Sturdy yet light, these timber bar boxes are available in three heights and have quality padded hide tops. In addition to use with a springboard, the bars can also have slides and planks attached to increase versatility. Available with or without wheeling gear (used to safely & easily move the box). Options: GBBX030 0.91m (3') high 2 section bar box £630.90 GBBX031 0.91m (3') high 2 section bar box with wheeling gear £738.20 GBBX036 1.07m (3'6") high 3 section bar box £689.50 GBBX037 1.07m (3'6") high 3 section bar box with wheeling gear £796.80 GBBX042 1.27m (4'2") high 3 section bar box £793.10 GBBX043 1.27m (4'2") high 3 section bar box with wheeling gear £900.40 Contact us to place an order, or for further information: Tel: 01295 760907 \| Fax: 01295 768092 \| e-mail: [email protected] Vaulting buck Vaulting Buck Traditional vaulting buck with a high quality padded hide body and fully adjustable steel legs. Also available with castors to safely & easily move the buck. Height adjustable from 1020 to 1630mm. Options: GVHS081 Vaulting buck £518.00 GVHS082 Vaulting buck with castors £550.60 Contact us to place an order, or for further information: Tel: 01295 760907 \| Fax: 01295 768092 \| e-mail: [email protected] Square end vaulting horse Dropneck vaulting horse Vaulting Horses Traditional vaulting horses available in square end or dropneck versions. The bodies are upholstered in high quality hide, and the steel legs are fully adjustable, and available with or without castors to move the horse. Also available with or without pommel handles. height adjustable from 915 to 1350mm. Options: GVHS041 square end vaulting horse £760.60 GVHS042 square end vaulting horse with pommels £858.60 GVHS043 square end vaulting horse with castors £798.00 GVHS044 square end vaulting horse with pommels and castors £905.30 GVHS051 dropneck vaulting horse £779.30 GVHS052 dropneck vaulting horse with pommels £896.00 GVHS053 dropneck vaulting horse with castors £821.30 GVHS054 dropneck vaulting horse with pommels and castors £929.60 Contact us to place an order, or for further information: Tel: 01295 760907 \| Fax: 01295 768092 \| e-mail: [email protected] Junior springboard Senior springboard Springboards Traditionally designed timber springboards, available in two versions. The Junior springboard is carpet covered and is suitable for school and general use. The Senior springboard has a padded and upholstered top and is suitable for school and club use. Options: GSPR040 Junior springboard, 140mm (5 1/2") high £201.60 GSPR030 Senior springboard, 210mm (8") high £252.00 Contact us to place an order, or for further information: Tel: 01295 760907 \| Fax: 01295 768092 \| e-mail: [email protected] Mini parallel bars Standard parallel bars Parallel Bars Gymnastic and training parallel bars available in two types. The mini bars are constructed from steel and are lower in height making them ideal for training. The bases can be detached for easy storage. The standard bars are height and width adjustable, with a sturdy steel frame and wooden bars. The frame is also fitted with wheels for ease of movement. Options: GPAR050 Mini parallel bars £190.90 GPAR030 Standard parallel bars £929.00 Contact us to place an order, or for further information: Tel: 01295 760907 \| Fax: 01295 768092 \| e-mail: [email protected] 3 panel Y shape frame Double panel & single panel frames Dynamic Steel Climbing Frames The Dynamic range of climbing frames comprises a variety of steel panels which can be combined in a number of layouts, offering complete flexibility to suit any size of school gym. The frames folds flat against the wall when not in use, and are supplied complete with ladders to provide additional support and versatility. Available in single, double or triple panel frames, with 2 or 3 sections per panel. Choose from 7 different section designs. Contact us for an installation quote Options: GCFS041 Single panel dynamic steel climbing frame (2 sections per panel) £771.40 GCFS042 Double panel dynamic steel climbing frame (2 sections per panel) £1,157.10 GCFS043 Triple panel (Y shape) dynamic steel climbing frame (2 sections per panel) £1,542.90 Contact us to place an order, or for further information: Tel: 01295 760907 \| Fax: 01295 768092 \| e-mail: [email protected] Y shape triple wooden climbing frame Single and double panel wooden climbing frames Wooden Climbing Frames Traditional timber climbing frames, available with a choice of different panel designs and with a choice of layouts, making them ideal for all sizes of school gym. The frames fold flat against the wall when not in use, and are supplied complete with all required fixings. Available in single, double or triple sections. Choose from 6 different panel designs, each with either timber or metal bars. Choose which hinge kit is required. Contact us for an installation quote. Options: GCFN001 Single panel wooden climbing frame £726.90 GCFN010 Single panel hinge kit £294.00 GCFN020 Double panel hinge kit £514.50 GCFN030 Triple panel (Y shape) hinge kit £486.20 GCFX013 Top tube 10' (3m) long £244.40 GCRS028 28mm diameter climbing rope £65.50 GCRS036 36mm diameter climbing rope £70.90 Contact us to place an order, or for further information: Tel: 01295 760907 \| Fax: 01295 768092 \| e-mail: [email protected] Wall bars Wall Bars Traditional single section timber wall bars. The bars can be combined any any quantity to form multiple sections. 2.7m (8'9") high x 0.84m (2'9") wide Options: GWBS020 single section wall bars £240.00 Contact us to place an order, or for further information: Tel: 01295 760907 \| Fax: 01295 768092 \| e-mail: [email protected] Hexagonal movement table	i don't know
What kind of fruit or vegetable are capsicums	Is Capsicum a Fruit or a Vegetable? \| eHow Is Capsicum a Fruit or a Vegetable? The capsicum plant produces edible peppers, which are fruit to a botanist and vegetables to a cook. All pepper plants are capsicums. Different species grow pods ranging from large and sweet to small and hot. Botany Capsicum plants produce pods which contain their seeds. Any seed-containing part of a plant is its fruit. The pepper pod is strictly a berry, because it contains more than one seed. Botanists define plants with edible roots, stems or leaves as vegetables. Cookery Cooks use capsicum pods, or peppers, as a vegetable and add them to savory dishes. Dried and powdered peppers make the spices chili and paprika. Other fruits cooked as vegetables include tomatoes, beans and okra. Legal Definitions Sometimes the law decides. In 1893 the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the tomato was as vegetable because it was served with dinner. At that time, importers paid duty on vegetables, but not fruit. Since then, a vegetable is any plant consumed as part of a savory dish, according to U.S. Department of Agriculture horticulturist, Victor Boswell, writing for "National Geographic" magazine in 1949 -- reprinted by Texas A&M University Extension in 2000.	Pepper
What is the hottest curry offered on the menu in an Indian restaurant	Fruit or vegetable — Do you know the difference? - Mayo Clinic Fruit or vegetable — Do you know the difference? By Jennifer K. Nelson, R.D., L.D. and Katherine Zeratsky, R.D., L.D. August 15, 2012 According to botanists (those who study plants) a fruit is the part of the plant that develops from a flower. It's also the section of the plant that contains the seeds. The other parts of plants are considered vegetables. These include the stems, leaves and roots — and even the flower bud. The following are technically fruits: avocado, beans, peapods, corn kernels, cucumbers, grains, nuts, olives peppers, pumpkin, squash, sunflower seeds and tomatoes. Vegetables include celery (stem), lettuce (leaves), cauliflower and broccoli (buds), and beets, carrots and potatoes (roots). From a culinary standpoint, vegetables are less sweet — or more savory — and served as part of the main dish. Fruits are more sweet and tart and are most often served as a dessert or snack. Both fruits and vegetables can be made into juice for a refreshing beverage. Some fruits are "grains" or "nuts" or "seeds" — and are served accordingly. Nutritionally speaking, fruits and vegetables are similar. Compared with animal products, they're generally lower in calories and fat, but higher in fiber. Fruits and vegetables also contain health-enhancing plant compounds such as antioxidants. And they're loaded with vitamins and minerals. One serving (half a cup) of most fruits has a bit more calories than one serving of vegetables. Exceptions would be dense, starchy vegetables such as potatoes or beets. One thing that is simple to understand about fruit and vegetables is that most people don't eat enough of them. According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, you should aim for two or more cups of fruit a day, and two and one-half cups of vegetables. The usual adult eats one cup of fruit and about one and a half cups of vegetables a day. In 2009 no state met the Healthy People 2010 targets for fruit or vegetable consumption. In fact, there's been a decline in consumption of fruit and vegetables. Between 1999 and 2008, the actual number of servings of fruit and vegetables declined by about 10 percent and 7 percent, respectively. We also know that not eating enough fruits and vegetable plays a role in cancer, heart disease, high blood pressure, stroke and diabetes. Fruit or vegetable — the simple fact is we should eat more of them. However, doing that doesn't seem so simple. Something to chew on. What are your thoughts? - Jennifer	i don't know
Orion, Admiral, Joy and Glen Chova are varieties of which fruit	WINTER SURVIVAL, VARIATION IN BUD BURST AND FRUIT RIPENING, AND SOME YIELD COMPONENTS IN RASPBERRY CULTIVARS AND SELECTIONS \| International Society for Horticultural Science International Society for Horticultural Science The world's leading independent organization of horticultural scientists Search Enter your International Society for Horticultural Science e-mail or user number. Password * WINTER SURVIVAL, VARIATION IN BUD BURST AND FRUIT RIPENING, AND SOME YIELD COMPONENTS IN RASPBERRY CULTIVARS AND SELECTIONS Authors G. Redalen Abstract Winter damage was judged during the growing season when visible symptoms were established. Cvs Glen Isla, Gradina, Glen Clova, 'Malling' Joy, Sirius and Spica were among those with most severe damage in both years of examination. Several of the selections from an Agr. Univ. of Norway breeding program were outstanding in regard to winter survival. Early bud burst was recorded for Veten and several of the Norwegian selections, while Glen Moy, Malling Admiral, Preussen and 'Malling' Joy had late bud burst. Length of expanded buds in spring did not show any significant correlation with winter damage. Glen Clova, Glen Moy and some of the selections ripened very early, while 'Malling' Joy, 'Malling' Leo, Sirius, and to some extent Malling Admiral, could be characterized as late ripening cvs. The selections showed about the same variation in time of ripening as the cvs. Cvs Glen Moy, Veten, 'Malling' Leo and 'Malling' Joy, and the selections H 4–01–17, 410–08, 105–14 and 105–15 had large fruits. The highest number of laterals per cane was recorded for the selection 105–54, but also Glen Clova and Preussen had a relatively high number of laterals. 'Malling' Joy had an unusual high number of fruits per lateral and per cane, and Gradina, Malling Admiral and some of the selections also were outstanding in this respect. Potential yield values were estimated based upon multiplication of the mean fruit weight by the number of fruits per cane. The highest figures were obtained for 'Malling' Joy, Gradina, Glen Isla, Malling Admiral, Malling Orion and Veten, and the selections 206–04, 105–54, 207–02, 410–08, P x (LGxMP), H 4–01–17, 105–14 and 402–13. The number of fruits was recorded early during the ripening season, however, and fruit loss due to fruit rot and winter damage and accelerated senescence and death of the fruiting canes was not recorded. Citation Redalen, G. 1986. WINTER SURVIVAL, VARIATION IN BUD BURST AND FRUIT RIPENING, AND SOME YIELD COMPONENTS IN RASPBERRY CULTIVARS AND SELECTIONS. Acta Hort. (ISHS) 183:199-206	Raspberry
If you ordered eggs a la coque in France what would you get	WINTER SURVIVAL, VARIATION IN BUD BURST AND FRUIT RIPENING, AND SOME YIELD COMPONENTS IN RASPBERRY CULTIVARS AND SELECTIONS \| International Society for Horticultural Science International Society for Horticultural Science The world's leading independent organization of horticultural scientists Search Enter your International Society for Horticultural Science e-mail or user number. Password * WINTER SURVIVAL, VARIATION IN BUD BURST AND FRUIT RIPENING, AND SOME YIELD COMPONENTS IN RASPBERRY CULTIVARS AND SELECTIONS Authors G. Redalen Abstract Winter damage was judged during the growing season when visible symptoms were established. Cvs Glen Isla, Gradina, Glen Clova, 'Malling' Joy, Sirius and Spica were among those with most severe damage in both years of examination. Several of the selections from an Agr. Univ. of Norway breeding program were outstanding in regard to winter survival. Early bud burst was recorded for Veten and several of the Norwegian selections, while Glen Moy, Malling Admiral, Preussen and 'Malling' Joy had late bud burst. Length of expanded buds in spring did not show any significant correlation with winter damage. Glen Clova, Glen Moy and some of the selections ripened very early, while 'Malling' Joy, 'Malling' Leo, Sirius, and to some extent Malling Admiral, could be characterized as late ripening cvs. The selections showed about the same variation in time of ripening as the cvs. Cvs Glen Moy, Veten, 'Malling' Leo and 'Malling' Joy, and the selections H 4–01–17, 410–08, 105–14 and 105–15 had large fruits. The highest number of laterals per cane was recorded for the selection 105–54, but also Glen Clova and Preussen had a relatively high number of laterals. 'Malling' Joy had an unusual high number of fruits per lateral and per cane, and Gradina, Malling Admiral and some of the selections also were outstanding in this respect. Potential yield values were estimated based upon multiplication of the mean fruit weight by the number of fruits per cane. The highest figures were obtained for 'Malling' Joy, Gradina, Glen Isla, Malling Admiral, Malling Orion and Veten, and the selections 206–04, 105–54, 207–02, 410–08, P x (LGxMP), H 4–01–17, 105–14 and 402–13. The number of fruits was recorded early during the ripening season, however, and fruit loss due to fruit rot and winter damage and accelerated senescence and death of the fruiting canes was not recorded. Citation Redalen, G. 1986. WINTER SURVIVAL, VARIATION IN BUD BURST AND FRUIT RIPENING, AND SOME YIELD COMPONENTS IN RASPBERRY CULTIVARS AND SELECTIONS. Acta Hort. (ISHS) 183:199-206	i don't know
Cleavon Little was the name of the sheriff in which spoof western	Blazing Saddles (1974) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error In order to ruin a western town, a corrupt politician appoints a black sheriff, who promptly becomes his most formidable adversary. Director: From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON DISC TCM Remembers 2016: A Look Back at Those We Lost This Year 18 December 2016 2:52 PM, -08:00 \| Indiewire a list of 21 titles created 14 Mar 2011 a list of 30 titles created 25 Jan 2012 a list of 48 titles created 29 Sep 2013 a list of 39 titles created 06 Apr 2014 a list of 47 titles created 26 May 2014 Search for " Blazing Saddles " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Nominated for 3 Oscars. Another 3 wins & 2 nominations. See more awards » Videos An American grandson of the infamous scientist, struggling to prove that he is not as insane as people believe, is invited to Transylvania, where he discovers the process that reanimates a dead body. Director: Mel Brooks Planet Spaceballs' President Skroob sends Lord Dark Helmet to steal planet Druidia's abundant supply of air to replenish their own, and only Lone Starr can stop them. Director: Mel Brooks Mel Brooks brings his one-of-a-kind comic touch to the history of mankind covering events from the Old Testament to the French Revolution in a series of episodic comedy vignettes. Director: Mel Brooks Directors: Jim Abrahams, David Zucker, and 1 more credit » Stars: Robert Hays, Julie Hagerty, Leslie Nielsen A spoof of Robin Hood in general and Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves (1991) in particular. Director: Mel Brooks Producers Max Bialystock and Leo Bloom make money by producing a sure-fire flop. Director: Mel Brooks Mel Brooks' parody of Alfred Hitchcock films. Director: Mel Brooks A film director and his strange friends struggle to produce the first major silent feature film in forty years. Director: Mel Brooks At a 1962 college, Dean Vernon Wormer is determined to expel the entire Delta Tau Chi Fraternity, but those trouble-makers have other plans for him. Director: John Landis An exclusive golf course has to deal with a brash new member and a destructive dancing gopher. Director: Harold Ramis Jake Blues, just out from prison, puts together his old band to save the Catholic home where he and brother Elwood were raised. Director: John Landis Incompetent police detective Frank Drebin must foil an attempt to assassinate Queen Elizabeth II . Director: David Zucker Edit Storyline The Ultimate Western Spoof. A town where everyone seems to be named Johnson is in the way of the railroad. In order to grab their land, Hedley Lemar ( Harvey Korman ), a politically connected nasty person, sends in his henchmen to make the town unlivable. After the sheriff is killed, the town demands a new sheriff from the Governor ( Mel Brooks ). Hedley convinces him to send the town the first Black sheriff ( Cleavon Little ) in the west. Bart is a sophisticated urbanite who will have some difficulty winning over the townspeople. Written by John Vogel <[email protected]> From the people who gave you "The Jazz Singer" See more » Genres: 7 February 1974 (USA) See more » Also Known As: Did You Know? Trivia The world premiere was at the (now gone) Pickwick Drive-In Theater in Burbank, CA. The guests rode horses into the drive-in for the premiere. The Pickwick was also used for a location in Grease (1978). See more » Goofs Hedy Lamarr 's footprints do not appear in the concrete at Grauman's Chinese Theatre. See more » Quotes [first lines] Lyle : Come on, boys! The way you're lollygaggin' around here with them picks and them shovels, you'd think it was a hundert an' twenty degree. Can't be more than a hundert an' fourteen. See more » Crazy Credits The Warner Bros. Pictures logo is on a black screen nd burns on fire, revealing the start of the movie. See more » Connections (Greenwich, CT United States) – See all my reviews A few years ago, Broadway producers decided to adapt a Mel Brooks comedy and made a bundle. Could it happen again with 'Blazing Saddles?' The movie already has four great songs; a half-dozen more of similar caliber would make for a strong score. 'Blazing Saddles' has a ready-made cast of over-the-top characters, strong audience identification, and some minor problems for a theatrical production (like blowing up the phony Rock Ridge) which are easily overcome. But 'The Producers' was a cult film that never made it to Main Street and needed the second act of a Broadway musical to give it a place in popular culture. 'Blazing Saddles' could never open again as big as it did in 1974. In the summer of Watergate and Patty Hearst, here was one bit of madness people could enjoy. And it wasn't just random kookiness, but a film that broke barriers and courted controversy like no other major-release film of its time. No other movie had characters that were basically likable if stupid throwing around the 'N' word before. In fact, it hasn't happened since (and I doubt it would on Broadway today.) The whole notion of white people and black people living together was not new, but the approach of 'Blazing Saddles' was certainly new. In order to live together, we have to laugh together first. The only way this film was not a trailblazer was in that it blazed trails untaken by any film that came after. Was Cleavon Little then a civil rights pioneer for the 1970s, in a way Martin Luther King and Malcolm X were the decade before? He's very good, bringing a lightness to the role that's equal parts Shaft and Bugs Bunny. Richard Pryor was one of the film's writers and Brooks' first choice for Sheriff Bart, but Pryor wouldn't have played the role in the same smooth way. Little is an amiable actor, one step ahead but never cocky about it. He makes for a sympathetic center, and he is flash in those corduroy threads. Little didn't work much after 'Blazing Saddles,' which makes no sense. It was only the highest-grossing Western of all time, and Little was the lead actor in it. Maybe institutional racism wasn't the sole cause. After all, he had a distractingly rock-solid cast around him, particularly Harvey Korman as Attorney General Hedley Lamarr. Growing up in the '70s, it was a shock the first time I saw the unedited 'Blazing Saddles' with all the casual vulgarity spewing from the mouth of Tim Conway's slapstick buddy on the ultra G-rated 'Carol Burnett Show.' 'You will be only risking your lives, whilst I will be risking an almost-certain Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor,' he tells his gang before they ride off to pillage Rock Ridge. If only the Academy didn't penalize comedies so, that might have been true. Madeline Kahn did get nominated for Lili Von Shtupp, and deserved her Laurel and Hardy handshake for sure. Her Baba Wawa meets Marlene Dietrich performance is a comic masterpiece, and it takes guts to wear that dead-weed lingerie in which she performs 'I'm So Tired.' Slim Pickens (Taggart), Burton Gilliam (Lyle), Dom DeLuise (Buddy), and Brooks himself as 'the Gov' all shine, and the level of comic acting remains high all the way to the smallest roles, like the guy playing Hitler ('They lose me right after the bunker scene') and the cowboy who chews gum in line ('I didn't know there was gonna be so many people!') Gene Wilder is a little young and ironic for the bitter ex-gunslinger known as the Waco Kid, but he grows into the role well enough. Certainly he was in tune with what Brooks was doing more than Gig Young or Dan Dailey would have been (Brooks' earlier choices for the part, with Young making it all the way to the first day's shooting before it was discovered he wasn't just acting the part of a hopeless drunk.) 'Blazing Saddles' doesn't make the IMDb top 250, but it's still one of the most significant video titles because it rewards repeat viewings so well. The wholeness of the film's comic spectacle is too dense to be absorbed in one viewing, especially when you are laughing too hard. It's a cultural landmark, yes, but it's even funnier now than it was 30 years ago, one of the funniest comedies that exist today. Making it into a musical now would almost be demeaning, but I suspect it will happen anyway. 100 of 114 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	Blazing Saddles
Who played Billy the Kid in the film The Left Handed Gun	the new sheriff scene from blazing saddles - YouTube the new sheriff scene from blazing saddles Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. The interactive transcript could not be loaded. Loading... Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Feb 6, 2008 the town gets a new sheriff from blazing saddles...no offence intended Category	i don't know
How was retired gunfighter Clint Eastwood trying to earn a living in The Unforgiven	Unforgiven (Film) - TV Tropes Badass Grandpa : While not technically a grandfather, William Munny is more than old enough to be one. Little Bill, who's even older than Munny. Just watch him when he stares down the barrel of Munny's shotgun and calmly tells his men to kill Munny after he's dead. No matter what you think of him, the man has incredible balls. Band of Brothels : When one of theirs is maimed by a bad john, the working girls pool their resources and put a bounty on the wrongdoers' heads, kicking off the action. Being Evil Sucks : Since it's not necessarily obvious: The Schofield Kid has this one pretty bad right before the final showdown Where It All Began . Being Good Sucks : Kind of. It's noticeable that during his period of trying to be good, Munny is an unsuccessful pig farmer eking out a wretched existence, is wracked by guilt, and comes across as kind of pathetic (note how often he falls off his horse, his beating by Little Bill). After returning to his old ways, he becomes a scarily effective gunfighter and the epilogue indicates he became financially successful. Not to mention that things don't turn out well for Ned after he admits he's lost his stomach for killing and tries to return home. Bittersweet Ending : Munny goes back to his old ways and Ned is murdered, but Munny avenges him. And with the money he earns from the bounty on the two cowboys, he's able to move on and make a better life for himself—rumored to be San Francisco, where he prospered in dry goods. Closing narration: ...And there was nothing on the marker to explain to Mrs. Feathers why her only daughter had married a known thief and murderer, a man of notoriously vicious and intemperate disposition. Death Is Such an Odd Thing : The Schofield Kid feels that way after his first kill. It don't seem real... how he ain't gonna never breathe again, ever... how he's dead. And the other one too. All on account of pulling a trigger. Deconstruction : Of Western movies. Munny himself is a Deconstructed Character Archetype of the kinds of characters Clint Eastwood played in the 60s and 70s. One aspect of this is how the movie shows Munny dealing with his re-submersion into the violent, dangerous environment he left behind before he became a family man. He doesn't become a more heroic figure, rising to the occasion. Instead, he degrades, with his layers of civility being stripped away until at the end, he's the cold-blooded killer he once was. Eastwoodï¿½s trademark squint was subject to this too: the Schofield Kid is almost constantly squinting, but itï¿½s just because of his poor eyesight and doesnï¿½t look badass in the least. The final showdown deconstructs Conservation of Ninjutsu . Will kills almost all Little Bill's deputies because none of them has a killer instinct despite their numbers. Honor Before Reason is also deconstructed. Consider the title. The prostitutes can't forgive Quick Mike for cutting Delilah. Little Bill can't forgive the prostitutes for putting a hit on the Cowboys. The Schofield Kid can't forgive himself for actually killing a man, and finally Will Munny can't forgive Little Bill for killing Ned. As a result, most of these characters are either dead, dying or emotionally broken at the end of the movie. Deliberate Values Dissonance : A major part of the film's goal of de-romanticizing the West: racism (whether against Englishmen, "Chinamen" or "injuns") is rampant, prostitutes are seen as the scum of the earth (Skinny refers to the cut-up prostitute as "damaged property") and an exchange of goods is seen as acceptable punishment for slicing them up. Unfortunately, all of this period-appropriate realism makes the fact that Ned's skin color is not even remarked upon, never mind serving as a plot point, extremely jarring. This was heavily criticized by the film's detractors (Ned was presumably not written with Morgan Freeman in mind). Dime Novel : W.W. Beauchamp writes these. One example is "The Duke of Death", about English Bob. Little Bill insists on calling it "The Duck of Death". Dirty Coward : Little Bill repeatedly accuses Munny of being one, expressing disgust at his past atrocities, even though he himself seems to prefer administering rough justice to old men who have already been disarmed and surrounded by deputies. Disproportionate Retribution : Davey, the second of the two cowboys whose actions started the plot, attempted to stop his friend from hurting Delilah and when the two of them came to pay compensation to Skinny he attempted to give her a pony as part of a personal apology to her, which the other whores refused to accept out of anger. The whores put a price on his head anyway and he's killed by the protagonists. With a slow gutshot. After they break his leg by shooting his horse out from under him. The whole movie is about this: Quick Mike's cutting up of Delilah for laughing at his small penis. Little Bill's refusal to punish him significantly, instead forcing the cowboys to pay horses to the saloon owner. The whores' putting out bounties on the cowboys, little realizing what kind of bounty hunters that would attract. Little Bill beating the crap out of English Bob, not just as a warning to bounty hunters but for personal reasons. The whores refusing Davey's direct apology and gift to Delilah, leaving the bounty on him for Munny to shoot him. Little Bill torturing poor Ned to death, with the saloon keeper displaying the corpse like a trophy. And the final shootout... Little Bill: I don't... deserve to die like this! I was building a house... Will Munny: Deserve's got nothing to do with itï¿½ English Bob himself killed Two-Gun Corcoran purely for sleeping with a woman he had his eye on. Dramatic Thunder : On Will's appearance in the bar, and after his ultimatum to the entire town of Big Whiskey. Drunken Master : Munny was drunk during most of his famous exploits. He drinks a bottle of whiskey before the salon shootout, where he's much more effective then he was previously in the movie. Dying Truce : William Munny shoots and mortally wounds the cowboy Davey Bunting. Davey becomes thirsty and begs one of his friends to bring him water. His friends are reluctant to do so due to fear of being shot themselves. Munny calls out to them to give Davey some water and promises not to shoot them. One of them believes him and goes to Davey with a canteen. Even Anti-Heroes Have Standards : After killing the men at the saloon, when a writer asks him who he chose first, (in an effort to romanticize the brutal events that Munny committed) Munny replies only by threatening him with death. All the players in the movie were eager to justify their Disproportionate Retribution but Munny: he knows that he did evil things once and heï¿½s doing evil things now, and that for that he will go to hell. He will not try to hide that from himself or anyone else. Evil Counterpart : English Bob to Will Munny, except he's just a vicious coward who was trying to cash in on his reputation. An argument could be made that , in as much as 'good' and 'evil' are meaningful concepts in this movie , Will Munny is the Evil Counterpart to English Bob. Consider the way both of them end their time in the town; English Bob is kicked out in disgrace with his reputation in tatters, exposed as a coward and for all his ineffectual ranting and raving about how he'll return and make them all pay he's basically a joke. Will Munny leaves of his own accord with a room full of bodies behind him, and when he promises that he'll come back and make them all pay if they give him cause to return, there's probably not a person in the town who doubts his sincerity or ability to make good on his threats. Which one's the evil one again? Faux Affably Evil : When he's not doling out Disproportionate Retribution , Little Bill can be fun to hang around with. He even takes on the writer English Bob brought into town, who is more fascinated with Bill's tales. Face Death with Dignity : Little Bill, staring down Will Munny's gun. Subverted all to hell with every other death. None of them die cleanly or quickly. The Gunfighter Wannabe : The Schofield Kid. Gun Porn : Most westerns depict everyone carrying a Winchester rifle, a Colt Peacemaker, or a double-barreled shotgun (largely due to the use of the five-in-one blank round in movie production). Unforgiven features a very wide selection of old-west firearms, and several are identified by name. The Gunslinger : If they're not a whore, they're a gunslinger. Or a writer. "What, letters and such?" Hiding the Handicap : Downplayed, The Schofield Kid tries his best to hide the fact that he has bad eyesight. It doesn't stop Ned from figuring it out real quick. Hooker with a Heart of Gold : Delilah seems to emphasize the "heart of gold" aspect, being portrayed as the sweetest and most innocent of the working girls. Deconstructed with Strawberry Alice, the caring big sister of the group. While she does look after Delilah when she's hurt, she's also eager for revenge and shows no remorse for getting it. Imperial Stormtrooper Marksmanship Academy : Discussed, and ultimately Deconstructed. The deputies in the final showdown panic, blaze away at Munny and hit exactly zip. Munny, on the other hand, keeps a cool head and rations out a bullet for each one. That said, at the start of the film Munny is a horrible shot, missing a tin can with all six shots at close range. This leads him to bring a shotgun along just in case . It's only after he discovers that Ned is dead, that he gets his old focus back. Munny also apparently works best while drunk. He drinks a bottle of whisky (his first in the movie) before entering Skinny's for the showdown. Booze-Based Buff ? This is Truth in Television : Revolvers of the time were notoriously inaccurate, even at close range. So as Little Bill says, accuracy trumps speed, and in fact shooting faster would likely make it less accurate, not more. Plus, Munny admits he's "always been lucky in killin' folks." Insistent Terminology : Little Bill's insistence on referring to English Bob as the Duck (of Death) rather than the Duke. He and his deputies repeatedly refer to bounty hunters as "assassins" as a kind of insult. Instant Death Bullet : Subverted. Munny shoots one of the targets in the gut, and he dies slowly and painfully. A few of his victims after the final shootout can be seen slowly writhing on the floor in obvious agony. Little Bill doesn't die from the first shot either. Noodle Incident : Will and Ned often talk about their past exploits and their former gang . Subverted a bit in that Munny was drunk most of the time and doesn't remember all the details either. Not So Different : Part of the point of the movie is that the forces of law and order and the forces of criminality and villainy in the Old West often weren't as different as later mythologizing have made them out to be. Off the Wagon : Munny has quit drinking, but he drinks a bottle of whisky before the final showdown. First by Little Bill when Munny confronts him in the saloon, then by Munny as his weapon misfires. The Schofield Kid gets one when he hears that he's the only friend Will has. One Last Job : Gone horribly, horribly wrong. One Steve Limit : Averted; although it's easy to overlook, both the protagonist and the antagonist have the same first name. Ooh, Me Accent's Slipping : An in-universe version; English Bob, who normally speaks with a plummy upper-crust accent, slips into Cockney when suddenly confronted by Little Bill and his posse. Apparently he's pretending to be an upper-class gent when he's really from the gutter (an early indication is when he says "I thought you was dead" before correcting himself to the more "correct" "you were".) To some, Bob's accent sounds American (Southern or Midwestern) at this point, indicating that his entire identity as "English" Bob is a fabrication. Oscar Bait Parental Neglect : Munny leaves his two young children to fend for themselves while he risks his life to collect the bounty. Persona Non Grata : After beating and jailing English Bob, Little Bill sends him off on a wagon going out of town with a warning never to return. Little Bill: I suppose you know, Bob, if I ever see you again I'm just going to start shooting and figure it was self-defense. Pet the Dog : By the end, the entire film feels like one of these. After shooting a man, who is lying in agony begging for a drink of water, Will Munny shouts out to the man's friends to "Give him a drink of water for Christ's sake! We ain't gonna shoot!" This might also be a Mercy Kill , since when you have a wound in the guts, a drink of water will end your misery rather fast. Platonic Prostitution : Just for Munny, though. His partners readily take "advances". Posthumous Character : The Lost Lenore —Claudia Munny was dead before the beginning, but Munny will talk about her whenever he has any chance. At the end of the movie we know how much her character influenced him and the whole story. Psycho for Hire : Rather downplayed. Munny is brought onto the job mostly for his reputation as one, but doesn't do much to live up to it. Even when Bill tortures Ned to death, he isn't overly sadistic in his revenge (ruthless, but not sadistic). Pre-Mortem One-Liner : Averted when Munny kills Little Bill. Little Bill says "I'll See You in Hell , William Munny," and instead of dashing off a clever retort, Munny simply replies "Yeah..." Punctuated Pounding : Little Bill gives one to English Bob and later one to Munny. Quick Draw : Mostly subverted; the ones who draw and start blazing away without taking time to properly aim end up dead while a slower, but more accurate, gunfighter shoots them. Lampshaded by Little Bill when he's talking to the writer. Little Bill: Look here. draws quickly but not overly fast That's about as fast as I can draw and aim and hit anything more than ten feet away. Unless it's a barn. Quick Nip : As is standard for any movie in the genre. A Real Man Is a Killer : The whole point of the film is to point out that you'd have to be pretty cold-blooded or crazy to work as a gunfighter. An alternate point (which the Schofield Kid seems to get) is that killing someone costs the killer almost as much as the victim. Reconstruction : while the movie is primarily a Deconstruction the final fight scene is more or less played straight and Munny isn't portrayed as in the wrong. Word of God says that the movie wasn't so much violence is bad as it is violence is complex and only applicable in certain situations. Something of a Broken Aesop in that case: While Little Bill went too far in killing Ned and is repeatedly portrayed as a sadist who takes pleasure in doling out his version of justice, he believed the man he killed had murdered the babyfaced and relatively innocentï¿½but still guilt-riddenï¿½Davey in cold blood just for a quick pay-off. Munny convinced Ned to come along and help him commit a couple of contract killings despite the latter's misgivings; who's really responsible for getting him killed? Redemption Failure : Munny is a former badman, who tried to make a go at being a farmer for the sake of his wife. When she dies and his farm fails he decides to take just one more job and for a time goes back to his old ways. (Although it's hinted at at the end that he eventually returned to a mundane life once more.) Little Bill, too. By his own admission he is a bad man, but he's trying to make a go of it by being a sheriff. He just happens to piss off the wrong assassin. Red Light District : Well, there's a brothel. It does turn up a lot in the film, though. Reliably Unreliable Guns : Misfiring guns feature prominently in both the backstory and the climax, which is more appropriate for the time period, in which lower quality guns and ammo were more common. The rainy night of the climax might also have played a factor. Little Bill, when telling W.W. Beauchamp the real story about how English Bob killed Two-Gun Corcoran, explains that Corcoran's Walker Colt exploded on him, allowing Bob to get the drop on him. This was a problem that Walker Colts really had. Retired Badass : Deconstructed with Will and Ned. They have latent skills but have been out of the game so long they don't have the same instincts and reflexes they once had. Ned starts off confident but loses his nerve trying to kill the first cowboy. Will starts off almost catatonic, but slowly descends into the cold killer he once was. Retired Monster : There's a reason why Will Munny is unforgiven. He doesn't seem to really regret his previous life all that much, except when it comes to his deceased wife. But then Munny got pissed at what they did to Ned. Little Bill describes both English Bob and himself as bad men, implying he thinks they both are this Retired Gunfighter : Both Will Munny and Ned Logan were retired and had families, until the Kid convinced them to come. Roaring Rampage of Revenge : Subverted after Little Bill kills Ned; while Munny stalks into town to take his cold-blooded revenge on the man who killed his best friend and the owner of the saloon who put his corpse on display , he's remarkably controlled. Despite being described throughout the film as a psychotic butcher, once he guns down all the men who are actively shooting at him, he tells everyone else to just Get Out , even those who are still clutching loaded weapons. Even before that he warns bystanders to move away to avoid collateral damage before he shoots Skinny and Bill. Shrouded in Myth : William Munny. Funnily enough, it seems that the real facts about Will Munny's exploits are more fantastical than the urban legends. He claims he was drunk during most of them that even he isn't clear on the details. English Bob is a subversion. While he does seem to have some genuine skills (shooting a bird in flight from a moving train with a pistol is pretty damn impressive), it seems likely that most of his exploits are padded. Subverted also when The Schofield Kid is babbling about his kill. "He reached for his gun and I shot him." In truth the dead man had his hands raised, and his gun was well out of reach. Which is probably how most of the myths come around. What the kid said was true but he was semi-coherent and missed the middle part (the dead man reached for his gun, his gun moved out of reach as the door opened, he tried raising his hands instead and the kid shot him with his hands raised). There's also probably a bit of selective rewriting of history going on in the process, since given the mood the Kid is in he would probably rather remember (and have others remember) that he shot a man who was preparing to shoot him rather than that he shot an unarmed and entirely defenseless man. Well-Intentioned Extremist : Little Bill genuinely believes that what he does is for the greater good. He probably enjoys it a bit more than he should, though. The Schofield Kid: he continually asserts that the two cowboys "had it coming", even while bawling his eyes out from guilt. Munny replies that "We all have it coming, kid". What Does She See in Him? : Will Munny and his wife. As the opening narration says: "She was a comely young woman and not without prospects. Therefore it was heartbreaking to her mother that she would enter into marriage with William Munny, a known thief and murderer, a man of notoriously vicious and intemperate disposition." "What Now?" Ending : The fate of the town of Big Whiskey is left up in the air after Will massacres Little Bill and his deputies. What Measure Is a Mook? : Little Bill's deputies get a lot of screen time talking about random stuff, showing they are just a bunch of okay guys just doing their jobs. "Where Are They Now?" Epilogue : Will took the kids and left for San Francisco where he prospered in selling dry goods. A World Half Full : This tale seems to be told in a Crapsack World ... until we realize that Claudia has been dead for years and she still has influence over Munny... it could be said that this is her tale... how she still manages to be the only light in the The Western darkness. Wrong Genre Savvy : The writer who follows Little Bill Daggett around seems to think he's in a simple white hats versus black hats world...whereas it's more akin to a Crapsack World . Nearly everyone in the movie other than Munny and Little Bill, for the same reason mixed with a lot of ugly truth about reality of actually living in a 1960's Western. :: Indexes ::	Swineherd
