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In which country was the battle of Rorke's Drift in 1879	BBC - History - British History in depth: Zulu: The True Story Print this page Introduction On 22 January 1879, at Rorke's Drift on the Natal border with Zululand, in South Africa, a tiny British garrison of 140 men - many of them sick and wounded - fought for 12 hours to repel repeated attacks by up to 3,000 Zulu warriors. This heroic defence was rewarded by Queen Victoria's government with no fewer than 11 Victoria Crosses, and was later immortalised by the film Zulu (1964), directed by Cy Endfield. Few ... remember that it was fought on the same day that the British Army suffered its most humiliating defeat ... Few, however, remember that it was fought on the same day that the British Army suffered its most humiliating defeat at nearby Isandlwana. Why? Because it suited those responsible for the disaster to exaggerate the importance of Rorke's Drift in the hope of reducing the impact of Isandlwana. The true story of 22 January 1879 - the Empire's longest day - is one of unprovoked slaughter, of heroes being ignored and of the guilty being protected. And the responsibility for this lay with Queen Victoria herself. Top An unnecessary war Benjamin Disraeli © Like so many imperial conflicts of the period, the Zulu War was not initiated from London. Instead, Benjamin Disraeli's government - preoccupied with the Russian threat to Constantinople and Afghanistan - made every effort to avoid a fight. 'We cannot now have a Zulu war, in addition to other greater and too possible troubles', wrote Sir Michael Hicks Beach, the colonial secretary, in November 1878. The man to whom this letter was addressed - Sir Bartle Frere - had others ideas, however. Frere had been sent out to to Cape Town with the specific task of grouping South Africa's hotch-potch of British colonies, Boer republics and independent black states into a Confederation of South Africa. But he quickly realised that the region could not be unified under British rule until the powerful Zulu kingdom - with its standing army of 40,000 disciplined warriors - had been suppressed. So he exaggerated the threat posed by the Zulus to the British, and, when the home government refused to sanction war, took matters into his own hands in December 1878 by presenting the Zulu king, Cetshwayo, with an unacceptable ultimatum. This required, among other things, the disbandment of the Zulu Army, and war was the inevitable result. Such unilateral action by an imperial pro-consul was not unusual during the Victorian period. Such unilateral action by an imperial pro-consul was not unusual during the Victorian period. So great were the distances involved, and so slow the methods of communication, that British governors often took it upon themselves to start wars and annex provinces. Lord Lytton, the Viceroy of India, was about to invade Afghanistan without reference to London. But the Zulu conflict was unique in that it was to be the last pre-emptive war launched by the British, prior to the recent campaign in Iraq. Top Isandlwana Lord Chelmsford, c.1870 © The war began on 11 January 1879, when the 5,000-strong main British column invaded Zululand at Rorke's Drift. It was commanded by the ambitious Lord Chelmsford, a favourite of the Queen, who had little respect for the fighting qualities of the Zulu. 'If I am called upon to conduct operations against them,' he wrote in July 1878, 'I shall strive to be in a position to show them how hopelessly inferior they are to us in fighting power, altho' numerically stronger.' This dangerous mixture of self-confidence and contempt for their foes infected the whole British force. But their misjudgement came to rebound on them badly. By 20 January - hampered by minor skirmishes and poor tracks - Chelmsford's column had only advanced 11 miles to the rocky lower slopes of a distinctive, sphinx-like hill called Isandlwana. There it set up camp. But at 4am on 22 January, Chelmsford made the first of a series of blunders by taking two-thirds of his force off to pursue what he believed was the main Zulu army. He was convinced that the Zulus were gathering to the south-east, and so failed to reconnoitre adequately the broken ground to the north-east. There, lying in wait just five miles from the exposed camp at Isandlwana, were 20,000 Zulu warriors. At around 8am, mounted vedettes reported large numbers of Zulus on the high ground to the left of the camp. Colonel Pulleine, in command at Isandlwana, dashed off a quick note to Chelmsford, reading: 'Report just come in that the Zulus are advancing in force from Left front of Camp.' Chelmsford read it shortly after 9.30am, and he returned it to his staff officer, Major Clery, without a word, and would not be deflected from his original plan. This dangerous mixture of self-confidence and contempt for their foes infected the whole British force. At 11am, by which time the 1,300 men remaining in the camp had been swelled by 450 reinforcements, mounted scouts stumbled upon the concealed Zulu impi. Realising they had been spotted, the Zulus rose as one and began their attack, using their traditional tactic of encirclement known as the izimpondo zankomo ('horns of the buffalo'). An hour later, as the hard-pressed British defenders fought for their lives, a portion of Chelmsford's force at Mangeni Falls received word that the camp was in danger of being overrun. On his own initiative a Colonel Harness gave orders for his small force of artillery and infantry to return to camp. But it had only progressed half a mile when a staff officer rode up with express orders from Chelmsford to resume its original march because the message was a false alarm. The last chance to save the camp had been thrown away. By 3pm, despite severe losses, the Zulus had captured the camp. The culmination of Chelmsford's incompetence was a blood-soaked field littered with thousands of corpses. Of the original 1,750 defenders - 1,000 British and 750 black auxiliaries - 1,350 had been killed. Top The cover-up Queen Victoria © Word of the disaster reached Britain on 11 February 1879. The Victorian public was dumbstruck by the news that 'spear-wielding savages' had defeated the well equipped British Army. The hunt was on for a scapegoat, and Chelmsford was the obvious candidate. But he had powerful supporters. On 12 March 1879 Disraeli told Queen Victoria that his 'whole Cabinet had wanted to yield to the clamours of the Press, & Clubs, for the recall of Ld. Chelmsford'. He had, however, 'after great difficulty carried the day'. Disraeli was protecting Chelmsford not because he believed him to be blameless for Isandlwana, but because he was under intense pressure to do so from the Queen. Meanwhile Lord Chelmsford was urgently burying all the evidence that could be used against him. He propagated the myth that a shortage of ammunition led to defeat at Isandlwana. He ensured that potential witnesses to his errors were unable to speak out. Even more significantly, he tried to push blame for the defeat onto Colonel Durnford, now dead, claiming that Durnford had disobeyed orders to defend the camp. Many generals blunder in war, but few go to such lengths to avoid responsibility. The truth is that no orders were ever given to Durnford to take command. Chelmsford's behaviour, in retrospect, is unforgivable. Many generals blunder in war, but few go to such lengths to avoid responsibility. Top Rorke's Drift An 1882 'Illustrated London News' drawing of the aftermath of the battle for Rorke's Drift © Chelmsford had, in any event, another weapon to use against his critics - that of Rorke's Drift. Though undeniably heroic, the importance of the defence of Rorke's Drift was grossly exaggerated by both the generals and politicians of the period, to diminish the impact of Isandlwana. 'We must not forget,' Disraeli told the House of Lords on 13 February, 'the exhibition of heroic valour by those who have been spared.' In truth, the real hero of Rorke's Drift was Commissary Dalton. Within days of Rorke's Drift, Chelmsford was urging the speedy completion of the official report because he was 'anxious to send that gleam of sunshine home as soon as possible'. When it finally arrived, he added two names to the six recommended VCs - the names of lieutenants Chard and Bromhead. Many of their fellow officers were amazed by these two additions. One senior officer wrote: 'Bromhead is a great favourite in his regiment and a capital fellow at everything except soldiering ... He had to be reported confidentially as hopeless.' Another described Chard as 'a most useless officer, fit for nothing'. In truth, the real hero of Rorke's Drift was Commissary Dalton. It was Dalton who persuaded Chard and Bromhead to remain at Rorke's Drift when their first instinct was to abandon the post, and it was Dalton who organised and inspired the defence. But Dalton, an ex-NCO, came from what was considered the wrong background, and was ignored for almost a year. He was eventually awarded a VC after intensive lobbying by the press - but not until January 1880, by which time the celebrations had died down. Top Chelmsford's recall Back in England meanwhile - with the Zulu War no nearer to being won - the cries for Chelmsford's recall intensifying. On 23 May, realising that his political future was on the line, Disraeli told the queen that his government was replacing Chelmsford with Wolseley. She replied frostily: 'I will not withhold my sanction though I cannot approve it.' It was one of the few serious breeches she and Disraeli had during their political relationship. Most of what Chelmsford told the Queen was a pack of lies. In early September, shortly after his return from South Africa, Lord Chelmsford was given an audience with the Queen. She recorded the conversation in her journal: 'Ld. Chelmsford said no doubt poor Col. Durnford had disobeyed orders, in leaving the camp as he did... Ld. Chelmsford knew nothing, Col. Durnford never having sent any message to say he was in danger... This much is clear to me: viz. that it was not his fault, but that of others, that this surprise at Sandlwana took place... I told Ld. Chelmsford he had been blamed by many, and even by the Government, for commencing the war without sufficient cause. He replied that he believed it to have been quite inevitable; that if we had not made war when we did, we should have been attacked and possibly overpowered.' Most of what Chelmsford told the Queen was a pack of lies. Durnford, as we have seen, did not disobey orders. And Chelmsford ignored at least two warnings to the effect the camp 'was in danger'. In addition, the war was not one of self-defence but of conquest. Queen Victoria, however, would not see the truth. Top Only one winner The British captured King Cetshwayo in August 1879, and the war, to all intents and purposes, was over. But few emerged on the British side with any credit, nor did ordinary Zulus benefit. Cetshwayo was exiled, Zululand was broken up and eventually annexed. Frere never achieved his ambition to confederate South Africa. That would have to wait until the aftermath of an even bloodier conflict, that of the Boer War. James Dalton died in 1887, a broken man. Disraeli lost the 1880 election and died the following year. James Dalton died in 1887, a broken man. Many of the lower-rank VC winners from Rorke's Drift were also forgotten when the media circus moved on. But one man prospered - Lord Chelmsford. The Queen showered honours on him, promoting him to full general, awarding him the Gold Stick at Court and appointing him Lieutenant of the Tower of London. He died in 1905, at the age of 78, playing billiards at his club. Books Rorke's Drift by Adrian Greaves (Cassell, 2002) The National Army Musuem Book of the Zulu War by Ian Knight (Sidgwick and Jackson, 2003) Military Blunders by Saul David (Robinson, 1997) Zulu Victory: The Epic of Isandlwana and the Cover-Up by Ron Lock and Peter Quantrill (Greenhill, 2002) The Rise and Fall of the Zulu Nation by John Laband (Arms and Armour, 1995) Top About the author Dr Saul David is the author of several critically-acclaimed history books, including The Indian Mutiny: 1857 (shortlisted for the Westminster Medal for Military Literature), Zulu: the Heroism and Tragedy of the Zulu War of 1879 (a Waterstone's Military History Book of the Year) and, most recently, Victoria's Wars: The Rise of Empire. He was recently appointed Visiting Professor of History at the University of Hull.	South Africa
Who was the British foreign secretary who resigned during the battle of the Falklands	Rorke's Drift Lodge 3 star accommodation Want to talk to us? Rorke’s Drift, famous, infamous but delightful is an experience not to be missed. Located on the battlefields of kwaZulu-Natal, South Africa this little hamlet has seen some of the most significant moments in South Africa’s history. The Battle of Rorke’s Drift in 1879 was a part of the Anglo-Zulu war that saw the first defeat of the British Forces by an imposing Zulu Impi in the morning at Isandlwana and a complete turnaround in the evening of the same day at Rorke’s Drift. Also during this time the French Prince Imperial died in a skirmish and ended the Bonaparte dynasty. Today it is marked by a single cenotaph in a lonely field. At Fugitive’s Drift is another lone cenotaph raised to the honour of two men whose sole purpose was to preserve the Queen’s Colours and whose bravery was acknowledged by the award of a Victoria Cross. A stone’s throw away and a few years later the Anglo Boer War raged with many Boer battles being won and lost. Read more...	i don't know
Marble Arch was designed by John Nash to commemorate whose victories in battle	Exploring the Tourist Attractions around Trafalgar Square - London Hotels & Travel Guide Click here to bookmark this site: Exploring the Tourist Attractions around Trafalgar Square Trafalgar Square is high on the list of must-see places in the middle of London. It gets a lot of tourists every day because of its proximity to many tourist attractions around the area. In this article we visit some of these tourist attractions and get to know them. Trafalgar Square was created to commemorate the Battle of Trafalgar, a British naval victory in the Napoleonic Wars in 1805. Trafalgar Square was originally intended to be called the King William VI Square. However architect George Ledwell Taylor suggested the name Trafalgar Square. The architecture around Trafalgar Square dates to between 1820 and 1845, when the Prince Region engaged John Nash, the imminent landscape architect, to redevelop the area. The project became known as the Charing Cross Improvement Scheme. The architecture of the square was the work of Sir Charles Barry, and was completed in 1845. Trafalgar Square consists of a big public area bordered by roads. The roads that lead into Trafalgar Square or are within its vicinity include Whitehall, Northumberland Avenue, The Strand, Charing Cross Road, Haymarket, Pall Mall and The Mall. Also within the area are Trafalgar Square road and Cockspur Street. The point where the Strand meets Whitehall was the original location of the Charing Cross. This is where the City of London meets the City of Westminster, and is accepted as the very heart of London. From here all distances are measured. Exploring Trafalgar Square in clockwise fashion beginning from the north, we see the stairs that lead up to the National Gallery. The National Gallery began when the British government bought 36 paintings from banker John Julius Angerstain in 1824. From that minuscule collection, the National Gallery today houses over 2,300 paintings dating from the mid-13th century to 1900. Two thirds of the collection comes from donation. The collect is small compared to national galleries of continental Europe, however, it has important works with a broad historical representation, covering Early Renaissance to Post-Impressionism. The present structure at Trafalgar Square was built in 1832-8. However only the facade is recognizable from the original, with much of the inside having been renovated and expanded. This is the third building to house the National Gallery, and despite the many expansions, is still inadequate. The site at Trafalgar Square made creating an impressive gallery a challenging task. It cannot be extended in further than one room, as there was a workhouse and a barracks immediately behind. The architect whose design was chosen, William Wilkins, also had to comply to several stipulations, among them, he has to used columns from the demolished Carlton House, and sculptures which were intended for John Nash's Marble Arch. As a result, the National Gallery opened to much public ridicule. To the east of Trafalgar Square is the St Martin-in-the-Fields Church, an Anglican church dedicated to Saint Martin of Tours. An archaeological excavation in 2006 discovered a burial here dating back to Roman times. It led to a reappraisal of the importance of Westminster during Roman times. The reason is, although the Romans usually bury their dead outside city limits, the site of St Martin was way outside the Roman city limits, so it surprised archaeologists to find a burial spot so far out of the city. The earliest documentation of St Martin-in-the-Fields Church was found in 1222, where a dispute between the Abbot of Westminster and the Bishop of London over who had control over St Martin was recorded. King Henry VIII rebuilt the church in 1542, so that plague victims do not have to pass by his residence at the Palace of Whitehall. At that time, the church was literally "in the fields", isolated and away from the cities of Westminster and London. Although the old St Martin-in-the-Fields building was not destroyed by the Great London Fire of 1666, it was nevertheless replaced with a new building, by James Gibbs, in 1726. Though the new design was greeted with much criticism, it eventually found favor and became famous, leading to many similar copies built in the United States. St Martin-in-the-Fields is one of the most famous non-cathedral churches in London, due to its strategic location. It is famous for the social work done for the homeless. It is also a regular venue for lunchtime and evening concerts. A 36 million pound renewal project began in January 2006 is scheduled to be fully completed by early 2008. At little to the south of the St Martin's church, past South Africa House, still to the east, is the Strand, towards the present location of Charing Cross and the Charing Cross station. To the south is Whitehall, towards the direction of the Palace of Westminster. To the southwest is the Admiralty Arch with The Mall passing through it towards Buckingham Palace. Finally, to the west is Cockspur Street in the direction towards the Haymarket. There are several statues at Trafalgar Square, the most prominent of which is Nelson's Column. It commemorates the death of Admiral Horatio Nelson in the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805. The entire monument is 50 metres (169 ft 5 in) from the bottom first step to the tip of Nelson's hat, according to laser survey done during restoration in 2006. It includes the 5.5m (18 ft) statue of Nelson facing in the direction of the Palace of Westminster and along Pall Mall. Nelson stands on top of a Corinthian column based on one from the Temple of Mars Ultor in Rome. At the top of the column are bronze acanthus leaves cast from British cannons. Below the column is a square pedestal, and on each face is a bronze panel cast from captured French guns. Each panel depicts one of Nelson's four great victories. Nelson's Column was made in 1838. It was designed by William Railton. The sandstone statue of Nelson was sculptured by E.H. Baily. The four bronze panels were done by sculptors Musgrave Watson, John Ternouth, William F Woodington and John Edward Carew. The whole monument costs 47,500 pounds, equivalent to 3.5 million pounds in 2004 terms. Four lions, by Sir Edwin Landseer, were added in 1867. Nelson's Column is surrounded by four huge bronze lions cast from cannons of the French fleet. At the four corners of the square are plinths. Three of these have statues on them: King George IV on the northeast plinth, cast in the 1840s; Henry Havelock on the southeast plinth, cast in 1861; Sir Charles James Napier on the southwest plinth, cast in 1855. The fourth plinth remains without a permanent statue on it. Initially it was intended for a statue of King William IV, but there was insufficient funds to complete it. As of now, the plinth continues to be used for temporary works of art. On the lawn in front of the National Gallery are two more statues: King James II to the west of the entrance portico, and George Washington to the east. The Washington statue was a gift from the state of Virginia in US. It stands on soil brought over from the United States, in honor of Washington's declaration that he would never again set foot on British soil. To the south of Nelson's statue is the roundabout where the original Eleanor Cross stood. There's a statue of Charles I there. It is the only English king to ever be beheaded. To the southwest of the round about is Admiralty Arch. It is an office building facing Trafalgar Square. It incorporates an archway for road and pedestrian access between The Mall and Trafalgar Square. The Admiralty Arch was built in 1912, and adjoins the Old Admiralty Building. The Admiralty Arch was commissioned by King Edward VII, in memory of his mother, Queen Victoria, though he died before it was completed. These are just some of the sights around Trafalgar Square. There is indeed a lot to see at every corner, and for that reason, it is still one of the main attractions in London. About the Author Timothy Tye explores and documents the tourist attractions of the world in EarthDocumentary. Go to EarthDocumentary to learn about the tourist attractions of London. Statistics & Ratings	Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson
What is the state capital of South Carolina	Roman to Norman London referat Roman to Norman London Roman London London was found by the Trojan prince Brutus and run by heroic giants from the Celtic King Lud. In AD43 was the Roman invasion under Emperor Claudius. The first people who built a square mile, which is now known as the City of London, were the Romans. During the first of the centuries AD, they also built important bridges, roads and forts. The Roman historian Tacitus said that London was filled with traders and a celebrated center of commerce. In 61 Boudicca, a widow of an East Anglian chieftain, rebelled against the Imperal forces who had seized her land and raped her daughter. She destroyed a Roman colony and led a march to London. In London they massacred inhabitants and burnt the settlement to the ground. The reconstruction of the city went until 200; also a two-mile(3km), six-metre high defensive wall was built around London. Londinium AD200 In the fourth century, racked by barbarian invasions, the Roman Empire was in cecline. In 410 the last troops withdrew and London became a ghost town. The only things which were in conditon were the roads. Saxon and Viking London During the fifth and the sixth centuries the Saxons crossed the North Sea and settled in Eastern and Southern England. They built farmsteads and trading posts outside the city walls. In 596 Augustine was sent by Pope Gregory to convert the English people to Christianity. Augustine was the first Archbishop of Canterbury. In 604 a wooden cathedral was built inside the walls. This cathedral was dedicated to St. Paul. In the ninth century the city faced a new danger from the North Sea: the Vikings. The city was plundered in 841. In 851 the Danish raiders returned with 350 ships and destroyed the city. King Alfred of Wessex rebuilt the city in 886. He reestablished the city as a major trading centre with a merchant navy. During the tenth century the Saxon city expanded. New churches were built, parishes established and markets set up. In the eleventh century the vikings started a harassment. The English citizens were forced to accept a Danish King called Cnut. During his reign(1016-1040), Winchester replaced Landonas the capitel. Edward the Confessor In 1042 an English king came back to the throne, he was called Edward the Confessor. He devoted himself to build the grandest church of London. He replaced the church of St. Peter by a huge abbey: Westminster Abbey, and moved his court to this new palace of Westminster. Edward died in 1065 and was buried in Westminster Abbey. The Norman Conquest After the death of Edward there was a fight over the throne between William, the Duke of Normandy, and Edwardï¿½s brother, Harold. William invaded England and defeated Harold on 14th October 1066 at the battle of Hastings. William the Conquerer was crowned in Westminster Abbey on Christmas Day 1066. He granted the Bishop and burgesses of London a charter that acknowledged their rights and independence. He also ordered to build strongholds alongside the city walls, including the White Tower. The Middle Ages In the growing city of London, much of the politics of the Middle Ages(1200-1500) revolved around a three-way struggle for power between the king, the aristocracy, the Church and the Lord Mayor and city guilds. The Birth of the Parliament In the early Middle Ages the king and his court were travelling through the whole country. In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, the Palace of Westminster became the seat of law and government. The Model Parliament was held in Westminster Hall in 1295, presided over by EdwardI and attended by barons, the clergy and representatives of knights and burgesses. The first steps to peronal rights and political liberty had already been taken in 1215 with the Magna Charta, which was signed by King John. In the fourteenth century subsequent assemblies gave rise to the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The relations between the monarch and the city were never good. Londoners guarded their privileges with selfrighteous intransigence. They also resisted all attemps by successive kings to squeeze money. Successive kings were forced to get money from Jewish and Lombard moneylenders. But the city merchants were as intolerant of foreigners as of royal authority. City Status & Commercial Clout Independence and self-regulation were the privileges which were granted by the Norman kings and were extended by the monarchs which are followed them. In 1119 the city was formally recognised as a commune and, in 1197, won control of the Thames, including lucrative fishing rights. In 1215 the city right "to elect every year a major" was confirmed by King John. The major had a position of great authority over the Sheriff and the Bishop of London. In the next two centuries the influence of th trad and craft guilds increased as trade with Europe grew. There were many imports over the London bridges: fine cloth, furs, wine, spices and precious metals. Also port dues and taxes were paid to custums officials. The cityï¿½s markets drew produce from miles around. There were also street markets around Westcheap(Cheapside) and Eastcheap. They were crammed with a variety of goods. Also foreign traders and craftsman settled around the port. The population of the city grew from about 18,000 in 1100 to over 50,000 in the 1340s. The Black Death & The Peasantsï¿½ Revolt The bad hygiene became a big problem in the city. Water was provided in cisterns at Cheapside and elsewhere, but the supply was limited. There was no proper sewage system, and in the streets around Smithsfield butchers dumped the entrails of slaughtered animals. These conditions provided the ground for the greatest catastrophe of the Middle Ages: the Black Death of 1348-49. Rats on ships from Europe carried the plague to England. 30 per cent of the English population died because of it. Though the epidemic abated, it was to recure in London on several occasions during the next three centuries. These outbreaks left the labour market shorthanded, causing unrest among the overworked peasants. The imposition of a poll tax caused the Peasantsï¿½ revolt. Led by Jack Strew from Wessex and Wat Tyler from Kent, thousands marched on London in 1381. The Archbishop of Canterbury was murdered, the Savoy Palace on the Strand was destroyed and hundreds of prisoners were set free. Wat Tyler was fatally stabbed by Lord Mayor William Walworth as the 14-year-old Richard II rode out to visit the rioters. The other ringleaders were subsequently rounded up and hanged. But no more poll taxes were imposed. The death of Wat Tyler(left) and Richard II adressing the peasants(right). Churches and monasteries London had a large number of parish and monastic churches. There was also the great Gothic cathedral of St. Paul. The majority of Londoners were allowed access to the major churches, but the lives of most of them revolved around their own local parish places of worship. Many churches were linked to particular craft and trade guilds. The crusading Knights Templars and Knights Hospitallers wereï¿½ two of the earliest religious orders to settle. But the increasingly unruly Templars were disbanded in 1312 by the Pope. The surviving church of St. Barthalomew-the-Great and the names of St. Helenï¿½s Bishopsgate, Spitalsfields and St. Martinï¿½s-le-Grand are all reminders of these early monasteries and convents. The friars were social workers who lived outside the city walls. Their names are still in evidence around Fleet Strreet and the west of the city. Tudors & Stuarts Henry VII & The Englisch Reformation Henry VII was succeeded in 1509 by Henry VIII. Henryï¿½s first marriage to Catherine of Aragon failed to produce an heir so the king, in 1527, determined that this union should be annulled. As the Pope refused toï¿½ï¿½ co-operate, Henry VIII defied the Catholic Church. He founded the Church of England, in which he himself was the Supreme head. If anyone refused to go along with his plan, he ordered this person to be executed(including his chancellor Sir Thomas Moore). The dissolution of the monasteries transformed the face of the medieval city. A more positive happening of Henryï¿½s reign was that he developed a professional navy and founded the Royal Dockyards at Woolwhich. He also established palaces at Hampton Court and Whitehall, and built a residence at St. Jamesï¿½s Palace. Much of the land annexed for hunting became the royal parks , including Hyde, Regentï¿½s and Greenwich park. There was a brief Catholic revival under Queen Mary(1553-58), and her marriage to Philip II of Spain. She had 300 Protestants burned, earning her the nickname "Bloody Mary". Elizabethan London Elizabeth Iï¿½s reign(1558-1603) saw a flowering of English commerce and arts. In 1566 Sir Thomas Gresham founded the first trading centre in London, the Royal exchange. The merchant ventures and the first joint-stock companies established new trading enterprises. In 1580, Elizabeth knighted Sir Francis Drake on his return from a three-year circumnavigation. Eight years later, Drake and Howard defeated the Spanish Armada. Because of the trade increased, London had a population of 200000 in 1600. But many people lived in dirt, with plague and fire as constant hazards. The glory of the Elizabethan Era was the development of English drama, popular with all social classes. Two famous rival theatres, the Rose(1587) and the Globe(1599), were erected on the south of the Thames at bankside. It was here that the plays of Marlowe and Shakespeare were performed. Elizabeth I The Tudor dynasty ended with Elizabethï¿½s death in 1603. Her successor, the Stuart King James I, narrowly escaped assassination on November 5th 1605, when Guy Fawkes and his Gunpowder Plot were discovered underneath the Palace of Westminster. The Gunpowder Plot was a protest at the failure to improve conditions for the persecuted Catholics Civil War Charles I succeeded his father in 1625 and gradually fell out with the city of London. The last straw came in 1642 when he intruded in the Houses of Parliament in an attempt to arrest five Members of Parliament. The country slid into a civil war(1642-49) between the supporters of the parliament(led by the Puritan Oliver Cromwell) and those of the king. Both sides knew that the control of the countryï¿½s major city and port was vital for victory. The sympathies of the London citizens were with the Parliamenterians and in 1642 24,000 of them assembled at Turnham Green to fight against the army of Charles. He was never too seriously threatening the capital again and, eventually, the Royalists were defeated. Charles was declared guilty and , on January 30th 1649, was beheaded outside the Banqueting House in Whitehall. For the next 11 years the country was ruled as a commonwealth country by Cromwell. In 1660 Charles II returned from his exil and was crowned to the new king. Plague, Fire & The "Glorious Revolution" There were two major catastrophes under Charlesï¿½s reign in the capital. In 1665, the most serious outbreak of the bubonic plague since the black death devastated the capitalï¿½s population. Nearly 100000 Londoners died. And in September 1666, another catastrophe struck. The fire that spread from a carelessly tended oven in a bakery in Pudding Lane was to rage for three days and consume four-fifths of the city, including 87 churches, 44 livery company halls and more than 13,000 houses. Here was the chance to rebuild as a spacious, rationally planned modern city. Many blueprints were made, but the city was rebuilt in a medival construction. But a new St. Paulï¿½s was built, this was the first Protestanic church of the world. Many residents moved up to the West End. In the city the Royal Exchange was rebuilt, but merchants increasingly used the new coffee houses to exchange news. The City was emerging as a financial centre. Anti Catholic feelings still ran high, so the accession of the Catholic James in 1685 aroused fears of return to Catholicism. So William of Orange, a Dutch Protestant, was invited to take the throne with his wife Mary Stuart(Jamesï¿½s daughter). One of the most significant developments in Williamï¿½s reign was the founding of the Bank of England in 1694. Georgian London After the death of Queen Anne the throne passed to King George(1714-27). He was a great-grandson of James I. George had been born and brought up in Hannover, Germany. He never learned English, and was the first of four-reigning Georges in the Hannoverian line. Under his reign was Britainï¿½s first Prime Minister, Sir Robert Walpole. He was also presented with 10 Downing Street as his residence. During the 18th century, London grew very fast, both in population and built-up area. South London became more accessible with the opening of the first new bridges, Westminste Bridge(1750) and Blackfairs Bridge(1763). Until then, London bridge had been the only bridge over the River Thames. Poverty & Crime In the older districts, people lived in terrible squalor and poverty. Fleet Street and St. Giles were the most notorious slums, only a short distance from streets of fashionable residences. Becaus of this, many Londoners drank excessively. The well-off seemed totally complacent. They regularly amused themselves at the popular Renelagh or Vauxhall Pleasure Gardens. Public executions at Tyburn were among the most popular events in the social calendar. The outrageous imbalance in distribution of wealth encouraged crime: robberies in the West End often took place in broad daylight. In 1751 the satirical writer Henry Fielding established a volunteer force of "thief-takers". This gruop of early cops were the forerunners of todays Metropolitan Police. Riots were also a regular reaction to middlemen charging extortionate prices. In 1780 there was the most violent riot, called anti-Catholic Gordon Riot, leaving 300 people dead. It was not only the population of London that was on the rise in the 18th Century. Country people drifted to towns in large numbers. The East End was increasingly the focus for poor immigrant labourers. By 1801, Londonï¿½d population had grown top almost a million, the largest in Europe. The Victorian era The British Empire spanned a fifth of the Globe and London was also a chief ports and the worldï¿½s largest manufacturing centre. On the one hand London was the city of fine shops, museums and theatres; on the other it was a city of poverty, disease and prostitution. During the reign of Queen Victoria thousands of acres were covered with housing, roads and railway lines. Today nearly every house in a random of 8 km of central London, is from the Victorian Era. By the end of the 19th century the city population grew over six million. So the Metropolitan Board of Works installed an efficient sewerage system, street lights and better roads. Queen Victoria I The Railways The Victorian expansion of London would not have been possible without an efficient public transport network to bring workers to the new suburbs outside London. The horse-drawn bus appeared on Londonï¿½s streets in 1829. The opening of the first railway between Greenwich and London in 1836 hailed to the future. In 1863 the first underground line proved an instant success, attracting more than 30,000 people on the first day. The worldï¿½s first electric track in a deep tunnel opened in 1890 between the city and Stockwell. The Great Exhibition The Great Exhibition in 1851 captured the spirit of the age: confidence and pride, discovery and invention. Prince Albert was involved in the organisation of this event, for which the Crystal Palace was erected in Hyde Park. About six million visitors came to the Exhibition. After it , the palace was moved to Sydenham and used as an exhibition centre until it was destroyed by fire in 1936. The twentieth century A touch Parisian chic came under the reign of Edward VII(1901-10). For example: the Ritz Hotel at Piccadillyan the Cafï¿½ Royal. Also the first American style store opened in Oxford Street in 1909. Entertainment for the little people was made at the music hall. Road transport was revolutionised. Motor cars were seen around the city, and the first motor bus was introduced in 1904, and five years later house-drawn buses had been abandoned. London suffered its first air raids in World War I. The first bomb over the city was dropped in September 1915, to be followed by many nightly raids. All in all, about 650 people lost their lives because of Zeppelin raids. Between the Wars Political change happened quickly after WWI. After a government of the liberal party, the Labour Party had enough Members of Parliament to build a new government in 1924. It was the "roaring twenties", who flitted from parties in Mayfait to dance in Ritz. But the biggest class of the population was too poor for this and lived in the post-war slums. Civil disturbances, caused by rising unemployment and an increased cost of living, resulted in an general strike in 1926. Prime Minister Baldwin encouraged volunteers to take over the public services and the streets teemed with army-escorted food convoys. After nine days the strike was called off by the Trade Union Congress. The economic situation only worsened in the early 1930s following the New York Stock Exchange crash in 1929. During these years, the London County Council began to have a greater impact on the cityï¿½s life. London population increased dramatically between the wars, it was nearly 8,7 million in 1939. World War II On September, 3rd 1939 Britain declared War. Afraid of air raids, 600,000 children and pregnant women were evacuated from London. But London had to wait until September 7th 1940, when German bombers threw their bombs on London. On this day entire streets were destroyed, the dead and injured numbered over 2,000. From 1942 the German army had a new weapon, known as the V1 rocket or later the more explosive V2 rocket. Over the winter in 1944, 500 V2s dropped over London, mostly in East End. Victory in Europe(VE Day) was declared on May 8th 1945. Thousands of people went to the streets of London to celebrate. After the war a third of the city and the East End was in ruins. Postwar London The new Labour government established the National Health Service in 1948, and began a massive nationalisation programme. In London, the most immediate problem was a critical shortage of housing. The new big houses were often badly built and unpopular with residents. The Olympic Games happened 1948 in London. In 1950s life and prosperty gradually returned to London. The coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in 1953 had been the biggest television broadcast in history. However, the population dropped by half a million in the late 1950s. Many West Indians came to London and the City welcomed these new emigrants very friendly. The most tolerant area was Soho. By the mid 1960s London had started to swing. The innovative fashions of Mary Quant and others broke the stranglehold of Paris, many boutiques opened along Kingï¿½s Road. The year of student unrest throughout Europe, 1968, saw the first issue of Time Out. The decade ended with the last Beatles album and the free gig of the Rolling Stones in Hyde Patk on which around half a million people were. Many Londoners remembered the 1970s as a decade of economic strife. The IRA began ist bombing campaign on mainland Britain. In 1979 a new political life began in Britain as the Conservatives won the general election. Margaret Thatcher was the first woman prime minister. A monetarist policy and cuts in public services divided the poor and the rich. In London riots errupted in Brixton and Tottenham in the early 1980s. Margaret Thatcher, 1983 The Greater London Council mounted spirited opposition to the Thatcher government. Since then London has been without an elected governing body, 2000 the first mayor was elected. 1990s In 1990 there was a hope for London. John Major replaced Thatcher as leader of the Conservative Party. A riot in Trafalgar Square had helped to see off both Maggie and her inequitable Poll Tax. The main problem of the city was homelessness. After the re-election of the Conservatives a bomb of the IRA detonated in the city. In May 1997 the Labour Party won the general election. Though the Labour Government has not yet delivered all its promises, its popularity hasnï¿½t waned and the general mood in London today remains one of optimism. The Millennium The Millennium Celebration in London was a very spectacular one. There is the Millennium Dome in Greenwich. It was "the most spectacular millennium event anywhere in the world". The Richard Rogers Partnership designed the Dome. And there is no denying that the structure is something for itself. The largest roof in the world(8 hectares) is stretched over 12 masts. The Millennium Dome housed 15 exhibitions with the following themes: work, learning, money, body(take a journey through the human body), play, journey, shared ground(communities), living island (a look at the UK's environment), home planet(global travel), talk(communication and the future), faith (and beliefe), rest, mind, self portrait(UK people and places) and skysrape (2 x 2,500 seat cinemas, live events and concerts). Up to 6 live shows were performed every day. The Millenium Dome The Millennium Experienceï¿½s has the sense to "exploring the possibilitiesof the own personal future in the next millennium". The question was how the producers could realise this. The main problem was the huge queues for the more popular exhibits like the body zone. At the beginning most visitors said that extra attractions may be added. The Dome cost 758 million pounds. But the most people thought that this money was well spent. Climate Modern London has the equable climate of South East England, with mild winters and temperate summers. The average daytime air temperature is 52ï¿½ F (11ï¿½ C), with 42ï¿½ F (5.5ï¿½ C) in January and 65ï¿½ F (18ï¿½ C) in July. Statistics show that the sun shines, however briefly, on five days out of six. Londoners shed their winter overcoats in April or May and begin to dress warmly again in late October. The prevailing wind is west-southwest. Because of the sheltering effect of the Chiltern Hills and North Downs, the city has slightly less rainfall than the Home Counties. In an average year one can expect 200 dry days out of 365 and a precipitation total of about 23 inches (585 mm) quite evenly distributed across the 12 months. The average difference in minimum temperatures between London and the surrounding country is 3.4ï¿½ F (1.9ï¿½ C), but on individual nights the difference can be as much as 16.2ï¿½ F (9ï¿½ C). The chemical, mechanical, and thermal effects of the city also affect wind speed and precipitation. Downpours of heavy rain are liable to be more intense within London because pollution particles act as condensation nuclei for water vapour. Sights Westminster Abbey Westminster Abbey, West End London church that is the site of coronations and other ceremonies of national significance. It stands just west of the Houses of Parliament in the Greater London borough of Westminster. Situated on the grounds of a former Benedictine monastery, it was refounded as the Collegiate Church of St. Peter in Westminster by Queen Elizabeth I in 1560. Legend relates that Saberht, the first Christian king of the East Saxons, founded a church on a small island in the River Thames, then known as Thorney but later called the west minster (or monastery), and that this church was miraculously consecrated by St. Peter. It is certain that about 785 there was a small community of monks on the island and that the monastery was enlarged and remodelked by St. Dunstan about 960. Since William the Conqueror, every British sovereign has been crowned in the abbey except Edward V and Edward VIII, neither of whom was crowned. Many kings and queens are buried near the shrine of Edward the Confessor or in Henry VII's chapel. The last sovereign to be buried in the abbey was George II (1760); since then they have been buried at Windsor Castle. The abbey is crowded with the tombs and memorials of famous British subjects, such as Sir Isaac Newton, David Livingstone, and Ernest Rutherford. Part of the south transept is well known as Poets' Corner and includes the tombs of Geoffrey Chaucer, Ben Jonson (who was buried upright), John Dryden, Robert Browning, and many others. The north transept has many memorials to British statesmen. The grave of the "Unknown Warrior," whose remains were brought from Flanders (Belgium) in 1920, is in the centre of the nave near the west door. Houses of Parliament In the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the seat of the bicameral Parliament included the House of Commons and the House of Lords. It is located on the left bank of the River Thames in the borough of Westminster, London. The building was built for Edward the Confessor in the 11th century and enlarged by William I, the Conqueror. In 1512 the palace suffered greatly from fire and thereafter ceased to be used as a royal residence. St. Stephen's Chapel was used in 1550 for the meetings of the House of Commons, held previously in the chapter house of Westminster Abbey; the Lords used another apartment of the palace. A fire in 1834 destroyed the whole palace except the historic Westminster Hall, the Jewel Tower, the cloisters, and the crypt of St. Stephen's Chapel Big Ben, tower clock famous for its accuracy and for its massive bell (weighing more than 13 tons). It is housed in St. Stephen's Tower, at the northern end of the Houses of Parliament. The clock was designed by Edmund Beckett Denison and built by E.J. Dent. The name of the clock is said by some historians to stand for Sir Benjamin Hall, the commissioner of works. At the time of the clock and bell's installation in 1859, the name applied only to the bell, but it eventually came to indicate the clock itself. Houses of Parliament and Big Ben Buckingham Palace The Residence of the British sovereign. It is situated within the borough of Westminster. The palace takes its name from the house built (1705) for John Sheffield, duke of Buckingham. It was bought in 1762 by George III for his wife, Queen Charlotte, and became known as the queen's house. By order of George IV, John Nash initiated the conversion of the house into a palace in the 1820s. Nash also reshaped the Buckingham Palace Gardens and designed the Marble Arch entryway, which was later removed (1851) to the northeast corner of Hyde Park. The Mall front, or Fore Court (east side), was expanded in 1847 by Edward Blore and redesigned in 1913 by Sir Aston Webb as a background for the Queen Victoria Memorial statue. Nash's garden front (west side) remains virtually unchanged. Victoria was the first sovereign to live there (1837). Since the mid-18th century the Royal Mews (stables and coach houses with living quarters above) have been located on the palace grounds; the current buildings date from 1824-25. Within the mews are the luxurious motorcars, dozens of carriages, and horses that figure prominently in royal processions and ceremonies. Notable among the carriages are the Gold State Coach (1762), the Irish State Coach (1852), and the Glass State Coach (1910). Main Gate of Buckingham Palace Piccadilly Circus Piccadilly Circus is situated between the neighbourhoods of St. James (south) and Soho (north) in the borough of Westminster. As a traffic hub and neon-lit gathering place, Piccadilly Circus attracts visitors from throughout the world, many of whom sprawl on the steps of its stone island, which is crowned by the 1893 aluminum statue of Eros (formally entitled the Angel of Christian Charity, it was built as a memorial to the 7th earl of Shaftesbury). The intersection's first electric advertisements appeared in 1910, and from 1923 giant electric billboards were set up on the facade of the London Pavilion (then a theatre). Many of the surrounding buildings were redeveloped to house retail shops in the 1980s. The 19th-century Criterion building was restored in the early 1990s. Hyde Park A park in the borough of Westminster, London. It covers more than 138 hectares and is bordered on the east by Mayfair and on the west by Kensington Gardens. The park shares a large curved lake with its western neighbour; the portion of the lake in Kensington Gardens is known as the Long Water, whereas the Hyde Park portion is called the Serpentine. The lake is used for boating in the summer and skating in the winter. In the park's northeastern corner, near Marble Arch, is Speakers' Corner, which has long been a centre of free speech for soapbox orators. Also in the park are the Hudson Bird Sanctuary, a bandstand, large fountains, a ranger's lodge, and, in the southeastern corner of the park, the statue of Achilles (1822), which recalls the duke of Wellington's victories. Not far from the statue, and nearly adjoining the park, is the Wellington Museum (1952), which is housed in a structure built in 1771-78. Nearby starts a celebrated riding track, Rotten Row, which traverses the park westward. Trafalgar Square Trafalgar Suare A plaza in the City of Westminster, named for Lord Nelson's naval victory (1805) in the Battle of Trafalgar. Possibly the most famous of all London squares, Trafalgar Square has always been public and has had no garden. Seven major arteries pump automobiles around the great paved space, which is dominated by Nelson's Column (1839-43), a 56-metre-high monument to Lord Nelson that includes a 15-metre-high statue of him by E.H. Baily. At the corners of the column's plinth are four bronze lions sculpted by Sir Edwin Landseer and cast by Baron Marochetti.	i don't know
In Australian slang what is a swagman	Australian slang dictionary Apples, she'll be : It'll be all right Arvo : afternoon Aussie salute : brushing away flies with the hand Avos : avocados B & S : Bachelors' and Spinsters' Ball - a very enjoyable party usually held in rural areas Back of Bourke : a very long way away Bail (somebody) up : to corner somebody physically Bail out : depart, usually angrily Banana bender : a person from Queensland Barbie : barbecue (noun) Barrack : to cheer on (football team etc.) Bastard : term of endearment Battler : someone working hard and only just making a living Beaut, beauty : great, fantastic Big Smoke : a big city, especially Sydney or Melbourne Big-note oneself : brag, boast Bikkie : biscuit (also "it cost big bikkies" - it was expensive) Billabong : an oxbow lake cut off by a change in the watercourse. Billabongs are usually formed when the course of a creek or river changes, leaving the former branch with a dead end. Billy : teapot. Container for boiling water. Bingle : motor vehicle accident Bitzer : mongrel dog (bits of this and bits of that) Bizzo : business ("mind your own bizzo") Black Stump, beyond the : a long way away, the back of nowhere Bloke : man, guy Bloody : very (bloody hard yakka) Bloody oath! : that's certainly true Blow in the bag : have a breathalyser test Blowie : blow fly Bludger : lazy person, layabout, somebody who always relies on other people to do things or lend him things Blue : fight ("he was having a blue with his wife") Blue, make a : make a mistake Bluey : pack, equipment, traffic ticket, redhead Bluey : blue cattle dog (named after its subtle markings) which is an excellent working dog. Everyone's favourite all-Aussie dog. Bluey : heavy wool or felt jacket worn by mining and construction workers. Bluey : bluebottle jellyfish Bog in : commence eating, to attack food with enthusiasm Bog standard : basic, unadorned, without accessories (a bog standard car, telephone etc.) Bogan : person who takes little pride in his appearance, spends his days slacking and drinking beer Bogged : Stuck in mud, deep sand (a vehicle). Boil-over : an unexpected (sporting) result Bondi cigar : see "brown-eyed mullet" Bonzer : great, ripper Boogie board : a hybrid, half-sized surf board Boomer : a large male kangaroo Booze bus : police vehicle used for catching drunk drivers Boozer : a pub Bored shitless : very bored Bottle shop : liquor shop Bottle-o : liquor shop (originally a man with hessian bags going around picking up beer bottles in the 50's and 60's) Bottler : something excellent Bottling, his blood's worth : he's an excellent, helpful bloke. Bounce : a bully Bourke Street, he doesn't know Christmas from : he's a bit slow in the head. (Bourke Street is a brightly lit Melbourne street) Bowl of rice, not my : not my cup of tea; I don't like it Brass razoo, he hasn't got a : he's very poor Brekkie : breakfast Brick shit house, built like a : big strong bloke Brickie : bricklayer Brisvegas : Brisbane, state capital of Queensland Brizzie : Brisbane, state capital of Queensland Brown-eyed mullet : a turd in the sea (where you're swimming!) Brumby : a wild horse Buck's night : stag party, male gathering the night before the wedding Buckley's, Buckley's chance : no chance ("New Zealand stands Buckley's of beating Australia at football") Budgie smugglers : men's bathing costume Bull bar : stout bar fixed to the front of a vehicle to protect it against hitting kangaroos (also roo bar) Bundy : short for Bundaberg, Queensland, and the brand of rum that's made there Bunyip : mythical outback creature Bush : the hinterland, the Outback, anywhere that isn't in town Bush bash : long competitive running or motorcar race through the bush Bush oyster : nasal mucus Bush telly : campfire Bushie : someone who lives in the Bush Bushman's hanky : Emitting nasal mucus by placing one index finger on the outside of the nose (thus blocking one nostril) and blowing. Bushranger : highwayman, outlaw Butcher : small glass of beer in South Australia - From the theory that a butcher could take a quick break from his job, have a drink and be back at work BYO : unlicensed restaurant where you have to Bring Your Own grog, also similar party or barbecue C Cab Sav : Cabernet Sauvignon (a variety of wine grape) Cactus : dead, not functioning ("this bloody washing machine is cactus") Cane toad : a person from Queensland Captain Cook : look (noun) ("let's have a Captain Cook") Cark it : to die, cease functioning Cat burying shit, as busy as a : busy Cat's piss, as mean as : mean, stingy, uncharitable Chewie : chewing gum Chuck a sickie : take the day off sick from work when you're perfectly healthy Chunder : vomit Clacker : anus (from Latin cloaca = sewer). Also the single orifice of monotremes (platypus and echidna) used both for reproduction and for the elimination of body wastes. Clayton's : fake, substitute Cleanskin : Bottle of wine without a label. Usually bought in bulk by companies who then add their own personalised label and use the wine as e.g. gifts to clients Cleanskin : cattle that have not been branded, earmarked or castrated. Click : kilometre - "it's 10 clicks away" Clucky : feeling broody or maternal Coathanger : Sydney Harbour bridge Cobber : friend Cockie : farmer (Farmers were called cockies in the early days of European settlement because, like the birds of the same name, they made their homes on the edges of permanent waterholes) Cockie : cockatoo Cockroach : a person from New South Wales Coldie : a beer Come a gutser : make a bad mistake, have an accident Compo : Workers' Compensation pay Conch (adj. conchy) : a conscientious person. Somebody who would rather work or study than go out and enjoy him/herself. Cooee, not within : figuratively a long way away, far off - England weren't within cooee of beating Australia at cricket Cooee, within : nearby - I was within cooee of landing a big fish when the line broke. He lives within cooee of Sydney. Cook (noun) : One's wife Corker : something excellent. A good stroke in cricket might be described as a 'corker of a shot' Corroboree : an aboriginal dance festival Counter lunch/Countery : pub lunch Crack a fat : get an erection Crack onto (someone) : to hit on someone, pursue someone romantically Cranky : in a bad mood, angry Cream (verb) : defeat by a large margin Crook : sick, or badly made Crow eater : a person from South Australia Cubby house : Small, usually timber, house in the garden used as a children's plaything. Cut lunch : sandwiches Cut lunch commando : army reservist Cut snake, mad as a : very angry D Dag : a funny person, nerd, goof Daks : trousers Damper : bread made from flour and water Date : arse[hole] ("get off your fat date") Dead dingo's donger, as dry as a : dry Dead horse : Tomato sauce Dero : tramp, hobo, homeless person (from "derelict") Dickhead : see "whacker" Dog's balls, stands out like : obvious Dog's eye : meat pie Dole bludger : somebody on social assistance when unjustified Donger : penis Doovalacky : used whenever you can't remember what something is called. Thingummyjig, whatsit. Down Under : Australia and New Zealand Drink with the flies : to drink alone Drongo : a dope, stupid person Dropkick : see 'dipstick' Drum : information, tip-off ("I'll give you the drum") Duchess : sideboard Dummy, spit the : get very upset at something Dunny : outside lavatory Dunny rat, cunning as a : very cunning Durry : tobacco, cigarette Dux : top of the class (n.); to be top of the class (v.) - "She duxed four of her subjects". E Ekka : the Brisbane Exhibition, an annual show Esky : large insulated food/drink container for picnics, barbecues etc. Exy : expensive Face, off one's : drunk ("He was off his face by 9pm") Fair dinkum : true, genuine Fair go : a chance ("give a bloke a fair go") Fair suck of the sav! : exclamation of wonder, awe, disbelief (see also "sav") Fairy floss : candy floss, cotton candy Feral : V8 ute (q.v.) sporting large heavy bullbar, numerous aerials, large truck mudflaps and stickers almost all over the rear window and tailgate. Sometimes seen with a Mack emblem on the bonnet and always with large (multiple) driving lights Feral (n.) : a hippie Figjam : "Fck I'm good; just ask me". Nickname for people who have a high opinion of themselves. Fisho : fishmonger Flake : shark's flesh (sold in fish & chips shops) Flat out like a lizard drinking : flat out, busy Flick : to give something or somebody the flick is to get rid of it or him/her Flick it on : to sell something, usually for a quick profit, soon after buying it. Fly wire : gauze flyscreen covering a window or doorway. Footy : Australian Rules football Fossick : search, rummage ("fossicking through the kitchen drawers") Fossick : to prospect, e.g. for gold Fossicker : prospector, e.g. for gold Franger : condom Fremantle Doctor : the cooling afternoon breeze that arrives in Perth from the direction of Freeo Freo : Fremantle in Western Australia Frog in a sock, as cross as a : sounding angry - a person or your hard drive! Fruit loop : fool Furphy : false or unreliable rumour G Gabba : Wooloongabba - the Brisbane cricket ground GAFA (pron. gaffa) : the big nothingness of the Australian Outback. Great Australian Fk All. Galah : fool, silly person. Named after the bird of the same name because of its antics and the noise it makes. Garbo, garbologist : municipal garbage collector Give it a burl : try it, have a go Gobful, give a : to abuse, usually justifiably ("The neighbours were having a noisy party so I went and gave them a gobful") Gobsmacked : surprised, astounded Going off : used of a night spot or party that is a lot of fun - "the place was really going off" Good oil : useful information, a good idea, the truth Good onya : good for you, well done Goog, as full as a : drunk. "Goog" is a variation of the northern English slangword "goggie" meaning an egg. Greenie : environmentalist Grinning like a shot fox : very happy, smugly satisfied Grog : liquor, beer ("bring your own grog, you bludger") Grouse (adj.) : great, terrific, very good Grundies : undies, underwear (from Reg Grundy, a television person) Gutful of piss : drunk, "he's got a gutful of piss" Gyno : gynaecologist Handle : beer glass with a handle Harold Holt, to do the : To bolt. (Also "to do the Harold") Heaps : a lot, e.g. "thanks heaps", "(s)he earned heaps of money" etc. Holy dooley! : an exclamation of surprise = "Good heavens!", "My goodness!" "Good grief!" or similar Hoon : hooligan Hotel : often just a pub Hottie : hot water bottle Icy pole, ice block : popsicle, lollypop J Jackaroo : a male trainee station manager or station hand (a station is a big farm/grazing property) Jillaroo : a female trainee station manager or station hand Joey : baby kangaroo Knock back : refusal (noun), refuse (transitive verb) Knocker : somebody who criticises L Lair : a flashily dressed young man of brash and vulgar behaviour, to dress up in flashy clothes, to renovate or dress up something in bad taste Lair it up : to behave in a brash and vulgar manner Larrikin : a bloke who is always enjoying himself, harmless prankster Lend of, to have a : to take advantage of somebody's gullibility, to have someone on ("he's having a lend of you") Lippy : lipstick Lizard drinking, flat out like a : flat out, busy Lob, lob in : drop in to see someone ("the rellies have lobbed") Lollies : sweets, candy London to a brick : absolute certainty ("it's London to a brick that taxes won't go down") Long paddock : the side of the road where livestock is grazed during droughts Longneck : 750ml bottle of beer in South Australia Lucky Country, The : Australia, where else? Lunch, who opened their? : OK, who farted? Lurk : illegal or underhanded racket M Maccas (pron. "mackers") : McDonald's (the hamburger place) Mallee bull, as fit as a : very fit and strong. The Mallee is very arid beef country in Victoria/South Australia. Manchester : Household linen, eg sheets etc. Mappa Tassie : map of Tasmania - a woman's pubic area Mate : buddy, friend Mate's rate, mate's discount : cheaper than usual for a "friend" Matilda : swagman's bedding, sleeping roll Metho : methylated spirits Mexican : a person from south of the Queensland or New South Wales border Mickey Mouse : excellent, very good. Beware though - in some parts of Australia it means inconsequential, frivolous or not very good! Middy : 285 ml beer glass in New South Wales Milk bar : corner shop that sells takeaway food Milko : milkman Mob : group of people, not necessarily troublesome Mob : family or herd (?) of kangaroos Mongrel : despicable person Muddy : mud crab (a great delicacy) Mug : friendly insult ("have a go, yer mug"), gullible person Mull : grass (the kind you smoke) Muster : round up sheep or cattle Mystery bag : a sausage Nasho : National Service (compulsory military service) Naughty, have a : have sex Never Never : the Outback, centre of Australia Nipper : young surf lifesaver No drama : same as 'no worries' No worries! : Expression of forgiveness or reassurance (No problem; forget about it; I can do it; Yes, I'll do it) No-hoper : somebody who'll never do well Not the full quid : not bright intellectually Nuddy, in the : naked Nun's nasty, as dry as a : dry Nut out : hammer out or work out (an agreement, say) O O.S. : overseas ("he's gone O.S.") Ocker : an unsophisticated person Pash : a long passionate kiss; hence "pashing on" Pav : Pavlova - a rich, creamy Australian / New Zealand dessert Perve (noun & verb) : looking lustfully at the opposite sex Piece of piss : easy task Pig's arse! : I don't agree with you Piker : Someone who doesn't want to fit in with others socially, leaves parties early Pink slip, get the : get the sack (from the colour of the termination form) Pint : large glass of beer (esp. in South Australia) Piss : beer. Hence "hit the piss", "sink some piss" Plate, bring a : Instruction on party or BBQ invitation to bring your own food. It doesn't mean they're short of crockery! Plonk : cheap wine Pokies : poker machines, fruit machines, gambling slot machines Polly : politician Pom, pommy, pommie : an Englishman • See the complaint about "Pom" etc. Pommy bastard : an Englishman (see also 'bastard') Pommy shower : using deodorant instead of taking a shower Pommy's towel, as dry as a : very dry - based on the canard that Poms bathe about once a month Porky : Lie, untruth (pork pie = lie) Port : suitcase (portmanteau) Pot : 285 ml beer glass in Queensland and Victoria Pozzy : position - get a good pozzy at the football stadium Prezzy : present, gift Q Quid, make a : earn a living - "are you making a quid?" Quid, not the full : of low IQ. [Historical note: 'quid' is slang for a pound. £1 became $2 when Australia converted to decimal currency] R Rack off : push off! get lost! get out of here! also "rack off hairy legs!". Rage : party Rage on : to continue partying - "we raged on until 3am" Rapt : pleased, delighted Raw prawn, to come the : to bullshit, to be generally disagreeable Reckon! : you bet! Absolutely! Rellie or relo : family relative Ridgy-didge : original, genuine Right, she'll be : it'll be all right Right, that'd be : Accepting bad news as inevitable. ("I went fishing but caught nothing." "Yeah, that'd be right.") Rip snorter : great, fantastic - "it was a rip snorter of a party" Ripper : great, fantastic - "it was a ripper party" Ripper, you little! : Exclamation of delight or as a reaction to good news Road train : big truck with many trailers Roadie : a beer you buy to take away with you Rock up : to turn up, to arrive - "we rocked up at their house at 8pm" Rollie : a cigarette that you roll yourself Roo : kangaroo Roo bar : stout bar fixed to the front of a vehicle to protect it against hitting kangaroos (also bull bar) Root (verb and noun) : synonym for fck in nearly all its senses: "I feel rooted"; "this washing machine is rooted"; "(s)he's a good root". A very useful word in fairly polite company. Root rat : somebody who is constantly looking for sex. Ropeable : very angry Rort (verb or noun) : Cheating, fiddling, defrauding (expenses, the system etc.). Usually used of politicians Rotten : drunk - "I went out last night and got rotten" Rubbish (verb) : to criticize Salute, Aussie : brushing flies away Salvos, the : Salvation Army, bless them Sandgroper : a person from Western Australia Sanger : a sandwich Sav : saveloy (see also "fair suck of the sav!") Schooner : large beer glass in Queensland; medium beer glass in South Australia Scratchy : instant lottery ticket Screamer : party lover; "two pot screamer" - somebody who gets drunk on very little alcohol Seppo : an American Shag on a rock, stands out like a : very obvious Shark biscuit : somebody new to surfing She'll be right : it'll turn out okay Sheepshagger : A New Zealander Sheila : a woman Shit house (adj.) : of poor quality, unenjoyable ("this car is shit house", "the movie was shit house") Shit house (noun) : toilet, lavatory Shonky : dubious, underhanded. E.g. a shonky practice, shonky business etc. Shoot through : to leave Shout : turn to buy - a round of drinks usually ("it's your shout") Show pony : someone who tries hard, by his dress or behaviour, to impress those around him. Sickie : day off sick from work (chuck a sickie = take the day off sick from work when you're perfectly healthy!) Skite : boast, brag Skull/Skol (a beer) : to drink a beer in a single draught without taking a breath Slab : a carton of 24 bottles or cans of beer Sleepout : house verandah converted to a bedroom Smoko : smoke or coffee break Snag : a sausage Sook : person or animal who is soft, tame, inoffensive. Hence sooky (adj.) Spag bol : spaghetti bolognese Spiffy, pretty spiffy : great, excellent Spit the dummy : get very upset at something Spruiker : man who stands outside a nightclub or restaurant trying to persuade people to enter Sprung : caught doing something wrong Spunk : a good looking person (of either sex) Squizz (noun) : look - "take a squizz at this" Standover man : a large man, usually gang-related, who threatens people with physical violence in order to have his wishes carried out. Station : a big farm/grazing property Stickybeak : nosy person Stonkered : beaten, defeated, cornered, perplexed Strewth : exclamation, mild oath ("Strewth, that Chris is a bonzer bloke") Strides : trousers Strine : Australian slang and pronunciation Stubby : a 375ml. beer bottle Stubby holder : polystyrene insulated holder for a stubby Stuffed, I feel : I'm tired Stuffed, I'll be : expression of surprise Sunbake : sunbathe Surfies : people who go surfing - usually more often than they go to work! Swag : rolled up bedding etc. carried by a swagman Swaggie : swagman Turps, hit the : go on a drinking binge Two up : gambling game played by spinning two coins simultaneously U Ugg boots : Australian sheepskin boots worn by surfers since at least the 1960s to keep warm while out of the water. Also worn by airmen during WW1 and WW2 because of the need to maintain warmth in non-pressurized planes at high altitudes. Ugh : ugly. hence Ugg boots Uni : university Up oneself : have a high opinion of oneself - "he's really up himself" Up somebody, get : to rebuke somebody - "the boss got up me for being late" Useful as an ashtray on a motorbike / tits on a bull : unhelpful or incompetent person or thing - "he, she or it is about as useful as tits on a bull" etc. etc. Ute : utility vehicle, pickup truck V Veg out : relax in front of the TV (like a vegetable) Vejjo : vegetarian Vinnie's : St. Vincent De Paul's (charity thrift stores and hostels) W WACA (pron. whacker) : Western Australian Cricket Association and the Perth cricket ground Waggin' school : playing truant Walkabout : a walk in the Outback by Aborigines that lasts for an indefinite amount of time Walkabout, it's gone : it's lost, can't be found Weekend warrior : army reservist Whacker, whacka : Idiot; somebody who talks drivel; somebody with whom you have little patience; a dickhead Whinge : complain White pointers : topless (female) sunbathers Whiteant (verb) : to criticise something to deter somebody from buying it. A car dealer might whiteant another dealer's cars or a real estate salesman might whiteant another agent's property Wobbly : excitable behaviour ("I complained about the food and the waiter threw a wobbly") Wobbly boot on, he's got the : drunk Wog : flu or trivial illness Wog : person of Mediterranean origin. A milder insult than the same word in the UK and perhaps elsewhere. Wombat : somebody who eats, roots and leaves (see also root) Woop Woop : invented name for any small unimportant town - "he lives in Woop Woop" Wowser : straight-laced person, prude, puritan, spoilsport Wuss : coward; nervous person or animal X XXXX : pronounced Four X, brand of beer made in Queensland Y Yabby : inland freshwater crayfish found in Australia (Cherax destructor) Yakka : work (noun) Yewy : u-turn in traffic ("chuck a yewy at the next traffic lights") Yobbo : an uncouth person	Tramp