What religion was Grace Kelly in the epic western High Noon	Unforgiven - All The Tropes Unforgiven All Subpages Create New William Munny has a gun in his hands. This is bad for anyone who isn't William Munny... actually, no, it's bad for him, too. "It's a hell of a thing, killing a man. Take away all he's got... all he's ever gonna have." —Will Munny A Western from 1992, written by David Peoples and directed by star Clint Eastwood . In the town of Big Whiskey, normal people are trying to lead quiet lives. Cowboys are trying to make a living. Sheriff Little Bill Daggett (Gene Hackman) is trying to build a house and keep a heavy-handed order. The girls of the town's brothel are just trying to get by. But when two cowboys cut up one of the brothel's girls, who goes by the name of Delilah Fitzgerald (Anna Levine), the prostitutes are not satisfied with Little Bill's justice and put out a $1,000 bounty on the heads of both cowboys, Quick Mike and Davey Bunting. William Munny (Eastwood) is a Retired Gunfighter , having been influenced by his late wife Claudia into giving up his murderous ways to become a normal farmer, living in peace with their two children. However, he is drawn back into a life of killing when Gunfighter Wannabe the Schofield Kid (Jaimz Woolvett) offers to split the reward on the bounty, and Munny accepts to alleviate his family's financial difficulties. Together with his old partner Ned Logan ( Morgan Freeman ), Munny and the Kid set off on one last job, and in the process run foul of Little Bill. In the ensuing hostilities, the ruthless demon that laid dormant within Munny is unleashed with a vengeance. This film won Best Picture. And it deserved to. (Though there was a slight dash of Oscar Bait in there.) It also scored Eastwood his first Oscar for directing as well as statues for the editor and supporting actor Gene Hackman. Tropes used in Unforgiven include: Affably Evil : When he's not in Knight Templar mode, Little Bill can be fun to hang around with. He even takes on the writer English Bob brought into town, who is more fascinated with Bill's tales. Animals Hate Him : When he cannot mount his own horse, William Munny claims that his horse is taking revenge on him because he was mean with all the animals in his past. See Badass Boast to know how much Munny had mistreated and killed animals. Anti-Hero : Also Anti-Villain . None of the main characters are truly heroic or villainous. Except for Ned, who has lost the stomach for killing... and ends up getting killed for it anyway. Badass Boast : "Alright, I'm comin' out. Any man I see out there, I'm gonna kill em! Any sumbitch takes a shot at me, I'm not only gonna kill him, I'm gonna kill his wife, all his friends, (and) burn his damn house down!" "You be William Munny outta Missouri. Killer of women and children!" "That's right. I killed women and children. Killed just about everything that walks or crawled at one time or another. And I'm here to kill you, Little Bill, for what you did to Ned." Doubles as Oh Crap for the rest of the spectators. Subverted with English Bob, who tells Beauchamp these beautiful bad ass speeches when he performed his 'exploits'... only to have Little Bill debunk the claim by noting "The Duck of Death" shot first and In the Back with most of the gunfights Bob himself started. Badass Grandpa : While not technically a grandfather, William Munny is more than old enough to be one. DEFINITELY Little Bill, who's even older than Munny. Just watch him when he stares down the barrel of Munny's shotgun and calmly tells his men to kill Munny after he's dead. No matter what you think of him, the man has INCREDIBLE balls. Band of Brothels - when one of theirs is maimed by a bad john, the working girls pool their resources and put a bounty on the wrongdoers' heads, kicking off the action. Being Evil Sucks : Since it's not necessarily obvious: The Schofield Kid has this one pretty bad right before the final showdown Where It All Began . Being Good Sucks : Kind of. It's noticeable that during his period of trying to be good, Munny is an unsuccessful pig farmer eking out a wretched existence, is wracked by guilt, and comes across as kind of pathetic (note how often he falls off his horse, his beating by Little Bill). After returning to his old ways, he becomes a scarily effective gunfighter and the epilogue indicates he became financially successful. Not to mention that things don't turn out well for Ned after he admits he's lost his stomach for killing and tries to return home. Bittersweet Ending : Munny goes back to his old ways and Ned is murdered, but Munny avenges him. And with the money he earns from the bounty on the two cowboys, he's able to move on and make a better life for himself--rumored to be San Francisco, where he prospered in dry goods. Closing narration: ...And there was nothing on the marker to explain to Mrs. Feathers why her only daughter had married a known thief and murderer, a man of notoriously vicious and intemperate disposition. Dead Guy on Display : Done with Ned. Deconstruction : Of Western movies. Munny himself is a deconstruction of the kinds of characters Clint Eastwood played in the 60s and 70s. One aspect of this is how the movie shows Munny dealing with his re-submersion into the violent, dangerous environment he left behind before he became a family man. He doesn't become a more heroic figure, rising to the occasion. Instead, he degrades, with his layers of civility being stripped away until at the end, he's the cold-blooded killer he once was. Deliberate Values Dissonance : A major part of the film's goal of de-romanticizing the West: racism (whether against Englishmen, "Chinamen" or "injuns") is rampant, prostitutes are seen as the scum of the earth (Skinny refers to the cut-up prostitute as "damaged property") and an exchange of goods is seen as acceptable punishment for slicing them up. Unfortunately, all of this period-appropriate realism makes the fact that Ned's skin color is not even remarked upon, never mind serving as a plot point, extremely jarring. This was heavily criticized by the film's detractors (Ned was presumably not written with Morgan Freeman in mind). The movie takes place in 1881, well after the civil war. At that time, a lot of blacks (many former slaves from the South) were living and working in the American west. Dime Novel : W.W. Beauchamp writes these. One example is "The Duck of Death", about English Bob. Actually, that's supposed to be the "Duke" of- Duck, I says. Disproportionate Retribution : Davey, the second of the two cowboys whose actions started the plot, attempted to stop his friend from hurting Delilah and when the two of them came to pay compensation to Skinny he attempted to give her a pony as part of a personal apology to her, which the other whores refused to accept out of anger. The whores put a price on his head anyway and he's killed by the protagonists. With a slow gutshot. After they break his leg by shooting his horse out from under him. The whole movie is about this: Quick Mike's cutting up of Delilah for laughing at his small penis. Little Bill's refusal for shedding more blood, instead forcing the cowboys to pay horses to the saloon owner. The whores' sending out bounties on the cowboys, little realizing what kind of bounty hunters that would attract. Little Bill beating the crap out of English Bob, not just as a warning to bounty hunters but for personal reasons. The whores refusing Davey's direct apology and gift to Delilah, leaving the bounty on him for Munny to shoot him. Little Bill whipping poor Ned to death with the saloon keeper displaying the corpse like a trophy. And the final shootout... Little Bill: I don't... deserve to die like this! I was building a house... Will Munny: Deserve's got nothing to do with this... Driven to Suicide : According to the original script, The Schofield Kid drowns himself out of guilt. Even Evil Has Standards : After killing the men at the saloon, when a writer asks him who did he chose first, (in an effort to romanticize the brutal events that Munny committed) Munny rejects him by threatening with death. All the players in the movie were eager to justify their Disproportionate Retribution but Munny: He knows that he did evil things once and he’s doing evil things now, and that for that he will go to hell. He will not try to hide that from himself or anyone else. The Gunfighter Wannabe : The Schofield Kid. Gun Porn : Most westerns depict everyone carrying a Winchester rifle, a Colt Peacemaker, or a double-barreled shotgun (largely due to the use of the five-in-one blank round in movie production). Unforgiven features a very wide selection of old-west firearms, and several are identified by name. The Gunslinger : If they're not a whore, they're a gunslinger. Or a writer. "What, letters and such?" Hooker with a Heart of Gold : Certainly Delilah who is characterized as the sweetest and most innocent of the working girls. Arguably also Strawberry Alice, the 'Big Sister' of the group. Imperial Stormtrooper Marksmanship Academy : Discussed, and ultimately Deconstructed. The deputies in the final showdown panic, blaze away at Munny and hit exactly zip. Munny, on the other hand, keeps a cool head and rations out a bullet for each one. That said, at the start of the film Munny is a horrible shot, missing a tin can with all six shots at close range. This leads him to bring a shotgun along just in case. It's only after he discovers that Ned is dead, that he gets his old focus back. Munny also apparently works best while drunk. He drinks a bottle of whisky (his first in the movie) before entering Skinny's for the showdown. Insistent Terminology : Little Bill's insistence on referring to English Bob as the Duck (of Death) rather than the Duke. Little Bill and his deputies repeatedly refer to bounty hunters as "assassins" as a kind of insult. Instant Death Bullet : Subverted: Munny shoots one of the targets in the gut, and he dies slowly and painfully. A few of his victims after the final shootout can be seen slowly writhing on the floor in obvious agony. Little Bill doesn't die from the first shot either. Karma Houdini : Will is the most notorious outlaw the west had ever seen and he was able to move west without ever really paying for his crimes. He doesn't receive any punishment for the massacre in the saloon either. Munny knows full well he's going to Hell for what he done. We all got it coming, kid. Kill'Em All : William Munny's solution to everything. One Last Job : Gone horribly, horribly wrong. One-Scene Wonder : Richard Harris as English Bob. Technically, two scenes, if you count the earlier scene on the train. One Steve Limit : Averted; although it's easy to overlook, both the protagonist and the antagonist have the same first name. Ooh, Me Accent's Slipping : A subtle in-character version with English Bob, who puts on a posh accent and gives himself airs and graces, but slips back into Cockney when agitated. Oscar Bait Pet the Dog : By the end, the entire film feels like one of these. After shooting a man, who is lying in agony begging for a drink of water, Will Munny shouts out to the man's friends to "Give him a drink of water for Christ's sake! We ain't gonna shoot!" This might also be a Mercy Kill , since when you have a wound in the guts, a drink of water will end your misery rather fast. Platonic Prostitution : Just for Munny, though. His partners readily take "advances". Posthumous Character : The Lost Lenore : Claudia Munny was dead before the beginning, but Munny will talk about her whenever he has any chance. At the end of the movie we know how much her character influenced him and the whole story. Psycho for Hire : Played with. Munny is brought onto the job mostly for his reputation as one, but doesn't do much to live up to it. But then Bill tortures Ned to death, and Munny demonstrates how he earned that reputation long ago. Pre-Mortem One-Liner : Averted when Munny kills Little Bill. Little Bill says "I'll See You in Hell , William Munny" and instead of dashing off a clever retort, Munny simply replies "Yeah". Punctuated Pounding : Little Bill gives one to English Bob and later one to Munny. Quick Nip A Real Man Is a Killer : The whole point of the film is to point out that you'd have to be pretty cold-blooded or crazy to work as a gunfighter. Reconstruction : while the movie is primarily a Deconstruction the final fight scene is more or less played straight and Munny isn't portrayed as in the wrong. Word of God says that the movie wasn't so much violence is bad as it is violence is complex and only applicable in certain situations. Redemption Failure : Munny is a former badman, who tried to make a go at being a farmer. When his farm fails he decides to take just one more job and for a time goes back to his old ways. (Although it's hinted at at the end that he eventually returned to a mundane life once more.) Red Light District : Well, there's a brothel. It does turn up a lot in the film, though. Retired Monster : There's a reason why Will Munny is Unforgiven. He doesn't seem to really regret his previous life all that much, except when it comes to his deceased wife. Once he gets a little booze in his system and a gun, Munny goes right back to his old ways. It had nothing to do with the alcohol. Munny was pissed at what they did to Ned. The fact that he was taking his first swig of alcohol since his monstrous old days was merely a sign of how bad things were about to get. Since Munny is the ultimate evil drunk , that first (and subsequent) swig was literally High Octane Nightmare Fuel--just what he needed to "get in the mood." Retired Gunfighter : Both Will Munny and Ned Logan were retired and had families, until the Kid convinced them to come. Shrouded in Myth : Will Munny. Funnily enough, it seems that the real facts about Will Munny's exploits are more fantastical than the urban legends. English Bob is a subversion. While he does seem to have some genuine skills (shooting a bird in flight from a moving train with a pistol is quite a feat), it seems likely that most of his exploits are padded. Subverted also when the Schofield Kid is babbling about his kill. "He reached for his gun and I shot him." In truth the dead man had his hands raised, and his gun was well out of reach. Which is probably how most of the myths come around. What the kid said was true but he was semi-coherent and missed the middle part (The dead man reached for his gun, his gun moved out of reach as the door opened, he tried raising his hands instead and the kid shot him with his hands raised)	i don't know
Who co-starred with John Wayne in El Dorado	El Dorado Reviews & Ratings - IMDb IMDb 60 out of 78 people found the following review useful: "Ride Baldy Ride, to the end of the rainbow." from Buffalo, New York 5 February 2006 Unless you count their joint appearance in The Longest Day, El Dorado deserves its place in Hollywood history for being the only co-starring effort of John Wayne and Robert Mitchum. Besides being good friends Wayne and Mitchum were both known for being able to drink just about anyone else in the film business under the table and still report to work in the morning, lines letter perfect. But Mitchum was not allowed in the Wayne home because Pilar Wayne never forgave him for ruining their honeymoon when Mitchum backed out of Blood Alley and Wayne had to star as well as produce it. I also think that the Duke was leery about Mitchum stealing too many scenes which he does when they are on the screen together. In this tighter and faster remake of Rio Bravo, Wayne is his usual stand up hero, rough and tough, but who lives by a code. Mitchum is the flawed one. During an interlude of several months in the film, Mitchum becomes enamored of an unseen woman, loses her, and becomes a drunk. Which leads me to one of the funniest scenes ever in a Wayne film. When Christopher George and fellow gunmen are hired by villain Ed Asner to run R.G. Armstrong and his family off their ranch, Wayne has to sober up Sheriff Mitchum and fast. Every time I watch El Dorado, I get hysterical every time I watch James Caan pour a homemade remedy down Mitchum's throat with Wayne and Arthur Hunnicutt holding him down. And the reactions afterwards, absolutely priceless. This is where Mitchum steals the movie. As in many a Howard Hawks film, there is a theme of professionalism that runs through it. Whether it's Cary Grant and his fellow pilots flying over treacherous terrain in South America, Humphrey Bogart with his charter boat business in the Caribbean, or Wayne and Mitchum going up against fellow professional Christopher George, it's doing the job and doing it well for it's own reward. The final gunfight is also a classic. Let's just say that Mitchum and Wayne are not at their best, but they make up for it with some help from interested friends. This is one of the best films, in the top 10 for both these guys and shouldn't be missed. Was the above review useful to you? 53 out of 66 people found the following review useful: One of the Great American Westerns... from United States 6 August 2006 every once and a while me and my father will buy a classic western no matter how cheesy or weird it may look, today he came home with this movie El Dorado, at first i was expecting not too much due to how many westerns that were made, though i should have thought better whenever i saw that it starred two great film actors John Wayne and Robert Mitchum. i may be young(16) but i know good actors when i watch them on screen these two played beautifully off each other and so did another great actor James Caan all the characters were played to perfection, even though anyone can play an alcoholic sheriff with a broken-heart Mitchum really made the role shine, of course John Wayne did wonderful as The Hired Gun, but my favorite role was that of Mississipi played by James Caan, in my opinion he did an astonishing job in this role and the scenes with him and Wayne were glorious. Now some older ladies and gents may find it hard to follow the recommendation of a 16 year old but it is seriously one of my favorites of the ones me and my father have seen in a lil side note the action scenes were done really well and there was also a slight editing issue during one of the scenes I'm sure you'll notice(but you must take into consideration the time when the movie was made) thank you and you really must see this movie that could never be done today due to the fight between stars in leading roles. Was the above review useful to you? 35 out of 44 people found the following review useful: A Pleasant Surprise from United States 24 October 2006 This was a pretty solid western, one I enjoyed more than I thought I would. What I liked about it were the interesting characters and the fact it was nicely filmed, as westerns tend to be. People focus on the big stars of this film and often miss how good the visuals are in here. John Wayne, Robert Mitchum and James Caan all played characters that were fun to watch. When I first saw this about 10 years ago, it was a shock to see how young Caan looked. It had to be one of his first films. Six years after this, he made it big in "The Godfather." Wayne and Mitchum, of course, were already major motion picture celebrities and I liked the way they traded off each other in this movie. It was really good to see these two guys in the same film. With those two, and the nice photography, this would be a good pickup on DVD. Was the above review useful to you? 31 out of 41 people found the following review useful: Crushingly wonderful (slight spoilers) 5 October 2003 * This review may contain spoilers * As someone who has run a cultural cinema for over thirty years and programmed thousands of great films from the whole history of the cinema from Lumiere Bros forwards, I am often asked what I regard as the greatest film ever made. El Dorado is NOT the greatest film ever made (though it deserves consideration), but it IS my favourite of the thousands and thousands of films that I have seen. Why is this? Firstly, it is heroic. It announces this in the credit sequence of Olag Wieghorst's paintings of the old west, and delivers throughout its length right up to the final adrenalin gushing walk of the two old and failing gunfighters along the street in a town that they have made fit to live in. Secondly, it is sensationally subtle in its mise en scene. Look at the scene where the crippled Cole Thornton is exchanged for Bart Jason. After the exchange has been made, Cole is seen on the right hand side of the screen lit in warm hues by the table lamp. JP and Bull, who made the exchange, on the other hand are coolly lit (cool meaning not hot, please) by the greenish oil lamp. I cannot think of a more subtle use of lighting to express emotional relationships in all cinema. Camera and character movement within the frame are also brought to a new high. Look at the shot when Bull announces that Cole is leaving. It follows naturally from his (Bull's) spectacular entrance and results in a two-shot with Maudie whom we know loves Cole... then Bull, having, unknowingly, dropped the bombshell of Cole's departure moves out of frame to the right and the camera moves just far enough to put Maudie centre frame as we see the pain that the news gives her... Thirdly, it integrates its humour throughout the long and complex drama. Structurally the use of Bull and Mississippi as foils for JP and Cole is a complete masterstroke. Finally it is one of the most emotionally satisfying films I can remember. I weep in the closing moments every time I see it because I realise that I am about to lose these wonderful, wonderful characters who have transported me into a kind of heaven for the past two hours. So who do we mainly thank for this most magnificent film? I really must read Harry Brown's novel from which the screenplay was adapted... but I do know that as far as I am concerned Leigh Brackett is the greatest female script-writer - indeed greatest female film artist behind the camera - and not just because of this work. And when she worked with Howard Hawks glory almost invariably followed. I've already mentioned Olaf Wieghorst's paintings, which are also monumentalised by the title song - praise be to Nelson Riddle and John Gabriel (who plays Pedro) - which I would feel honoured to have played at my funeral. Then there is the small matter of John Wayne and Robert Mitchum - two towering stars who had by then become great actors, and magnificently naturalistic cinematography by Harold Rosson whose career spanned to almost 150 films as cinematographer with credits including Docks of New York, The Wizard of Oz, Singin' in the Rain and this, his last film, into which he put all of his love and artistry. Which brings us to Howard Hawks, the most unpretentious artist of the cinema, and one of its greatest. I know this film is a kind of remake of Rio Bravo, and he went on to do it again with Rio Lobo, but for me, this is his last full work - his health was failing on the shoot of Rio Lobo. There is something special in the last works of (some)truly great directors ... look at Gertrud, or Family Plot, or The Dead. It as though they are saying to us... 'OK... I'd like to do it over a dozen or so films, but I'm going to show you the real cinema in just one, because I might not get another chance....' So just the same as in Family Plot were Hitchcock's generosity and artistry come together in the biggest slice of cake he ever delivered, here Hawks gives us a kind of sublime perfection of cinematic structure and expression. One film to a desert island? This is it... from Mexico 11 November 2007 In the Broken Saloon at El Dorado, two old friends, each with a reputation, meet again But Sheriff J.P. Harrah (Robert Mitchum) greets Cole Thornton (John Wayne) with a pointed rifle Harrah has heard his friend works now for Bart Jason (Edward Asner). Thornton admits Jason offered him good money but he doesn't know what he has to do to earn it Harrah explains that Jason showed up here around the end of the war with a pocketful of money and nobody could find out where he got it, but everybody else around here was broke Having money, he started to grow But now he needs more water There's only one place to get it Trouble is somebody was there ahead of him, about 20 years ahead His name is Kevin MacDonald (R. G. Armstrong). MacDonald got four boys and a girl All worked real hard They hung together through the rough times and how things were looking up, MacDonald was not ready to sell So he's holding and Jason was pushing, and the sheriff was standing right in the middle Warned that Thornton has gone to Jason's, MacDonald has left his youngest boy out there to do a man's job He went to sleep When Cole came by, Luke (Johnny Crawford) woke up, jumped up and started firing his gun All Cole was seeing was somebody shooting at him from the rocks Thornton, thinking himself the target, shoots and drops the boy Luke explains the error then To escape the pain of his mortal wound, he kills himself Thornton takes his body to his fathers' place, and after he explains what happened, his sister, Joey (Michele Carey), a wild cat in buckskin pants who didn't believe him, tried to kill him Her brother stops her and her father asks her to get in the house After Thornton leaves the ranch, Joey (Michele Carey) ambushes Cole at a creek, dropping him with her riffle bullet He manages to get back on his horse and escapes to Maudie's place, where Doc Miller (Paul Fix) treats him The bullet was dangerous up against his spine, however, as Doc advises him to find a better surgeon for the bullet's removal After a short time, Thornton leaves El Dorado One of the best moments in the film came in a Cantina near the Mexican border when James Caan (Mississippi) enters the place and calls one of four men sitting at a dinner table, reminding him if he remembers him or if he remembers the blue hat he is wearing? Mississippi says he caught up with his other three companions and he killed them all, and that he was the last of the four He asks him to stand up and as the audience observed, Mississippi wasn't wearing, at all, any gun Obviously, when Jason just brought his outfit into town, the action started Robert Mitchum is 'the tin star with a drunk pinned on it.' He was too mad to be scared and too sick to worry about it.. Charlene Holt plays Maudie the gambler's widow who throws her arms around Cole, sees Harrah, and bursts out laughing when she finds her old flame and her current one are friends She tells the sheriff that Cole gave her a stake, and helped her get on her feet Michele Carey plays Joey, the wild girl who thinks that Mississippi looks a lot better without that silly hat Christopher George plays Nelse McLeod, a dark, thin-faced man with a scar on his eye "El Dorado" was the third of four Westerns that Howard Hawks made with John Wayne Hawks' massive reputation as a director of Westerns virtually rests on just two films ("Red River" & "Rio Bravo") but these two are sufficient to reveal a highly skilled, intuitive filmmaker, and one who has managed to satisfy large audiences and serious critics alike within a commercial system Was the above review useful to you? 22 out of 27 people found the following review useful: Sumptuous Filming; Many Good Characters; Superior Western Author: silverscreen888 20 June 2005 This many not be the best western ever made, but it looks like an epic and is more fun than most movies by a hoot and a holler. It's got direction by Howard Hawks, characters, and people who actually talk to each other in intelligent dialogue and have to think, all set in a beautiful Western locale. John Wayne ably plays a man who has faces several challenges, in this fine screenplay by Leigh Brackett (of "The Big Sleep" and "Rio Bravo" fame). The challenges have to do with helping his hard-drinking friend, the Sheriff played by Robert Mitchum, combating a gang of badmen headed by powerful Edward Asner, and the fact that he's been shot in the back by mistake and that the pain causes him to be unable to move at inconvenient times. The production has a fine title sung by the great Ed Ames, titles by noted western artist Olaf Weighorst (who also appears as a gunsmith),; and its technical production is truly outstanding in every department Other actors contributing to this near-masterpiece of entertaining film-making include Arthur Hunnicutt, R.G. Armstrong, Christopher George and Charlene Holt in her best screen role ever. Outstanding contributions were made by Nellie Manley and Wally Westmore on hair and makeup, Edith Head on costumes and many others. Altogether a very-satisfying, adult and physically beautiful color western; writer Brackett was asked by Wayne to include the saloon scene from "Rio Bravo" in a rewritten version, and it works just as well here; the major change is James Caan as Alan Trehearne, plus the change of cast to Mitchum, Hunnicxuut and Holt, who are all very good indeed. Was the above review useful to you? 26 out of 36 people found the following review useful: A pleasure through and through from United States 3 April 1999 The credits claim that Leigh Brackett's screenplay for 1967's "El Dorado" is based on a novel, "The Stars in Their Courses" by Harry Brown. The on-screen evidence indicates it was based on Brackett's own script for 1959's "Rio Bravo," in which John Wayne is a gunfighter joined by his buddy, a drunken sheriff, in guarding a town against a corrupt cattle baron. They are joined by a callow but dangerous youth, and a curmudgeonly deputy. In "Rio Bravo," these roles were admirably filled by Dean Martin, Ricky Nelson, and Walter Brennan. In "El Dorado," the Duke once again takes on the gunfighter role, but is joined this time by Robert Mitchum, James Caan, and Arthur Hunnicutt. Nothing wrong with that lineup, even though Caan can't sing like Ricky (Mitchum could probably do a fair imitation of ol' Dino, though). Like "Rio Bravo," this one is directed by Howard Hawks who liked to steal from his own movies. Several scenes in "El Dorado" are nearly exact duplicates of moments from "Rio Bravo" (Mitchum blasts holes into a piano when he suspects that the pianist's off-key playing denotes fear of the killer hidden behind it, whereas Martin found his prey in a saloon balcony after spotting blood dripping into a shot glass). "El Dorado" is faster paced than the first film, but then it has a shorter running time. It's a pleasure through and through, but "Rio Bravo" is superior. In the latter film, you almost feel that you're holed up with the Duke, Dino, Ricky, and Walter, rather than just watching them. Was the above review useful to you? 28 out of 40 people found the following review useful: The big one with The Duke and The Look--Wayne and Mitchum together from Front Royal, VA 10 January 1999 "El Dorado" pairs up two great movie stars in their element-the western. This was the first time John Wayne and Robert Mitchum had co-starred in a western, and the result was good, solid western entertainment. One wishes it could have happened again. The Duke plays Cole Thorton, a gunman, who has been hired by a land baron in Texas to assist in taking over some much-needed water land, and, if necessary, put an end to interference that the sheriff, played by Mitchum, would offer. Unbeknownst to the land baron, Thorton and J.P.Harrah are friends from the war, and Thorton decides to ride away from the job. A few months later, Thorton returns to El Dorado to warn Harrah that a new threat will be coming to the town, and he finds that the sheriff has become the town drunk, due to a fouled-up romance. Thorton now has to help J. P. get his skill back, prevent the range war from busting out, while keeping a young sidekick, Mississippi, played by James Caan, alive and healthy. There is also a good performance turned in by Arthur Hunnicutt, as Bull, J.P.'s deputy who stands by the sheriff, even in times of drunken sprees. There are some similar elements to other Wayne films, notably "Rio Bravo" and "Rio Lobo", but the chance to watch two big stars work off each other, makes this one easy to take. Was the above review useful to you? 22 out of 29 people found the following review useful: As entertaining as a western could be. from Omaha, NE USA 20 August 2006 It's hard not to smile as you watch this film play itself out. There are just too many fine actors and top notch performances contained in this film for it to be anything but outstanding. Howard Hawks knows just how to harness this story and give each actor room enough to strut his stuff. John Wayne plays a hired gun who comes to the aid of a drunken sheriff played to perfection by Robert Mitchum. By Wayne's side is a young man (James Caan) packing a nasty scatter-gun, and also at their disposal is a grizzled Indian fighter deputy (Arthur Hunnicutt). The four do battle with an evil land owner (Ed Asner), his hired gun (Christopher George), and several other gunslingers looking for trouble. A rival family of landowners named the MacDonalds are being pressured by Asner and his cronies. Wayne and Co. take their side, and all hell breaks loose in El Dorado. The film is crisply paced, well-written, and the acting as good as you might expect. Even actors like Caan and Asner who might seem out of their element fit right in and hold their own. Wayne is as watchable as ever. It's a treat just to hear him say the word "Mississippi" every time he refers to Caan. Mitchum has the more demanding of the two lead roles, and it's no wonder Wayne wanted that role for himself. The toughest thing our heroes are faced with is sobering him up as he has become the laughing stock of the town he is supposed to protect. Arthur Hunnicutt, as Mitchum's deputy, seems to get a lot of the good lines and more than proves his worth when things get tough. Another person who stands out is Michele Carey who portrays one of the MacDonald clan. I'd never really heard of her before, but the woman is stunningly beautiful. She plays a resourceful woman out to kick some Asner butt. Between the numerous shootouts, there are wonderful scenes where you can tell the stars are just happy to stand together in front of the camera. There are a few scenes that really weren't beaten to death by the genre and actually look original. A shootout involving church bells was something I hadn't seen before, though I'm hardly an expert in western lore. I wouldn't be surprised to find that someone had done it before, but it really worked in this film. Also, it was neat to see Caan blow some of the bad guys to shreds with his shotgun. That was an under-utilized weapon in old western films. His brief impersonation of a Chinaman is bound to offend some, but it's actually quite entertaining. If you love a good western, you must not miss El Dorado. Even if you don't normally watch them, you might also find it more than worth your time. 9 of 10 stars. 28 January 2013 El Dorado (1966) A brilliant movie. I hate to use an overused word, or to seem over the top here. But I really thought Howard Hawks created an arguably better version of "Rio Bravo" by doing two key things. One is using two leads who had great mature chemistry together, John Wayne and Robert Mitchum. The other is using James Caan as a more convincing and slightly less frivolous sidekick instead of Ricky Nelson in the earlier version. Many people will disagree and that's fine--my point is this is a terrific and somewhat overlooked film. Not that the plots of the two are identical, and you might really blame the director/producer for doing a cheap attempt at a hit, without total originality. The fact is, he succeeds so well you don't mind. Everything is first rate. Even the humor as it gets more and more slapstick and out of keeping with the very serious beginnings of the film is so at ease and warm you like and want the companionship to continue. Hawks and his actors create a setting and a situation that is almost homey, against the odds. And this is in an era when the American Western is all but dead (the great Spaghetti Westerns were now coming out). Critical to the success is the great cinematography by Harold Rosson, who filmed so many classic movies it's hard to know where to start (but start with "The Wizard of Oz" and "Singin' in the Rain"). This is his last film, and he never stops pushing boundaries. There are not only beautiful scenes in the little towns or the shots from the belltower near the end, but some innovative ones. The big theme here is a common one in Westerns--a group of bad guys with guns is out to take something from a group of good common folk. But the solution is notable, and pushed to a limit. That is, the problem is solved through camaraderie and friendship, through trust. And by joining in the cause even if there is no reward, and even though death is not unlikely. It's a story that is oversimplified, of course, but it feels good. Where some Anthony Mann Westerns and the famous Zinnemann "High Noon" often have evil or selfish or cowardly people all around the protagonist, here there is only a sense that good will prevail, and by persistence and teamwork. Wayne is at his best here. He's often at his best, I suppose, since he's so consistent, but this shows a strong, smart, wise character that is probably the true Wayne. He's tough and funny and believes in what is right. Period. And I think Hawks knew how to make Wayne look and act his best, and Mitchum seemed to also resonate well. For his part, Mitchum is a terrific derelict sheriff, not overacting, making it reasonable and his character sympathetic. The two have a lot of scenes together and they seem to enjoy themselves without quite breaking into grins on camera. Finally it should be said that the story line is rich and complex. Yes it follows certain common themes and clichés, but it continually twists them up. The first twenty minutes are a harrowing ride of upturned expectations, and the plot really has its teeth sunk into misunderstandings and mistakes that take on huge ramifications. Well written, well paced dialog, well done. One weakness in both "El Dorado" and "Rio Bravo" is the lead woman in each case, meant to be a "type" of course but in "El Dorado" coming off as weirdly modern in both sensibility and make-up. I mean cosmetics. Even more glaring is the crazy 1966 hair and eyeliner on a younger woman in the story, who is terrific overall but just seems out of place. You might say the same for Caan, too, but he plays his part with such idiosyncratic verve you accept him as a legitimate oddball. Why not just see "Rio Bravo" instead, since it carries similar themes, and Hawks and Wayne as well, and has a superior reputation? Go ahead. "Rio Bravo" is a more serious drama, and is terrific. But if you have access to this one (and the streaming Netflix copy is superb), then I'd plunge in. Highly rated, and still underrated. Was the above review useful to you? Page 1 of 10:	Robert Mitchum
What could be a hasty kiss, a dry goods measure or a nip with a beak	El Dorado -- (Movie Clip) Still Drunk You will receive an email shortly to confirm your email address. El Dorado -- (Movie Clip) Still Drunk title details and video sharing options now playing El Dorado -- (Movie Clip) Still Drunk Bull (Arthur Hunnicutt), Thornton (John Wayne) and Mississippi (James Caan) observe the effects of an anti-drinking formula they've given to Sheriff J.P. Harrah (Robert Mitchum) in Howard Hawks' El Dorado, 1967. View the TCMDb entry for El Dorado (1967) share video El Dorado -- (Movie Clip) Still Drunk Bull (Arthur Hunnicutt), Thornton (John Wayne) and... Bull (Arthur Hunnicutt), Thornton (John... El Dorado -- (Movie Clip) Still Drunk Bull (Arthur Hunnicutt), Thornton (John Wayne) and Mississippi (James Caan) observe the effects of an anti-drinking formula they've given to Sheriff J.P. Harrah (Robert Mitchum) in Howard Hawks' El Dorado, 1967.> A gunfighter and a drunken sheriff take... El Dorado -- (Original Trailer) John Wayne and Robert Mitchum take on a corrupt cattle baron in Howard Hawks' El Dorado (1967).> El Dorado (1967) -- (Movie Clip) Big Fella Sheriff J.P. Harrah (Robert Mitchum) checks in with his old... Sheriff J.P. Harrah (Robert Mitchum)... El Dorado (1967) -- (Movie Clip) Big Fella Sheriff J.P. Harrah (Robert Mitchum) checks in with his old friend Cole Thornton (John Wayne), a big laugh for saloon-keeper Maudie (Charlene Holt), early in Howard Hawks' El Dorado, 1967. >	i don't know
Which word will prefix the following, sighted, bread, and hand	Word roots: The web's largest root words and prefix directory aerate - to let air reach something; aerial - relating to the air; aerospace - the air space agr/i/o Latin Greek agriculture - management of the land, agribusiness - making money by utilizing land; agrarian - relating to the management of land alg/o pain Latin neuralgia - pain caused by a nerve; analgesic - a drug that makes one pain free; nostalgia - aching for the familiar ambi, amphi both, on both sides, around Latin ambidextrous - able to use both hands equally; ambiguous - having more than one meaning; ambivalence - conflicting or opposite feelings toward a person or thing ambul walk, move Latin amble - to walk in a slow, relaxed way; ambulant - walking or moving around; ambulance - a vehicle that moves a patient ami/o aquarium - a water container for fish; aquatic- relating to water; aqueduct - a pipeline for water arbor tree Latin arborist - someone working with trees; arbor - a shady area formed by trees; arborous - having many trees arch/i chief, most important, rule Greek archbishop - the highest ranking bishop; archenemy - chief or worst enemy; matriarch - a female who rules a group; monarch - a king or queen arch/a/i primitive, ancient Greek archaeology - the study of ancient cultures; archaic - belonging to an earlier period; archive - a collection of historical materials arthr/o Latin Greek arthroscope - a tool to see inside a joint; arthritis - inflammation of a joint; arthropod - invertebrates with jointed legs, like spiders, crustaceans, insects art skill Latin artifact - object made by a person's skill; artisan - a person skilled in a craft; artist - a person who creates skillfully astro, star, stars, outer space Greek astronaut - a person traveling to the stars; astronomer - someone who studies the stars; asterisk - a star-shaped sign used as a reference tool aud/i/io hear Latin audible - loud enough to be heard; audience - people who listen to a program; audiovisual - relating to sound and vision auto self, same, one Greek autocrat - a person who governs with absolute power; autograph - a person's own signature; automatic - moving by itself avi/a bird Latin aviary - a large enclosure for birds; aviatrix - a female airplane pilot; aviation - the art of designing or operating aircraft bar/o pressure, weight Greek baric - pertaining to pressure, esp. of the atmosphere; milliard - metric unit, equal to 1/1000th of a bar; baryon - heavy elementary particle bell/i bellicose - warlike; belligerent - hostile, ready to fight; rebel - person who opposes and fights bene good, well Latin benefactor - person who gives money to a cause; beneficial - producing a good effect; benevolent - showing kindness or goodwill bi/n two, twice, once in every two Latin biannual - happening twice a year; binoculars - optical device with two lenses; bilateral - of or involving two sides bibli/o book Greek bibliography - a list of books used as sources; bibliomania - an extreme love of books; bibliophile - a person who loves books bio life, living matter Greek biography- a life story written by another person; biology - the science of life; biosphere - Earth's surface inhabited by living things blast/o cell, primitive, immature cell Greek blastula - an early stage of embryonic development; fibroblast - a cell that forms connective tissue; blastoderm - the layer surrounding the inside of an egg burs pouch, purse Latin bursar- an administrative officer in charge of funds; bursary- the treasury of a college or monastery; disburse- to expend especially from a public fund calc stone Latin calcite; calcium- the flame of acetylene gas generated by reaction of calcium carbide with water; calcification- impregnation with calcareous matter cand glowing, iridescent Latin candid- free from bias, prejudice, or malice; candle- something that gives light; incandescent- white, glowing, or luminous with intense heat capt, cept, ceive centennial- the 100th anniversary; centimeter - 1/100 of a meter; century - 100 years centr/o/i center Greek egocentric - self-centered; eccentric - not having a common center, not according to norm; centrifugal - moving outward from a center cephal/o head Greek encephalitis - inflammation of the brain; cephalic - pertaining to the head; cephalopod - marine mollusks like octopus and squid who have tentacles growing from their head cerebr/o brain Latin cerebral - pertaining to the brain; cerebrate - to use the brain; cerebrospinal - pertaining to the brain and the spinal cord cert sure Latin ascertain- to find out something with certainty; certain - being absolutely sure; certify - to state that something is true chrom/o chromat/o, chros demitasse - a small cup of coffee; demimonde - someone of little respected life style dendr/o/i tree Greek philodendron - a climbing plant that grows on trees; dendrochronology - dating events by studying growth rings in trees; dendriform - in the shape of a tree dent, dont tooth Latin dental - relating to teeth; dentist - a doctor for the teeth; dentures - a set of false teeth derm/a skin Greek dermatologist - a doctor for the skin; pachyderm - a class of animals with very thick skin (elephant, rhinoceros); dermatitis - inflammation of the skin di/plo two, twice Greek dichromatic - displaying two colors; diploma - a certificate, literally "a letter folded double"; dilemma - a situation that requires a choice between two alternatives. di/s not, to the opposite Latin digression - a departure from the main issue, subject; disappear - to move out of sight; dissect - to cut apart piece by piece. dia apart, across Greek diabetes - disease characterized by excessive thirst and discharge of urine; diagnosis - understanding a condition by going through a detailed review of symptoms; dialog - conversation between two people. dict speak Latin contradict - to express the opposite of; prediction - a statement foretelling the future; dictate - to speak out loud for another person to write down. domin master Latin dominate - to be the master of; domineering - excessively controlling; predominate - to have more power than others don/at give Latin donation - a contribution or gift; donor - someone who gives something; pardon - to give forgiveness for an offense duc/t lead Latin conduct - to lead musicians in playing music; educate - to lead to knowledge; deduction - a subtraction of an amount. du/o two, twice Latin duplicate - make an identical copy; duet - a musical composition for two voices or instruments; duo - a pair normally thought of as being together. dur harden, to last, lasting Latin durable - having the quality of lasting; duration - the length of time something lasts; enduring - able to last. dyn/a/am egoistic - self-centered; alter ego - a higher aspect of oneself; egomania - excessive preoccupation with oneself. em, en empathy - intention to feel like another person; empower - put into power; engorge - make larger. endo within, inside Greek endotherm - a creature that can keep its inside temperature fairly constant; endocrine - relating to glands that secrete directly into the blood or lymph; endogamy - the custom to marry within one's clan, tribe etc. enn/i, anni years Latin bicentennial - of or relating to an age or period of 200 years; centennial - of or relating to an age or period of 100 years; perennial -lasting through many years. en, in to, outside Greek epidemic - the rapid spread of something negative; epilogue - a short speech delivered after a play; epicenter - the center of an earthquake. equ/i equal, equally Latin equidistant - an equal distance from two points; equanimity - calm temperament, evenness of temper; equation - a statement of equality. erg/o work Greek ergonomics - study of the working environment; energy - the power to accomplish work; energetics - science that looks at energy and its transformation. esth/aesth feeling, sensation, beauty Latin esthetician - someone who beautifies; aesthetic - pertaining to a sense of beauty; kinesthesia - the sensation of bodily movement. ethno race, people Greek ethnic - pertaining to a defined group of people; ethnocentric - focusing on the ethnicity of people; ethnology - the science of people and races. eu good, well Greek euphemism - replacing an offensive word with an inoffensive one; euphonious - having a pleasant sound; euphoria - feeling of well-being. ex confide - place trust in someone, fidelity - faithfulness; fiduciary - a trustee; flect bend Latin deflect - to bend course because of hitting something; inflection - a bending in the voice's tone or pitch; flexible - easily bending. flor/a, flower Latin florist - someone working with flowers; floral - flowerlike; flora - the plant life of a particular time or area for the meaning of a word) forsaken or forfeited - completely lost; forgiven - completely given (a release of debt). fore in front of, previous, earlier forebear - ancestor; forebode - to give an advance warning of something bad; forecast - a preview of events to be. form shape Latin conformity- correspondence in form, manner, or character; formation- something that is formed; reformatory- intended for reformation fract, frag break Latin fracture - a break; fragile - easy to break; fragment or fraction - a part or element of a larger whole; fug flee, run away, escape Latin fugitive - a person who is running away; refuge - a sheltered place to flee to; refugee - a person seeking protection funct perform, work Latin defunct - no longer working or alive; function - to work or perform a role normally; malfunction - to fail to work correctly. fus pour Latin confusion - being flooded with too much information that is hard to make sense of; fuse - to melt by heating; infuse - to put into. gastr/o stomach Greek gastric - pertaining to the stomach; gastronomy - serving the stomach by providing good food; gastritis - inflammation of the stomach. gen/o/e/ formation, kind Greek genealogy - the study of the history of a family; generation - all the people born at approximately the same time; genetic -relating to heredity encoded in the genes. geo earth, soil, global Greek geography - study of the earth's surface; geology - study of the structure of the earth; geoponics - soil based agriculture. ger old age Greek geriatrics - medicine pertaining to the elderly; gerontocracy - the rule of the elders; gerontology - the science of aging. giga a billion Greek gigabyte - unit of computer storage space; gigahertz - unit of frequency (one billion Hz/sec); gigawatt unit of electric power (one billion watts). gon Latin Greek decagon - a polygon with 10 angles; diagonal - a slanting line running across a space; octagon - a geometrical figure with 8 angles. gram letter, written Greek diagram - a simple drawing; grammar - rules of how to write words in sentences; telegram - a message sent by telegraph. gran grain Latin granary- a storehouse or repository for grain especially after it is threshed or husked; granola- a mixture of rolled oats and other ingredients; granule- a little grain (as of sugar) graph/y writing, recording, written Greek Graphology - the study of handwritings; autograph - written with one's own hand; seismograph - a machine noting strength and duration of earthquakes. grat hyperactive - very restless; hypercritical - too critical; hypertension - above normal pressure. hyp/o under Greek hypoglycemia - an abnormally low level of sugar in the blood; hypothermia - abnormally low body temperature; hypothesis - a theory that is unproven but used under the assumption that it is true. iatr/o medical care Greek geriatrics - medical care of the elderly; pediatrician - a doctor who treats children; podiatry - medical care for feet. icon/o Latin Greek icon - an (often religious) image, in modern usage a simplified graphic of high symbolic content; iconology - science of symbols and icons; iconoclast - someone who destroys religious images and traditional beliefs. idio peculiar, personal, distinct Greek idiomatic - Peculiar to a particular language; idiosyncracy - a physical or mental characteristic typical or a particular person; idiot - someone who is distinctly foolish or stupid. il, in in, into Latin illuminate - to give light to; innovation - a new idea, method, or device; inspection - the act of examining or reviewing. ig, il, im, irredeemable - not redeemable; irreformable - not reformable; irrational - not rational. iso equal isobar - a line on a map connecting points of equal barometric pressure; isometric - having equality of measure; isothermal - having equal or constant temperature. ject throw Latin eject - to throw someone/something out; interject - to throw a remark into a discussion; project - to cast or throw something. jud law Latin judgment - a decision of a court of law; judicial - having to do with judges or courts of law; judiciary - a system of courts of law. junct join Latin conjunction - a word that joins parts of sentences; disjunction - a disconnection; junction - a place where two things join. juven liberate - to set free; libertine - a person with a free, wild lifestyle; liberty - freedom. lingu language, tongue Latin linguist - one who studies languages; multilingual - able to communicate in multiple languages; linguine - long, flat "tongue-shaped" pasta. lip/o fat Greek liposuction - the mechanical removal of fat reserves in the tissue; lipase - enzyme that breaks down fat; lipoid - resembling fat. lite, ite, mineral, rock, fossil Greek apatite - a group of common minerals; granite - a hard, granular rock; monolith - a remarkable, unique stone. loc place Latin dislocate - to put something out of its usual place; location - a place; relocate - to move to a new place. log/o word, doctrine, discourse Greek logic - correct reasoning; monologue - a long speech by one speaker;analogy - similarity, especially between things otherwise dissimilar. loqu, locu command - an order or instruction; demand - a hard-to-ignore order; mandate - an official order. mania excessive desire Greek bibliomania - a crazy love of books; egomania - a mad love of oneself; maniac an insane person. mar/i sea Latin marina - a harbor for pleasure boats; maritime - relating to the sea; submarine - an undersea boat; aquamarine - color of sea water. mater, mother Latin maternal - relating to motherhood; maternity - the state of being a mother; matriarch - a woman head of a household. max greatest Latin maximal - the best or greatest possible; maximize - to make as great as possible; maximum - the greatest amount. medi middle Latin medieval - pertaining to the Middle Ages; medium - in the middle; mediocre - only of medium (inferior) quality. mega great, large, million Greek megalopolis - an area with many nearby cities; megaphone - a device that projects a loud voice; megastructure - huge building or other structure. melan/o black Greek melancholy - a state of dark emotions; melanoma - malignant dark tumor of the skin; melodrama - a dark, pathetic drama. memor/i remember Latin commemorate - to honor the memory of, as by a ceremony; memorial - related to remembering a person or event; memory: an ability to retain knowledge or an individual's stock of retained knowledge. merge, dip, dive Latin immerge or immerse - to put or dip something into a liquid; submerge to dip something completely into wate.r meso audiometer- an instrument that measures hearing acuteness; chronometer- an instrument that measures time; metric - measured. micro very small, short, minute Greek microbe - a very small living thing; microchip - a tiny wafer with an integrated circuit; microscope - a device to see very small things. mid Latin Greek midriff - the area between the chest and the waist; midterm - middle of a term in school; midway - halfway between. migr move Latin immigrant - a person who moves to a new country to settle; migrant - person who moves from place to place; migration - the process of moving. milli onethousandth Latin millimeter - one thousandth of a meter; millibar - one thousandth of a bar; milliliter - one thousandth of a liter. min/i mini - something that is very small; minuscule - extremely tiny; minutiae - very small or trivial details. mis/o to hate Greek misbehave - to behave badly; misprint - an error in printing; misnomer - an error in naming a person or thing. miss, mit send, let go Latin dismiss - to send someone away; missile - a weapon sent into the air; emit - to send something out; admittance - entry. mob move Latin immobilize - to stop from moving; mobile - able to move freely; mobility - the quality of being able to move. mon/o one, single, alone Greek monochromat - having one color; monologue - a speech spoken by one person; monotheism - belief in one god. mot, mov move Latin motion - the act of moving; motivate - to move someone to action; promote to move someone forward; removable - able to be taken or carried away. morph/o form Greek metamorphosis - complete change of form; endorphins - chemical in the brain able to transform pain; amorphous - without distinct shape or form. mort innate - included since birth; natal - relating to birth; natural - gotten at birth, not afterward. nav ship Latin circumnavigate - to sail around a place; naval - relating to a navy or warships; navigate - to sail a ship through a place. necr/o dead, death Greek necrophil - loving death; necrosis - the death of tissue due to disease or injury; necrology - a list of persons who have recently died. neg no Latin negate - to say it didn't happen; negative - meaning "no"; renege - to go back on a promise. neo new, recent neoclassic - a revival of classic form, neocolonialism - the indirect ("new") economical and political control of a region by a more powerful foreign power; neonatal - a newborn child, especially the first few weeks. nephr/o kidney Greek nephritis - inflammation of the kidneys; nephrotomy - surgical incision of a kidney; nephron - a single, excretory unit in the kidney. neur/o nerve Greek neuralgia - pain along a nerve; neurologist - doctor specializing in the nerves; neurotic - mental disorder that usually does not include an impaired perception of reality. nom/in name Latin misnomer - an error in naming a person or thing; nominal - being something in name only but not in reality; nominate - to name for election or appointment, to designate. non nondescript - with no special characteristics; nonfiction - true, real, not made-up; nonsense - without sense. not mark Latin notable - marked as worthy of attention; notarize - to certify a signature on a legal document; annotate - to add remarks. noun, declare Latin announce - to declare in public; denounce - to proclaim harsh criticism; enunciate - to speak or declare something clearly. nov new Latin innovate - to introduce a new way; novelty - something new; novice - a person who is new at a job; renovate - to make something like new again. numer number Latin enumerate - to name a number of items on a list; numerology - the study of magical uses of numbers; numerous - a large number. ob, op in the way, against Latin object - to be against something; obscure - hard to understand; opposition - the act of resistance or action against. oct/a/o eight Greek octagon - a figure with 8 sides and 8 angles; octogenarian - person in his or her 80s; octopus - sea animal with 8 arms. ocu omnipotent - with all the power; omniscient - knowing all things; omnivorous eating all foods. op/t/s eye, visual condition, sight Greek optic - relating to the eyes; optician - a person who fits eyeglasses; autopsy - the examination of a dead body. opt best Latin optimal - the best, the most desirable; optimize - to make the best of; optimum - the best something could be. ortho straight Greek orthodontist - a dentist that straightens teeth; orthopedic - a doctor concerned with the proper alignment of the bones; orthography - the correct way of writing. osteo bone Greek osteoarthritis - inflammation caused by degeneration of the joints; osteopathy - therapy that uses among others manipulation of the skeleton to restore health; osteology - the study of bones. out oxymoron - combining two ideas that sharply contradict each other; oxidize - corrode a surface. pale/o ancient Greek paleontology - study of ancient fossils; paleography - the study of ancient forms of writing; Paleolithic - period of the Stone Age. pan all, any, everyone Greek panacea - a cure for all diseases or problems; panorama - an all-around view; pantheism - the worship of all gods; pandemic - affecting all. para assistant Greek parasite - an organism that lives on and off another living being; parallel - alongside and always an equal distance apart; paragraph - a portion of a writtenn document that presents a distinct idea. para parachute - protection from falling; parasol - an umbrella used to protect from the sun; pater, paternal - relating to fathers; paternity - fatherhood; patriarch - a man who rules a group. path feeling, emotion antipathy - a feeling of great dislike; apathy - a lack of feeling or interest; empathy - ability to understand another's feelings. ped/i/e foot, feet Latin pedal - a lever pushed by the foot; pedestrian - one who walks; pedicure - cosmetic treatment of feet and toes. pel drive, force Latin compel - to force someone to act; expel - to drive someone out of a place; repel - to force back. pent/a five Greek pentagon - shape having 5 angles and 5 sides, pentagram - a five-pointed star formerly used as a symbolic figure in magic; pentathlon - an athletic contest that includes five events. pept, dyspepsia - abnormal digestion; peptic - aiding digestion; pepsin - a digestive enzyme. per through, throughout Latin permanent - lasting throughout all time; permeate - to spread throughout; persist - to continue for a long time; perennial - lasting through many years. peri around, enclosing Greek periodontal - pertaining to bone and tissue around a tooth; peripheral - lying outside of the center; perimeter - the outer boundary of an area. phag/e to eat Greek esophagus - muscular tube that carries food to the stomach; anthropophagy or sarcophagy - cannibalism; xylophagous - feeding on wood. phil/o love, friend Greek philanthropist - one who loves humanity; philology - the love of words; philosophy - the love of wisdom; bibliophil - loving books. phon/o sound Greek cacophony - loud, unpleasant sounds; microphone - a device that records and amplifies sound; phonetic - relating to human speech sounds. phot/o light Greek photogenic - caused by light; photograph - image made on light-sensitive film; photon - the smallest possible unit of light. phyll/o leaf Greek chlorophyll - a group of green pigments found in leaves; phyllotaxis - the arrangement of leaves on a stem; phyllite - a rock that forms sheets, similar to slate. phys physical - relating to the body; physician - a doctor; physique - nature and shape of one's body. phyt/o/e plant, to grow Greek epiphyte - a plant growing independently on the surface of another; hydrophyte - a plant that grows only in water; neophyte - a beginner, especially a person recently converted to a new belief. plas/t/m forming cells Greek protoplasm - something that is the first made or formed, also the living portion of a cell; plastic - able to be formed, especially when warm; plaster - a mixture of lime, sand and water that forms a smooth solid covering for walls. plaud, plod, plaus, plos approve, clap Latin applaud- to show approval of especially by clapping the hands; explosion- an act of exposing something as invalid or baseless; plausible- worthy of being applauded pneum/o pneumonia - inflammation of the lungs; pneumatic - using the force of air; dyspnea - difficulty breathing. pod/e foot Greek podiatrist - a doctor for the feet; podium - a small platform to stand on; tripod - a stand or frame with 3 legs. poli city Greek metropolis - a large city; police - people who work for the government to maintain order in a city; politics - actions of a government or political party. poly many, more than one Greek polychrome - with many colors; polyglot - a person fluent in many languages; polygon - shape with 3 or more straight sides. pon place, put Latin opponent - a person who places him/herself against an action, idea, etc.; postpone - to put off doing something. pop people Latin popular - appealing to a lot of people; population - all of the people who live in a particular area; populist - a supporter of the rights of people. port carry Latin export - to carry goods out of a place to another; portable - able to be carried; porter - a person who carries luggage. pos place, put Latin deposit - to place or drop something; expose to place out into the open for all to see; position - the place where someone is. post after, behind Latin posthumous - after someone's death; postpone - to delay something; postscript - an addition to an already completed document. pre earlier, before, in front of Latin preamble - a part in front of a formal document; prepare - to get ready in advance; prediction - a statement foretelling the future. pro Greek Latin prognosis - a prediction of what will happen; prologue - a passage before the main part; prophet - a person who foretells the future. prot/o primitive, first, chief Greek prototype - the first of a kind; proton - on of the very basic parts of an atom; protocol - a first draft from which a document is prepared. pseud/o wrong,false Greek pseudonym - a fictitious name; pseudoscience - theories presumed without proof of a scientific nature; pseudopregnancy - a false pregnancy. psych/o mind, mental Greek psyche - the human spirit or soul; psychic - relating to the human mind or someone who has supernatural mental abilities; psychology - the study of the mind. pugn/a, pugnacious - having a quarrelsome or aggressive nature; repugnant - distasteful, offensive or revolting; pungent - piercing. pul urge compulsion - a very strong urge; expulsion - to someone out; impulsive - having a spontaneous urge to do something. purg clean Latin purge - remove anything undesirable; purgatory - according to Roman Catholics a place where souls must clean themselves of sin; expurgate - remove objectionable passages from a publication. put think Latin computer - an electronic thinking device; dispute - to disagree with what another person thinks; input - contribution of one's thinking. pyr/o fire, heat Greek pyrotechnics - the art of making fireworks; pyrometer - a thermometer for measuring high temperature; pyretic - relating to or producing fever. quad/r/ri four Latin quadrant - open space with buildings on 4 sides; quadrennium - period of 4 years; quadruped - a 4-footed animal. quart fourth Latin quarter - one fourth; quart - a fourth of a gallon; quartet - a musical composition or group involving 4 voices or instruments. quin/t five, fifth Latin quintett - a composition for 5 voices or instruments; quintessence - pure essence, based on the ancient philosophy that there was a fifth element that was present in all things; quintuple - fivefold. radic, root Latin eradicate - pull out at the roots; radical - fundamental, looking at things from a drastic point of view; radish - an edible root of the mustard family. radio radioactive - emitting radiation; radiologist - someone diagnosing or treating via radiation. ram/i branch Latin ramification - the resulting consequence of a decision; ramify - to spread or branch out; ramus - a branchlike part. re again, back, backward Latin rebound -to spring back again; rewind - to wind something backward; reaction: a response; recognize: to identify someone or something seen before. reg guide, rule Latin regent - a person who rules on behalf of a king or queen; regime - a government that rules; regulate - to apply a rule. retro backward, back Latin retroactive - relating to something in the past; retrogress - to go back to an earlier condition; retrospect - the remembering of past events. rhin/o nose Greek rhinoceros - a species of animals with a big horn on the snout; rhinoplasty - surgery of the nose; rhinovirus - viruses that are causing the common cold. rhod/o red Greek rhododendron - a flower with red/pink flowers; rhodium - an element which produces a red solution; rhodopsin - a purple pigment in the retina that is needed for vision. rid laugh Latin deride - to make fun of someone; ridicule - to make fun or mock; ridiculous - silly, causing laughter. rrh/ea Latin Greek diarrhea - abnormally excessive bowl movement; hemorrhage - heavy blood flow; catarrh - inflammation of a mucous membrane, especially the nose and throat. rub red Latin ruby - deep red color and a precious stone of the same color; rubella - measles; bilirubin - reddish pigment in bile. rupt break, burst Latin bankrupt - unable to pay because you're "broke"; interrupt - to break into a conversation or event, to disturb; rupture - a break in something. san health Latin sane - mentally healthy; sanitary - relating to cleanliness and health; sanitation - maintenance of public health and cleanliness. scend climb, go Latin ascend - to climb upward; crescendo - a climbing up of the volume of music; descend - to go or climb down. sci conscience - sense of knowing right from wrong; conscious - knowing what is happening; omniscient - knowing everything. scler/o hard Greek arteriosclerosis - hardening of the arterial walls; multiple sclerosis - disease which causes the tissue of the brain and spinal cord to harden; sclerometer - instrument for measuring hardness. scop/e/y see, examine, observe Greek microscope - a device used to see tiny things; periscope - a seeing instrument on a submarine; telescope - a device used to see over a distance. scrib, write, written Latin inscribe - to write letters or words on a surface; scribe - a person who writes out documents; describe - to represent with words or pictures. se apart Latin secede - to formally break away from; seclude - to keep away from; serum - a liquid isolated out of another. sect cut Latin dissect - to cut apart piece by piece; intersection - the place or point where two things cross each other; bisect - to cut into two equal parts. sed, sid, sess sit Latin reside- be stationed; sediment- the matter that settles to the bottom of a liquid; session- an actual or constructive sitting of a body self of, for, or by itself self-discipline - the ability to discipline yourself; self-respect - respect for yourself; selfish concerned only with your own interests. semi half, partial Latin semiannual - every half year; semicircle - half a circle; semiconscious - partly conscious; semiannual - every half of a year. sept/i seven Latin September - this used to be the seventh month in the Roman calendar; septet - a group of seven musicians; septuagenarian - a person in his/her seventies. serv save, keep Latin conserve - to save or keep something safe; preserve - to save something; reservation - a place kept for a person. sex six Latin sextet or sextette - a composition or group of six, sextuple - sixfold; sexagenarian - person in his/her sixties. sol alone Latin desolate - lonely, dismal, gloomy; solitary - done alone, by yourself; solo - a performance done by one person alone. sol sun Latin solar - involving the sun; parasol - umbrella protecting from the sun; solarium - a room where one is exposed to sun light. somn/I insomnia - inability to fall asleep; somniloquy - talking in your sleep; somnolent - feeling sleepy. son sound Latin consonant - a speech sound; sonorous - producing loud, full, rich sounds; supersonic - faster than sound; unison - as one voice. soph wise Greek philosopher - a wise person; sophisticated - wise about the ways of the world; sophism - a clever but misleading argument. spec/t, see, look Latin circumspect - cautious, looking all around; retrospective - a looking back at past things; spectator - a person who sees an event. sphere ball Greek biosphere - the whole round surface of the earth; hemisphere - half the earth spherically shaped like a ball. spir breathe Latin inspire - to stimulate or animate; transpire - to give of vapor with waste product through the skin or a membrane; spirit - invisible life force. sta submarine - an underwater boat; submerge - to put underwater; substandard - inferior to accepted standards. sum highest Latin sum - the combined total of everything; summation - the total, highest amount; summit the highest point or top. super or quantity Latin Super bowl - the final annual football game; superior - above average, better in quality; supersonic - faster than the speed of sound. sy/m together, with, same Greek symmetry -similarity in size, form or arrangement; synergy - the combined effect; synchronize - to cause to occur at the same time. tact, tang touch Latin contact - a state in which two things touch; tactile - relating to the sense of touch; tangible - able to be touched; intact - with nothing missing. tax/o arrangement Greek syntax - the systematic arrangement of words; taxonomy - the science of classification; ataxia - loss of the ability to coordinate muscle action. techno technology - the practical application of knowledge; technocracy - rule of technology; technologically - characterized by technology. tel/e/o far, distant, complete Greek telephone - a device to talk to a distant person; telescope - a device to view distant objects; television - a device to receive pictures from afar; telecommuting - working remotely, bridging the distance via virtual devices. temp/or time Latin contemporary- existing at the same time; temporal - relating to time; temporary - lasting for a limited time. ten, tin, tent hold Latin continent- serving to restrain or limit; detention- the act or fact of detaining, tenacious- having parts or elements strongly adhering to each other ter, trit rub Latin attrition- the act of rubbing together or wearing down; detritus- a product of disintegration or wearing away; trite- used or occurring so often as to have lost interest, freshness, or force term/ina end, limit Latin determine - to find something out at the end of an investigation; terminate - to end; exterminate - to destroy or get rid of completely. terr/a/i extraterrestrial - existing outside the earth; terrain - ground or land; territory - an area of land. tetra four Latin tetrapod - having 4 legs; tetrarchy - government by 4 rulers; tetrose - a monosaccharide with four carbon atoms. the put Greek bibliotheca- a list or catalog of books; theme- a proposition for discussion or argument; thesis- a dissertation embodying results of original research and especially substantiating a specific view the/o god Greek monotheism - belief in one god; polytheism - worshiping more than one god; theology - the study of religion, god, etc. therm/o heat Greek thermal - relating to heat; thermos - an insulated jar that keeps heat in; thermostat - a device that controls heat. tort twist Latin contortion - a twisted shape or position; distort - to alter the shape or condition of; retort - reply in a manner that is supposed to change the effect of something previously said. tox poison Latin detoxification - the process of removing poisons; toxic - poisonous; toxicology - the study of poisons; intoxicated - influenced by drugs. tract pull, drag Latin attract - to pull objects nearer; distract - to drag attention away from something; tractor - a motor vehicle that pulls things. trans across,beyond, through Latin transcontinental - across the continent; transfer - to move from one place to another; transport - to carry something across a space. tri three, once in every three, third Greek Latin triangle - a figure with 3 sides and 3 angles; triathlon - an athletic contest with 3 events; tricycle - a 3-wheeI vehicle with pedals. ultra	Short