Which Australian state has the largest population	Australian slang dictionary Apples, she'll be : It'll be all right Arvo : afternoon Aussie salute : brushing away flies with the hand Avos : avocados B & S : Bachelors' and Spinsters' Ball - a very enjoyable party usually held in rural areas Back of Bourke : a very long way away Bail (somebody) up : to corner somebody physically Bail out : depart, usually angrily Banana bender : a person from Queensland Barbie : barbecue (noun) Barrack : to cheer on (football team etc.) Bastard : term of endearment Battler : someone working hard and only just making a living Beaut, beauty : great, fantastic Big Smoke : a big city, especially Sydney or Melbourne Big-note oneself : brag, boast Bikkie : biscuit (also "it cost big bikkies" - it was expensive) Billabong : an oxbow lake cut off by a change in the watercourse. Billabongs are usually formed when the course of a creek or river changes, leaving the former branch with a dead end. Billy : teapot. Container for boiling water. Bingle : motor vehicle accident Bitzer : mongrel dog (bits of this and bits of that) Bizzo : business ("mind your own bizzo") Black Stump, beyond the : a long way away, the back of nowhere Bloke : man, guy Bloody : very (bloody hard yakka) Bloody oath! : that's certainly true Blow in the bag : have a breathalyser test Blowie : blow fly Bludger : lazy person, layabout, somebody who always relies on other people to do things or lend him things Blue : fight ("he was having a blue with his wife") Blue, make a : make a mistake Bluey : pack, equipment, traffic ticket, redhead Bluey : blue cattle dog (named after its subtle markings) which is an excellent working dog. Everyone's favourite all-Aussie dog. Bluey : heavy wool or felt jacket worn by mining and construction workers. Bluey : bluebottle jellyfish Bog in : commence eating, to attack food with enthusiasm Bog standard : basic, unadorned, without accessories (a bog standard car, telephone etc.) Bogan : person who takes little pride in his appearance, spends his days slacking and drinking beer Bogged : Stuck in mud, deep sand (a vehicle). Boil-over : an unexpected (sporting) result Bondi cigar : see "brown-eyed mullet" Bonzer : great, ripper Boogie board : a hybrid, half-sized surf board Boomer : a large male kangaroo Booze bus : police vehicle used for catching drunk drivers Boozer : a pub Bored shitless : very bored Bottle shop : liquor shop Bottle-o : liquor shop (originally a man with hessian bags going around picking up beer bottles in the 50's and 60's) Bottler : something excellent Bottling, his blood's worth : he's an excellent, helpful bloke. Bounce : a bully Bourke Street, he doesn't know Christmas from : he's a bit slow in the head. (Bourke Street is a brightly lit Melbourne street) Bowl of rice, not my : not my cup of tea; I don't like it Brass razoo, he hasn't got a : he's very poor Brekkie : breakfast Brick shit house, built like a : big strong bloke Brickie : bricklayer Brisvegas : Brisbane, state capital of Queensland Brizzie : Brisbane, state capital of Queensland Brown-eyed mullet : a turd in the sea (where you're swimming!) Brumby : a wild horse Buck's night : stag party, male gathering the night before the wedding Buckley's, Buckley's chance : no chance ("New Zealand stands Buckley's of beating Australia at football") Budgie smugglers : men's bathing costume Bull bar : stout bar fixed to the front of a vehicle to protect it against hitting kangaroos (also roo bar) Bundy : short for Bundaberg, Queensland, and the brand of rum that's made there Bunyip : mythical outback creature Bush : the hinterland, the Outback, anywhere that isn't in town Bush bash : long competitive running or motorcar race through the bush Bush oyster : nasal mucus Bush telly : campfire Bushie : someone who lives in the Bush Bushman's hanky : Emitting nasal mucus by placing one index finger on the outside of the nose (thus blocking one nostril) and blowing. Bushranger : highwayman, outlaw Butcher : small glass of beer in South Australia - From the theory that a butcher could take a quick break from his job, have a drink and be back at work BYO : unlicensed restaurant where you have to Bring Your Own grog, also similar party or barbecue C Cab Sav : Cabernet Sauvignon (a variety of wine grape) Cactus : dead, not functioning ("this bloody washing machine is cactus") Cane toad : a person from Queensland Captain Cook : look (noun) ("let's have a Captain Cook") Cark it : to die, cease functioning Cat burying shit, as busy as a : busy Cat's piss, as mean as : mean, stingy, uncharitable Chewie : chewing gum Chuck a sickie : take the day off sick from work when you're perfectly healthy Chunder : vomit Clacker : anus (from Latin cloaca = sewer). Also the single orifice of monotremes (platypus and echidna) used both for reproduction and for the elimination of body wastes. Clayton's : fake, substitute Cleanskin : Bottle of wine without a label. Usually bought in bulk by companies who then add their own personalised label and use the wine as e.g. gifts to clients Cleanskin : cattle that have not been branded, earmarked or castrated. Click : kilometre - "it's 10 clicks away" Clucky : feeling broody or maternal Coathanger : Sydney Harbour bridge Cobber : friend Cockie : farmer (Farmers were called cockies in the early days of European settlement because, like the birds of the same name, they made their homes on the edges of permanent waterholes) Cockie : cockatoo Cockroach : a person from New South Wales Coldie : a beer Come a gutser : make a bad mistake, have an accident Compo : Workers' Compensation pay Conch (adj. conchy) : a conscientious person. Somebody who would rather work or study than go out and enjoy him/herself. Cooee, not within : figuratively a long way away, far off - England weren't within cooee of beating Australia at cricket Cooee, within : nearby - I was within cooee of landing a big fish when the line broke. He lives within cooee of Sydney. Cook (noun) : One's wife Corker : something excellent. A good stroke in cricket might be described as a 'corker of a shot' Corroboree : an aboriginal dance festival Counter lunch/Countery : pub lunch Crack a fat : get an erection Crack onto (someone) : to hit on someone, pursue someone romantically Cranky : in a bad mood, angry Cream (verb) : defeat by a large margin Crook : sick, or badly made Crow eater : a person from South Australia Cubby house : Small, usually timber, house in the garden used as a children's plaything. Cut lunch : sandwiches Cut lunch commando : army reservist Cut snake, mad as a : very angry D Dag : a funny person, nerd, goof Daks : trousers Damper : bread made from flour and water Date : arse[hole] ("get off your fat date") Dead dingo's donger, as dry as a : dry Dead horse : Tomato sauce Dero : tramp, hobo, homeless person (from "derelict") Dickhead : see "whacker" Dog's balls, stands out like : obvious Dog's eye : meat pie Dole bludger : somebody on social assistance when unjustified Donger : penis Doovalacky : used whenever you can't remember what something is called. Thingummyjig, whatsit. Down Under : Australia and New Zealand Drink with the flies : to drink alone Drongo : a dope, stupid person Dropkick : see 'dipstick' Drum : information, tip-off ("I'll give you the drum") Duchess : sideboard Dummy, spit the : get very upset at something Dunny : outside lavatory Dunny rat, cunning as a : very cunning Durry : tobacco, cigarette Dux : top of the class (n.); to be top of the class (v.) - "She duxed four of her subjects". E Ekka : the Brisbane Exhibition, an annual show Esky : large insulated food/drink container for picnics, barbecues etc. Exy : expensive Face, off one's : drunk ("He was off his face by 9pm") Fair dinkum : true, genuine Fair go : a chance ("give a bloke a fair go") Fair suck of the sav! : exclamation of wonder, awe, disbelief (see also "sav") Fairy floss : candy floss, cotton candy Feral : V8 ute (q.v.) sporting large heavy bullbar, numerous aerials, large truck mudflaps and stickers almost all over the rear window and tailgate. Sometimes seen with a Mack emblem on the bonnet and always with large (multiple) driving lights Feral (n.) : a hippie Figjam : "Fck I'm good; just ask me". Nickname for people who have a high opinion of themselves. Fisho : fishmonger Flake : shark's flesh (sold in fish & chips shops) Flat out like a lizard drinking : flat out, busy Flick : to give something or somebody the flick is to get rid of it or him/her Flick it on : to sell something, usually for a quick profit, soon after buying it. Fly wire : gauze flyscreen covering a window or doorway. Footy : Australian Rules football Fossick : search, rummage ("fossicking through the kitchen drawers") Fossick : to prospect, e.g. for gold Fossicker : prospector, e.g. for gold Franger : condom Fremantle Doctor : the cooling afternoon breeze that arrives in Perth from the direction of Freeo Freo : Fremantle in Western Australia Frog in a sock, as cross as a : sounding angry - a person or your hard drive! Fruit loop : fool Furphy : false or unreliable rumour G Gabba : Wooloongabba - the Brisbane cricket ground GAFA (pron. gaffa) : the big nothingness of the Australian Outback. Great Australian Fk All. Galah : fool, silly person. Named after the bird of the same name because of its antics and the noise it makes. Garbo, garbologist : municipal garbage collector Give it a burl : try it, have a go Gobful, give a : to abuse, usually justifiably ("The neighbours were having a noisy party so I went and gave them a gobful") Gobsmacked : surprised, astounded Going off : used of a night spot or party that is a lot of fun - "the place was really going off" Good oil : useful information, a good idea, the truth Good onya : good for you, well done Goog, as full as a : drunk. "Goog" is a variation of the northern English slangword "goggie" meaning an egg. Greenie : environmentalist Grinning like a shot fox : very happy, smugly satisfied Grog : liquor, beer ("bring your own grog, you bludger") Grouse (adj.) : great, terrific, very good Grundies : undies, underwear (from Reg Grundy, a television person) Gutful of piss : drunk, "he's got a gutful of piss" Gyno : gynaecologist Handle : beer glass with a handle Harold Holt, to do the : To bolt. (Also "to do the Harold") Heaps : a lot, e.g. "thanks heaps", "(s)he earned heaps of money" etc. Holy dooley! : an exclamation of surprise = "Good heavens!", "My goodness!" "Good grief!" or similar Hoon : hooligan Hotel : often just a pub Hottie : hot water bottle Icy pole, ice block : popsicle, lollypop J Jackaroo : a male trainee station manager or station hand (a station is a big farm/grazing property) Jillaroo : a female trainee station manager or station hand Joey : baby kangaroo Knock back : refusal (noun), refuse (transitive verb) Knocker : somebody who criticises L Lair : a flashily dressed young man of brash and vulgar behaviour, to dress up in flashy clothes, to renovate or dress up something in bad taste Lair it up : to behave in a brash and vulgar manner Larrikin : a bloke who is always enjoying himself, harmless prankster Lend of, to have a : to take advantage of somebody's gullibility, to have someone on ("he's having a lend of you") Lippy : lipstick Lizard drinking, flat out like a : flat out, busy Lob, lob in : drop in to see someone ("the rellies have lobbed") Lollies : sweets, candy London to a brick : absolute certainty ("it's London to a brick that taxes won't go down") Long paddock : the side of the road where livestock is grazed during droughts Longneck : 750ml bottle of beer in South Australia Lucky Country, The : Australia, where else? Lunch, who opened their? : OK, who farted? Lurk : illegal or underhanded racket M Maccas (pron. "mackers") : McDonald's (the hamburger place) Mallee bull, as fit as a : very fit and strong. The Mallee is very arid beef country in Victoria/South Australia. Manchester : Household linen, eg sheets etc. Mappa Tassie : map of Tasmania - a woman's pubic area Mate : buddy, friend Mate's rate, mate's discount : cheaper than usual for a "friend" Matilda : swagman's bedding, sleeping roll Metho : methylated spirits Mexican : a person from south of the Queensland or New South Wales border Mickey Mouse : excellent, very good. Beware though - in some parts of Australia it means inconsequential, frivolous or not very good! Middy : 285 ml beer glass in New South Wales Milk bar : corner shop that sells takeaway food Milko : milkman Mob : group of people, not necessarily troublesome Mob : family or herd (?) of kangaroos Mongrel : despicable person Muddy : mud crab (a great delicacy) Mug : friendly insult ("have a go, yer mug"), gullible person Mull : grass (the kind you smoke) Muster : round up sheep or cattle Mystery bag : a sausage Nasho : National Service (compulsory military service) Naughty, have a : have sex Never Never : the Outback, centre of Australia Nipper : young surf lifesaver No drama : same as 'no worries' No worries! : Expression of forgiveness or reassurance (No problem; forget about it; I can do it; Yes, I'll do it) No-hoper : somebody who'll never do well Not the full quid : not bright intellectually Nuddy, in the : naked Nun's nasty, as dry as a : dry Nut out : hammer out or work out (an agreement, say) O O.S. : overseas ("he's gone O.S.") Ocker : an unsophisticated person Pash : a long passionate kiss; hence "pashing on" Pav : Pavlova - a rich, creamy Australian / New Zealand dessert Perve (noun & verb) : looking lustfully at the opposite sex Piece of piss : easy task Pig's arse! : I don't agree with you Piker : Someone who doesn't want to fit in with others socially, leaves parties early Pink slip, get the : get the sack (from the colour of the termination form) Pint : large glass of beer (esp. in South Australia) Piss : beer. Hence "hit the piss", "sink some piss" Plate, bring a : Instruction on party or BBQ invitation to bring your own food. It doesn't mean they're short of crockery! Plonk : cheap wine Pokies : poker machines, fruit machines, gambling slot machines Polly : politician Pom, pommy, pommie : an Englishman • See the complaint about "Pom" etc. Pommy bastard : an Englishman (see also 'bastard') Pommy shower : using deodorant instead of taking a shower Pommy's towel, as dry as a : very dry - based on the canard that Poms bathe about once a month Porky : Lie, untruth (pork pie = lie) Port : suitcase (portmanteau) Pot : 285 ml beer glass in Queensland and Victoria Pozzy : position - get a good pozzy at the football stadium Prezzy : present, gift Q Quid, make a : earn a living - "are you making a quid?" Quid, not the full : of low IQ. [Historical note: 'quid' is slang for a pound. £1 became $2 when Australia converted to decimal currency] R Rack off : push off! get lost! get out of here! also "rack off hairy legs!". Rage : party Rage on : to continue partying - "we raged on until 3am" Rapt : pleased, delighted Raw prawn, to come the : to bullshit, to be generally disagreeable Reckon! : you bet! Absolutely! Rellie or relo : family relative Ridgy-didge : original, genuine Right, she'll be : it'll be all right Right, that'd be : Accepting bad news as inevitable. ("I went fishing but caught nothing." "Yeah, that'd be right.") Rip snorter : great, fantastic - "it was a rip snorter of a party" Ripper : great, fantastic - "it was a ripper party" Ripper, you little! : Exclamation of delight or as a reaction to good news Road train : big truck with many trailers Roadie : a beer you buy to take away with you Rock up : to turn up, to arrive - "we rocked up at their house at 8pm" Rollie : a cigarette that you roll yourself Roo : kangaroo Roo bar : stout bar fixed to the front of a vehicle to protect it against hitting kangaroos (also bull bar) Root (verb and noun) : synonym for fck in nearly all its senses: "I feel rooted"; "this washing machine is rooted"; "(s)he's a good root". A very useful word in fairly polite company. Root rat : somebody who is constantly looking for sex. Ropeable : very angry Rort (verb or noun) : Cheating, fiddling, defrauding (expenses, the system etc.). Usually used of politicians Rotten : drunk - "I went out last night and got rotten" Rubbish (verb) : to criticize Salute, Aussie : brushing flies away Salvos, the : Salvation Army, bless them Sandgroper : a person from Western Australia Sanger : a sandwich Sav : saveloy (see also "fair suck of the sav!") Schooner : large beer glass in Queensland; medium beer glass in South Australia Scratchy : instant lottery ticket Screamer : party lover; "two pot screamer" - somebody who gets drunk on very little alcohol Seppo : an American Shag on a rock, stands out like a : very obvious Shark biscuit : somebody new to surfing She'll be right : it'll turn out okay Sheepshagger : A New Zealander Sheila : a woman Shit house (adj.) : of poor quality, unenjoyable ("this car is shit house", "the movie was shit house") Shit house (noun) : toilet, lavatory Shonky : dubious, underhanded. E.g. a shonky practice, shonky business etc. Shoot through : to leave Shout : turn to buy - a round of drinks usually ("it's your shout") Show pony : someone who tries hard, by his dress or behaviour, to impress those around him. Sickie : day off sick from work (chuck a sickie = take the day off sick from work when you're perfectly healthy!) Skite : boast, brag Skull/Skol (a beer) : to drink a beer in a single draught without taking a breath Slab : a carton of 24 bottles or cans of beer Sleepout : house verandah converted to a bedroom Smoko : smoke or coffee break Snag : a sausage Sook : person or animal who is soft, tame, inoffensive. Hence sooky (adj.) Spag bol : spaghetti bolognese Spiffy, pretty spiffy : great, excellent Spit the dummy : get very upset at something Spruiker : man who stands outside a nightclub or restaurant trying to persuade people to enter Sprung : caught doing something wrong Spunk : a good looking person (of either sex) Squizz (noun) : look - "take a squizz at this" Standover man : a large man, usually gang-related, who threatens people with physical violence in order to have his wishes carried out. Station : a big farm/grazing property Stickybeak : nosy person Stonkered : beaten, defeated, cornered, perplexed Strewth : exclamation, mild oath ("Strewth, that Chris is a bonzer bloke") Strides : trousers Strine : Australian slang and pronunciation Stubby : a 375ml. beer bottle Stubby holder : polystyrene insulated holder for a stubby Stuffed, I feel : I'm tired Stuffed, I'll be : expression of surprise Sunbake : sunbathe Surfies : people who go surfing - usually more often than they go to work! Swag : rolled up bedding etc. carried by a swagman Swaggie : swagman Turps, hit the : go on a drinking binge Two up : gambling game played by spinning two coins simultaneously U Ugg boots : Australian sheepskin boots worn by surfers since at least the 1960s to keep warm while out of the water. Also worn by airmen during WW1 and WW2 because of the need to maintain warmth in non-pressurized planes at high altitudes. Ugh : ugly. hence Ugg boots Uni : university Up oneself : have a high opinion of oneself - "he's really up himself" Up somebody, get : to rebuke somebody - "the boss got up me for being late" Useful as an ashtray on a motorbike / tits on a bull : unhelpful or incompetent person or thing - "he, she or it is about as useful as tits on a bull" etc. etc. Ute : utility vehicle, pickup truck V Veg out : relax in front of the TV (like a vegetable) Vejjo : vegetarian Vinnie's : St. Vincent De Paul's (charity thrift stores and hostels) W WACA (pron. whacker) : Western Australian Cricket Association and the Perth cricket ground Waggin' school : playing truant Walkabout : a walk in the Outback by Aborigines that lasts for an indefinite amount of time Walkabout, it's gone : it's lost, can't be found Weekend warrior : army reservist Whacker, whacka : Idiot; somebody who talks drivel; somebody with whom you have little patience; a dickhead Whinge : complain White pointers : topless (female) sunbathers Whiteant (verb) : to criticise something to deter somebody from buying it. A car dealer might whiteant another dealer's cars or a real estate salesman might whiteant another agent's property Wobbly : excitable behaviour ("I complained about the food and the waiter threw a wobbly") Wobbly boot on, he's got the : drunk Wog : flu or trivial illness Wog : person of Mediterranean origin. A milder insult than the same word in the UK and perhaps elsewhere. Wombat : somebody who eats, roots and leaves (see also root) Woop Woop : invented name for any small unimportant town - "he lives in Woop Woop" Wowser : straight-laced person, prude, puritan, spoilsport Wuss : coward; nervous person or animal X XXXX : pronounced Four X, brand of beer made in Queensland Y Yabby : inland freshwater crayfish found in Australia (Cherax destructor) Yakka : work (noun) Yewy : u-turn in traffic ("chuck a yewy at the next traffic lights") Yobbo : an uncouth person	i don't know
Which famous Australian singer had a dessert named after her	Australian Inspiration \| Quotes "It is not that I fear death; I fear it as little as to drink a cup of tea." NED KELLY 1854-1880, bushranger. Photo: The Trial by Sidney Nolan "We cannot own the land. We are but the custodians of the land." OODGEROO OF THE TRIBE NOONUCCAL (Kath Walker) 1920-1993. Photo: Ormiston Gorge NT (Bruce Taylor) "This is the land of dreamings, a land of wide horizons and secret places. The first people, our ancestors, created this country in the culture that binds us to it." HETTI PERKINS 1962-, art curator, writer. Photo: Aboriginal rock art "Take red. Much of the continent is red: red rocks, red soil, red dust, the Red Centre." DON WATSON, The Bush. Photo: Kata Tjuta NT "Every country has its own landscape which deposits itself in layers on the consciousness of its citizens… " MURRAY BAIL, writer, Eucalyptus. Photo: Flinders Ranges and outback SA (South Australian Tourism Commission) "Trees are, after all, our largest and oldest living things. They are Australia's natural, national treasures - the true Elders of our vast continent." RICHARD ALLEN, Australia's Remarkable Trees. Photo: Arthur River TAS (Tourism Tasmania/Southern Cross Television) "I have always had a singular passion for Australia. I do love the sunburnt country, its ancient landscapes, its exhilarating reaches of sand and sea. " PETER GARRETT 1953-, Australian musician, environmentalist, politician. Photo: Twelve Apostles VIC (Lachlan Manley Photography) "The outback is four-fifths of the continent. It's at the heart of our ethos... it is omnipresent." JACK THOMPSON, actor. Photo: Wilpena Pound Flinders Ranges SA (South Australian Tourism Commission) “Some see no beauty in our trees without shade, our flowers without perfume, our birds who cannot fly, and our beasts who have not yet learned to walk on all fours. But the dweller in the wilderness acknowledges the subtle charm of this fantastic land of monstrosities. He becomes familiar with the beauty of loneliness.” MARCUS CLARKE 1846–1881, Australian writer, poet. Photo: Boab trees on the Kimberley WA. "It is not in our cities or townships, it is not in our agricultural or mining areas, that the Australian attains full consciousness of his own nationality; it is in places like this, and as clearly here as at the centre of the continent. To me the monotonous variety of this interminable scrub has a charm of its own; so grave, subdued, self centred; so alien to the genial appeal of more winsome landscape, or the assertive grandeur of mountain and gorge." JOSEPH FURPHY 1843-1912, Tom Collins from Such is Life. Photo: The Ghan, NT (AAP) "I love a sunburnt country, a land of sweeping plains, Of ragged mountain ranges, of droughts and flooding rains." DOROTHEA MACKELLAR 1885-1968, My Country Photo: Paroo River flood, near Wilcannia NSW (AAP) "There are times in life when we have to face the big questions, to look squarely into the face of death and then affirm the sheer gift of life." REVEREND TIM COSTELLO, Australian of the Year 2006 Photo: Red-necked wallaby baby joey (Benjamin Twist, Wikipedia) "With our splendid harbour, our beautifully situated city, our vast territories, all our varied and inexhaustible natural wealth, if we don't convert our colony into a great and prosperous nation, it will be a miracle of error for which we shall have to answer as for a gigantic sin." SIR HENRY PARKES 1815-1896, statesman, Father of Federation. Photo: Sydney Harbour Bridge (Brett Foster) "Getting ashore was not that hard. Hanging on, up on that ridge, for eight months - that was hard..." LES CARLYON, Gallipoli Photo: Wounded soldiers at Anzac Cove on 25 April 1915 (Australian War Memorial) "Every country needs it heroes, and we must follow them." SIR EDWARD (WEARY) DUNLOP 1907-1993, Army surgeon, WW2 war hero, Australian of the Year 1976 Photo: Wall of Honour, Australian War Memorial ACT (Brett Foster) "We want our leaders to be fair dinkum, as much among us as above us." SIR PETER COSGROVE 1947-, Governor-General. Photo: Canberra ACT (Brett Foster) "Opera is like a day in parliament: love, lust, murder and betrayal, but all in song." JULIAN MC GAURAN, politician. Photo: Looking from the Australian War Memorial to both parliament houses. (Brett Foster) "Politics is just like being mixed up with a bad woman. You know it's not a good idea, but you just can't let it go." NEIL BATT, politician. Photo: New Parliament House Canberra ACT (Brett Foster) "After all, what are we singers but the silver-voiced messengers of the poet and musician?" DAME NELLIE MELBA 1861-1931, opera singer. Photo: Sydney Opera House. "Walking onstage at the Sydney Opera House feels like entering a sacred Australian space. A space where souls can be transported by the power of music..." BENJAMIN NORTHEY, conductor Photo: Cathedral Gorge, Purnululu National Park WA "The Australian continent is rich with indigenous flora whose power transcends any sense of jingoism." GORDON FORD 1918-1999, landscape designer. Photo: Sturt Desert Pea (South Australian Tourism Commission) "To the native-born Australian the Wattle stands for home, country, kindred, sunshine and love – every instinct that the heart most deeply enshrines…" AGNES L. STORRIE 1864-1936, poet. Photo: Acacia melanoxylon, Blackwood wattle (Brett Foster) "God bless America. God save the Queen. God defend New Zealand and thank Christ for Australia." RUSSELL CROWE, actor, musician Photo: Mailbox on the road to Bourke (Catherine de Vrye) "We're all members of the outback club. We don't back down and we don't give up. We're all living in a land we love." LEE KERNAGHAN, singer, songwriter, Australian of the Year 2008. Photo: Campfire by the Darling River outback Bourke NSW (AAP) "You have to go through a storm to get to a rainbow." DAINERE ANTHONEY 1998-2013, founder Dainere’s Rainbow Brain Tumour Research Fund Photo: Wagin WA "We feel our crosses hard at times, but our courage should rise with them. " SAINT MARY MACKILLOP 1842-1909, nun, Australia's first saint. Photo: Cradle Mountain and Lake Dove TAS (Tourism Tasmania, Paul Sinclair) "It’s dark already and I’m out here again, talking, telling the story to the quiet night." TIM WINTON, writer Photo: Tarkine TAS (Catherine de Vrye) "The flora, fauna and landscaping of a nation contributes to the identification of a national soul." GORDON FORD 1918-1999, landscape designer. Photo: Koala and Joey (Dick Marks, Koala Foundation) "The sea is the mother of all life, including our own." VALERIE TAYLOR 1935-2012, shark and underwater expert. Photo: Green turtle (Tourism Queensland) "When you look a great ocean predator in the eye you glimpse a perfection born from a time before men walked the earth. The animal is innocent of our failings, it is at one with the environment that supports it and you feel humbled at the privilege of that precious moment." VALERIE TAYLOR 1963-2012, shark and underwater expert. Photo: Great white shark (Ron Taylor) "Nature is the most beautiful thing we have. It’s better than art because it’s from the creator." OLIVIA NEWTON-JOHN, singer, songwriter, actor Photo: Rainbow lorikeet on grafted gum (Brett Foster) "I'm as dry as a dead dingo's donger." AUSSIE SLANG Photo: Frill necked lizard (AAP) "There is no better way of life in the world than that of the Australian. I firmly believe this. The grumbling, growling, cursing, profane, laughing, beer drinking, abusive, loyal-to-his-mates Australian is one of the few free men left on this earth. He fears no one, crawls to no one, bludges on no one, and acknowledges no master." JOHN O'GRADY 1907-81, They’re a Weird Mob Photo: Alpine Dingo (AAP) "I have no fear of losing my life - if I have to save a koala or a crocodile or a kangaroo or a snake, mate, I will save it." STEVE IRWIN 1962-2006, The Crocodile Hunter at Australia Zoo (AAP) "For me, sport is a window into a country’s soul." BEN GROUNDWATER, journalist. Photo: Warren Luff and Craig Lowndes crash in 2014 Bathurst 1000 (AAP/Edge Photographics) "There is a very special place in the Australian psyche for sport. It is one of the pillars of the Australian way of life. You don't really understand what makes the Australian nation tick unless you understand the great affection Australians have for sport." JOHN HOWARD, Prime Minister 1996-2007. Photo: 2010 Ashes Tour, Sydney Cricket Ground NSW (AAP) "Sent off, carried off, but never backed off." DAVID DUNSWORTH, Rugby union player. Photo: Australia's Rugby Union team The Wallabies (David Anderson) "A champion team will always beat a team of champions." TONY SHAW, AFL player and coach. Photo: 2015 AFL Grand Final (AAP) "The ocean humbles you. You can go and win a world title, but you're never going to beat the ocean." STEPHANIE GILMORE, surfing champion Photo: Stephanie riding the barrel to win at the Billabong Pipeline Masters, 2010 (AAP) "Great men and great teams do great things at great moments." JOHN BERTRAND 1946-, Skipper Australia 11. Photo: Australia 11 beating Liberty in the America’s Cup 1983 (AAP) Australian Inspiration Quotes Looking for an inspirational quote for your speech or essay? For wisdom or insights? Or some words for that special occasion? Maybe it's something to lift the spirit and bring a smile to your face? Or just for a laugh? Whatever it is, you'll find thousands of great Aussie quotes here. Search by author, key word, category or phrase. Have a go, mate! "Some see no beauty in our trees without shade, our flowers without perfume, our birds who cannot fly, and our beasts who have not yet learned to walk on all fours. But the dweller in the wilderness acknowledges the subtle charm of this fantastic land of monstrosities. He becomes familiar with the beauty of loneliness." MARCUS CLARKE 1846-1881, writer, poet Photo: Boab trees on the Kimberley Plateau WA "The flora, fauna and landscaping of a nation contributes to the identification of a national soul." GORDON FORD 1918-1999, landscape designer Australian Inspiration is a unique and uniquely Australian project dedicated to capturing and celebrating the voice and spirit of Australians, and to creating an ongoing resource for schools, communities and the nation. Photo: Anzac Beach 25 April 1915 AUSSIE QUOTES "Australia is a quirky country. It is happy to have as heroes Phar Lap, a racehorse who died, Les Darcy, a boxer who died, Ned Kelly, a bushranger who was hanged, and Simpson, a private soldier shot by a Turkish sniper. It celebrates a military adventure called Gallipoli that, brave as it was, was lost from the second day. We like gritty failures and folk heroes. Bradman , the folk hero who didn't stumble, is an exception. " LES CARLYON, Heroes in our Eyes For a regular dose of the Aussie Spirit:	Nellie Melba
What was the name of the theme song from Minder	Australian Inspiration \| Quotes "It is not that I fear death; I fear it as little as to drink a cup of tea." NED KELLY 1854-1880, bushranger. Photo: The Trial by Sidney Nolan "We cannot own the land. We are but the custodians of the land." OODGEROO OF THE TRIBE NOONUCCAL (Kath Walker) 1920-1993. Photo: Ormiston Gorge NT (Bruce Taylor) "This is the land of dreamings, a land of wide horizons and secret places. The first people, our ancestors, created this country in the culture that binds us to it." HETTI PERKINS 1962-, art curator, writer. Photo: Aboriginal rock art "Take red. Much of the continent is red: red rocks, red soil, red dust, the Red Centre." DON WATSON, The Bush. Photo: Kata Tjuta NT "Every country has its own landscape which deposits itself in layers on the consciousness of its citizens… " MURRAY BAIL, writer, Eucalyptus. Photo: Flinders Ranges and outback SA (South Australian Tourism Commission) "Trees are, after all, our largest and oldest living things. They are Australia's natural, national treasures - the true Elders of our vast continent." RICHARD ALLEN, Australia's Remarkable Trees. Photo: Arthur River TAS (Tourism Tasmania/Southern Cross Television) "I have always had a singular passion for Australia. I do love the sunburnt country, its ancient landscapes, its exhilarating reaches of sand and sea. " PETER GARRETT 1953-, Australian musician, environmentalist, politician. Photo: Twelve Apostles VIC (Lachlan Manley Photography) "The outback is four-fifths of the continent. It's at the heart of our ethos... it is omnipresent." JACK THOMPSON, actor. Photo: Wilpena Pound Flinders Ranges SA (South Australian Tourism Commission) “Some see no beauty in our trees without shade, our flowers without perfume, our birds who cannot fly, and our beasts who have not yet learned to walk on all fours. But the dweller in the wilderness acknowledges the subtle charm of this fantastic land of monstrosities. He becomes familiar with the beauty of loneliness.” MARCUS CLARKE 1846–1881, Australian writer, poet. Photo: Boab trees on the Kimberley WA. "It is not in our cities or townships, it is not in our agricultural or mining areas, that the Australian attains full consciousness of his own nationality; it is in places like this, and as clearly here as at the centre of the continent. To me the monotonous variety of this interminable scrub has a charm of its own; so grave, subdued, self centred; so alien to the genial appeal of more winsome landscape, or the assertive grandeur of mountain and gorge." JOSEPH FURPHY 1843-1912, Tom Collins from Such is Life. Photo: The Ghan, NT (AAP) "I love a sunburnt country, a land of sweeping plains, Of ragged mountain ranges, of droughts and flooding rains." DOROTHEA MACKELLAR 1885-1968, My Country Photo: Paroo River flood, near Wilcannia NSW (AAP) "There are times in life when we have to face the big questions, to look squarely into the face of death and then affirm the sheer gift of life." REVEREND TIM COSTELLO, Australian of the Year 2006 Photo: Red-necked wallaby baby joey (Benjamin Twist, Wikipedia) "With our splendid harbour, our beautifully situated city, our vast territories, all our varied and inexhaustible natural wealth, if we don't convert our colony into a great and prosperous nation, it will be a miracle of error for which we shall have to answer as for a gigantic sin." SIR HENRY PARKES 1815-1896, statesman, Father of Federation. Photo: Sydney Harbour Bridge (Brett Foster) "Getting ashore was not that hard. Hanging on, up on that ridge, for eight months - that was hard..." LES CARLYON, Gallipoli Photo: Wounded soldiers at Anzac Cove on 25 April 1915 (Australian War Memorial) "Every country needs it heroes, and we must follow them." SIR EDWARD (WEARY) DUNLOP 1907-1993, Army surgeon, WW2 war hero, Australian of the Year 1976 Photo: Wall of Honour, Australian War Memorial ACT (Brett Foster) "We want our leaders to be fair dinkum, as much among us as above us." SIR PETER COSGROVE 1947-, Governor-General. Photo: Canberra ACT (Brett Foster) "Opera is like a day in parliament: love, lust, murder and betrayal, but all in song." JULIAN MC GAURAN, politician. Photo: Looking from the Australian War Memorial to both parliament houses. (Brett Foster) "Politics is just like being mixed up with a bad woman. You know it's not a good idea, but you just can't let it go." NEIL BATT, politician. Photo: New Parliament House Canberra ACT (Brett Foster) "After all, what are we singers but the silver-voiced messengers of the poet and musician?" DAME NELLIE MELBA 1861-1931, opera singer. Photo: Sydney Opera House. "Walking onstage at the Sydney Opera House feels like entering a sacred Australian space. A space where souls can be transported by the power of music..." BENJAMIN NORTHEY, conductor Photo: Cathedral Gorge, Purnululu National Park WA "The Australian continent is rich with indigenous flora whose power transcends any sense of jingoism." GORDON FORD 1918-1999, landscape designer. Photo: Sturt Desert Pea (South Australian Tourism Commission) "To the native-born Australian the Wattle stands for home, country, kindred, sunshine and love – every instinct that the heart most deeply enshrines…" AGNES L. STORRIE 1864-1936, poet. Photo: Acacia melanoxylon, Blackwood wattle (Brett Foster) "God bless America. God save the Queen. God defend New Zealand and thank Christ for Australia." RUSSELL CROWE, actor, musician Photo: Mailbox on the road to Bourke (Catherine de Vrye) "We're all members of the outback club. We don't back down and we don't give up. We're all living in a land we love." LEE KERNAGHAN, singer, songwriter, Australian of the Year 2008. Photo: Campfire by the Darling River outback Bourke NSW (AAP) "You have to go through a storm to get to a rainbow." DAINERE ANTHONEY 1998-2013, founder Dainere’s Rainbow Brain Tumour Research Fund Photo: Wagin WA "We feel our crosses hard at times, but our courage should rise with them. " SAINT MARY MACKILLOP 1842-1909, nun, Australia's first saint. Photo: Cradle Mountain and Lake Dove TAS (Tourism Tasmania, Paul Sinclair) "It’s dark already and I’m out here again, talking, telling the story to the quiet night." TIM WINTON, writer Photo: Tarkine TAS (Catherine de Vrye) "The flora, fauna and landscaping of a nation contributes to the identification of a national soul." GORDON FORD 1918-1999, landscape designer. Photo: Koala and Joey (Dick Marks, Koala Foundation) "The sea is the mother of all life, including our own." VALERIE TAYLOR 1935-2012, shark and underwater expert. Photo: Green turtle (Tourism Queensland) "When you look a great ocean predator in the eye you glimpse a perfection born from a time before men walked the earth. The animal is innocent of our failings, it is at one with the environment that supports it and you feel humbled at the privilege of that precious moment." VALERIE TAYLOR 1963-2012, shark and underwater expert. Photo: Great white shark (Ron Taylor) "Nature is the most beautiful thing we have. It’s better than art because it’s from the creator." OLIVIA NEWTON-JOHN, singer, songwriter, actor Photo: Rainbow lorikeet on grafted gum (Brett Foster) "I'm as dry as a dead dingo's donger." AUSSIE SLANG Photo: Frill necked lizard (AAP) "There is no better way of life in the world than that of the Australian. I firmly believe this. The grumbling, growling, cursing, profane, laughing, beer drinking, abusive, loyal-to-his-mates Australian is one of the few free men left on this earth. He fears no one, crawls to no one, bludges on no one, and acknowledges no master." JOHN O'GRADY 1907-81, They’re a Weird Mob Photo: Alpine Dingo (AAP) "I have no fear of losing my life - if I have to save a koala or a crocodile or a kangaroo or a snake, mate, I will save it." STEVE IRWIN 1962-2006, The Crocodile Hunter at Australia Zoo (AAP) "For me, sport is a window into a country’s soul." BEN GROUNDWATER, journalist. Photo: Warren Luff and Craig Lowndes crash in 2014 Bathurst 1000 (AAP/Edge Photographics) "There is a very special place in the Australian psyche for sport. It is one of the pillars of the Australian way of life. You don't really understand what makes the Australian nation tick unless you understand the great affection Australians have for sport." JOHN HOWARD, Prime Minister 1996-2007. Photo: 2010 Ashes Tour, Sydney Cricket Ground NSW (AAP) "Sent off, carried off, but never backed off." DAVID DUNSWORTH, Rugby union player. Photo: Australia's Rugby Union team The Wallabies (David Anderson) "A champion team will always beat a team of champions." TONY SHAW, AFL player and coach. Photo: 2015 AFL Grand Final (AAP) "The ocean humbles you. You can go and win a world title, but you're never going to beat the ocean." STEPHANIE GILMORE, surfing champion Photo: Stephanie riding the barrel to win at the Billabong Pipeline Masters, 2010 (AAP) "Great men and great teams do great things at great moments." JOHN BERTRAND 1946-, Skipper Australia 11. Photo: Australia 11 beating Liberty in the America’s Cup 1983 (AAP) Australian Inspiration Quotes Looking for an inspirational quote for your speech or essay? For wisdom or insights? Or some words for that special occasion? Maybe it's something to lift the spirit and bring a smile to your face? Or just for a laugh? Whatever it is, you'll find thousands of great Aussie quotes here. Search by author, key word, category or phrase. Have a go, mate! "Some see no beauty in our trees without shade, our flowers without perfume, our birds who cannot fly, and our beasts who have not yet learned to walk on all fours. But the dweller in the wilderness acknowledges the subtle charm of this fantastic land of monstrosities. He becomes familiar with the beauty of loneliness." MARCUS CLARKE 1846-1881, writer, poet Photo: Boab trees on the Kimberley Plateau WA "The flora, fauna and landscaping of a nation contributes to the identification of a national soul." GORDON FORD 1918-1999, landscape designer Australian Inspiration is a unique and uniquely Australian project dedicated to capturing and celebrating the voice and spirit of Australians, and to creating an ongoing resource for schools, communities and the nation. Photo: Anzac Beach 25 April 1915 AUSSIE QUOTES "Australia is a quirky country. It is happy to have as heroes Phar Lap, a racehorse who died, Les Darcy, a boxer who died, Ned Kelly, a bushranger who was hanged, and Simpson, a private soldier shot by a Turkish sniper. It celebrates a military adventure called Gallipoli that, brave as it was, was lost from the second day. We like gritty failures and folk heroes. Bradman , the folk hero who didn't stumble, is an exception. " LES CARLYON, Heroes in our Eyes For a regular dose of the Aussie Spirit:	i don't know
Which Scottish civil engineer was responsible for building the Caledonian Canal	Famous Scots - Thomas Telford the Civil Engineer Famous Scots - Thomas Telford (1757-1834) Telford was born into a poor shepherd family on August 9, 1757, at Westerkirk, Dumfriesshire. His father died soon after his birth and, as a youngster, Telford had to herd cattle to earn money for the family. After a basic education (he later learned chemistry, drawing and poetry) he became an apprentice stone mason. He travelled the country in search of work and arrived in London in 1782. A patron from Dumfries later obtained for him the post of surveyor of public works in Shropshire and his success at that led to being appointed to be in charge of the construction of the Ellesmere Canal in 1793. His good work there meant that in 1801 he was sent to survey the rural roads in Scotland, which were basically the military roads constructed by General Wade after the 1745 Jacobite Uprising . In 1803 he was asked to implement his survey proposals and became the civil engineer for a huge government scheme to improve communications in the Highlands. In so doing, Telford built nearly a 1,000 miles of roads and 120 bridges over the next 20 years. He also constructed the Caledonian Canal - 20 miles of canals linking 60 miles of freshwater lochs and he improved the harbours at Wick, Aberdeen, Peterhead, Banff and Leith. Telford also worked in England (including the famous Menai Suspension Bridge to Angelsey) and in Europe, building roads and gaining a reputation as the finest civil engineer of his day. He was involved in the construction of the Dean Bridge in Edinburgh and the Gotha Canal in Sweden. His nickname was "the Colossus of Roads". In 1818 he helped to found the Institute of Civil Engineers and became its first president. Telford's aqueduct at Pont Cysylite , on the Ellesmere canal in Cheshire, was described by Sir Walter Scott as "the most impressive work of art I have ever seen." Telford was a likeable and convivial man who was always ready with a story or a joke. His use of suspension bridges was a novelty and he was always nervous about them - on the day when the chains were to take the strain he was often found kneeling in prayer! Telford died on 2 September, 1834 and is buried in Westminster Abbey. He continued to act as a consultant and engineer to the end of his life. Despite his prodigious output, he left very little in the way of wealth - he had often taken on projects for which he was not paid. Return to the Index of Famous Scots Where else would you like to go in Scotland? Links Pages	Thomas Telford
The Kiel Canal connects the North Sea with which other sea	Thomas Telford Thomas Telford Thomas Telford Thomas Telford Thomas Telford, the son of a shepherd, was born in Westerkirk, Scotland in 1757. At the age of 14 he was apprenticed to a stonemason. He worked for a time in Edinburgh and in 1792 he moved to London where he was involved in building additions to Somerset House. Two years later he found work at Portsmouth dockyard. In 1787 he became surveyor of public works for Shropshire. By this time Telford had established a good reputation as an engineer and in 1790 was given the task of building a bridge over the River Severn at Montford. This was followed by a canal that linked the ironworks and collieries of Wrexham with Chester and Shrewsbury. This involved building an aqueduct over the River Dee. On the Pontcysyllte Aqueduct, Telford used a new method of construction consisting of troughs made from cast-iron plates and fixed in masonry. After the completion of the Ellesmere Canal Telford moved back to Scotland where he took control of the building of Caledonian Canal. Other works by Telford include the Menai Suspension Bridge (1819-1826) and the Katherine's Docks (1824-1828) in London . Telford was also an important road builder. He was responsible for rebuilding the Shrewsbury to Holyhead road and the North Wales coast road between Chester and Bangor. During his life Telford built more than 1,000 miles of road, including the main road between London and Holyhead. Thomas Telford died in 1834.	i don't know