What could be a hole making tool, a mixed beverage or a blow	Word roots: The web's largest root words and prefix directory aerate - to let air reach something; aerial - relating to the air; aerospace - the air space agr/i/o Latin Greek agriculture - management of the land, agribusiness - making money by utilizing land; agrarian - relating to the management of land alg/o pain Latin neuralgia - pain caused by a nerve; analgesic - a drug that makes one pain free; nostalgia - aching for the familiar ambi, amphi both, on both sides, around Latin ambidextrous - able to use both hands equally; ambiguous - having more than one meaning; ambivalence - conflicting or opposite feelings toward a person or thing ambul walk, move Latin amble - to walk in a slow, relaxed way; ambulant - walking or moving around; ambulance - a vehicle that moves a patient ami/o aquarium - a water container for fish; aquatic- relating to water; aqueduct - a pipeline for water arbor tree Latin arborist - someone working with trees; arbor - a shady area formed by trees; arborous - having many trees arch/i chief, most important, rule Greek archbishop - the highest ranking bishop; archenemy - chief or worst enemy; matriarch - a female who rules a group; monarch - a king or queen arch/a/i primitive, ancient Greek archaeology - the study of ancient cultures; archaic - belonging to an earlier period; archive - a collection of historical materials arthr/o Latin Greek arthroscope - a tool to see inside a joint; arthritis - inflammation of a joint; arthropod - invertebrates with jointed legs, like spiders, crustaceans, insects art skill Latin artifact - object made by a person's skill; artisan - a person skilled in a craft; artist - a person who creates skillfully astro, star, stars, outer space Greek astronaut - a person traveling to the stars; astronomer - someone who studies the stars; asterisk - a star-shaped sign used as a reference tool aud/i/io hear Latin audible - loud enough to be heard; audience - people who listen to a program; audiovisual - relating to sound and vision auto self, same, one Greek autocrat - a person who governs with absolute power; autograph - a person's own signature; automatic - moving by itself avi/a bird Latin aviary - a large enclosure for birds; aviatrix - a female airplane pilot; aviation - the art of designing or operating aircraft bar/o pressure, weight Greek baric - pertaining to pressure, esp. of the atmosphere; milliard - metric unit, equal to 1/1000th of a bar; baryon - heavy elementary particle bell/i bellicose - warlike; belligerent - hostile, ready to fight; rebel - person who opposes and fights bene good, well Latin benefactor - person who gives money to a cause; beneficial - producing a good effect; benevolent - showing kindness or goodwill bi/n two, twice, once in every two Latin biannual - happening twice a year; binoculars - optical device with two lenses; bilateral - of or involving two sides bibli/o book Greek bibliography - a list of books used as sources; bibliomania - an extreme love of books; bibliophile - a person who loves books bio life, living matter Greek biography- a life story written by another person; biology - the science of life; biosphere - Earth's surface inhabited by living things blast/o cell, primitive, immature cell Greek blastula - an early stage of embryonic development; fibroblast - a cell that forms connective tissue; blastoderm - the layer surrounding the inside of an egg burs pouch, purse Latin bursar- an administrative officer in charge of funds; bursary- the treasury of a college or monastery; disburse- to expend especially from a public fund calc stone Latin calcite; calcium- the flame of acetylene gas generated by reaction of calcium carbide with water; calcification- impregnation with calcareous matter cand glowing, iridescent Latin candid- free from bias, prejudice, or malice; candle- something that gives light; incandescent- white, glowing, or luminous with intense heat capt, cept, ceive centennial- the 100th anniversary; centimeter - 1/100 of a meter; century - 100 years centr/o/i center Greek egocentric - self-centered; eccentric - not having a common center, not according to norm; centrifugal - moving outward from a center cephal/o head Greek encephalitis - inflammation of the brain; cephalic - pertaining to the head; cephalopod - marine mollusks like octopus and squid who have tentacles growing from their head cerebr/o brain Latin cerebral - pertaining to the brain; cerebrate - to use the brain; cerebrospinal - pertaining to the brain and the spinal cord cert sure Latin ascertain- to find out something with certainty; certain - being absolutely sure; certify - to state that something is true chrom/o chromat/o, chros demitasse - a small cup of coffee; demimonde - someone of little respected life style dendr/o/i tree Greek philodendron - a climbing plant that grows on trees; dendrochronology - dating events by studying growth rings in trees; dendriform - in the shape of a tree dent, dont tooth Latin dental - relating to teeth; dentist - a doctor for the teeth; dentures - a set of false teeth derm/a skin Greek dermatologist - a doctor for the skin; pachyderm - a class of animals with very thick skin (elephant, rhinoceros); dermatitis - inflammation of the skin di/plo two, twice Greek dichromatic - displaying two colors; diploma - a certificate, literally "a letter folded double"; dilemma - a situation that requires a choice between two alternatives. di/s not, to the opposite Latin digression - a departure from the main issue, subject; disappear - to move out of sight; dissect - to cut apart piece by piece. dia apart, across Greek diabetes - disease characterized by excessive thirst and discharge of urine; diagnosis - understanding a condition by going through a detailed review of symptoms; dialog - conversation between two people. dict speak Latin contradict - to express the opposite of; prediction - a statement foretelling the future; dictate - to speak out loud for another person to write down. domin master Latin dominate - to be the master of; domineering - excessively controlling; predominate - to have more power than others don/at give Latin donation - a contribution or gift; donor - someone who gives something; pardon - to give forgiveness for an offense duc/t lead Latin conduct - to lead musicians in playing music; educate - to lead to knowledge; deduction - a subtraction of an amount. du/o two, twice Latin duplicate - make an identical copy; duet - a musical composition for two voices or instruments; duo - a pair normally thought of as being together. dur harden, to last, lasting Latin durable - having the quality of lasting; duration - the length of time something lasts; enduring - able to last. dyn/a/am egoistic - self-centered; alter ego - a higher aspect of oneself; egomania - excessive preoccupation with oneself. em, en empathy - intention to feel like another person; empower - put into power; engorge - make larger. endo within, inside Greek endotherm - a creature that can keep its inside temperature fairly constant; endocrine - relating to glands that secrete directly into the blood or lymph; endogamy - the custom to marry within one's clan, tribe etc. enn/i, anni years Latin bicentennial - of or relating to an age or period of 200 years; centennial - of or relating to an age or period of 100 years; perennial -lasting through many years. en, in to, outside Greek epidemic - the rapid spread of something negative; epilogue - a short speech delivered after a play; epicenter - the center of an earthquake. equ/i equal, equally Latin equidistant - an equal distance from two points; equanimity - calm temperament, evenness of temper; equation - a statement of equality. erg/o work Greek ergonomics - study of the working environment; energy - the power to accomplish work; energetics - science that looks at energy and its transformation. esth/aesth feeling, sensation, beauty Latin esthetician - someone who beautifies; aesthetic - pertaining to a sense of beauty; kinesthesia - the sensation of bodily movement. ethno race, people Greek ethnic - pertaining to a defined group of people; ethnocentric - focusing on the ethnicity of people; ethnology - the science of people and races. eu good, well Greek euphemism - replacing an offensive word with an inoffensive one; euphonious - having a pleasant sound; euphoria - feeling of well-being. ex confide - place trust in someone, fidelity - faithfulness; fiduciary - a trustee; flect bend Latin deflect - to bend course because of hitting something; inflection - a bending in the voice's tone or pitch; flexible - easily bending. flor/a, flower Latin florist - someone working with flowers; floral - flowerlike; flora - the plant life of a particular time or area for the meaning of a word) forsaken or forfeited - completely lost; forgiven - completely given (a release of debt). fore in front of, previous, earlier forebear - ancestor; forebode - to give an advance warning of something bad; forecast - a preview of events to be. form shape Latin conformity- correspondence in form, manner, or character; formation- something that is formed; reformatory- intended for reformation fract, frag break Latin fracture - a break; fragile - easy to break; fragment or fraction - a part or element of a larger whole; fug flee, run away, escape Latin fugitive - a person who is running away; refuge - a sheltered place to flee to; refugee - a person seeking protection funct perform, work Latin defunct - no longer working or alive; function - to work or perform a role normally; malfunction - to fail to work correctly. fus pour Latin confusion - being flooded with too much information that is hard to make sense of; fuse - to melt by heating; infuse - to put into. gastr/o stomach Greek gastric - pertaining to the stomach; gastronomy - serving the stomach by providing good food; gastritis - inflammation of the stomach. gen/o/e/ formation, kind Greek genealogy - the study of the history of a family; generation - all the people born at approximately the same time; genetic -relating to heredity encoded in the genes. geo earth, soil, global Greek geography - study of the earth's surface; geology - study of the structure of the earth; geoponics - soil based agriculture. ger old age Greek geriatrics - medicine pertaining to the elderly; gerontocracy - the rule of the elders; gerontology - the science of aging. giga a billion Greek gigabyte - unit of computer storage space; gigahertz - unit of frequency (one billion Hz/sec); gigawatt unit of electric power (one billion watts). gon Latin Greek decagon - a polygon with 10 angles; diagonal - a slanting line running across a space; octagon - a geometrical figure with 8 angles. gram letter, written Greek diagram - a simple drawing; grammar - rules of how to write words in sentences; telegram - a message sent by telegraph. gran grain Latin granary- a storehouse or repository for grain especially after it is threshed or husked; granola- a mixture of rolled oats and other ingredients; granule- a little grain (as of sugar) graph/y writing, recording, written Greek Graphology - the study of handwritings; autograph - written with one's own hand; seismograph - a machine noting strength and duration of earthquakes. grat hyperactive - very restless; hypercritical - too critical; hypertension - above normal pressure. hyp/o under Greek hypoglycemia - an abnormally low level of sugar in the blood; hypothermia - abnormally low body temperature; hypothesis - a theory that is unproven but used under the assumption that it is true. iatr/o medical care Greek geriatrics - medical care of the elderly; pediatrician - a doctor who treats children; podiatry - medical care for feet. icon/o Latin Greek icon - an (often religious) image, in modern usage a simplified graphic of high symbolic content; iconology - science of symbols and icons; iconoclast - someone who destroys religious images and traditional beliefs. idio peculiar, personal, distinct Greek idiomatic - Peculiar to a particular language; idiosyncracy - a physical or mental characteristic typical or a particular person; idiot - someone who is distinctly foolish or stupid. il, in in, into Latin illuminate - to give light to; innovation - a new idea, method, or device; inspection - the act of examining or reviewing. ig, il, im, irredeemable - not redeemable; irreformable - not reformable; irrational - not rational. iso equal isobar - a line on a map connecting points of equal barometric pressure; isometric - having equality of measure; isothermal - having equal or constant temperature. ject throw Latin eject - to throw someone/something out; interject - to throw a remark into a discussion; project - to cast or throw something. jud law Latin judgment - a decision of a court of law; judicial - having to do with judges or courts of law; judiciary - a system of courts of law. junct join Latin conjunction - a word that joins parts of sentences; disjunction - a disconnection; junction - a place where two things join. juven liberate - to set free; libertine - a person with a free, wild lifestyle; liberty - freedom. lingu language, tongue Latin linguist - one who studies languages; multilingual - able to communicate in multiple languages; linguine - long, flat "tongue-shaped" pasta. lip/o fat Greek liposuction - the mechanical removal of fat reserves in the tissue; lipase - enzyme that breaks down fat; lipoid - resembling fat. lite, ite, mineral, rock, fossil Greek apatite - a group of common minerals; granite - a hard, granular rock; monolith - a remarkable, unique stone. loc place Latin dislocate - to put something out of its usual place; location - a place; relocate - to move to a new place. log/o word, doctrine, discourse Greek logic - correct reasoning; monologue - a long speech by one speaker;analogy - similarity, especially between things otherwise dissimilar. loqu, locu command - an order or instruction; demand - a hard-to-ignore order; mandate - an official order. mania excessive desire Greek bibliomania - a crazy love of books; egomania - a mad love of oneself; maniac an insane person. mar/i sea Latin marina - a harbor for pleasure boats; maritime - relating to the sea; submarine - an undersea boat; aquamarine - color of sea water. mater, mother Latin maternal - relating to motherhood; maternity - the state of being a mother; matriarch - a woman head of a household. max greatest Latin maximal - the best or greatest possible; maximize - to make as great as possible; maximum - the greatest amount. medi middle Latin medieval - pertaining to the Middle Ages; medium - in the middle; mediocre - only of medium (inferior) quality. mega great, large, million Greek megalopolis - an area with many nearby cities; megaphone - a device that projects a loud voice; megastructure - huge building or other structure. melan/o black Greek melancholy - a state of dark emotions; melanoma - malignant dark tumor of the skin; melodrama - a dark, pathetic drama. memor/i remember Latin commemorate - to honor the memory of, as by a ceremony; memorial - related to remembering a person or event; memory: an ability to retain knowledge or an individual's stock of retained knowledge. merge, dip, dive Latin immerge or immerse - to put or dip something into a liquid; submerge to dip something completely into wate.r meso audiometer- an instrument that measures hearing acuteness; chronometer- an instrument that measures time; metric - measured. micro very small, short, minute Greek microbe - a very small living thing; microchip - a tiny wafer with an integrated circuit; microscope - a device to see very small things. mid Latin Greek midriff - the area between the chest and the waist; midterm - middle of a term in school; midway - halfway between. migr move Latin immigrant - a person who moves to a new country to settle; migrant - person who moves from place to place; migration - the process of moving. milli onethousandth Latin millimeter - one thousandth of a meter; millibar - one thousandth of a bar; milliliter - one thousandth of a liter. min/i mini - something that is very small; minuscule - extremely tiny; minutiae - very small or trivial details. mis/o to hate Greek misbehave - to behave badly; misprint - an error in printing; misnomer - an error in naming a person or thing. miss, mit send, let go Latin dismiss - to send someone away; missile - a weapon sent into the air; emit - to send something out; admittance - entry. mob move Latin immobilize - to stop from moving; mobile - able to move freely; mobility - the quality of being able to move. mon/o one, single, alone Greek monochromat - having one color; monologue - a speech spoken by one person; monotheism - belief in one god. mot, mov move Latin motion - the act of moving; motivate - to move someone to action; promote to move someone forward; removable - able to be taken or carried away. morph/o form Greek metamorphosis - complete change of form; endorphins - chemical in the brain able to transform pain; amorphous - without distinct shape or form. mort innate - included since birth; natal - relating to birth; natural - gotten at birth, not afterward. nav ship Latin circumnavigate - to sail around a place; naval - relating to a navy or warships; navigate - to sail a ship through a place. necr/o dead, death Greek necrophil - loving death; necrosis - the death of tissue due to disease or injury; necrology - a list of persons who have recently died. neg no Latin negate - to say it didn't happen; negative - meaning "no"; renege - to go back on a promise. neo new, recent neoclassic - a revival of classic form, neocolonialism - the indirect ("new") economical and political control of a region by a more powerful foreign power; neonatal - a newborn child, especially the first few weeks. nephr/o kidney Greek nephritis - inflammation of the kidneys; nephrotomy - surgical incision of a kidney; nephron - a single, excretory unit in the kidney. neur/o nerve Greek neuralgia - pain along a nerve; neurologist - doctor specializing in the nerves; neurotic - mental disorder that usually does not include an impaired perception of reality. nom/in name Latin misnomer - an error in naming a person or thing; nominal - being something in name only but not in reality; nominate - to name for election or appointment, to designate. non nondescript - with no special characteristics; nonfiction - true, real, not made-up; nonsense - without sense. not mark Latin notable - marked as worthy of attention; notarize - to certify a signature on a legal document; annotate - to add remarks. noun, declare Latin announce - to declare in public; denounce - to proclaim harsh criticism; enunciate - to speak or declare something clearly. nov new Latin innovate - to introduce a new way; novelty - something new; novice - a person who is new at a job; renovate - to make something like new again. numer number Latin enumerate - to name a number of items on a list; numerology - the study of magical uses of numbers; numerous - a large number. ob, op in the way, against Latin object - to be against something; obscure - hard to understand; opposition - the act of resistance or action against. oct/a/o eight Greek octagon - a figure with 8 sides and 8 angles; octogenarian - person in his or her 80s; octopus - sea animal with 8 arms. ocu omnipotent - with all the power; omniscient - knowing all things; omnivorous eating all foods. op/t/s eye, visual condition, sight Greek optic - relating to the eyes; optician - a person who fits eyeglasses; autopsy - the examination of a dead body. opt best Latin optimal - the best, the most desirable; optimize - to make the best of; optimum - the best something could be. ortho straight Greek orthodontist - a dentist that straightens teeth; orthopedic - a doctor concerned with the proper alignment of the bones; orthography - the correct way of writing. osteo bone Greek osteoarthritis - inflammation caused by degeneration of the joints; osteopathy - therapy that uses among others manipulation of the skeleton to restore health; osteology - the study of bones. out oxymoron - combining two ideas that sharply contradict each other; oxidize - corrode a surface. pale/o ancient Greek paleontology - study of ancient fossils; paleography - the study of ancient forms of writing; Paleolithic - period of the Stone Age. pan all, any, everyone Greek panacea - a cure for all diseases or problems; panorama - an all-around view; pantheism - the worship of all gods; pandemic - affecting all. para assistant Greek parasite - an organism that lives on and off another living being; parallel - alongside and always an equal distance apart; paragraph - a portion of a writtenn document that presents a distinct idea. para parachute - protection from falling; parasol - an umbrella used to protect from the sun; pater, paternal - relating to fathers; paternity - fatherhood; patriarch - a man who rules a group. path feeling, emotion antipathy - a feeling of great dislike; apathy - a lack of feeling or interest; empathy - ability to understand another's feelings. ped/i/e foot, feet Latin pedal - a lever pushed by the foot; pedestrian - one who walks; pedicure - cosmetic treatment of feet and toes. pel drive, force Latin compel - to force someone to act; expel - to drive someone out of a place; repel - to force back. pent/a five Greek pentagon - shape having 5 angles and 5 sides, pentagram - a five-pointed star formerly used as a symbolic figure in magic; pentathlon - an athletic contest that includes five events. pept, dyspepsia - abnormal digestion; peptic - aiding digestion; pepsin - a digestive enzyme. per through, throughout Latin permanent - lasting throughout all time; permeate - to spread throughout; persist - to continue for a long time; perennial - lasting through many years. peri around, enclosing Greek periodontal - pertaining to bone and tissue around a tooth; peripheral - lying outside of the center; perimeter - the outer boundary of an area. phag/e to eat Greek esophagus - muscular tube that carries food to the stomach; anthropophagy or sarcophagy - cannibalism; xylophagous - feeding on wood. phil/o love, friend Greek philanthropist - one who loves humanity; philology - the love of words; philosophy - the love of wisdom; bibliophil - loving books. phon/o sound Greek cacophony - loud, unpleasant sounds; microphone - a device that records and amplifies sound; phonetic - relating to human speech sounds. phot/o light Greek photogenic - caused by light; photograph - image made on light-sensitive film; photon - the smallest possible unit of light. phyll/o leaf Greek chlorophyll - a group of green pigments found in leaves; phyllotaxis - the arrangement of leaves on a stem; phyllite - a rock that forms sheets, similar to slate. phys physical - relating to the body; physician - a doctor; physique - nature and shape of one's body. phyt/o/e plant, to grow Greek epiphyte - a plant growing independently on the surface of another; hydrophyte - a plant that grows only in water; neophyte - a beginner, especially a person recently converted to a new belief. plas/t/m forming cells Greek protoplasm - something that is the first made or formed, also the living portion of a cell; plastic - able to be formed, especially when warm; plaster - a mixture of lime, sand and water that forms a smooth solid covering for walls. plaud, plod, plaus, plos approve, clap Latin applaud- to show approval of especially by clapping the hands; explosion- an act of exposing something as invalid or baseless; plausible- worthy of being applauded pneum/o pneumonia - inflammation of the lungs; pneumatic - using the force of air; dyspnea - difficulty breathing. pod/e foot Greek podiatrist - a doctor for the feet; podium - a small platform to stand on; tripod - a stand or frame with 3 legs. poli city Greek metropolis - a large city; police - people who work for the government to maintain order in a city; politics - actions of a government or political party. poly many, more than one Greek polychrome - with many colors; polyglot - a person fluent in many languages; polygon - shape with 3 or more straight sides. pon place, put Latin opponent - a person who places him/herself against an action, idea, etc.; postpone - to put off doing something. pop people Latin popular - appealing to a lot of people; population - all of the people who live in a particular area; populist - a supporter of the rights of people. port carry Latin export - to carry goods out of a place to another; portable - able to be carried; porter - a person who carries luggage. pos place, put Latin deposit - to place or drop something; expose to place out into the open for all to see; position - the place where someone is. post after, behind Latin posthumous - after someone's death; postpone - to delay something; postscript - an addition to an already completed document. pre earlier, before, in front of Latin preamble - a part in front of a formal document; prepare - to get ready in advance; prediction - a statement foretelling the future. pro Greek Latin prognosis - a prediction of what will happen; prologue - a passage before the main part; prophet - a person who foretells the future. prot/o primitive, first, chief Greek prototype - the first of a kind; proton - on of the very basic parts of an atom; protocol - a first draft from which a document is prepared. pseud/o wrong,false Greek pseudonym - a fictitious name; pseudoscience - theories presumed without proof of a scientific nature; pseudopregnancy - a false pregnancy. psych/o mind, mental Greek psyche - the human spirit or soul; psychic - relating to the human mind or someone who has supernatural mental abilities; psychology - the study of the mind. pugn/a, pugnacious - having a quarrelsome or aggressive nature; repugnant - distasteful, offensive or revolting; pungent - piercing. pul urge compulsion - a very strong urge; expulsion - to someone out; impulsive - having a spontaneous urge to do something. purg clean Latin purge - remove anything undesirable; purgatory - according to Roman Catholics a place where souls must clean themselves of sin; expurgate - remove objectionable passages from a publication. put think Latin computer - an electronic thinking device; dispute - to disagree with what another person thinks; input - contribution of one's thinking. pyr/o fire, heat Greek pyrotechnics - the art of making fireworks; pyrometer - a thermometer for measuring high temperature; pyretic - relating to or producing fever. quad/r/ri four Latin quadrant - open space with buildings on 4 sides; quadrennium - period of 4 years; quadruped - a 4-footed animal. quart fourth Latin quarter - one fourth; quart - a fourth of a gallon; quartet - a musical composition or group involving 4 voices or instruments. quin/t five, fifth Latin quintett - a composition for 5 voices or instruments; quintessence - pure essence, based on the ancient philosophy that there was a fifth element that was present in all things; quintuple - fivefold. radic, root Latin eradicate - pull out at the roots; radical - fundamental, looking at things from a drastic point of view; radish - an edible root of the mustard family. radio radioactive - emitting radiation; radiologist - someone diagnosing or treating via radiation. ram/i branch Latin ramification - the resulting consequence of a decision; ramify - to spread or branch out; ramus - a branchlike part. re again, back, backward Latin rebound -to spring back again; rewind - to wind something backward; reaction: a response; recognize: to identify someone or something seen before. reg guide, rule Latin regent - a person who rules on behalf of a king or queen; regime - a government that rules; regulate - to apply a rule. retro backward, back Latin retroactive - relating to something in the past; retrogress - to go back to an earlier condition; retrospect - the remembering of past events. rhin/o nose Greek rhinoceros - a species of animals with a big horn on the snout; rhinoplasty - surgery of the nose; rhinovirus - viruses that are causing the common cold. rhod/o red Greek rhododendron - a flower with red/pink flowers; rhodium - an element which produces a red solution; rhodopsin - a purple pigment in the retina that is needed for vision. rid laugh Latin deride - to make fun of someone; ridicule - to make fun or mock; ridiculous - silly, causing laughter. rrh/ea Latin Greek diarrhea - abnormally excessive bowl movement; hemorrhage - heavy blood flow; catarrh - inflammation of a mucous membrane, especially the nose and throat. rub red Latin ruby - deep red color and a precious stone of the same color; rubella - measles; bilirubin - reddish pigment in bile. rupt break, burst Latin bankrupt - unable to pay because you're "broke"; interrupt - to break into a conversation or event, to disturb; rupture - a break in something. san health Latin sane - mentally healthy; sanitary - relating to cleanliness and health; sanitation - maintenance of public health and cleanliness. scend climb, go Latin ascend - to climb upward; crescendo - a climbing up of the volume of music; descend - to go or climb down. sci conscience - sense of knowing right from wrong; conscious - knowing what is happening; omniscient - knowing everything. scler/o hard Greek arteriosclerosis - hardening of the arterial walls; multiple sclerosis - disease which causes the tissue of the brain and spinal cord to harden; sclerometer - instrument for measuring hardness. scop/e/y see, examine, observe Greek microscope - a device used to see tiny things; periscope - a seeing instrument on a submarine; telescope - a device used to see over a distance. scrib, write, written Latin inscribe - to write letters or words on a surface; scribe - a person who writes out documents; describe - to represent with words or pictures. se apart Latin secede - to formally break away from; seclude - to keep away from; serum - a liquid isolated out of another. sect cut Latin dissect - to cut apart piece by piece; intersection - the place or point where two things cross each other; bisect - to cut into two equal parts. sed, sid, sess sit Latin reside- be stationed; sediment- the matter that settles to the bottom of a liquid; session- an actual or constructive sitting of a body self of, for, or by itself self-discipline - the ability to discipline yourself; self-respect - respect for yourself; selfish concerned only with your own interests. semi half, partial Latin semiannual - every half year; semicircle - half a circle; semiconscious - partly conscious; semiannual - every half of a year. sept/i seven Latin September - this used to be the seventh month in the Roman calendar; septet - a group of seven musicians; septuagenarian - a person in his/her seventies. serv save, keep Latin conserve - to save or keep something safe; preserve - to save something; reservation - a place kept for a person. sex six Latin sextet or sextette - a composition or group of six, sextuple - sixfold; sexagenarian - person in his/her sixties. sol alone Latin desolate - lonely, dismal, gloomy; solitary - done alone, by yourself; solo - a performance done by one person alone. sol sun Latin solar - involving the sun; parasol - umbrella protecting from the sun; solarium - a room where one is exposed to sun light. somn/I insomnia - inability to fall asleep; somniloquy - talking in your sleep; somnolent - feeling sleepy. son sound Latin consonant - a speech sound; sonorous - producing loud, full, rich sounds; supersonic - faster than sound; unison - as one voice. soph wise Greek philosopher - a wise person; sophisticated - wise about the ways of the world; sophism - a clever but misleading argument. spec/t, see, look Latin circumspect - cautious, looking all around; retrospective - a looking back at past things; spectator - a person who sees an event. sphere ball Greek biosphere - the whole round surface of the earth; hemisphere - half the earth spherically shaped like a ball. spir breathe Latin inspire - to stimulate or animate; transpire - to give of vapor with waste product through the skin or a membrane; spirit - invisible life force. sta submarine - an underwater boat; submerge - to put underwater; substandard - inferior to accepted standards. sum highest Latin sum - the combined total of everything; summation - the total, highest amount; summit the highest point or top. super or quantity Latin Super bowl - the final annual football game; superior - above average, better in quality; supersonic - faster than the speed of sound. sy/m together, with, same Greek symmetry -similarity in size, form or arrangement; synergy - the combined effect; synchronize - to cause to occur at the same time. tact, tang touch Latin contact - a state in which two things touch; tactile - relating to the sense of touch; tangible - able to be touched; intact - with nothing missing. tax/o arrangement Greek syntax - the systematic arrangement of words; taxonomy - the science of classification; ataxia - loss of the ability to coordinate muscle action. techno technology - the practical application of knowledge; technocracy - rule of technology; technologically - characterized by technology. tel/e/o far, distant, complete Greek telephone - a device to talk to a distant person; telescope - a device to view distant objects; television - a device to receive pictures from afar; telecommuting - working remotely, bridging the distance via virtual devices. temp/or time Latin contemporary- existing at the same time; temporal - relating to time; temporary - lasting for a limited time. ten, tin, tent hold Latin continent- serving to restrain or limit; detention- the act or fact of detaining, tenacious- having parts or elements strongly adhering to each other ter, trit rub Latin attrition- the act of rubbing together or wearing down; detritus- a product of disintegration or wearing away; trite- used or occurring so often as to have lost interest, freshness, or force term/ina end, limit Latin determine - to find something out at the end of an investigation; terminate - to end; exterminate - to destroy or get rid of completely. terr/a/i extraterrestrial - existing outside the earth; terrain - ground or land; territory - an area of land. tetra four Latin tetrapod - having 4 legs; tetrarchy - government by 4 rulers; tetrose - a monosaccharide with four carbon atoms. the put Greek bibliotheca- a list or catalog of books; theme- a proposition for discussion or argument; thesis- a dissertation embodying results of original research and especially substantiating a specific view the/o god Greek monotheism - belief in one god; polytheism - worshiping more than one god; theology - the study of religion, god, etc. therm/o heat Greek thermal - relating to heat; thermos - an insulated jar that keeps heat in; thermostat - a device that controls heat. tort twist Latin contortion - a twisted shape or position; distort - to alter the shape or condition of; retort - reply in a manner that is supposed to change the effect of something previously said. tox poison Latin detoxification - the process of removing poisons; toxic - poisonous; toxicology - the study of poisons; intoxicated - influenced by drugs. tract pull, drag Latin attract - to pull objects nearer; distract - to drag attention away from something; tractor - a motor vehicle that pulls things. trans across,beyond, through Latin transcontinental - across the continent; transfer - to move from one place to another; transport - to carry something across a space. tri three, once in every three, third Greek Latin triangle - a figure with 3 sides and 3 angles; triathlon - an athletic contest with 3 events; tricycle - a 3-wheeI vehicle with pedals. ultra	i don't know
In the film Summer Holiday with Cliff Richard what was the planned destination of the London bus that they were travelling in	LiveLeak.com - Excerpts from the film 'Summer Holiday' Cliff Richard-1962 Excerpts from the film 'Summer Holiday' Cliff Richard-1962 Source from WiKi... Plot ---- The story concerns Richard and his mates (Hayes, Green and Bulloch) who are bus mechanics at a London Transport bus overhaul works in Aldenham, Hertfordshire. During a miserably wet British summer lunch break, they have the idea converting a London Transport double-decker bus into a holiday caravan which they drive across the European continent. Their final destination is Athens. On the way, they are joined by a girl trio (Stubbs, Hart and Daryl) and a runaway singer (Lauri Peters), pursued by her mother (Ryan) and agent (Murton). The movie was a huge box-office hit, thus repeating the success of Richard's earlier film The Young Ones (1961). Summer Holiday is a British musical released in 1962, featuring singer Cliff Richard. The musical was directed by Peter Yates (his debut) and was produced by Kenneth Harper for the Associated British Studios at Elst Loading the player ...	Athens
The zinnia is a member of which flower family	Big green bus: Double-decker transformed into caravan holiday home \| Daily Mail Online comments It is a feat which would put Cliff Richard to shame. A bright green bus with 600,000 miles on the clock has been saved from the scrapyard - and turned into a holiday cottage. The 31-year-old double decker boasts two double bedrooms, carpets, sofas, a kitchen, idyllic country views and even a log-burning stove in a creation reminiscent of the 1963 hit film Summer Holiday. Not your average campervan: Carpenter Adam Collier-Woods, 42, bought this bright green double decker bus on eBay for £4,500 and and turned it into a holiday let with a kitchen, bedrooms and even a log burner Summer Holiday: Bus 2464 entered service in 1982 and was almost sent for scrap. Its owner now lets it out to up to six people at a campsite in Wealden, East Sussex - with the remains of the seats still intact Cosy: The bedrooms on the top deck swap sticky floors for carpets and include a vintage lemonade advert In the film Cliff Richard played a bus mechanic who turned an iconic red London double decker into a touring campervan and drove it across Europe. The Metro Cammell Weymann metrobus was the same sickly green colour as it is now when carpenter Adam Collier-Woods, 42, bought it on eBay for £4,500. RELATED ARTICLES Share this article Share One of more than 4,000 buses of its type, it entered service in 1982 with route number 2464 and spent almost 30 years on the streets of Coventry, Birmingham and Hull. It clocked up 600,000 miles - almost the distance to the moon and back. Mr Collier-Woods spent six months full-time on the project and scoured homeware shops for matching cushions and paint, spending more than £10,000. He said: 'I saw an old double decker rotting in a farmer's field while driving through the countryside last Christmas. By the time I was home I had already planned in my head how it could be done. Unusual: Most buses today have little room for pushchairs, but this one has found space for a log-burning stove Watching the world go by: The £15,000 project includes an original seat on the top deck with idyllic views Parts of the 31-year-old bus could be mistaken for a 1970s caravan - but it is far more sprawling than that Snug: The double and bunk beds on the top deck call to mind the carriage of an old-fashioned sleeper train Mr Collier-Woods spent £10,000 fitting out the bus - and finding green furnishings to match the paint 'I had a look on eBay and found that double deckers were not as expensive as I would have thought, so bought one for £4,500. 'I quite simply wanted to give people the experience of staying something like this, and I think people are interested because it's the type of bus they may have taken to school.' He named it the Big Green Bus and lets it out starting at £150 a night at a rural campsite in Wealden, East Sussex. With an extra pair of bunk beds - at the back of the top deck for the naughty children - the unique 'cottage' sleeps up to six people. The carpenter added: 'It was hard to do and it took up all my time for over six months. 'I ran out of money and had to take a carpentry job to raise more cash which put more pressure on the deadline. 'If I'd have known just how hard it was going to be I probably would have thought twice before taking it on, but I had blind enthusiasm, and thank God I did. 'The whole project is one massive recycling exercise. The bus was coming to the end of its working life and would have been scrapped. But I saved it from a horrible death and turned it into something amazing'. Back row boys: The holiday let's green sofas give new meaning to hanging around at the rear of the bus Instead of having to inch past passengers with their shopping, Adam's punters see vintage advertisements No paraffin stove here: The bus goes one better than a campervan and includes a full-scale oven for guests It may seem unorthodox, but the bus's size gives it a natural advantage over other modes of camping Tickets please! Parts of the bus which were installed when it entered service in Coventry in 1982 are still intact Hold tight: The stairs to the upper deck have been decorated with a collage of photos of the sea Mr Collier-Woods spent £15,000 on the project but wanted to keep it like a bus which people took to school On the buses: The bus calls to mind Cliff Richard's 1963 hit film Summer Holiday. He played a mechanic who transformed a London double decker into a holiday campervan and drove it across Europe to Athens The Big Green Bus now lives on a campsite in Wealden, East Sussex. Its creator, carpenter Adam Collier-Woods, 42, said: 'The whole project is one massive recycling exercise. I saved it from a horrible death'	i don't know
What was the first domesticated beast of burden	HISTORY OF THE DOMESTICATION OF ANIMALS Enjoy the Famous Daily Horses: 3000 BC Humans acquire their most important single ally from the animal kingdom when they domesticate the horse, in about 3000 BC. Wild horses of various kinds have spread throughout most of the world by the time human history begins. Their bones feature among the remains of early human meals, and they appear in cave paintings with other animals of the chase. Some of their earliest fossil remains have been found in America, but after arriving across the Bering Land Bridge they become extinct in that continent. They are reintroduced by European colonists in the 16th century. A natural habitat of the wild horse is the steppes of central Asia. Here, with its ability to move fast and far, it can gallop out of harm's way and make the most of scarce grazing. And here, some 5000 years ago, humans first capture, tame and breed the horse. The original purpose, as with cattle, is to acquire a reliable source of meat and subsequently milk. But then, in a crucial development, tribesmen discover that they have at their disposal a means of transport. With a horse beneath him, man's ability to move is improved out of all recognition. The next comparable moment in the story of human speed does not arrive for another 5000 years - with steam trains. The first domesticated horses are of a size which we would describe as ponies. Horses of this kind were still living in the wild in Mongolia until quite recent times. Discovered there in the 1870s, and named Przewalski's horse , they survive now only in zoos. The entire range of horses known to us, from the mighty carthorse down to the smallest ponies, is the result of human breeding. Other wild breeds, now extinct, have been added to the stock. One such example is the tarpan, which was the native breed in Europe. Asses: 3000 BC At much the same time as the wild horse is being domesticated in the region of the Black Sea and the Caspian, its cousin the ass or donkey (a member of the same equus family) is tamed in Egypt . At this time the donkey appears to have roamed wild in northeast Africa and up through the Fertile Crescent into Mesopotamia . So both horse and the ass, from north and from south, become available to two of the earliest civilizations - in Mesopotamia and Egypt. Silk moths: 3000 BC In China an indigenous silk moth is co-opted for man's purposes. Bombyx mori is still the only insect to have been fully domesticated (in the sense that, unlike the bee , it cannot live in the wild and is not known in a wild form). The silk moth has lost the power to fly; its caterpillar can find no mulberry leaves for itself. The species exists, and survives, only because humans like silk. The earliest known silk from bombyx mori was found in a bamboo basket unearthed by archaeologists in China . Other pieces in the same basket were from wild silkworms. The fragments date from between 2850 and 2650 BC. Camels: 3000-1500 BC As beasts of burden and transport, camels occupy an important place alongside horses and donkeys. Two small members of the camel family, the llama and the alpaca of south America, are domesticated first - probably before 3000 BC. At that time both species appear to have been on the verge of extinction. Domestication by the American Indians saves them. Neither the llama nor the alpaca exists now in the wild. The larger of the two, the llama, is primarily a beast of burden, while the shaggy alpaca is valuable for its wool. Neither animal is strong enough to pull a plough or drag a cart - two important steps in the story of civilization which are denied to the early Americans. In the parched regions of north Africa and Asia two different species of camel become the most important beasts of burden - the single-humped Arabian camel (in north Africa, the Middle East, India) and the double-humped Bactrian camel (central Asia, Mongolia). Both are well adapted to desert conditions. They can derive water, when none is available elsewhere, from the fat stored in their humps. It is probable that they are first domesticated in Arabia some time after 1500 BC. By about 1000 BC caravans of camels are bringing precious goods up the west coast of Arabia, linking India with the Mediterranean and Mesopotamia. Poultry and pigeons: 2000 BC The red jungle fowl, a member of the pheasant family, lives in the forests and bamboo jungles of India and southeast Asia. The male makes an impressive crowing sound and is dignified by a comb on his head and wattles under his beak. Jungle fowl of this kind are captured and kept for their eggs and their flesh by about 2000 BC in Asia. It is thought that all domestic poultry in the world today are descended from this one species. At much the same period, in Egypt, pigeons are first persuaded to live and breed in the proximity of humans - again as a reliable source of protein. But some 3000 years later it is discovered that they have an extra and unusual talent. Some of them can be trained to fly home. Elephants: 2000 BC India is the region where elephants are first tamed, during the Indus civilization . The two species of elephant are at this time widespread - the Indian elephant throughout temperate Asia as far west as Syria, and the African elephant in regions north and south of the Sahara. (The mammoth has become extinct by the end of the last glacial period, about 10,000 years ago - partly through climatic changes and partly at the hands of human hunters.) It is not known when elephants are first trained to take part in war, but by the 3rd century BC they are a valuable military force in both India and north Africa . An ability to learn tricks also makes the elephant a performing animal, popular in the arena of the Roman circus . The honey of the bee: before the 6th century BC No doubt hunter-gatherers , when they find the honey of bees in a hollow tree, often risk a sting for the pleasure of sweetness. The story of beekeeping can be described as the search for safer and more convenient ways of robbing a bees' nest. The turning point in the domestication of the bee is the discovery that a swarm of bees can be coaxed into a specific nest - one designed by man for his own convenience in collecting the honey, and with it the useful substance of beeswax. It is not known when the beehive is first developed, but the Greeks in classical times use a design which for centuries remains standard in much of Europe. Known as a skep, it is a dome constructed from a continuous coil of woven straw - looking much like an upturned basket. It stands on a wooden platform with a hole in, through which the bees enter. The disadvantage of such a system is that the removal of the honey involves disturbing the nest of the bees. From the 17th century, when wooden hives come into use, extra chambers are added for the collection of honey. But the major improvement in beekeeping techniques is the achievement of a 19th-century clergyman, L.L. Langstroth . Rabbits: from the 1st century BC Since Roman times, if not before, people have encouraged rabbits to breed in captivity for the sake of their meat, and have then regretted doing so because of the animal's ability to burrow to freedom and eat the crops. The only safe place to keep rabbits is on an island. (Almost every island of the world has rabbits on, brought by humans to establish a living larder for passing ships.) Rabbits are inaccessible in their burrows, so man domesticates a species of polecat (in the form of the ferret) to flush them out. As early as the 1st century AD Pliny describes the use of ferrets in the Balearic islands, as the inhabitants struggle to control the rabbits (see Pliny and the ferrets ).	Ass
What is the name of the Jetson's dog	New Page 1 The passage from the Old Word to the New World in the Columbian Exchange was made by animals as well as humans. Both the non-domesticated and the domesticated animals made an impact on the New World. For example some of these impacts were the transformation of the grasslands and revolutionizing of labor. Overgrazing by enormous herds of sheep was the reasons for the transformation of the grasslands and the availability of horse, ass, and ox were responsible for the new power force for the land. They difference between the animals on the different sides of the Atlantic was extraordinary. The natives only had a few animal servants. They had the dog, two kinds of South American Camels, the guinea pig, and several kinds of fowls. Before the Columbian Exchange the natives had no beast of burden and did their hard labor entirely on their own. On Columbusï¿½s second voyage in 1493 he brought horses, dogs, pigs, cattle, chickens, sheep, and goats. When the explorers brought the new animals across the ocean it introduced a whole new means of transportation, a new labor form, and a new food source. The animals were rarely troubled by the diseases the humans were. So while the humans died off, the animals were thriving on the rich wildlife. The pigs reproduced the fastest and served as meat for the explorers. Swine herds were found everywhere. In 1514, pigs had multiplied to about 30,000 in Cuba. The pig of this time was a little different then todayï¿½s pig, it was more like a speedy wild boar. Pizarro brought pigs with him to Peru in 1531. Also De Soto brought them with him to Florida, and the thirteen that he brought multiplied to seven hundred three years later. This just shows us how rapid they were reproducing. Horses were extremely plentiful in Europe, especially on the Iberian Peninsula. The explorers brought their horses across the ocean with them because it was such an essential part of their lives. The first horses arrived with Columbus in 1493. The voyage across the Atlantic was not an easy one for the horses because of their size. In the beginning the natives were frightened because they had never seen an animal of such size and power. When the explorers were massacring the natives, they horses took a large part in these battles. Not only for speed but because they still terrified the natives. The horse was an important carrier of information for the explorers as well. They eventually multiplied and became free in the wild. Three main grasslands that they occupied and multiplied were Pampas of Argentina, Llanos of Venezuela and Columbia, and the central plains of American West stretching from central Mexico to Canada. The cattle were another very important animal to the New World. They were brought to Mexico in 1521. They also were brought by Columbus on his second voyage in 1493. They were both domestic and wild. Many of the arriving colonists were already cattleman so they adapted well. The cattle were killed for their hides and also their meat. Their hides were shipped back to Europe and sold. Cattle were one of the biggest assets of the new world because of the exports and the meat. Their meat supplied the explorers with the nourishment they needed. One of their downfalls was they destroyed the nativeï¿½s crops because of trampling and grazing. The black rat came across to the New World by mistake. They would stowaway on ships and come across on the colonial ports. They were new to Bermuda and ended up almost destroying an entire colony. They carried the diseases that plagued the colonists. The diseases they carried were bubonic plague and typhus. In some places they killed off the native smaller animals. Along with most of the other animals, sheep came along with Columbus in 1493. They were more vulnerable to predators so they had a hard time multiplying. They had trouble protecting themselves and it was very rare for them to run wild. They also carried diseases that helped kill llamas and alpacas. Sheep and their wool were the basis of Americaï¿½s first factories. Camels never became popular in the New World. They were killed for food by escaped slaves and were extinct by 1615. There were goats as well but they werenï¿½t as important and often just lived in the wild. The donkeyï¿½s and mules were never as important as the horse. They were beasts of burden but just never as popular. Dogs and cats also came along with the explorers but were mostly domesticated. The importation of insects, as well as the rat, was by accident. Such insects as the Asian cockroach, Japanese beetle, Dutch elm disease, killer bees, and gypsy moth came across the Atlantic. There was an exchange from the New World to the Old World as well. Explorers brought back turkeys, llamas, alpacas, and guinea pigs to Europe. These animals did not have as much of an impact on the Old World as the animals brought to the New World had.	i don't know
By what name is the Nuffield Radio Astronomy Laboratory better known	50 years of the Lovell telescope Wednesday, 5 December 2007, 12:00AM 50 years of the Lovell telescope Professor Ian Morison Download this lecture A topical lecture about an icon of British science and technology as it passes its 50th anniversary. The lecture also gives an introduction to the art of radio astronomy and how it enables us to observe parts of the universe that optical telescopes cannot reach. Professor Ian Morison Ian Morison began his love of astronomy when, at the age of 12, he made a telescope out of lenses given to him by his optician. He attended Chichester High School and then went on to study Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy at Hertford College, Oxford. In September 1965, he became a research student at the University of Manchester's Jodrell Bank Observatory. In 1970 he was appointed to the staff of the Observatory and teaches astronomy at the University of Manchester. In 1990 he helped found the Macclesfield Astronomy Society which meets at the Observatory and later became president of the Society for Popular Astronomy, the UK's largest astronomical society. He remains on the Society's Council and holds the post of instrument advisor helping members with their choice and use of Telescopes. He lectures widely on astronomy, has co-authored books for amateur astronomers and writes regularly for the UK astronomy magazines Astronomy Now and Sky at Night. He also writes a monthly sky guide for the Observatory's web site and produces an audio version as part of the Jodrell Bank Podcast. He has contributed to many television programmes and is a regular astronomy commentator on local and national radio. Another activity he greatly enjoys is to take amateur astronomers on observing trips such as those to Lapland to see the Aurora Borealis and, last year, to Turkey to observe a total eclipse of the Sun. In 2003 the Minor Planets Committee of the International Astronomical Union named asteroid 15,727 in his honour citing his work with MERLIN, the world's largest linked array of radio telescopes, and that in searching for intelligent life beyond our Solar System in Project Phoenix. Ian is excited about the prospect of his time as Gresham Professor of Astronomy. He regards it as real challenge and expects it to play a major role in his life for the next three years. He will to give a wide variety of illustrated lectures ranging from how our understanding of the Universe has grown over the centuries to a gentle introduction to Einstein's theory of Gravity - now being tested to extreme accuracy by astronomers at Jodrell Bank. He realised that his love of observational astronomy could not easily be covered in the City of London, so has instituted a Gresham Astronomy Weekend at a 'dark sky' location in the Cotswolds which will take place in March each year. Read More Wednesday, 5 December 2007, 12:00AM Extra Lecture Materials This is part of the series: Astronomy lectures by Ian Morison Subjects 50 years of the Lovell telescope Professor Ian Morison 50 YEARS OF THE LOVELL TELESCOPE The Early days at Jodrell Bank In late 1945 Dr Bernard Lovell (as he then was) returned to Manchester University after working on the development of radar during the war years. His aim was to continue his researches into cosmic rays - highly energetic particles that enter the Earth's atmosphere from outer space. He had the idea that sporadic echoes sometimes received by military radars might be the result of cosmic rays entering the atmosphere and thus radar observations might provide a new way to continue his researches. Radar observations were not practical in the centre of Manchester so he took his ex-army radar system out to the University's Botanical Grounds at Jodrell Bank, some 20 miles to the south. By the middle of December 1945, the system was operating and his team was soon able to prove that the echoes were coming not from cosmic rays but from ionized meteor trails left behind when small particles, released from comets, are burnt up in the upper atmosphere of the Earth. Radar Antenna in the Botany Grounds. The Jodrell Bank Experimental Station. The observations continued and, to house the expanding staff and equipment, the Jodrell Bank Experimental Station was built in the field next to the Botanic Grounds. Lovell realised that a much more sensitive radio telescope would be required to detect cosmic rays and so, in 1947, the researchers built a large parabolic reflector, 66-m across, pointing upwards to observe the sky passing overhead. Called the Transit Telescope, it was then the largest radio telescope in the world. By angling the mast that carried the receiving aerials 126ft above the wire mesh surface it was possible to swing the beam. Thus, over a period of time, a broad strip of sky, carried overhead by the rotation of the Earth, could be observed. Echoes from cosmic ray showers were never detected, but instead they began to use the giant telescope to search for astronomical objects that emit radio waves. The telescope detected the remnant of "Tycho Brahe's" 1572 supernova in the constellation of Cassiopeia, invisible at optical wavelengths, and made the first detection of radio waves from the Andromeda galaxy - the first proven extragalactic radio source. The Jodrell Bank Experimerntal Station with 66m transit telescope at upper right. Building the MkI Telescope The 66.4-m transit telescope had proved a great success, but its barely steerable beam limited the observations that could be made with it. Lovell thus laid plans for an even larger telescope that would be "fully steerable" and so capable of observing the whole sky visible at Jodrell's latitude. Charles Husband, a consulting engineer from Sheffield with expertise in bridge building, joined Lovell to design a 76-m telescope which, like the transit telescope, would use a wire mesh bowl capable of making observations down to a wavelength of 1 metre. The original "wire mesh" design of the Mk1 Telescope However, in 1951, the design was changed. The 21 cm wavelength emission from the hydrogen atom had been detected, holding out the prospect of studying the spiral structure of the Milky Way and carrying out other fundamental research. This, together with a request from the Ministry of Defence for the telescope to be made capable of operation at the even shorter wavelength of 10 cm, resulted in the mesh design being abandoned for one with a smoother, solid steel, surface. This naturally increased the cost which was then compounded with a further modification to the design. Late during its construction, Lovell had given a talk about the telescope at the National Physical Laboratory. It was suggested to him that it would be sensible to test a model of the telescope in a wind tunnel as there was a chance that the bowl of the telescope might start to oscillate and break up in a similar manner to the Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge which had collapsed due to wind-induced vibrations in 1940. Tests proved that this would have been the case so a "wind stabilisation girder" had to be added below the bowl. As a result, the final cost of the telescope greatly exceeded the funding that had been provided for the telescope's construction. This was to cause major problems for the University of Manchester, eventually solved when Lord Nuffield (William Morris of Morris Cars) paid off the final debts. The upgraded design was, however, to prove invaluable in later years. In recognition of his gift, the Jodrell Bank Experimental Station became known as the Nuffield Radio Astronomy Laboratories and remained so until the year 2000 when the observatory became known as the Jodrell Bank Observatory. The MkI Radio telescope was nearing completion at the moment that the Russians launched the first Earth satellite, Sputnik 1, into space. A crash programme was instituted to complete the final commissioning along with the installation of low loss cables to the focus to allow the telescope to be used as a radar transmitter. On the 12th October 1957, the third stage of the rocket that had put Sputnik into orbit (and which was also orbiting the Earth) was conclusively detected as it passed over the Lake District. It was the only telescope in the western world capable of such a feat and instantly came to the attention of the world. The Mk 1 Telescope as built with its metal surface. It was some years before comparable radio telescopes were built in either Russia or the USA and so the telescope played a role helping both countries in their early forays into space. The telescope tracked the Lunar 2 spacecraft on its route to the Moon and proved that it had impacted on the surface - something the Americans had doubted. It was used by the Americans to receive telemetry from their first spacecraft to head towards the Moon. This project was supposed to be secret until the rockets were launched. However, large trailers bringing the equipment to Jodrell Bank from the USAF base at Burtonwood were spotted emblazoned on the side with "Jodrell Bank, U.S. Air Force, Project Able" and the secret was out! The first launch failed just after takeoff, but the second launch, on October 11th 1958, was successful and telemetry from the space probe, which came to be called the Pioneer 1, was received by the MkI telescope ten minutes after launch. Pioneer 1 did not reach the Moon as intended, but provided valuable data on the Earth's radiation belts. Collaboration with the Americans lasted until 1960 when a signal from the MkI telescope fused the bolts to release the Pioneer V spacecraft from its rocket, sent command signals to the probe and collected the scientific data transmitted from it whilst it travelled 35.4 million km into space. In early 1966, the Russians made the first soft landing on the Moon with their spacecraft Lunar 9. The form of the telemetry was recognised by the Jodrell Bank scientists and it was realised that, if we had access to a Mufax machine of the type used by newspapers to send monochrome images around the world, we might be able to receive pictures of the lunar surface. The Daily Express offices in Manchester sent one out to Jodrell Bank and an image was received from Lunar 9. This image was published across the whole of the Daily Express front page the next day - perhaps the first extraterrestrial scoop. The Russians were not well pleased, and thereafter encrypted their spacecraft transmissions! The role of the MkI in the defence of the United Kingdom During the years 1960 to 1963 the telescope was given the unexpected and, until recently, secret role to act as the United Kingdom's early warning radar. During this critical time in the cold war - which included the Cuban Missile Crisis - the Mk1 telescope was equipped with a very powerful radar system giving a 100 kW of peak power at frequencies of 300 MHz or 500 MHz. Using this radar a 10 cm2 target at a range of 500 km could have been easily detected! Should a time of national emergency have occurred with the possibility of nuclear war, the telescope would have been used to detect the echoes from missiles, targeted on the UK, launched from the Baltic States. This would have given us a warning of about 7 minutes allowing our Bomber Force to be scrambled and enable the population to move to positions of relative safety. It was thought that this could have saved several million lives. The discovery of Quasars Space tracking was, however, always a minor part of the work of the MkI Telescope. Its most valuable scientific contribution in the early years was, perhaps, its role in the discovery of quasars. In a series of experiments led by Dr Henry Palmer in the early 1960's the signals received with the Mark I were combined with those from smaller telescopes located at increasingly greater distances from Jodrell Bank. It was discovered that a number of the most powerful radio sources then known had extremely small angular sizes - so small, in fact, that they would appear as "stars" on a photographic plate. This meant that they were very hard to identify until their precise positions were found. The precise position was found when, fortuitously, it was occulted by the Moon in August 1962. Its position was found by noting the times when the quasar signal was, first, lost and then reappeared. From the positions of the Moon's leading and trailing limb at these two times the position was found to an accuracy of ~ 2 arc seconds. It was then possible for the 200" Hale Telescope on Mt Palomar to photograph it showing that a "jet" was seen to extend from the otherwise starlike object. From lunar occultation observations it was shown that the object had a very bright core at the heart of the object along with a jet as seen in the optical photograph. Maartin Schmidt was able to take a spectrum of the quasar and discovered that the Hydrogen Balmer lines (as discussed in the lecture "Colour in the Cosmos") were highly "redshifted". The unprecedented redshift indicated that it lies at a distance of ~ 2.4 billion light years! Some thoughts about redshifts In the lecture "Watchers's of the Skies", the blueshifts and redshifts measured by Slipher were regarded as being due to the Doppler effect. This would be perfectly correct when considering the blue shifts shown by the galaxies in the local group. However in the cases of galaxies beyond our local group there is a far better way of thinking about the cause of the redshifts that we see. As Hubble showed, the universe is expanding so that it would have been smaller in the past. In addition it is not right to think of the galaxies (beyond the movements of those in our local group) moving through space but, rather, that they are being carried apart by the expansion of space. A nice analogy is that of baking a current bun. The dough is packed with currents and then baked. When taken out of the oven the bin will (hopefully) be bigger and thus the currents will be further apart. They will not have moved through the dough, but will have been carried apart by the expansion of the dough. When a photon was emitted in a distant galaxy corresponding to a specific spectral line, the Universe would have been smaller. In the time it has taken that photon to reach us and the photon has travelled through space, the universe has expanded and this expansion has stretched, by exactly the same ratio, the wavelength of the photon. This increases the wavelength so giving rise to a redshift that we call the "Cosmological Redshift". A simple analogy is that of drawing a sine wave (representing the wavelength of a photon) onto a slightly blown up balloon. If the balloon is then blown up further, the length between the peaks of the sine wave (its wavelength) will increase. Quasars These objects were found to be the most distant and most luminous objects in the Universe. They were called Quasi-Stellar-Objects (as they looked like stars) and are now known as Quasars. The study of these enigmatic objects has formed a major part of our research at Jodrell Bank ever since. The source of energy is located at the heart of a giant galaxy and, because these give out far more energy that normal galaxies like our own Milky Way galaxy we call them active galaxies. Active Galaxies These are galaxies where some processes going on within them make them stand out from the normal run of galaxies particularly in the amount of radio emission that they produce. At the heart of our galaxy, lies a radio source called Sgr A*, one of the strongest radio sources in our galaxy. However this would be too weak to be seen at if our Milky Way galaxy was at a great distance and our galaxy would therefore be termed a "normal" galaxy. However there are some galaxies that emit vastly more radio emission and shine like beacons across the universe. Because most of the excess emission lies in the radio part of the spectrum, these are called radio galaxies. Other galaxies produce an excess of X-ray emission and, collectively, all are called active galaxies. Though relatively rare, there are obviously energetic processes going on within them that make them interesting objects for astronomers to study. We believe that the cause of their bright emissions lies right at their heart in what is called an active galactic nucleus - or AGN. We now believe that black holes, containing up to several billion solar masses, exist at the centre of all large elliptical and spiral galaxies. In the great majority of galaxies these are quiescent but in some, matter is currently falling into the black hole fuelling the processes that give rise to the X-ray and radio emission. Let's consider what happens as a star begins to fall in towards the black hole. As one side will be closer to the black hole than the other, the gravitational pull on that side will be greater than on the further side. This exerts a force, called a tidal force, which increases as the star gets closer to the black hole. The final effect of this tidal force will be to break the star up into its constituent gas and dust. A second thing also happens as the material falls in. It is unlikely that a star would be falling in directly towards the black hole and would thus have some rotational motion - that is, it would be circling around the black hole as well as gradually falling in towards it. As the material gets closer it has to conserve angular momentum and so speeds up - just like an ice skater bringing her arms in toward herself. The result of the material rotating round in close proximity at differing speeds is to produce friction so generating heat that causes the material to reach temperatures of more than a million degrees. Such material gives