What name is given to the network of canals behind the colleges at Cambridge	Cambridge travel guide - Wikitravel Colleges[ edit ] Focus on Architecture Cambridge, especially the various colleges and university buildings, is fascinating for people with an interest in architecture. The colleges have been built sporadically over the centuries and the result is a mixture of styles both ancient and modern. Although the modern architecture is sometimes controversial, especially in how the newer buildings (fail to) harmonise with adjacent older buildings, it is in its way as interesting as the older. A tour of the backs (see above) gives the visitor a good feel for the various styles and a few small diversions add to the experience. One obvious landmark is the tower of the University Library. The library was designed by Sir Giles Gilbert Scott, who also built the Bankside Power Station in London that is now the Tate Modern. It does have a very industrial feel to it perhaps because of this. On the far side of the library the curious can see Robinson College, the newest college and built in about 1980 and one of the few pieces of modern architecture in Cambridge that has no notable old buildings nearby. If you prefer to see a blend of old and new, it is worth making the way out to Homerton College, which is about 25 minutes walking south from Market Square down St. Andrews Street/Regent Street/Hills Road and over the rail road bridge. Homerton College is particularly interesting as there are examples of various styles of architecture on-site such as the neo-Georgian buildings at the front of the college and the gothic Victorian hall on the inside of the college. This is an excellent place to take a stroll through the grounds which encompass an old orchard, water features and even a small honey farm, in order to appreciate the architecture from afar. St John's College and Magdalene College also have a number of architectural treats. As well as the Bridge of Sighs, St John's has buildings in almost every style of architecture starting with the 16th century hall in First Court and ending up with the extremely modern Cripps building. Near the Cripps building there is also the dramatic New Court built in the early 19th century and the School of Pythagoras, one of the oldest buildings in Cambridge which dates from the early 13th century. Next door Magdalene College - cognoscenti know that Magdalene is accessible from the back of the Cripps building - is quite a contrast. Unlike St John's, which consists mainly of buildings designed originally as college accommodation, Magdalene has converted a number of old half-timbered inns as some of its accommodation. Magdalene also possesses the Lutyens building designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens and the Pepys building. The latter, which houses the Pepys library, has an imposing and almost symmetrical facade and looks completely different from the rear. The ugliest Magdalene building, the 1970s Buckingham Court, is fortunately well hidden, while across the river the Magdalene Quayside development (1990) is an excellent example of how the late century architects appear to have learned subtlety and harmony. Quayside is an excellent place to rent a punt. If you keep The Cambridge 2000 [17] website has a list of 100 buildings [18] that have notable architecture for one reason or another. Cambridge has a number of interesting modern buildings : The Maths Department Cambridge University consists of a number of semi-independent colleges, many central, some up to 3 miles from the town centre (traditionally measured from Great St. Mary's church). The following are a good selection for sightseeing. Most of the colleges within the central area are worth a look, if you have the time. Some, but not all, colleges charge for entrance. Colleges are typically closed to visitors during the University exam period, at the end of May and the first week of June, as well as Easter Term, late April until the end of May, as this is the time when students are also revising for exams. Please remember to be respectful when visiting the colleges. They are students' homes for much of the year, and the workload and pressure at the University can be immense. Do not enter buildings you are not explicitly invited to, do not stare into people's windows, and be polite when taking photographs. Always remember that the colleges' role is first and foremost that of academic institutions; they are not there for tourists, and it is rude to do anything which impedes or inconveniences the people who live and work in them. King's College and King's College Chapel [19] , King's Parade, 01223 331212. College grounds open term-time M-F 9.30AM-3.30PM, Sa 9.30AM-3.15PM, Su 1.15PM-2.15PM and 5PM-5.30PM (summer only). Out of term M-Sa 9.30AM-4.30PM, Su 10AM-5PM. Grounds closed during exams (late April to mid June) though Chapel is open. Chapel opening times vary, ring for details. The most visited attraction in Cambridge, the architecture of King's College Chapel towers above the town and its world-famous choir have spread its reputation across the globe. £7 adults, £5 children/students. Queens' College [20] , Silver Street/Queens' Lane, 01223 335511. Open approx 10AM-4.30PM, see website or ring for updated times. Closed mid-May to mid-June. Founded by two Queens - Margaret of Anjou in 1448 and Elizabeth Woodville in 1465, the College stretches across both sides of the Cam, linked by the famous Mathematical Bridge. The myth goes that it was designed by Isaac Newton without the use of pins, screws, nuts or bolts, but when disassembled, the fellows and students couldn't figure out how to put it back together again. This is sadly false, the bridge dates from 1749, 22 years after Newton's death. The stunning medieval Old Hall is also worth a visit. £1.30 (includes printed guide). Free mid-October to mid-March. Trinity College [21] : Large attractive courtyard and library designed by Sir Christopher Wren. The interior of the Wren Library is particularly beautiful and features medieval bibles, items from the possession of Isaac Newton, original manuscripts by Wittgenstein, a Winnie-the-Pooh manuscript by A.A. Milne, and notes by Bertrand Russell, among other things. Even when the college is closed to visitors, the library may still be accessible from Queens Road on the other side of the River Cam. St Johns College [22] : Formally the St Johns Hospital (13th century) before being refounded as a college in 1511, this college houses the oldest academic building in Cambridge (the "School of Pythagoras"). It has a number of large courtyards, and has the Cambridge "Bridge of Sighs". Jesus College [23] Attractive grounds. Pembroke College [24] : The 3rd oldest college in Cambridge, founded in 1347 by the Countess of Pembroke, Marie de St Paul, is well known for its beautiful gardens. Clare College [25] : The 2nd oldest college with pretty gardens, courtyard and the oldest river bridge in Cambridge. Saint Catharine's College [26] : St Catharine's College was founded in 1473 by Robert Wodelarke, Provost of King’s College. The College was christened in honour of the patron saint of learning and was originally known as Katharine Hall. It was largely rebuilt in the 17th century with work on the Main Court beginning in 1673; the Chapel was completed in 1704. It is worthwhile to note that the College is renown for its academic and athletic excellence. In spite of its modest size, the college’s three-sided brick Main Court is almost unique among Cambridge Colleges and deserves a short stop while strolling down Trumpington Street. The College is in the very centre of Cambridge next to King's College and facing Corpus Christi College. Homerton College [27] : Homerton College is one of the newer colleges, though it has existed for centuries as an academic institution and is architecturally very pretty, with extensive and tranquil grounds and a picturesque orchard. It is in a beautiful location on Hills Road, about fifteen minutes walk from the town centre. The Victorian hall here is one of the most beautiful in Cambridge and definitely worth a visit. Free to enter, so worth the walk to see. Corpus Christi College [28] : Uniquely, founded by Cambridge locals (from two town guilds). Its Old Court (to the left of the main entrance, behind St Bene't's church) dates from the 1350s and is the oldest courtyard in Cambridge. Old Court rooms have no plumbing, so you may occasionally be treated to a student walking across the court in their dressing gown to get to the toilet complex... Parks and Gardens[ edit ] The Backs. The gardens by the river behind various colleges. Heading downstream from Kings you can pass through the gardens of Clare, Trinity and St John's Colleges (which has the "Bridge of Sighs"). Botanic Garden of Cambridge University. Bateman St CB2 1JF. Open 10AM-4PM Nov-Jan, 10AM-5PM Feb and Oct, 10AM-6PM Mar-Oct, closed 25 Dec to 3 Jan. +44 (0)1223 336265. [29] A relaxing way to spend a few hours, away from the hustle and bustle of the colleges and canals. Open to the public since 1846 this garden hosts some important botanic collections amongst its 10,000 or more species. Adult admission £2.50, free Mon-Fri in winter (November through February). Jesus Green. Originally proposed as the site for Cambridge's main railway station, Jesus Green is a broad piece of parkland immediately adjacent to Midsummer Common. Provides a quiet retreat away from the city centre and also has grass and hard tennis courts as well as an outdoor swimming pool. Plans are underway for redevelopment of this much loved park in Cambridge. Parker's Piece. Parkers Piece is one of the best known open spaces in Cambridge. Located in the centre of the City it is bordered by Park Terrace, Regent Terrace, Parkside and Gonville Place. Christ's Pieces. Christ's Pieces is situated in the centre of the City, bordered by the bus station, Christ's College, Emmanuel Road and King Street. It is of typical Victorian park design with tree lined avenues. The formal seasonal bedding displays planted in the 'petal beds' near Emmanuel Road, provide all year round colour. There are also large ornamental shrub beds around the perimeter to add further year round colour and interest. Museums and Galleries[ edit ] The Fitzwilliam Museum [30] , Trumpington Street, +44 (0)1223 332900 [31] . Tu-Sa 10AM-5PM. Su 12PM-5PM. The Fitzwilliam Museum is the art and antiquities museum of the University of Cambridge and is on Trumpington Street. It receives around 300,000 visitors annually. The museum was founded in 1816 with the bequest of the library and art collection of the VIIth Viscount FitzWilliam. The bequest also included £100,000 "to cause to be erected a good substantial museum repository". The "Founder's Building" itself was designed by George Basevi, completed by C. R. Cockerell and opened in 1848; the entrance hall is by Edward Middleton Barry and was completed in 1875. The Egyptian Galleries at the Fitzwilliam Museum re-opened in 2006 after a two-year, £1.5 million programme of refurbishment, conservation and research. The museum has five departments: Antiquities; Applied Arts; Coins and Medals; Manuscripts and Printed Books; and Paintings, Drawings and Prints. Highlights include masterpieces by Titian, Rubens, Van Dyck, Canaletto, Hogarth, Gainsborough, Constable, Monet, Degas, Renoir, Cézanne and Picasso and a fine collection of 20th century art. Admission free. Kettle's Yard [32] , Castle Street, 01223 352124 [33] . House open Tuesday to Sunday and Bank Holiday Mondays 1.30 - 4.30PM (1st weekend in April - last weekend in September); Tuesday to Sunday and Bank Holiday Mondays 2PM - 4PM (1st weekend in October - last weekend in March). Gallery open Tuesday to Sundays and Bank Holiday Mondays 11.30AM - 5.00PM. Kettle's Yard is the former home of Jim and Helen Ede and houses the fine collection of art, from the early part of this century, which they gave to the University. Artists represented include Ben Nicholson, Christopher Wood, Alfred Wallis, David Jones, Barbara Hepworth, Henry Moore and Henri Gaudier-Brzeska. There is a separate gallery for exhibitions of modern and contemporary art, which are widely advertised and detailed on the website. Each exhibition is accompanied by a lively programme of talks, workshops and discussion groups for all ages. Music at Kettle's Yard: Kettle's Yard presents programmes of chamber music concerts and contemporary music concerts. Admission free. The Sedgwick Museum of Earth Sciences [34] , Downing Street, 01223 333456. Monday to Friday, 10AM - 1PM and 2PM - 5PM; Saturday 10AM - 4PM. Closed on Bank Holidays. One of the University's many hidden treasures, and actually its oldest museum, the Sedgwick is packed full of fossils with more than 1 million in its collection. These range from the earliest forms of life from more than 3000 million years ago, to the wildlife that roamed the Fens less than 150,000 years ago. Displays include a gallery of minerals and gemstones, the world's largest spider, rocks collected by Charles Darwin on the 'Voyage of the Beagle', dinosaurs from the Jurassic and Triassic, and fossils from the local area including a hippopotamus from the nearby Barrington gravel pits. The museum organises many activities, so it's always a good idea to check its website. Admission free. The University Museum of Zoology [35] - This museum is currently closed for refurbishment-, the New Museum Site, Downing Street, 01223 336650 [36] . Monday to Friday 10AM - 4.45PM (closed on Bank Holidays). Open Saturdays mornings 10AM - 1PM from June to September. The University Museum of Zoology displays a great range of recent and fossil animals, emphasising the structural diversity and evolutionary relationships among the animal kingdom. The collections were accumulated from 1814 onwards, and include many specimens collected by Charles Darwin. To find the museum, look for the spectacular whale skeleton, hung above the entrance and visible through the archway from Downing Street. Admission free. The Whipple Museum of the History of Science [37] , Department of History and Philosophy of Science, Free School Lane, just off Pembroke Street, 01223 330906. Monday to Friday 12.30PM - 4.30PM. Closed at weekends, bank holidays and occasionally over the Christmas period. Visitors are advised to check beforehand by contacting the Museum. The Whipple Museum is a pre-eminent collection of scientific instruments and models, dating from the Middle Ages to the present. Included in this outstanding collection are microscopes and telescopes, sundials, early slide rules, pocket electronic calculators, laboratory equipment and teaching and demonstration apparatus. Admission free. Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology [38] , Downing Street, 01223 333516 [39] . Tuesday to Saturday 2PM - 4.30PM. Closed at Christmas and Easter and on most public holidays. Possible extended summer opening - please telephone or email for details. The Museum contains large and important collections of archaeological and anthropological material from all parts of the world. The archaeological collections from all periods include significant collections from Palaeolithic Europe, Asia and Africa; Precolumbian Central and South America; early civilizations of the Mediterranean; and British archaeology. The world-renowned anthropological collections include important collections from the South Seas, West Africa and the Northwest Coast of North America; historic collections from the 18th century; and extensive photographic collections from the 19th and 20th centuries. Admission free. Museum of Classical Archaeology [40] Sidgwick Avenue, 01223 330402 Open Monday-Friday: 10AM to 5PM; Saturday: 10AM to 1PM; closed Sunday. Admission is free. The Museum of Classical Archaeology is one of the few surviving collections of plaster casts of Greek & Roman sculpture in the world. The collection of about four hundred and fifty casts is open to the public and housed in a purpose-built Cast Gallery on the first floor of the Classics Faculty. Although nothing here is an original, nearly all the well-known (and not so well-known) works from the Classical world can be seen together under one roof. The reserve research collections consist of another two hundred plaster casts, Greek vases, pottery sherds, and epigraphic squeezes. These can be consulted by arrangement. The Folk Museum [41] Castle Street Tuesday-Sunday (also Mondays in Summer) 10.30-5.30. The only local social history museum in Cambridge and is the most comprehensive collection representing life in the South Cambridgeshire villages. Housed in an old Coaching House, the museum is home to some 20,000 objects representing the history of local life away from the University. The Polar Museum [42] Lensfield Road Tuesday-Saturday (Also Sundays on Bank Holiday Weekends) 10.00 -4.00. A short walk from the Fitzwilliam Museum is The Polar Museum. It was a finalist for The Museum of the Year Prize in 2011. Its extraordinary collection covers the Arctic and Antarctic, native peoples and the Golden Age of Exploration of heroes such as Scott and Shackleton. It also serves as the National Memorial to Scott and his men, as well as being the public front of The Scott Polar Research Institute which continues their scientific work. Special events, exhibitions, tours, children's activities and behind the scenes Open Days are held quite often. The University Library [43] West Road Monday-Friday 09.00-6.00, Saturday 09.00-16.30. Exhibition of treasures and highlights from the Library's world-class collections of manuscripts and printed books. Two major exhibitions are held each year (roughly January to June and September to December): check website for details. Churches[ edit ] The history of Cambridge is entwined with that of the Church of England. The colleges (see above) all have chapels which can be visited, but town churches also offer a rich insight into the history of the town and university, and are usually free. Even if you aren't interested in places of worship, they are well worth a few minutes attention and are peaceful places to enjoy. Great St Mary's - open daily, free. This fine example of 15th-Century English Perpendicular architecture is on the market square opposite King's College. As well as viewing the beautiful nave, visitors can climb the bell tower (admission £2.50) for spectacular views over the town. St. Benet's [44] - tucked away in the lanes is this tiny 11th-century church. Its main attraction is a Saxon arch in the nave. One of several churches in town with bells, this one is a good location to see English bellringing. The times are unpredictable and not published but Sunday afternoons are your best bet. Please be quiet, ringing takes a surprising amount of concentration and the ringers can do without distractions. All Saints, Jesus Lane [45] - open daily, free. This 19th century church is no longer used for worship but has been preserved as a rare example of the Arts and Crafts movement, featuring a highly ornate interior by Bodley, and windows and wall decorations by William Morris. St. Andrew's, Chesterton - a walk from town, but with an impressive (if somewhat faded) medieval Doom painting around the chancel arch, showing the Judgement and giving worshippers good reason to pay attention to the sermon. Further Afield[ edit ] World War II Cambridge American Cemetery and Memorial [46] : Three miles west of the city on Highway A-1303. Open daily except for December 25 and January 1; 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. The cemetery is on land donated by Cambridge University and is the final resting place for 3,812 American military dead lost during the War in the Atlantic and Northern Europe. A monument is inscribed with the names of 5,126 Americans whose remains were never found or identified. The chapel contains mosaic maps of World War II campaigns and a mosaic memorial to American Air Forces on the ceiling. Free. Duxford Imperial War Museum [47] This old airfield south of Cambridge has been converted into a museum of aviation, mostly based on military planes, but they do possess an old Concorde. As well as this, there is a land warfare museum attached that has many examples of armoured vehicles from the First World War onwards. It really a full day for a proper visit. Bus Citi 7 takes about an hour to get there from the city centre or the bus station. Make sure that you board the Citi 7 bus that says Duxford as the Citi 7 bus also goes to two other places. Also note the time of the last bus to leave the museum as later buses go to the village of Duxford but not out to the museum. Do[ edit ][ add listing ] St Johns College seen from The Backs Walk along the backs. It's free, and gives you a real flavour of the city. You can walk through Kings College, onto Kings Parade, a beautiful row of exclusive shops. Punting at Clare College Bridge on the Cam Punting. 9/10AM-dusk daily. If anything is stereotypically 'Cambridge', this must be it. Punting involves propelling yourself in a long wooden boat by pushing a pole against the shallow river bottom. For the full effect, take strawberries and champagne to quaff as you glide effortlessly down the river. You can either travel along the Backs or head out towards the village of Grantchester. Guided tours are also available, from places like The Cambridge Punt Company , but self-hire is more fun (Scudamore's Punting Company) [48] . For a look at the evolution of punting in Cambridge consult [49] Rowing. Cambridge is renowned for rowing on the Cam. All colleges and some schools have their own clubs, and there are over half a dozen large 'town' clubs. There are a number of regattas and head races on the river throughout the year, though the highlight in the rowing calendar on the Cam is the annual bumping races. For College crews, the 'May' bumps are in June, for the local clubs, this normally is the fourth week in July. Over four evenings of racing (Tuesday - Friday), eights attempt to gain higher position by catching the crew ahead of them before being 'bumped' by the crew behind. Races take place downstream (north) of the city, between the A-14 road bridge and the railway bridge at Stourbridge Common, and are best viewed from the towpath alongside the river, or from the Plough pub in Fen Ditton, both accessible by foot from the town centre - words of warning though - if on the towpath side, be careful for the massive number of bikes that accompany the crews racing, if in the pub, you may not get a seat, and beer prices are at a premium. MP3 walking tour of Cambridge £5 for two downloadable 60-minute walks [50] or for hire for £7 from the Tourist Information Centre [51] Cambridge United Football Club [52] The leading football team in Cambridge, games are played at the Abbey Stadium on Newmarket Road. Arts[ edit ] Cambridge Arts Directory [53] , provided by Cambridge City Council [54] , is a comprehensive list of theatres, cinemas, museums, galleries and much more in Cambridge. Cambridge Corn Exchange. The city's centre for arts and entertainment [55] . ADC Theatre, Park Street, [56] . The University's playhouse. Hosts student and local amateur productions. Look out for performances by Footlights, this has been the training ground for many famous comedians. Tickets £4-10. The Junction, Clifton Road, [57] . Artistic centre offering club nights, gigs, and new theatre, comedy, and dance. Ticket prices vary depending on the show/gig. Arts Picture House, 38–39 St Andrew's St. Various foreign and art-house films (see the current listing [58] ). A more conventional selection can be found at the large Vue multiplex at the Grafton Centre [59] as well as the recently opened Light Cinemas complex [60] in the Cambridge Leisure Park off Hills Road. Learn[ edit ] Most lectures are only open to members of the university; however, a variety of public talks and lectures are organised: Cambridge University public lectures and seminars [69] Cambridge Discovery Lectures [70] Darwin College lecture series [71] There are a large number of summer schools, mostly English language, but also some offering tuition in a wide range of other subjects. Lite Regal Summer School [72] [73] offers High School students the opportunity to experience life as a Cambridge student by enrolling on one of its summer courses. It is possible for those wishing to experience what life might be like as a Cambridge student to get a taste of college life by enrolling on a course offered by Oxford Royale Academy [74] [75] . Originally running courses solely in Oxford, the organisation has been running courses in Cambridge since 2010. Work[ edit ] Cambridge University students aren't allowed to work during term-time, so there are often possibilities for bar or waitering work for foreign nationals. Those from outside the EU require a work permit, see the Work section of United Kingdom for more details. There are also Technology Parks ( [76] [77] [78] [79] ) where lots of hi-tech and bio-tech companies opened their offices. Buy[ edit ][ add listing ] King's Parade has numerous souvenir shops and gift shops with Cambridge (and London) branded merchandise. Scour the charity shops down Burleigh Street, Regent Street and Mill Road for bargains. Book collectors will find many shops especially Trinity Street. The market square in the centre of town has a general market Monday to Saturday with fruit and vegetables, bread and cakes, books, bicycle repair, tea and coffee, fast food and clothes, and a more arts- and crafts-oriented market on Sunday with pottery, ceramics, prints, clothing, etc. The surrounding streets and the nearby Lion Yard shopping centre have most of the common retail names and some individual shops to cater for most needs. The Grafton Centre has all the usual high-street shops in a mall and surrounding streets. M&S Simply Food (part of the Marks and Spencer department store chain) have several mini-supermarkets that sell high-quality sandwiches, prepared meals, snacks and other groceries - usually at a high price. The main supermarket in the city centre is Sainsbury's on Sydney St. which stocks a full range of groceries and everyday products as well as alcohol and cigarettes. There are more supermarkets on the edge of town also large Tesco, Asda, Sainsbury and Waitrose superstores on the edge of the city. Tesco has the best bus connections. Ryder & Amies, 22 King's Parade, ☎ +44 (0) 1223 350371, [80] . "The University Store" sells Cambridge University merchandise. edit John Lewis, 10 Downing Street, ☎ +44 (0)1223 361292, [81] . Large department store. edit Primavera, 10 King's Parade, ☎ +44 (0)1223 357708, [82] . High quality contemporary art & crafts. edit Cambridge Contemporary Art, 6 Trinity Street, ☎ +44 (0)1223 324222, [83] . More art & crafts. edit Cambridge Cheese Company, 4 All Saints Passage, ☎ +44 (0)1223 328672. Excellent selection of cheese and delicatessan counter. edit Cambridge University Press Bookshop, 1 Trinity Street, ☎ +44 (0)1223 333333, [84] . Only sells CUP books, but it is the oldest bookshop site in the country - books have been sold there since at least 1581. edit Heffers, 20 Trinity Street, ☎ +44(0)1223 568568, [85] . Large academic bookshop. Caffe Nero instore. edit Beehive Center, on the A1134 (by foot about 10 minutes east of the Grafton Centre), [86] . A series of shops including Asda, DW Sports Fitness, TK Maxx, Next Home, Dreams, Toys R Us. Further up Newmarket Road, there are a couple of additional large stores like Tesco and Currys. edit Budget[ edit ] Rainbow Cafe, 9A Kings Parade, Tel: 01223 321 551, [87] . M-Sa 11AM-11PM. Average Price: £12 (Meal with beverage) Virtually the only place in Cambridge to get vegan food. Also caters to a whole range of dietary requirements. The food is very tasty, imaginative fare. Can be cramped, but worth waiting for a table! Michaelhouse Cafe, Trinity St, inside St. Michael's Church, [88] . M-Sa 9:30AM-5PM. Average Price: £4-6 - beautiful cafe serving excellent sandwiches, salads, hot dishes, and soups. Sinful desserts as well. Vegetarian options always available. Lunch served until 3PM. CB2 Internet Bistro, 5-7 Norfolk Street, Email: [email protected]. Daily 12:00-00:00. Average price: £10. Similar to CB1 (see Drink), but larger, this place serves high quality international cuisine for a modest price. Tatties, 11 Sussex Street. Busy cafe serving jacket potatoes and sandwiches. Very popular with students around lunch time. Auntie's Tea Shop, 1 St Marys Passage (off the market square toward Kings Parade). The £9 cream tea (traditional afternoon tea with scones and small sandwiches) makes a good snack for two. Rather cramped when busy on the weekends. Savinos, 3 Emmanuel Street. Authentic Italian coffee bar. Best espresso and cappuccino in town. Luke's, 110 Regent Street. Cambridge is surprisingly short of fish and chip shops but Luke's won't disappoint. Clowns Cafe, 54 King Street. Cheap Italian pasta dishes, good coffee, wide choice of cakes. Eccentric clown-based decor. 'SmokeWorks, 2 Free School Lane. Delicious American style smoke meat. Must try the milkshakes Many pubs in Cambridge also serve good food at reasonable prices, for example the George and Dragon, Carlton Arms, Cambridge Blue, Kingston Arms, Portland Arms, The Zebra and The Mitre among others. Mid-range[ edit ] The Cambridge Chop House [89] , 1 Kings Parade, CB2 1SJ, Tel: 01223 359506 Su-Th: 12:00-22:30 F,Sa: 12:00-23:00. Good British cuisine in a great location, real ale (well kept!), attentive service, fixed lunch & (early) dinner menu from £11 (2 course), mains £10-20. Booking recommended. De Luca Cucina & Bar, 83 Regent St, Tel: 01223 356 666, Su: 10:00-21:30 M-Th: 11:00-23:00 F,Sa: 11:00-24:00. Average Price: £25. Great little Italian/British Fusion Restaurant with reasonable prices and great staff! Fitzbillies, 51 Trumpington Street, Tel: 0870 1413505, [90] . Sun: 12:00-17:45 and Mon to Sat: 09:00-21:30. Average Price: Varies depending on whether you go there for lunch, tea, or dinner. Fitzbillies is a Cambridge institution serving refined food for lunches and dinners, as well as heavenly tea and pastries in the afternoon. Don't forget its adjacent shop selling the best pastries in town, amongst which you will find the world famous Chelsea Bun! Le Gros Franck, 57 Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 1NT, Reservations call: 01223 565560, Le Gros Franck serves genuine French cuisine, cooked by an award-winning French chef Franck Parnin. By day, Le Gros Franck is a French patisserie, with fresh pastries, pastas and sandwiches. Specialties include our genuine French-style steak-frites, fish pies and stews. By night, Le Gros Franck is a romantic French restaurant serving the finest French food at your table from our menu. Only open Thursday, Friday and Saturday Evenings. Loch Fyne Fish Restaurant and Oyster Bar, 37 Trumpington Street, Tel: 0870 1413579, Sun: 10:00-21:30 M-Th: 09:00-22:00 F: 09:00-22:30 Sa: 10:00-23:00. Average Price: £20. If you love seafood this place is for you! The Kohinoor Tandoori Restaurant, 74 Mill Road, Tel: 0870 1413563. Su to Sa: 12:00-14:30, 18:00-00:00. Average Price: £11-20. There isn't much to say: top quality food, excellent service, and generous portions! Restaurant 22, 22 Chesterton Road, Cambridge, CB4 3AX Telephone: 01223 351880. Set Menu 3 Courses £28. Set in a converted Victorian house near the river. Serves up quality seasonal food from a monthly changing menu in an intermate dinning room. Booking essential. larger private room up stairs for parties of approx 12. Sala Thong Thai Restaurant, 35 Newnham Road, Tel: 0870 1413666, Su-Sa: 12:00-14:30, 18:00-22:30. Average Price: £11-20. This small place serves simple tasty thai food with good service. Thanh Binh, 17, Magdalene St, CB3 0AF, Tel: 01223 362456. Average price: £20. Very good Vietnamese food in a pleasant atmosphere. No alcohol license, but you can bring your own; there is a good wine shop just over the bridge 50m away. Splurge[ edit ] Arundel House Hotel Bar & Restaurant, Chesterton Road. Comfortable, elegantly furnished bar and restaurant convenient if you are staying north of the river. Cotto Restaurant [91] , 183 East Road, CB1 1BG. Tel 01223 302010 The twice-Gold Medallist at the Chef's Olympics, Hans Schweitzer has amassed an impressive repertoire of culinary skills, including training as a Confiseur and Chocolatier in Switzerland and Paris. He is considered the best chef in Cambridge. A contemporary, restaurant, convenient if you are near Parker's Piece, Anglia Ruskin University or the Grafton Centre. Open for lunch Tue - Sat 9AM - 3PM. Dinner Thu - Sat from 7PM. Midsummer House [92] , Midsummer Common, Tel: 0870 1416395. Tu-Th: 19:00-21:30; F,Sa: 12:00-14:00, 19:00-21:30. Average Price: £50+. By far Cambridge's finest restaurant and one of only ten British restaurants to have earned two stars from the Michelin guide. Alimentum [93] , 152-154 Hills Road, tel: +44 (0)1223 413000. We paid £55/person for a cocktail, starter, main, half bottle of wine, and dessert each. Newly opened in July 2007; very good food and a fairly varied choice on the menu (only one vegetarian option per course, though). Pubs[ edit ] Cambridge has a colossal number of pubs, over 110 at the last count. The Cambridge Blue, Gwydir Street. A friendly pub with a large garden and good range of real ale. The Castle Inn, Castle Hill. One of the best and busiest, traditional pubs in Cambridge. With an eclectic mix of locals and visitors, it can get impossibly busy of Friday and Saturday nights, however, the beer is excellent (the wine less so) and the food is home cooked and good value - the "Castle Burger" is a popular choice. The Champion of the Thames, King Street. Old style pub in the centre of town with a blazing fireplace in the winter. One of the few pubs to sell a local cider rather than the mass-produced stuff. The Eagle, Benet Street. Watson and Crick were regulars here whilst in the process of unravelling the secrets of DNA. The Fort St George, Midsummer Common. Been there for hundreds of years, overlooks the Cam and Midsummer Common. Also one of the best places in town for a pub lunch! (Think Sunday roast.) The Free Press, 7 Prospect Row. Mobile phone use is not allowed, making this a pleasant quiet pub. Garden. The Granta, Newnham Road. A large terrace looks out on the river and surrounding nature. Popular during the summer, this pub serves excellent food, and is very close to several boat hire companies. The Live and Let Live, Mawson Road. A small and very friendly place with an excellent selection of real ales. The Mill, Mill Lane. Cosy in the winter, bustling in the summer, this pub offers a refined selection of real ale. The Pickerel Inn, Magdelene Street. Claims to be the oldest pub in Cambridge. The Regal, St Andrews Street. Formerly a cinema, the Regal is the largest pub in the city and according to some, Europe. Offers a broad range of drinks including cheap ales you´d expect from a Wetherspoon´s chain pub, plus music and a rowdy dance floor in the evenings The Wrestlers, Newmarket Road. A bit of a walk from the City Centre, but great real ales and some of the best Thai food in town. The Devonshire Arms, Devonshire Road (Mill Road end). Good selection of Milton Brewery beers. Good menu. Friendly, and handy for the station. Clubs[ edit ] Ballare, Lion Yard. The biggest club in Cambridge, known to students as Cindy's. International night on Thursday, cheesey student nights on Tuesday and Wednesday during Cambridge term. Kuda, off Sidney Street. Affectionately known as 'Life' and 'The Place' (its previous name) to students, or as 'Twenty-Two' which it was called until a refurbishment in March 2008. Fez, Market Passage (nr Sidney Street). The only one of Cambridge's larger clubs to not change its name every couple of years. Main student night is Monday with 'Fat Poppdaddy's'. Lola Lo, Fisher Square, off Corn Exchange Street. Three separate areas over four floors. Cafes[ edit ] CB1, Mill Road, [94] . A bohemian café with book-lined walls, good affordable coffee, half-price refills, free wifi and friendly staff. This place is open everyday from 10a.m. until 8p.m. and tends to get crowded in the afternoon. Black Cat Cafe, Broadway Mill Road, [95] . Due to being owned by a New Zealander the coffee is a kept at a high standard. The cakes however are famous, a definite must for a sweet-tooth. You will need to get in early for a table at the weekends. Indigo Coffee House, 8 St. Edward's Passage (central). A tiny cheerful place with excellent coffee and bagels! Savinos, Italian Coffee Bar in Emmanuel Street. the best place in town where you can relax drinking a true and delicious Italian coffee or if you are hungry you can try a tasty Italian baguette with ingredients imported from Italy. While you are chilling out with your drink you can read Italian newspapers or listening to Italian music. The Cafe Project, 22 Jesus Lane, [96] . A colourful volunteer-run community cafe serving cheap hot drinks and homemade cakes with a growing selection of books for swapping. Open mon-wed 7.30PM-11PM and from 10AM-10PM every Friday for a LGBTS friendly day run by the charity Naarii. edit Clowns, Italian cafe on King Street. Cheap pasta dishes, good coffee, lots of cakes to choose from, English breakfasts. A good place to meet friends, or to while away an hour or two with a book. You'll also find all the usual chains: Nero's in three central locations on King's Parade, Market Street, and inside Heffers, Starbucks on Market Street, inside the Grand Arcade and on Christs Lane. Budget[ edit ] Cambridge Youth Hostel, 97 Tenison Road (near the railway station), ☎ +44 (0)1223 354601 ( [email protected] , fax: +44 (0)1223 312780), [97] . 99 beds in this YHA hostel in a Victorian town house. 15 minute walk from centre. £14.95 (under 18), £19.95 (adult) (breakfast included). edit Mid-range[ edit ] There are a number of guesthouses on Tenison Road, about 10 minute walk from the train station towards town. A&B Guesthouse, 124 Tenison Rd, ☎ +44 (0)1223 315702, [98] . Nice clean, small rooms. Ensuite available. £70 double (includes hot English breakfast). edit Chequer Cottage B&B, 43 Chequer Cottage, Streetly End, Cambridgeshire (14 miles from Cambridge), ☎ 01223 891522, [99] . checkin: 3pm; checkout: 11am. Luxury B&B, 4 Star Silver Award, King size en-suite room set in a beautiful country garden on the edge of the Roman Road. Price includes full English or continental breakfast and wifi. edit Brooklands Guest House, 95 Cherry Hinton Road, ☎ +44 (0)1223 242035, [100] . Ten rooms. Simple B&B accommodation. £33 (single), £49 (double), £45 (single e/s), £55 (double/s). edit Holiday Inn Cambridge, Lakeview, Bridge Road.,Impington, Cambridge (northern fringe of Cambridge, about three miles from the city centre), ☎ 0871 942 9015, [101] . As well its accommodation, the hotel also has a restaurant and leisure facilities on-site. edit Home from Home Guest House, 78-80 Milton Rd, ☎ +44 (0)1223 323555. Good value, but quite a distance from the city centre. edit Signet Apartments, Cambridge, ☎ +44 (0)1223 709 409, [102] . A range of beautifully-designed serviced apartments close to the centre of Cambridge. Available for short or long term stays, ideal for both leisure and business travellers. Each apartment includes free wifi, welcome pack and private parking. edit Royal Cambridge Hotel, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 1PY (edge of the city centre), ☎ 01223 351 631, [103] . checkin: 2PM; checkout: 11AM. One of the oldest hotels in Cambridge and was once part of the world famous Addenbrooke’s Hospital. Not to be confused with The Royal Cambridge Hotel in London, for which at one point a fairly full entry appeared on this page. The one in Cambridge is on Trumpington Street, not Sussex Gardens, and has a (+44)/(0)1223 area code, not the London 020 (+44 20 internationally) code. £45 - £80 pppn. edit Splurge[ edit ] DoubleTree by Hilton Cambridge City Centre, Granta Place, Mill Lane, ☎ +44 1223 259 988 ( [email protected] ), [104] . Book a room at DoubleTree by Hilton Hotel Cambridge City Centre, where a friendly member of our staff is waiting to welcome you. Choose a room with a private balcony to enjoy an amazing view of the River Cam and Cambridge city. Watch the punts glide past as you enjoy fine dining at the Marco Pierre White, Steakhouse Bar & Grill Cambridge. Relax in the sunshine or al fresco on the terrace with traditional light bar snacks. Internet access is available in your room for a small fee. Plan a function in a variety of adaptable event spaces. Most of the seven meeting rooms have floor-to-ceiling windows to allow natural lighting and inspiring garden views. edit Best Western Gonville Hotel, Gonville Place, ☎ +44 (0)1223 366611 ( [email protected] , fax: +44 (0)1223 315470), [105] . Overlooks Parker's Piece. edit Cambridge Lodge Hotel, 139 Huntingdon Road, ☎ +44 (0)1223 352833 ( [email protected] , fax: +44 (0)1223 355166). Small hotel with a nice garden. edit De Vere University Arms Hotel, Regent St, ☎ +44 (0)1223 351241 ( [email protected] , fax: +44 (0)1223 273037), [106] . Grand old hotel overlooking a park. edit South Farm, 10 miles South West of Cambridge, ☎ +44 (0)1223 207581 ( [email protected] , fax: +44 (0)1223 208771), [107] . Fantastic B&B. edit ☎ +44 1223 464491, [108] . Located in the heart of the city, within walking distance to attractions and nightlife, Hilton Cambridge City Centre is the perfect base for exploring the university town. We're easily accessible by road and rail, and just 45 minutes from London Kings Cross. As the largest central hotel in Cambridge, you'll find all you need for an unforgettable stay including a fitness room and a relaxed restaurant and lounge. Plan an event for up to 200 guests in our self-contained meeting space, with six flexible meeting rooms and a stylish atrium with skylight. Stay safe[ edit ] Even if Cambridge is one of the safest cities in the UK, you should still use your common sense at night, being careful in badly-lit areas outside the city centre; Parker's Piece has seen a few cases of mugging, but the situation has greatly improved. If you have a bike, keep it locked up to a solid object with a strong lock (preferably a D-lock), as cycle theft is big business. There are cycle parking places with cycle stands to lock your bike to in several places around the city centre and at the railway station. "Secure" covered cycle parking with CCTV surveillance and cycle stands is available in the lower section of the Park Street car park and at the Grand Arcade cycle park. The police station in the city is on Parkside, next door to the fire station, as well as smaller stations in the nearby villages of Histon and Sawston. The non-emergency contact number is 101. The city's Accident and Emergency department is at Addenbrooke's Hospital on Hills Road, south of the city centre. By internet[ edit ] There are many cybercafes in Cambridge and free Wi-Fi is available in many cafes and pubs. The public library in Lion Yard provides free internet access but you need to register as a library member, which requires TWO proofs of ID, one of your person such as a passport, ID card or photographical driving licence and one of your address such as a utility bill, bank statement or an official letter from a council. CYBER, 17 Norfolk Street: has both free Wi-Fi and reasonably priced PCs. jaffa net cafe, 22 Mill Road- High quality internet access with a fast internet connection. Pleasant, comfortable seating available as well as fresh sandwiches, baguettes and a selection of cakes are also available. CB1, 32 Mill Road: has both free Wi-Fi and reasonably priced PCs. La Pronto, 2 Emmanuel Street (central). The library at Anglia Ruskin University on East Rd. will provide a ticket for its wifi service on request. Ask at the library desk. Gyms[ edit ] Kelsey Kerridge is the public sports centre on the south side of Parker's Piece. Entry is possible without membership. Next door is the large Parkside public swimming pools. In summer it's worth visiting Jesus Green Outdoor Swimming Pool, Britain's longest outdoor pool, on Jesus Green, Chesterton Rd CB4 3BD - 01223 302579 All other gyms are private members only, including: The Glassworks, Halfmoon Yard/Quayside - 01223 305060. Greens Health and Fitness, 213 Cromwell Rd, CB1 3BA - 01223 245200. Next Generation Club, 21-25 Coldhams Lane Business Park, CB1 3LH - 01223 401200 LA Fitness, Cambridge Leisure Park, Clifton Way, CB1 7DY - 01223 247662 DW Sports, Unit 2a Beehive Centre, CB1 3ER Chesterton Sports Centre, Gilbert Road CB4 3NY - 01223 576110 Revolution Health & Fitness Club, 24 Science Park, CB4 OFN - 01223 395675 Hills Road Sports & Tennis Centre, Purbeck Road, CB2 2PF - 01223 500009 Places of worship[ edit ] See here [109] for a more complete list: Anglican many churches, including college chapels and Great St Mary's [110] next to the market square. Lutheran Resurrection Lutheran Church, 25 Westfield Ln, Cambridge, CB4 3QS Baptist Eden Baptist Church , 1 Fitzroy Street, CB1 1ER - 01223 361250 Roman Catholic Our Lady & The English Martyrs, Hills Rd, 01223 350787 Muslim Abu Bakr Mosque, Mawson Road CB1 2DZ, off Mill Road. 01223 350134 Jewish Cambridge Traditional Jewish Congregation, Thompson's Lane, 01223 354783 Buddhist Cambridge Buddhist Centre, 38 Newmarket Road, CB5 8DT - 01223 577553 Get out[ edit ] Grantchester : Take a day trip to enjoy the countryside and have scones and tea at The Orchard. With a long history of famous patrons such as Rupert Brooke, Virginia Woolf, EM Forster and Bertrand Russell, taking tea in The Orchard is a well established tradition. This large garden planted with apple trees is perfect for lounging on a deck chair in the sun with a cup of tea and a scone for sustenance. Or head out by punt with a picnic hamper. Great and Little Gransden Glimpse the real England! Take a bus (30 mins or so , bus no. 18, or 18A ) from Drummer Street to the tiny ancient villages of Little and Great Gransden, which appear in the Magna Carta. Brimming with thatched cottage charm, horses and peaceful country walks, these villages offer escape into English village life. Pub food is available in both villages. Explore the ancient churchyards, the doll path in the meadow between them, and enjoy a leisurely hike around this tranquil village area. The Duncombe Arms in neighbouring Waresly serves excellent food, and offers BnB accomodation. Waresly is one or two hour walk from the riding stables at the bottom of Great Gransden. You could even join a horse trek. The undulating road offers wonderful views across farm land, and the ancient Waresly Wood, some of which is National Trust property. The 17th century open trestle post mill Windmill between The Gransdens is unusually intact. It was last operational in 1912. Ely : Market town, with impressive Cathedral towering above the Fens (Ely actually used to be an island): regular trains and buses (9, X9, 12), or about two hours by cycle via NCN 51 to NCN 11. King's Lynn is well worth visiting for its wealth of architectural gems especially Nelson Street and Tuesday Market place. The explorer Vancouver came from here. Museums and churches and the largest brass in the country in St Mary's Church. Newmarket : Market town (in Suffolk), with it famous horse-racing venue, and everything horsey related including the National Horseracing Museum [111] . Tu-Sun 11:00-16:30 (22 March - 30 October). Hourly trains and regular buses (10, 11, 12), or about two hours by cycle on NCN 51. Bury St Edmunds : Market town, with it brewery, cathedral and gardens. Hourly trains and regular buses (11) Saffron Walden: Take either the number 7 bus (or the train to Audley End and taxi) and visit a market town with the largest turf maze in Europe. See a restored Victorian garden at bridge End Gardens or visit nearby Audley End House. There is a regular market on Tuesdays and Saturdays (If you like sausages the Giggly Pig stall is a must try!). This is a guide article. It has a variety of good, quality information including hotels, restaurants, attractions, arrival and departure info. Plunge forward and help us make it a star !	The Backs
What was the name of the Channel 5 adventure game show presented by Melinda Messenger and Leslie Grantham	Cambridge (England) – Travel guide at Wikivoyage Understand[ edit ] King's Parade in the centre of Cambridge, with the University Senate House on the left and Great St Mary's Church on the right. Cambridge brings many images to mind: the breathtaking view of King's College Chapel from across the river Cam, the rich intricacy of Gothic architecture, students cycling to lectures, and lazy summer punting on the River Cam. Cambridge manages to combine its role as an historic city with a world-renowned University and, in more recent years, an internationally acknowledged centre of excellence for technology and science. The University of Cambridge was founded in the 13th century by scholars leaving Oxford after a dispute with townsfolk. They chose the quiet town of Cambridge as a suitable location for study. In the 17th century Cambridge University educated many of the founders of a (then) minor American university called Harvard, also located in a place called Cambridge (named after the English university). Cambridge University has many famous alumni, including: mathematicians such as Sir Isaac Newton, philosophers such as Bertrand Russell and Ludwig Wittgenstein, and writers such as John Milton and Lord Byron. It was the site of Rutherford's pioneering work in nuclear physics as well as Crick and Watson's DNA work (see the Eagle pub below). Cambridge academics have won more Nobel Prizes than those of any other university in the world. The rumour that just one college, Trinity, had more Nobel prize winners than France, however, is false. The city is surrounded on all sides by heritage villages, towns and ancient monuments (such as Ely and Peterborough ), all within easy travelling distance. Like Oxford, Cambridge was spared from the German carpet bombing that devastated many other British cities, and is thus one of the best-preserved medieval cities in the UK More than 3.5 million visitors come to Cambridge every year to savour the delights of the historic city itself, as well as using it as an ideal base for exploring some of the gentlest (read flattest; good for leisurely walks, poor for hills with viewpoints) and most unspoiled countryside in England. Get in[ edit ] Cambridge is a mere 50 mi (80 km) north of London . With good rail services and road communication links, Cambridge is easily accessible, whether travelling by car, or by public transport. By plane[ edit ] Cambridge is within easy reach of some but not all of London's international airports. London Stansted is 30 mi away, for example, has regular bus and rail services into Cambridge. Direct rail services leave every hour from platform 2 (to Birmingham New Street) and take about 35 min with a return fare £12.80. For more frequent services take the Stansted Express to London from platform 1 and change at Bishops's Stortford or Stansted Mountfitchet, taking about 50 min. Note, however, that rail services may be unavailable if your flight arrives Stansted very late or departs very early in the day, and while the airport likes to advertise hourly services, there are some strange gaps in the timetable so check the boards before you buy a ticket, and go to the bus terminal if there is nothing sensible on offer. National Express coaches run between Cambridge and Stansted (including late at night), taking about 55 minutes and costing £11.50. Abacus Airport Cars Cambridge rides there from £40.00 one way. Luton Airport is best reached by National Express Coach, taking about 1.5 hours and costing £14, but these run only every 2 hours or so. London Stansted and London Luton airports offer many of the cheapest international flights to be found in Europe, with many of the big low-cost European airlines such as Easyjet, Ryanair and TUIfly having a hub at one of these two airports. Heathrow is 90-120 min away by car, depending on traffic. National Express Coaches to and from Heathrow central bus station take around 2.5 hr for £25. By rail there are two options, both of which should take approximately 2 hours: Take the Heathrow Express from Heathrow Railstation at Terminals 2 & 3 (N.B. there is no additional charge for transfer between Terminals 4 & 5 to Terminals 2 & 3) to London Paddington (PAD), this service departs approximately every 15 minutes. From London Paddington take the tube (Hammersmith and City line or Circle line) to London Kings Cross (LGX) and then take a train to Cambridge (CBG). The total cost when booking over 3 months in advance should be less than £20 one way and £30 return. If buying tickets for the Heathrow Express on board or at the Airport, expect to pay £35 single and £55 return. This method of travel reduces the time spent on the tube to less than 15 minutes, which is advisable at peak tube times (7AM-9AM, 4PM-6PM). Take the tube (Piccadilly line) from London Heathrow underground Terminals 2,3,4 or 5 to London Kings Cross (LGX). From there take a train to Cambridge (CBG). The total cost when booking in advance should be less than £15 one way and £25 return. If buying at the station, expect to pay £18 single and £30 return. This method of travel is the cheapest method by rail but involves approximately 1 hr of tube travel, which is not advisable at peak tube times (7AM-9AM, 4PM-6PM). Abacus Airport Cars to Cambridge cost £85.00 one way. Gatwick is the least convenient London airport, being on the opposite side of London: driving necessitates a tour of the M25 London ring road and takes around 3 h by car. It is best reached by train to King's Cross, walk to St. Pancras and train to Gatwick (or by connecting by tube to Victoria and then catching the marginally faster Gatwick Express) with a total journey time around 2 h for fare £28. Abacus Airport Cars Cambridge rides there from £100.00 one way. There is a National Express bus service available, again around 3 h (and that M25 again). London City Airport is best reached by train to King's Cross, then Underground and Docklands Light Railway across London, for £22 (less if you have an Oyster card). Abacus Airport Cars Cambridge rides there from £77.00 one way. Cambridge has its own airport - Cambridge International Airport (CBG) - on the eastern outskirts of the city; just 10-minutes from the historic centre. However it no longer features any scheduled flights. Wikivoyage has a guide to Rail travel in the United Kingdom . Regular trains run from London (King's Cross and Liverpool Street) to Cambridge. The fastest "Cambridge Cruiser" services to and from King's Cross run non-stop and take under 50 min, generally departing at :15 and :45 minutes after the hour. "Semi-fast" services stop at a few intermediate stations and take about 65 min, slower stopping trains may take up to 90 min. Try to avoid taking a train with more than 8 stops between Cambridge and London Kings Cross to avoid the slowest trains. Trains to and from London Liverpool Street, for which cheaper tickets are sometimes available, all take about 75 min. Direct trains from Stansted airport to Cambridge take 35 min (catch trains from Stansted going in the direction of Birmingham). Because Cambridge is one of the main junctions of the East Anglia railway network, trains also run to and from Ipswich , Norwich , Peterborough and Birmingham . See National Rail for timetable and fare information. You can buy an overnight Rail and Sail ticket from Cambridge to anywhere in the Netherlands for around GBP80, using the Harwich-Hook of Holland ferry route. Ensure that you choose the correct ticket, but you can find deals that cover the ferry (including a room and bed) and travel between Cambridge to any station in the Netherlands. Departures from Cambridge are at about 7PM; going the other way, you arrive a bit before 10AM. (There are daytime ferries too, but the train timetables mean you can make no train connection.) The railway station is about 1.2 mi south of the city centre; there are regular buses to town and a taxi rank outside the station. The station has a staffed travel centre, self-service ticket machines (note that many take only European smartchip cards and do not accept cash) and automatic ticket barriers (you need your ticket to get both in and out of the station). Pay attention buying tickets as there is often a queue at the machines and none at the ticket windows. There are also ATMs, several cafes and a bookstore, on the platform accessible only to ticket holders, and a mini-supermarket in the station foyer. Note that the station is very long, with several trains parked end-to-end on the main platform, so you may need to walk a long way between trains if you have a tight connection. By cycle[ edit ] Cambridge has the highest level of cycle use of any city in the UK. Cambridge is very accessible by cycle, and the local government encourages sustainable travel (such as walking and cycling). National Cycle Network routes 11 and 51 both pass through the city, and Cambridge is also served with a comprehensive local cycle network. Within the city, cycling is a common means of getting around. Cycles can be rented from a number of outlets, including Station Cycles (located just north of the railway station), Station Cycles' central branch (located on floor -1 of the Grand Arcade shopping centre) and from City Cycle Hire (on the western edge of the city centre, in the suburb of Newnham). Some quick notes on cycling etiquette: cycling on the pavement (sidewalk) is not generally permitted unless there is a specifically signed shared-use cycle lane; cycling on the road is always allowed, even if a shared-use lane exists (but you may find this annoys car drivers). One-way streets apply to cycles unless there is a cycle lane for travelling in the opposite direction. Respect red traffic lights and always use cycle lights in the dark. If you are caught without lights, you are liable to an on-the-spot fine of £30. Obey the rules even if many others break them. By car[ edit ] Parking can be difficult in central Cambridge (the best parking, if you're prepared to pay, is in the Grand Arcade in the centre of town) and the one way street system is extremely confusing. The Council recommends the use of the "Park and Ride" scheme (£1 for parking and a £2.70 return bus fare). Cambridge is connected to London primarily by the M11 or the A10. From the north, come off the A1 onto the A14. From West and North West London and Hertfordshire, the A1(M) and A505 via Letchworth and Hitchin is a fairly fast alternative route that avoids the M25 (especially during peak traffic). The A421/A428 is also worth considering if driving from Milton Keynes and Bedford . By bus[ edit ] National Express provides bus links to major cities around the country, including direct services to London Victoria and Birmingham, as well as frequent airport coaches to Luton, Stansted, Heathrow, and Gatwick. National Express coaches depart from Parkside, next to Parker's Piece park, about half a mile from the City Centre. Many services also stop at the Trumpington and Madingley Road Park and Ride sites. The bus station for shorter-distance buses is on Drummer Street, conveniently located for all the main sights. Stagecoach operate routes from Cambridge to Bedford, Ely, Peterborough (via a connection at Chatteris), Newmarket, Saffron Walden, Bury St Edmunds and Oxford. Several different bus and coach companies (notably Stagecoach and Whippet Coaches) operate services within Cambridge and the surrounding area, and therefore tickets for one company may not be valid on buses routes operated by other companies. The service is notoriously irregular, and it is best to leave around half as much time again for a journey as the buses are often delayed/cancelled/slow, and if an urgent connection is to be made they are best avoided, especially the "citi" branded buses: walk or take a taxi. Get around[ edit ] Cambridge is mostly pedestrian-friendly: most sights can be easily reached on foot and much of the central area is traffic-free. Do note that some of the pavements are shared use between pedestrians and cyclists; this can catch you out unless you watch out for it. Cambridge walking directions can be planned online with the walkit.com walking route planner. Students and locals often use bikes to get around and hiring a bike is a viable alternative to simply walking. You can also opt for a hop-on, hop-off open-top sightseeing bus which provides commentary in several languages. The sightseeing bus passes the railway station, American Cemetery, and many of the historic colleges, but as the city centre is pedestrianised, it can approach the more central colleges on only Sundays. There is little need to use the local bus services unless you are staying in a far-flung area of the city, but they are clean and efficient if you need to. Citi buses cost between £1 and £2 for individual cash fares within Cambridge City (change is given but drivers may refuse large denomination notes), but just tell the driver your destination as you board and take your ticket from the machine. An all-day pass costs £3.70 for Cambridge City and Park and Ride services or £5.20 for the surrounding area. Cambridge City Council discourages car use. Parking charges are high and the city is home to a system of rising bollards that allow vehicles with appropriate transponders (e.g., taxis, buses, emergency vehicles) through but can cause severe damage to other vehicles tailgating, often to the point of writing them off. There are many taxi companies in Cambridge. Panther Taxis are the largest taxi company operating 24/7/365. Bookings can also be made via their website; Tel: +44 1223 715715. Camtax claim to be Cambridge's oldest taxi company; Tel: +44 1223 313131. Camcab operate a 24-hour service 365 days a year; Tel: +44 1223 704704. Colleges[ edit ] Focus on Architecture Cambridge, especially the various colleges and university buildings, is fascinating for people with an interest in architecture. The colleges have been built sporadically over the centuries and the result is a mixture of styles both ancient and modern. Although the modern architecture is sometimes controversial, especially in how the newer buildings (fail to) harmonise with adjacent older buildings, it is in its way as interesting as the older. A tour of the backs (see above) gives the visitor a good feel for the various styles and a few small diversions add to the experience. One obvious landmark is the tower of the University Library. The library was designed by Sir Giles Gilbert Scott, who also built the Bankside Power Station in London that is now the Tate Modern. It does have a very industrial feel to it perhaps because of this. On the far side of the library the curious can see Robinson College, the newest college and built in about 1980 and one of the few pieces of modern architecture in Cambridge that has no notable old buildings nearby. If you prefer to see a blend of old and new, it is worth making the way out to Homerton College, which is fifteen minutes walk on Hills Road. Homerton College is particularly interesting as there are examples of various styles of architecture on-site such as the neo-Georgian buildings at the front of the college and the gothic Victorian hall on the inside of the college. This is an excellent place to take a stroll through the grounds which encompass an old orchard, water features and even a small honey farm, in order to appreciate the architecture from afar. St John's College and Magdalene College also have a number of architectural treats. As well as the Bridge of Sighs, St John's has buildings in almost every style of architecture starting with the 16th century hall in First Court and ending up with the extremely modern Cripps building. Near the Cripps building there is also the dramatic New Court built in the early 19th century and the School of Pythagoras, one of the oldest buildings in Cambridge which dates from the early 13th century. Next door Magdalene College - cognoscenti know that Magdalene is accessible from the back of the Cripps building - is quite a contrast. Unlike St John's, which consists mainly of buildings designed originally as college accommodation, Magdalene has converted a number of old half-timbered inns as some of its accommodation. Magdalene also possesses the Lutyens building designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens and the Pepys building. The latter, which houses the Pepys library, has an imposing and almost symmetrical facade and looks completely different from the rear. The ugliest Magdalene building, the 1970s Buckingham Court, is fortunately well hidden, while across the river the Magdalene Quayside development (1990) is an excellent example of how the late century architects appear to have learned subtlety and harmony. Quayside is an excellent place to rent a punt. The Cambridge 2000 website has a list of 100 buildings that have notable architecture for one reason or another. Cambridge has a number of interesting modern buildings, for example the Centre for Mathematical Sciences Cambridge University consists of a number of semi-independent colleges, many central, some up to 3 miles from the town centre (traditionally measured from Great St. Mary's church). The following are a good selection for sightseeing. Most of the colleges within the central area are worth a look, if you have the time. Some, but not all, colleges charge for entrance. Colleges are typically closed to visitors during the University exam period, at the end of May and the first week of June. Please remember to be respectful when visiting the colleges. They are students' homes for much of the year, and the workload and pressure at the University can be immense. Do not enter buildings you are not explicitly invited to, do not stare into people's windows, and be polite when taking photographs. Always remember that the colleges' role is first and foremost that of academic institutions; they are not there for tourists, and it is rude to do anything which impedes or inconveniences the people who live and work in them. 52.2048 0.1166 1 King's College and King's College Chapel , King's Parade, ☎ +44 1223 331212 . College grounds open term-time M-F 9:30AM–3:30PM, Sa 9:30AM–3:15PM, Su 1:15PM–2:15PM and 5PM-5:30PM (summer only). Out of term M-Sa 9:30AM–4:30PM, Su 10AM-5PM. Grounds closed during exams (late April to mid June) though Chapel is open. Chapel opening times vary, ring for details.. The most visited attraction in Cambridge, the architecture of King's College Chapel towers above the town and its world-famous choir have spread its reputation across the globe. £8 adults, £4 children/students. Queens' College, Old Hall 52.2022 0.1156 2 Queens' College , Silver Street/Queens' Lane, ☎ +44 1223 335511 . Open approx 10AM-4:30PM, see website or ring for updated times. Closed mid-May to mid-June. Founded by two Queens - Margaret of Anjou in 1448 and Elizabeth Woodville in 1465, the College stretches across both sides of the Cam, linked by the famous Mathematical Bridge. The myth goes that it was designed by Isaac Newton without the use of pins, screws, nuts or bolts, but when disassembled, the fellows and students couldn't figure out how to put it back together again. This is sadly false, the bridge dates from 1749, 22 years after Newton's death. The stunning medieval Old Hall is also worth a visit. £3 (includes printed guide). Free mid-October to mid-March. 52.2069 0.1168 3 Trinity College . Large attractive courtyard and library designed by Sir Christopher Wren. The interior of the Wren Library (Mo-Fr 12-2PM, Sa 10:30AM-12:30PM in Full Term) is particularly beautiful and features medieval bibles, items from the possession of Isaac Newton, original manuscripts by Wittgenstein, a Winnie-the-Pooh manuscript by A.A. Milne, and notes by Bertrand Russell, among other things. Even when the college is closed to visitors, the library may still be accessible from Queens Road on the other side of the River Cam. £2 (updated Aug 2015) 52.2080 0.1173 4 St Johns College . Formally the St Johns Hospital (13th century) before being refounded as a college in 1511, this college houses the oldest academic building in Cambridge (the "School of Pythagoras"). It has a number of large courtyards, and has the Cambridge "Bridge of Sighs". £4 52.2086 0.1233 5 Jesus College . Attractive grounds and sculptures scattered throughout. 52.2020 0.1198 6 Pembroke College . The 3rd oldest college in Cambridge, founded in 1347 by the Countess of Pembroke, Marie de St Paul, is well known for its beautiful gardens. 52.2051 0.1152 7 Clare College . The 2nd oldest college with pretty gardens, courtyard and the oldest river bridge in Cambridge. 52.2008 0.1182 8 Peterhouse . The oldest Cambridge college was founded in 1284 and has two large gardens, the Scholars' Garden and the Deer Park, both of which students and visitors can walk all over (unusual for Cambridge colleges!). 52.20304 0.11743 9 Saint Catharine's College . St Catharine's College was founded in 1473 by Robert Wodelarke, Provost of King's College. The College was christened in honour of the patron saint of learning and was originally known as Katharine Hall. It was largely rebuilt in the 17th century with work on the Main Court beginning in 1673; the Chapel was completed in 1704. In spite of its modest size, the college's three-sided brick Main Court is almost unique among Cambridge Colleges and deserves a short stop while strolling down Trumpington Street. The College is in the very centre of Cambridge next to King's College and facing Corpus Christi College. 52.1855 0.1381 10 Homerton College . Homerton College is one of the newer colleges, though it has existed for centuries as an academic institution and is architecturally very pretty, with extensive and tranquil grounds and a picturesque orchard. It is in a beautiful location on Hills Road, about fifteen minutes walk from the town centre. The Victorian hall here is one of the most beautiful in Cambridge and definitely worth a visit. Free to enter, so worth the walk to see. 52.20290 0.11775 11 Corpus Christi College , Corpus Christi College, Trumpington St, Cambridge, CB2 1RH. Uniquely, founded by Cambridge locals (from two town guilds). Its Old Court (to the left of the main entrance, behind St Bene't's church) dates from the 1350s and is the oldest courtyard in Cambridge. Old Court rooms have no plumbing, so you may occasionally be treated to a student walking across the court in their dressing gown to get to the toilet complex. Parks and Gardens[ edit ] 52.2051 0.1117 12 The Backs. The gardens by the river behind various colleges. Heading downstream from King's you can pass through the gardens of Clare, Trinity and St John's Colleges (which has the "Bridge of Sighs"). 52.1933 0.1272 13 Botanic Garden of Cambridge University , Bateman St CB2 1JF, ☎ +44 1223 336265 . Open 10AM-4PM Nov-Jan, 10AM-5PM Feb and Oct, 10AM-6PM Mar-Oct, closed 25 Dec to 3 Jan. A relaxing way to spend a few hours, away from the hustle and bustle of the colleges and canals. Open to the public since 1846 this garden hosts some important botanic collections amongst its 10,000 or more species. Adult admission £2.50, free Mon-Fri in winter (November through February). 52.2120 0.1225 14 Jesus Green. Originally proposed as the site for Cambridge's main railway station, Jesus Green is a broad piece of parkland immediately adjacent to Midsummer Common. Provides a quiet retreat away from the city centre and also has grass and hard tennis courts as well as an outdoor swimming pool. Plans are underway for redevelopment of this much loved park in Cambridge. 52.2021 0.1281 15 Parker's Piece. One of the best known open spaces in Cambridge. Located in the centre of the City it is bordered by Park Terrace, Regent Terrace, Parkside and Gonville Place. 52.2061 0.1251 16 Christ's Pieces. Situated in the centre of the City, bordered by the bus station, Christ's College, Emmanuel Road and King Street. It is of typical Victorian park design with tree lined avenues. The formal seasonal bedding displays planted in the 'petal beds' near Emmanuel Road, provide all year round colour. There are also large ornamental shrub beds around the perimeter to add further year round colour and interest. Museums and Galleries[ edit ] The Fitzwilliam Museum 52.20021 0.11955 17 The Fitzwilliam Museum , Trumpington Street, ☎ +44 1223 332900 , e-mail: [email protected] . Tu-Sa 10AM-5PM. Su noon-5PM. The Fitzwilliam Museum is the art and antiquities museum of the University of Cambridge and is on Trumpington Street. It receives around 300,000 visitors annually. The museum was founded in 1816 with the bequest of the library and art collection of the VIIth Viscount FitzWilliam. The bequest also included £100,000 "to cause to be erected a good substantial museum repository". The "Founder's Building" itself was designed by George Basevi, completed by C. R. Cockerell and opened in 1848; the entrance hall is by Edward Middleton Barry and was completed in 1875. The Egyptian Galleries at the Fitzwilliam Museum re-opened in 2006 after a two-year, £1.5 million programme of refurbishment, conservation and research. The museum has five departments: Antiquities; Applied Arts; Coins and Medals; Manuscripts and Printed Books; and Paintings, Drawings and Prints. Highlights include masterpieces by Titian, Rubens, Van Dyck, Canaletto, Hogarth, Gainsborough, Constable, Monet, Degas, Renoir, Cézanne and Picasso and a fine collection of 20th century art. Admission free. 52.21088 0.11448 18 Kettle's Yard , Castle Street, ☎ +44 1223 352124 , e-mail: [email protected] . House open Tuesday to Sunday and Bank Holiday Mondays 1.30-4:30PM (1st weekend in April - last weekend in September); Tuesday to Sunday and Bank Holiday Mondays 2PM-4PM (1st weekend in October - last weekend in March). Gallery open Tuesday to Sundays and Bank Holiday Mondays 11:30AM-5PM. Kettle's Yard is the former home of Jim and Helen Ede and houses the fine collection of art, from the early part of this century, which they gave to the University. Artists represented include Ben Nicholson, Christopher Wood, Alfred Wallis, David Jones, Barbara Hepworth, Henry Moore and Henri Gaudier-Brzeska. There is a separate gallery for exhibitions of modern and contemporary art, which are widely advertised and detailed on the website. Each exhibition is accompanied by a lively programme of talks, workshops and discussion groups for all ages. Music at Kettle's Yard: Kettle's Yard presents programmes of chamber music concerts and contemporary music concerts. Admission free. 52.20309 0.12198 19 The Sedgwick Museum of Earth Sciences , Downing Street, ☎ +44 1223 333456 . Monday to Friday, 10AM-1PM and 2PM-5PM; Saturday 10AM-4PM. Closed on Bank Holidays. One of the University's many hidden treasures, and actually its oldest museum, the Sedgwick is packed full of fossils with more than 1 million in its collection. These range from the earliest forms of life from more than 3000 million years ago, to the wildlife that roamed the Fens less than 150,000 years ago. Displays include a gallery of minerals and gemstones, the world's largest spider, rocks collected by Charles Darwin on the 'Voyage of the Beagle', dinosaurs from the Jurassic and Triassic, and fossils from the local area including a hippopotamus from the nearby Barrington gravel pits. The museum organises many activities, so it's always a good idea to check its website. Admission free. 52.20297 0.12064 20 The University Museum of Zoology , The New Museum Site, Downing Street, ☎ +44 1223 336650 , e-mail: [email protected] . Monday to Friday 10AM-4:45PM (closed on Bank Holidays). Open Saturdays mornings 10AM-1PM from June to September. CURRENTLY CLOSED FOR REFURBISHMENT UNTIL 2016. The University Museum of Zoology displays a great range of recent and fossil animals, emphasising the structural diversity and evolutionary relationships among the animal kingdom. The collections were accumulated from 1814 onwards, and include many specimens collected by Charles Darwin. To find the museum, look for the spectacular whale skeleton, hung above the entrance and visible through the archway from Downing Street. Admission free. 52.20288 0.11935 21 The Whipple Museum of the History of Science , ☎ +44 1223 330906 . Department of History and Philosophy of Science, Free School Lane, just off Pembroke Street. Monday to Friday 12:30PM-4:30PM. Closed at weekends, bank holidays and occasionally over the Christmas period. Visitors are advised to check beforehand by contacting the Museum. The Whipple Museum is a pre-eminent collection of scientific instruments and models, dating from the Middle Ages to the present. Included in this outstanding collection are microscopes and telescopes, sundials, early slide rules, pocket electronic calculators, laboratory equipment and teaching and demonstration apparatus. Admission free. 52.20292 0.12137 22 Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology , Downing Street, ☎ +44 1223 333516 , e-mail: [email protected] . Tuesday to Saturday 2PM-4:30PM. Closed at Christmas and Easter and on most public holidays. Possible extended summer opening - please telephone or email for details. The Museum contains large and important collections of archaeological and anthropological material from all parts of the world. The archaeological collections from all periods include significant collections from Palaeolithic Europe, Asia and Africa; Precolumbian Central and South America; early civilizations of the Mediterranean; and British archaeology. The world-renowned anthropological collections include important collections from the South Seas, West Africa and the Northwest Coast of North America; historic collections from the 18th century; and extensive photographic collections from the 19th and 20th centuries. Admission free. 52.2006 0.1101 23 Museum of Classical Archaeology , Sidgwick Avenue, ☎ +44 1223 330402 . Open Monday-Friday: 10AM-5PM; Saturday: 10AM-1PM; closed Sunday. Admission is free. The Museum of Classical Archaeology is one of the few surviving collections of plaster casts of Greek & Roman sculpture in the world. The collection of about four hundred and fifty casts is open to the public and housed in a purpose-built Cast Gallery on the first floor of the Classics Faculty. Although nothing here is an original, nearly all the well-known (and not so well-known) works from the Classical world can be seen together under one roof. The reserve research collections consist of another two hundred plaster casts, Greek vases, pottery sherds, and epigraphic squeezes. These can be consulted by arrangement. 52.21081 0.11474 24 The Folk Museum , Castle Street. Tuesday-Sunday (also Mondays in Summer) 10.30-5.30. The only local social history museum in Cambridge and is the most comprehensive collection representing life in the South Cambridgeshire villages. Housed in an old Coaching House, the museum is home to some 20,000 objects representing the history of local life away from the University. 52.19842 0.12627 25 The Polar Museum , Lensfield Road. Tuesday-Saturday (Also Sundays on Bank Holiday Weekends) 10.00-4.00. A short walk from the Fitzwilliam Museum is The Polar Museum. It was a finalist for The Museum of the Year Prize in 2011. Its extraordinary collection covers the Arctic and Antarctic, native peoples and the Golden Age of Exploration of heroes such as Scott and Shackleton. It also serves as the National Memorial to Scott and his men, as well as being the public front of The Scott Polar Research Institute which continues their scientific work. Special events, exhibitions, tours, children's activities and behind the scenes Open Days are held quite often. 52.2051 0.1073 26 The University Library , West Road. Monday-Friday 09.00-6.00, Saturday 09.00-16.30. Exhibition of treasures and highlights from the Library's world-class collections of manuscripts and printed books. Two major exhibitions are held each year (roughly January to June and September to December): check website for details. 52.2128 0.1430 27 Museum of Technology , Cheddars Lane. Every day except Tuesdays. An exhibition of items from Cambridge's industrial past based at the city's old sewage pumping station on Riverside. Exhibits include the working steam and gas powered pumps, printing technology and items from several decades of electronics manufacturing within the city. The museum holds several 'steaming' days a year, usually on bank holidays, when engines and pumps may be seen working. Churches[ edit ] The history of Cambridge is entwined with that of the Church of England. The colleges (see above) all have chapels which can be visited, but town churches also offer a rich insight into the history of the town and university, and are usually free. Even if you aren't interested in places of worship, they are well worth a few minutes attention and are peaceful places to enjoy. 52.20845 0.11893 28 The Round Church . Open daily (admission £1.50 adults, children free). Dating back to 1130, this is one of only four medieval round churches in England, and one of the most visited buildings in Cambridge. Besides the remarkable architecture, the building contains historical exhibitions and hosts occasional concerts and lectures. Tour guides based there offer walking tours of Cambridge which are highly rated. 52.20532 0.11827 29 Great St Mary's. Open daily, free. This fine example of 15th-Century English Perpendicular architecture is on the market square opposite King's College. As well as viewing the beautiful nave, visitors can climb the bell tower (admission £2.50) for spectacular views over the town. 52.20373 0.11829 30 St. Benet's . Tucked away in the lanes is this tiny 11th-century church. Its main attraction is a Saxon arch in the nave. One of several churches in town with bells, this one is a good location to see English bellringing. The times are unpredictable and not published but Sunday afternoons are your best bet. Please be quiet, ringing takes a surprising amount of concentration and the ringers can do without distractions. All Saints, Jesus Lane . Open daily, free. This 19th century church is no longer used for worship but has been preserved as a rare example of the Arts and Crafts movement, featuring a highly ornate interior by Bodley, and windows and wall decorations by William Morris. St. Andrew's, Chesterton. A walk from town, but with an impressive (if somewhat faded) medieval Doom painting around the chancel arch, showing the Judgement and giving worshippers good reason to pay attention to the sermon. Further afield[ edit ] 52.2162 0.0538 31 World War II Cambridge American Cemetery and Memorial . Three miles west of the city on Highway A-1303. Open daily except for December 25 and January 1; 9AM-5PM The cemetery is on land donated by Cambridge University and is the final resting place for 3,812 American military dead lost during the War in the Atlantic and Northern Europe. A monument is inscribed with the names of 5,126 Americans whose remains were never found or identified. The chapel contains mosaic maps of World War II campaigns and a mosaic memorial to American Air Forces on the ceiling. Free. 52.0959 0.1321 32 Imperial War Museum Duxford . This WWII airfield south of Cambridge houses the Imperial War Museum's aircraft collection, and is the largest aviation museum in Europe. As well as military aircraft, it houses a large collection of non-military aircraft including a Concorde. There is also a land warfare museum attached that has many examples of armoured vehicles from the First World War onwards. It really a full day for a proper visit. Bus Citi 7 takes about an hour to get there from the city centre or the bus station. Make sure that you board the Citi 7 bus that says Duxford as the Citi 7 bus also goes to two other places. Also note the time of the last bus to leave the museum as later buses go to the village of Duxford but not out to the museum. Flight shows are sometimes held; these days will be very busy. 52.235915 0.2448 34 Anglesey Abbey, Gardens and Lode Mill , Quy Road, Lode, Cambridge, CB25 9EJ, ☎ +44 1223 810080 , e-mail: [email protected] . 52.1413 -0.0498 35 Wimpole Hall & Home Farm , ☎ +44 1223 206000 , e-mail: [email protected] . Wimpole Hall is the largest house in Cambridgeshire, set amongst rolling "Capability Brown" landscaped parklands, with a Home Farm hosting many rare breeds. 52.3106 0.2830 36 Wicken Fen , Lode Lane, Wicken, Ely, Cambridgeshire, CB7 5XP. Wetland nature reserve; rare example of how the Fens all used to be before they were drained. (updated Mar 2016) Further upstream from the Orchard, Grantchester is Byron's Pool, named after the (in)famous Lord Byron, of whom it is said to have swum there (at least, according to Brooke). The pool is now located below a modern weir at the junction of the Bourn Brook and the River Cam. Do[ edit ] Punting is a popular activity in Cambridge Walk along the backs. It's free, and gives you a real flavour of the city. You can walk through King's College, onto King's Parade, a beautiful row of exclusive shops. Punting. 9/10AM-dusk daily. If anything is stereotypically 'Cambridge', this must be it. Punting involves propelling yourself in a long wooden boat by pushing a pole against the shallow river bottom. For the full effect, take strawberries and champagne to quaff as you glide effortlessly down the river. You can either travel along the Backs or head out towards the village of Grantchester. Guided tours are also available from around £14.50 per person, but self-hire is more fun (Scudamore's Punting Company) or (Granta Punting Company) . Pay per hour per punt for a quick trip along the College Backs, but it's cheaper to hire a punt for the day £100 - well worth it in summer when you head out towards Grantchester. A deposit (e.g. a credit card) is required. In fact if you turn up in the summer you'll find it hard not to go punting as touts assail you from all sides in the streets. Punting to Grantchester (upriver) takes about an hour for an experienced punter, and the complete journey would be difficult for first-timers, although there are various riverbanks on the way suitable for mooring. (Note that pranksters have been known to push unattended punts out into the river.) Rowing. Cambridge is renowned for rowing on the Cam. All colleges and some schools have their own clubs, and there are over half a dozen large 'town' clubs. There are a number of regattas and head races on the river throughout the year, though the highlight in the rowing calendar on the Cam is the annual bumping races. For College crews, the 'May' bumps are in June, for the local clubs, this normally is the fourth week in July. Over four evenings of racing (Tuesday - Friday), eights attempt to gain higher position by catching the crew ahead of them before being 'bumped' by the crew behind. Races take place downstream (north) of the city, between the A-14 road bridge and the railway bridge at Stourbridge Common, and are best viewed from the towpath alongside the river, or from the Plough pub in Fen Ditton, both accessible by foot from the town centre - words of warning though - if on the towpath side, be careful for the massive number of bikes that accompany the crews racing, if in the pub, you may not get a seat, and beer prices are at a premium. Cycling. Rent a bicycle and bike the mostly flat terrain around Cambridge. Popular destinations are Grantchester (3 km), American Cemetery (5 km), along River Cam towpath to Milton Country Park (5 km), Wicken Fen (12 km), Duxford Imperial War Museum especially during air-shows (15 km) and Ely (23 km). (More trips) MP3 walking tour of Cambridge £5 for two downloadable 60-minute walks [1] or for hire for £7 from the Tourist Information Centre [2] Cambridge United Football Club . The leading football team in Cambridge, games are played at the Abbey Stadium on Newmarket Road. Arts[ edit ] 52.20433 0.11972 1 Cambridge Corn Exchange . The city's centre for arts and entertainment. 52.20851 0.11998 2 ADC Theatre . Park Street. The University's playhouse. Hosts student and local amateur productions. Look out for performances by Footlights, this has been the training ground for many famous comedians. Tickets £4-10. 52.19071 0.13591 3 The Junction . Clifton Road. Artistic centre offering club nights, gigs, and new theatre, comedy, and dance. Ticket prices vary depending on the show/gig. Arts Picture House , 38–39 St Andrew's St. Various foreign and art-house films (see the current listing ). A more conventional selection can be found at the large multiplex at the Grafton Centre as well as the recently opened Cineworld complex at Cambridge Leisure Park in Hills Road. 52.20442 0.11870 4 Arts Theatre . St. Edward's Passage Hosts a varied mix of professional drama, dance and opera including touring productions and an annual pantomime. The Orchard , 45-47 Mill Way, Grantchester, ☎ +44 1223 845788 . Open Su-Sa 10.30am-6.30pm.. The target of many a punt journey up the river Cam from Cambridge, the Orchard is a famous tea rooms with a long list of famous patrons that include Rupert Brooke, Virginia Woolf, E.M. Forster and Bertrand Russell. Taking tea in The Orchard is a well-established Cambridge tradition. Planted with apple trees, the large garden of The Orchard is perfect for lounging on a deck chair in the sun with a cup of tea and a scone for sustenance. Long queues can be expected on sunny days, but there is always room to be found in the garden. Immortalised by the poet Rupert Brooke in his 1912 poem The Old Vicarage, Grantchester, Grantchester is a favourite amongst both tourists and students travelling upstream from Cambridge by punt to eat a picnic in the meadows or at the tea gardens called The Orchard. The story goes that in 1897 a group of Cambridge students persuaded the owner of Orchard House to serve them tea, and this subsequently became a regular practice. Later lodgers at Orchard House included the poet Rupert Brooke, who later moved next door to the Old Vicarage (built c. 1685). In 1912, while in Berlin, he would write his well-known poem The Old Vicarage, Grantchester, in which Brooke recalled happy days in the idyllic English surroundings of Cambridgeshire. (The Old Vicarage is presently the home of the novelist Lord Jeffrey Archer of Weston-super-Mare). Darwin College lecture series There are a large number of summer schools, mostly English language, but also some offering tuition in a wide range of other subjects. It is also possible for members of the public to attend residential summer schools within the University, such as Lite Regal Education Work[ edit ] Cambridge University students aren't allowed to work during term-time, so there are often possibilities for bar or waitering work for foreign nationals. Those from outside the EU require a work permit, see the Work section of United Kingdom for more details. There are also Technology Parks ( [3] [4] [5] [6] ) where lots of hi-tech and bio-tech companies opened their offices. Buy[ edit ] King's Parade has numerous souvenir shops and gift shops with Cambridge (and London) branded merchandise. Scour the charity shops down Burleigh Street, Regent Street and Mill Road for bargains. Book collectors will find many shops especially Trinity Street. The market square in the centre of town has a general market Monday to Saturday with fruit and vegetables, bread and cakes, books, bicycle repair, tea and coffee, fast food and clothes, and a more arts- and crafts-oriented market on Sunday with pottery, ceramics, prints, clothing, etc. The surrounding streets and the nearby Lion Yard shopping centre have most of the common retail names and many individual shops to cater for most needs. The Grafton Centre has all the usual high-street shops in a mall and surrounding streets. M&S Simply Food (part of the Marks and Spencer department store chain) have several mini-supermarkets that sell high-quality sandwiches, prepared meals, snacks and other groceries - usually at a high price. The main supermarket in the city centre is Sainsbury's on Sydney St. which stocks a full range of groceries and everyday products as well as alcohol and cigarettes. There are more supermarkets on the edge of town also large Tesco, Asda, Sainsbury and Waitrose superstores on the edge of the city. Tesco has the best bus connections. Budget[ edit ] Rainbow Cafe , 9A King's Parade, ☎ +44 1223 321551 . M-Sa 11AM-11PM. Average Price: £12 (Meal with beverage) Virtually the only place in Cambridge to get vegan food. Also caters to a whole range of dietary requirements. The food is very tasty, imaginative fare. Can be cramped, but worth waiting for a table! Michaelhouse Cafe , Trinity St (inside St. Michael's Church). M-Sa 9:30AM-5PM. Average Price: £4-6 - beautiful cafe serving excellent sandwiches, salads, hot dishes, and soups. Desserts as well. Vegetarian options always available. Lunch served until 3PM. CB2 Internet Bistro, 5-7 Norfolk Street, e-mail: [email protected] . Daily 12:00-00:00. Average price: £10. Similar to CB1 (see Drink), but larger, this place serves high quality international cuisine for a modest price. Tatties, 11 Sussex Street. Busy cafe serving jacket potatoes and sandwiches. Very popular with students around lunch time. Auntie's Tea Shop, 1 St Marys Passage (off the market square toward King's Parade). The £9 cream tea (traditional afternoon tea with scones and small sandwiches) makes a good snack for two. Rather cramped when busy on the weekends. Savinos, 3 Emmanuel Street. Authentic Italian coffee bar. Best espresso and cappuccino in town. Luke's, 110 Regent Street. Cambridge is surprisingly short of fish and chip shops but Luke's won't disappoint. Clowns Cafe, 54 King Street. Cheap Italian pasta dishes, good coffee, wide choice of cakes. Eccentric clown-based decor. Many pubs in Cambridge also serve good food at reasonable prices, for example the George and Dragon, Carlton Arms, Cambridge Blue, Kingston Arms, Portland Arms, The Zebra and The Mitre among others. Mid-range[ edit ] The Cambridge Chop House , 1 King's Parade, CB2 1SJ, ☎ +44 1223 359506 . Su-Th: 12:00-22:30 F,Sa: 12:00-23:00. Good British cuisine in a great location, real ale (well kept!), attentive service, fixed lunch & (early) dinner menu from £11 (2 course), mains £10-20. Booking recommended. De Luca Cucina & Bar, 83 Regent St, ☎ +44 1223 356666 . Su: 10:00-21:30 M-Th: 11:00-23:00 F,Sa: 11:00-24:00. Average Price: £25. Great little Italian/British Fusion Restaurant with reasonable prices and great staff! Fitzbillies , 51 Trumpington Street, ☎ +44 870 1413505 . Sun: 12:00-17:45 and Mon to Sat: 09:00-21:30. Average Price: Varies depending on whether you go there for lunch, tea, or dinner. Fitzbillies is a Cambridge institution serving refined food for lunches and dinners, as well as heavenly tea and pastries in the afternoon. Don't forget its adjacent shop selling the best pastries in town, amongst which you will find the world famous Chelsea Bun! Le Gros Franck, 57 Hills Road, CB2 1NT, ☎ +44 1223 565560 . Le Gros Franck serves genuine French cuisine, cooked by an award-winning French chef Franck Parnin. By day, Le Gros Franck is a French patisserie, with fresh pastries, pastas and sandwiches. Specialties include our genuine French-style steak-frites, fish pies and stews. By night, Le Gros Franck is a romantic French restaurant serving the finest French food at your table from our menu. Only open Thursday, Friday and Saturday Evenings. Loch Fyne Fish Restaurant and Oyster Bar, 37 Trumpington Street, ☎ +44 870 141 3579 . Sun: 10:00-21:30 M-Th: 09:00-22:00 F: 09:00-22:30 Sa: 10:00-23:00. Average Price: £20. If you love seafood this place is for you! The Kohinoor Tandoori Restaurant, 74 Mill Road, ☎ +44 870 141 3563 . Su to Sa: 12:00-14:30, 18:00-00:00. Average Price: £11-20. There isn't much to say: top quality food, excellent service, and generous portions! Restaurant 22, 22 Chesterton Road, CB4 3AX, ☎ +44 1223 351880 . Set Menu 3 Courses £28. Set in a converted Victorian house near the river. Serves up quality seasonal food from a monthly changing menu in an intermate dining room. Booking essential. larger private room up stairs for parties of approx 12. Sala Thong Thai Restaurant, 35 Newnham Road, ☎ +44 870 141 3666 . Su-Sa: 12:00-14:30, 18:00-22:30. Average Price: £11-20. This small place serves simple tasty thai food with good service. Luk Thai at the Cricketers, 18 Melbourne Place, ☎ +44 1223 778871 . Mo-Sa: 12:00-13:00, 05:30-11:00, Su: 12:00-13:00, 05:30-10:00. Average Price: £25 per person for starter, main, desert and drinks Thanh Binh, 17, Magdalene St, CB3 0AF, ☎ +44 1223 362456 . Average price: £20. Very good Vietnamese food in a pleasant atmosphere. No alcohol license, but you can bring your own; there is a good wine shop just over the bridge 50m away. Splurge[ edit ] Arundel House Hotel Bar & Restaurant, Chesterton Road. Comfortable, elegantly furnished bar and restaurant convenient if you are staying north of the river. Cotto Restaurant , 183 East Road, CB1 1BG, ☎ +44 1223 302010 . The twice-Gold Medallist at the Chef's Olympics, Hans Schweitzer has amassed an impressive repertoire of culinary skills, including training as a Confiseur and Chocolatier in Switzerland and Paris. He is considered the best chef in Cambridge. A contemporary, restaurant, convenient if you are near Parker's Piece, Anglia Ruskin University or the Grafton Centre. Open for lunch Tue - Sat 9AM-3PM. Dinner Thu - Sat from 7PM. Midsummer House , ☎ +44 870 1416395 . Tu-Th: 19:00-21:30; F,Sa: 12:00-14:00, 19:00-21:30. Midsummer Common. Average Price: £50+. By far Cambridge's finest restaurant and one of only ten British restaurants to have earned two stars from the Michelin guide. Alimentum , 152-154 Hills Road, ☎ +44 1223 413000 . We paid £55/person for a cocktail, starter, main, half bottle of wine, and dessert each. Newly opened in July 2007; very good food and a fairly varied choice on the menu (only one vegetarian option per course, though). Pubs[ edit ] Cambridge has a colossal number of pubs, over 110 at the last count. The Cambridge Blue, 85 Gwydir Street. A friendly pub with a large garden and good range of real ale. The Castle Inn , 38 Castle St. One of the best and busiest, traditional pubs in Cambridge. With an eclectic mix of locals and visitors, it can get impossibly busy of Friday and Saturday nights, however, the beer is excellent (the wine less so) and the food is home cooked and good value - the "Castle Burger" is a popular choice. The Champion of the Thames, 68 King Street. Old style pub in the centre of town with a blazing fireplace in the winter. One of the few pubs to sell a local cider rather than the mass-produced stuff. The Eagle, 8 Benet Street. Watson and Crick were regulars here whilst in the process of unravelling the secrets of DNA. American airmen also burned their names into the roof of one of the bars during the Second World War. The Fort St George, Midsummer Common. Been there for hundreds of years, overlooks the Cam and Midsummer Common. Also one of the best places in town for a pub lunch! (Think Sunday roast.) The Free Press, 7 Prospect Row. Mobile phone use is not allowed, making this a pleasant quiet pub. Garden. The Granta, Newnham Road. A large terrace looks out on the river and surrounding nature. Popular during the summer, this pub serves excellent food, and rents out punts and canoes. The Live and Let Live, Mawson Road. A small and very friendly place with an excellent selection of real ales. The Mill, Mill Lane. Cosy in the winter, bustling in the summer, this pub offers a refined selection of real ale. The Pickerel Inn, Magdelene Street. Claims to be the oldest pub in Cambridge. The Regal, St Andrews Street. Formerly a cinema, the Regal is the largest pub in the city and according to some, Europe. Offers a broad range of drinks including cheap ales you´d expect from a Wetherspoon´s chain pub, plus music and a rowdy dance floor in the evenings The Wrestlers, Newmarket Road. A bit of a walk from the City Centre, but great real ales and some of the best Thai food in town. The Devonshire Arms, Devonshire Road (Mill Road end). Good selection of Milton Brewery beers. Good menu. Friendly, and handy for the station. Country pubs[ edit ] Grantchester also contains four pubs - the Red Lion and the Green Man are closest to the river bank, and the Rupert Brooke and Blue Ball are to the right (Cambridge direction) along the main street of the village. Clubs[ edit ] 52.20505 0.1214 1 Ballare , Lion Yard. The biggest club in Cambridge, known to students as Cindy's. International night on Thursday, cheesey student nights on Tuesday and Wednesday during Cambridge term. The Place (off Sidney Street). Affectionately known as 'Life' (its previous name) to students, or as 'Twenty-Two' which it was called until a refurbishment in March 2008. 52.2063 0.12 2 Fez Club , 15 Market Passage (nr Sidney Street). The only one of Cambridge's larger clubs to not change its name every couple of years. Main student night is Monday with 'Fat Poppdaddy's'. Lola Lo , 1-6 Corn Exchange St. Three separate areas over four floors. Cafes[ edit ] CB1 , Mill Road. A bohemian café with book-lined walls, good affordable coffee, half-price refills, free wifi and friendly staff. This place is open everyday from 10AM-8PM and tends to get crowded in the afternoon. Black Cat Cafe , Broadway Mill Road. Due to being owned by a New Zealander the coffee is a kept at a high standard. The cakes however are famous, a definite must for a sweet-tooth. You will need to get in early for a table at the weekends. Indigo Coffee House, 8 St. Edward's Passage (central). A tiny cheerful place with excellent coffee and bagels! Savinos, Emmanuel Street. Italian Coffee Bar. The best place in town where you can relax drinking a true and delicious Italian coffee or if you are hungry you can try a tasty Italian baguette with ingredients imported from Italy. While you are chilling out with your drink you can read Italian newspapers or listening to Italian music. Clowns, King Street. Italian cafe. Cheap pasta dishes, good coffee, lots of cakes to choose from, English breakfasts. A good place to meet friends, or to while away an hour or two with a book. You'll also find all the usual coffee chains: Nero's in three central locations on King's Parade, Market Street, and Fitzroy Street, Starbucks on Market Street, Fitzroy Street, inside the Grand Arcade and on Christs Lane, and Costa inside the Grand Arcade Sidney Street and Mill Road. Budget[ edit ] Cambridge Youth Hostel , 97 Tenison Road (near the railway station), ☎ +44 1223 354601 , fax: +44 1223 312780, e-mail: [email protected] . 99 beds in this YHA hostel in a Victorian town house. Grubby but functional. 15 minute walk from centre. £14.95 (under 18), £19.95 (adult). Mid-range[ edit ] There are a number of guesthouses on Tenison Road, about 10 minute walk from the train station towards town. Stay safe[ edit ] Although Cambridge is one of the safest cities in the UK, you should still use your common-sense at night and be careful in badly-lit areas outside the city centre; Parker's Piece has seen a few cases of mugging, but the situation has greatly improved. It is wise to be on your guard around Regent Street & St Andrew's Street after midnight with anti-social behaviour due to people leaving pubs and nightclubs. Local homeless people are known to be excessive consumers of alcohol so you might want to stay clear at them at night, although they are mainly harmless. If you have a bike, keep it locked up to a solid object with a strong lock (preferably a D-lock), as cycle theft is big business. There are cycle parking places with cycle stands to lock you bike to, in several places around the city centre and at the railway station. "Secure" covered cycle parking with CCTV surveillance and cycle stands is available in the lower section of the Park Street car park and at the Grand Arcade cycle park. The city's police station is on Parkside which is next door to the city's fire station. The opening times of the enquiry office is everyday 8AM-10PM and bank holidays 9AM-5PM. There are a couple of smaller stations in the nearby villages of Histon and Sawston. The opening time of the enquiry office is for Histon, Mondays; 4PM-8PM, Wednesdays to Fridays; 8AM - midday, with Tuesdays, weekends and bank holidays closed. For Sawston, it is Wednesdays to Friday; 1PM-5PM, Mondays, weekends and bank holidays closed. The non-emergency contact number is 101, calls are fixed rate of £0.15 on landlines and mobiles. The city's Accident and Emergency department (Casualty department) is located at Addenbrooke's Hospital on Hills Road, south of the city centre. By internet[ edit ] There are many cybercafes in Cambridge and free Wi-Fi is available in many cafes and pubs. The public library in Grand Arcade provides free internet access but you need to register as a library member, which requires TWO proofs of ID, one of your person such as a passport, ID card or photographical driving licence and one of your address such as a utility bill, bank statement or an official letter from a council. jaffa net cafe, 22 Mill Road. High quality internet access with a fast internet connection. Pleasant, comfortable seating available as well as fresh sandwiches, baguettes and a selection of cakes are also available. CB1, 32 Mill Road. Has both free Wi-Fi and reasonably priced PCs. La Pronto, 2 Emmanuel Street (central). The library at Anglia Ruskin University on East Rd. will provide a ticket for its wifi service on request. Ask at the library desk. Gyms[ edit ] Kelsey Kerridge is the public sports centre on the south side of Parker's Piece. Entry is possible without membership. Next door is the large Parkside public swimming pools. In summer it's worth visiting Jesus Green Outdoor Swimming Pool, Britain's longest outdoor pool, on Jesus Green, Chesterton Rd CB4 3BD - +44 1223 302579 All other gyms are private members only, including: The Glassworks, Halfmoon Yard/Quayside - +44 1223 305060. Greens Health and Fitness, 213 Cromwell Rd, CB1 3BA - +44 1223 245200. Next Generation Club, 21-25 Coldhams Lane Business Park, CB1 3LH - +44 1223 401200 LA Fitness, Cambridge Leisure Park, Clifton Way, CB1 7DY - +44 1223 247662 The Atrium Club, 64 Newmarket Road, CB5 8DZ - +44 1223 522522 Chesterton Sports Centre, Gilbert Road CB4 3NY - +44 1223 576110 Revolution Health & Fitness Club, 24 Science Park, CB4 OFN - +44 1223 395675 Hills Road Sports & Tennis Centre, Purbeck Road, CB2 2PF - +44 1223 500009 Places of worship[ edit ] Go next[ edit ] Grantchester: Take a day trip to enjoy the countryside and have scones and tea at The Orchard. With a long history of famous patrons such as Rupert Brooke, Virginia Woolf, EM Forster and Bertrand Russell, taking tea in The Orchard is a well established tradition. This large garden planted with apple trees is perfect for lounging on a deck chair in the sun with a cup of tea and a scone for sustenance. Or head out by punt with a picnic hamper. Great and Little Gransden Glimpse the real England! Take a bus (30 mins or so, bus no. 18, or 18A ) from Drummer Street to the tiny ancient villages of Little and Great Gransden, which appear in the Magna Carta. Brimming with thatched cottage charm, horses and peaceful country walks, these villages offer escape into English village life. Pub food is available in both villages. Explore the ancient churchyards, the doll path in the meadow between them, and enjoy a leisurely hike around this tranquil village area. The Duncombe Arms in neighbouring Waresly serves excellent food, and offers BnB accommodation. Waresly is one or two hour walk from the riding stables at the bottom of Great Gransden. You could even join a horse trek. The undulating road offers wonderful views across farm land, and the ancient Waresly Wood, some of which is National Trust property. The 17th century open trestle post mill Windmill between The Gransdens is unusually intact. It was last operational in 1912. Ely : Market town, with impressive Cathedral towering above the Fens (Ely actually used to be an island): regular trains and buses (9, X9, 12), or about two hours by cycle via NCN 51 to NCN 11. King's Lynn is well worth visiting for its wealth of architectural gems especially Nelson Street and Tuesday Market place. The explorer Vancouver came from here. Museums and churches and the largest brass in the country in St Mary's Church. Newmarket : Market town (in Suffolk), with a famous horse-racing venue, and everything horsey related including the National Horseracing Museum . Tu-Sun 11:00-16:30 (22 March - 30 October). Hourly trains and regular buses (10, 11, 12), or about two hours by cycle on NCN 51. Bury St Edmunds : Market town, with a brewery, cathedral and gardens. Hourly trains and regular buses (11) This city travel guide to Cambridge has guide status. It has a variety of good, quality information including hotels, restaurants, attractions and travel details. 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Katy Cropper was the first woman to win which TV competition	Sheepdog Handling & Training » \| Katy Cropper SHEEPDOG HANDLING & TRAINING Home Welcome! The first woman to win One Man and His Dog, Passionate about training dogs Katy has been bringing the best out of her animals for over twenty-eight years. Katy won the English National sheepdog trials, brace trial in 2012 with her dogs Scrum and Tsavo. Located in the picturesque Cumbrian countryside, just five minutes from Junction 39 of the M6, Katy provides training for sheepdogs and handlers, general obedience training for dogs and puts on shows at public and private events What Katy Does: Learn more > Sheepdog Handling Katy offers hourly, half day and three day courses in Sheepdog handling. Katy will show you how to get inside your dog’s head and learn to handle sheep. From working small areas to gathering on the fells, Katy’s courses are guaranteed to be an unforgettable and life changing experience! Learn more > Dog Obedience Do you have a problem pet? Whatever the issue, Katy can sort it out. Barking, biting, pulling on the lead, chasing cars, not coming back, anything! You will see a difference after just 5 minutes. Dogs are guaranteed to leave Katy with the problem solved in just one session. Learn more > Corporate Events, Shows and Displays Katy is available for all sorts of events, from fairs and fetes to team building events and TV appearances, Katy and her dogs will make any event an unforgettable experience for all involved. Learn more > Get In Touch: If you would like talk to Katy about any of the services she offers please call her on 01931 716022 or on mobile on 07836 586878. Latest News: WHO IS KATY? Katy Cropper © Anita Corbin, First Women Katy Cropper is one of Britain's most successful Sheepdog Handlers and the first woman to win One Man And His Dog. learn more > Sheepdog Handling Training 2017 Handling courses can be arranged most weeks on a Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday. The courses are designed for handlers that are just starting out with a young dog or want help with any other aspect in the training that maybe they have already done. Courses can be arranged to suit. The Katy Cropper Experience - a day of shepherding and training - Get in touch to learn more > Dogs for sale & Stud DOGS AT STUD Zac - ISDS registered multiple wins and placings, English National qualifier Lad - ISDS registered, Son of Raymond Mcphersons 'Roy', competed with Henrietta on 'One Man And His Dog' 2015 Call Katy on 07836586878 I have pups due from Bute, a daughter of Kevin Evans' Moss by my Zac. DOGS FOR SALE	One Man and His Dog
What name is given to a triangle with two sides equal	Celebrity Sheep Sweep with Katy Cropper Celebrity Sheep Sweep with Katy Cropper By Jaki Bell on 19/06/2015 This is a Sponsored Post Come by and see the award-winning sheepdog trainer Katy Cropper in action with her sheepdogs, in a free demonstration at her farm near Shap. This rare opportunity is part of Eden Food & Farming Festival, giving you the chance to delve behind the scenes with the people involved in producing the district’s celebrated food and beverages. Katy’s famous in the world of sheepdogs as the first woman to win the BBC’s ‘One Man and his Dog’ competition, and she also featured in ‘A Year in the Life of a Shepherdess’. Her TV appearances continued last year when she featured in Channel 4’s ‘Come Dine with Me’ competition, with her outgoing personality and dog-handling prowess making her a popular contestant. Katy’s Celebrity Sheep Sweep is on Tuesday 21 July at 2pm. Places are strictly limited at the event, so book your free tickets now on the festival website: www.edenfoodfestival.org/events or call 017683 51699. Eden Food & Farming Festival runs from 17 to 25 July, and is organised by Penrith Partnership, with funding from Eden District Council, Penrith Business Improvement District (BID), Pride in Penrith Lottery, Newton Rigg College and North Lakes Glass, and is also supported by DiscoverPenrith.co.uk. Share this:	i don't know
Simultaneous and quadratic are both types of what	Solve Simultaneous Equations With One Linear and One Quadratic One Linear and One Quadratic Solving Advanced Simultaneous Equations We can have simultaneous equations with one linear and one quadratic equations. The method for solving these types of equations, differs slightly from the one we use to solve simple simultaneous equations. You start off with two equations, one is quadratic and the other one linear. In this example, both equations are equal to y. Consequently, they must both be equal too. The first step is to write the equation as quadratic = linear. Then you just take all values to one side so that you remain with 0 on the other. Next solve the quadratic equation so that you end up with the possible values of x. Then substitute both values (one after the other) into one of the equations to find both possible values of y. Lastly, you can use the values to create co-ordinates. WHERE MATHS IS AT YOUR FINGERTIPS! Related Topics Example 1 We have solved the simultaneous equation by identifying that both equations are equal to each other. We have then moved all the values to one side of the brackets so that we get a quadratic equation. Next we solved the equation to find the possible values of x which we then substituted into one of the original equations to find the possible values of y. Lastly, we wrote the answers as co-ordinates. Example 2 We have solved that simultaneous equations by merging the two equations (due to the fact that they are both equal to y) and making the new equation a quadratic by moving all the values to one side. Then we solved the quadratic to get the possible values of x and then substituted these values into one of the original equations to find the possible values of y. The last step was to write the answers as co-ordinates. Explore more Topics We recommend that you give algebraic fractions a try now. Explore more topics that we have to offer by visiting our library . Please share this page if you like it or found it helpful! ULTIMATE MATHS Becoming an Accomplished Mathematician Ultimate Maths is a professional maths website that gives students the opportunity to learn, revise and apply different maths skills. We provide a wide range of lessons and resources... Contact Get in touch by writing us an e-mail to: [email protected] or by using the Contact Us button. Stay Updated Visit our Forum & Blog to stay updated about the latest Ultimate Maths News Quality Content A wide range of quality learning resources is at your disposal. Effective Teaching Explanations, examples and questions combined for an effective learning experience. Easy Navigation A simple user interface ensures that you find the topics you are looking for. Excellent Support Our fast and reliable support answer all your questions to your satisfaction.	Equation
How many square chains are there in an acre	BBC - GCSE Bitesize: Simultaneous equations Sometimes you will be asked to find 2 unknown values by solving 2 equations at the same time. These types of equations are called simultaneous equations. Simultaneous equations Simultaneous equations are two equations with two unknowns. They are called simultaneous because they must both be solved at the same time. The first step is to try to eliminate one of the unknowns. Example Solve these simultaneous equations and find the values of x and y. Equation 1: 2x + y = 7 Equation 2: 3x - y = 8 Add the two equations to eliminate the ys: 2x + y = 7 Now you can put x = 3 in either of the equations. Substitute x = 3 into the equation 2x + y = 7: 6 + y = 7	i don't know
What is an eleven sided figure called	What is an 11-sided shape called? \| Reference.com What is an 11-sided shape called? A: Quick Answer An 11-sided shape is called a hendecagon. The name is derived from the Greek words "hendeka," which means 11, and "gon," which means corner. Full Answer An 11-sided shape may also be called an undecagon or unidecagon, which is partly derived from the Latin word undecima, which means 11. However, most people prefer to use the word hendecagon because it consists of purely Greek words as opposed to a mix of Latin and Greek. Common properties of a regular hendecagon include 33-degree exterior angles and 147-degree internal angles. A real life example of a hendecagon is the rim of the U.S. Susan B. Anthony dollar coin.	Hendecagon
What type of creature is a Dandy Dinmont	What is a 11 Sided Polygon Called? \| [email protected] What is a 11 Sided Polygon Called What is a 11 Sided Polygon Called? Get a Tutor Top Every Geometry is defined by their sides like 3 side structure is called as a triangle geometry, 4 side structure is called as a Square geometry, 5 side geometry is known as a pentagon, 6 side geometry is known as a Hexagon, 7 side geometry is called as a heptagon, 8 side geometry is known as a octagon, 9 side geometry is known as nonagon and 10 side geometry is known as decagon, but question arises what is a 11 sided Polygon called? The correct answer is 11sided geometry is known as a ‘hendecagon’. All these above sides are defined in 2 d structure. So, in 2 d structure, we call all these side shapes geometry as polygon. Now we discuss what is an 11 sided shape called in 3 d structure? We call 11 sided geometry as a ‘hendecahedron’ so all side shape geometry in 3 d view is called as a polyhedron. Now we discuss whole geometry of hendecagon: Interior angle of hendecagon – As we all know that interior angle of polygon is calculated by following formula – (180 * n – 360) / n, Here n is side of given geometry Then interior angle of hendecagon is– (180 * 11 – 360) / 11, So, interior angle of decagon is 147.21 degree. Exterior angle of hendecagon: exterior angle of hendecagon are define by following formula – 180 – Interior angle,	i don't know
According to rhyme who stole a pig and away he ran	Tom, Tom the Piper's Son (Stole the Pig) - English Children's Songs - England - Mama Lisa's World: Children's Songs and Rhymes from Around the World Tom, Tom the Piper's Son (Stole the Pig) Tom, Tom the Piper's Son (Stole the Pig) Nursery Rhyme Tom, Tom the piper's son, Stole a pig and away he run, The pig was eat, Tom, Tom the Piper's Son (Stole the Pig) Nursery Rhyme Tom, Tom the piper's son, Stole a pig and away he run, The pig was eat, Here's the version from The Real Mother Goose (1916), illustrated by Blanche Fisher Wright: Tom, Tom, the piper's son, Stole a pig, and away he run, The pig was eat, Download Thanks and Acknowledgements The 1st illustration comes from The National Nursery Book. The 2nd illustration is from The Little Mother Goose (1912), illustrated by Jessie Willcox Smith and the 3rd one is from The Big Book of Nursery Rhymes (circa 1920) edited by Walter Jerrold (1865 – 1929) and illustrated by Charles Robinson. The sheet music and tune are from The Baby's Opera by Walter Crane. Thanks so much!	tom piper s son
Who was elected First Minister of the Northern Ireland Assembly in 1998	Tom Tom The Piper's Son. Words And Origins Of The Famous Nursery Rhym christmas stories Tom, Tom The Piper's Son Tom Tom the Piper's Son is an English nursery rhyme which has been around since at least 1795. Interestingly, the rhyme has nothing to do with live pigs, although modern illustrations usually show Tom with a live pig under his arm. art by Barbara Olsen The pigs mentioned in the rhyme were actually a sweet pastry-type cake which were commonly sold by street vendors in the eighteenth century. They were made from some sort of dough and had currants for eyes. Tom, Tom the Piper's Son, like most other nursery rhymes were passed down orally from parents to their children for many, many years before anyone thought to write them down. Over the years, new variations appeared, making it hard to trace the original rhyme. That's why it's usually not possible to work out exactly how old nursery rhymes are, where they originated or the original wording that was used. Sharing nursery songs and rhymes like Tom, Tom the Piper's Son with kids is actually more important than many people realise. Not only are they fun to sing, they also help stimulate the development of children's phonological awareness, a crucial pre-reading skill. Tom, Tom the Piper's Son Nursery Rhyme Words Tom Tom the piper's son, Stole a pig and away he ran. The pig was eat and Tom was beat, And Tom went roaring down the street. Another Version of Tom, Tom the Piper's Son Tom, Tom the Piper's Son is often confused with another called Tom, The Piper's Son, the origins of which can be traced back to a 1698 comedy play called The Campaigners. It's the rhyme sung by Pigling Bland in Beatrix Potter's story as he went off to market: Tom, he was a piper's son, He learnt to play when he was young, And all the tune that he could play Was 'Over the hills and far away'; Over the hills and a great way off, The wind shall blow my top-knot off. Tom with his pipe made such a noise, That he pleased both the girls and boys, And they all stopped to hear him play, 'Over the hills and far away'. Tom with his pipe did play with such skill That those who heard him could never keep still; As soon as he played they began for to dance, Even pigs on their hind legs would after him prance. As Dolly was milking her cow one day, Tom took his pipe and began for to play; So Doll and the cow danced 'The Cheshire Round', Till the pail was broken and the milk ran on the ground. If you'd like to hear this rhyme, click here. You might also like:	i don't know
Which metal is obtained from the ore bauxite	Bauxite \| The Aluminum Association Bauxite Quick Read Bauxite ore is the world’s primary source of aluminum. The ore must first be chemically processed to produce alumina (aluminum oxide). Alumina is then smelted using an electrolysis process to produce pure aluminum metal. Bauxite is typically found in topsoil located in various tropical and subtropical regions. The ore is acquired through environmentally responsible strip-mining operations. Bauxite reserves are most plentiful in Africa, Oceania and South America. Reserves are projected to last for centuries. Take-Away Facts Aluminum must be refined from ore Although aluminum is the most common metal found on Earth (totaling 8 percent of the planet’s crust), the metal is too reactive with other elements to occur naturally. Bauxite ore, refined through two processes, is the primary source of aluminum. Land conservation is a key industry focus An average of 80 percent of the land mined for bauxite is returned to its native ecosystem. Topsoil from the mining site is stored so it can be replaced during the rehabilitation process. Reserves will last for centuries Although demand for aluminum is increasing rapidly, bauxite reserves, currently estimated at 40 to 75 billion metric tons, are projected to last for centuries. Guinea and Australia have the two largest proven reserves. A wealth of bauxite reserves Vietnam may hold a wealth of bauxite. In November 2010, the prime minister of Vietnam announced the country’s bauxite reserves may total up to 11 billion tons. Bauxite 101 Bauxite ore is the world’s main source of aluminum Bauxite is a rock formed from a reddish clay material called laterite soil and is most commonly found in tropical or subtropical regions. Bauxite is primarily comprised of aluminum oxide compounds (alumina), silica, iron oxides and titanium dioxide. Approximately 70 percent of the world’s bauxite production is refined through the Bayer chemical process into alumina. Alumina is then refined into pure aluminum metal through the Hall–Héroult electrolytic process. Mining bauxite Bauxite is usually found near the surface of terrain and can be strip-mined economically. The industry has taken a leadership role in environmental conservation efforts. When the land is cleared prior to mining, the topsoil is stored so it can be replaced during rehabilitation. During the strip-mining process, bauxite is broken up and taken out of the mine to an alumina refinery. Once mining is complete, the topsoil is replaced and the area undergoes a restoration process. When the ore is mined in forested areas, an average of 80 percent of the land is returned to its native ecosystem. Production and reserves More than 160 million metric tons of bauxite are mined each year. The leaders in bauxite production include Australia, China, Brazil, India and Guinea. Bauxite reserves are estimated to be 55 to 75 billion metric tons, primarily spread across Africa (32 percent), Oceania (23 percent), South America and the Caribbean (21 percent) and Asia (18 percent). The United States has small amounts of bauxite ore located in Arkansas, Alabama and Georgia. However, very little mining is done in the United States today. Looking forward: Continued improvement in environmental restoration efforts Environmental restoration goals continue to advance. A biodiversity-restoration project under way in Western Australia provides a leading example. The goal: to reestablish the equivalent level of plant species richness in rehabilitated areas equal to the un-mined Jarrah forest. (A Jarrah forest is tall open forest. Eucalyptus marginata is the dominant tree.) Les Baux, the Home of Bauxite Bauxite was named after the village of Les Baux by Pierre Berthe. This French geologist found the ore in nearby deposits. He was the first to discover that bauxite contained aluminum. Nearly 75 percent of all aluminum ever produced is still in use today. Infinitely recyclable and highly durable, nearly 75 percent of all aluminum ever produced is still in use today. Aluminum is 100 percent recyclable and retains its properties indefinitely. Aluminum is one of the only materials in the consumer disposal stream that more than pays for the cost of its own collection. The Aluminum Association	Aluminium
Who helped Theseus to escape from the Labyrinth by giving him a large ball of string	Mining and Refining Aluminum - How Aluminum Works \| HowStuffWorks Mining and Refining Aluminum Prev Next Aluminum isn't found in nature as a pure element. It exhibits relatively high chemical reactivity, which means it tends to bond with other elements to form compounds. More than 270 minerals in Earth's rocks and soils contain aluminum compounds. This makes aluminum the most abundant metal and the third most abundant element in Earth's crust. Only silicon and oxygen are more common than aluminum. The next most common metal after aluminum is iron, followed by magnesium, titanium and manganese. The primary source of aluminum is an ore known as bauxite. An ore is any naturally occurring solid material from which a metal or valuable mineral can be obtained. In this case, the solid material is a mixture of hydrated aluminum oxide and hydrated iron oxide. Hydrated refers to water molecules that are chemically bound to the two compounds. The chemical formula for aluminum oxide is Al2O3. The formula for iron oxide is Fe2O3. Deposits of bauxite occur as flat layers lying near the Earth's surface and may cover many miles. Geologists locate these deposits by prospecting -- taking core samples or drilling in soils suspected of containing the ore. By analyzing the cores, scientists are able to determine the quantity and quality of the bauxite. Luis Castaneda/Getty Images An aerial view of a bauxite mine and alumina processing plant in Australia After the ore is discovered, open-pit mines typically provide the bauxite that will eventually become aluminum. First bulldozers clear land above a deposit. Then workers loosen the soil with explosives, which bring the ore to the surface. Giant shovels then scoop up the bauxite-rich soil and dump it into trucks, which carry the ore to a processing plant. France was the first site of large-scale bauxite mining. In the United States , Arkansas was a major supplier of bauxite before, during and after World War II . But today, the material is predominantly mined in Australia , Africa , South America and the Caribbean. The first step in the commercial production of aluminum is the separation of aluminum oxide from the iron oxide in bauxite. This is accomplished using a technique developed by Karl Joseph Bayer, an Austrian chemist, in 1888. In the Bayer process, bauxite is mixed with caustic soda, or sodium hydroxide, and heated under pressure. The sodium hydroxide dissolves the aluminum oxide, forming sodium aluminate. The iron oxide remains solid and is separated by filtration. Finally, aluminum hydroxide introduced to the liquid sodium aluminate causes aluminum oxide to precipitate, or come out of solution as a solid. These crystals are washed and heated to get rid of the water. The result is pure aluminum oxide, a fine white powder also known as alumina. Alumina is a handy material in its own right. Its hardness makes it useful as an abrasive and as a component in cutting tools. It can also be used to purify water and to make ceramics and other building materials. But its primary use is to act as a starting point to extract pure aluminum. In the next section, we'll see look at the steps required to transform alumina into aluminum. Up Next	i don't know
What colour is an emu's egg	Sculpting Emu Eggs: The Color is in the Shell Sculpting Emu Eggs: The Color is in the Shell 11/16/2009 3:20:14 PM Tags: poultry , home business , As the emu fad was passing in 1994, Chuck DeCourley and his wife, Sue, bought a pair of emus. He was looking for a marketable use for the eggs, perhaps something artistic, but simply painting the shells seemed too obvious. Then DeCourley learned of a unique feature of emu eggs — the shells are made of three distinct layers, each of a different color. There are three primary layers in the shell of an emu egg. The outside is dark green. The middle layer is teal, and the inside layer is nearly white. Occasionally there is a fourth layer, which is thin and rather gray, between the outside layer and the teal layer. Carving the eggshells seemed to use the colors of each layer to the best advantage. So in 1997, after doing some research, DeCourley purchased an engraving system. He taped a snowflake pattern onto an eggshell and started carving. That was a crude experiment, but it was the beginning of a hobby that has held DeCourley’s interest for more than a decade. In January 1998, DeCourley’s father, who was in a nursing home, suggested DeCourley try carving playing cards into an egg. That was supposed to be a practice project, too, but DeCourley was able to give the finished carving to his father for his 68th birthday. His father, being nearly blind at the time, was able to feel the precision carving of the egg and was pleased with the gift. Getting Ready to Sculpt To clean the eggs, DeCourley drills a three-eighths-inch hole into the large end of the egg with a diamond bit. Regular drill bits can cause hairline cracks that can’t be easily seen. These cracks would ruin the egg during the carving process. Eggs should be cleaned out when fresh or, at the very least, within three to four months of being laid. Some people use a sander to create a hole in the egg, but the holes generally get large. Egg contents can be shaken out, or you can use an “egg-sucking bucket:” a vacuum device to remove the contents of eggs. After this, use a 25-percent bleach solution to remove the lining of the egg. Be sure to use rubber gloves when working with bleach, and avoid the fumes by working in a properly ventilated area. The solution only needs to be left in the egg for a few minutes, but then needs to be rinsed out thoroughly. The outside (dark-green) layer won’t fade if exposed to the bleach solution for a short amount of time, but if left for several hours will cause discoloration. Shells are then coated with Krylon clear acrylic. This gives the eggs a non-yellowing, UV-resistant coating, but the carving will still turn a sort of sepia color if left in sunlight or under fluorescent lights. Carvings are best displayed under incandescent light. It is also important to protect the inside of the shells, as the white layer is only 0.005- to 0.006-inch thick. For this, you could use a mixture of 50 percent Elmer’s glue and 50 percent water. Coat the inside of the egg several times with this mixture prior to working on the egg. If you consider carving chicken or goose eggs, in which case you might have larger empty spaces or fine filigree work, this is an especially important part of the process. When choosing a design, be careful to choose a pattern that is not under copyright protection if you plan to sell the carving. Then simply use a copy machine to reduce the pattern to the size you need and attach it to the eggshell with glue stick. The glue softens the paper; and if the paper creases during application, simply dampen the paper and reglue it. After the glue dries, you’re nearly ready to start carving, but remember: Safety first. The calcium dust caused by the carving process is fine. DeCourley recommends using a dust collector box with a vacuum system. He also sculpts the egg under a Plexiglas shield and wears earplugs while working, as the drill used in carving produces a high-pitched (and loud) noise. Equipment for Carving Eggs DeCourley’s tool of choice is a “Turbocarver,” which is an air-powered dentist’s drill. The hand piece is light and comfortable, it needs no lubricating oil and can carve with or without water. DeCourley’s preference is to carve without water, because when the water mixes with the dust it produces a mud-like substance. This is a second-best situation if you don’t have dust box to remove the dust as you sculpt. Another option for the carving tool is “Dental Tech” hand piece. This uses no air or water to run, but needs to be oiled every four hours. The carving tool requires a significant volume of air to work properly, but not a great deal of pressure. Only 70 pounds per square inch (psi) on the condenser is required to turn the bit an amazingly fast 400,000 to 450,000 rotations per minute (rpm). The burrs (bits) are carbide and diamond burrs purchased from a dental supply house. DeCourley uses an inverted cone burr for the basic outlines of the pattern. Being right-handed, he works in a clockwise rotation, with the burr turning away from himself. This method cuts neatly through the pattern paper without making the edges of the paper rough. As you pull the tool toward you, you make larger cuts. Working away from yourself produces finer cuts. To maintain the pattern, it is best to work from the outside of the pattern toward the center. An old sock filled with fish-tank gravel makes an excellent resting place for the eggshells while being carved. In addition, the artist usually holds the egg with one hand while carving with the other. Keep an extra copy of the pattern handy for reference while carving. After the basic outlines are carved, you have the pattern sketched onto the shell. “Study the egg as you work. The egg talks to me like a canvas speaks to a painter,” DeCourley says. The Finished Product The quality of each carving improves with time and experience. How does DeCourley know when the carving is complete? “I ask myself, ‘What can I do to make this egg better? Nothing.’ Then I quit,” he says. Although some artists polish the finished work, DeCourley does not. “I leave the burr marks in there — it’s my signature,” he says. But the marks are few and small, so they’re not easily seen. DeCourley has sculpted over 30 eggshells since he began, and has been featured in the Eggshell Sculptor Newsletter . The eggs make great gifts for special occasions and sell for $100 to $500. “They’re not the everyday gift,” says DeCourley. Preparing each egg for carving can take 30 minutes to two hours. Carving the egg can take 10 to 50 hours or more. This is a rare art. Many people sell decorated eggs, but few people sell sculpted eggshells. An investment in the basic carving system, including compressor, hand piece, dust collector and some burrs, will start at about $500. Photos by Troy Griepentrog	Shades of green