off copious amounts of X-ray radiation which we can observe, but only if we can see in towards the black hole region. This is surrounded by a torus (or doughnut) of material called the accretion disc that contains so much dust that it is opaque. But if, by chance, this torus lies roughly at right angles to our line of sight then we can see in towards the black hole region and will observe the X-ray emission. Nuclear fusion of hydrogen can convert just under 1% of its rest mass into energy. What is less obvious is that the act of falling into a gravitational potential well can also convert mass into energy. In the case of a super massive black hole energy equivalent to at least 10% of the mass can be released before it falls within the event horizon giving the most efficient source of energy that we know of! This energy release often results in the formation of two opposing jets of particles moving away from the black hole along its rotation axis. Moving at speeds close to that of light, these "bore" a hole through the gas surrounding the galaxy and in doing so the particles will be slowed down - or decelerated. They then produce radiation across the whole electromagnetic spectrum that allows us to observe the jets. If one of the jets happen to be pointing towards us, the observed emission can be very great and so these objects can be seen right across the universe. These highly luminous objects were first discovered by radio astronomers in a in a series of experiments to measure the angular sizes of radio sources. In the early 1960's, the signals received with the 75-m Mark I radio telescope at Jodrell Bank were combined with those from smaller telescopes located at increasingly greater distances across the north of England. It was discovered that a number of the most powerful radio sources had angular sizes of less than one arc second. So small, in fact, that they would appear as "stars" on a photographic plate. They were thus given the name "Quasi-Stellar-Object" (looking like a star) or "Quasar" for short. This meant that they were very hard to identify until their precise positions were known. The first quasar to be identified was the 273rd object in the third Cambridge catalogue of radio sources so it had the name 3C273. Though its image, taken by the 5-m Hale telescope, looked very like a star, a jet was seen extending ~ 6 arc seconds to one side. It was discovered that its distance was about 611 Mpc or 2,000 million light years - then the most distant object known on the Universe. But 3C273 is one of the closer quasars to us and the most distant currently known lies at a distance of ~4000 Mpc, or 13 billion light years! So quasars are some of the most distant and most luminous objects that can be observed in the Universe. An interesting exercise is to calculate how much mass a quasar must "consume" in order to give their observed brightness. If we assume that 10% of the mass is converted into energy, then E = 1/10 mc2 giving m = 10 E/ c2. The brightest quasars have luminosities of order 1041 watts. (That is, 1041 joules/sec, so that we must use 3 x 108 m/sec for our value of c.) This equation will then give the mass required per second. msec = 10 x 1041 / (3 x 108)2 kg = 1.1 x 1025 kg So the mass per year myear = 86400 x 365 x 1.1 x 1025kg = 3.5 x 1032 kg/year As usual, this can be converted into solar masses: Msun/year = 3.5 x 1032 / 2 x 1030 = ~175 solar masses The Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) has observed more than 120,000 galaxies. Of these, 20,000 contain massive black holes in their centres that are currently active and growing in mass - showing that many galaxies have super-massive black holes at their centre. Whether nuclei of galaxies are "active" is thus a question of whether mass is being fed into these black holes. Observations of Pulsars Pulsars are rapidly-rotating neutron stars; the collapsed cores of super-giant stars that have exploded as supernovae. They are exceedingly dense, weighing more than our Sun, but the size of a city, and are highly magnetised. As the star spins, radio waves emerge as a beam above the magnetic poles. Sometimes these beams will sweep across the Earth's position in space and we see regular pulses of energy, much like the flashes from a lighthouse. The first pulsar was discovered by Jocelyn Bell in 1967. She was then a research student at the Mullard Radio Observatory at Cambridge and noticed a "little bit of scruff" on a chart that seemed out of place. She, with her supervisor Tony Hewish, followed this up and discovered a radio source that was giving out a very regular train of pulses. They did not know at that time of the existence of pulsars and first wondered if this might be a message from an extraterrestrial civilisation and Jocelyn called it "LGM1" - the "LGM" for Little Green Men! The real nature of the objects giving rise to these periodic signals was soon realised. Following the discovery paper in the journal "Nature" the MkI telescope immediately dropped its planned observations in order to observe the pulsar. As the observatory was equipped with a very high precision atomic clock, it was possible to learn further details about the pulsar's properties. A paper - the second ever about pulsars - was published by the Jodrell group in "Nature" just three weeks later. As will be discussed later, the discovery and observation of pulsars has been a major part of the Telescope's work since that time. The MkIA upgrade After 12 years of continuous use, the telescope was showing signs of wear and tear. In particular cracks, caused by metal fatigue, were found in the two cones that transfer the weight of the bowl to the elevation bearings. To rectify this, two circular "wheel girders" were constructed beneath the bowl to transfer 1/3 of its weight to a new central railway track. This would have unbalanced the bowl structure and so a new reflecting surface was built above the old reflector. The new surface had a shallower parabolic profile and was smoother than the old one. This improved its sensitivity and allowed it to be used at shorter wavelengths. By the end of 1971, Jodrell Bank had essentially acquired a new telescope and it was thus given a new name, the MkIA. Following a narrow brush with disaster during a storm in January 1976, when the telescope barely survived a wind gust of 94 mph, diagonal bracing girders were added to give the telescope structure that remains in place today. In 1987, on its 30thbirthday, the MkIA radio telescope was renamed the Lovell Telescope. The discovery of Gravitational Lenses Following the telescope upgrade to become the MkIA, Professor Lovell asked his staff for projects that could make use of the enhanced performance of the rebuilt telescope. Dr. Dennis Walsh proposed that the telescope be used to make a survey of part of the sky in the constellation Ursa Major to first discover, and then identify, new radio sources. In January 1972 a radio source was found that initially appeared to be associated with a galaxy, but more precise positional measurements gave a position mid-way between the galaxy and a close pair of blue stellar objects. When the pair of stellar objects was investigated further it was found that they were quasars which had virtually identical spectra - essentially identical twins! Further observations showed that the image of one of them was very close to a foreground galaxy. It was soon realised that we were observing two images of the same distant quasar. The mass of the galaxy was distorting the space-time around it and acting as a "gravitational lens" just as predicted by Einstein's theory of Gravity (his General Theory of Relativity). One image was seen directly, but the second was an image that was formed from waves whose path had been curved as they passed close by the galaxy. These waves had had to travel further though space so took longer to reach us; by 417 days in fact, so we see the quasar at two times during its existence! Since then large numbers of gravitational lenses have been discovered, many by Jodrell Bank astronomers, and it appears that approximately one in 500 distant radio sources is split into multiple images due to lensing by a foreground galaxy. Observations of these multiply images quasars have enabled us to make an accurate measurement of what is called "Hubble's Constant" - related to the scale size of the Universe. This has helped astronomers to understand how our Universe has evolved over the past fourteen thousand million years. The Telescope's role in the MERLIN array. The array of telescopes now known as MERLIN, the Multi-Element Radio-Linked Interferometer Network, first came into operation in 1980. The signals from five remote 25-m telescopes, having a maximum separation of 134 km, were brought back over microwave radio links to Jodrell Bank. Here they were combined with signals from the Mk II or MkIA telescopes (or both) in a "correlator" which provided the raw data from which detailed images of radio sources could be produced in a computer. In a major upgrade to MERLIN, completed in 1991, a new 32-m telescope was built at Cambridge to increase the maximum telescope separation to 217 km. This now gives MERLIN a typical resolution of 1/20 of a second of arc, equivalent to resolving a one-pound coin from a distance of 100 km and giving it an imaging capability comparable to that of the Hubble Space Telescope. As the surface area of the Lovell Telescope is equal to the total area of all the other telescopes in the array, it doubles the sensitivity of the MERLIN when incorporated into the array - a highly significant increase in performance. MERLIN is the only radio instrument that routinely matches the angular resolution of the Hubble Space Telescope allowing much collaborative research to be carried out. A key use of the Lovell Telescope as part of the MERLIN array was when it was used to image the area of sky known as the Hubble Deep Field (HDF). In late 1995, the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) was trained upon a speck-sized spot in the constellation Ursa Major for a total of 10 days. The observations produced the most detailed optical view of the distant Universe ever produced. The image showed a bewildering assortment of at least 1500 galaxies at various stages of their evolution. In one sense the image was like a time machine looking back into the past to witness the early formation of galaxies, perhaps less than one billion years after the birth of the Universe in the Big Bang some fourteen billion years ago. Observations made by MERLIN, including the Lovell telescope, were made over a total period of 18 days and detected 92 radio sources in the region of the Hubble Deep Field and its surroundings. A very valuable contribution to the HST was provided by MERLIN's ability to measure positions to very high accuracy - far better than can be done optically. This work has enabled observations of the HDF taken at different wavelengths to be accurately aligned. The MERLIN observations showed that the radio sources observed were dominated by "Starburst" galaxies where the galaxy is undergoing a massive burst of star formation. The observations imply that their star formation rates were significantly higher than that observed in nearby galaxies. The Universe was then undergoing the most dynamic period in the whole of its existence! The Lovell Telescope's role in the European VLBI network Even higher resolution than that achievable with MERLIN can be obtained by combining the signals from widely spaced telescopes in what are termed "VLBI" arrays. "VLBI" stands for Very Long Baseline Array, indicating that the telescopes are located far apart. Jodrell Bank Observatory is a founder member of the European VLBI Network (EVN) whose telescopes span Europe from Spain to Finland and from the United Kingdom to Poland. The EVN now has a dedicated facility, JIVE (the Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe), at Dwingeloo in the Netherlands, where the wideband correlator to combine the data is located. Data are now normally transferred from the telescopes to JIVE on hard disks, but are increasingly being sent in real-time over the internet - in what is known as e-VLBI. As the array covers the whole of Europe, and now can incorporate two telescopes in China, the EVN allows radio source images to be made with angular resolutions as small as 100 micro-arcseconds - the highest resolution images obtainable by any astronomical instrument. Due to the number of large telescopes participating in the array, including the Westerbork array in Holland and the 100-m Effelsberg Telescope in Germany, the EVN is the highest sensitivity VLBI array in the world. With its westerly location and large collecting area, the Lovell telescope plays a key role in the EVN. The National Facility The MERLIN and VLBI systems at the Jodrell Bank Observatory are now operated as a National Facility by the University of Manchester on behalf of the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC). Its remit is to operate MERLIN for the benefit of the whole astronomical community and to provide the support necessary to participate in VLBI operations. The Lovell Telescope takes part in the Project Phoenix SETI search. SETI stands for the Search for Extra Terrestrial Intelligence. From 1998 to 2003, the Lovell Telescope joined with the 305-metre Arecibo Telescope in Puerto Rico to take part in what was the most sensitive and comprehensive search ever undertaken for possible radio signals from extraterrestrial civilisations beyond our Solar System. The 5 year research programme, Project Phoenix, was led by the privately-funded SETI Institute who had continued the NASA SETI observations when the US Congress cut the SETI funding from the NASA budget. During the 5 year period, with 40 days of observations per year, over 850 of the nearest Sun-like star systems were targeted in the hope that an advanced civilisation might exist on a planet within one of these systems. The Arecibo Telescope used a 56-million channel receiver to make initial detections of signals that could perhaps be of extraterrestrial origin. Information about those signals which were not in the data bank of known terrestrial signals, were passed on to two further sets of identical receivers at Arecibo and Jodrell Bank. Due to the rotation of the Earth, and the great distance separating Jodrell Bank and Arecibo, a signal from outside the Solar System will have precisely calculable differences when observed at the two observatories. This enabled any signals originating the Earth or from satellites orbiting the Earth or the Sun to be eliminated. Sadly, ET did not phone home. The Lovell Upgrade. By the late 1990's the "new" 1971 surface was beginning to corrode quite badly. Rust was spreading out from the spot welds that secured the steel plates to the backing structures of the 336 panels that make up the surface. If nothing had been done the telescope would soon have come to the end of its operational life. Salvation came from a fund set up by the Government and the Wellcome Foundation and to provide for the support of British Science. Called the Joint Infrastructure Fund (JIF), it made a £2.33M grant, administered by the Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council (PPARC), to upgrade the telescope. During the summer of 2000, before major work was carried out on the surface, the outer railway track on which the telescope rotates in azimuth was re-laid and some remedial work to its foundations carried out. In April 2001, the telescope was taken out of action for the first summer of resurfacing work. SHAL Engineering began to replace the rusting plates with new ones made from galvanized steel. The spot welds that secured the plates had to be ground away and the backing structure cleaned and covered with mastic before each new plate was laid and screwed into position. To enable the work to be carried out on the higher, and thus steeper tiers, three "Bowl Excursion Vehicles" or BEVs were built in our telescope workshop. Winched up the telescope surface they provided a flat working surface from which to remove and replace the panels. By October of that year, a full sector - one third of the surface - and each alternate segment round the remainder of the bowl had been completed. With the mix of old and new surfaces the telescope had a rather dramatic appearance during the winter months that followed! Engineers replacing a segment of the surface Following the completion of the first year's resurfacing, work on the third part of the upgrade swung into action. The University commissioned VertexRSI, a world leader in telescope control, to design and implement a new drive and control system for the telescope. Each of the 10 drive motors, 4 in azimuth and 6 in elevation, were replaced. In contrast to the old system where the motors were driven in groups, each motor now has its own controller and thus can be driven independently to optimise the overall drive characteristics of the telescope. The individual motor controllers are under the overall control of a very sophisticated computer system. The results have been excellent; the telescope now accelerates more quickly and drives faster from source to source (thus improving its observing efficiency) and can follow a radio source with a precision many times better than before. The resurfacing was completed during the spring and early summer of 2002 and then, in late August, the mammoth task was begun to clean and prepare the surface prior to painting. Pumps had to be brought in to lift water 150ft up into the bowl to enable the surface to be scrubbed down - by hand as a machine cleaner may have harmed it! When completed, the surface was painted with a matt-white two-part epoxy paint. This is an extremely robust surface and it should be many years before it has to be painted again. Finally, at the end of September, the surface was cleared of all the contractor's equipment and the pristine bowl was tipped from the zenith for the first time to allow us to view it from the ground. It looked beautiful. One final task remained; that of setting the surface to the precise parabolic shape. The old surface had typical errors of 5 - 10 mm from the ideal shape limiting the shortest radio waves that could be observed to approximately 18 cm wavelength. The positions of the panels were measured with a laser theodolite and radio holography. The resulting measurements enabled them to be precisely adjusted into the desired profile. This has increased substantially the frequency range over which the telescope can operate, so greatly enhancing its capabilities. The Lovell Telescope as it is today Popular Culture Over the years, the Lovell Telescope has played a small part in popular culture; the pop bands D:REAM and Placebo have been seen performing in its bowl, the fourth - and many think the best - Dr Who, Tom Baker, met his "death" after falling from the telescope and Jodrell Bank Scientists also failed to spot the arrival of the Vogons in Douglas Adams' Hitch-Hikers Guide to the Galaxy as they were too busy making a cup of tea! Searching for missing spacecraft Though we now rarely take part in space tracking activities, we have been asked by NASA to search for the two missing Mars space probes, Mars Observer and Mars Polar Lander and, on Christmas Day 2003, hoped to receive the first signals from the Beagle II spacecraft that should have soft landed on Mars early that morning. Sadly, despite having put together the most sensitive receivers in the world to undertake these tasks, we were unsuccessful. It appears that the Mars Observer exploded when NASA attempted to fire its retrorockets to enter Martian orbit and that both Mars Polar Lander and Beagle II crash landed. A surprisingly useful survey Its seems surprising that observations made many years ago by the telescope at the long wavelength of 73.5 cm could have a bearing on present day observations of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) which can only be observed at very short radio wavelengths. Observations, initiated by Dr Glyn Haslam using the Mk1 telescope, with further data from the 100-m Effelsberg and 64-m Parkes Telescopes, produced the 408 MHz all-sky survey that was published in1982. This has proved to be an invaluable source of information about the galactic foreground radiation that has to be subtracted from all-sky maps of the CMB - such as that produced from data observed by the WMAP satellite. The 1982 paper has had over 200 citations since the year 2000! The 408 MHz all-sky survey Further Pulsar discoveries One of the more surprising discoveries made by the Lovell Telescope was the finding of a very rapidly rotating pulsar in the globular cluster M28. As pulsars age they slow down and finally cease to radiate. Globular clusters are very old, and thus it was not expected that any would be found there. However, it seems that a close encounter between a neutron star and one of the cluster stars had "spun-up" and re-activated this pulsar whose period (3.054 milliseconds) is measured in milliseconds - hence the name. Many other globular clusters are now known to harbour millisecond pulsars. Such pulsars, spinning up to 712 times a second, are exceedingly good timekeepers and may even be more stable than the best atomic clocks. With simultaneous observations by the Lovell Telescope and MERLIN, pulsar positions can be measured very precisely. Observations have shown that some are moving through space at speeds greater than the galaxy's escape velocity. It thus appears that many new born pulsars will be travelling so fast that they will escape the gravitational pull of our Galaxy and be lost into the depths of space. Over three quarters of the more than 1700 pulsars now known have been discovered by Jodrell Bank astronomers, often in collaboration with astronomers at the 64-metre Parkes Telescope in Australia. The Parkes Telescope has been equipped with a 13-beam receiver system whose very low-noise amplifiers and much of the data acquisition hardware were built by Jodrell Bank engineers. The pulsar surveys made with this telescope in recent years have discovered more pulsars that had been found in the previous 30 years. Many of the more than 900 new pulsars discovered with this fast, highly sensitive, system are now being studied with the Lovell Telescope. The Future During the last 50 years, the Lovell Telescope has become an icon of British science and technology but, as I hope the latter part of this article has shown, the Lovell Telescope is still carrying out front rank astronomical research, both as an individual instrument and as part of MERLIN and the EVN. With its recent major upgrade it is now performing better than at any time in its history and there is no fundamental reason why that should not continue to do so well into the future. It is still the third largest fully-steerable radio telescope in the world, and a perfect instrument for use in Pulsar observations. In addition, MERLIN is currently undergoing a major development which will see 30 GBits per second of data brought back over dedicated optical fibre links from our outstation telescopes to Jodrell Bank. This will give us the ability to observe over vastly greater bandwidths and so, when combined with the signals from the Lovell Telescope, will make MERLIN easily the most sensitive radio instrument in the world. With the Lovell Telescope's enhanced frequency coverage as a result of its recent upgrade its role in the EVN is more important than ever. The telescope that now bears his name was the creation of one man, Bernard Lovell. It is wonderful that, at the age of 93, he has been able to see its successes over the past 50 years and is sharing in our 50thanniversary celebrations. We cannot foresee the future - many of the phenomena that the Lovell Telescope has observed were unknown when it was first conceived - but we can only hope that its future will be as exciting as its past! Sir Bernard Lovell in his 95th year.	Jodrell Bank Observatory
What was Peter Andre's first top ten entry (1996)	chapter 1 Project Diana Typical was the first successful radar experiment aimed at the Moon. That experiment was performed with Signal Corps equipment at the Corps' Evans Signal Laboratory, near Belmar, New Jersey, under the direction of John H. DeWitt, Jr., Laboratory Director. DeWitt was born in Nashville and attended Vanderbilt University Engineering School for two years. Vanderbilt did not offer a program in electrical engineering, so DeWitt dropped out in order to satisfy his interest in broadcasting and amateur radio. After building Nashville's first broadcasting station, in 1929 DeWitt joined the Bell Telephone Laboratories technical staff in New York City, where he designed radio broadcasting transmitters. He returned to Nashville in 1932 to become Chief Engineer of radio station WSM. Intrigued by Karl Jansky's discovery of "cosmic noise," DeWitt built a radio telescope and searched for radio signals from the Milky Way. In 1940, DeWitt attempted to bounce radio signals off the Moon in order to study the Earth's atmosphere. He wrote in his notebook: "It occurred to me that it might be possible to reflect ultrashort waves from the moon. If this could be done it would open up wide possibilities for the study of the upper atmosphere. So far as I know no one has ever [7] sent waves off the earth and measured their return through the entire atmosphere of the earth."18 On the night of 20 May 1940, using the receiver and 80-watt transmitter configured for radio station WSM, DeWitt tried to reflect 138-MHz (2-meter) radio waves off the Moon, but he failed because of insufficient receiver sensitivity. After joining the staff of Bell Telephone Laboratories in Whippany, New Jersey, in 1942, where he worked exclusively on the design of a radar antenna for the Navy, DeWitt was commissioned in the Signal Corps and was assigned to serve as Executive Officer, later as Director, of Evans Signal Laboratory. On 10 August 1945, the day after the United States unleashed a second atomic bomb on Japan, military hostilities between the two countries ceased. DeWitt was not demobilized immediately, and he began to plan his pet project, the reflection of radio waves off the Moon. He dubbed the scheme Project Diana after the Roman mythological goddess of the Moon, partly because "the Greek [sic] mythology books said that she had never been cracked." In September 1945, DeWitt assembled his team: Dr. Harold D. Webb, Herbert P. Kauffman, E. King Stodola, and Jack Mofenson. Dr. Walter S. McAfee, in the Laboratory's Theoretical Studies Group, calculated the reflectivity coefficient of the Moon. Members of the Antenna and Mechanical Design Group, Research Section, and other Laboratory groups contributed, too. No attempt was made to design major components specifically for the experiment. The selection of the receiver, transmitter, and antenna was made from equipment already on hand, including a special crystal-controlled receiver and transmitter designed for the Signal Corps by radio pioneer Edwin H. Armstrong. Crystal control provided frequency stability, and the apparatus provided the power and bandwidth needed. The relative velocities of the Earth and the Moon caused the return signal to differ from the transmitted signal by as much as 300 Hz, a phenomenon known as Doppler shift. The narrow-band receiver permitted tuning to the exact radio frequency of the returning echo. As DeWitt later recalled: "We realized that the moon echoes would be very weak so we had to use a very narrow receiver bandwidth to reduce thermal noise to tolerable levels....We had to tune the receiver each time for a slightly different frequency from that sent out because of the Doppler shift due to the earth's rotation and the radial velocity of the moon at the time."19 The echoes were received both visually, on a nine-inch cathode-ray tube, and acoustically, as a 180 Hz beep. The aerial was a pair of "bedspring" antennas from an SCR-271 stationary radar positioned side by side to form a 32-dipole array antenna and mounted on a 30-meter (100-ft) tower. The antenna had only azimuth control; it had not been practical to secure a better mechanism. Hence, experiments were limited to the rising and setting of the Moon. [8] Figure 1. The "bedspring" mast antenna, U.S. Army Signal Corps, Ft. Monmouth, New Jersey, used by Lt. Col. John H. DeWitt, Jr., to bounce radar echoes off the Moon on 10 January 1946. Two antennas from SCR-271 stationary radars were positioned side by side to form a 32-dipole array aerial and were mounted on a 100-ft (30-meter) tower. (Courtesy of the U.S. Army Communications-Electronics Museum, Ft. Monmouth, New Jersey.) [9] The Signal Corps tried several times, but without success. "The equipment was very haywire," recalled DeWitt. Finally, at moonrise, 11:48 A.M., on 10 January 1946, they aimed the antenna at the horizon and began transmitting. Ironically, DeWitt was not present: "I was over in Belmar having lunch and picking up some items like cigarettes at the drug store (stopped smoking 1952 thank God)." 20 The first signals were detected at 11:58 A.M., and the experiment was concluded at 12:09 P.M., when the Moon moved out of the radar's range. The radio waves had taken about 2.5 seconds to travel from New Jersey to the Moon and back, a distance of over 800,000 km. The experiment was repeated daily over the next three days and on eight more days later that month. The War Department withheld announcement of the success until the night of 24 January 1946. By then, a press release explained, "the Signal Corps was certain beyond doubt that the experiment was successful and that the results achieved were pain-stakingly [sic] verified."21 As DeWitt recounted years later: "We had trouble with General Van Deusen our head of R&D in Washington. When my C.O. Col. Victor Conrad told him about it over the telephone the General did not want the story released until it was confirmed by outsiders for fear it would embarrass the Sig[nal]. C[orps]." Two outsiders from the Radiation Laboratory, George E. Valley, Jr. and Donald G. Fink, arrived and, with Gen. Van Deusen, observed a moonrise test of the system carried out under the direction of King Stodola. Nothing happened. DeWitt explained: "You can imagine that at this point I was dying. Shortly a big truck passed by on the road next to the equipment and immediately the echoes popped up. I will always believe that one of the crystals was not oscillating until it was shaken up or there was a loose connection which fixed itself. Everyone cheered except the General who tried to look pleased." 22 Although he had had other motives for undertaking Project Diana, DeWitt had received a directive from the Chief Signal Officer, the head of the Signal Corps, to develop radars capable of detecting missiles coming from the Soviet Union. No missiles were available for tests, so the Moon experiment stood in their place. Several years later, the Signal Corps erected a new 50-ft (15 meters) Diana antenna and 108-MHz transmitter for ionospheric research. It carried out further lunar echo studies and participated in the tracking of Apollo launches. 23 The news also hit the popular press. The implications of the Signal Corps experiment were grasped by the War Department, although Newsweek cynically cast doubt on the War Department's predictions by calling them worthy of Jules Verne. Among those War Department predictions were the accurate topographical mapping of the Moon and planets, measurement and analysis of the ionosphere, and radio control from Earth of "space ships" and "jet or rocket-controlled missiles, circling the Earth above the stratosphere." Time reported that Diana might provide a test of Albert Einstein's Theory of Relativity. In contrast to the typically up-beat mood of Life, both news magazines were skeptical, and [10] rightly so; yet all of the predictions made by the War Department, including the relativity test, have come true in the manner of a Jules Verne novel. 24 Meteors and Auroras Radar meteor studies, like much of radar history, grew out of ionospheric research. In the 1930s, ionospheric researchers became interested in meteors when it was hypothesized that the trail of electrons and ions left behind by falling meteors caused fluctuations in the density of the ionosphere.30 Edward Appleton and others with the Radio Research Board of the British Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, the same organization with which Watson-Watt had been associated, used war-surplus radar furnished by [13] the Air Ministry to study meteors immediately after World War II. They concluded that meteors caused abnormal bursts of ionization as they passed through the ionosphere.31 During the war, the military had investigated meteor trails with radar. When the Germans started bombarding London with V2 rockets, the Army's gun-laying radars were hastily pressed into service to detect the radar reflections from the rockets during their flight in order to give some warning of their arrival. In many cases alarms were sounded, but no rockets were aloft. James S. Hey, a physicist with the Operational Research Group, was charged with investigating these mistaken sightings. He believed that the false echoes probably originated in the ionosphere and might be associated with meteors. Hey began studying the impact of meteors on the ionosphere in October 1944, using Army radar equipment at several locations until the end of the war. The Operational Research Group, Hey, G. S. Stewart (electrical engineer), S. J. Parsons (electrical and mechanical engineer), and J. W. Phillips (mathematician), found a correlation between visual sightings and radar echoes during the Giacobinid meteor shower of October 1946. Moreover, by using an improved photographic technique that better captured the echoes on the radar screen, they were able to determine the velocity of the meteors. Neither Hey nor Appleton pursued their radar investigations of meteors. During the war, Hey had detected radio emissions from the Sun and the first discrete source of radio emission outside the solar system in the direction of Cygnus. He left the Operational Research Group for the Royal Radar Establishment at Malvern, where he and his colleagues carried on research in radio astronomy. Appleton, by 1946 a Nobel Laureate and Secretary of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, also became thoroughly involved in the development of radio astronomy and became a member of the Radio Astronomy Committee of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1949.32 Instead, radar astronomy gained a foothold in Britain at the University of Manchester under A. C. (later Sir) Bernard Lovell, director of the University's Jodrell Bank Experimental Station. During the war, Lovell had been one of many scientists working on microwave radar.33 His superior, the head of the Physics Department, was Patrick M. S. Blackett, a member of the Committee for the Scientific Survey of Air Defence that approved Watson-Watt's radar memorandum. With the help of Hey and Parsons, Lovell borrowed some Army radar equipment. Finding too much interference in Manchester, he moved to the University's botanical research gardens, which became the Jodrell Bank Experimental Station. Lovell equipped the station with complete war-surplus radar systems, such as a 4.2-meter gun-laying radar and a mobile Park Royal radar. He purchased at rock-bottom prices or borrowed the radars from the Air Ministry, Army, and Navy, which were discarding the equipment down mine shafts. [14] Figure 3. The Jodrell Bank staff 1951 in front of the 4.2-meter searchlight aerial used in some meteor radar experiments. Sir Bernard Lovell is in the center front. (Courtesy of the Director of the Nuffield Radio Astronomy Laboratories, Jodrell Bank.) Originally, Lovell wanted to undertake research on cosmic rays, which had been Blackett's interest, too. One of the primary research objectives of the Jodrell Bank facility, as well as one of the fundamental reasons for its founding, was cosmic ray research. Indeed, the interest in cosmic ray research also lay behind the design and construction of the 76-meter (250-ft) Jodrell Bank telescope. The search for cosmic rays never succeeded, however; Blackett and Lovell had introduced a significant error into their initial calculations. Fortuitously, though, in the course of looking for cosmic rays, Lovell came to realize that they were receiving echoes from meteor ionization trails, and his small group of Jodrell Bank investigators began to concentrate on this more fertile line of research. Nicolai Herlofson, a Norwegian meteorologist who had recently joined the Department of Physics, put Lovell in contact with the director of the Meteor Section of the British Astronomical Association, J. P. Manning Prentice, a lawyer and amateur astronomer with a passion for meteors. Also joining the Jodrell Bank team was John A. Clegg, a physics teacher whom Lovell had known during the war. Clegg was a doctoral candidate at the University of Manchester and an expert in antenna design. He remained at Jodrell Bank until 1951 and eventually landed a position teaching physics in Nigeria. Clegg converted an Army searchlight into a radar antenna for studying meteors.34 [15] The small group of professional and amateur scientists began radar observations of the Perseid meteor showers in late July and August 1946. When Prentice spotted a meteor, he shouted. His sightings usually, though not always, correlated with an echo on the radar screen. Lovell thought that the radar echoes that did not correlate with Prentice's sightings might have been ionization trails created by cosmic ray showers. He did not believe, initially, that the radar might be detecting meteors too small to be seen by the human eye. The next opportunity for a radar study of meteors came on the night of 9 October 1946, when the Earth crossed the orbit of the Giacobini-Zinner comet. Astronomers anticipated a spectacular meteor shower. A motion picture camera captured the radar echoes on film. The shower peaked around 3 A.M.; a radar echo rate of nearly a thousand meteors per hour was recorded. Lovell recalled that "the spectacle was memorable. It was like a great array of rockets coming towards one."35 The dramatic correlation of the