Which is the largest member of the penguin family	What is an Emu? What is an Emu? This is an Emu (pronounced E-moo if you are from the United States or E-mew if you are Australian). My birds were hatched in the states, so we call them E-moo. Poe-ta-toe, Poe-tat-o, tater - make your own choice. Dromaius Novaehollandiae is comprised of three subspecies which are interbreeding in the wild as well as on farms. These are Dromaius novaehollandiae novaehollandiae, Dromaius novaehollandiae woodwardi and Dromaius novaehollandiae rothschildi. The emu is originally from Australia and is in the ratite family of birds. There are only 5 birds in the ratite family, the ostrich, emu, cassowary, rhea and kiwi. Ratite is from the Latin meaning raft. This is because of their breastbone, which is flat. There is no breast meat like on a chicken, which has a keel type breastbone. Because of this flat breastbone, ratites do not fly. They have no muscles to support the wings. When it is about 1 year old, it'll be between 5 1/2 to 6 feet tall and weigh between 80 to 100 pounds. A mature bird, several years old, may weigh up to 150 pounds. Emus have 3 color stages. It begins with stripes, from the time it's hatched, till it reaches 3 months of age. By the time it's 4 months old it will be a chocolate brown. At 1 year it will begin to change color again, with the neck losing feathers. The neck will become bluish to indigo and the feathers will be mottled. There is no color difference between the males and females. At 17 months emus can breed. However, many wait until they are 3 year olds. The average female, now this is a nationwide average, will lay 32 eggs in a breeding season. Breeding season lasts about 6 months - October through March in Tennessee. Emu eggs are a dark green in color and are 10 to 12 times as large as a chicken egg. Most people will tell you that they lay every 3 days, but there are emus that lay sporadically, anywhere between 3 to 5 days. You just have to get out there and look. Emus live a long time. The oldest emu on record is 38 years old - a pet emu in Australia. I have heard a rumor that there is one living on a farm in the U. S. that is around 42, but do not know for sure. Zoo records in the United States show them living into their 30's. Yes, they are productive throughout this period of time. Ok, you've got an animal that is productive for over 25 years, if you take care of it. Let's say that instead of 32 offspring, it produces 20 per year. It requires very little space. You can raise 50 emu where you can raise one calf. So you're thinking, ok, so what? What can you do with it? Currently, emu farming is 'farm to fork'. That means that the farmer raises the bird, arranges the processing and production of products, then sells the products. These products include:	i don't know
Which bird turns it's head upside down to eat	What Bird Eats with Its Head Upside Down? @ Super Beefy \| Filed Under: Animals Leave a Comment The odd-looking flamingo, which appears to be all legs and all neck, has a boat-shaped beak which gives it the most unusual habit of eating with its head upside down. The flamingo lives near muddy lakes and lagoons, and gets its food from the waters there. When the flamingo feels hungry, it lowers its beak upside down into the water and sweeps it back and forth like a vacuum cleaner to catch shrimp and other small water creatures. A filter like growth in its mouth permits the flamingo to strain out its food and then spit out the water. Perhaps the flamingo was built like this so it would lower only its beak into the water, thus keeping its beautiful feathers clean. The flamingo’s feathers get their beautiful pink shades from the reddish coloring matter in the shrimp it eats! Read More	Flamingo
Canaries belong to which family of birds	How Do Flamingos Eat? How Do Flamingos Eat? Scientists have discovered erectile tissue used during feeding Nov 1, 2006 08:25 GMT · By Stefan Anitei · Share: Flamingos are gorgeous birds that might have inspired the legend of the Phoenix Bird due to their bright plumage. Recently, a team of Ohio University has found something odd about flamingos: they use erectile tissue while feeding. These birds feed in a very peculiar way. They search for food only on shallow water. Flamingos introduce their beak into water, tilted upside down, and move their heads from side-to-side. Their tongues function like pumps, sucking water into the front of the bill and then squeezing it out through the sides, in a rhythm of 20 times per minute. Fringed plates on their tongues trap algae and little crustaceans from the circulating water. "We were investigating the evolution of jaw muscles in lizards, birds and dinosaurs. By sheer luck we discovered something new about flamingos." said Casey Holliday, PhD student. In their investigation, the researchers injected a colored barium/latex mixture into the jaw blood vessels of an already dead Caribbean flamingo donated by a zoo. Using a new computed tomography (CT) scanning technique, the scientists could see a 3-D view of the flamingo's head that highlighted blood vessel anatomy. The tomography revealed large oval masses of erectile tissue on the mouth floor on the tongue's sides. When the erectile tissues fill with blood, they stiffen, strengthening and supporting the floor of the mouth and the tongue; the same effect causes erections in man's penis. Flamingo's erectile tissue confers stability, as the birds stay with the heads upside down into the water to suck up food. "Unlike a bony element, this erectile tissue is something that can be used on demand, that can go away when not needed. It's an interesting way to exploit blood vessels to build something useful, as opposed to simply supplying tissues and muscles with nutrients," said Lawrence Witmer, an anatomist in Ohio University's College of Osteopathic Medicine in Athens. Scientists will investigate flamingo fossils "to see when this feature evolved", Witmer said. "Fortunately for us, this mass of erectile tissue starts to eat into the side of the jaw bone, leaving a little depression, so we can spot erectile tissues in fossils even if the tissues are obviously no longer there." Photo credit: Ohio University	i don't know
In Treasure Island who actually found the treasure	Treasure Island (TV Movie 2012) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error Young Jim Hawkins is the only one who can sucessfully get a schooner to a legendary Island known for buried Treasure. But aboard the ship is a mysterious cook named John Silver, whose true ... See full summary » Director: a list of 36 titles created 01 Dec 2012 a list of 49 titles created 20 Nov 2013 a list of 43 titles created 08 Feb 2015 a list of 22 titles created 12 Mar 2015 a list of 35 titles created 16 May 2015 Search for " Treasure Island " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Title: Treasure Island (TV Movie 2012) 6.3/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Nominated for 2 Primetime Emmys. Another 2 nominations. See more awards » Videos Edit Storyline Young Jim Hawkins is the only one who can sucessfully get a schooner to a legendary Island known for buried Treasure. But aboard the ship is a mysterious cook named John Silver, whose true motivation on the journey challenges Jim's trust in the entire crew. Written by Anonymous 5 May 2012 (USA) See more » Also Known As: A kincses sziget See more » Filming Locations: Did You Know? Trivia Elijah Wood spent two hours in makeup to achieve the look of Ben Gunn. That included makeup and a fake tan. See more » Goofs At the end of the film, Jim Hawkins' mother is looking out to the arriving ship. There is snow falling. The camera cuts to Jim Hawkins on the ship, looking towards the land. The sun is shining and he just has a simple shirt on. See more » Quotes Long John Silver : Jim, if you ever want help or advice... Jim Hawkins : ...I won't be coming to you. A Small Bag of Treasure 25 May 2013 \| by doug_park2001 (United States) – See all my reviews "Treasure Island" is one of those stories where reading the original novel beforehand is crucial to really savoring any film version, and this is especially true of this divergent adaptation. Although it retains the basic skeleton of the original plot, much has been added, and many key characters have undergone fundamental changes. I was initially hostile to said changes but soon came to appreciate and enjoy the new sub-conflicts, many of which address universal themes (e.g., greed,loyalty) which are more relevant than ever today. I didn't particularly like the way "TI" (2012) hurries through pivotal scenes from the book, yet, with all that's been added, suppose that was necessary in order to limit its already 3-hour length. This version is also full of small anachronisms in clothing and hair design, as well as some bigger ones in the ethnically diverse ship's crew ("all Englishmen!" in the novel), some of whom sport Mr. T-style Mohawks (!?) While it seems the makers wanted to address the additional modern theme of diversity here, the un-pc truth of the matter is that your average European person of the 1700s would not have taken kindly to such a mix, and the way the crew, including its rich officers and financiers, blithely accept differences in nationality and complexions is, well, unconvincing. At the same time, there are also some added details (e.g., prostitutes, thieves, and hanged men along the filthy Bristol quayside) which, although avoided by Robert Louis Stevenson in a novel intended largely for a younger audience, add a great deal of realism in this version. In the end, "TI" (2012) is well-filmed and well-acted despite its various weak spots. While this revision is obviously to be avoided by those rigidly attached to the original story (or just wanting to see a film version of RLS's actual book), it should appeal to audiences in search of a less dualistic, more complicated tale, created in an age that tends to appreciate anti-heroes like Long John Silver. 3 of 3 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	Ben Gunn
About which county did Daphne Du Maurier usually write	Treasure Island (TV Movie 2012) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error Young Jim Hawkins is the only one who can sucessfully get a schooner to a legendary Island known for buried Treasure. But aboard the ship is a mysterious cook named John Silver, whose true ... See full summary » Director: a list of 36 titles created 01 Dec 2012 a list of 49 titles created 20 Nov 2013 a list of 43 titles created 08 Feb 2015 a list of 22 titles created 12 Mar 2015 a list of 35 titles created 16 May 2015 Search for " Treasure Island " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Title: Treasure Island (TV Movie 2012) 6.3/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Nominated for 2 Primetime Emmys. Another 2 nominations. See more awards » Videos Edit Storyline Young Jim Hawkins is the only one who can sucessfully get a schooner to a legendary Island known for buried Treasure. But aboard the ship is a mysterious cook named John Silver, whose true motivation on the journey challenges Jim's trust in the entire crew. Written by Anonymous 5 May 2012 (USA) See more » Also Known As: A kincses sziget See more » Filming Locations: Did You Know? Trivia Elijah Wood spent two hours in makeup to achieve the look of Ben Gunn. That included makeup and a fake tan. See more » Goofs At the end of the film, Jim Hawkins' mother is looking out to the arriving ship. There is snow falling. The camera cuts to Jim Hawkins on the ship, looking towards the land. The sun is shining and he just has a simple shirt on. See more » Quotes Long John Silver : Jim, if you ever want help or advice... Jim Hawkins : ...I won't be coming to you. A Small Bag of Treasure 25 May 2013 \| by doug_park2001 (United States) – See all my reviews "Treasure Island" is one of those stories where reading the original novel beforehand is crucial to really savoring any film version, and this is especially true of this divergent adaptation. Although it retains the basic skeleton of the original plot, much has been added, and many key characters have undergone fundamental changes. I was initially hostile to said changes but soon came to appreciate and enjoy the new sub-conflicts, many of which address universal themes (e.g., greed,loyalty) which are more relevant than ever today. I didn't particularly like the way "TI" (2012) hurries through pivotal scenes from the book, yet, with all that's been added, suppose that was necessary in order to limit its already 3-hour length. This version is also full of small anachronisms in clothing and hair design, as well as some bigger ones in the ethnically diverse ship's crew ("all Englishmen!" in the novel), some of whom sport Mr. T-style Mohawks (!?) While it seems the makers wanted to address the additional modern theme of diversity here, the un-pc truth of the matter is that your average European person of the 1700s would not have taken kindly to such a mix, and the way the crew, including its rich officers and financiers, blithely accept differences in nationality and complexions is, well, unconvincing. At the same time, there are also some added details (e.g., prostitutes, thieves, and hanged men along the filthy Bristol quayside) which, although avoided by Robert Louis Stevenson in a novel intended largely for a younger audience, add a great deal of realism in this version. In the end, "TI" (2012) is well-filmed and well-acted despite its various weak spots. While this revision is obviously to be avoided by those rigidly attached to the original story (or just wanting to see a film version of RLS's actual book), it should appeal to audiences in search of a less dualistic, more complicated tale, created in an age that tends to appreciate anti-heroes like Long John Silver. 3 of 3 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	i don't know
In which Dickens novel does Sidney Carton appear	SparkNotes: A Tale of Two Cities: Analysis of Major Characters Analysis of Major Characters A Tale of Two Cities Charles Dickens Themes, Motifs & Symbols Sydney Carton Sydney Carton proves the most dynamic character in A Tale of Two Cities. He first appears as a lazy, alcoholic attorney who cannot muster even the smallest amount of interest in his own life. He describes his existence as a supreme waste of life and takes every opportunity to declare that he cares for nothing and no one. But the reader senses, even in the initial chapters of the novel, that Carton in fact feels something that he perhaps cannot articulate. In his conversation with the recently acquitted Charles Darnay, Carton’s comments about Lucie Manette, while bitter and sardonic, betray his interest in, and budding feelings for, the gentle girl. Eventually, Carton reaches a point where he can admit his feelings to Lucie herself. Before Lucie weds Darnay, Carton professes his love to her, though he still persists in seeing himself as essentially worthless. This scene marks a vital transition for Carton and lays the foundation for the supreme sacrifice that he makes at the novel’s end. Carton’s death has provided much material for scholars and critics of Dickens’s novel. Some readers consider it the inevitable conclusion to a work obsessed with the themes of redemption and resurrection. According to this interpretation, Carton becomes a Christ-like figure, a selfless martyr whose death enables the happiness of his beloved and ensures his own immortality. Other readers, however, question the ultimate significance of Carton’s final act. They argue that since Carton initially places little value on his existence, the sacrifice of his life proves relatively easy. However, Dickens’s frequent use in his text of other resurrection imagery—his motifs of wine and blood, for example—suggests that he did intend for Carton’s death to be redemptive, whether or not it ultimately appears so to the reader. As Carton goes to the guillotine, the narrator tells us that he envisions a beautiful, idyllic Paris “rising from the abyss” and sees “the evil of this time and of the previous time of which this is the natural birth, gradually making expiation for itself and wearing out.” Just as the apocalyptic violence of the revolution precedes a new society’s birth, perhaps it is only in the sacrifice of his life that Carton can establish his life’s great worth. Madame Defarge Possessing a remorseless bloodlust, Madame Defarge embodies the chaos of the French Revolution. The initial chapters of the novel find her sitting quietly and knitting in the wine shop. However, her apparent passivity belies her relentless thirst for vengeance. With her stitches, she secretly knits a register of the names of the revolution’s intended victims. As the revolution breaks into full force, Madame Defarge reveals her true viciousness. She turns on Lucie in particular, and, as violence sweeps Paris, she invades Lucie’s physical and psychological space. She effects this invasion first by committing the faces of Lucie and her family to memory, in order to add them to her mental “register” of those slated to die in the revolution. Later, she bursts into the young woman’s apartment in an attempt to catch Lucie mourning Darnay’s imminent execution. Dickens notes that Madame Defarge’s hatefulness does not reflect any inherent flaw, but rather results from the oppression and personal tragedy that she has suffered at the hands of the aristocracy, specifically the Evrémondes, to whom Darnay is related by blood, and Lucie by marriage. However, the author refrains from justifying Madame Defarge’s policy of retributive justice. For just as the aristocracy’s oppression has made an oppressor of Madame Defarge herself, so will her oppression, in turn, make oppressors of her victims. Madame Defarge’s death by a bullet from her own gun—she dies in a scuffle with Miss Pross—symbolizes Dickens’s belief that the sort of vengeful attitude embodied by Madame Defarge ultimately proves a self-damning one. Doctor Manette Dickens uses Doctor Manette to illustrate one of the dominant motifs of the novel: the essential mystery that surrounds every human being. As Jarvis Lorry makes his way toward France to recover Manette, the narrator reflects that “every human creature is constituted to be that profound secret and mystery to every other.” For much of the novel, the cause of Manette’s incarceration remains a mystery both to the other characters and to the reader. Even when the story concerning the evil Marquis Evrémonde comes to light, the conditions of Manette’s imprisonment remain hidden. Though the reader never learns exactly how Manette suffered, his relapses into trembling sessions of shoemaking evidence the depth of his misery. Like Carton, Manette undergoes a drastic change over the course of the novel. He is transformed from an insensate prisoner who mindlessly cobbles shoes into a man of distinction. The contemporary reader tends to understand human individuals not as fixed entities but rather as impressionable and reactive beings, affected and influenced by their surroundings and by the people with whom they interact. In Dickens’s age, however, this notion was rather revolutionary. Manette’s transformation testifies to the tremendous impact of relationships and experience on life. The strength that he displays while dedicating himself to rescuing Darnay seems to confirm the lesson that Carton learns by the end of the novel—that not only does one’s treatment of others play an important role in others’ personal development, but also that the very worth of one’s life is determined by its impact on the lives of others. Charles Darnay and Lucie Manette Novelist E. M. Forster famously criticized Dickens’s characters as “flat,” lamenting that they seem to lack the depth and complexity that make literary characters realistic and believable. Charles Darnay and Lucie Manette certainly fit this description. A man of honor, respect, and courage, Darnay conforms to the archetype of the hero but never exhibits the kind of inner struggle that Carton and Doctor Manette undergo. His opposition to the Marquis’ snobbish and cruel aristocratic values is admirable, but, ultimately, his virtue proves too uniform, and he fails to exert any compelling force on the imagination. Along similar lines, Lucie likely seems to modern readers as uninteresting and two-dimensional as Darnay. In every detail of her being, she embodies compassion, love, and virtue; the indelible image of her cradling her father’s head delicately on her breast encapsulates her role as the “golden thread” that holds her family together. She manifests her purity of devotion to Darnay in her unquestioning willingness to wait at a street corner for two hours each day, on the off chance that he will catch sight of her from his prison window. In a letter to Dickens, a contemporary criticized such simplistic characterizations: The tenacity of your imagination, the vehe-mence and fixity with which you impress your thought into the detail you wish to grasp, limit your knowledge, arrest you in a single feature, prevent you from reaching all the parts of the soul, and from sounding its depths. While Darnay and Lucie may not act as windows into the gritty essence of humanity, in combination with other characters they contribute to a more detailed picture of human nature. First, they provide the light that counters the vengeful Madame Defarge’s darkness, revealing the moral aspects of the human soul so noticeably absent from Madame Defarge. Second, throughout the novel they manifest a virtuousness that Carton strives to attain and that inspires his very real and believable struggles to become a better person.	A Tale of Two Cities
What was the name of the principal horse in George Orwell's Animal Farm	A Tale of Two Cities (Literature) - TV Tropes A Tale of Two Cities You need to login to do this. Get Known if you don't have an account Share Literature / A Tale of Two Cities × WMG It is a far, far better thing... A Tale of Two Cities is a novel written by Charles Dickens first published in 1859, dealing with the events of The French Revolution and their impact on the lives of a number of fictional characters living at the time. The two cities of the title are London and Paris: Paris as a symbol of lawlessness , while London represents Order, albeit containing problems that could, in time, lead to a situation as bad as Paris. Lucie Manette, a young Frenchwoman living in England, receives news that her father, who has been lost for sixteen years and was presumed dead, is actually alive, albeit insane, and would she please come see him to see if her presence can help restore his sanity. She later marries Charles Darnay, who, unknown to her family, is the son of a deceased Marquis in France. When he receives a letter from France calling him to go save one of his former servants, France draws him in, and attempts to execute him. At the same time, Sydney Carton, a man who looks as if he were Darnay's twin separated at birth , tries to redeem his wasted life. The novel has one of the most famous opening lines in literature: It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other wayï¿½in short, the period was so far like the present period, that some of its noisiest authorities insisted on its being received, for good or for evil, in the superlative degree of comparison only. The final scene includes a line that is almost as famous, (although context would be a spoiler): It is a far, far better thing that I do, than I have ever done; it is a far, far better rest that I go to, than I have ever known. Dickens' novel was largely inspired by his reading of Thomas Carlyle's The French Revolution: A History, and took from it the sense of the Revolution as an elemental eruption of the human spirit when pushed too far. Thomas Carlyle's book was itself a highly romantic and melodramatic work rather than historical so the novel does suffer from Dated History to some extent despite being broadly accurate to the circumstances and events of the French Revolution. Unlike Carlyle, Dickens sympathized with the ends, though not the conduct, of the Revolution, and offers a glimpse of hope that after the extremists meet their end, France itself would rise a free and happy Republic, eventually . If you're looking for the story of Bob Trimbolie and Terry Clark, it's right over here. This book provides examples of: The Alcoholic : Sydney Carton to a T, and Mr. Stryver. While doing paperwork well into the night, Stryver becomes increasingly inebriated, while Sydney seems to become even more efficient. Anti-Hero : Syndey can't be bothered to care about anything, but he finds a cause by the end. Aristocrats Are Evil : Make no mistake, they definitely are. Indeed Darnay is so guilty that he decides to Shed the Family Name but his family is way more evil than even he suspected and it nearly gets him killed as well. Asshole Victim : Darnay's uncle. Unsurprisingly, no one's upset when the pissed off Gaspard murders him. Most of the early victims of the Revolution are regarded as this, being corrupt nobility in the main. Madame Defarge who is utterly without pity and mercy and would gladly send a child to the Guillotine simply for being the granddaughter of her sister's rapist, and would send an elderly doctor there too simply to round out the numbers, is shot dead by Miss Pross when she threatens the Manettes. Ax-Crazy : At the beginning of the Revolution, the lower classes are described as going kill-crazy on the upper classes, massacring even those they'd already taken prisoner. This is most vividly depicted by a group who gather around a blade sharpener in preparation for another round of slaughter, all the while wearing women's clothing and having glued pubic hair beards to their faces. Babies Ever After Bang Bang BANG : Miss Pross gets permanently deafened when Madame Defarge's gun goes off during the struggle with her. Beauty Equals Goodness : The Manettes and Darnays are all beautiful people of impeccable morals. However, the trope is inverted just before the final confrontation. Madame Defarge is said to be quite a handsome woman, while Miss Pross is wiry, unattractive and so peculiar-looking that it's hard to notice when she's been beaten up. Played with in the case of John Barsad, who is described as looking quite handsome but a bit shifty due to an aqualine nose. Turns out that he's really Miss Pross' long lost brother Solomon, who is a scoundrel of the highest order. Best Served Cold : Madame Defarge will silently knit and continue knitting as she watches the aristocrats run roughshod over the people, fully waiting for the day of reckoning when she will remorselessly and pitilessly unleash her vengeance upon them. Big Bad Slippage : Madame Defarge starts out as an ordinary woman with extremist views and eventually becomes a strong leader in the revolution. Big Fancy House : The Marquis owns a dazzling chateau, which turns out to make great firewood... Bilingual Dialogue : Happens In-Universe when Madame Defarge barges into Lucie's house, intending to have her Revenge by Proxy , but is stopped by Miss Pross . The narrator tells us that both women spoke in their native language, but their facial expressions and body language makes their intentions perfectly clear to each other. Blue Blood : Spilt by the gallon. It is The French Revolution , after all. Brilliant, but Lazy : Subverted with Sydney Carton. He is quite skilled at his job and does it very diligently, but he allows Stryver to take all the credit for the cases they win. Not to mention, of course, that he is the only one able to save Charles Darnay and get the rest of the family out of France at the end of the book. He only pretends to be lazy, as in this exchange: Sydney: Business! Bless you, I have no business. Mr. Lorry: If you had, perhaps you would attend to it. Sydney: Lord love you, no! - I shouldn't. Bullet Holes and Revelations : During the struggle between Miss Pross and Madame Defarge over a gun, it goes off. It takes a few lines to find out where the shot went. Butt Monkey : Sydney Carton, although he admittedly does this to himself. Buy Them Off : The Marquis tosses a coin to the father whose child his carriage runs over. He is really offended when that gold coin gets tossed back in to the carriage, rightly seeing it as an action of contempt. Chekhov's Gun : The Carton/Darnay resemblance, which Sydney uses to take the latter's place on the Guillotine. Also, Cruncher's graverobbing. It gets mentioned in one chapter, but doesn't become relevant until it turns out that Cruncher had tried to rob Cly's grave and found no corpse. Companion Cube : A somber example Played for Drama : The shoemaker's bench and tools are this for Doctor Manette. Manette refers to him as a friend and deplores its destruction. When Lorry and Miss Prost destroy the shoemakersï¿½s bench, they also treat him like something alive: On the night of the day on which he left the house, Mr. Lorry went into his room with a chopper, saw, chisel, and hammer, attended by Miss Pross carrying a light. There, with closed doors, and in a mysterious and guilty manner, Mr. Lorry hacked the shoemaker's bench to pieces, while Miss Pross held the candle as if she were assisting at a murder — for which, indeed, in her grimness, she was no unsuitable figure. The burning of the body (previously reduced to pieces convenient for the purpose) was commenced without delay in the kitchen fire; and the tools, shoes, and leather, were buried in the garden. So wicked do destruction and secrecy appear to honest minds, that Mr. Lorry and Miss Pross, while engaged in the commission of their deed and in the removal of its traces, almost felt, and almost looked, like accomplices in a horrible crime. Contrived Coincidence : Dickensian destiny at work: Dr. Manette's daughter marries the last heir of the Evremondes, who imprisoned him. His former serving boy Defarge marries the sister of the woman that the Evremondes raped and Manette treated. Dark and Troubled Past : Charles Darnay: Is actually a French aristocrat, Charles St. Evrémonde, whose family is infamous for its mistreatment of the poor. He renounces his title and wealth, moves to England and attempts to live a new life. Sydney Carton: His mother died when he was young. He "followed his father to the grave," and otherwise never felt at home anywhere. He always did other people's work at university, and never took credit when it was due to him. The result is his alcoholism and self-deprecatory attitude. Dr. Manette: Is wrongly imprisoned in the Bastille for 18 years by Darnay's father and uncle, causing him to write a manifesto that would later sentence his son-in-law to the Guillotine. Madame Defarge: It was her older sister who was raped and ultimately killed by Darnay's uncle. Her brother died defending her honor, and her father died of grief. Thus Defarge swore vengeance against all of the Evrémondes. Dead Guy Junior : Lucie and Charles' first son gets named for Sydney. Deadpan Snarker : Sydney Carton. Stryver: Sydney, I rather despair of making myself intelligible to you, because you are such an insensible dog. Sydney: And you are such a sensitive and poetical spirit. Death by Irony : One of the nobles proclaimed that the starving peasants could just eat grass. The rebels make sure to stuff grass in his mouth as they drag him to his death. The Determinator : Madame Defarge will stop at nothing to have her vengeance, saying, "Ask the wind and the fire to stop, not me." The Mender of Roads meets an agent of the Revolution who is set to burn down the Evremondes' chateau and notes how implacable his expression is, even in sleep. He imagines he sees more of these types of men at work for the Republic. Disproportionate Restitution : A nobleman in a speeding carriage crushes a child and flips a coin onto the street for the grieving father. The Revolution quickly gives way to the Reign of Terror, where the most tenuous links to the aristocracy, the most minor of infractions or the slightest hint of disloyalty will earn you an appointment with the National Razor. Madame Defarge is the living embodiment of this trope and would gladly murder the entire family of Charles Darnay for what his uncle did to her family. Even the child. The innocent seamstress girl who dies just before Sydney Carton on the Guillotine is the living embodiment of the victims of such rage and hatred. Droit du Seigneur : Cited by Dr. Manette in his Letter as to the crimes of the Evremondes towards Defarge's sister. Domestic Abuse : Cruncher's introduction reveals that he gets into violent rows with his wife, which is more or less played for comedy. It helps establish him as a dumb, working-class cockney. Dying Alone : Averted when Sydney Carton talks with a seamstress on the tumbrel, confides the truth, and encourages her in facing death. He succeeds. Similarly, see Stay with Me Until I Die . "I mind nothing while I hold your hand. I shall mind nothing when I let it go, if they are rapid." "They will be rapid. Fear not!" Entitled to Have You : Stryver first tries to offer himself to Lucie, believing that his position is more than enough for her; he is aghast when Mr. Lorry tries to talk him out of it. Even Evil Has Standards : Even the vicious revolutionary Ernest Defarge has his qualms about executing children. Everyone Calls Him "Barkeep" : The Mender of Roads is always referred to as such, until he takes a new job and is called the Wood Sawyer. It's not even clear that the two names refer to the same person until the narration mentions that the Wood Sawyer recently mended roads. Face Death with Dignity Faking the Dead : Cly faked his own death. Cruncher, graverobber that he is, is able to use this as blackmail against his partner. Famous Last Words : The narrator provides the Final Speech that Sydney would have given had he the opportunity. Final Speech : A hypothetical one is given for Sydney. Grave Robbing : Jerry Cruncher's side job. Gun Struggle : Miss Pross vs. Madame Defarge. The Hecate Sisters : Played with in the characters of Madame Defarge and the other knitting female revolutionaries. "Is that his child?" said Madame Defarge, stopping in her work for the first time, and pointing her knitting-needle at little Lucie as if it were the finger of Fate. Heroic B.S.O.D. : Miss Pross is an Actual Pacifist , who develops hysterical deafness after accidentally killing Madame Defarge. In addition, Dr. Manette's mind collapses after his "lost" narrative from his imprisonment, in which he denounces the Evrémondes, resurfaces as the clinching testimony against his son-in-law, Darnay. Heroic Sacrifice : Sydney Carton takes Darnay's place in prison and is executed in his stead. He Who Fights Monsters : Madame Defarge. After her death, Vengeance wonders where she is, and Dickens mockingly suggests sending messengers after her. "It is questionable whether of their own will they will go far enough to find her !" Hoist by His Own Petard : Madame Defarge is shot by her own pistol. Many of the revolutionaries were eventually killed by their own guillotine, which is Truth in Television . Honor Before Reason : Darnay rushes back to France to aid a former servant in need. Without telling anyone. During the French Revolution. Silly Charles. Turns out that the servant he was trying to rescue wasn't in as tight a spot as Darnay believed, which makes it even worse. Both Madame Defarge's older brother and sister refuse to reveal their family name to Dr. Manette so that they can retain some honor, despite the possibility that he could have alerted authorities about the crimes committed against them. I Am Spartacus : The members of La Rï¿½sistance all refer to each other as Jacques Number (their number). Identical Grandson : Darnay looks a whole lot like his uncle the Marquis. We find out much later that Darnay's father and uncle were identical twins. Identical Stranger : Carton and Darnay. I Have This Friend... : Played with when Mr. Lorry consults Dr. Manette about the case of a friendï¿½s mental shock. The case is not about Mr. Lorry, is about Dr. Manette himself, who has experienced a Heroic B.S.O.D. and in the verge of a Sanity Slippage that only has been avoided by the use of his Companion Cube . "Doctor Manette," said Mr. Lorry, touching him affectionately on the arm, "the case is the case of a particularly dear friend of mine. Pray give your mind to it, and advise me well for his sake — and above all, for his daughter's — his daughter's, my dear Manette." "If I understand," said the Doctor, in a subdued tone, "some mental shock — ?" "Yes!" "Be explicit," said the Doctor. "Spare no detail." Improbable Hairstyle : Dickens remarks that the world champion at leap-frog would refuse to jump over Cruncher. Hair that spiky would present too much of a risk. I Want My Beloved to Be Happy : Carton's obsession with Lucie motivates him to take her husband's place at the guillotine. Kangaroo Court : Carton saves Darnay from one in London, but there are plenty more in Paris, and they're even less just. Though the first trial of Darnay actually frees him thanks to excellent character witnesses. The second trial though is a textbook example. Kick the Dog : Done by both the nobles and the revolting peasants. Knight in Shining Armor : Charles Darnay. He leaves the life of luxury for moral reasons, returns to an unstable country to save a former servant, and gets the girl. What a swell guy. Knight Templar : The Defarges. Laser-Guided Karma : As critical as Dickens is of the excessive violence of the Revolution, he argues that the French nobility fully brought this on themselves, and that any society built on this injustice will eventually face drastic consequences such as the events of the book. Living Emotional Crutch : Lucie is this for her father for most of the novel. In the beginning, without her presence, Dr. Manette is reduced to his old, solitary prison habits of making shoes. Mama Bear : Miss Pross is very protective of Lucy. Meaningful Name : Stryver is ambitious and is said to always be shouldering his way through life. Missing Mom : Lucie Manette. Charles Darnay. More Expendable Than You : Carton's self-sacrifice at the end is probably the most famous example of this trope. Names to Run Away from Really Fast : The Vengeance. Nay-Theist : Cruncher doesn't really understand religion, and as such mocks it, but he believes in God enough that he's afraid of the consequences if his wife starts praying for his death. Ninja Maid : Miss Pross is a pacifist, but she's large, strong, and headstrong enough to come to her employer's aid. Noble Fugitive : Though his exile is self-inflicted, Charles Darnay is, in fact, an aristocrat of a different name. Noble Male, Roguish Male : Darnay is Noble, Carton is slightly more roguish while Stryver is a total cad. Off with His Head! : The guillotine is a central part of the story, due to taking place during the French Revolution. Orphan's Ordeal : This is largely the plot of Book I: Recalled to Life, in which Lucie is reunited with her thought-to-be-dead father. Other orphans include Madame Defarge and Sydney Carton, to name just a few. Pinball Protagonist : Darnay. Politically Correct History : Credit to Mr. Dickens though, he didn't make the French Revolutionaries out to be as Ax-Crazy and unjustified as most of his contemporaries did. Though like most of his contemporaries, for all kinds of understandable reasons , don't give the Revolution any credit for its positive achievements either. The Power of Love : Not literally power, but the book outright states that Miss Pross is able to overcome Defarge through the power of love. Psycho Supporter : The Vengeance - who has no other name than that. Rebel Relaxation : Try to find a scene where Sydney isn't leaning on a wall, a window, or some other piece of furniture, often while staring at the ceiling. Reign of Terror : One of literature's most famous depictions. Though it largely conflates the Terror with the earlier September Massacres. Revenge by Proxy : Madame Defarge towards Darnay's entire family. The Revolution Will Not Be Civilized : France is (in the typical British style) portrayed as being absolutely insane at the time period. Dickens actually takes a third option —neither side is justified, and there are good and bad people among the rich and the poor. However, he declares that the actions of the nobles led directly to the atrocities committed against them. Roaring Rampage of Revenge : The majority of the Revolutionaries, but particularly Madame Defarge against the Evremondes. She is utterly obsessed with this goal, intending to destroy the entire family root and branch - even if one of them is an innocent little girl . Sins of Our Fathers : The Defarges want Revenge by Proxy for the crimes of Darnay's father and uncle. Stay with Me Until I Die : Sydney Carton promises to hold the hand of the innocent Seamstress until the end. He even talks with her during the entire ride to the guillotine, taking special care to distract her from it. "O you will let me hold your brave hand, stranger?" "Hush! Yes, my poor sister; to the last."	i don't know
Which cover of an Elvis song gave the Pet Shop Boys a number one in 1987	Pet Shop Boys' Always On My Mind tops cover version vote - BBC News BBC News Pet Shop Boys' Always On My Mind tops cover version vote 27 October 2014 Read more about sharing. Close share panel Image caption The Pet Shop Boys went to number one in the UK chart in 1987 with their cover of Always On My Mind The Pet Shop Boys' Always On My Mind has been voted the top cover version of all time in a BBC Music vote. The song, written by John Christopher, Mark James and Wayne Carson, was first made famous by Brenda Lee and Elvis Presley in 1972. Johnny Cash's cover of Nine Inch Nails' Hurt came in second place, followed by The Stranglers' version of Dionne Warwick's Walk On By. Jimi Hendrix's take on Bob Dylan's All Along The Watchtower came fourth. Jeff Buckley's cover of Leonard Cohen's classic Hallelujah completed the top five. The public voted for their favourites from a top 50 compiled by BBC producers and DJs including Fearne Cotton Trevor Nelson, Simon Mayo and Steve Lamacq. BBC Radio 2 and 6 Music's head of music Jeff Smith said: "The Pet Shop Boys have an enviable catalogue of hits and there have been lots of great versions of this classic song. "Whittling down the long list for the vote was tough but it's great to see that this track still resonates with people today." The Pet Shop Boys reached number one in the UK and number four in the US with the track in 1987. Willie Nelson also won a Grammy for his version in 1982. The top 10 tracks in the vote are as follows: Pet Shop Boys - Always On My Mind Johnny Cash - Hurt The Stranglers - Walk On By Jimi Hendrix - All Along The Watchtower Jeff Buckley - Hallelujah Joe Cocker - With A Little Help From My Friends Sinead O'Connor - Nothing Compares 2 U Muse - Feeling Good	Always on My Mind
What is the second event in the decathlon	Pet Shop Boys' version of Always On My Mind is the best cover of all time – according to a BBC survey \| Metro News Caroline Westbrook for Metro.co.uk Tuesday 28 Oct 2014 12:26 pm You can always count on the Pet Shop Boys for a good cover version (Picture: Leo Aversa) What’s the best cover version of all time? Well according to a new survey it comes courtesy of the Pet Shop Boys. Yes, the electronic duo topped a BBC poll of the best covers ever recorded with their version of the Elvis classic Always On My Mind, which they took to number one in 1987. ‘The Pet Shop Boys have an enviable catalogue of hits and there have been lots of great versions of this classic song,’ said Jeff Smith of BBC Radio 2 and 6 Music. ‘It’s great to see that this track still resonates with people today.’ And here’s how the top ten – as voted for by the public from a ‘long list’ of 50 – shapes up… 1 Pet Shop Boys – Always On My Mind (1987) Originally recorded by: Brenda Lee and Gwen McCrae both recorded the track in 1972 but it was Elvis’ version later that year which hit the top ten. 2 Johnny Cash – Hurt (2002) Originally recorded by: Nine Inch Nails (it first appeared on their 1994 album The Downward Spiral), although Leona Lewis has covered it too. 3 The Stranglers – Walk On By (1978) Originally recorded by: Dionne Warwick in 1964, although it’s enough of a classic to have been recorded by stacks of other artists since. 4 Jimi Hendrix – All Along The Watchtower (1968) Originally recorded by: Bob Dylan, who released his version just a year earlier. 5 Jeff Buckley – Hallelujah (1994 but released as a single in 2007) Originally recorded by: Leonard Cohen for his 1984 album Various Positions. Alexandra Burke also had a go at it as her reward for winning X Factor in 2008. 6 Soft Cell – Tainted Love (1981) Originally recorded by: Gloria Jones in 1964, but it was 80s electro-poppers Soft Cell who took it to the top of the charts. 7 Joe Cocker – With A Little Help From My Friends (1968) Originally recorded by: The Beatles, of course. It featured on their iconic 1967 album Sgt Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band. 8 Sinead O’Connor – Nothing Compares 2U (1990) Originally recorded by: Prince’s spin-off project The Family in 1985. And it was written by the Purple One himself. 9 Muse – Feeling Good (2001) Originally recorded by: Nina Simone made this one famous with her 1965 version. 10 Whitney Houston – I Will Always Love You (1992) Originally recorded by: Dolly Parton, waaaaay back in 1973 for her album Jolene. Although it was Whitney who took it to number one where it stayed, and stayed. And then stayed some more..	i don't know
In which country was the 1985 Heysel Stadium soccer tragedy	Heysel stadium disaster: ‘I saw the rows of bodies piled high’ \| Football \| The Guardian Soccer Heysel stadium disaster: ‘I saw the rows of bodies piled high’ The 1985 tragedy preceded Hillsborough by four years – but saw little of the same attention. Ed Vulliamy, who was there in the stands, reports on 30 years of hurt Supporters flee the scene of riots in Heysel football stadium in Brussels. Photograph: Dominique Faget/AFP Wednesday 27 May 2015 14.36 EDT Last modified on Monday 4 April 2016 09.01 EDT Share on Messenger Close We went, like tens of thousands of others, to watch what should have been the match of a lifetime: Kenny Dalglish and Ian Rush’s Liverpool against Gaetano Scirea and Michel Platini’s Juventus, for the European Cup of 1985. My friend Patrick Wintour (now political editor of this newspaper, whom I had known since the age of eight) and I had made a habit of treating ourselves to European Cup finals – this would be our last. We walked across the Brussels Grand Place, laid with a carpet of broken beer bottles, and up to the stadium with the English, waddling and bellowing, drunk on lager and the xenophobia of the day. We took our seats in time to see the last, fatal charge by these same Liverpool fans into a pen of Italian supporters beneath us: the panic, the flight, the crush, the thud like explosives at a distant quarry as a wall collapsed. We saw the row of dead bodies and the whooping – I especially recall the Liverpool fans’ whooping. The irony is too cruel: four years later, Liverpool fans themselves suffered carnage similar to that wrought at the Heysel stadium in Belgium on the murderous night of 29 May 1985. After decades of tenacious campaigning for justice, we approach a reckoning over Hillsborough; finally, the bereaved relatives have what comfort they can find in a culpability admitted by South Yorkshire police. But as the 30th anniversary of Heysel falls on Friday and a commemorative mass is held in Turin for the dead, Heysel, un-reckoned, remains football’s forgotten crime – despite its 39 dead and more than 600 injured. The fact that Juventus play next weekend in the European Cup final deepens the painful poignancy of the moment. We had landed on a Wednesday from London, at Ostend-Bruges airport, for transfer to Brussels by bus. So too had Bruno Guarini and his son Alberto, from the town of Mesagne in Puglia, in Italy’s heel; they had flown from Brindisi and the trip was a congratulatory gift for Alberto who had recently passed his dentistry exams. “Of course Alberto knew Liverpool,” Guarini would later say to me. “They were famous, a wonderful team and we thought the fans would be like us, just crazy about football.” When father and son arrived at the stadium, recalls Guarini, “the English had their shirts off, lying on the grass with their beer, so we went straight inside. Alberto had his Juventus bag to carry his binoculars and his packed lunch. The hooligans were at the other entrance, drinking and shouting. I said to Alberto, ‘we’ll go away from them – they might throw things.’ So we went towards the wall at the side. It was the worst thing I ever did, because those near the English were the ones who survived.” Meanwhile, already inside, we watched Liverpool fans crash through the fence feebly separating them from the Juventus fans, across the terracing into fleeing Italians, with disbelief. But Guarini was right: the signs had been there all day, as the British fans got drunk and rowdy on their way to the ground. In fact, they had been there for years: Britain was on patriotic turbo-charge after the election of Margaret Thatcher and war in the Falklands, and no one expressed the mood with greater articulacy than “our boys” supporting football teams in Europe. There had already been serious trouble with Spurs and Manchester United; now it was Liverpool’s turn. “They came running at us through the fence,” recalls Guarini. “Alberto was caught against a barrier. His last words were ‘Papa, mi stanno schiaccando’ – Daddy, they’re crushing me”. Guarini lost consciousness, but when he came to he insisted that the Red Cross join him to search for his son. They found him, lifeless. While paramedics counted the dead, the game was played, despite protests from some players on both sides – Uefa calculating that to cancel it would lead to further violence – and won at around midnight by Juventus. Platini stripped off his shirt and hoisted the cup. Pinterest Heysel disaster: footage of fans scrambling to escape. Warning: this video contains images some viewers may find distressing I was a researcher on Granada TV’s World in Action at the time, but Patrick and I wrote a piece for this newspaper – my first. In it, we quoted two Liverpool fans, one back at our hotel who, learning of the dead, said: “Good. They deserved it.” And another at the airport: “I’ve been watching Liverpool for 25 years, now I’m through. I saw people kicking the bodies. There were bodies piled 10 deep and they were booting them. If that’s football, I’m through with it.” I think we felt the same as we trudged home. The atmosphere back in England was astonishing, though in retrospect to be expected, and I doubt it would be any different now: an orgy of denial, excuses, and a search for rotten apples in an otherwise healthy sport and proud nation. Without doubt, Uefa’s choice of a crumbling stadium was woeful, as was its releasing a third of the tickets at the Liverpool end for “neutral” football fans to buy in Belgium . They were snapped up by tour operators who then sold them to Juventus fans, mostly families, across central and southern Italy (the club’s Ultras were at the other, far, end and played no part in the horror). Security and policing were non-existent. These circumstances laid the ground for Britain’s collective reaction. Of course, some headlines chastised the “mindless minority”, but they topped the same rags that had – along with prime minister Margaret Thatcher who spoke of her “shame” – stoked the frenzy in the first place: “Hop Off You Frogs” in the Sun was a case in point (with its copious echoes today), along with the same paper’s famous war-cry of “GOTCHA”, three years earlier. Some insisted the Liverpool fans had been provoked (never substantiated); Liverpool chairman John Smith dismissed the killers as belonging to the National Front in London; “It was the NF, proof page 3”, reported the Daily Star. The Telegraph carried a front page story about “English and Italian fans” being killed in “a riot”. The Express turned quickly to an “anti-British frenzy in Europe” and the Mirror stated: “Britons Warned: Keep out of Europe”. When Liverpool manager Joe Fagan offered up a prayer in the city’s Anglican cathedral, it was for “all” victims of soccer “tragedies” – natural disasters like earthquakes – “especially Brussels and Bradford”. For an initial church service in Turin, neither Liverpool nor the British embassy managed a wreath. Fans blamed the police, or the ground, or said the slaughter was in retaliation for attacks by supporters of Roma after Liverpool had won the previous year’s cup in Rome. No reckoning; Heysel remained an open wound. This went on for 20 years, if Heysel was mentioned at all. A few perpetrators were identified and extradited to Brussels – tabloids complained they were deprived of English tea while detained – and had served their short sentences by the time of trial. Even Juventus paid less heed that it should have, for all the efforts of their Ultras and a remarkable organisation of victims’ families set up by Otello Lorentini, whose son Roberto – a doctor – was killed while trying to administer first aid to dying Juventus fans. He was posthumously awarded a silver medal of civic honour – apparently unqualified for the gold. The subtitle of one book on the treatment of the survivors and families, by Jean-Philippe Leclaire, sums it up: The Tragedy Juventus Tried to Forget. A strange amnesia – like a share in the shame – descended over Juve for a while, lifted finally and decisively by Andrea Agnelli (nephew of Gianni Agnelli, the late president of Fiat) when he took over the club in 2010. The Agnelli Foundation had previously managed to win more in compensation than the British government, Liverpool and Uefa combined. The relatives’ campaign was tireless, recounted in a fine book by Francesco Caremani, recently translated as Heysel: the Truth. At every stage, they were knocked back by the legal process in Belgium, but finally, at the highest level of appeal, won recognition that Uefa shared in the blame. “The decision means that Uefa can no longer claim that their responsibility is limited to sport,” said their lawyer Daniel Vedovatto. Uefa’s president Lennart Johansson professed himself “stupified and indignant”. Ten years ago, something weird happened: by a twist, just before the 20th anniversary, Liverpool drew Juventus in a Champions League quarter final – a first meeting since 1985, prompting reflection I do not think would have happened otherwise. A new generation at the club and Kop organised a mosaic in the stands, reading Amicizia – friendship – for the Anfield leg. In Turin, captain Sami Hyypia joined his opposite number, Alessandro Del Piero, to read the names of the dead beside a memorial at Juve’s ground. For my part, this was a relief, but late: my mother was born in Liverpool, and LFC is a family team of sorts – her father used to watch them in the 1920s and 30s; I was first arrested in 1971 for scaling Wembley’s wall attempting to watch Liverpool play the Cup final. After Heysel, I hoped for some gesture by Liverpool, or unilaterally from the Kop, towards their victims and Juventus – but there was none. That summer of 1985, I went to Turin, mortified and penitent, and joined the Juventus Club Primo Amore in the centre of town. Even my employer, Granada, based in the north-west, eagerly deployed the hack excuses about the ground, the ticket sales policy – as if these alone were murderous. The week after the slaughter, I wrote in rage for the New Statesman about what had really happened, in the context of toxic, bellicose patriotism of the day; my article was frowned upon and I left a few months later to join this newspaper. Four years later, I hoped that the nightmare at Hillsborough would make Liverpool fans think again, and differently, about Heysel, and campaign for justice in both instances: quite the opposite, Heysel just disappeared altogether. So I moved to Italy in 1990, by which time I had already met the bereaved Bruno Guarini, who would take me to his son’s grave, and a tennis court named in Alberto’s honour, where he and his sister Paula had won a tournament shortly before the fateful excursion to Brussels. “Alberto and I had flown to Brussels together singing on the plane,” says Guarini. “And I flew back with the body of my son.” Guarini, a pharmacologist and a gracious man, does laugh, like any Pugliese, but a sorrow haunts his eyes and it is hard to imagine him singing on a plane. “I remember it all like a film,” he says. “Right up to the last moment, when the film stops and you don’t see it any more. Then at night, I suddenly awake, and see it all again. Heysel: that word will drive me mad.”	Belgium
Great Britain has won most of her Olympic golds in athletics which sport has been the next successful	30 years on from the Heysel Stadium tragedy, Sportsmail visits a family in Italy whose life was torn apart on the night of the European Cup final between Juventus and Liverpool \| Daily Mail Online Next 30 years on from the Heysel Stadium tragedy, Sportsmail visits a family in Italy whose life was torn apart on the night of the European Cup final between Juventus and Liverpool 39 people died and more than 600 others were injured on May 29, 1985 - the night of the European Cup final A wall collapsed after Liverpool fans charged their Juventus counterparts at Heysel Stadium, Belgium 14 of the 26 Liverpool fans who stood trial for those killed at Heysel were found guilty of involuntary manslaughter Andrea Lorrenti's father Roberto was one of those who lost their lives - he has no memory of his father Otello Lorrenti, Andrea's grandfather, never got over the way the Juve players, officials and supporters celebrated A Mass will be held by Juventus at the Chiesa della Gran Madre di Dio in Turin on the 30th anniversary	i don't know
At which sport was Fred Perry World Champion in 1929	Fred Perry, father of British tennis, dies \| The Independent Sport Fred Perry, father of British tennis, dies `He was a superlative ambassador for sport throughout the world. He was a great character, big-hearted, and a true champion' Friday 3 February 1995 00:02 BST Click to follow The Independent Online The great Fred Perry has died, aged 85. Britain's last link with the Wimbledon men's singles title passed away last evening at a hospital in Melbourne, where he had been cared for since falling in a hotel bath and breaking four ribs. Perry, who always kept in close touch with the sport, had gone to Australia to watch the tennis championships, which ended last Sunday. His fourth wife, Barbara, known to all as "Bobby", was with him, and his daughter, Penny, was on her way to Melbourne when he died. In the 1930s, Perry became the first player in history to have his name inscribed on the world's four major singles trophies, those of Wimbledon, France, the United States and Australia, though he did not accomplish this in the same calendar year, a featwhich came to be known as the Grand Slam. It was at Wimbledon that Perry achieved his greatest glory. In 1936 he won a third consecutive singles title, the first Briton to win three in a row since Laurie Doherty in 1903. Afterwards, Perry went to America and turned professional, leaving British tennis with a void it has been unable to fill. He became a United States citizen in 1939. Millions in Wimbledon profits have been spent by the Lawn Tennis Association in an attempt to create a system to produce players capable at least of making a challenge on the professional circuits, let alone of emulating Perry and Virginia Wade, the lastBriton to win the women's singles title at the All England Club, in 1977. In 1984, the 50th anniverary of Perry's first Wimbledon triumph, a statue was erected in the Wimbledon grounds, and the gates at the Somerset Road entrance were dedicated in his honour. The belated tributes were in stark contrast to the manner in which he was treated by the tennis establishment during his amateur career. This was encapsulated after his initial Wimbledon victory against "Gentleman" Jack Crawford in 1934. Perry, soaking in the bath, overheard a member of the All England Club's committee tell his Australian opponent, "This was one day when the best man did not win." Crawford was presented with a bottle of champagne and Perry's honorary member's tie was left draped over the back of his chair. Born in Stockport, Cheshire, the son of a cotton spinner who became a Labour MP, the forthright Perry was a fiercely determined competitor who could not abide snobbishness. The qualities that made him a magnificent champion, both as an individual and also as a member of victorious Davis Cup teams, were not always appreciated by the LTA. He was regarded as a rebel, and worse after he turned professional. Perry and his fellow pros were virtual outlaws, discouraged from playing on any tennis court at any tennis club attached to any tennis federation. They had make do with improvised arenas, once playing at the Kop end of the Liverpool football ground at Anfield. Versatile as a sportsman - he won the world table tennis title before turning to tennis - Perry was popular with the Hollywood set after turning professional and later the flanelled hero made a name in the sportswear industry. John Curry, the All England Club's chairman, summarised the man well in paying tribute last night. "Fred Perry was a superlative ambassador for our sport throughout the world," Curry said. "He was a great character, big-hearted, and a true champion in every sense. He won the affection and admiration of all those involved in tennis: the players, the fans, the media, and officials. Fred was one of those rare individuals. He was at ease with all, from the youngest fans to royalty." Christine Janes, a former Wimbledon singles finalist and co-commentator with Perry on BBC Radio, said on Five Live: "Fred was one of those indestructible people who one hoped would go on forever. He was unique. He was always optimistic and, although he was much older than many of those people he was mixing with, always seemed to stay very young at heart and be involved with people of all ages. You can't really replace him." Also speaking on Radio Five Live was "Bunny" Austin, a Davis Cup team-mate of Perry's in the 1930s. He said: "I have the recollection of a magnificent athlete who was a sort of genius. "He was the table tennis champion of London, Middlesex and the world. He went to a park one day and saw a game which he found out was called lawn tennis. He said `I like that game', got himself a racket and went on to play tennis exactly the same way he'd played table tennis. "I think that if he had been trained they probably would have ruined him. He was a kind of genius. He did everything wrong, but he won. I think he was a first-class sportsman." Chris Bailey, the recently retired British player remembered for a stirring performance against Goran Ivanisevic on the Centre Court, said: "It's a shame no one has been able to emulate what he achieved. He was a great man and a great character. He came to a few Davis Cup matches and used to support the British players - however badly we played." David Lloyd, Britain's Davis Cup captain elect, said Perry "had an aura, something special that all great people have, and you couldn't but respect him." Your correspondent's last conversation with our Fred was by telephone last Monday, inquiring about his health at the Epworth hospital before leaving Melbourne. We discussed the previous day's Australian Open men's singles final, in which Andre Agassi haddefeated his American compatriot, Pete Sampras. Perry, who had watched the match on television, expressed concerned about Sampras's feet, which had blistered during the tournament. "In my day," he said, "we used to put moleskin on the soles of our feet to protect them from blisters. You could bathe and shower with it on, and when the tournament was finished, the moleskin would peel away without any trouble." Was it still available? "Yes," he said, "I've got some with me." Obituary, page 16 THE PERRY CREDO `Play the game on and off the court learn to accept defeat gracefully and be ever ready to appreciate your conqueror's success. Never sacrifice your strokes for the sake of winning a match. Take the long view. Let the young player adopt athree year plan of development. Practise taking the ball early. Speed is essential in modern tennis. Remember that attack is the best form of defence. Never play for safety! The courageous policy will pay in the long run. Play to the umpire. Do not insult him by throwing away points after a doubtful decision in your favour.' l From Fred Perry's 1934 autobiography: `My Story'. FRED PERRY 1909 Born Stockport, 18 May. 1929 Won world table-tennis championship. 1931 Reached Wimbledon semi-final, losing to the eventual champion, Sidney Woods. First played for Britain in Davis Cup, and reached challenge round, in which they lost 3-2 to France. 1932 Won mixed doubles at French Championships with Betty Nuthall. Runners-up in men's doubles at Wimbledon with Pat Hughes. Won mixed doubles at US Championships with Sarah Palfrey. 1933 Won men's doubles at French Championships with Hughes and runner-up in mixed doubles with Nuthall. Won US Championship, his first major singles title. Helped Britain win Davis Cup for first time since 1912. 1934 Won singles and doubles, with Hughes, in Australian Championships. Won Wimbledon singles for first time. Won US Championship for second time. Helped Britain win Davis Cup for second successive year. 1935 Runner-up in singles and doubles, with Hughes, at Australian Championships. Won French Championship singles, and became first player in game's history to win all four major titles. Won Wimbledon singles for second time, and mixed doubles with Dorothy Round. Helped Britain win Davis Cup for third time running. 1936 Runner-up in French Championship singles. Won Wimbledon singles for third year running, and mixed doubles for second time with Round. Won US Championship singles for third time. Helped Britain win Davis Cup for fourth successive year, having won in career 34 of 38 Cup singles and 11 of 14 doubles. Turned professional. 1939 Became US citizen. 1948 Won Slazenger Professional tournament at Eastbourne. 1950 Won Slazenger Tournament for second time. 1951 Won Slazenger Tournament for third time. 1984 Had Wimbledon statue erected in All England Club grounds, and had Somerset Road gates named after him. 1995 Died 2 February, Melbourne. More about:	Table tennis
Who was World 500 cc Motor Cycling Champion 1953 to 1955 (he was British)	Johnny Leach obituary \| Sport \| The Guardian Johnny Leach obituary English table tennis champion with a huge influence on his sport Johnny Leach held sway during the 1950s and 60s when table tennis was one of Britain's most popular sports. Photograph: S&G and Barratts/Empics Sunday 8 June 2014 12.59 EDT First published on Sunday 8 June 2014 12.59 EDT Share on Messenger Close For many years Johnny Leach, who has died aged 91, was synonymous with English table tennis. Both in his prime as a player, in the immediate postwar years, and subsequently as an ambassador, promoter, administrator, businessman and talent-spotter, his impact on the sport was immense. Leach held sway in an age when table tennis could claim to be the most popular participation sport in the UK. It was played everywhere: youth clubs and youth hostels, working men's clubs, works canteens, church halls and of course homes. If you could not afford the folding table from Woolworths, you simply bought the net and stretched it across the kitchen table. Throughout the 1950s and 60s, the sport had a heady time of it. Chester Barnes, the controversial genius of the sport, and one of the players discovered by Leach's talent programme, recalled playing at the Wembley Arena in front of crowds of 10,000. "When Johnny was at his peak, they even had an act at the London Palladium. You couldn't imagine that now, could you?" said Barnes. Born in Bow, in the East End of London, and brought up in Dagenham, Essex , Johnny was the son of Emma and her husband Jim, a manager at British Ropes, south of the Thames in Woolwich. Johnny played on the table in the works canteen there and set about pursuing junior titles, with his father's encouragement, at the age of 17, making him something of a late starter for the sport. By that time, the second world war was under way, and he served with the Royal Air Force in Northern Ireland. With the serendipity that can shape a career, Leach discovered two international players, Jack Carrington and Ron Crayden, who were also stationed there, and they practised together. Leach maintained that he did not know how good he was until competition proper resumed after hostilities ceased. The war had inadvertently bolstered English table tennis, with the arrival of the players Victor Barna and Richard Bergmann , from Hungary and Austria respectively. Both had been world champions in the 30s, and while in 1946 Barna was approaching the veteran stage, Bergmann, a brilliant defensive player, was at his peak. By 1947, Leach was in the mix too, reaching the semi-final of the world championships in Paris. The next four years were the halcyon days of English table tennis. Bergmann won the world title at Wembley in 1948; Leach won the title in Stockholm the following year (to become only the second homegrown British world champion after Fred Perry in 1929); and then it was back to Bergmann in 1950, and Leach for his second title in 1951. Gaumont British News filmed Leach's arrival home from those championships in Stockholm, stepping down from a KLM Dakota with fellow world champions Diane and Rosalind Rowe , the twins who won the women's doubles. The scene was shown in cinemas across the country. Though it seemed unlikely at the time, for Leach was only 28, that would be his last individual world title and the last by an English player. Twelve months later in Bombay, the Japanese player Hiroji Satoh opened his bat case and changed the sport forever. His thick sponge-covered bat used with a penholder grip imparted so much spin on the ball, and was so quiet, that the hard-bat players , with their pimpled rubber on wood, were no match. Satoh, in his first world championship, became Japan's first world champion in any sport. Leach tried the new bats, but could not get on with them. Nevertheless, he had an illustrious swansong, winning the Swaythling Cup, the world team championship, in 1953 with Bergmann also in the team, and he would continue to compete internationally until 1959 and nationally until 1965, winning his last crown in the men's doubles at the national championships in 1964 with David Creamer. Leach was not only a player. Involved with almost every aspect of the sport, he became a vice-president of the English Table Tennis Association, now Table Tennis England (1964), and then president (1988-2011); he had a job with the table tennis manufacturers SW Hancock, a company he would later buy; and in the 1960s he established an ambitious talent-spotting programme with Butlins holiday camps, which discovered more than 50 international players. He was appointed MBE in 1966, and his reputation preceded him everywhere he went. "He had respect all over the world. As soon as people knew that Johnny was coming with you, you had the best treatment, the best hotels,the best everything," said Barnes. Leach married his wife, Daisy, in 1946. She died in 2009, as did a son, John, last year. He is survived by another son, Jeff, two granddaughters and two grandsons. • John Alfred Leach, table tennis player and entrepreneur, born 20 November 1922; died 5 June 2014	i don't know
Which American motor manufacturer made the Corvette	Chevrolet Corvette Is Most 'Made In America' Car, Study Says Chevrolet Corvette Is Most 'Made In America' Car, Study Says Email This Page To (separate emails with commas) Message (optional) Your email was sent successfully. Close Enlarge Photo Cars aren't just transportation, they're also symbols of national pride. That's particularly true in the post-2008 United States, where the auto industry bailout has turned the Big Three into political set pieces. Consequently, the annual "Made in America" Automotive Index produced by American University's Kogod School of Business can either be a feather in the cap or a black mark for automakers. MUST SEE: 2015 Dodge Challenger Comes In Eight Trim Levels, None Of Them Supercharged: Live Photos General Motors Company [NYSE:GM] has plenty to celebrate this year, though, because the 2014 Chevrolet Corvette Stingray was at the top of this list for cars with the most American-made content. Meanwhile, the Buick Enclave, Chevrolet Traverse, and GMC Acadia triplets tied for second place. However, there was also a tie for first. The F-150 pickup truck from Ford Motor Company [NYSE:F] had an identical score to the Corvette. For once, reality lives up to expectations: it's hard to think of two more American vehicles than the Corvette and F-150. ALSO SEE: 2015 Dodge Charger Debuts At 2014 New York Auto Show The index is compiled by American University professor Frank DuBois using data from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. DuBois ranks 318 new-car models based on location of a manufacturer's headquarters, design, research, and manufacturing facilities, and where the profits go once the cars are sold. For the record, under the American Automotive Labeling Act, if 75 percent of a vehicle's parts are manufactured in the U.S. or Canada, it is considered a domestic product. Perhaps not surprisingly, around 80 percent of Americans would prefer to buy a domestic car, according to a recent Consumer Reports National Research Center survey. _______________________________________	Chevrolet
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Which American state is nicknamed Tar Heel or Old North State	Welcome To North Carolina! - Home Welcome To North Carolina! Hi, my name is BobcatLover13 and this is a website about North Carolina. North Carolina is famous for the first flight of airplanes in Kitty Hawk. North Carolina is located in the south east of the United States Of America. North Carolina is nicknamed "The Old North State" and "The Tarheel State"Pitch and tar were the state's earliest and most valuable exports. North Carolina was originally part of Carolina, which included modern-day South Carolina and a big portion of land out west. Carolina is named after King Charles I. When Carolina was broken up into smaller states, it simply became North Carolina because it was in the northern part of Carolina. Have fun looking through this website! :) Rainbow Power!!! :) LOL Skittles Taste The Rainbow! :D Create a free website	North Carolina
What was the name of the hurricane that hit America in September 2003	North Carolina Tar Heels: The Response North Carolina Tar Heels Comment The North Carolina Tar Heels seem to be suggesting the NCAA may not have the jurisdiction needed over the issues in the NOA. The response by the North Carolina Tar Heels to the notice of allegations sent by the NCAA dropped yesterday. There are no real surprises in the document except that there are constant references to the NCAA’s lack of jurisdiction to punish the school over some of the offenses since they are academic in nature. Before getting down to specifics, remember the NCAA response to Penn State in wake of the Jerry Sandusky revelations. The NCAA charged in and inflicted deep penalties on Penn State despite there being no clear guidelines that they could even make a move like that. The school didn’t fight it (they were in a tough spot) much, but over time it became obvious to the NCAA that it had gone too far. They then began to taper back Penn State’s penalties. Reminding the NCAA that there they have no proper jurisdiction is a subtle reminder to the NCAA of how they may have mishandled the Penn State situation. Therefore the association may think twice before going down that road again. More from North Carolina Tar Heels 1/8 - North Carolina Tar Heels: Elijah Hood Declares For Draft It also seems like a change of tone. For the entirety of the time that the NCAA has been on campus, the school has been cooperative with the investigation. In some cases they were more cooperative than necessary. Now, the school seems to be setting up a tougher approach as the process continues. The charges themselves include some oddities. Deborah Crowder and Dr. Julius Nwang’oro are charged simply with not complying with the investigation. There is a failure to monitor charge regarding the African and African-American Studies Department and the athletic academic advisors. According to Chip Patterson of CBS Sports , the school is claiming the monitor charges are accreditation issues not NCAA issues. Finally there is the lack of institutional control charge. That is the biggest one the NCAA can levy, but the school will argue that they never broke a NCAA bylaw. Next: Three on Preseason ACC List Frankly, I would like the mess to end. The time period in question has shrunk to after 2005 basketball championship and the affected sports have shrunk as well. Yet this will probably play out the long way. The NCAA has sixty days to set a hearing date and then there is no telling when a final decision will be made. Top Stories	i don't know
In which film did Clint Eastwood actually say 'go ahead, make my day'	Sudden Impact (1983) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error A rape victim is exacting revenge on her aggressors in a small town outside San Francisco. "Dirty" Harry Callahan, on suspension for angering his superiors (again), is assigned to the case. Director: From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON DISC a list of 22 titles created 13 Sep 2011 a list of 25 titles created 03 Jul 2013 a list of 46 titles created 17 Dec 2014 a list of 35 titles created 15 Oct 2015 a list of 25 titles created 6 months ago Search for " Sudden Impact " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Dirty Harry must foil a terrorist organization made up of disgruntled Vietnam veterans. But this time, he's teamed with a rookie female partner that he's not too excited to be working with. Director: James Fargo Dirty Harry is on the trail of vigilante cops who are not above going beyond the law to kill the city's undesirables. Director: Ted Post Dirty Harry Callahan must stop a sick secret contest to murder local celebrities, which includes himself as a target. Director: Buddy Van Horn When a mad man calling himself 'the Scorpio Killer' menaces the city, tough as nails San Francisco Police Inspector Harry Callahan is assigned to track down and ferret out the crazed psychopath. Director: Don Siegel 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 6.4/10 X A hard but mediocre cop is assigned to escort a prostitute into custody from Las Vegas to Phoenix, so that she can testify in a mob trial. But a lot of people are literally betting that they won't make it into town alive. Director: Clint Eastwood A pilot is sent into the Soviet Union on a mission to steal a prototype jet fighter that can be partially controlled by a neuralink Director: Clint Eastwood A mysterious preacher protects a humble prospector village from a greedy mining company trying to encroach on their land. Director: Clint Eastwood Wes Block is a detective who's put on the case of a serial killer whose victims are young and pretty women, that he rapes and murders. The killings are getting personal when the killer ... See full summary » Director: Richard Tuggle The San Fernando Valley adventures of trucker turned prize-fighter Philo Beddoe and his pet orangutan Clyde. Director: James Fargo Clint Eastwood plays a veteran detective who gets stuck with a rookie cop (Charlie Sheen) to chase down a German crook (Raul Julia.) Director: Clint Eastwood Philo takes part in a bare knuckle fight - as he does - to make some more money than he can earn from his car repair business. He decides to retire from fighting, but when the Mafia come ... See full summary » Director: Buddy Van Horn A hard-nosed, hard-living Marine gunnery sergeant clashes with his superiors and his ex-wife as he takes command of a spoiled recon platoon with a bad attitude. Director: Clint Eastwood Edit Storyline A vicious serial-killer is on the loose in San Francisco and the police trace a link to a small town further down the coast. When Harry Callahan upsets the press and the mayor in his usual style, he's shipped out of town to investigate while the heat is on. With the help of his new Magnum handgun Harry goes on the trail leaving behind the usual trail of dead criminals along the way. Written by Col Needham <[email protected]> Two killers are at large. One of them is Dirty Harry. [Video] See more » Genres: 9 December 1983 (USA) See more » Also Known As: Did You Know? Trivia Of the five 'Dirty Harry' movies, it was this film that used the catchphrase "Go ahead, make my day" whereupon it became synonymous with the Harry Calahan character and became popularized into the vernacular of popular culture. Although Clint Eastwood made the phrase "Go ahead, make my day" famous, it was originally used a year earlier by actor Gary Swanson in the movie Vice Squad (1982). Swanson, who played a Hollywood vice cop, said the line, "Go ahead, scumbag, make my day," to actor Wings Hauser , who played a pimp, during a bust. The quote is often erroneously attributed by most people to be from the first movie of this series, Dirty Harry (1971). The phrase was also voted in a 2005 poll by the American Film Institute as the No. #6 most memorable line in cinema history. The phrase was so well publicized and became so popular that many members of the public knew about it by the time the movie opened. See more » Goofs The snub-nosed revolver used by Jennifer Spencer starts out has having black rubber hand grips. By the time Jennifer is confronted by Chief Jannings, the revolver now has wooden grips. See more » Quotes Harry Callahan : Listen, punk. To me you're nothin' but dogshit, you understand? And a lot of things can happen to dogshit. It can be scraped up with a shovel off the ground. It can dry up and blow away in the wind. Or it can be stepped on and squashed. So take my advice and be careful where the dog shits ya! (United States) – See all my reviews Spoilers Ahead: Yes, it is better than THE DEAD POOL, but that is not saying much. Ugly, that is the first word that comes to mind. What an ugly, gory, gross out, piece of crap. Let's grant the shaky morality of returning murder for rape. I will not go there. It is certainly debatable. The film glories in head and genital bullet shots. Yes, I love seeing bullets into heads; it makes my day. First, when you shoot someone in the head it is not that nice; see brains and blood fly all over in a lovely gore explosion. Think of an exploding watermelon. The film desensitizes the costs of violence; it is all neat and clean. Neelan's performance is without equal in the most gross, disgusting character even depicted on screen. Look, I am sullied after wading though the sewage that is modern film; this, even though made in 1983, is flat out disgusting. It is full of cringe worthy moments, yes the make my day scene is one of them. First, if his reflexes were any slower they could have painted a mural waiting for the old geezer to pull his piece. In real life he would have been riddled with bullet holes before grandpa even got the piece out. How about the romance between him and the 25 years younger Locke, yuuuuuch! Please, at least it was off camera. He arrives in a small town and there is a robbery right in front of him what a coincidence. The whole shooting up the mafia enforcers, yes now there was a realistic scene. Look how far down from DIRTY HARRY we have come? Even THE ENFORCER was a masterpiece compared to this. Sondra Locke was one of the most beautiful actresses of the 1980's but she could never act. Psycho boy gets old very fast. When Sondra said her lines, in my theater in 1983, people were laughing. Again, watching her tool about shooting men and one women in the genitals and the head just is not my idea of a good time. Instead of the great Harry Guardino, we get some faceless, bad acting stand in. This really was close to the nadir for the Dirty Harry franchise. Sondra took out the monkey movies with her abysmal singing which makes her acting seem like Bette Davis. She is on screen here way to long and her acting wrecks the movie. The supporting cast is just awful. Pat Hingle is the only actor among them. The film is unrelentingly non stop violence, gross out dialogue and really ugly imagery. If you enjoy some bad acting tart driving around shooting men in the genitals and head, this is the film for you. Again, the morality is quite dubious. We revoked the death penalty for rape about 50 years ago. BRING A BARF BAG AND A PAIR OF SUNGLASSES. 26 of 40 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	Sudden Impact
Which stretch of water separates the Orkneys from Scotland	BBC World Service \| Learning English \| Keep your English Up to Date Make my day Of all the mediums that influence language, I think film is the one that has the most effect. Not so much from the point of view of pronunciation and grammar. I don't think we pick up very many sounds and grammatical instructions from the films we see – but the catchphrases. Right from the earliest days of film, catchphrases have been extracted from the film medium and "make my day" I think is one of the most famous. Well, you may remember it, it's Clint Eastwood, isn't it, playing Dirty Harry in the film Sudden Impact. He invites an armed thug to take him on and Clint Eastwood is holding a very big gun – so he's just waiting for the thug to do something horrible, and he says "go ahead, make my day!". Well it just caught on, it spread in meaning – people started using it, of course not with guns in their hands, they started using it within a sort of ironic circumstance. To say "make my day" means "do something that'll really please me". It implies a really big deal or something like that. In fact Clint Eastwood himself, when he was being elected mayor of Carmel, went round the whole of his little town, his little city, with a T-shirt on - "elect me mayor – make my day!" Downloads	i don't know
What nationality is Richard Clayderman	Richard Clayderman biography, birth date, birth place and pictures Email Print Richard Clayderman (born Philippe Pagès) is a French pianist who has released numerous albums including the compositions of Paul de Senneville and Olivier Toussaint, instrumental renditions of popular music, rearrangements of movie soundtracks, ethnic music, and easy-listening arrangements of most popular works of classical music. Richard Clayderman's billing as the world's most popular pianist was put to the test during an interview on the "Late Night with David Letterman" show. The Christian Science Monitor reported that Letterman, in order to judge Clayderman's reputation as a household name, placed a random telephone call to a home in Norway. The family not only knew him but owned several of his albums. Born in France with the name Phillipe Pages, he took the stage name Clayderman (from his great-grandmother) because his real name was pronounced differently in every country. His father was a piano teacher and began teaching him classical piano at a young age. Clayderman entered the Paris Conservatory at age 12 and won first prize for piano at 16. When he found it difficult to make a living as a classical pianist, he turned to popular music and toured with French rock musician Johnny Hallyday. The turning point for Clayderman came when two record producers asked him to record "Ballad pour Adeline." That record, which helped launch his career into popular music, has sold over 20 million copies in 38 countries. Clayderman's shift from classical to popular music not only allowed for his remarkably successful career but moved him into an area of music which he feels more closely reflects his personality. Although he still plays classical music on stage, for his United States concerts he focuses on romantic interpretations of popular American melodies. "I think there is a need for this kind of romantic music, " he told the Christian Science Monitor, "because we live in a world [where] terrible things are happening, and people need music to feel a bit cool and relaxed. I think a proportion of my audience also listens to other styles. For example, I'm sure the young people like rock 'n roll music. But through my playing they discover a new kind of music--classical, because sometimes I play that on stage." In a review of his 1985 New York debut at Carnegie Hall, Variety suggested that, besides his repertoire and lush playing style, "Clayderman's main appeal lies in his youth and boyish good looks.... Coupled with his gentlemanly charm and his thick French accent, they promise to rope in the romantically inclined middle-aged Yank ladies who cotton to this ilk of soothing entertainment." The Los Angeles Times, also reporting on a performance from his first American tour, objected to the canned quality and cuteness of his audience interaction, but praised the show as "otherwise well constructed, with a good balance of original and established songs, and of romantic ballads and high-stepping rhythm pieces." For his American concerts he performed with a 16-piece orchestra and offered romantic crowd pleasers like "Feelings," "The Way We Were," and "Chariots of Fire." The Christian Science Monitor remarked that, heard along with the orchestra, his performance had the "solidity and strength that spring from his training as a classical pianist." His concerts are marked by standing ovations and multiple encores. For People to accuse Clayderman of displaying "all the emotions of a turnip" and for Rolling Stone to describe him as a "schlock pianist" is perhaps unfair. He may not be Horowitz but his music does fill a need as evidenced by over two hundred gold and platinum records and international sales reported at over 40 million albums. "If the sales figures Columbia claims are true," Stereo Review noted in 1987, "he is probably the most successful pianist in the world today."	French
Which group had a top ten hit in 1981 with It Must Be Love	Biography of Richard Clayderman 1953 – Who is Richard Clayderman? Richard Clayderman is a French pianist who has released numerous albums including the compositions of Paul de Senneville and Olivier Toussaint, instrumental renditions of popular music, rearrangements of movie soundtracks, ethnic music, and easy-listening arrangements of popular works of classical music.	i don't know
By what name is the singer Orville Richard Burrell better known	Shaggy \| American Dad Wikia \| Fandom powered by Wikia Share Orville Richard Burrell (born October 22, 1968 Kingston, Jamaica), better known by his stage name Shaggy, is a Jamaican-American reggae singer & rapper. He is perhaps best known for his 1995 single "Boombastic" and 2000 single "It Wasn't Me". He has been noted as having a baritone-range singing voice and is said to have taken his nickname from his "shaggy" hair. In " The Return of the Bling ", Reginald Koala takes Hayley to a Shaggy concert at the Langley County Fair. At the concert, Hayley wants to leave but is jostled by a drunk punk. Reginald demands an apology but is refused and he gets medieval on the punk impressing Hayley.	Shaggy
How many players are there in a curling team	Shaggy \| Shaggy Orville Richard Burrell (born October 22, 19… \| Flickr Shaggy Shaggy Orville Richard Burrell (born October 22, 1968, Kingston, Jamaica), better known by his stage name Shaggy, is a Jamaican-American reggae singer who takes his nickname from Scooby-Doo's companion—a nickname given to him by his friends during his teenage years because his name bore a similarity to the Scooby Doo character. He is especially notable for his distinctive sub-baritone voice. Speaking on This Morning on August 27, 2008, Burrell states the name Shaggy is a reference to his then hairstyle. Biography Early life His family moved to the United States from Jamaica and they settled in the neighborhood of Flatbush, Brooklyn in New York City. In 1988, he joined the United States Marine Corps as a Field Artillery Cannon Crewman with 5th Battalion 10th Marines. While enlisted in the Marines he served during Operation Desert Storm during the Gulf War. It was during this time that Shaggy perfected his signature singing voice, breaking the constant monotony of running and marching cadences with his flair for inflection. It is also where he got the inspiration for his song "Boombastic".Career 1990s Upon his return from the Persian Gulf, he decided to pursue his music career and his first hit in 1993: "Oh Carolina", was a dancehall re-make of a ska hit by the Folkes Brothers.The same year, Shaggy appeared on Kenny Dope's hip hop album "The Unreleased Project". He worked together with producers such as Sting International, Don One (who cut his first track), Lloyd 'Spiderman' Campbell and Robert Livingston. He had further big hits, including "Boombastic" in 1995, the theme tune of a popular Levi's commercial.Early 2000s He then had a major comeback in 2001, featuring worldwide number-one hit singles "It Wasn't Me" and "Angel", the latter of which was built around two song samples - Merrilee Rush's 1968 hit "Angel of the Morning" (which was remade in 1981 by Juice Newton), and The Steve Miller Band's 1973 hit "The Joker". The album Hot Shot, from which those cuts came, would hit number one on the Billboard 200 and UK album chart. However, his 2002 release Lucky Day, and the 2005 album Clothes Drop failed to match Hot Shot's success, although Lucky Day still went gold.The albums, however, found success in Europe, especially with heavy airplay from the single Hey Sexy Lady. Shaggy remade the Scooby-Doo theme song on the soundtrack entitled "Shaggy, Where Are You?". Shaggy recorded the theme for Showtime, a 2002 movie. On 11 March 2007, Shaggy performed the official song of the ICC Cricket World Cup 2007, entitled "The Game of Love and Unity", with Barbadian entertainer Rupee and Trinidadian Fay-Ann Lyons at the opening ceremony at The Greenfield Stadium, Trelawny, Jamaica. Shaggy left Universal and released his latest album under his own label, Big Yard Records with distribution by VP Records. On August 2007, he joined Cyndi Lauper in Singapore for the Sonnet Music Festival, where they performed "Girls Just Want To Have Fun". On 15 October 2007, he was awarded the Jamaican Order of Distinction in the rank of Commander (CD). In January 2008, Shaggy performed a concert with Natalia and En Vogue in Antwerp. The same year, UEFA chose Shaggy to record the official anthem for the Mascots (Trix and Flix) of the Euro 2008 football tournament held in Austria and Switzerland. The song was "Feel the Rush". In the summer of 2008 he appeared on VH1's, "I Love The New Millenium". On 4 December that year, Intoxication was nominated for Best Reggae Album at the 51st Grammy Awards. On 23 August 2009 Shaggy performed at Ottawa Reggae Festival in Ottawa, Canada. There are plans for a new single release in late 2009 with "Fading Away", featuring Kevin Rudolf and Lil Jon. He will also be releasing "Fly High", featuring Gary Pine, to be issued on 5 December 2009. In 2009, Shaggy was invited to perform at the "Festival Creole" held every year from Nov 28 to Dec 6 in Mauritius Island. •1993: Pure Pleasure	i don't know
In cycling what is the tem used to describe standing on the pedals out of the saddle and pedalling hard	BicycleSource.com BicycleSource.com The largest, most comprehensive cycling glossary on the Internet. 425 words of wisdom. aero adj. abbreviation for aerodynamically efficient. aero-bars n. handlebar extension which rests the hands close together over the front hub, which is a very aero tuck. air n. space between the tires and the ground. (Both tires must be off the ground or it isn't "air".) Said to be caught or gotten. See sky . anchor n. your child, or children (anchors) that keep(s) you from riding. "Wait till you anchors grow up, you'll have road rash for breakfast and prunes for dinner!" To be used as an endearing, not demeaning, phrase. ano adj. frequently-misspelled abbreviation for "anodized". See purple . ANSI n. a withdrawn and totally wimpy bicycle helmet standard set by the American National Standards Institute. ANSI-1984 is less strict than any current standard. Read about helmet standards . apex 1) n. the apex is the middle or sharpest point of a curve 2) v. to plan your line around a bend to touch the inside of the lane at the apex, starting and leaving the turn at the outside of the lane, to flatten out the required curve and increase allowable speeds. Read about such turning techniques . ashtabula crank n. one-piece crank -- the crank arm starts on one side of the bike, bends to go through the bottom bracket, and bends again on the other side to go down to the other pedal. Typically heavy, cheap, and robust. See "cottered crank" and "cotterless crank". ASTM n. a bicycle helmet standard set by the American Society for Testing and Materials. The most frequently used helmet standard, is a bit watered down compared to Snell B-95 and many international standards. Read about helmet standards . n. All-Terrain Bike or Biking. A synonym for MTB . attack n. scabs on a rider's knees, elbows, or other body parts. bagger n. a person that habitually bags out. Also known as a loser. bagging a peak v. making it to the summit of a mountain. bagging out v. canceling a ride for something other than a death in the family. bail 1) or bail out. v. to jump off in order to avoid an imminent crash. 2) v. to give up on a ride because of bad weather coming in. (from climbing) bars n. on mountain bikes, a technologically backward straight pipe that was otherwise discarded as obsolete in the 19th century. For road bikes, a refined component which promotes aerodynamics, body geometry, muscle teamwork, stability, and comfort. basecamp rides adj. setting up camp and using it as the start and finish of tours. bead n. the part of your tire that fits onto the rim, either wire (heavy and cheap) or Kevlar (light and expensive), or what you find in Missy Giovie's hair. beartrap 1) v. to slip off one pedal, causing the other pedal to slam one in the shin, when one gets kracked with a pedal. 2) n. the toothlike scars resulting from being beartrapped. beat 1) v. to ride with reckless disregard to one's equipment, well-being, and/or the ecology of the trail. 2) adj. a term used to describe something that is not good. e.g. "It's pretty beat that the yellow trail is closed." beater n. a bike of such little value as to be able to beat on, or a bike that reaction after prolonged beating. beta n. insider information about a ride. Running or auto beta is someone telling you how to do the moves as you go (as in "can you please shut up with that running beta, I want to find out myself"). biopace adj. a now-discredited Shimano techno-fad where the chainrings were made intentionally not circular -- instead, they were elliptical, in order to (allegedly) smooth the power delivery, by giving the rider an effectively lower gear for part of the spin cycle. Now used to describe any uneven pedaling motion. Also used as a synonym for pogo-ing. blast v. to begin a big climb or ride, after reaching the foot of the long or daunting hill. "We're gonna blast after a snack at the bottom of the wall ". blocking n. getting in the way of slow down in front of rival riders, to help a teammate get ahead on a breakaway. bog or bog out. v. to be riding in a circumstance where much pedalling force is required, such as through mud or up a steep hill, and to fail to generate the required torque, generally a result of overgearing , being a wimp, or picking your line incorrectly. boing n. a suspension fork or stem; a dual-suspension bike is a boing-boing. "Mark's not going to feel much pain with his new boing-boing." boing-boing n. a bike with full (front and rear) suspension. Might possibly be considered offensive by certain owners of said bikes. boink v. same as bonk . bolt-on n. a woman with breast implants. Derived from the term for after-market bicycle parts that are literally bolted on. bomb bonk n., v. cycling's classic term for blowing up, hitting the wall, or otherwise expiring in midride. Can be caused by -- and is frequently blamed on -- insufficient water or calorie intake, but in truth is usually a result of insufficient training. "Had I eaten more linguini last night, I'm certain I wouldn't have bonked." Read all about how to prevent the bonk . boost v. to catch air off of a jump. bottom bracket n. the bearing assembly to which your crank arms attach. boulder garden n. section of road or trail that is covered with basketball sized or larger boulders. bounce v. to crater from an extreme height. Usually lethal. bra n. the rubber strip placed inside the rim to protect the tube from the nipples. brain n. a biking computer, usually featuring an odometer, speedometer, clock, and other "important" display modes. brain bucket n. a helmet featuring more vents than protective surface. brake pads n. the rubber blocks that attach to your brake cantilever arms and make your bike stop or slow down. Read about brake pads . brakes n. just for the record, is how you spell it. braze-ons n. threaded attachments welded to the bike frame to accept the mounting of brake sets, water bottle cages, rear racks, etc. or breakaway. n., v. a splitting of the field , where some riders race ahead, trying to avoid being reabsorbed by the larger and more aerodynamicly efficient peloton . bring home a Christmas tree v. to ride (or crash) through dense bushes, so leaves and branches are hanging from your bike and helmet. See prune . BSG n. an abbreviation for "Bike Store Guy". BSI n. British Standards Institution, whose standards are comparable to but more thorough than the current US standards. Read about helmet standards . bully v. to ride up a steep hill without slowing (much) from the flatland cruising speed you approached the hill with. bunny 1) n. same as betty , but used to emphasize the female rider's body; could be considerd insulting to some. 2) n. female novice rider. v. to lift both wheels off the ground by crouching down and then exploding upward, pulling the bike with you. Useful for clearing obstructions, such as curbs, potholes, logs. Differs from its older BMX & trials meaning -- see jump . burrito n. a rim braking surface that's bent inward towards the tube, forming a section that looks rolled like a burrito. bust v. a term used the same as the verb "to do" only with more emphasis. e.g. "He busted a huge air over that jump." buzz 1) n. euphoric feeling. Commonly used after a particularly hard passage is successfully completed. "I got such a buzz after that uphill grunt." 2) v. to touch wheels, or ride in very close formation from the rear. cadence n. the rate at which the crank arms are spun while riding. campy adj., n. short for Campagnolo, the famed Italian road bike component manufacturer. They are generally artfully machined and elegantly engineered, and cost enough to feed a starving Sudanese village for a year. The Georgio Armani of bikes parts, but you get what you pay for (sometimes). Canadian Standards Association n. a bike helmet standard originating in Canada. Comparable in thoroughness and requirements to the European CEN definitions, which is superior in thoroughness and inferior in requirements to the ASTM and Snell B-95 standards. Read about helmet standards . cantilever adj. most common type of brake found on mountain bikes today. Named for the two cantilever arms that pivot on the forks (front) or seat stays (rear). captain crash v. to "go down with the ship". Usually the result of a novice spud -user failing to clip out in time. carve n. the assembly of gears mated to the rear hub. See also gear cluster . cashed adj. to be too tired to ride any farther; bonked. CEN n. European adult and child bike helmet standard. Comparable in thoroughness and requirements to the Canadian Standards Association's definitions, which is superior in thoroughness and inferior in requirements to the ASTM and Snell B-95 standards. Read about helmet standards . century n. a 100 mile bike ride, or a metric century which is 100 km. Takes about four and a half or three hours, respectively, on a road bike, if you're in reasonable shape. (The ability to do a metric century in 2.5 to 3 hours is why people get road bikes.) ceramic adj. rims with ceramic braking surfaces, to increase stopping power and to reduce the mess that high-powered brake shoe compounds make of aluminum. chainring n. the dotted-line scar you get from gouging your shin on the chainring. See rookie mark . chainrings n. the gears on the front of the bike, part of the crank arm assembly. chainstay n. the bottom part of the frame that the rear wheel passes through, low parallel to the chain. chainsuck n. condition when the bike chain gets jammed between the frame and the chain rings, or when the chainring is so worn that it holds onto the chain and lifts it up to meet the incoming part of the chain. chase v. when a chase group tries to catch up with a group of riders who have broken away from a pack. v. to grind off your skin against gravel, ashfault, bike parts, or the like. chunder v. to crash. chute n. a very steep gully. The word chute is french for fall and refers to the rockfall that is very common in a chute. v. to negotiate a trail successfully without crashing. "I cleaned that last section." cleanie 1) n. one who desires to remain clean 2) n. a wimp who will not have fun, stays on the clean trails. cleat n. a cleat attaches to the bottom of a cycling shoe. Older style cleats have a slot that fits over the back of the pedal, and in conjunction with toe clips and straps, hold your foot on the pedal. Now clipless pedals have a specially designed cleat that locks into the pedal, sometimes with some ability to move side-to-side so as not to stress knees. clincher tires n. tires which use a separate tire and tube, the latter replaced after a puncture. Contrast with tubular road tires . clip out or click out. v. to disengage one's spuds . clipless adj. misleading name for a pedal-and-shoe system where the clips or cleats clip onto the soles of special shoes. Called "clipless" because you can't see the clips when you're clipped in. Contrast with toe clips . cloon n. slamming into the ground, resulting in a ringing head, or a delay in the action. Term used in biking, skiing, and snow boarding. closed circuit n. A racecourse that is completely closed to traffic. Closed circuits are most often used in criteriums or road races that use a relatively short lap (2-5 miles). cluster n. an assembly of gears. Usually described by their configuration: "My rear cluster is a 12-25." Also known as a casette . cockrotter n. one who allows his bike to fall in disrepair, and whose bike invariably fails him at some point in every ride. These people don't know why their bike always breaks, and often would rather buy new parts than keep their bike in good condition. cog n. a single gear, usually at the rear as part of a freewheel. Also rear cog or front cog. col n. the lowest point between two mountains. Also called a pass. components n. the moving parts of a bike that are attached to the frame. condom n. the little plastic or rubber thing that protects your tube's valve stem from rim damage. corndog v. to become covered in silt, usually after a fall. CPSC n. a bicycle helmet standard set by the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission. It's a smidge stricter than ASTM, but is less strict than the Snell B-95 and many international standards. Read about helmet standards . cranial disharmony adv. how one's head feels after augering . "When my lid nailed that rock, I had a definite feeling of cranial disharmony." crank 1) v. to mash on the pedals as hard as you can, and then some. As in, "I cranked so hard on getting out of that little valley, but my tire spun out and I had to walk it." 2) v. to hammer or sprint. crank arm crater 1) v. to fail to remain on the trail on the side of the 50 foot dropoff. Usually painful, as in "One of those death cookies joggled my wheel and I almost cratered on that section that looks down on the river." 2) v. to bonk . crayon v. a mostly road-specific verb that refers to the leaving of skin and viscera on the asphalt after a crash. "I'm not sure Lisa's going to make it tonight. We locked wheels this morning and she crayoned all over the place." creamed adv. as in, "stick close to the shoulder on the blind corner coming up. I almost got creamed by a transport there last week." criterium n. a massed start, high-speed bicycle race events in which riders race around a closed circuit racecourse to compete for order of finish. Criteriums are usually held on closed urban or suburban public streets. The racecourse is normally one-half to one mile in length. cross country n. a specific form of a time trial , in which competitors cover great distances riding almost around the clock. n. sudden impact between a male rider's private parts and something very hard and pointy, such as a handlebar stem or seat . cruiser 1) n. a bike for feeble people, where the seat is lower than the handlebars, the rider sits upright, and the top speed is a joke (especially given their usual owners.) 2) n. derisive term for a mountain bike or hybrid with a large wheelbase, seat below the bars, and/or crappy components and lead-pipe tubing. crux n. expensive erasure of low-hanging, shiny parts of the bike on a curb or rock. curb slide v. to place the front wheel up on a curb and allow the rear tire to scrape along the curb, usually resulting in a loud tearing sound. cyclocross n. a race run much like a criterium , except that the racecourse involves dirt surfaces, trails, and a variety of other surfaces and obstacles, many of which must be overcome by running with the bicycle. All cyclocross races are held on closed circuits on either park or vacant land, although roads are occasionally integrated into the racecourse. dab v. to put a foot down in order to catch your balance on a difficult section of trail. "I made it without crashing, but I had to dab once." dance n. fist-sized rocks that knock your bike in every direction but the one you want to proceed in. death grip n. an overly tight grip on the handlebars caused by fear of terrain, resulting in an endo or other unfortunate mishap. n. a ride that turns into an investigation of your endurance limit. "The bridge was out, and I had to go all the way back the way I came. So the morning's nice, easy ride turned into a Bataan death march ." derailleur n. those things that move the chain and change gears, one in the front and one in the back. Usually horribly mispronounced. DFL n. abbreviation for, uh, Dead... Last. dialed in adj. when a bike is set up nicely and everything works just right. Learn to get your bike dialed . n. a face plant . "Look at that guy on that gnarly single track... he's going to go over the bars and do a digger." dirt bike n. an off-road motorcycle. Regarded as only for those too feeble to do the work themselves. Usually louder than MTBs. dishing a wheel n. refers to the need to build a rear wheel off center, to accomodate the freewheel on one side -- the wider the freewheen, the more the wheel needs to be dished. dolphin hop n. a technique much like a bunny hop , but executed diferently. The rider pulls a wheelie, then maves far forward to pitches his bike down, transferring the wheelie to the rear as an obstacle passes underneath. This is the only type of hop possible for a rider using platform pedals. n. overgrown road that is like two parallel trails. down tube n. the part of the frame that connects the head tube and the bottom bracket. downstroke n. when the rider is pushing down on the pedal. draft 1) v. to ride behind a windshield, such as another rider or a motor vehicle. "When I was drafting you down that huge-ass hill, you were pedalling madly while I barely had to turn the cranks!" 2) n. the area sheltered behing a moving object. "You know, it's kinda hard to stay in your draft at high speed if you don't ride in a straight line." drillium n. any part with lots of holes drilled in it to make it lighter. dropouts n. the U-shaped slots that accept the wheel axle. drops n. the dropped section on dropped handlebars. Used when muscle geometry and an aero tuck are important, such as when ascending, descending, or going fast. n. a dirt road used by four-wheeled vehicles rarely enough that their tires have made ruts that became parallel singletracks. Also called doubletrack. See singletrack . Durango, Colorado Mountain biking's defacto capital, with amazing trails, several manufacturers, and an insanely high number of resident pros, including Tomac, Giove, Herbold, Overend, and Furtado. echlon endo n. the maneuver of flying unexpectedly over the handlebars, thus being forcibly ejected from the bike. Short for "end over end". "I hit that rock and went endo like nobody's business." See "superman". In BMX riding, "endo" used to be a synonym for front wheelie . engine n. the clump of riders near or at the front in a road race. "We made a break on that big ascent, and at one point the rest of the field was over a minute behind." fieldsprint n. a sprint for the finish line involving a large group of riders. THis is an impressive sight indeed. filet brazing n. the magical art of welding high-end metal bikes. The tubes fit together with almost invisible seams, as opposed to the monstrous, caterpillar-like welds on most mountain bikes. first blood n. credit to the first rider in a group who crashes and starts bleeding as a result. fishtail v. when the rear end locks and slides about behind you. Occurs during strong braking on loose terrain. fit kit n. a great set of equipment and instructions to measure the components of a correct bicycle fit. Generally, pretty accurate, and are especially good for positioning cleats. flail v. to ride badly and out of control. e.g. "He flailed off the jump and hit a tree." flash v. clearing a technical pitch without dabbing, especially if the rider has no previous experience on the route (See also onsight flash , where the rider has never seen the trail before, and beta flash , where the rider has seen or studied the route.) flex n. when the frame doesn't stay put when you mash the brakes, mash the pedals, or do other normal things. flick n. when a rider can't disengage his cleats from the pedals before falling over. See horizontal track stand . forcing the pace v. to increase the speed of the race to the point that other riders have trouble keeping up. forks n. what holds the front wheel, or a modern eating utensil, unfamiliar to most mountain bikers. frame table n. a big strong table that Will Not Flex and which has anchors at critical places -- dropouts, bottom bracket, seat, head. It also has places to attach accurate measuring instruments like dial gauges, scratch needles, etc. The frame is clamped to the table and out-of-line parts are yielded into alignment. fred 1) n. a person who spends a lot of money on his bike and clothing, but still can't ride. "What a fred -- too much Lycra and titanium and not enough skill." Synonym for poser . Occasionally called a "barney". 2) n. a person who has a mishmash of old gear, does't care at all about technology or fashion, didn't race or follow racing, etc. Often identified by chainring marks on white calf socks. Used by "serious" roadies to disparage utility cyclists and touring riders, especially after these totally unfashionable "freds" drop the "serious" roadies on hills because the "serious" guys were really posers. This term is from road touring and, according to popular myth, "Fred" was a well-known grumpy old touring rider, who really was named Fred. freewheel n. the part of the rear gear cluster that allows the bike to coast without the pedals turning, or what you find in the parking lot after a big race. n. an assembly of gears. Usually described by their configuration: "My rear cluster is a 12-25." Also known as a casette . getting air v. uh... the exchange of currency for cylinders containing a mixture of compressed nitrogen, oygen, and other trace gasses. giblets n. sexy little add-ons or upgrades, usually made of titanium or CNC'd aluminum. "That's the fourth time this week that Tom's gone by the shop to gawk at giblets." (See also velo-porn .) gnarly adj. an 80's term for a particular steep and rough section of trail. gnarly dude adj. Southern Californian for Gnarly. gonzo 1) adj. treacherous, extreme. "That vertical drop was sheer gonzo." 2) v. riding with reckless abandon. Not generally appropriate for singletrack. n. the lowest gear available on a bike, or a third and smallest front cog, which is only found on bikes for the feeble. Roadies don't have, need, or want them. grate v. the act of producing bacon or little flaps of severed skin, against either the ground or a bike component. See also crayon and cheese grater ). n. a fall . Greg Herbold "The Mighty Goof," off-roading's resident personality. First downhill world champ. A favorite with manufacturers; his input helped develop and fine tune the original Rock Shox and SPD pedals. Now semi-retired, but still a major force on the R&D circuit, and still Japan's biggest off-road star. grindies n. as in, "all that dried mud and sand left me with a loud case of the grindies in my drivetrain." gripped adj. paralyzed with fear and utterly confused. grunt n. a very difficult climb, requiring use of the granny gear . Often used in understatement, as in "Well, I suppose it's a fair grunt, but we used to ride it all the time." gutter bunny n. a rider who hammers, or simply can ride faster than the one commenting. hand plant n. a crash where your fall is broken only by cheese grating your hands. Best if done wearing bicycle gloves. hanging on v. riding in the slipstream of another rider, but being lazy and refusing to take your turn in at the front. hardcore 1) excl. word of praise and amazement, generally spoken as two separate syllables. 2) adj. impressive or requiring devotion, such as an extreme cliffbombing session. hardtail n. any bike with front suspension but no rear suspension. Contrast with rigid and F/S . head tube n. the short frame member that attaches the top tube to the down tube, and holds the headset in place header n. going over the handlebars. headset n. the bearing assembly that attaches the fork to the head tube. Henrik "Hank" Djernis n. pronounced "JER-nis," the three-time defending world cross-country mountain-bike champion and hard-guy of the dirt. Use his surname (charitably) to make your riding chum feel very tough. "Man, you really Djernised me on that last climb." HOHA n. Hateful Old Hikers Association. "HOHA members hate mountain bicyclists with a fervor exceeding that of rabid wolverines." honk 1) v. to vomit due to cycling exertion. 2) v. to grab hard on the bar ends while climbing to increase torque and traction on the rear wheel. hook v. to lock handlebars or wheels, and go down in a bloody pile of metal and muscle. hooks n. the dropped section on dropped handlebars. Used when muscle geometry and an aero tuck are important, such as when ascending, descending, or going fast. n. a foot fault that happens at a stop sign. hose-pipes n. large-section tubular tires, about the size and weight of clincher touring tires. Much heavier than racing tubulars, which can be two or three times lighter, at as little at 150 grams. hub n. located at the center of the wheel attached to the rim by the spokes. hucker n. one who is ejected wildly through the air and does not land on his/her feet hydraulic n. a flavour of brakes which use brake fluid to actuate the pads, which offer better modulation even than most high-end side-pull calipers, but at an intimidating cost. hyperglide n. freewheel cogs with small "ramps" cut into the sides of the cogs which tend to pull the chain more quickly to the next larger cog when shifting. idiot lever n. the gimmicky brake assist lever found on some older road bikes, which allow the rider to brake with his hands on top of the bars, rather than on the brake hoods or on the drops. Ignorant consumers buy bikes with them, although they're no more convienant than braking from the hoods, and for powerful braking the stability, steering, and weight distribution from using the drops is essential. IMBA n. International Mountain Biking Association. An organization for trail advocacy. impedimentia v. to accelerate quickly; to go very fast. John Tomac One of the greatest ever and certainly mountain biking's biggest star. He's won every major race at least once and is still the highest-paid racer. JRA n. abbreviation for the Just Riding Along syndrome (and then the bike spontaneously exploded), a class of warrently claims viewed as highly suspect. Juli Furtado The toughest, most fit rider on earth. Had a remarkable two-year winning streak through 1995. Former Olympic-level ski racer who blew out her knees and reinvented herself as an off-road pro. Rides for Team GT. "Cursed" in the world championships--despite her skills, she's never won. n., v. where we now say bunny hop , BMXers used to say "jump". kack n. an injury to the shin received while doing trials, a kack can be the result of any injury receive during technical riding. kick-out n. a bunny hop in which the rider pushes the back tire to one side. kicker n. a steep section of road or trail. knurled adj. a pattern stamped onto the sides of some steel rims to improve the braking surface. large n. synonym for high. e.g. "You can get some seriously large air off that jump." LBS n. abbreviation for "Local Bike Shop". lead out n., v. a rider intentionally sacrificing his chances of winning a sprint, so that a teammate can ride in his draft until ready to begin the final sprint. leadout n., v. helping another rider to do well in a final sprint, by providing a windbreak and opening up a hole in the pack. n. the desirable path or strategy to take on a tricky trail section. loop trip n. ride that forms a loop with no backtracking. lug n. metal reinforcing piece into which the tubing for expensive road bikes is brazed, allowing lighter tubing. The seat lug reinforces the connection between the top tube and the seat tube, for example. Magura n. the first hydraulic brake for the mountain bike. It's screaming yellow, powerful, and made in Germany. male blindness n. when a male rider watches a beautiful female ride over rough terrain and stares intensely at all the jiggling parts, making him too dizzy to see straight when it's his turn to ride the same terrain. mandibular disharmony adv. how one's jaw feels when it and the handle bars attempt to occupy the same space and time. [banshee screech, in stereo] "I've got mandibular disharmony." mantrap n. hole covered with autumn leaves, resembling solid earth and effective at eating the front wheel of the unsuspecting rider. Marin n. (muh RINN') the county in Northern California where MTBing is said to have been invented. Just north of the Golden Gate Bridge. n. a bike mechanic, especially at a professional bike race in Europe. See also tech and wrench . Missy Giove The wildest, fastest chick on Planet Dirt. If she doesn't crash and injure herself, she's guaranteed to win. Tattoos and hair and piercings. She races for Cannondale. There are probably only ten men on earth faster than her, and she's knocking them off, one-by-one. Bonus points: came out in 1995. mo n. momentum. "If you don't get in gear at the bottom of that hill, you'll lose your mo." modulation n. the ability to finely and consistantly select a specific braking force, rather than moving straight from no braking power to locked wheels and an endo. Hydraulic brakes have great modulation; V-brakes are gimmicky crap. mojo n. charm or icon worn by a biker or attached to the bike. moto or Motor Official. n. a race referee or official who uses a motorcycle during the bicycle race event. The motor referee is often primarily responsible for centerline rule enforcement during road races using a rolling enclosure. Motor officials are also used to keep track of riders where cars and the peloton cannot mix (narrow roads, winding roads, etc.). motor marshal n. race staff on motorcycles responsible for assisting in keeping a racecourse clear and safe for competitors, usually in conjunction with a rolling or protected enclosure. mountainbike-aneering n. off shoot sport of mountain biking where peak bagging is a prime consideration. Another sport featuring the "because it's there" attitude. n. the activity of MounTain Biking. Or a mountain bike itself. Also v. "MTBing". See ATB , OHV , ORV , VTT . mud bogging v. riding through muck for fun. mud diving n. what happens when a bike slows abruptly in mud, throwing the rider into wet goo. mud-ectomy 1) v. a shower after a ride on a muddy trail. 