echo rate with the meteors visible in the sky finally convinced Lovell and everyone else that the radar echoes came from meteor ionization trails, although it was equally obvious that many peculiarities needed to be investigated. The Jodrell Bank researchers learned that the best results were obtained when the aerial was positioned at a right angle to the radiant, the point in the sky from which meteor showers appear to emanate. When the aerial was pointed at the radiant, the echoes on the cathode-ray tube disappeared almost completely.36 Next joining the Jodrell Bank meteor group, in December 1946, was a doctoral student from New Zealand, Clifton D. Ellyett, followed in January 1947 by a Cambridge graduate, John G. Davies. Nicolai Herlofson developed a model of meteor trail ionization that Davies and Ellyett used to calculate meteor velocities based on the diffraction pattern produced during the formation of meteor trails. Clegg devised a radar technique for determining their radiant.37 At this point, the Jodrell Bank investigators had powerful radar techniques for studying meteors that were unavailable elsewhere, particularly the ability to detect and study previously unknown and unobservable daytime meteor showers. Lovell and his colleagues now became aware of the dispute over the nature of meteors and decided to attempt its resolution with these techniques.38 Astronomers specializing in meteors were concerned with the nature of sporadic meteors. One type of meteor enters the atmosphere from what appears to be a single point, the radiant. Most meteors, however, are not part of a shower, but appear to arrive irregularly from all directions and are called sporadic meteors. Most astronomers believed that sporadic meteors came from interstellar space; others argued that they were part of the solar system. The debate could be resolved by determining the paths of sporadic meteors. If they followed parabolic or elliptical paths, they orbited the Sun; if their orbit were hyperbolic, they had an interstellar origin. The paths of sporadic meteors could be determined by an accurate measurement of both their velocities and radiants, but optical means were insufficiently precise to give unambiguous results. Fred L. Whipple, future director of the [16] Harvard College Observatory, a leading center of United States meteor research, attempted state-of-the-art optical studies of meteors with the Super Schmidt camera, but the first one was not operational until May 1951, at Las Cruces, New Mexico.39 Radar astronomers, then, attempted to accomplish what optical methods had failed to achieve. Such has been the pattern of radar astronomy to the present. Between 1948 and 1950, Lovell, Davies, and Mary Almond, a doctoral student, undertook a long series of sporadic meteor velocity measurements. They found no evidence for a significant hyperbolic velocity component; that is, there was no evidence for sporadic meteors coming from interstellar space. They then extended their work to fainter and smaller meteors with similar results. The Jodrell Bank radar meteor studies determined unambiguously that meteors form part of the solar system. As Whipple declared in 1955, "We may now accept as proven the fact that bodies moving in hyperbolic orbits about the sun play no important role in producing meteoric phenomena brighter than about the 8th effective magnitude."40 Astronomers describe the brightness of a body in terms of magnitude; the larger the magnitude, the fainter the body. The highly convincing evidence of the Jodrell Bank scientists was corroborated by Canadian radar research carried out by researchers of the Radio and Electrical Engineering Division of the National Research Council under Donald W. R. McKinley. McKinley had joined the Council's Radio Section (later Branch) before World War II and, like Lovell, had participated actively in wartime radar work. McKinley conducted his meteor research with radars built around Ottawa in 1947 and 1948 as part of various National Research Council laboratories, such as the Flight Research Center at Arnprior Airport. Earle L. R. Webb, Radio and Electrical Engineering Division of the National Research Council, supervised the design, construction, and operation of the radar equipment. From as early as the summer of 1947, the Canadian radar studies were undertaken jointly with Peter M. Millman of the Dominion Observatory. They coordinated spectrographic, photographic, radar, and visual observations. The National Research Council investigators employed the Jodrell Bank technique to determine meteor velocities, a benefit of following in the footsteps of the British.41 Their first radar observations took place during the Perseid shower of August 1947, as the first radar station reached completion. Later studies collected data from the Geminid shower of December 1947 and the Lyrid shower of April 1948, with more radar stations brought into play as they became available. Following the success of Jodrell Bank, [17] McKinley's group initiated their own study of sporadic meteors. By 1951, with data on 10,933 sporadic meteors, McKinley's group reached the same conclusion as their British colleagues: meteors were part of the solar system. Soon, radar techniques became an integral part of Canadian meteor research with the establishment in 1957 of the National Research Council Springhill Meteor Observatory outside Ottawa. The Observatory concentrated on scientific meteor research with radar, visual, photographic, and spectroscopic methods.42 These meteor studies at Jodrell Bank and the National Research Council, and only at those institutions, arose from the union of radar and astronomy; they were the beginnings of radar astronomy. Radar studies of meteors were not limited to Jodrell Bank and the National Research Council, however. With support from the National Bureau of Standards, in 1957 Harvard College Observatory initiated a radar meteor project under the direction of Fred Whipple. Furthermore, radar continues today as an integral and vital part of worldwide meteor research. Its forte is the ability to determine orbits better than any other technique. In the last five years, a number of recently built radars have studied meteors in Britain (MST Radar, Aberytswyth, Wales), New Zealand (AMOR, Meteor Orbit Radar, Christchurch), and Japan (MU Radar, Shigaraki), not to mention earlier work in Czechoslovakia and Sweden.43 Unlike the Jodrell Bank and National Research Council cases, the radar meteor studies started in the United States in the early 1950s were driven by civilian scientists doing ionospheric and communications research and by the military's desire for jam-proof, point-to-point secure communications. While various military laboratories undertook their own research programs, most of the civilian U.S. radar meteor research was carried out at Stanford University and the National Bureau of Standards, where investigators fruitfully cross-fertilized ionospheric and military communications research. The Stanford case is worth examining not only for its later connections to radar astronomy, but also for its pioneering radar study of the Sun that arose out of an interest in ionospheric and radio propagation research. In contrast to the Stanford work, many radar meteor experiments carried out in the United States in the 1940s were unique events. As early as August and November 1944, for instance, workers in the Federal Communications Commission Engineering Department associated visual observations of meteors and radio bursts. In January 1946, Oliver Perry Ferrell of the Signal Corps reported using a Signal Corps SCR-270B radar to detect meteor ionization trails.44 The major radar meteor event in the United States and elsewhere, [18] however, was the spectacular meteor shower associated with the Giacobini-Zinner comet. On the night of 9 October 1946, 21 Army radars were aimed toward the sky in order to observe any unusual phenomena. The Signal Corps organized the experiment, which fit nicely with their mission of developing missile detection and ranging capabilities. The equipment was operated by volunteer crews of the Army ground forces, the Army Air Forces, and the Signal Corps located across the country in Idaho, New Mexico, Texas, and New Jersey. For mainly meteorological reasons, only the Signal Corps SCR-270 radar successfully detected meteor ionization trails. No attempt was made to correlate visual observations and radar echoes. A Princeton University undergraduate, Francis B. Shaffer, who had received radar training in the Navy, analyzed photographs of the radar screen echoes at the Signal Corps laboratory in Belmar, New Jersey. This was the first attempt to utilize microwave radars to detect astronomical objects. The equipment operated at 1,200 MHz (25 cm), 3,000 MHz (10 cm), and 10,000 MHz (3 cm), frequencies in the L, S, and X radar bands that radar astronomy later used. "On the basis of this night's experiments," the Signal Corps experimenters decided, "we cannot conclude that microwave radars do not detect meteor-formed ion clouds."45 In contrast to the Signal Corps experiment, radar meteor studies formed part of ongoing research at the National Bureau of Standards. Organized from the Bureau's Radio Section in May 1946 and located at Sterling, Virginia, the Central Radio Propagation Laboratory (CRPL) division had three laboratories, one of which concerned itself exclusively with ionospheric research and radio propagation and was especially interested in the impact of meteors on the ionosphere. In October 1946, Victor C. Pineo and others associated with the CRPL used a borrowed SCR-270-D Signal Corps radar to observe the Giacobinid meteor shower. Over the next five years, Pineo continued research on the effects of meteors on the ionosphere, using a standard ionospheric research instrument called an ionosonde and publishing his results in Science. Pineo's interest was in ionospheric physics, not astronomy. Underwriting his research at the Ionospheric Research Section of the National Bureau of Standards was the Air Force Cambridge Research Center (known later as the Cambridge Research Laboratories and today as Phillips Laboratory). His meteor work did not contribute to knowledge about the origin of meteors, as such work had in Britain and Canada, but it supported efforts to create secure military communications using meteor ionization trails.46 Also, it related to similar research being carried out concurrently at Stanford University. The 1946 CRPL experiment, in fact, had been suggested by Robert A. Helliwell of the Stanford Radio Propagation Laboratory (SRPL). Frederick E. Terman, who had headed the Harvard Radio Research Laboratory and its radar countermeasures research during the war, "virtually organized radio and electronic engineering on the West Coast" as [19] Stanford Dean of Engineering, according to historian C. Stewart Gillmor. Terman negotiated a contract with the three military services for the funding of a broad range of research, including the SRPL's long-standing ionospheric research program.47 Helliwell, whose career was built on ionospheric research, was joined at the SRPL by Oswald G. Villard, Jr. Villard had earned his engineering degree during the war for the design of an ionosphere sounder. As an amateur radio operator in Cambridge, Massachusetts, he had noted the interference caused by meteor ionizations at shortwave frequencies called Doppler whistles.48 In October 1946, during the Giacobinid meteor shower, Helliwell, Villard, Laurence A. Manning, and W. E. Evans, Jr., detected meteor ion trails by listening for Doppler whistles with radios operating at 15 MHz (20 meters) and 29 MHz (10 meters). Manning then developed a method of measuring meteor velocities using the Doppler frequency shift of a continuous-wave signal reflected from the ionization trail. Manning, Villard, and Allen M. Peterson then applied Manning's technique to a continuous-wave radio study of the Perseid meteor shower in August 1948. The initial Stanford technique was significantly different from that developed at Jodrell Bank; it relied on continuous-wave radio, rather than pulsed radar, echoes.49 One of those conducting meteor studies at Stanford was Von R. Eshleman, a graduate student in electrical engineering who worked under both Manning and Villard. While serving in the Navy during World War II, Eshleman had studied, then taught, radar at the Navy's radar electronics school in Washington, DC. In 1946, while returning from the war on the U.S.S. Missouri, Eshleman unsuccessfully attempted to bounce radar waves off the Moon using the ship's radar. Support for his graduate research at Stanford came through contracts between the University and both the Office of Naval Research and the Air Force. Eshleman's dissertation considered the theory of detecting meteor ionization trails and its application in actual experiments. Unlike the British and Canadian meteor studies, the primary research interest of Eshleman, Manning, Villard, and the other Stanford investigators was information about the winds and turbulence in the upper atmosphere. Their investigations of meteor velocities, the length of ionized meteor trails, and the fading and polarization of meteor echoes were part of that larger research interest, while Eshleman's dissertation was an integral part of the meteor research program. Eshleman also considered the use of meteor ionization trails for secure military communications. His dissertation did not explicitly state that application, which he took up after completing the thesis. The Air Force supported the Stanford meteor research mainly to use meteor ionization trails for secure, point-to-point communications. The Stanford meteor research thus served a variety of scientific and military purposes simultaneously.50 [20] The meteor research carried out at Stanford had nontrivial consequences. Eshleman's dissertation has continued to provide the theoretical foundation of modern meteor burst communications, a communication mode that promises to function even after a nuclear holocaust has rendered useless all normal wireless communications. The pioneering work at Stanford, the National Bureau of Standards, and the Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories received new attention in the 1980s, when the Space Defense Initiative ("Star Wars") revitalized interest in using meteor ionization trails for classified communications. Non-military applications of meteor burst communications also have arisen in recent years. 51 Early meteor burst communications research was not limited to Stanford and the National Bureau of Standards. American military funding of early meteor burst communications research extended beyond its shores to Britain. Historians of Jodrell Bank radio astronomy and meteor radar research stated that radio astronomy had surpassed meteor studies at the observatory by 1955. However, that meteor work persisted until 1964 through a contract with the U.S. Air Force, though as a cover for classified military research.52 Auroras provided additional radar targets in the 1950s. A major initiator of radar auroral studies was Jodrell Bank. As early as August 1947, while conducting meteor research, the Jodrell Bank scientists Lovell, Clegg, and Ellyett received echoes from an aurora display. Arnold Aspinall and G. S. Hawkins then continued the radar auroral studies at Jodrell Bank in collaboration with W. B. Housman, Director of the Aurora Section of the British Astronomy Association, and the aurora observers of that Section. In Canada, McKinley and Millman also observed an aurora during their meteor research in April 1948.53 The problem with bouncing radar waves off an aurora was determining the reflecting point. Researchers in the University of Saskatchewan Physics Department (B. W. Currie, P. A. Forsyth, and F. E. Vawter) initiated a systematic study of auroral radar reflections in 1948, with funding from the Defense Research Board of Canada. Radar equipment was lent by the U.S. Air Force Cambridge Research Center and modified by the Radio and Electrical Engineering Division of the National Research Council. Forsyth had completed a dissertation on auroras at McGill University and was an employee of the Defense Research Board's Telecommunications Establishment on loan to the University of Saskatchewan for the project. The Saskatchewan researchers discovered that the echoes bounced off small, intensely ionized regions in the aurora.54 Other aurora researchers, especially in Sweden and Norway, took up radar studies. In Sweden, Götha Hellgren and Johan Meos of the Chalmers University of Technology [21] Research Laboratory of Electronics in Gothenburg decided to conduct radar studies of auroras as part of their ionospheric research program. Beginning in May 1951, the Radio Wave Propagation Laboratory of the Kiruna Geophysical Observatory undertook round-the-clock observations of auroras with a 30.3-MHz (10-meter) radar. In Norway, Leiv Harang, who had observed radar echoes from an aurora as early as 1940, and B. Landmark observed auroras with radars lent by the Norwegian Defense Research Establishment and installed at Oslo (Kjeller) and Tromsö, where a permanent center for radar investigation of auroras was created later.55 These and subsequent radar investigations changed the way scientists studied auroras, which had been almost entirely by visual means up to about 1950. Permanent auroral observatories located at high latitudes, such as those at Oslo and Tromsö in Norway, at Kiruna in Sweden, and at Saskatoon in Saskatchewan, integrated radar into a spectrum of research instruments that included spectroscopy, photography, balloons, and sounding rockets. The International Geophysical Year, 1957-1958, was appropriately timed to further radar auroral research; it coincided with extremely high sunspot and auroral activity, such as the displays visible from Mexico in September 1957 and the "Great Red Aurora" of 10 February 1958. Among those participating in the radar aurora and meteor studies associated with the International Geophysical Year activities were three Jodrell Bank students and staff who joined the Royal Society expedition to Halley Bay, Antarctica.56 Notes 1. Guglielmo Marconi, "Radio Telegraphy," Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 10 (1922): 237. 2. Charles Süsskind, "Who Invented Radar?" Endeavour 9 (1985): 92-96; Henry E. Guerlac, "The Radio Background of Radar," Journal of the Franklin Institute 250 (1950): 284-308. 3. Swords, A Technical History of the Beginnings of Radar (London: Peter Peregrinus Press, 1986), pp. 270-271. 4. Guerlac, "Radio Background," p. 304. 5. Alfred Price, Instruments of Darkness: The History of Electronic Warfare, 2d. ed. (London: MacDonald and Jane's, 1977); Tony Devereux, Messenger Gods of Battle, Radio, Radar, Sonar: The Story of Electronics in War (Washington: Brassey's, 1991); David E. Fisher, A Race on the Edge of Time: Radar - the Decisive Weapon of World War II (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1988). 6. H. Montgomery Hyde, British Air Policy Between the Wars, 1918-1939 (London: Heinemann, 1976), p. 322. See also Malcolm Smith, British Air Strategy Between the Wars (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984). 7. Swords, p. 84; Edward G. Bowen, Radar Days (Bristol: Adam Hilger, 1987), pp. 4-5, 7 & 10; Robert Watson-Watt, The Pulse of Radar: The Autobiography of Sir Robert Watson-Watt (New York: Dial Press, 1959), pp. 29-38, 51, 69, 101, 109-110, 113; A. P. Rowe, One Story of Radar (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1948), pp. 6-7; Reg Batt, The Radar Army: Winning the War of the Airwaves (London: Robert Hale, 1991), pp. 21-22. The Radio Research Board was under the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, created in 1916. Born Robert Alexander Watson Watt in 1892, he changed his surname to "Watson-Watt" when knighted in 1942. See the popularly-written biography of Watson-Watt, John Rowland, The Radar Man: The Story of Sir Robert Watson-Watt (London: Lutterworth Press, 1963), or Watson-Watt, Three Steps to Victory (London: Odhams Press Ltd., 1957). An account of Watson-Watt's research at Slough is given in Watson-Watt, John F. Herd, and L. H. Bainbridge-Bell, The Cathode Ray Tube in Radio Research (London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1933). 8. By "apparent height of the ionosphere," I mean what ionosphericists call virtual height. Since the ionosphere slows radio waves before being refracted back to Earth, the delay is not a true measure of height. The Tuve-Breit method preceded that of Watson-Watt and was a true send-receive technique, while that of Watson-Watt was a receive-only technique. Tuve, "Early Days of Pulse Radio at the Carnegie Institution," Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics 36 (1974): 2079-2083; Oswald G. Villard, Jr., "The Ionospheric Sounder and its Place in the History of Radio Science," Radio Science 11 (1976): 847-860; Guerlac, "Radio Background," pp. 284-308; David H. DeVorkin, Science With a Vengeance: How the Military Created the U.S. Space Sciences after World War II (New York: Springer-Verlag, 1992), pp. 12, 301 & 316; C. Stewart Gillmor, "Threshold to Space: Early Studies of the Ionosphere," in Paul A. Hanle and Von Del Chamberlain, eds., Space Science Comes of Age: Perspectives in the History of the Space Sciences (Washington: National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution, 1981), pp. 102-104; J. A. Ratcliffe, "Experimental Methods of Ionospheric Investigation, 1925-1955," Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics 36 (1974): 2095-2103; Tuve and Breit, "Note on a Radio Method of Estimating the Height of the Conducting Layer," Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospheric Electricity 30 (1925): 15-16; Breit and Tuve, "A Radio Method of Estimating the Height of the Conducting Layer," Nature 116 (1925): 357; and Breit and Tuve, "A Test of the Existence of the Conducting Layer," Physical Review 2d ser., vol. 28 (1926): 554-575; special issue of Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics 36 (1974): 2069-2319, is devoted to the history of ionospheric research. 9. Watson-Watt, Three Steps, p. 83; Ronald William Clark, Tizard (London: Methuen, 1965), pp. 105-127. 10. Swords, pp. 84-85; Bowen, pp. 6, 21, 26 & 28; Batt, pp. 10, 21-22, 69 & 77; Rowe, pp. 8 & 76; R. Hanbury Brown, Boffin: A Personal Story of the Early Days of Radar, Radio Astronomy, and Quantum Optics (Bristol: Adam Hilger, 1991), pp. 7-8; P. S. Hall and R. G. Lee, "Introduction to Radar," in P. S. Hall, T. K. Garland-Collins, R. S. Picton, and R. G. Lee, eds., Radar (London: Brassey's, 1991), pp. 6-7; Watson-Watt, Pulse, pp. 55-59, 64-65, 75, 113-115 & 427-434; Watson-Watt, Three Steps, pp. 83 & 470-474; Bowen, "The Development of Airborne Radar in Great Britain, 1935-1945," in Russell W. Burns, ed. Radar Development to 1945 (London: Peter Peregrinus Press, 1988), pp. 177-188. For a description of the technology, see B. T. Neale, "CH--the First Operational Radar," in Burns, pp. 132-150. 11. Boot and Randall, "Historical Notes on the Cavity Magnetron," IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices ED-23 (1976): 724-729; R. W. Burns, "The Background to the Development of the Cavity Magnetron," in Burns, pp. 259-283. 12. Swords, p. xi. 13. Baxter, Scientists Against Time (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1946), p. 142; Swords, pp. 120, 259 & 266; Clark, especially pp. 248-271. 14. Guerlac, Radar in World War II, The History of Modern Physics, 1800-1950, vol. 8 (New York: Tomash Publishers for the American Institute of Physics, 1987), vol. 1, p. 249; Swords, pp. 90 & 119; Batt, pp. 79-80; Bowen, pp. 159-162: Watson Watt, Pulse, pp. 228-229 & 257; Watson-Watt, Three Steps, 293. In addition to Tizard and Bowen, the Mission team consisted of Prof. J. D. Cockcroft, Col. F. C. Wallace, Army, Capt. H. W. Faulkner, Navy, Capt. F. L. Pearce, Royal Air Force, W. E. Woodward Nutt, Ministry of Aircraft Production, Mission Secretary, Prof. R. H. Fowler, liaison officer for Canada and the United States of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, and Col. H. F. G. Letson, Canadian military attache in Washington. 15. Guerlac, Radar in World War II, 1:258-259, 261, 266 & 507-508, and 2:648 & 668. See also the personal reminiscences of Ernest C. Pollard, Radiation: One Story of the MIT Radiation Laboratory (Durham: The Woodburn Press, 1982). Interviews (though not all are transcribed) of some Radiation Laboratory participants are available at the IEEE Center for the History of Electrical Engineering (CHEE), Rutgers University. CHEE, Sources in Electrical History 2: Oral History Collections in U.S. Repositories (New York: IEEE, 1992), pp. 6-7. The British also developed magnetrons and radar equipment operating at microwave frequencies concurrently with the MIT Radiation Laboratory effort. 16. Guerlac, Radar in World War II, 1:247-248 & 117-119. For the Navy, see L. A. Hyland, "A Personal Reminiscence: The Beginnings of Radar, 1930-1934," in Burns, pp. 29-33; Robert Morris Page, The Origin of Radar (Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, Doubleday & Company, 1962); Page, "Early History of Radar in the U.S. Navy," in Burns, pp. 35-44; David Kite Allison, New Eye for the Navy: The Origin of Radar at the Naval Research Laboratory (Washington: Naval Research Laboratory, 1981); Guerlac, Radar in World War II, 1:59-92; Albert Hoyt Taylor, The First Twenty-five Years of the Naval Research Laboratory (Washington: Navy Department, 1948). On the Signal Corps, see Guerlac, Radar in World War II, 1:93-121; Harry M. Davis, History of the Signal Corps Development of U.S. Army Radar Equipment (Washington: Historical Section Field Office, Office of the Chief Signal Officer, 1945); Arthur L. Vieweger, "Radar in the Signal Corps," IRE Transactions on Military Electronics MIL-4 (1960): 555-561. 17. Gillmor, "Geospace and its Uses: The Restructuring of Ionospheric Physics Following World War II," in De Maria, Grilli, and Sebastiani, pp. 75-84, especially pp. 78-79. 18. DeWitt notebook, 21 May 1940, and DeWitt biographical sketch, HL Diana 46 (04), HAUSACEC. There is a rich literature on Jansky's discovery. A good place to start is Woodruff T. Sullivan III, "Karl Jansky and the Discovery of Extraterrestrial Radio Waves," in Sullivan, ed., The Early Years of Radio Astronomy: Reflections Fifty Years after Jansky's Discovery (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984), pp. 3-42. 19. DeWitt to Trevor Clark, 18 December 1977, HL Diana 46 (04); "Background Information on DeWitt Observatory" and "U.S. Army Electronics Research and Development Laboratory, Fort Monmouth, New Jersey," March 1963, HL Diana 46 (26), HAUSACEC. For published full descriptions of the equipment and experiments, see DeWitt and E. King Stodola, "Detection of Radio Signals Reflected from the Moon," Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 37 (1949): 229-242; Jack Mofenson, "Radar Echoes from the Moon," Electronics 19 (1946): 92-98; and Herbert Kauffman, "A DX Record: To the Moon and Back," QST 30 (1946): 65-68. 20. DeWitt replies to Clark questions, HL Diana 46 (04), HAUSACEC. 21. HL Radar 46 (07), HAUSACEC; Harold D. Webb, "Project Diana: Army Radar Contacts the Moon," Sky and Telescope 5 (1946): 3-6. 22. DeWitt to Clark, 18 December 1977, HL Diana 46 (04), HAUSACEC; Guerlac, Radar in World War II, 1:380 & 382 and 2:702. 23. DeWitt, telephone conversation, 14 June 1993; Materials in folders HL Diana 46 (25), HL Diana 46 (28), and HL Diana 46 (33), USASEL Research & Development Summary vol. 5, no. 3 (10 February 1958: 58, in "Signal Corps Engineering Laboratory Journal/R&D Summary,"; and Monmouth Message, 7 November 1963, n.p., in "Biographical Files," "Daniels, Fred Bryan," HAUSACEC; Daniels, "Radar Determination of the Scattering Properties of the Moon," Nature 187 (1960): 399; and idem., "A Theory of Radar Reflection from the Moon and Planets," Journal of Geophysical Research 66 (1961): 1781-1788. 24. "Diana," Time col. 47, no. 5 (4 February 1946): 84; "Radar Bounces Echo off the Moon to Throw Light on Lunar Riddle," Newsweek vol. 27, no. 5 (4 February 1946): 76-77; "Man Reaches Moon with Radar," Life vol. 20, no. 5 (4 February 1946): 30. 25. Zoltán Bay, Life is Stronger, trans. Margaret Blakey Hajdu (Budapest: Püski Publisher, 1991), pp. 5 & 17-18; Francis S. Wagner, Zoltán Bay, Atomic Physicist: A Pioneer of Space Research (Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1985), pp. 23-27, 29, 31-32; Wagner, Fifty Years in the Laboratory: A Survey of the Research Activities of Physicist Zoltán Bay (Center Square, PA: Alpha Publications, 1977), p. 1. 26. Bay, "Reflection of Microwaves from the Moon," Hungarica Acta Physica 1 (1947): 1-6; Bay, Life is Stronger, pp. 20, 29; Wagner, Zoltán, pp. 39-40; Wagner, Fifty Years, pp. 1-2. 27. Smith and Carr, Radio Exploration of the Planetary System (New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1964), p. 123; Bay, "Reflection," pp. 2, 7-15 & 18-19; P. Vajda and J. A. White, "Thirtieth Anniversary of Zoltán Bay's Pioneer Lunar Radar Investigations and Modern Radar Astronomy," Acta Physica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 40 (1976): 65-70; Wagner, Zoltán, pp. 40-41. Bay, Life is Stronger, pp. 103-124, describes the looting and dismantling of the Tungsram works by armed agents of the Soviet Union. 28. DeWitt, telephone conversation, 14 June 1993; DeWitt biographical sketch, HL Diana 46 (04), HAUSACEC; Wagner, Zoltán, p. 49; Wagner, Fifty Years, p. 2. Among the others were Thomas Gold, Von Eshleman, and A. C. Bernard Lovell. Gold, retired Cornell University professor of astronomy, claims to have proposed a lunar radar experiment to the British Admiralty during World War II; Eshleman, Stanford University professor of electrical engineering, unsuccessfully attempted a lunar radar experiment aboard the U.S.S. Missouri in 1946, while returning from the war; and Lovell proposed a lunar bounce experiment in a paper of May 1946. Gold 14/12/93, Eshleman 9/5/94, and Lovell, "Astronomer by Chance," manuscript, February 1988, Lovell materials, p. 183. Even earlier, during the 1920s, the Navy unsuccessfully attempted to bounce a 32-KHz, 500-watt radio signal off the Moon. A. Hoyt Taylor, Radio Reminiscences: A Half Century (Washington: NRL, 1948), p. 133. I am grateful to Louis Brown for pointing out this reference. 29. See DeVorkin, passim. 30. A. M. Skellett, "The Effect of Meteors on Radio Transmission through the Kennelly-Heaviside Layer," Physical Review 37 (1931): 1668; Skellett, "The Ionizing Effect of Meteors," Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 23 (1935): 132-149. Skellett was a part-time graduate student in astronomy at Princeton University and an employee of Bell Telephone Laboratories, New York City. The research described in this article came out of a study of the American Telegraph and Telephone Company transatlantic short-wave telephone circuits in 1930-1932, and how they were affected by meteor ionization. DeVorkin, p. 275. 31. Appleton and R. Naismith, "The Radio Detection of Meteor Trails and Allied Phenomena," Proceedings of the Physical Society 59 (1947): 461-473; James S. Hey and G. S. Stewart, "Radar Observations of Meteors," Proceedings of the Physical Society 59 (1947): 858; Lovell, Meteor Astronomy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1954), pp. 23-24. 32. Hey, The Evolution of Radio Astronomy (New York: Science History Publications, 1973), pp. 19-23 & 33-34; Lovell, The Story of Jodrell Bank (London: Oxford University Press, 1968), p. 5; Hey, Stewart, and S. J. Parsons, "Radar Observations of the Giacobinid Meteor Shower," Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 107 (1947): 176-183; Hey and Stewart, "Radar Observations of Meteors," Proceedings of the Physical Society 59 (1947): 858-860 & 881-882; Hey, The Radio Universe (New York: Pergamon Press, 1971), pp. 131-134; Lovell, Meteor Astronomy, pp. 28-29 & 50-52; Peter Robertson, Beyond Southern Skies: Radio Astronomy and the Parkes Telescope (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992), p. 39; Dudley Saward, Bernard Lovell, a Biography (London: Robert Hale, 1984), pp. 142-145; David O. Edge and Michael J. Mulkay, Astronomy Transformed: The Emergence of Radio Astronomy in Britain (New York: Wiley, 1976), pp. 12-14. For a brief historical overview of the Royal Radar Establishment, see Ernest H. Putley, "History of the RSRE," RSRE Research Review 9 (1985): 165-174; and D. H. Tomin, "The RSRE: A Brief History from Earliest Times to Present Day," IEE Review 34 (1988): 403-407. This major applied science institution deserves a more rigorously researched history. 33. See Lovell, Echoes of War: The Story of H2S Radar (Bristol: Adam Hilger, 1991). Lovell's wartime records are stored at the Imperial War Museum, Lambeth Road, London. 34. Lovell 11/1/94; Lovell, Jodrell Bank, pp. 5-8, 10; Lovell, Meteor Astronomy, pp. 55-63; Edge and Mulkay, pp. 15-16; Saward, pp. 129-131; R. H. Brown and Lovell, "Large Radio Telescopes and their Use in Radio Astronomy," Vistas in Astronomy 1 (1955): 542-560; Blackett and Lovell, "Radio Echoes and Cosmic Ray Showers," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London ser. A, vol. 177 (1941): 183-186; and Lovell, "The Blackett-Eckersley-Lovell Correspondence of World War II and the Origin of Jodrell Bank," Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 47 (1993): 119-131. For documents relating to equipment on loan from the Ministry of Aviation, the War Office, the Royal Radar Establishment, the Admiralty, and the Air Ministry as late as the 1960s, see 10/51, "Accounts," JBA. 35. Lovell 11/1/94; Lovell, Jodrell Bank, pp. 7-8, 10. 36. Lovell 11/1/94; Lovell, Jodrell Bank, pp. 8-10; Lovell, Clegg, and Congreve J. Banwell, "Radio Echo Observations of the Giacobinid Meteors 1946," Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 107 (1947): 164-175. Banwell was a New Zealand veteran of the Telecommunications Research Establishment wartime radar effort and an expert on receiver electronics. 37. Saward, p. 137; Herlofson, "The Theory of Meteor Ionization," Reports on Progress in Physics 11 (1946-47): 444-454; Ellyett and Davies, "Velocity of Meteors Measured by Diffraction of Radio Waves from Trails during Formation," Nature 161 (1948): 596-597; Clegg, "Determination of Meteor Radiants by Observation of Radio Echoes from Meteor Trails," Philosophical Magazine ser. 7, vol. 39 (1948): 577-594; Davies and Lovell, "Radio Echo Studies of Meteors," Vistas in Astronomy 1 (1955): 585-598, provides a summary of meteor research at Jodrell Bank. 38. Lovell, Jodrell Bank, p. 12; Lovell, Meteor Astronomy, pp. 358-383. 39. Ron Doel, "Unpacking a Myth: Interdisciplinary Research and the Growth of Solar System Astronomy, 1920-1958," Ph.D. diss. Princeton University, 1990, pp. 33-35, 42-44 & 108-111; DeVorkin, pp. 96, 273, 278 & 293; Luigi G. Jacchia and Whipple, "The Harvard Photographic Meteor Programme," Vistas in Astronomy 2 (1956): 982-994; Whipple, "Meteors and the Earth's Upper Atmosphere," Reviews of Modern Physics 15 (1943): 246-264; Ibid., "The Baker Super-Schmidt Meteor Cameras," The Astronomical Journal 56 (1951): 144-145, states that the first such camera was installed in New Mexico in May 1951. Determining the origin of meteors was not the primary interest of Harvard research. 40. Whipple, "Some Problems of Meteor Astronomy," in H. C. Van de Hulst, ed., Radio Astronomy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1957), p. 376; Almond, Davies, and Lovell, "The Velocity Distribution of Sporadic Meteors," Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 111 (1951): 585-608; 112 (1952): 21-39; 113 (1953): 411-427. The meteor studies at Jodrell Bank were continued into later years. See, for instance, I. C. Browne and T. R. Kaiser, "The Radio Echo from the Head of Meteor Trails," Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics 4 (1953): 1-4. 41. W. E. Knowles Middleton, Radar Development in Canada: The Radio Branch of the National Research Council of Canada, 1939-1946 (Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfred Laurier University Press, 1981), pp. 18, 25, 27, 106-109; Millman and McKinley, "A Note on Four Complex Meteor Radar Echoes," Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada 42 (1948): 122; McKinley and Millman, "A Phenomenological Theory of Radar Echoes from Meteors," Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 37 (1949): 364-375; McKinley and Millman, "Determination of the Elements of Meteor Paths from Radar Observations," Canadian Journal of Research A27 (1949): 53-67; McKinley, "Deceleration and Ionizing Efficiency of Radar Meteors," Journal of Applied Physics 22 (1951): 203; McKinley, Meteor Science and Engineering (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1961), p. 20; Lovell, Meteor Astronomy, pp. 52-55. 42. Millman, McKinley, and M. S. Burland, "Combined Radar, Photographic, and Visual Observations of the 1947 Perseid Meteor Shower," Nature 161 (1948): 278-280; McKinley and Millman, "Determination of the Elements," p. 54; Millman and McKinley, "A Note," pp. 121-130; McKinley, "Meteor Velocities Determined by Radio Observations," The Astrophysics Journal 113 (1951): 225-267; F. R. Park, "An Observatory for the Study of Meteors," Engineering Journal 41 (1958): 68-70. 43. Whipple, "Recent Harvard-Smithsonian Meteoric Results," Transactions of the IAU 10 (1960): 345-350; Jack W. Baggaley and Andrew D. Taylor, "Radar Meteor Orbital Structure of Southern Hemisphere Cometary Dust Streams," pp. 33-36 in Alan W. Harris and Edward Bowell, eds., Asteroids, Comets, Meteors 1991 (Houston: Lunar and Planetary Institute, 1992); Baggaley, Duncan I. Steel, and Taylor, "A Southern Hemisphere Radar Meteor Orbit Survey," pp. 37-40 in ibidem; William Jones and S. P. Kingsley, "Observations of Meteors by MST Radar," pp. 281-284 in ibidem; Jun-ichi Wattanabe, Tsuko Nakamura, T. Tsuda, M. Tsutsumi, A. Miyashita, and M. Yoshikawa, "Meteor Mapping with MU Radar," pp. 625-627 in ibidem. The MST Radar and the AMOR were newly commissioned in 1990. The MU Radar is intended primarily for atmospheric research. For the meteor radar research in Sweden and Czechoslovakia, see B. A. Lindblad and M. Simek, "Structure and Activity of Perseid Meteor Stream from Radar Observations, 1956-1978," pp. 431-434 in Claes-Ingva Lagerkvist and Hans Rickman, eds., Asteroids, Comets, Meteors (Uppsala: Uppsala University, 1983); A. Hajduk and G. Cevolani, "Variations in Radar Reflections from Meteor Trains and Physical Properties of Meteoroids," pp. 527-530 in Lagerkvist, H. Rickman, Lindblad, and M. Lindgren, Asteroids, Comets, Meteors III (Uppsala: Uppsala University, 1989); Simek and Lindblad, "The Activity Curve of the Perseid Meteor Stream as Determined from Short Duration Meteor Radar Echoes," pp. 567-570 in ibidem. 