2) v. the act of becoming clean. n. used to prevent wang chung . NCCA n. abbreviation for National Collegiate Cycling Association . The NCCA is a standing committee of USA Cycling . The NCCA administers, develops, promotes and governs collegiate bicycling across the country. Rules for NCCA bicycle road races are the same as for USCF bicycle race events. nipple n. the nut at the end of a spoke that nobody knows the real name for. nirvana n. the state of being in absolute control and totally in tune with your bike, the trail, and your physical strength. "I was just doing it all so smoothly and delicately and quickly, it was nirvana!" Synonym for The Zone . n. National Off-Road Bicycling Association. As part of USAC , they organize most of the larger mountain bike races. nosepickium n. the crusties you pick from your nose after a ride in a dusty environ. O.D. This is short for "Off Day". Even the best riders have them. It is important to recognize the symptoms and to back off when you are having an O.D. off the back adj. when a rider is dropped, or cannot keep up with the pace of the windshield (such as a peloton or another rider) and falls behind. off the front adj. when a rider takes part in a breakaway, where one or more riders scoot up ahead of the main peloton in a race. off-camber turn n. a turn which would usually be banked in the opposite direction, so the banking is the opposite of what would be expected on a racetrack corner. The road's angle is added to, rather than subtracted from, the lean angle. Take these turns cautiously for, among other things, your tread may not extend far enough up the side. adj. a condition where the rider is using a gear combination which is too high or "hard" given the circumstances. Generally results in bogging out or needless fatigue. paceline n. A single file of riders, each of which takes his turn battling the wind at the front. pack v., n. a crash or fall. e.g. "He packed into that snow bank and broke his leg." panic skid v. to try with all one's will and strength to prevent an impending stack by attempting to implant one's heels as deeply as possible in the ground. Usually a dumb idea. pass n. the lowest passage between two mountains. The french - but not just the french - know this as a col. The mathematicians would call this the saddle point. pavement polish n. the small paralell grooves you find an your bike and its expensive components after you wipe out and smear all aver the blacktop. Pavement polish is the bike equivalent of road rash . n. the large, aerodynamicly efficient, and extremely fast pack of riders near the front in a road race, also known as the field . phat or fat. adj. used to describe how exceptional something is like a "Phat Air" might be a really styled out trick as well as being "large", that is, very high. v. planning the path of the bike by anticipating approaching terrain, or choosing a barroom introduction. Example: "What's your sign?" Common reply: "Trail closed" pimp n. a Bike Store Guy who is always trying to sell stuff on the trail. "Blow off, pimp. If I want your opinion, I'll give it to you." pinch flat n. flat tire caused by the tube being pinched between the rim and a hard object, usually due to under -inflated tires pitch n. a short section of technical road or trail. pogo v. to bounce on a full-suspension bike like a pogo stick. Also, for a full-suspension bike to bounce annoyingly and uncontrollably. pokes n. short for slow pokes. This is someone that always lingers in the back of the pack. This is not a crime. 'pooter n. also known as a brain , the electronic doodad that keeps track of your speed, cadence, heart rate, and the current US Government debt. portage n. a wheel that has been bent badly, but not taco'd . powder run n. extremely dusty section of trail. powerslide n. a two-wheel sideways slide, with the foot opposite the direction of travel kept on the ground. powerslide n. a two-wheel sideways slide, with the foot opposite the direction of travel kept on the ground. prang v. to bend or dent a part of the bike or body. Presta n. flavour of valve which is taller, lighter and skinnier than Shraeder car tire valves, which incorporate a screw-in lock into the valve. pretzeled 1) adj. the condition in which you find your frame after a less than successful attempt to mail it third class to Abu Dhabi. 2) adj. the condition both you and your bike are found in after a hairy collision. protected enclosure n. a type of traffic control in which the entire road is closed to other traffic as the race passes any given point. The road reopens after the race passes. v. to use one's bike or helmet to remove leaves and branches from the surrounding flora. Usually unintentional. pull v. to ride at the front of a group of riders, where there is no protection from wind resistance. pull off v. to give up at the front of a group, and return to a position in the formation that is sheltered from wind resistance, such as the back of a paceline. pull through v. to take the front position in a paceline after the previous leader has "pulled off" and left for the rear. pump v. to bounce a suspension fork in hopes of some useful effect, or to encourage excitement pumped 1) adj. the feeling of overworked muscles, where they swell and strength disappears. 2) adj. a feeling of childish excitement about a new toy or trail. 1) n. a novice's pedaling motion, consisting of alternately pushing each foot down, instead of spinning . 2) n. a Shimano techno-fad shifting system. quick-release n. bolts with levers attached, for easy adjustment and removal of wheels and seat height R&D n. Ripoff & Duplication, or Research & Development. rag dolly v. to wreck in such a way that one's person is tossed like a flimsy scrap of cloth. "Did you see me rag dolly back there? I think I pierced my ear on a tree branch." railing v. making fast and hard turns, like you're on rails and are immune to traction loss. e.g. "He was railing around that turn before he slid out and biffed." rake n. the amount, in degrees, that a front fork curves forward from a line drawn down the stem or steerer. More rake absorbs shock and adds inherant stability to the front wheel, at the cost of a sprintiness and maneuvrability. rally v. to ride exceptionally well, especially on normally difficult routes. randonee n. a form of cross country bicycle race event. It is run as a very long recreational event, lasting two or three days. RDS n. abbreviation for Rapid Deceleration Syndrome. Military term for the very sudden illness that happens when the free-flight following a high-speed involuntary dismount is interrupted by something solid. rear triangle n. the triangle formed by the chain stays, seat stays, and seat tube refor v. to ride about with reckless or vandalous disregard for the local ecology. Stems from the practice of using jeeps to scream around reforestation areas leaving a wake of destruction in their path. "Heh, we just came back from reforing (ree'four'ing) around the elementry school's front lawn. Hey, you know how to do a brake torque?" Regina Siefel The reigning sex symbol of the downhill circuit. Won the DH world cup twice. Suffers from same curse as Furtado; she's never won a world championship. Lives with husband and kids next to the Zugspitze, Germany's highest mountain, and a damn fun one to say. relay n. a specific form of a time trial , in which competitors cover great distances riding almost around the clock. retro-grouch n. a rider who prefers an old bike with old components and isn't fond of new, high-tech equipment. 'rhoid buffing v. going down a hill so steep that your butt touches the rear wheel. Ride On! excl. a parting phrase used by riders with out much else to say. riding the pegs n. large abrasions on a rider's legs and body caused by a crash, particularly on asphalt. roadie n. a rider who considers trails to be for the weak and feeble. rock garden n. section of the trail that is completely covered with grapefruit ( baby head ) size to basketball sized rocks. rock-ectomy v. removing rocks, dirt, gravel from one's person after a yard sale . "Some betty stopped by and performed a rock ectomy on my knee after the wreck, I think she digs my scene." rocket fuel n. the mandatory pre-ride coffee. rockwell v. an unintentionally performed hardness test rendered by a trial side object on your anatomy or possesions. Requires the use of a number to rate the event. "I 50 Rockwelled on that last buster." "No way, dude, it was at least a 60!" rolling enclosure n. a type of traffic control where escort vehicles form a caravan leading and following a group of racers. The enclosure sets aside a moving part of the roadway in the direction of the race for exclusive use of bicyclists. Racers inside the enclosure are not required to follow the normal rules of the road. Racers are not allowed to cross the center line unless the entire road is traffic controlled. A rolling enclosure is the typical traffic control used to run a road race. ROMP n. acronym for Responsible Organized Mountain Pedalers, a Silicon Valley organization teaching mountain biking skills, organizing rides, and active in trail politics. n. chain grease on a rider's pant leg. "Give that guy extra points for his rookie mark. It's even on the wrong leg!" See chainring tattoo . roost v. to go fast or accelerate quickly. Or, to stop suddenly. rooster trail n. a spray of water flung off the back wheel as the bicycle rolls through water. Particularly pronounced on bikes without fenders. rude drop-off n. a sudden drop on the trail of two feet or more. saddle n. the bike seat, or the color of your new Naugahyde recliner schmooz v. the act of reaching a trail head and not riding. What is done when one really can't stand the thought of starting a ride. Talking. Bullshitting. Schraeder n. flavour of valve found on cars, and most mountain bikes. Tubular road tires, and some clincher mountain and road tubes, use the better, Presta system. schwag 1) n. terrible trail conditions. 2) n. free stuff. See swag . scream 1) n. a real biker's dream ride. 2) n. a long, straight, and deceptively steep hill. 3) v. to bomb so fast one can't pedal fast enough to make a difference. screamer n. a very, very high dropoff. "I was trying so hard to keep my eyes away from the ledge back there. What a screamer!" seat tube n. the part of the frame that accepts the seat post, and attaches the top tube to the bottom bracket seatpost n. the post that attaches your seat to the frame at the seat tube seatstay n. the two frame members through which the rear wheel passes that meet the chain stays at the rear dropouts semi-loop n. loop trip with a section of out and back attached. sew-ups n. also known as tubulars, lightweight road tires and rims with the tread directly on the tube, which is glued right onto a flat rim. Opposite of clincher tires, which have a separate tube inside. shifter n. the lever that activates the derailleurs side-pull caliper adj. most common type of brakes found on quality road bikes. Designed such that one braking surface contacts the rim first, improving brake modulation. n. trail just wide enough for one person, horse, or bike -- the mountain biker's holy grail. Contrast with dual-track or doubletrack . SIS n. Shimano Indexed Shifters, where you click the shifter and the gears change quickly and exactly (hopefully). Opposite of friction shifting. sitting in v. to be a lazy sot who doesn't take their turn at the front of a paceline. Can be used as a tactic to tire one's opponent. sketching v. the act of riding along precariously and near falling. skid lid n. helmet. skid row n. that section of trail that nobody ever expects or remembers that always appears too suddenly when riding too fast. Usually switchbacks. Named after all the skid tracks left there from previous riders. v. to jump extremely high. To get big air . slicks n. mountain bike tires with no tread to be used at very high pressure, for those too ignorant to get a fast and efficient road bike for use on roads. They make some difference, but doesn't fix the aerodynamics, body geometry, handlebar shape, or anything else that matters. snake bite n. a double puncture of an inner tube, caused by hitting an obstacle too hard or by under-inflation of tires. snell n. a bicycle helmet standard; the Snell B-90S is kinda wimpy, but the Snelll B-95 is stricter than ASTM. Read about helmet standards . snowmine n. an object hidden by snow on the trail. "Be careful of the snowmines -- you know, rocks, logs, hibernating bears..." soft-tail n. a face plant . SOPWAMTOS n. acronym for the Society Of People Who Actually Make Their Own Shit, a loose US organisation of small framebuilders and component manufacturers. speed check n. if you are approaching a jump too fast, you may need to slow down by making quick speed check. In other words, braking. spider n. the five-pronged section or attachment on the right-hand crank into which the chainrings are screwed. spike v. to obtain a chainring tattoo on the back of the calf, usually the result of a newbie trying to dab or panic skid at high speeds. v. smooth pedal motion. Opposite of push-push . spinout v. loss of traction in the rear tire, resulting in the wheel spinning with no forward movement of the bike, usually while climbing on loose gravel splatter n., v. crash. stage race n. these combine several different types of bicycle races into one multiple part bicycle race event. Stage races commonly include road races, time trials, and criteriums. These races are usually scheduled over a period of two or more days. Order of finish is determined by lowest combined elapsed time or combined points depending on the scoring format. steed n. your bike, the reason for your existence. stem n. the piece of metal that attaches the handlebars to the headset STI adj. "Shimano Total Integration" -- a marketing ploy that forces you to buy new brakes when you replace your shifters. stiction n. when friction maken a suspension fork travel sticky instead of smooth. stoked adj. an alternate term for the word psyched. In other words, to be excited. stoned adj. describes a rider after a crash which imbeds stones into the rider's skin. superman n. a rider who flies over the handlebars and doesn't hit the ground for a long time. This may result in injury, but when it doesn't, it's really funny for everyone else. or schwag. n. the stuff that manufacturers and vendors donate to be given away at bike related events. When you race, go to bike shows, help put on events, write bike articles, you are often rewarded with swag. swingoff n., v. abruptly disengaging from a formation to move from the wind-battered lead position to sheltered rear when your stint at the front is over. table-top n. a jump in which the rider throws the bike sideways in mid-air. Less commonly, a jump made over a hill that reaches a plateau and goes back down. v. to bend a wheel over on itself, in the shape of a taco. "I taco'd my wheel, and it cost me a hundred bucks." Worse than a potato chip . tea party n. when a whole group of riders stops and chats, and nobody seems to want to ride on. n. a bike mechanic, especially at a professional bike race in Western Canada. See also mechanic and wrench . technical n. a section of trail that is difficult to ride because of rocks, tree roots, steep drops. n. a screwy or unique technology that a dominant company (usually Shimano) tries to foist upon the innocent cycling public. Past techno-fads include Biopace chainrings, and overly complex "thumb-thumb" or "push-push" shifters. techno-weenie n. a rider who knows everything about the newest bike parts and techno-fads except how to use either them or his bike. Someone who buys lots of gadgets to add supposed iotas of performance to the bike. Greeting a friend whom we haven't seen in a year, I might say "Hi, Marta!" A techno-weenie might say "Oooh, you got Campy Record hubs on that bike now?" thrash 1) v. to cause severe ecological damage to a trail, usually during the wet season. 2) adj. a damaged trail "That trail's really thrashed after last winter." three-hour tour n. a ride that looks like a piece of cake at the outset but turns out to be a death march . Derived from the theme song to "Gilligan's Island." ti n. pronounced "tie," it's the periodic-table abbreviation for titanium, and just about the only chemistry-class vestige that a rider should sprinkle into the conversation. "Sheila's running ti bar ends, ti pedal spindles, a ti seat post, and a ti wedding band." time trials n. bicycle race events in which individuals or small teams of riders ride the same route and distance separately for elapsed time. Time trials are generally started at preset intervals and held on an out-and-back or circuit course, and are generally 15 or 40 km, but dozens of lengths are sanctioned. n. a clip-and-strap system that connects a rider's feet and toes to her pedals. Toe clips usually don't require special shoes. tombstone n. one of those damn little rocks protruding out of the trail which you don't notice because you are having a heart-attack climbing the hill. top tube n. the part of the frame that attaches the head tube to the seat tube topo n. short for United States Geological Survey topographic map. tornado v. to balance on your front wheel while turning your back wheel 90-180 degrees in either direction. Track Left! imp. a signal to gape at the passing rider on your left, generally accompanied with a sharp movement to veer right into his path. Track Right! imp. a signal to the slowpoke ahead to look around for a hidden turnoff to the left, so he'll get the hell out of your way because there isn't any room to pass on singletrack anyway. track stand n. (from fixed-gear track racing) a maneuver where the rider stops the bike and attempts to remain standing. track wobble n. when the rider stops the bike and attempts to remain standing, but can't do it very well. Characterised by rolling forward, violent movements of the front wheel, and a distressed expression on the rider's face. See track stand, above. trail n. the distance between a line drawn straight up from the center of the bottom bracket to the nose of your saddle, generally 30 to 50 mm. The seat tube angle determines this, being less for sprinting frames, more for touring frames. trail swag n. equipment or accessories dropped by other bikers and found on the trail. trials n. the art of hopping onto large objects on your bike, for those who can't go fast and have no endurance. Not to be confused with Time Trials, which is just the opposite. tricked out n. tubing with two butts of differing thicknesses, such as 0.9/0.6/0.8 mm. See single-butted , double-butted . true v., adj. The ability of a wheel to spin with no lateral wobble, or the act of effecting this condition with a swift kick or a spoke wrench. TST n. Treadmill Stress Test. A medical procudure recommended for those with heart conditdons or over 35 before setting out on a rigourous exercise progrem. See this article about TST . n. also known as sew-ups, lightweight road tires and rims with the tread directly on the tube, which is glued right onto a flat rim. Opposite of clincher tires, which have a separate tube inside. tuck n. a riding position, generally a contorted one with the head and torso low, back flat, and arms close in for aerodynamics. tweak 1) n. a jump during which the rider twists the handlebars back and forth in mid-air, the more times the better. 2) v. to slightly injure a part of the body or the bike in a crash. "I tweaked my wrist when I fell." 3) v. to make a minor adjustment. "My brake pads were rubbing but I tweaked the cable and it went away." 4) adj. when something isn't quite right, "You'd have to be seriously tweaked to replace those hydraulics with V-brakes." UCI n. acronym for Union Cycliste Internationale, an international sanctioning organization for bicycle racing. Ugly Geek Jerseys n. shirts worn by posers that are covered with advertising logos for which they are receiving no compensation. organization of USAC . v-brakes n. a gimmicky techno-fad brake system, with two settings: off and locked. For people who can't understand the concept that if excessive power really was more important that modulation, people would stop by ramming a stick in their spokes. valve stem n. where the pump is attached to fill the tube with air. Valve stems come in two types, Shraeder - (standard American style, like the valve found on you car tire), or Presta (like usual, the Italian version is better thathe American crap; tall and skinny with a screw in seal) vegetable tunnel n. a singletrack that is heavily overgrown with foliage, so a rider must duck and bend to get through it. n. full-page, four-color advertisements of giblets in cycling magazines. It can arouse giblet lust, giblet envy, and in serious cases, feelings of bike inadequacy. "Peter skipped right over the race results and went straight for the velo-porn." void 1) n. to empty the contents of one's bladder. "Where were you, man? We waited for at least two minutes." "Sorry, dude, I had to void, my back teeth were floating." 2) n. a deep chasm that you have to clear or you will die. n. what you might get when your stem has no nard guard . See crotch-testing . wash out or simply wash. v. to have the front tire lose traction, especially while going around a corner or when inadvertantly locked. Generally results in the wheel ending up somewhere other than under the rider. washboard n. small, regular undulations of the soil surface that make for a very rough ride. weight-weenie n. a bike owner (not even necessarily a rider) who is more concerned with how many milligrams a certain component saves off the bike's total weight than with how to be a better rider. wheelie n. lifting the front wheel off the ground, or the act of riding on the rear wheel only, usually with some combination of pulling on the handlebars, pedaling harder, and balance. whiteknuckle v. to rapidly descend on a trail that's sheer gonzo when you were expecting a cake walk. "Man, I just whiteknuckled that descent at like 50 kph! Why didn't you tell me about the dropoff and rock garden?"	Honk
In which city would you watch football in the Nou Camp Stadium	BicycleSource.com BicycleSource.com The largest, most comprehensive cycling glossary on the Internet. 425 words of wisdom. aero adj. abbreviation for aerodynamically efficient. aero-bars n. handlebar extension which rests the hands close together over the front hub, which is a very aero tuck. air n. space between the tires and the ground. (Both tires must be off the ground or it isn't "air".) Said to be caught or gotten. See sky . anchor n. your child, or children (anchors) that keep(s) you from riding. "Wait till you anchors grow up, you'll have road rash for breakfast and prunes for dinner!" To be used as an endearing, not demeaning, phrase. ano adj. frequently-misspelled abbreviation for "anodized". See purple . ANSI n. a withdrawn and totally wimpy bicycle helmet standard set by the American National Standards Institute. ANSI-1984 is less strict than any current standard. Read about helmet standards . apex 1) n. the apex is the middle or sharpest point of a curve 2) v. to plan your line around a bend to touch the inside of the lane at the apex, starting and leaving the turn at the outside of the lane, to flatten out the required curve and increase allowable speeds. Read about such turning techniques . ashtabula crank n. one-piece crank -- the crank arm starts on one side of the bike, bends to go through the bottom bracket, and bends again on the other side to go down to the other pedal. Typically heavy, cheap, and robust. See "cottered crank" and "cotterless crank". ASTM n. a bicycle helmet standard set by the American Society for Testing and Materials. The most frequently used helmet standard, is a bit watered down compared to Snell B-95 and many international standards. Read about helmet standards . n. All-Terrain Bike or Biking. A synonym for MTB . attack n. scabs on a rider's knees, elbows, or other body parts. bagger n. a person that habitually bags out. Also known as a loser. bagging a peak v. making it to the summit of a mountain. bagging out v. canceling a ride for something other than a death in the family. bail 1) or bail out. v. to jump off in order to avoid an imminent crash. 2) v. to give up on a ride because of bad weather coming in. (from climbing) bars n. on mountain bikes, a technologically backward straight pipe that was otherwise discarded as obsolete in the 19th century. For road bikes, a refined component which promotes aerodynamics, body geometry, muscle teamwork, stability, and comfort. basecamp rides adj. setting up camp and using it as the start and finish of tours. bead n. the part of your tire that fits onto the rim, either wire (heavy and cheap) or Kevlar (light and expensive), or what you find in Missy Giovie's hair. beartrap 1) v. to slip off one pedal, causing the other pedal to slam one in the shin, when one gets kracked with a pedal. 2) n. the toothlike scars resulting from being beartrapped. beat 1) v. to ride with reckless disregard to one's equipment, well-being, and/or the ecology of the trail. 2) adj. a term used to describe something that is not good. e.g. "It's pretty beat that the yellow trail is closed." beater n. a bike of such little value as to be able to beat on, or a bike that reaction after prolonged beating. beta n. insider information about a ride. Running or auto beta is someone telling you how to do the moves as you go (as in "can you please shut up with that running beta, I want to find out myself"). biopace adj. a now-discredited Shimano techno-fad where the chainrings were made intentionally not circular -- instead, they were elliptical, in order to (allegedly) smooth the power delivery, by giving the rider an effectively lower gear for part of the spin cycle. Now used to describe any uneven pedaling motion. Also used as a synonym for pogo-ing. blast v. to begin a big climb or ride, after reaching the foot of the long or daunting hill. "We're gonna blast after a snack at the bottom of the wall ". blocking n. getting in the way of slow down in front of rival riders, to help a teammate get ahead on a breakaway. bog or bog out. v. to be riding in a circumstance where much pedalling force is required, such as through mud or up a steep hill, and to fail to generate the required torque, generally a result of overgearing , being a wimp, or picking your line incorrectly. boing n. a suspension fork or stem; a dual-suspension bike is a boing-boing. "Mark's not going to feel much pain with his new boing-boing." boing-boing n. a bike with full (front and rear) suspension. Might possibly be considered offensive by certain owners of said bikes. boink v. same as bonk . bolt-on n. a woman with breast implants. Derived from the term for after-market bicycle parts that are literally bolted on. bomb bonk n., v. cycling's classic term for blowing up, hitting the wall, or otherwise expiring in midride. Can be caused by -- and is frequently blamed on -- insufficient water or calorie intake, but in truth is usually a result of insufficient training. "Had I eaten more linguini last night, I'm certain I wouldn't have bonked." Read all about how to prevent the bonk . boost v. to catch air off of a jump. bottom bracket n. the bearing assembly to which your crank arms attach. boulder garden n. section of road or trail that is covered with basketball sized or larger boulders. bounce v. to crater from an extreme height. Usually lethal. bra n. the rubber strip placed inside the rim to protect the tube from the nipples. brain n. a biking computer, usually featuring an odometer, speedometer, clock, and other "important" display modes. brain bucket n. a helmet featuring more vents than protective surface. brake pads n. the rubber blocks that attach to your brake cantilever arms and make your bike stop or slow down. Read about brake pads . brakes n. just for the record, is how you spell it. braze-ons n. threaded attachments welded to the bike frame to accept the mounting of brake sets, water bottle cages, rear racks, etc. or breakaway. n., v. a splitting of the field , where some riders race ahead, trying to avoid being reabsorbed by the larger and more aerodynamicly efficient peloton . bring home a Christmas tree v. to ride (or crash) through dense bushes, so leaves and branches are hanging from your bike and helmet. See prune . BSG n. an abbreviation for "Bike Store Guy". BSI n. British Standards Institution, whose standards are comparable to but more thorough than the current US standards. Read about helmet standards . bully v. to ride up a steep hill without slowing (much) from the flatland cruising speed you approached the hill with. bunny 1) n. same as betty , but used to emphasize the female rider's body; could be considerd insulting to some. 2) n. female novice rider. v. to lift both wheels off the ground by crouching down and then exploding upward, pulling the bike with you. Useful for clearing obstructions, such as curbs, potholes, logs. Differs from its older BMX & trials meaning -- see jump . burrito n. a rim braking surface that's bent inward towards the tube, forming a section that looks rolled like a burrito. bust v. a term used the same as the verb "to do" only with more emphasis. e.g. "He busted a huge air over that jump." buzz 1) n. euphoric feeling. Commonly used after a particularly hard passage is successfully completed. "I got such a buzz after that uphill grunt." 2) v. to touch wheels, or ride in very close formation from the rear. cadence n. the rate at which the crank arms are spun while riding. campy adj., n. short for Campagnolo, the famed Italian road bike component manufacturer. They are generally artfully machined and elegantly engineered, and cost enough to feed a starving Sudanese village for a year. The Georgio Armani of bikes parts, but you get what you pay for (sometimes). Canadian Standards Association n. a bike helmet standard originating in Canada. Comparable in thoroughness and requirements to the European CEN definitions, which is superior in thoroughness and inferior in requirements to the ASTM and Snell B-95 standards. Read about helmet standards . cantilever adj. most common type of brake found on mountain bikes today. Named for the two cantilever arms that pivot on the forks (front) or seat stays (rear). captain crash v. to "go down with the ship". Usually the result of a novice spud -user failing to clip out in time. carve n. the assembly of gears mated to the rear hub. See also gear cluster . cashed adj. to be too tired to ride any farther; bonked. CEN n. European adult and child bike helmet standard. Comparable in thoroughness and requirements to the Canadian Standards Association's definitions, which is superior in thoroughness and inferior in requirements to the ASTM and Snell B-95 standards. Read about helmet standards . century n. a 100 mile bike ride, or a metric century which is 100 km. Takes about four and a half or three hours, respectively, on a road bike, if you're in reasonable shape. (The ability to do a metric century in 2.5 to 3 hours is why people get road bikes.) ceramic adj. rims with ceramic braking surfaces, to increase stopping power and to reduce the mess that high-powered brake shoe compounds make of aluminum. chainring n. the dotted-line scar you get from gouging your shin on the chainring. See rookie mark . chainrings n. the gears on the front of the bike, part of the crank arm assembly. chainstay n. the bottom part of the frame that the rear wheel passes through, low parallel to the chain. chainsuck n. condition when the bike chain gets jammed between the frame and the chain rings, or when the chainring is so worn that it holds onto the chain and lifts it up to meet the incoming part of the chain. chase v. when a chase group tries to catch up with a group of riders who have broken away from a pack. v. to grind off your skin against gravel, ashfault, bike parts, or the like. chunder v. to crash. chute n. a very steep gully. The word chute is french for fall and refers to the rockfall that is very common in a chute. v. to negotiate a trail successfully without crashing. "I cleaned that last section." cleanie 1) n. one who desires to remain clean 2) n. a wimp who will not have fun, stays on the clean trails. cleat n. a cleat attaches to the bottom of a cycling shoe. Older style cleats have a slot that fits over the back of the pedal, and in conjunction with toe clips and straps, hold your foot on the pedal. Now clipless pedals have a specially designed cleat that locks into the pedal, sometimes with some ability to move side-to-side so as not to stress knees. clincher tires n. tires which use a separate tire and tube, the latter replaced after a puncture. Contrast with tubular road tires . clip out or click out. v. to disengage one's spuds . clipless adj. misleading name for a pedal-and-shoe system where the clips or cleats clip onto the soles of special shoes. Called "clipless" because you can't see the clips when you're clipped in. Contrast with toe clips . cloon n. slamming into the ground, resulting in a ringing head, or a delay in the action. Term used in biking, skiing, and snow boarding. closed circuit n. A racecourse that is completely closed to traffic. Closed circuits are most often used in criteriums or road races that use a relatively short lap (2-5 miles). cluster n. an assembly of gears. Usually described by their configuration: "My rear cluster is a 12-25." Also known as a casette . cockrotter n. one who allows his bike to fall in disrepair, and whose bike invariably fails him at some point in every ride. These people don't know why their bike always breaks, and often would rather buy new parts than keep their bike in good condition. cog n. a single gear, usually at the rear as part of a freewheel. Also rear cog or front cog. col n. the lowest point between two mountains. Also called a pass. components n. the moving parts of a bike that are attached to the frame. condom n. the little plastic or rubber thing that protects your tube's valve stem from rim damage. corndog v. to become covered in silt, usually after a fall. CPSC n. a bicycle helmet standard set by the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission. It's a smidge stricter than ASTM, but is less strict than the Snell B-95 and many international standards. Read about helmet standards . cranial disharmony adv. how one's head feels after augering . "When my lid nailed that rock, I had a definite feeling of cranial disharmony." crank 1) v. to mash on the pedals as hard as you can, and then some. As in, "I cranked so hard on getting out of that little valley, but my tire spun out and I had to walk it." 2) v. to hammer or sprint. crank arm crater 1) v. to fail to remain on the trail on the side of the 50 foot dropoff. Usually painful, as in "One of those death cookies joggled my wheel and I almost cratered on that section that looks down on the river." 2) v. to bonk . crayon v. a mostly road-specific verb that refers to the leaving of skin and viscera on the asphalt after a crash. "I'm not sure Lisa's going to make it tonight. We locked wheels this morning and she crayoned all over the place." creamed adv. as in, "stick close to the shoulder on the blind corner coming up. I almost got creamed by a transport there last week." criterium n. a massed start, high-speed bicycle race events in which riders race around a closed circuit racecourse to compete for order of finish. Criteriums are usually held on closed urban or suburban public streets. The racecourse is normally one-half to one mile in length. cross country n. a specific form of a time trial , in which competitors cover great distances riding almost around the clock. n. sudden impact between a male rider's private parts and something very hard and pointy, such as a handlebar stem or seat . cruiser 1) n. a bike for feeble people, where the seat is lower than the handlebars, the rider sits upright, and the top speed is a joke (especially given their usual owners.) 2) n. derisive term for a mountain bike or hybrid with a large wheelbase, seat below the bars, and/or crappy components and lead-pipe tubing. crux n. expensive erasure of low-hanging, shiny parts of the bike on a curb or rock. curb slide v. to place the front wheel up on a curb and allow the rear tire to scrape along the curb, usually resulting in a loud tearing sound. cyclocross n. a race run much like a criterium , except that the racecourse involves dirt surfaces, trails, and a variety of other surfaces and obstacles, many of which must be overcome by running with the bicycle. All cyclocross races are held on closed circuits on either park or vacant land, although roads are occasionally integrated into the racecourse. dab v. to put a foot down in order to catch your balance on a difficult section of trail. "I made it without crashing, but I had to dab once." dance n. fist-sized rocks that knock your bike in every direction but the one you want to proceed in. death grip n. an overly tight grip on the handlebars caused by fear of terrain, resulting in an endo or other unfortunate mishap. n. a ride that turns into an investigation of your endurance limit. "The bridge was out, and I had to go all the way back the way I came. So the morning's nice, easy ride turned into a Bataan death march ." derailleur n. those things that move the chain and change gears, one in the front and one in the back. Usually horribly mispronounced. DFL n. abbreviation for, uh, Dead... Last. dialed in adj. when a bike is set up nicely and everything works just right. Learn to get your bike dialed . n. a face plant . "Look at that guy on that gnarly single track... he's going to go over the bars and do a digger." dirt bike n. an off-road motorcycle. Regarded as only for those too feeble to do the work themselves. Usually louder than MTBs. dishing a wheel n. refers to the need to build a rear wheel off center, to accomodate the freewheel on one side -- the wider the freewheen, the more the wheel needs to be dished. dolphin hop n. a technique much like a bunny hop , but executed diferently. The rider pulls a wheelie, then maves far forward to pitches his bike down, transferring the wheelie to the rear as an obstacle passes underneath. This is the only type of hop possible for a rider using platform pedals. n. overgrown road that is like two parallel trails. down tube n. the part of the frame that connects the head tube and the bottom bracket. downstroke n. when the rider is pushing down on the pedal. draft 1) v. to ride behind a windshield, such as another rider or a motor vehicle. "When I was drafting you down that huge-ass hill, you were pedalling madly while I barely had to turn the cranks!" 2) n. the area sheltered behing a moving object. "You know, it's kinda hard to stay in your draft at high speed if you don't ride in a straight line." drillium n. any part with lots of holes drilled in it to make it lighter. dropouts n. the U-shaped slots that accept the wheel axle. drops n. the dropped section on dropped handlebars. Used when muscle geometry and an aero tuck are important, such as when ascending, descending, or going fast. n. a dirt road used by four-wheeled vehicles rarely enough that their tires have made ruts that became parallel singletracks. Also called doubletrack. See singletrack . Durango, Colorado Mountain biking's defacto capital, with amazing trails, several manufacturers, and an insanely high number of resident pros, including Tomac, Giove, Herbold, Overend, and Furtado. echlon endo n. the maneuver of flying unexpectedly over the handlebars, thus being forcibly ejected from the bike. Short for "end over end". "I hit that rock and went endo like nobody's business." See "superman". In BMX riding, "endo" used to be a synonym for front wheelie . engine n. the clump of riders near or at the front in a road race. "We made a break on that big ascent, and at one point the rest of the field was over a minute behind." fieldsprint n. a sprint for the finish line involving a large group of riders. THis is an impressive sight indeed. filet brazing n. the magical art of welding high-end metal bikes. The tubes fit together with almost invisible seams, as opposed to the monstrous, caterpillar-like welds on most mountain bikes. first blood n. credit to the first rider in a group who crashes and starts bleeding as a result. fishtail v. when the rear end locks and slides about behind you. Occurs during strong braking on loose terrain. fit kit n. a great set of equipment and instructions to measure the components of a correct bicycle fit. Generally, pretty accurate, and are especially good for positioning cleats. flail v. to ride badly and out of control. e.g. "He flailed off the jump and hit a tree." flash v. clearing a technical pitch without dabbing, especially if the rider has no previous experience on the route (See also onsight flash , where the rider has never seen the trail before, and beta flash , where the rider has seen or studied the route.) flex n. when the frame doesn't stay put when you mash the brakes, mash the pedals, or do other normal things. flick n. when a rider can't disengage his cleats from the pedals before falling over. See horizontal track stand . forcing the pace v. to increase the speed of the race to the point that other riders have trouble keeping up. forks n. what holds the front wheel, or a modern eating utensil, unfamiliar to most mountain bikers. frame table n. a big strong table that Will Not Flex and which has anchors at critical places -- dropouts, bottom bracket, seat, head. It also has places to attach accurate measuring instruments like dial gauges, scratch needles, etc. The frame is clamped to the table and out-of-line parts are yielded into alignment. fred 1) n. a person who spends a lot of money on his bike and clothing, but still can't ride. "What a fred -- too much Lycra and titanium and not enough skill." Synonym for poser . Occasionally called a "barney". 2) n. a person who has a mishmash of old gear, does't care at all about technology or fashion, didn't race or follow racing, etc. Often identified by chainring marks on white calf socks. Used by "serious" roadies to disparage utility cyclists and touring riders, especially after these totally unfashionable "freds" drop the "serious" roadies on hills because the "serious" guys were really posers. This term is from road touring and, according to popular myth, "Fred" was a well-known grumpy old touring rider, who really was named Fred. freewheel n. the part of the rear gear cluster that allows the bike to coast without the pedals turning, or what you find in the parking lot after a big race. n. an assembly of gears. Usually described by their configuration: "My rear cluster is a 12-25." Also known as a casette . getting air v. uh... the exchange of currency for cylinders containing a mixture of compressed nitrogen, oygen, and other trace gasses. giblets n. sexy little add-ons or upgrades, usually made of titanium or CNC'd aluminum. "That's the fourth time this week that Tom's gone by the shop to gawk at giblets." (See also velo-porn .) gnarly adj. an 80's term for a particular steep and rough section of trail. gnarly dude adj. Southern Californian for Gnarly. gonzo 1) adj. treacherous, extreme. "That vertical drop was sheer gonzo." 2) v. riding with reckless abandon. Not generally appropriate for singletrack. n. the lowest gear available on a bike, or a third and smallest front cog, which is only found on bikes for the feeble. Roadies don't have, need, or want them. grate v. the act of producing bacon or little flaps of severed skin, against either the ground or a bike component. See also crayon and cheese grater ). n. a fall . Greg Herbold "The Mighty Goof," off-roading's resident personality. First downhill world champ. A favorite with manufacturers; his input helped develop and fine tune the original Rock Shox and SPD pedals. Now semi-retired, but still a major force on the R&D circuit, and still Japan's biggest off-road star. grindies n. as in, "all that dried mud and sand left me with a loud case of the grindies in my drivetrain." gripped adj. paralyzed with fear and utterly confused. grunt n. a very difficult climb, requiring use of the granny gear . Often used in understatement, as in "Well, I suppose it's a fair grunt, but we used to ride it all the time." gutter bunny n. a rider who hammers, or simply can ride faster than the one commenting. hand plant n. a crash where your fall is broken only by cheese grating your hands. Best if done wearing bicycle gloves. hanging on v. riding in the slipstream of another rider, but being lazy and refusing to take your turn in at the front. hardcore 1) excl. word of praise and amazement, generally spoken as two separate syllables. 2) adj. impressive or requiring devotion, such as an extreme cliffbombing session. hardtail n. any bike with front suspension but no rear suspension. Contrast with rigid and F/S . head tube n. the short frame member that attaches the top tube to the down tube, and holds the headset in place header n. going over the handlebars. headset n. the bearing assembly that attaches the fork to the head tube. Henrik "Hank" Djernis n. pronounced "JER-nis," the three-time defending world cross-country mountain-bike champion and hard-guy of the dirt. Use his surname (charitably) to make your riding chum feel very tough. "Man, you really Djernised me on that last climb." HOHA n. Hateful Old Hikers Association. "HOHA members hate mountain bicyclists with a fervor exceeding that of rabid wolverines." honk 1) v. to vomit due to cycling exertion. 2) v. to grab hard on the bar ends while climbing to increase torque and traction on the rear wheel. hook v. to lock handlebars or wheels, and go down in a bloody pile of metal and muscle. hooks n. the dropped section on dropped handlebars. Used when muscle geometry and an aero tuck are important, such as when ascending, descending, or going fast. n. a foot fault that happens at a stop sign. hose-pipes n. large-section tubular tires, about the size and weight of clincher touring tires. Much heavier than racing tubulars, which can be two or three times lighter, at as little at 150 grams. hub n. located at the center of the wheel attached to the rim by the spokes. hucker n. one who is ejected wildly through the air and does not land on his/her feet hydraulic n. a flavour of brakes which use brake fluid to actuate the pads, which offer better modulation even than most high-end side-pull calipers, but at an intimidating cost. hyperglide n. freewheel cogs with small "ramps" cut into the sides of the cogs which tend to pull the chain more quickly to the next larger cog when shifting. idiot lever n. the gimmicky brake assist lever found on some older road bikes, which allow the rider to brake with his hands on top of the bars, rather than on the brake hoods or on the drops. Ignorant consumers buy bikes with them, although they're no more convienant than braking from the hoods, and for powerful braking the stability, steering, and weight distribution from using the drops is essential. IMBA n. International Mountain Biking Association. An organization for trail advocacy. impedimentia v. to accelerate quickly; to go very fast. John Tomac One of the greatest ever and certainly mountain biking's biggest star. He's won every major race at least once and is still the highest-paid racer. JRA n. abbreviation for the Just Riding Along syndrome (and then the bike spontaneously exploded), a class of warrently claims viewed as highly suspect. Juli Furtado The toughest, most fit rider on earth. Had a remarkable two-year winning streak through 1995. Former Olympic-level ski racer who blew out her knees and reinvented herself as an off-road pro. Rides for Team GT. "Cursed" in the world championships--despite her skills, she's never won. n., v. where we now say bunny hop , BMXers used to say "jump". kack n. an injury to the shin received while doing trials, a kack can be the result of any injury receive during technical riding. kick-out n. a bunny hop in which the rider pushes the back tire to one side. kicker n. a steep section of road or trail. knurled adj. a pattern stamped onto the sides of some steel rims to improve the braking surface. large n. synonym for high. e.g. "You can get some seriously large air off that jump." LBS n. abbreviation for "Local Bike Shop". lead out n., v. a rider intentionally sacrificing his chances of winning a sprint, so that a teammate can ride in his draft until ready to begin the final sprint. leadout n., v. helping another rider to do well in a final sprint, by providing a windbreak and opening up a hole in the pack. n. the desirable path or strategy to take on a tricky trail section. loop trip n. ride that forms a loop with no backtracking. lug n. metal reinforcing piece into which the tubing for expensive road bikes is brazed, allowing lighter tubing. The seat lug reinforces the connection between the top tube and the seat tube, for example. Magura n. the first hydraulic brake for the mountain bike. It's screaming yellow, powerful, and made in Germany. male blindness n. when a male rider watches a beautiful female ride over rough terrain and stares intensely at all the jiggling parts, making him too dizzy to see straight when it's his turn to ride the same terrain. mandibular disharmony adv. how one's jaw feels when it and the handle bars attempt to occupy the same space and time. [banshee screech, in stereo] "I've got mandibular disharmony." mantrap n. hole covered with autumn leaves, resembling solid earth and effective at eating the front wheel of the unsuspecting rider. Marin n. (muh RINN') the county in Northern California where MTBing is said to have been invented. Just north of the Golden Gate Bridge. n. a bike mechanic, especially at a professional bike race in Europe. See also tech and wrench . Missy Giove The wildest, fastest chick on Planet Dirt. If she doesn't crash and injure herself, she's guaranteed to win. Tattoos and hair and piercings. She races for Cannondale. There are probably only ten men on earth faster than her, and she's knocking them off, one-by-one. Bonus points: came out in 1995. mo n. momentum. "If you don't get in gear at the bottom of that hill, you'll lose your mo." modulation n. the ability to finely and consistantly select a specific braking force, rather than moving straight from no braking power to locked wheels and an endo. Hydraulic brakes have great modulation; V-brakes are gimmicky crap. mojo n. charm or icon worn by a biker or attached to the bike. moto or Motor Official. n. a race referee or official who uses a motorcycle during the bicycle race event. The motor referee is often primarily responsible for centerline rule enforcement during road races using a rolling enclosure. Motor officials are also used to keep track of riders where cars and the peloton cannot mix (narrow roads, winding roads, etc.). motor marshal n. race staff on motorcycles responsible for assisting in keeping a racecourse clear and safe for competitors, usually in conjunction with a rolling or protected enclosure. mountainbike-aneering n. off shoot sport of mountain biking where peak bagging is a prime consideration. Another sport featuring the "because it's there" attitude. n. the activity of MounTain Biking. Or a mountain bike itself. Also v. "MTBing". See ATB , OHV , ORV , VTT . mud bogging v. riding through muck for fun. mud diving n. what happens when a bike slows abruptly in mud, throwing the rider into wet goo. mud-ectomy 1) v. a shower after a ride on a muddy trail. 2) v. the act of becoming clean. n. used to prevent wang chung . NCCA n. abbreviation for National Collegiate Cycling Association . The NCCA is a standing committee of USA Cycling . The NCCA administers, develops, promotes and governs collegiate bicycling across the country. Rules for NCCA bicycle road races are the same as for USCF bicycle race events. nipple n. the nut at the end of a spoke that nobody knows the real name for. nirvana n. the state of being in absolute control and totally in tune with your bike, the trail, and your physical strength. "I was just doing it all so smoothly and delicately and quickly, it was nirvana!" Synonym for The Zone . n. National Off-Road Bicycling Association. As part of USAC , they organize most of the larger mountain bike races. nosepickium n. the crusties you pick from your nose after a ride in a dusty environ. O.D. This is short for "Off Day". Even the best riders have them. It is important to recognize the symptoms and to back off when you are having an O.D. off the back adj. when a rider is dropped, or cannot keep up with the pace of the windshield (such as a peloton or another rider) and falls behind. off the front adj. when a rider takes part in a breakaway, where one or more riders scoot up ahead of the main peloton in a race. off-camber turn n. a turn which would usually be banked in the opposite direction, so the banking is the opposite of what would be expected on a racetrack corner. The road's angle is added to, rather than subtracted from, the lean angle. Take these turns cautiously for, among other things, your tread may not extend far enough up the side. adj. a condition where the rider is using a gear combination which is too high or "hard" given the circumstances. Generally results in bogging out or needless fatigue. paceline n. A single file of riders, each of which takes his turn battling the wind at the front. pack v., n. a crash or fall. e.g. "He packed into that snow bank and broke his leg." panic skid v. to try with all one's will and strength to prevent an impending stack by attempting to implant one's heels as deeply as possible in the ground. Usually a dumb idea. pass n. the lowest passage between two mountains. The french - but not just the french - know this as a col. The mathematicians would call this the saddle point. pavement polish n. the small paralell grooves you find an your bike and its expensive components after you wipe out and smear all aver the blacktop. Pavement polish is the bike equivalent of road rash . n. the large, aerodynamicly efficient, and extremely fast pack of riders near the front in a road race, also known as the field . phat or fat. adj. used to describe how exceptional something is like a "Phat Air" might be a really styled out trick as well as being "large", that is, very high. v. planning the path of the bike by anticipating approaching terrain, or choosing a barroom introduction. Example: "What's your sign?" Common reply: "Trail closed" pimp n. a Bike Store Guy who is always trying to sell stuff on the trail. "Blow off, pimp. If I want your opinion, I'll give it to you." pinch flat n. flat tire caused by the tube being pinched between the rim and a hard object, usually due to under -inflated tires pitch n. a short section of technical road or trail. pogo v. to bounce on a full-suspension bike like a pogo stick. Also, for a full-suspension bike to bounce annoyingly and uncontrollably. pokes n. short for slow pokes. This is someone that always lingers in the back of the pack. This is not a crime. 'pooter n. also known as a brain , the electronic doodad that keeps track of your speed, cadence, heart rate, and the current US Government debt. portage n. a wheel that has been bent badly, but not taco'd . powder run n. extremely dusty section of trail. powerslide n. a two-wheel sideways slide, with the foot opposite the direction of travel kept on the ground. powerslide n. a two-wheel sideways slide, with the foot opposite the direction of travel kept on the ground. prang v. to bend or dent a part of the bike or body. Presta n. flavour of valve which is taller, lighter and skinnier than Shraeder car tire valves, which incorporate a screw-in lock into the valve. pretzeled 1) adj. the condition in which you find your frame after a less than successful attempt to mail it third class to Abu Dhabi. 2) adj. the condition both you and your bike are found in after a hairy collision. protected enclosure n. a type of traffic control in which the entire road is closed to other traffic as the race passes any given point. The road reopens after the race passes. v. to use one's bike or helmet to remove leaves and branches from the surrounding flora. Usually unintentional. pull v. to ride at the front of a group of riders, where there is no protection from wind resistance. pull off v. to give up at the front of a group, and return to a position in the formation that is sheltered from wind resistance, such as the back of a paceline. pull through v. to take the front position in a paceline after the previous leader has "pulled off" and left for the rear. pump v. to bounce a suspension fork in hopes of some useful effect, or to encourage excitement pumped 1) adj. the feeling of overworked muscles, where they swell and strength disappears. 2) adj. a feeling of childish excitement about a new toy or trail. 1) n. a novice's pedaling motion, consisting of alternately pushing each foot down, instead of spinning . 2) n. a Shimano techno-fad shifting system. quick-release n. bolts with levers attached, for easy adjustment and removal of wheels and seat height R&D n. Ripoff & Duplication, or Research & Development. rag dolly v. to wreck in such a way that one's person is tossed like a flimsy scrap of cloth. "Did you see me rag dolly back there? I think I pierced my ear on a tree branch." railing v. making fast and hard turns, like you're on rails and are immune to traction loss. e.g. "He was railing around that turn before he slid out and biffed." rake n. the amount, in degrees, that a front fork curves forward from a line drawn down the stem or steerer. More rake absorbs shock and adds inherant stability to the front wheel, at the cost of a sprintiness and maneuvrability. rally v. to ride exceptionally well, especially on normally difficult routes. randonee n. a form of cross country bicycle race event. It is run as a very long recreational event, lasting two or three days. RDS n. abbreviation for Rapid Deceleration Syndrome. Military term for the very sudden illness that happens when the free-flight following a high-speed involuntary dismount is interrupted by something solid. rear triangle n. the triangle formed by the chain stays, seat stays, and seat tube refor v. to ride about with reckless or vandalous disregard for the local ecology. Stems from the practice of using jeeps to scream around reforestation areas leaving a wake of destruction in their path. "Heh, we just came back from reforing (ree'four'ing) around the elementry school's front lawn. Hey, you know how to do a brake torque?" Regina Siefel The reigning sex symbol of the downhill circuit. Won the DH world cup twice. Suffers from same curse as Furtado; she's never won a world championship. Lives with husband and kids next to the Zugspitze, Germany's highest mountain, and a damn fun one to say. relay n. a specific form of a time trial , in which competitors cover great distances riding almost around the clock. retro-grouch n. a rider who prefers an old bike with old components and isn't fond of new, high-tech equipment. 'rhoid buffing v. going down a hill so steep that your butt touches the rear wheel. Ride On! excl. a parting phrase used by riders with out much else to say. riding the pegs n. large abrasions on a rider's legs and body caused by a crash, particularly on asphalt. roadie n. a rider who considers trails to be for the weak and feeble. rock garden n. section of the trail that is completely covered with grapefruit ( baby head ) size to basketball sized rocks. rock-ectomy v. removing rocks, dirt, gravel from one's person after a yard sale . "Some betty stopped by and performed a rock ectomy on my knee after the wreck, I think she digs my scene." rocket fuel n. the mandatory pre-ride coffee. rockwell v. an unintentionally performed hardness test rendered by a trial side object on your anatomy or possesions. Requires the use of a number to rate the event. "I 50 Rockwelled on that last buster." "No way, dude, it was at least a 60!" rolling enclosure n. a type of traffic control where escort vehicles form a caravan leading and following a group of racers. The enclosure sets aside a moving part of the roadway in the direction of the race for exclusive use of bicyclists. Racers inside the enclosure are not required to follow the normal rules of the road. Racers are not allowed to cross the center line unless the entire road is traffic controlled. A rolling enclosure is the typical traffic control used to run a road race. ROMP n. acronym for Responsible Organized Mountain Pedalers, a Silicon Valley organization teaching mountain biking skills, organizing rides, and active in trail politics. n. chain grease on a rider's pant leg. "Give that guy extra points for his rookie mark. It's even on the wrong leg!" See chainring tattoo . roost v. to go fast or accelerate quickly. Or, to stop suddenly. rooster trail n. a spray of water flung off the back wheel as the bicycle rolls through water. Particularly pronounced on bikes without fenders. rude drop-off n. a sudden drop on the trail of two feet or more. saddle n. the bike seat, or the color of your new Naugahyde recliner schmooz v. the act of reaching a trail head and not riding. What is done when one really can't stand the thought of starting a ride. Talking. Bullshitting. Schraeder n. flavour of valve found on cars, and most mountain bikes. Tubular road tires, and some clincher mountain and road tubes, use the better, Presta system. schwag 1) n. terrible trail conditions. 