44. Ferrell, "Meteoric Impact Ionization Observed on Radar Oscilloscopes," Physical Review 2d ser., vol. 69 (1946): 32-33; Lovell, Meteor Astronomy, p. 28. 45. Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories, "Postwar Research and Development Program of the Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories, 1945," (Signal Corps, 1945), "Postwar R&D Program," HL R&D, HAUSACEC; John Q. Stewart, Michael Ference, John J. Slattery, Harold A. Zahl, "Radar Observations of the Draconids," Sky and Telescope 6 (March 1947): 3-5. They reported their later results in a paper, "Radar Observations of the Giacobinid Meteors," read before the December 1946 meeting of the American Astronomical Society in Boston. HL Diana 46 (26), HAUSACEC. 46. Wilbert F. Snyder and Charles L. Bragaw, Achievement in Radio: Seventy Years of Radio Science, Technology, Standards, and Measurement at the National Bureau of Standards (Boulder: National Bureau of Standards, 1986), pp. 461-465; Ross Bateman, A. G. McNish, and Pineo, "Radar Observations during Meteor Showers, 9 October 1946," Science 104 (1946): 434-435; Pineo, "Relation of Sporadic E Reflection and Meteoric Ionization," Science 110 (1949): 280-283; Pineo, "A Comparison of Meteor Activity with Occurrence of Sporadic-E Reflections," Science 112 (1950): 50-51; Pineo and T. N. Gautier, "The Wave-Frequency Dependence of the Duration of Radar-Type Echoes from Meteor Trails," Science 114 (1951): 460-462. Other articles by Pineo on his ionospheric research can be found in Laurence A. Manning, Bibliography of the Ionosphere: An Annotated Survey through 1960 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1962), pp. 421-423. 47. Gillmor, "Federal Funding and Knowledge Growth in Ionospheric Physics, 1945-1981," Social Studies of Science 16 (1986): 124. 48. Oswald G. Villard, Jr., "Listening in on the Stars," QST 30 (January, 1946): 59-60, 120 & 122; Helliwell, Whistlers and Related Ionospheric Phenomena (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1965), pp. 11-23; Leslie, p. 58; Gillmor, "Federal Funding," p. 129. 49. Manning, Helliwell, Villard, and Evans, "On the Detection of Meteors by Radio," Physical Review 70 (1946): 767-768; Manning, "The Theory of the Radio Detection of Meteors," Journal of Applied Physics 19 (1948): 689-699: Manning, Villard, and Peterson, "Radio Doppler Investigation of Meteoric Heights and Velocities," Journal of Applied Physics 20 (1949): 475-479; Von R. Eshleman, "The Effect of Radar Wavelength on Meteor Echo Rate," Transactions of the Institute of Radio Engineers 1 (1953): 37-42. DeVorkin, pp. 287-288, points out that, when given an opportunity to make radio observations in coordination with rocket flights, Stanford declined. 50. Eshleman 9/5/94; Eshleman, "The Mechanism of Radio Reflections from Meteoric Ionization," Ph.D. diss., Stanford University, 1952; Eshleman, The Mechanism of Radio Reflections from Meteoric Ionization, Technical Report no. 49 (Stanford: Stanford Electronics Research Laboratory, 15 July 1952), pp. ii-iii & 3; Manning, "Meteoric Radio Echoes," Transactions of the Institute of Radio Engineers 2 (1954): 82-90; Manning and Eshleman, "Meteors in the Ionosphere," Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 47 (1959): 186-199. 51. Robert Desourdis, telephone conversation, 22 September 1994; Donald Spector, telephone conversation, 22 September 1994; Donald L. Schilling, ed., Meteor Burst Communications: Theory and Practice (New York: Wiley, 1993); Jacob Z. Schanker, Meteor Burst Communications (Boston: Artech House, 1990). For a civilian use of meteor burst communications, see Henry S. Santeford, Meteor Burst Communication System: Alaska Winter Field Test Program (Silver Spring, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Office of Hydrology, 1976. 52. Lovell 11/1/94; 7 & 8/55, "Accounts," JBA; Lovell, "Astronomer by Chance," typed manuscript, February 1988, p. 376, Lovell materials; Lovell, Jodrell Bank, p. 157; G. Nigel Gilbert, "The Development of Science and Scientific Knowledge: The Case of Radar Meteor Research," in Gerard Lemaine, Roy Macleod, Michael Mulkay, and Peter Weingart, eds., Perspectives on the Emergence of Scientific Disciplines (Chicago: Aldine, 1976), p. 191; Edge and Mulkay, pp. 330-331. 53. Lovell, Clegg, and Ellyett, "Radio Echoes from the Aurora Borealis," Nature 160 (1947): 372; Aspinall and Hawkins, "Radio Echo Reflections from the Aurora Borealis," Journal of the British Astronomical Association 60 (1950): 130-135; various materials in File Group "International Geophysical Year," Box 1, File 4, JBA; McKinley and Millman, "Long Duration Echoes from Aurora, Meteors, and Ionospheric Back-Scatter," Canadian Journal of Physics 31 (1953): 171-181. 54. Currie, Forsyth, and Vawter, "Radio Reflections from Aurora," Journal of Geophysical Research 58 (1953): 179-200. 55. Hellgren and Meos, "Localization of Aurorae with 10m High Power Radar Technique, using a Rotating Antenna," Tellus 3 (1952): 249-261; Harang and Landmark, "Radio Echoes Observed during Aurorae and Geomagnetic Storms using 35 and 74 Mc/s Waves Simultaneously," Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics 4 (1954): 322-338; ibidem Nature 171 (1953): 1017-1018; Harang and J. Tröim, "Studies of Auroral Echoes," Planetary and Space Science 5 (1961): 33-45 & 105-108. 56. Jean Van Bladel, Les applications du radar à l'astronomie et à la météorologie (Paris: Gauthier-Villars, 1955), pp. 78-80; Neil Bone, The Aurora: Sun-Earth Interactions (New York: Ellis Horwood, 1991), pp. 36, 45-49; Alistair Vallance Jones, Aurora (Boston: D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1974), pp. 9, 11 & 27; Lovell, "Astronomer by Chance," manuscript, February 1988, p. 201, Lovell materials. 57. DeWitt and Stodola, p. 239. 58. Kerr, Shain, and Higgins, "Moon Echoes and Penetration of the Ionosphere," Nature 163 (1949): 310; Kerr and Shain, "Moon Echoes and Transmission through the Ionosphere," Proceedings of the IRE 39 (1951): 230; Kerr, "Early Days in Radio and Radar Astronomy in Australia," pp. 136-137 in Sullivan. Kerr and Shain, pp. 230-232, contains a better description of the system. See also Kerr, "Radio Superrefraction in the Coastal Regions of Australia," Australian Journal of Scientific Research, ser. A, vol. 1 (1948): 443-463. 59. D. D. Grieg, S. Metzger, and R. Waer, "Considerations of Moon-Relay Communication," Proceedings of the IRE 36 (1948): 660. 60. Kerr, Shain, and Higgins, p. 311. 61. Kerr and Shain, pp. 230-242. 62. Murray and Hargreaves, "Lunar Radio Echoes and the Faraday Effect in the Ionosphere," Nature 173 (1954): 944-945; Browne, Evans, Hargreaves, and Murray, p. 901; 1/17 "Correspondence Series 7," JBA; Lovell, "Astronomer by Chance," p. 183. 63. Evans 9/9/93; Hargreaves, "Radio Observations of the Lunar Surface," Proceedings of the Physical Society 73 (1959): 536-537; Evans, "Research on Moon Echo Phenomena," Technical (Final) Report, 1 May 1956, and earlier reports in 1/4 "Correspondence Series 2," JBA. 64. Evans 9/9/93; Evans, "The Scattering of Radio Waves by the Moon," Proceedings of the Physical Society B70 (1957): 1105-1112. 65. Evans 9/9/93; Edge and Mulkay, p. 298; Materials in 1/4 "Correspondence Series 2," and 2/53 "Accounts," JBA. With NASA funding, Jodrell Bank later participated in the Echo balloon project. 66. Harold Sobol, "Microwave Communications: An Historical Perspective," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques MTT-32 (1984): 1170-1181. 67. Grieg, Metzger, and Waer, pp. 652-663; "Via the Moon: Relay Station to Transoceanic Communication," Newsweek 27 (11 February 1946): 64; Sulzer, Montgomery, and Gerks, "An U-H-F Moon Relay," Proceedings of the IRE 40 (1952): 361. A few years later, three amateur radio operators, "hams" who enjoyed detecting long-distance transmissions (DXing), succeeded in bouncing 144-Mhz radio waves off the moon, on 23 and 27 January 1953. E. P. T., "Lunar DX on 144 Mc!" QST 37 (1953): 11-12 & 116. 68. Gebhard, pp. 115-116; James H. Trexler, "Lunar Radio Echoes," Proceedings of the IRE 46 (1958): 286-288. 69. NRL, "The Space Science Division and E. O. Hulburt Center for Space Research, Program Review," 1968, NRLHRC; Yaplee, R. H. Bruton, K. J. Craig, and Nancy G. Roman, "Radar Echoes from the Moon at a Wavelength of 10 cm," Proceedings of the IRE 46 (1958): 293-297; Gebhard, p. 118.	i don't know
Manchild and Buffalo Stance were hits for which singer	Neneh Cherry - Buffalo Stance - YouTube Neneh Cherry - Buffalo Stance Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Feb 28, 2009 Official video of Neneh Cherry performing Buffalo Stance from the album Raw Like Sushi. Buy It Here: http://smarturl.it/qkmj7q	Neneh Cherry
What is the last word in Rule Britannia	Neneh Cherry – 3 Studio Albums + Single [1989-1996] (4CD) [FLAC] \| Lossless Albums Download Neneh Cherry – 3 Studio Albums + Single [1989-1996] (4CD) [FLAC] Lossless Albums Download > Uncategorized > Neneh Cherry – 3 Studio Albums + Single [1989-1996] (4CD) [FLAC] Neneh Cherry – 3 Studio Albums + Single [1989-1996] (4CD) [FLAC] EAC \| FLAC \| Tracks (Cue&Log) ~ 1.36 Gb (incl 5%) \| Scans included Genre: Hip Hop, Alternative Hip Hop, R&B, Trip Hop, Downtempo, Dance Pop \| Time: 02:55:16 Neneh Mariann Cherry is a Swedish singer-songwriter, rapper, and occasional DJ and broadcaster. Blending hip hop with other influences, Cherry experienced mainstream success with several of her recordings. Collection includes solo studio albums and collaboration single ’7 Seconds’. The stepdaughter of jazz trailblazer Don Cherry, vocalist Neneh Cherry forged her own groundbreaking blend of pop, dance, and hip-hop, presaging the emergence of both alternative rap and trip-hop. She was born Neneh Mariann Karlssson on March 10, 1964, in Stockholm, Sweden, the daughter of West African percussionist Amadu Jah and artist Moki Cherry. Raised by her mother and her trumpeter stepfather in both Stockholm and New York City, Cherry dropped out of school at age 14, and in 1980 she relocated to London to sing with the punk group the Cherries. Following brief flings with the Slits and the Nails, she joined the experimental funk outfit Rip Rig + Panic, and appeared on the group’s albums God (1981), I Am Cold (1982), and Attitude (1983). When the band broke up, Cherry remained with one of the spinoff groups, Float Up CP, and led them through one album, 1986′s Kill Me in the Morning. The band proved short-lived, however, and Cherry began rapping in a London club, where she earned the attention of a talent scout who signed her to a solo contract. Her first single, “Stop the War,” railed against the invasion of the Falkland Islands. After attracting some notice singing backup on the The’s “Slow Train to Dawn” single, she became romantically and professionally involved with composer and musician Cameron McVey, who, under the alias Booga Bear, wrote much of the material that would comprise Cherry’s 1989 debut LP, Raw Like Sushi. One song McVey did not write was “Buffalo Stance,” the album’s breakthrough single; originally tossed off as a B-side by the mid-’80s pop group Morgan McVey, Cherry’s cover was an international smash that neatly summarized the album’s eclectic fusion of pop smarts and hip-hop energy. A pair of hits — the eerie “Manchild” and “Kisses on the Wind” — followed, but shortly after the record’s release Cherry was sidelined with Lyme disease, and apart from a cover of Cole Porter’s “I’ve Got You Under My Skin” for the 1990 Red Hot + Blue benefit album, she remained silent until 1992′s Homebrew. A more subdued collection than Raw Like Sushi, it featured cameos from Gang Starr and R.E.M.’s Michael Stipe, as well as writing and production assistance from Geoff Barrow, who layered the track “Somedays” with the same distinct trip-hop glaze he later perfected as half of the duo Portishead. While the album was not as commercially successful as its predecessor, Cherry returned to the charts in 1994 duetting with Youssou N’Dour on the global hit “Seven Seconds.” After another lengthy layoff spent raising her children, she resurfaced with the atmospheric Man in 1996. A remix version of the album, simply titled Remixes, would follow in 1998; then family life became a priority once again, with some guest appearances (including the 1998 single “Walk into this Room” with Live’s Edward Kowalczyk and a guest spot on Peter Gabriel’s 2000 album OVO) and work with her husband Burt Ford band’s Cirkus carrying her into the new millennium. She returned in 2012 with The Cherry Thing, an album in which she fronted the Thing, the experimental Scandinavian jazz trio whose founding mission was to play her stepfather’s music. Biography by Jason Ankeny, Allmusic.com EAC \| FLAC \| Tracks (Cue&Log) ~ 485 Mb (incl 5%) Label: Virgin, Circa \| # 0777 7 86116 2 2, CIRCD 8 \| Time: 01:02:18 \| Scans included Those arguing that the most individualistic R&B and dance music of the late ’80s and early to mid-’90s came out of Britain could point to Neneh Cherry’s unconventional Raw Like Sushi as a shining example. An unorthodox and brilliantly daring blend of R&B, rap, pop, and dance music, Sushi enjoyed little exposure on America’s conservative urban contemporary radio formats, but was a definite underground hit. Full of personality, the singer/rapper is as thought-provoking as she is witty and humorous when addressing relationships and taking aim at less-than-kosher behavior of males and females alike. Macho homeboys and Casanovas take a pounding on “So Here I Come” and the hit “Buffalo Stance,” while women who are shallow, cold-hearted, or materialistic get lambasted on “Phoney Ladies,” “Heart,” and “Inna City Mamma.” Cherry’s idealism comes through loud and clear on “The Next Generation,” a plea to take responsibility for one’s sexual actions and give children the respect and attention they deserve. Review by Alex Henderson, Allmusic.com Tracklist: 10. So Here I Come (04:03) 11. My Bitch (05:27) 12. Heart (It’s A Demo) (04:52) 13. Buffalo Stance (Sukka Mix) (05:21) 14. Manchild (The Old School Mix) (05:31) Homebrew (1992) EAC \| FLAC \| Tracks (Cue&Log) ~ 340 Mb (incl 5%) Label: Circa \| # CIRCD 25, 0777 7 86516 2 8 \| Time: 00:42:43 \| Scans included Neneh Cherry doesn’t get into the studio nearly often enough. Three years passed before the British singer/rapper came out with a second album. Thankfully, she more than lived up to the tremendous promise of Raw Like Sushi on the equally magnificent and risk-taking Homebrew. Cherry shows no signs of the dreaded sophomore slump — everything on the CD is a gem. She triumphs with a seamless and unorthodox blend of hip-hop, R&B, dance music, and pop, and on “Money Love” and “Trout,” the presence of R.E.M.’s Michael Stipe brings rock to the eclectic mix. As humorous as Cherry can be, her reflections on relationships and social issues are often quite pointed. While “Money Love” decries the evils of materialism, the moving “I Ain’t Gone Under Yet” describes an inner-city woman’s determination not to be brought down by the poverty and drugs that surround her. And “Twisted” is about keeping yourself sane in a world gone insane. Unfortunately, Homebrew wasn’t the commercial breakthrough Cherry was more than deserving of. Review by Alex Henderson, Allmusic.com Tracklist: 08. Trout (Featuring Michael Stipe) (05:04) 09. Peace In Mind (05:35) 10. Red Paint (05:28) Youssou N’Dour & Neneh Cherry ‎– 7 Seconds (1994) EAC \| FLAC \| Tracks (Cue&Log) ~ 209 Mb (incl 5%) \| Mp3 (CBR320/Stereo) ~ 121 Mb (incl 5%) Label: Chaos/Columbia \| # 660254 2 \| Time: 00:21:40 \| Scans included “7 Seconds” is a song composed by Youssou N’Dour, Neneh Cherry, Cameron McVey and Jonathan Sharp, released in 1994 as a single performed by Youssou N’Dour and Neneh Cherry. It reached the top three in various countries including the United Kingdom, France,Portugal, Germany, Italy, Australia, Russia and Poland. The single stayed at #1 for 16 consecutive weeks on the French Singles Chart, which was the record of the most weeks at the top at the time. The song also appeared on N’Dour’s album The Guide (Wommat), released shortly after the single. In 1996, it was included on Neneh Cherry’s album Man. Tracklist: 03. 7 Seconds (R&B To The Hip Hop Drop Mix) (06:24) 04. 7 Seconds (Dub Mix) (06:07) Man (1996) EAC \| FLAC \| Tracks (Cue&Log) ~ 363 Mb (incl 5%) Label: Virgin, Circa \| # 7243 8 41982 2 0, 8419822 \| Time: 00:48:33 \| Scans included Neneh Cherry, the critically acclaimed singer/songwriter and “rapstress” who burst onto the scene in 1989 with the mega-hit “Buffalo Stance,” did not even see the release of her third album, Man, in the United States. This set differs from her previous efforts in that there is absolutely no rap to be found anywhere on the disc, and all of the songs are slow-burning, midtempo alt-rock numbers, as opposed to anything remotely resembling dance or rap (though there are some hip-hop styled beats). There are really no immediate hits on this album, although it includes the international chart-topping duet with Youssou N’Dour, “7 Seconds,” as well as several other highlights, including “Woman,” “Hornbeam,” and “Everything.” Also included here is a tribute cover she recorded of Marvin Gaye’s “Trouble Man.” The album is a high-quality collection of alt-rock womens’ anthems, at times bluesy, at times folksy, and much more akin to her previous rock-leaning effort Homebrew than her breakthrough Raw Like Sushi. The songs have an organic, earthy feel, in tune with the Lilith Fair alternative-style musical movement going on at the time. A good deal of alterna-sexual references are found, especially considering some of the song titles (first single “Kootchi” and “Beastiality,” to mention two). A solid album, but definitely not very commercial. Still, it should have been given a chance in the U.S. market, especially given her previous track record. Review by Jose F. Promis, Allmusic.com Tracklist:	i don't know
At what sport was Vasily Alexev a competitor	Articles at Lift Up: Mystery of Alexeev Super Study: Another Mystery of the Legend by Arthur Chidlovski, 2007 He broke 80 world records, won 8 world titles, brought home 2 gold medals from the Olympics and got his image on the cover of every somehow significant magazine in the world. Vasily ALEXEEV is a true legend not only of Olympic weightlifting but of all sports. Like any legend, his name is surrounded with mystery. No one knows how he trained. No one knows his personal best results in training. No one knows how much he was getting paid for his world records. No one knows for sure when he was serious or joking. Does anyone know if Vasily was left-handed or right-handed? Without being sure whether we are serious or joking, the Lift Up conducted a super study on this subject matter. Unable to contact the Olympic weightlifting legend at the time of the study, the Lift Up presents a quick visual presentation featuring Vasily Alexeev in the sports and in the non-sports activites (see below). Unsolved Mysteries: Vasily Alexeev, Left Handed or Right Handed Athlete Note: Please scroll to the right. Some older browsers don't support the web technology used to generate the Super Study. If your browser doesn't, you will not be able to view the gallery of this athlete. Conclusions As noted above, Lift Up is not sure about the validity and seriousness of this study. Unable to draw any conclusions, we ask our visitors if anyone knows if Alexeev was left handed or right handed. Please don't let another mystery cover the legend, email us or leave a feedback to reveal the truth.	Weightlifting
Why was Ian Woosnam disqualified from the 2001 British Open Golf championship	vasily alexeev \| BearMythology October 14, 2008 bearmythology 7 comments Russian Weightlifters, Vasily Alexeev and Leonid Zhabotinsky Vasily Alexeev is quite possibly one of the most famous Olympic Weightlifter of all-time. He made his mark in 1972 and is now an easily recognized and iconic sports personality. Researching more about the history of weightlifting, I have pleasantly learned about a handsome bear of a man who also happened to be the previous Olympic Weightlifting gold medalist: another fellow Russian by the name of Leonid Zhabotinsky . Leonid Zhabotinsky (also endearingly referred to as “Big Zhabo”) possessed that cherubic looks that he seemed more huggable than intimidating. A true teddy bear, if one was to make an apt analogy. At 6’5″ and 350 pounds, he was considered a towering, muscular giant in the world of Super Heavyweight Olympic Weightlifting. And even in his later years, he maintained his youthful appearance. Thank you to Lift Up and Visualrian for all of the Leonid Zhabotinsky photo archives.	i don't know
With which form of transport was Otto Lilienthal associated	Lilienthal Glider Lilienthal Glider Lilienthal Glider on display in the Early Flight gallery at the National Mall building. Lilienthal Glider The most significant pre-Wright brothers aeronautical experimenter was the German glider pioneer Otto Lilienthal. Display Status: This object is on display in the Early Flight exhibition at the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, DC. SummaryLong Description Collection Item Summary: The most significant pre-Wright brothers aeronautical experimenter was the German glider pioneer Otto Lilienthal. Between 1891 and 1896, he built and flew a series of highly successful full-size gliders. During this period, Lilienthal made close to 2,000 brief flights in 16 different designs based on aerodynamic research he conducted in the 1870s and 1880s. Like the example in the National Air and Space Museum collection, most were monoplanes with stabilizing tail surfaces mounted at the rear. Control was achieved by shifting body weight fore-and-aft and from side-to-side. Beyond his technical contributions, he sparked aeronautical advancement from a psychological point of view, as well by unquestionably demonstrating that gliding flight was possible. He was a great inspiration to the Wright brothers in particular. They adopted his approach of glider experimentation and used his aerodynamic data as a starting point in their own research. Collection Item Long Description: The most significant pre-Wright brothers aeronautical experimenter was the German glider pioneer, Otto Lilienthal. Lilienthal was trained in the highly regarded German technical education system and earned his living as a professional engineer. He began research in aeronautics with his brother Gustave in the late 1860s, investigating the mechanics and aerodynamics of bird flight. In the 1870s he conducted a series of experiments on wing shapes and gathered air pressure data using a whirling arm and in the natural wind. The research produced the best and most complete body of aerodynamic data of the day. Lilienthal also established definitively the widely held belief that a curved wing section, as opposed to a flat wing surface, was the optimum shape for generating lift. In 1889 he published his findings in a pathbreaking book called Der Vogelflug als Grundlage der Fliegekunst (Birdflight as the Basis of Aviation). Lilienthal was not satisfied to restrict his work to the exploration of aerodynamic theory. Between 1891 and 1896, he put his research into practice in the form of a series of highly successful full-size glider trials. During this period Lilienthal made close to 2,000 brief flights in 16 different glider designs based on his aerodynamic investigations. Most were monoplanes with stabilizing tail surfaces mounted at the rear. He also tried a few biplane and folding wing designs, but the original monoplane glider, or Normal Segelapparat (standard sailing machine) as he called it, produced the best results. Lilienthal built at least eight gliders of this type. The gliders had split willow frames covered with cotton twill fabric sealed with collodion to make the surface as airtight as possible. Collodion is a viscous solution of nitrated cellulose in a mixture of alcohol and ether that dries to form a tough elastic film. The wings ranged in area from 9 to 25 m2 (100 to 280 ft2), and could be folded to the rear for easier transport and storage. Control was achieved by shifting body weight, similar to modern hang glider practice. The pilot cradled himself vertically in a harness suspended below an elliptical opening between the wings. Swinging his legs from side to side and fore and aft, the pilot could adjust the center of gravity and thereby maintain equilibrium. Lilienthal did most of his gliding from a man made hill he had constructed near his home at Gross Lichterfelde, and from the hills surrounding the small village of Rhinow, about fifty miles from Berlin. His best efforts with these gliders covered more than 300 m (985 ft) and were 12 to 15 seconds in duration. In the summer of 1896, Lilienthal's aeronautical experiments came to an abrupt and tragic end. On August 9, while soaring in one of his standard monoplane gliders, a strong gust of wind caused the craft to nose up sharply, stall, and crash from an altitude of 15 m (50 ft). Lilienthal suffered a broken spine and died the following day in a Berlin hospital. As successful as they were, Lilienthal's glider designs had some inherent limitations that he would have had to confront had he lived and continued his work. The principal problem was his means of controlling the craft. Lilienthal's technique of shifting body weight to maintain equilibrium did place him ahead of other experimenters in that he recognized the need for a control system and gave attention to developing one. But, as revealed in his fatal crash, the control response of his method was very limited. Even more significant, shifting body weight as a means of control placed a severe restriction on the size of the aircraft. Because control was achieved by altering the aircraft's center of gravity as a result of repositioning the pilot's body weight, the weight of the aircraft had to be kept comparatively low. This presented a great problem in the design of a powered airplane. Any aircraft capable of lifting an engine and pilot, much less any sort of a payload, would be of a size so large that shifting body weight would be totally ineffectual. Further, the airfoil of Lilienthal's gliders, although extensively tested and documented during his earlier aerodynamic research, was very inefficient in actual practice. Lilienthal always preferred a perfect arc for the shape of his glider wings with a very deep camber of 1 in 12. His investigations demonstrated that a curved surface was the most efficient shape, but he never abandoned the perfect arc in his gliders to experiment with parabolic airfoils, which later proved to be superior. The deeply cambered perfect arcs of Lilienthal's glider wings resulted in aerodynamic efficiency and stability problems. Despite these unresolved issues, the impact of Lilienthal's aeronautical work upon the next generation of experimenters, the generation that would finally achieve heavier-than-air powered flight, was highly influential. With his pioneering aerodynamic research and his success in the air, Lilienthal had established a new starting point for anyone entering the field. Beyond his technical contributions, he sparked aeronautical advancement from a psychological point of view as well. He demonstrated unquestionably that gliding flight was possible. Granted, he was flying for only seconds at a time, but he was truly flying. Lilienthal's tentative trips through the air made headlines everywhere. Dramatic photographs showing Lilienthal soaring gracefully over hillsides appeared in newspapers and magazines the world over. The publicity made him quite a sensation in an age when, for most, human flight still seemed a distant possibility at best. This exposure and visible proof that a human being could actually fly contributed as much to spurring other experimenters forward as did Lilienthal's ground breaking aerodynamic research. He was a great inspiration to the Wright brothers in particular. They adopted his approach of glider experimentation and used his aerodynamic data as a starting point in their own research. The Lilienthal glider in the NASM collection was built by the German experimenter in 1894. It was purchased from Lilienthal by the American newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst in the spring of 1896. Hearst sponsored test flights of the glider on a Long Island estate in April and May 1896 in an effort to create publicity and boost the circulation of his newspaper, the New York Journal. Harry Bodine, a New Jersey athlete, made most of the flights, although Journal reporters and other spectators were also allowed to test their skill. Flights as long as 115 m (375 ft) at altitudes of up to 15 m (50 ft) were made with the glider. Further flight testing, however, ceased after Lilienthal's death in August. The glider was placed in storage until January 1906, when it was displayed at a New York Aero Club show. It then passed into the hands of John Brisben Walker, editor of Cosmopolitan magazine, who presented it to the Smithsonian Institution on February 2, 1906. Minor refurbishing was done in 1906 and 1928, and in 1967 the glider was completely restored. The horizontal tail is not original. The NASM Lilienthal glider is one of six remaining in the world. Data Source	Glider
Who was the commander of the French army at the Battle of Borodino	aviation timeline 1893 World Aviation in 1893 Otto Lilienthal: First True Aviator The German engineer Otto Lilienthal was the first man to launch himself into the air, fly, and land safely. He also was an important source of inspiration and information for the Wright brothers in the next decade. Otto Lilienthal. Lilienthal was born in Pomerania, Germany in 1848. Even as a teenager, he was interested in flight, and with his brother Gustav, in 1867 built a frail contraption of thin birch veneer. They intended to strap themselves to the pair of 6-1/2-foot (two-meter) wings, run down a hill while flapping their arms, and take off into the air. Their experiment was unsuccessful, but they persevered and built two more winged vehicles. These failed too, but Otto remained committed to the idea of human flight. He studied at Potsdam and Berlin and received a degree in mechanical engineering from Berlin University in 1870. After an interruption to serve in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71, he continued with his aeronautical pursuits. After the war, Gustav became an architect and left Otto to open his own factory in Berlin to manufacture boilers and steam engines. Otto resisted the urge to plunge ahead with building flying machines, even though the pull was strong. He first devoted himself to studying the principles of aerodynamics and analyzed how birds flew before he attempted to apply those principles to a structure. After experimenting with ornithopters, in 1889 he published a book on the flight of birds that outlined his theories and which became one of the classics of aviation. In Der Vogelflug als Grundlage der Fliegekunst (Bird Flight as the Basis of Aviation), he examined in detail the types and structure of bird wings, the method and aerodynamics of bird flight, and the application of the data he gathered especially that dealing with wing area and lift to the problem of human flight. He described how birds propelled themselves by the twisting, or airscrew, action of their outer primary feathers. Lilienthal tabulated the amount of air resistance offered to a bird's wing with various degrees of camber and determined that the curve was necessary to flight because it offered more resistance than a flat surface. He built his first glider in 1891. Before his death in 1896, he had built eighteen modelsï¿½fifteen monoplanes and three biplanes. He had also taken more than 2,000 glider flights. Lilienthal's "Normal" Glider, 1895. Lilienthal biplane glider in flight, 1895. Shows structure of the glider with the double sailing surface. Lilienthal's first glider, the 1891 Derwitzer Glider, was constructed of rods of peeled willow covered by highly stretched strong cotton fabric. He used a springboard in his garden at first at a height of a little over three feet (one meter), then gradually increasing to 8.2 feet (2.5 meters) to launch himself into the air. His first flights took him only a few feet but gradually the distance lengthened until he could glide almost 80 feet (24 meters). The glider originally had a wingspan of 25 feet (7.6 meters). During the course of the experiments, he reduced its span to 18 feet (5.5 feet). As in all his gliders, he controlled the glider's direction by shifting his weight a task that required considerable strength. In 1892, he constructed a more sophisticated glider with fabric that covered both sides of the wings. This glider had a wingspan of 31 feet (9.4 meters). He could fly it up to a distance of 270 feet (82.3 meters). Lilienthal's Sturmfugel, 1894. Lilienthal's "Jumping Off" place from the front. Lilienthal realized he needed more flying space. In 1894, he built an artificial hill topped with an earth-covered shed for storing his machines. He would run down his hill and leap into the face of the wind, reportedly gliding more than 150 feet (45.7 meters). He could also launch himself from the top of the 13-foot (4-meter) shed. Lilienthal's gliding experiments, 1892. From there, he progressed to his Maih-he-Rhinow-Glider. He called this a convertible flight apparatus, and Lilienthal received a patent for its design. It had a bat-like construction and when collapsed, measured 6.6 x 10.5 x 1.6 feet (2 x 3.2 x 0.5 meters). He could change the wing profile by inserting different ribs. Lilienthal needed still more space for his experiments as well as a location with height and strong, steady winds. He began flying in the Rhinower Hills, about six miles northwest of Berlin. Launching himself from the hillside, he glided up to 1,150 feet (350 meters). Lilienthal glides from the top of his hill. Like several others before him, Lilienthal never quite abandoned the idea that flapping wings was the key to motion. In 1893 and again in 1896, he built gliders with flapping wings in the ornithopter fashion. Each machine had a lightweight carbonic acid engine that produced about two horsepower (1.5 kilowatts). The engine was supposed to make the wing tips flap up and down and move the aircraft forward. Neither model was successful. Otto Lilienthal's 1893 glider. From 1894 until his death in 1896, Lilienthal constructed his ï¿½standardï¿½ glider. These monoplanes were highly successful, and he sold or gave several of them to clients. They had cambered wings with radiating ribs that could be folded for transport and a fixed rear fin and tailplane that freely hinged upward. With these machines, Lilienthal could glide from 300 feet (91.4 meters) to more than 750 feet (228.6 meters). His design incorporated a prellbugel, or rebound bow. This was a flexible willow hoop fitted in front of the pilot that would reduce the impact in case of a crash. The apparatus saved Lilienthal's life during one flight when the glider stalled and nose-dived toward the earth from more than 60 feet (18.3 meters) above ground. Lilienthal's "jumping off" place. Lilienthal continued testing and enhancing his standard glider. In 1895, he tested unsuccessfully a leading-edge flap device that was intended to counteract air pressure on the cambered upper surfaces of the wings as well as steering air-brakes and a form of wing-warping. At the time of his death, he was developing a body-harness elevator control to supplement his body movements. He became a skilled pilot and could ride the wind and handle his craft skilfully. During this time, he also was visited by several aerodynamic experts, including Samuel Langley, secretary of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., and N.J. Shukowsky, an aerodynamics expert from Moscow. However, Lilienthal's gliders had one major fault. They had no means of control other than the motions of the pilot who had to contort himself and exercise considerable strength to affect the direction and stability of the glider. To fly the glider, Lilienthal had to crawl under the craft, position his arms in a set of cuffs, grasp a bar near the front edge of the wings, and run down a slope. Once aloft, his legs dangled below him. His only way to balance the craft was to shift his weight. He moved the lower half of his body in the direction he wished to go, which changed the centre of gravity. By shifting his weight, he reacted to the movement of the glider rather than directing it. Lilienthal shifts his body to move the glider to the right. Shows how Lilienthal changed the centre of gravity and particularly the position of his legs to the left in order to press down the left wing. From "Practical Experiments for the Development of Human Flight." On August 9, 1896, the glider he was piloting stalled and went into a nosedive. It had no prellbugel to protect him, and he died the next day of a broken spine. His last words were Sacrifices must be made. Lilienthal piloting his 1896 glider. Lilienthal soars through the air. Although his designs had flaws, Lilienthal had an immense influence on aviation. His writings were translated and distributed worldwide, and the photographs that documented his flights visually proved that a human could launch himself into the air and stay aloft. He demonstrated the importance of identifying the principles that governed an experiment before proceeding, and his meticulous documentation of his research provided guidance for those that came after him. Your browser does not support inline frames or is currently configured not to display inline frames.	i don't know

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