2) n. free stuff. See swag . scream 1) n. a real biker's dream ride. 2) n. a long, straight, and deceptively steep hill. 3) v. to bomb so fast one can't pedal fast enough to make a difference. screamer n. a very, very high dropoff. "I was trying so hard to keep my eyes away from the ledge back there. What a screamer!" seat tube n. the part of the frame that accepts the seat post, and attaches the top tube to the bottom bracket seatpost n. the post that attaches your seat to the frame at the seat tube seatstay n. the two frame members through which the rear wheel passes that meet the chain stays at the rear dropouts semi-loop n. loop trip with a section of out and back attached. sew-ups n. also known as tubulars, lightweight road tires and rims with the tread directly on the tube, which is glued right onto a flat rim. Opposite of clincher tires, which have a separate tube inside. shifter n. the lever that activates the derailleurs side-pull caliper adj. most common type of brakes found on quality road bikes. Designed such that one braking surface contacts the rim first, improving brake modulation. n. trail just wide enough for one person, horse, or bike -- the mountain biker's holy grail. Contrast with dual-track or doubletrack . SIS n. Shimano Indexed Shifters, where you click the shifter and the gears change quickly and exactly (hopefully). Opposite of friction shifting. sitting in v. to be a lazy sot who doesn't take their turn at the front of a paceline. Can be used as a tactic to tire one's opponent. sketching v. the act of riding along precariously and near falling. skid lid n. helmet. skid row n. that section of trail that nobody ever expects or remembers that always appears too suddenly when riding too fast. Usually switchbacks. Named after all the skid tracks left there from previous riders. v. to jump extremely high. To get big air . slicks n. mountain bike tires with no tread to be used at very high pressure, for those too ignorant to get a fast and efficient road bike for use on roads. They make some difference, but doesn't fix the aerodynamics, body geometry, handlebar shape, or anything else that matters. snake bite n. a double puncture of an inner tube, caused by hitting an obstacle too hard or by under-inflation of tires. snell n. a bicycle helmet standard; the Snell B-90S is kinda wimpy, but the Snelll B-95 is stricter than ASTM. Read about helmet standards . snowmine n. an object hidden by snow on the trail. "Be careful of the snowmines -- you know, rocks, logs, hibernating bears..." soft-tail n. a face plant . SOPWAMTOS n. acronym for the Society Of People Who Actually Make Their Own Shit, a loose US organisation of small framebuilders and component manufacturers. speed check n. if you are approaching a jump too fast, you may need to slow down by making quick speed check. In other words, braking. spider n. the five-pronged section or attachment on the right-hand crank into which the chainrings are screwed. spike v. to obtain a chainring tattoo on the back of the calf, usually the result of a newbie trying to dab or panic skid at high speeds. v. smooth pedal motion. Opposite of push-push . spinout v. loss of traction in the rear tire, resulting in the wheel spinning with no forward movement of the bike, usually while climbing on loose gravel splatter n., v. crash. stage race n. these combine several different types of bicycle races into one multiple part bicycle race event. Stage races commonly include road races, time trials, and criteriums. These races are usually scheduled over a period of two or more days. Order of finish is determined by lowest combined elapsed time or combined points depending on the scoring format. steed n. your bike, the reason for your existence. stem n. the piece of metal that attaches the handlebars to the headset STI adj. "Shimano Total Integration" -- a marketing ploy that forces you to buy new brakes when you replace your shifters. stiction n. when friction maken a suspension fork travel sticky instead of smooth. stoked adj. an alternate term for the word psyched. In other words, to be excited. stoned adj. describes a rider after a crash which imbeds stones into the rider's skin. superman n. a rider who flies over the handlebars and doesn't hit the ground for a long time. This may result in injury, but when it doesn't, it's really funny for everyone else. or schwag. n. the stuff that manufacturers and vendors donate to be given away at bike related events. When you race, go to bike shows, help put on events, write bike articles, you are often rewarded with swag. swingoff n., v. abruptly disengaging from a formation to move from the wind-battered lead position to sheltered rear when your stint at the front is over. table-top n. a jump in which the rider throws the bike sideways in mid-air. Less commonly, a jump made over a hill that reaches a plateau and goes back down. v. to bend a wheel over on itself, in the shape of a taco. "I taco'd my wheel, and it cost me a hundred bucks." Worse than a potato chip . tea party n. when a whole group of riders stops and chats, and nobody seems to want to ride on. n. a bike mechanic, especially at a professional bike race in Western Canada. See also mechanic and wrench . technical n. a section of trail that is difficult to ride because of rocks, tree roots, steep drops. n. a screwy or unique technology that a dominant company (usually Shimano) tries to foist upon the innocent cycling public. Past techno-fads include Biopace chainrings, and overly complex "thumb-thumb" or "push-push" shifters. techno-weenie n. a rider who knows everything about the newest bike parts and techno-fads except how to use either them or his bike. Someone who buys lots of gadgets to add supposed iotas of performance to the bike. Greeting a friend whom we haven't seen in a year, I might say "Hi, Marta!" A techno-weenie might say "Oooh, you got Campy Record hubs on that bike now?" thrash 1) v. to cause severe ecological damage to a trail, usually during the wet season. 2) adj. a damaged trail "That trail's really thrashed after last winter." three-hour tour n. a ride that looks like a piece of cake at the outset but turns out to be a death march . Derived from the theme song to "Gilligan's Island." ti n. pronounced "tie," it's the periodic-table abbreviation for titanium, and just about the only chemistry-class vestige that a rider should sprinkle into the conversation. "Sheila's running ti bar ends, ti pedal spindles, a ti seat post, and a ti wedding band." time trials n. bicycle race events in which individuals or small teams of riders ride the same route and distance separately for elapsed time. Time trials are generally started at preset intervals and held on an out-and-back or circuit course, and are generally 15 or 40 km, but dozens of lengths are sanctioned. n. a clip-and-strap system that connects a rider's feet and toes to her pedals. Toe clips usually don't require special shoes. tombstone n. one of those damn little rocks protruding out of the trail which you don't notice because you are having a heart-attack climbing the hill. top tube n. the part of the frame that attaches the head tube to the seat tube topo n. short for United States Geological Survey topographic map. tornado v. to balance on your front wheel while turning your back wheel 90-180 degrees in either direction. Track Left! imp. a signal to gape at the passing rider on your left, generally accompanied with a sharp movement to veer right into his path. Track Right! imp. a signal to the slowpoke ahead to look around for a hidden turnoff to the left, so he'll get the hell out of your way because there isn't any room to pass on singletrack anyway. track stand n. (from fixed-gear track racing) a maneuver where the rider stops the bike and attempts to remain standing. track wobble n. when the rider stops the bike and attempts to remain standing, but can't do it very well. Characterised by rolling forward, violent movements of the front wheel, and a distressed expression on the rider's face. See track stand, above. trail n. the distance between a line drawn straight up from the center of the bottom bracket to the nose of your saddle, generally 30 to 50 mm. The seat tube angle determines this, being less for sprinting frames, more for touring frames. trail swag n. equipment or accessories dropped by other bikers and found on the trail. trials n. the art of hopping onto large objects on your bike, for those who can't go fast and have no endurance. Not to be confused with Time Trials, which is just the opposite. tricked out n. tubing with two butts of differing thicknesses, such as 0.9/0.6/0.8 mm. See single-butted , double-butted . true v., adj. The ability of a wheel to spin with no lateral wobble, or the act of effecting this condition with a swift kick or a spoke wrench. TST n. Treadmill Stress Test. A medical procudure recommended for those with heart conditdons or over 35 before setting out on a rigourous exercise progrem. See this article about TST . n. also known as sew-ups, lightweight road tires and rims with the tread directly on the tube, which is glued right onto a flat rim. Opposite of clincher tires, which have a separate tube inside. tuck n. a riding position, generally a contorted one with the head and torso low, back flat, and arms close in for aerodynamics. tweak 1) n. a jump during which the rider twists the handlebars back and forth in mid-air, the more times the better. 2) v. to slightly injure a part of the body or the bike in a crash. "I tweaked my wrist when I fell." 3) v. to make a minor adjustment. "My brake pads were rubbing but I tweaked the cable and it went away." 4) adj. when something isn't quite right, "You'd have to be seriously tweaked to replace those hydraulics with V-brakes." UCI n. acronym for Union Cycliste Internationale, an international sanctioning organization for bicycle racing. Ugly Geek Jerseys n. shirts worn by posers that are covered with advertising logos for which they are receiving no compensation. organization of USAC . v-brakes n. a gimmicky techno-fad brake system, with two settings: off and locked. For people who can't understand the concept that if excessive power really was more important that modulation, people would stop by ramming a stick in their spokes. valve stem n. where the pump is attached to fill the tube with air. Valve stems come in two types, Shraeder - (standard American style, like the valve found on you car tire), or Presta (like usual, the Italian version is better thathe American crap; tall and skinny with a screw in seal) vegetable tunnel n. a singletrack that is heavily overgrown with foliage, so a rider must duck and bend to get through it. n. full-page, four-color advertisements of giblets in cycling magazines. It can arouse giblet lust, giblet envy, and in serious cases, feelings of bike inadequacy. "Peter skipped right over the race results and went straight for the velo-porn." void 1) n. to empty the contents of one's bladder. "Where were you, man? We waited for at least two minutes." "Sorry, dude, I had to void, my back teeth were floating." 2) n. a deep chasm that you have to clear or you will die. n. what you might get when your stem has no nard guard . See crotch-testing . wash out or simply wash. v. to have the front tire lose traction, especially while going around a corner or when inadvertantly locked. Generally results in the wheel ending up somewhere other than under the rider. washboard n. small, regular undulations of the soil surface that make for a very rough ride. weight-weenie n. a bike owner (not even necessarily a rider) who is more concerned with how many milligrams a certain component saves off the bike's total weight than with how to be a better rider. wheelie n. lifting the front wheel off the ground, or the act of riding on the rear wheel only, usually with some combination of pulling on the handlebars, pedaling harder, and balance. whiteknuckle v. to rapidly descend on a trail that's sheer gonzo when you were expecting a cake walk. "Man, I just whiteknuckled that descent at like 50 kph! Why didn't you tell me about the dropoff and rock garden?"	i don't know
In which country were the settlers called Voortrekkers	Voortrekkers Great Trek - The Great Trek Trekboers and migrations - as noted earlier, some white farmers had taken to pastoralism as their main economic activity about the beginning of the 18th C. They had developed the tradition that if they needed more or better land, moving farther was the way to acquire it. These treks or journeys were undertaken by small groups or families. - by the early 19th C, these treks had ceased because of confrontation with the Xhosa to the east; a law by British authorities in Cape Town forbidding migration north of the Orange River. - for reasons we shall discuss, a series of coordinated, large treks were undertaken beginning in 1837. The treks were a bit like wagon trains during the 19th C in the U.S. Some treks had several hundred white people, at least an equal number of servants, large numbers of ox wagons (bigger and much heavier than ï¿½prairie schoonersï¿½ in the U.S.), and huge herds of cattle and livestock. Most treks were organised by and around a particular leader. These collectively came to be called ï¿½The Great Trekï¿½. Traditionally, it was said to have ended in 1847 (the bulk of the migration happened in the first years up to 1840), although small scale migration continued afterwards (a short article on the Great Trek ). - various estimates are given for the number of participants. Thompsonï¿½s estimate is that 6,000 whites left the Cape Colony up to 1840. Different websites give 10,000 and even 12,000 during the entire period of the Great Trek, but these are almost certainly too high. Another estimate is that over 15,000 people in total left in that period; however, this includes non-whites who made up at least half of the total. Thus, a total 7-8,000 Afrikaners is probably about right. Although they are given little recognition in the Afrikaner nationalist hagiography, a great many servants and employees (mostly Coloureds) also were part of the ï¿½Great Trekï¿½. One reason for the designation ï¿½greatï¿½ is this size and scale of the migration. - later, near the end of the 19th C and early in the 20th C as Afrikaner identity and nationalism began to grow, this series of events (including the battles with various indigenous peoples), came to be regarded as an heroic and defining moment in the history of the Afrikaner ï¿½nationï¿½. The white participants began to be regarded as fearless, God-fearing, larger-than-life heroes who had preserved the Afrikaner ï¿½nationï¿½ from Anglicization and assimilation. They came to be called ï¿½Voortrekkersï¿½ meaning those trekkers who went beforeï¿½i.e., the pioneers, the first Afrikaner nationalists. They have tended to be venerated (like saints or like Americans regard their ï¿½founding fathersï¿½). [It is interesting to note that in North America with our own pioneers, there is quite a gap between image and reality. The image is of hardy pioneers who braved attacks by Indians, cut down the forests or moved out onto the prairies to carve farms out of the wilderness and opened a continent to development and civilisation. They were certainly hardy, but cockroaches are hardy! The reality of what the North American born pioneers were like was recorded by Susannah Moodie and other immigrants. According to these accounts, they were uncouth and ignorant, poorly educated, not all that trustworthy, whining, etc. However, they knew how to survive and could help show the newcomers. They certainly opened the continent to development, but their contributions to ï¿½civilisationï¿½ are much more in doubt. The point is that succceeding generations have a tendency to see early pioneers with rose-coloured glasses. There is also a lack of perspective. The settlers in wagon trains moving west have been celebrated in song, novels, movies, TV programs and so on. The wealth and resources produced by industrialization in the East and Mid-West was probably more important in achieving the ï¿½Manifest Destinyï¿½ of the U. S., yet there are no movies celebrating the heroes of the blast furnace. The discovery and exploitation of mineral wealth (diamonds and gold) is undoubtedly the biggest factor in the creation of modern South Africa, but trekboers had little role in that; in fact, they often wanted to impede that development.] Interpretations - the Great Trek has been the subject of disparate interpretations. (1) Flight from bondage in the land of Egypt - this was the line of self-justification taken by the Voortrekkers themselves. They complained of a number of grievances and ï¿½injusticesï¿½ under British rule. The list was long: the Black circuit, Slaughterï¿½s Nek, anglicization policies, immoral and impious overturning of divine order by imposing equality between ï¿½Christiansï¿½ and ï¿½heathensï¿½, the abolition of slavery with inadequate compensation, maligning of Boers by missionaries and other malicious persons, refusal to allow all cattle and land confiscations from Xhosa in the wars that whites argued were their due, etc.). The government in Cape Town was likened to the government of the pharaohs. (2) Meddling busybodies and do-gooders in London - this was the line taken by the British settlers and the ï¿½settlerï¿½ school of historians who had their own axes to grind. - the Great Trek was seen as the consequences of the pernicious influence of Exeter Hall (this was the auditorium in London where the anti-slavery organisations and Aborigines Protection Society held their large rallies and meetings) and the meddling of ignorant do-gooders in Whitehall who had no understanding of the ï¿½realitiesï¿½ in South Africa. The trekkers had been goaded beyond the point of endurance to the point that they were prepared to face the dangers of the unknown in order to get away. (3) Incorrigible slave masters - missionaries and other critics argued that the trekboers were upset because slavery and their high-handed oppression of the indigenous people were ended or at least being curbed. The Great Trek into the interior, they argued, was mainly an attempt to reestablish the old ways and slavery again. - the Voortrekkers hotly denied that they were involved in slavery, but in fact raids to capture people and the practice of ï¿½apprenticeshipï¿½ of child captives reemerged among the Voortrekkers. (4) Nationalist superheroes - as noted, this movement came later to be viewed in an Afrikaner nationalist perspective. In this interpretation, Anglicization and ï¿½liberalismï¿½ was threatening the infant Afrikaner nation with extinction (ï¿½cultural genocideï¿½ is the more florid term used by the unthinking nowadays). - the brave and hardy Voortrekkers defied the overwhelming natural and human dangers in wildest Africa to preserve the infant and vulnerable Afrikaner nation from contamination, culturally and religiously. The Voortrekkers became great superheroes in the pantheon of Afrikaner nationalism. This reached a peak in the centenary celebrations of the Great Trek in the 1930s. (5) Landless poor whites - recent interpretations tend to stress more mundane factors and motivations for the movement. The migratory habits to acquire more land, which were firmly established by trekboers throughout the 18th C, had been bottled up for 40-50 years and there were growing numbers of landless white males. In trekboer society, this was a terrible situation and fate. Their only course was to become a ï¿½bywonerï¿½ to some relative or other farmer with land. As such, they would provide services (usually as an overseer) and be allowed to use some land for a few cattle or agricultural purposes. This meant that their status was only a bit better than non-white servants. - this interpretation sees the ï¿½Great Trekï¿½ as merely the bursting of the dam that had bottled up migrations in search of land for over 2 generations. Piet Retiefï¿½s Manifesto - Retief was one of the most influential of the Great Trek leaders. Among those who joined the Great Trek, he was a bit unusual in a couple of respects. He was much better off than most trekkers; at one time he owned over 20 building lots in Grahamstown as well as farm properties. As can be seen from his letter (translated and published in the Grahamstown Journal), he was better educated than most who were illiterate or just barely literate. - this is a very interesting document and it shows much about the task of the historian in interpreting such thing. In interpreting documents the historian has to take into account the situation and context as well as the motivations of the author. What we now call ï¿½spin doctoringï¿½ is not new just because the term is relatively newly coined. Clearly, the writer of a document has a purpose in mind and an audience to whom it is addressed. Naturally, the writer is going to put his/her best foot and best arguments forward. In many cases, the arguments cannot and should not be taken at face value. - much of this is obvious or should have been obvious, but for a long time, Retiefï¿½s Manifesto tended not to be subjected to critical and rigorous evaluation and interpretation. Writers in the settler school of historical interpretation had their own axes to grind in condemning the White Hall and philanthropic lobby in Britain; Retiefï¿½s Manifesto provided more amunition so they were inclined to use it. For Afrikaner nationalist historians, here was a statement from one of the greatest heroes and, with his death at the hands of Dingane and the Zulu, a great martyr of Afrikaner nationalism. - clearly, someone like Retief is not going to say, ï¿½We are landgrabbersï¿½ or ï¿½We want to reintroduce slavery and apprenticeship;ï¿½ however, in the veiled references to ï¿½proper relationsï¿½ between whites and Africans there was a hint; this was spelled out more explicitly in the constitutions of their ï¿½republicsï¿½ which statedï¿½ ï¿½No equality in church or state.ï¿½ - in addition, the complaint about the abolition of slavery and the process of compensation (see Thompson) for a long time went unexamined and was repeated innumerable times as a factor in the trek (by both friends and critics). - however, investigation revealed that slavery was not common in the eastern frontier areas from which almost all the Voortrekkers came. Besides, no new slaves could be imported after 1807 and the prices of the existing slaves had risen markedly. Very few (if any) Voortrekkers had ever owned slaves. Retiefï¿½s only known connection was that at one time he had borrowed money from an ex-slave woman! - undoubtedly, there were grievances and complaints; even that early, they had established a catalogue of complaints and felt genuinely aggrieved (whether we think the grievances were as serious as they did is another matter). Elements in the context - a number of elements in the context tends to put these issues in a different perspective. Shutting down of migration after 1780s. - the earlier expansion had left some land not taken up behind the leading edges and the pushing back of the Xhosa in the early wars in the 19th C had made some land available (however, the 1820 settlers had also been assigned much of that); nevertheless, the voracious appetite for land among trekboers meant that by the 1830s, landlessness had grown. In effect, the on-going migration that had characterised the 18th C had been dammed up for almost 50 years. Thus, the Great Trek can be viewed as the bursting of the dam. Thus, the Great Trek can be seen as merely the resumption of the earlier process. - this interpretation is supported by the fact that late in the 19th C when the problem of landlessness again reemerged in the South African Republic (Transvaal), a couple of attempts were made to organise new treks farther into the interior (into Zimbabwe or Angola). These efforts were blocked by Rhodes who wanted to ensure that it was the British Empire that got these areas. However, these aborted attempts to leave the Boer republic could hardly be viewed as attempts to ï¿½preserve the Afrikaner nationï¿½ from extinction of assimilation and provide a powerful argument against the nationalist thesis. Law forbidding migration north of the Orange River - the rumours about the proposed treks beyond the Orange River had been circulating for 3-4 years and the government had been considering what it could do in such a case. Again rumours were that troops were to be sent to the drifts (fords) in order to intercept and prevent the treks. Retief and the trekkers were trying to forestall such actions. - one of the ways to do this was to influence public opinion and sympathy. Many of the grievances were probably included to appeal to those Afrikaners who were not going on the trek. The slavery abolition surely falls into this category. The slave owners lived mostly in the western province area and none of them were joining the trek; however, raising the issue was sure to get their sympathy. Disobedience of lawful authority - this is a sin in much of Calvinist tradition. Earthly authority and government is a surrogate for Divine authority; the Calvinist definition of sin is rebellion against God. Thus, rebellion against earthly authority becomes by projection rebellion against God. - the only exception is when earthly government is so evil and wicked that disobedience and rebellion is justified. Thus, some of the arguments (not so much by Retief but by others in the movement) were designed to show that this was true of the British administration in the Cape and justified the analogy of the government of the Pharoahs. Nationalist piety and sacrifice? - this came to be the major assertion of Afrikaner nationalists in later generations. F. van Jaarsveld challenged this idea in the 1960s in The Awakening of Afrikaner Nationalism; he was roundly denounced for this heresy and there were demands (including members of parliament) that he be fired from his job in the Univ. of Potchefstroom for Christian National Education. - he argued that a sense of ï¿½national identityï¿½ was very little or not at all developed; Trekboers certainly recognised the differences in language, religion, etc. between themselves and the British. They had certainly developed a way-of-life and a set of values that were distinctive, but they were also significantly different from people of Dutch descent in the western province areas of the Cape. The latter regarded the Trekboers as rather wild, semi-barbarous frontiersmen and the sense of common identity was limited and incomplete. The westerners followed the Trek with interest and probably with a good deal of sympathy, but they certainly did not see the trekkers as the saviours of some mystical Afrikaner ï¿½nationï¿½. - even more significantly, the trekkers themselves had only a limited sense of unity; only severe danger could unite them. Mostly, their loyalties were to individual leaders. Repeatedly during the next 30 years or so, they fought and bickered with each other. They even engaged in ï¿½warsï¿½ although they were careful not to kill each other. They were not even united on religion; two new Reformed churches were started (they left the NGK behind in the Cape as it was too ï¿½liberalï¿½ and required well educated clergy). One of these new churches (known as the ï¿½Dopper Churchï¿½) was very austere; even singing of hymns was regarded as too worldly and the only music allowed was the singing of psalms (this was the church of Paul Kruger). - van Jaarsveld argued that a true sense of national identity did not emerge until after the British annexation of the South African Republic in the 1870s; then a series of national meetings to oppose the annexation and the successful revolt against the Britishï¿½the ï¿½1st War of Independenceï¿½ï¿½did bring a sense of identity among the Boers of the Transvaal. - the feeling of nationalist identity (particularly among Afrikaners in the Cape Colony) was only fully developed and confirmed in the period leading up to and including the South African War (ï¿½2nd War of Independenceï¿½ for Afrikaner nationalists). Preservation of the Trekboer ethos and way of life - this a main thrust of MacCroneï¿½s thesis. It is argued that even under the VOC, Cape Town and the western province area had been exposed to ideas from Europe through frequent ships and educated clergy. These include ideas of the enlightenment. However, in the interior where they were largely cut off from such influences, the Trekboers had developed a very different ethos and different notions, especially in regard to the status and relationships between the different ï¿½racialï¿½ and colour groups. These notions insisted that darker skinned, ï¿½heathenï¿½ peoples were inherently and irremediably inferior to white ï¿½Christiansï¿½. Moreover, it was decreed by God that the superior Christians should dominate over and use the labour of the inferior heathens. - the arrival of the British represented an enormous challenge to this Trekboer ethos. Initially, the British regime was not very much more ï¿½liberalï¿½ than the VOC regime or the Batavian regime that it replaced. However, the British regime did begin to extend its authority into the interior in a way that the VOC had never been able to do and began to interfere with Trekboer techniques for dominating and forcing labour from the indigenous and mixed population. Moreover, the humanitarian and antislavery movement in Britain was reaching a peak in the 1820s and 30s. Their campaigns against slavery and exploitation of indigenous peoples were brought very dramatically against Trekboer techniques by the missionaries. - by the 1830s, the Trekboer ethos was under enormous pressure with Ordinance 50 of 1828, an independent court system which gave everyone equal access, Anglicization policies, etc. The only way to save this ethos and its associated way of life was to escape from the British sphere in the Cape Colony. Clearly, the desire to preserve their view of the world and their way of life was a big incentive for many who joined the Great Trek. It was certainly mentioned in a number of ways. - this move was successful because the Trekkers were able to resume some of the old practices and to embed their view of ï¿½properï¿½ relations between whites and others in their constitutions with the explicit principle of ï¿½no equality in church or state.ï¿½ This formed the basis of what has been labeled the ï¿½northernï¿½ approach in contrast to the ï¿½liberalï¿½ tradition that developed during the rest of the 19th C in the Cape Colony (we shall examine Cape ï¿½liberalismï¿½ in Module 12). - when the Union of South Africa was formed in 1910, there were 2 different approachesï¿½the ï¿½northernï¿½ approach of Transvaal, Orange Free State and Natal and the ï¿½liberalismï¿½ of the Cape. Liberals hoped that in the decades following, the liberal approach would gradually take over in the Union. However, the reverse happened. By the 1920s and 30s, liberals such as MacCrone were fighting to prevent the last vestiges of ï¿½liberalismï¿½ from being extinguished as segregation was increasingly being implemented on the road to what became ï¿½apartheidï¿½. For many South African ï¿½liberalsï¿½, the significance of the Great Trek was that it had allowed the retrogressive ethos and attitudes on race to survive and thus be the foundation for a segregationist and apartheid South Africa in the 20th C. - certainly, I tend to put a good deal of emphasis upon ï¿½land hungerï¿½; however, not all landless trekboers joined the migration and others, like Retief, were not landless so other factors were involved as well. Certainly, preserving the Trekboer ethos and way of life was important also. We should not adopt a monocausal or single cause approach. British attempts to create a stable frontier and border - the strategy of defining a clear boundary as a means of avoiding hostilities and warfare with the indigenous people had, as we noted earlier, began soon after the settling at the Cape. Although VOC officials had tried to draw boundaries, it had never worked, especially after the emergence of trekboers. However, the Khoikhoi had not posed such a serious military threat as the Xhosa did. - the British too wanted to limit responsibilities. This was all the more so because it soon proved that wars with the Xhosa were expensive. the mainstay of British attempts to solve the frontier problem was the practice of signing treaties with Xhosa chiefs. The first attempt involved making a treaty with the Ngqika, who was paramount chief of the Rharhabe clans west of the Kei River. The problem was that Ngqika had no control over his uncle Ndlambe and other chiefs; he hoped that the treaty would bring them back under his control with help from the British. The British failed to understand the real situation; although he was genealogically paramount, it did not mean that he had any real authority or control. Later, the British decided that Ngqika was being two-faced when he did not force the chiefs to abide by the terms of the treaty that he had signed. In spite of repeated failures, the British kept trying to use treaties. another approach was to create an unoccupied nomansland between the white settlement and the Xhosa. Thus, after forcing the Xhosa back in a war, they signed treaties with the chiefs that their people would stay out. African chiefs could not enforce such an order upon African people who regarded the land as theirs. On the other side, there was also much unhappiness among whites who had hoped and expected that any land taken from the Xhosa would be given or, at least, sold to them. the 1820 settlers was another attempted solution. It was hoped that this settlement would accomplish 2 things: the British settlers would act as a buffer between the trekboer farmers and the Xhosa. Secondly, a major part of the problem was deemed to be the extensive agriculture and pastoralism practised by the Afrikaner farmers which created the unsatiable demand for land. The British farmers were supposed to be an example of the intensive agriculture as practised in Britain. If Afrikaners could be converted to this, there would be adequate land for a long time. This too failed because the Xhosa still regarded it as their land and the climate was totally unsuitable for intensive farming. Most of the 1820 setters soon abandoned the land for towns (most had not been farmers anyway) and those who remained on the land had to adopt many of the same practices as the Afrikaners. Now the British government were worse off because they now had to protect British settlers who had much greater claims for protection on the government. on the other hand, men on the spot (governors) often were frustrated and felt that the solution was to annex the disputed land and impose order. This was opposed by most missionaries who felt that not only was this unjust to the Xhosa, but it was catering to the white settlers who would have incentives to foment further troubles whenever they wanted more land. This latter suspicion occurred to imperial officials in London also. Besides, if this process was started, where would the annexations end? - J. S. Galbraith came up with a general explanationï¿½the ï¿½turbulent frontierï¿½ thesis in his book, Reluctant Empire. He had earlier used this idea to explain British expansion in India; this book applied the idea to South Africa. - he argued that in order to have a stable border, it is necessary to have strong central governments in states of comparable size and power. Strong central governments are required on both sides of the border in order that unruly elements can be controlled. Otherwise, border incidents occur and escalate into war which then leads to expansion of the winning state. If there is too big a power differential between the states, there is a partial vacuum on the side of the border of the weaker state and the more powerful state tends to get pulled into expansion. - he used this theory to explain how it happened that the English East India Company and later the British government got pulled into expansion in India until the government ended up controlling the entire subcontinent either directly or indirectly. He uses this same theory to explain why, in spite of great reluctance and even strong steps to avoid it, the British nevertheless made annexations and expanded their control in South Africa. - the thesis is that failing these 2 requirements, the border area tends to be ï¿½turbulentï¿½; incidents increase tensions and lead to wars. If the 2 sides are relatively equal, it is an endemic condition. If not, the stronger state conquers and expands. - the situation in South Africa failed on both counts. The Xhosa were not united and paramounts had at best only limited control of genealogical subordinates. Chiefs could not impose their will in the face of popular opposition. Even the British at times had difficulty controlling white settlers. Moreover, power differentials were great. - as a result, according to Galbraith, in spite of their great reluctance, the British kept getting drawn deeper into southern Africa. - however, one further factor should be noted. The British were extremely sensitive to any intrusion by other European powers. In the 1840s when the Voortrekkers of the Republic of Natalia were rumoured to be attempting to open contacts with the Netherlands, the British hurriedly annexed Natal. Again, in the 1880s after great reluctance to annex the area now part of Botswana, the German intrusion into and annexation of South West Africa (modern Namibia) brought a rapid change of attitudes and the annexation of Bechuanaland.	South Africa
Where is Charles Darwin buried	Great Trek 1835-1846 \| South African History Online South African History Online Home » Great Trek 1835-1846 Great Trek 1835-1846 The Great Trek was a movement of Dutch-speaking colonists up into the interior of southern Africa in search of land where they could establish their own homeland, independent of British rule. The determination and courage of these pioneers has become the single most important element in the folk memory of Afrikaner Nationalism. However, far from being the peaceful and God-fearing process which many would like to believe it was, the Great Trek caused a tremendous upheaval in the interior for at least half a century. The Voortrekkers The Great Trek was a landmark in an era of expansionism and bloodshed, of land seizure and labour coercion. Taking the form of a mass migration into the interior of southern Africa, this was a search by dissatisfied Dutch-speaking colonists for a promised land where they would be 'free and independent people' in a 'free and independent state'. The men, women and children who set out from the eastern frontier towns of Grahamstown, Uitenhage and Graaff-Reinet represented only a fraction of the Dutch-speaking inhabitants of the colony, and yet their determination and courage has become the single most important element in the folk memory of Afrikaner nationalism. However, far from being the peaceful and God-fearing process which many would like to believe it was, the Great Trek caused a tremendous social upheaval in the interior of southern Africa, rupturing the lives of hundreds of thousands of indigenous people. But this time the reports that reached the chiefs of the Sotho clans on the northern bank were more alarming: the white men were coming in their hundreds. Threatened by the 'liberalism' of the new colonial administration, insecure about conflict on the eastern frontier and 'squeezed out' by their own burgeoning population, the Voortrekkers hoped to restore economic, cultural and political unity independent of British power. The only way they saw open to them was to leave the colony. In the decade following 1835, thousands migrated into the interior, organised in a number of trek parties under various leaders. Many of the Voortrekkers were trekboers (semi-nomadic pastoral farmers) and their mode of life made it relatively easy for them to pack their worldly possessions in ox-wagons and leave the colony forever. After crossing the Orange River the trekkers were still not totally out of reach of the Cape judiciary - in terms of the Cape of Good Hope Punishment Act (1836), they were liable for all crimes committed south of 25 deg latitude (which falls just below the present-day Warmbaths in northern Transvaal). The trekkers had a strong Calvinist faith. But when the time came for them to leave they found that no Dutch Reformed Church minister from the Cape was prepared to accompany the expedition, for the church synod opposed the emigration, saying it would lead to 'godlessness and a decline of civilisation'. So the trekkers were forced to rely on the ministrations of the American Daniel Lindley, the Wesleyan missionary James Archbell, and a non-ordained minister, Erasmus Smit. The trekkers, dressed in traditional dopper coats (short coats buttoned from top to bottom), kappies (bonnets) and hand-made riempieskoene (leather thong shoes), set out in wagons which they called kakebeenwoens (literally, jawbone wagons, because the shape and sides of a typical trek wagon resembled the jawbone of an animal). These wagons could carry a startling weight of household goods, clothes, bedding, furniture, agricultural implements, fruit trees and weapons. They were ingeniously designed and surprisingly light, so as not to strain the oxen, and to make it easier to negotiate the veld, narrow ravines and steep precipices which lay ahead. Travelling down the 3500 metre slope of the Drakensberg, no brake shoe or changing of wheels could have saved a wagon from hurtling down the mountain were it not for a simple and creative solution: the hindwheels of wagons were removed and heavy branches were tied securely underneath. So the axles were protected, and a new form of brake was invented. The interior represented for the trekkers a foreboding enigma. The barren Kalahari Desert to the west of the highveld, and the tsetse fly belt which stretched from the Limpopo River south-eastwards, could not have been a very inviting prospect. Little did they realise that neither man nor animal would escape the fatal malarial mosquito. Yet the Voortrekkers ploughed on through treacherous terrain, eliminating all obstacles in their path, and intent on gaining access to ports beyond the sphere of British control, such as Delagoa Bay, Inhambane and Sofala. In order for their new settlement to be viable, it was crucial that they make independent links with the economies of Europe. Trek and the 'empty lands' Reconnaissance expeditions in 1834 and 1835 reported that Natal south of the Thukela and the central highveld on either side of the Vaal River, were fertile and largely uninhabited, much of the interior having been unsettled by the ravages of the Mfecane (or Difaqane as it is called in Sotho). The truth of these reports - many of them from missionaries - has long been a source of argument among historians, and recent research indicates that the so-called 'depopulation theory' is unreliable - the devastation and carnage by African warriors is exaggerated with every account, the number of Mfecane casualties ranging between half a million and 5-million. This kind of historical inaccuracy strengthens the trekkers' claim that the land which they occupied was 'uninhabited and belonged to no-one', that the survivors of the Mfecane were conveniently spread out in a horseshoe shape around empty land. Probably in an attempt to justify their land seizure, the trekkers also claimed to have actually saved the smaller clans in the interior from annihilation, and defeated the 'barbarous' Ndebele and Zulu warriors. Africans did indeed move temporarily into other areas, but were soon to reoccupy their land, only to find themselves ousted by Boer intruders. For example, in Natal the African population, estimated at 11000 in 1838, was increased by 'several thousand refugees' after Dingane's defeat at the hands of his half-brother Mpande two years later. In 1843, when the Republic of Natalia was annexed by the British, the official African population was put at 'between 80 000 and 10 0000 people'. But even this may have been an underestimation. Trekker communities and technology Military prowess was of paramount importance to the trekker expedition. It had to be, for they were invading and conquering lands to which African societies themselves lay claim. Bound by a common purpose, the trekkers were a people's army in the true sense of the word, with the whole family being drawn into military defence and attack. For instance, the loading of the sanna (the name they gave to the muzzle-loading rifles they used) was a complicated procedure and so the Boers used more than one gun at a time - while aiming and firing at the enemy with one, their wives and children would be loading another. Armed with rifles on their backs and a kruithoring (powder horn) and bandolier (a bullet container made of hartebeest, kudu or ox-hide) strapped to their belts, formidable groups of trekkers would ride into battle. Bullets were often sawn nearly through to make them split and fly in different directions, and buckshot was prepared by casting lead into reeds and then chopping it up. Part of every man's gear was his knife, with a blade about 20 centimetres in length. When approaching the battlefield, the wagons would be drawn into a circle and the openings between the wheels filled with branches to fire through and hide behind. When they eventually settled down, the structure of many of the houses they built - square, with thick walls and tiny windows - resembled small fortresses. The distinction between hunting and raiding parties was often blurred in trekker society. Killing and looting were their business, land and labour their spoils. When the trekkers arrived in the Transvaal they experienced an acute labour shortage. They did not work their own fields themselves and instead used Pedi who sold their labour mainly to buy arms and ammunition. During commando onslaughts, particularly in the eastern Transvaal, thousands of young children were captured to become inboekselings ('indentured people'). These children were indentured to their masters until adulthood (the age of 21 in the case of women and 25 in the case of men), but many remained bound to their masters for much longer. This system was akin to child slavery, and a more vicious application of the apprenticeship laws promulgated at the Cape in 1775 and 1812. Child slavery was even more prevalent in the northern Soutpansberg area of the Transvaal. It has been suggested that when these northern Boers could no longer secure white ivory for trade at Delagoa Bay, 'black ivory' (a euphemism widely used for African children) began to replace it as a lucrative item of trade. Children were more amenable to new ways of life, and it was hoped that the inboekselings would assimilate Boer cultural patterns and create a 'buffer class' against increasing African resistance. Dispossession and land seizure The trekkers' first major confrontation was with Mzilikazi, founder and king of the Ndebele. After leaving the Cape, the trekkers made their first base near Thaba Nchu, the great place of Moroka, the Rolong chief. In 1836 the Ndebele were in the path of a trekker expedition heading northwards and led by Andries Hendrik Potgieter. The Ndebele were attacked by a Boer commando led by Potgieter, but Mzilikazi retaliated and the Boers retreated to their main laager at Vegkop. There in October, in a short and fierce battle which lasted half an hour, 40 trekkers succeeded in beating off an attack by 6000 Ndebele warriors. Both sides suffered heavy losses - 430 Ndebele were killed, and the trekkers lost thousands of sheep and cattle as well as their trek oxen. But a few days later, Moroka and the missionary Archbell rescued them with food and oxen. Gert Maritz and his party joined these trekkers in Transorangia (later the Orange Free State) and in January 1837, with the help of a small force of Griqua, Kora, Rolong and Tlokwa, they captured Mzilikazi 's stronghold at Mosega and drove the Ndebele further north. The trekkers then concluded treaties of friendship with Moroka and Sekonyela (chief of the Tlokwa). When Piet Retief and his followers split away and moved eastwards to Natal, both Potgieter and Piet Uys remained determined to break the Ndebele. At the end of 1837, 135 trekkers besieged Mzilikazi 's forces in the Marico valley, and Mzilikazi fled across the Limpopo River to present-day Zimbabwe. He died there, to be succeeded by Lobengula, who led a rather precarious life in the area until he was eventually defeated by the forces of the British South Africa Company in the 1890s. Meanwhile, Retief and his followers continued marching towards Port Natal (later Durban). After Retief's fateful encounter with Dingane, chief of the Zulu, and the ensuing Battle of Blood River, the trekkers declared the short-lived Republic of Natalia (1838). They formed a simple system of goveming, with Pretorius as President, assisted by a volksraad (people's assembly) of 24 members, and local government officials based on the traditional landdrost and heemraden system. In 1841, an adjunct council was established at Potchefstroom, with Potgieter as Chief-Commandant. The trekkers believed that at last they had found a place in the sun.... But the British would not recognise their independence. In December 1838, the Governor, Sir George Napier, a determined military man who had not allowed the loss of his right arm in battle to ruin his career, sent his military secretary, Major Samuel Charters, to occupy Port Natal, which effectively controlled Voortrekker use of the harbour. Three years later, when the Natal Volksraad resolved to drive all Africans not working for the whites southwards beyond the Mtamvuna River (later the border between Natal and the Transkei), Napier again intervened. He was concerned that this would threaten the eastern frontier of the Cape, and so instructed Captain Thomas Charlton Smith to march to Port Natal with 250 men. Smith, who had joined the Royal Navy at the age of nine and was a veteran of the Battle of Waterloo, tried to negotiate with Pretorius, but to no avail. On the moonlit night of 23 May 1842, Smith attacked the Boer camp at Congella but Pretorius, who had been alerted, fought back. The trekkers proceeded to besiege the British camp. One of their number, Dick King. who became known as the 'saviour of Natal', evaded the siege and rode some 1000 kilometres on horseback to seek reinforcements in Grahamstown. In June a British relief force under Lieutenant-Colonel Abraham Cloete arrived on the scene and Boer resistance was crushed. On 15 July the volksraad at Pietermaritzburg signed the conditions of submission. Although most trekkers had travelled into Natal or into the far north with the main expeditions, some had remained on the fertile land above the junction of the Caledon and Orange rivers, and gradually began to move north-eastward. The trekkers' pioneer in this area was Jan de Winnaar, who settled in the Matlakeng area in May-June 1838. As more farmers were moving into the area they tried to colonise the land between the two rivers, even north of the Caledon, claiming that it had been abandoned by the Sotho people. But although some of the independent communities who had lived there had been scattered, others remained in the kloofs and on the hillsides. Moshoeshoe, paramount chief of the Sotho, when hearing of the trekker settlement above the junction, stated that '... the ground on which they were belonged to me, but I had no objections to their flocks grazing there until such time as they were able to proceed further; on condition, however, that they remained in peace with my people and recognised my authority'. The trekkers proceeded to build huts of clay (instead of reed), and began planting their own food crops (no longer trading with the Sotho). This indicated their resolve to settle down permanently. A French missionary, Eugene Casalis, later remarked that the trekkers had humbly asked for temporary rights while they were still few in number, but that when they felt 'strong enough to throw off the mask' they went back on their initial intention. In October 1842 Jan Mocke, a fiery republican, and his followers erected a beacon at Alleman's drift on the banks of the Orange River and proclaimed a republic. Officials were appointed to preside over the whole area between the Caledon and Vaal rivers. Riding back from the drift, they informed Chief Lephoi, an independent chief at Bethulie, that the land was now Boer property and that he and his people were subject to Boer laws. They further decided that the crops which had been sown for the season would be reaped by the Boers, and they even uprooted one of the peach trees in the garden of a mission station as indication of their ownership. In the north-east, they began to drive Moshoeshoe's people away from the springs, their only source of water. Moshoeshoe appealed for protection to the Queen of England, but he soon discovered that he would have to organise his own resistance. Land seizure and dispossession were also prevalent in the eastern Transvaal where Potgieter had founded the towns of Andries-Ohrigstad in 1845 and Soutpansberg (which was later renamed Schoemansdal) in 1848. A power struggle erupted between Potgieter and Pretorius, who had arrived with a new trekker party from Natal and seemed to have a better understanding of the political dynamics of southern Africa. Potgieter, still anxious to legitimise his settlement, concluded a vredenstraktaat (peace treaty) in 1845 with Sekwati, chief of the Pedi, who he claimed had ceded all rights to an undefined stretch of land. The precise terms of the treaty are unknown, but it seems certain that Sekwati never actually sold land to the Boers. Often in order to ensure their own safety, chiefs would sign arbitrary treaties giving away sections of land to which they in fact had no right. Such was the case with Mswati, chief of the Swazi, who, intent on seeking support against the Zulu, in July 1846 granted all the land bounded by the Oliphants, Crocodile and Elands rivers to the Boers. This angered the Pedi, who pointed out that the land had not even been his to hand over. There was no uniform legal system or concept of ownership to which all parties interested in the land subscribed. Private land ownership did not exist in these African societies, and for the most part the land which chiefs ceded to the Boers was communally owned. Any document 'signed' by the chiefs, and its implications, could not have been fully understood by them. Misunderstandings worked in the favour of the Boers. Large tracts of land were purchased for next to nothing. For example, the northern half of Transorangia went to Andries Potgieter in early 1836 for a few cattle and a promise to protect the Taung chief, Makwana, from the Ndebele. The area between the Vet and Vaal rivers extended about 60 000 square kilometres. This means that Potgieter got 2000 square kilometres per head of livestock! Also the 'right of conquest' was extended over areas much larger than those that chiefs actually had authority over. After Mzilikazi 's flight north in November 1837, the trekkers immediately took over all the land between the Vet and Limpopo rivers - although Mzilikazi's area of control covered only the western Transvaal. But it was only after the Sand River Convention (1852) and the Bloemfontein Convention (1854) that independent Boer republics were formally established north of the Vaal and Orange rivers respectively. References: • Reader’s Digest. (1988). Illustrated History of South Africa: the real story, New York: Reader’s Digest Association. p. 114-120.	i don't know
Which northern fishing town is associated with Dracula	Whitby: Town of Voyagers and Vampires Ancient Britain ï¿½ Castles ï¿½ Churches/Cathedrals ï¿½ Houses/Manors ï¿½ Museums ï¿½ Towns ï¿½ Countryside ï¿½ London ï¿½ History & Folklore ï¿½ Travel Tips Test daily news Whitby: Town of Voyagers and Vampires by Jane Gilbert Visitors to Whitby can't escape its quintessential Britishness. From fish and chips to rainy picnics, this small fishing town on the north east coast embodies England's fast disappearing seaside tradition. While the Victorian grandeur of Plymouth and Torquay decays along rusting piers and dreary promenades, Whitby's vitality and freshness can be sensed throughout its cobblestone streets. First colonised in the fifth century A.D, Whitby witnessed a vital turning point in the history of the English church. The cliff top Abbey, founded in 657 A.D., was the site of an early Synod Council in 664, where the Celtic and Roman churches tussled over the date of Easter. King Oswiu decided in favour of Rome. After all, it is St Peter who holds the keys of heaven. His decision brought the English church into close contact with the rest of Europe. English poetry also sprung from Whitby. The ploughboy Caedmon, acclaimed as the first poet in the English language, died there in 680 A.D. The abbey was destroyed by Vikings, but rebuilt in 1077. You can see echoes of the medieval gothic style in today's ruins. In the 1700s the town became an important whaling port. The two jaw bones of the West Cliff Arch, a reminder of Whitby's whalers, tower above you. But the sixteen foot, three hundred and fifty pound bones you see today are not as old as you might think. In 2002, it was noticed that the whalebone arch was decaying. Help came from Whitby's sister city of Anchorage, Alaska, who presented the town with a new set of blue whale bones to commemorate the 25th anniversary of their relationship. One of Whitby's most famous sons is Captain James Cook, the 18th-century explorer who discovered Australia. He was apprenticed to a Whitby ship-owner at the age of eighteen. His first voyage was on the cargo ship The Freelove, carrying coal from the north down to London. The dangerous, ill-marked North Sea waters offered the splendid practical training that allowed Cook to confront dangers from the Antarctic to the Great Barrier Reef. He rose through the merchant ranks, taking advantage of the winter months of refitting to study mathematics by night. Seeking wider prospects in the Royal Navy, Cook's valuable seafaring experience and leadership qualities saw him posted to America, where he protected British colonial interests against the French during the Seven Years War. He proceeded to make his name as a cartographer, mathematician and astronomer. Nonetheless, when the Admiralty organised the first scientific expedition to the Pacific in 1768, Cook, now forty, was a surprise choice as commander. In a plain but dependable coal-bark from Whitby, renamed HMS Endeavour, Cook successfully dropped off Royal Society botanists, astronomers and artists in Tahiti, thus establishing the tradition of ship-board scientists that saw Charles Darwin sail on his landmark expedition on The Beagle. Next, Cook headed south-southwest in search of Terra Australis, at that time a mere cartographic conjecture. Not only did he find and chart New Zealand, he successfully navigated and surveyed the world's toughest navigational hazard -- the Great Barrier Reef -- and returned to England with remarkably few losses, notably none to scurvy. Cook demanded cleanliness and ventilation in the crew's quarters and a diet including greenstuffs and citrus. His sailors' health made him a naval hero. Cook went on to explore the South Seas in another Whitby ship, The Resolution, discovering many islands that remain British possessions to this day. After an unsuccessful search for the Northwest Passage, he was killed in Polynesia, but not before he met the king, was made a captain, and was elected with highest honours to the erudite Royal Society for defeating scurvy. Visitors can relive the past on a replica of the Endeavour which carries tourists on excursions into the bay, while the Grape Lane house where he lived houses the popular Captain Cook Museum. One of the most popular souvenirs to take home is a trinket made from the unique Whitby black jet stone. Formed from the remains of a tree from the Jurassic Period, the stone is only found along one stretch of Whitby coastline. Another essential memento is a print from Victorian photographer Frank Meadow Sutcliffe. From fisherman hauling in the day's catch to moony-eyed children playing on the beach, the images from Whitby's heyday offer a remnant of a town with history dripping from every building. You can't walk far along the winding streets, however, before you notice what Whitby is most famous for. Vampire myths are found in cultures all over the world and have been the inspiration for spine-chilling legends and innumerable films. But the most famous vampire of all, without a shadow of a doubt, was created by Victorian writer Bram Stoker. Count Dracula may have his roots firmly in Eastern Europe, but in Stoker's story he visits a small seaside resort on England's north-east coast in search of British blood. After all, even vampires need a holiday. The infamous Count is around every corner and in every shop window. And, despite his gruesome taste for blood, Dracula has brought fresh life to this windswept part of Britain -- in the shape of tourism. In the early 1890s, when Bram Stoker was writing his famous novel, Whitby was a thriving port and fishing town. It was also an increasingly popular seaside resort for wealthy and fashionable Victorians. When the fishing industry began to decline in the later part of the twentieth century, Whitby survived because of its popularity with tourists. Bram Stoker often took his holidays here. He stayed in The Duke of York, a riverside inn, whilst working on the novel. Locals tell the tale that pigeons perched on the window ledge of Stoker's room, pecking away with their beaks at their own reflections in the glass. They say this found its way into the novel when the Count's nails scrape against Lucy's window as he tries to get in, hellbent upon making her one of the undead. In Stoker's novel, after the shipwreck of The Demeter, Dracula runs up the famous 199 steps to the graveyard in St Mary's church in the shape of a black dog. An examination of the ship's log shows that the crew members had been gradually disappearing since she left Varna in Russia. But it is the ship's cargo which gives readers a clue about how Dracula managed to travel so far without being noticed -- it is full of coffins. This passage of the novel is based on historical fact. A few years before Stoker came to Whitby, a ship called The Demetrius was damaged on the rocks near the harbour. Its cargo of coffins tumbled into the sea. The locals revelled in telling yarns about the dead bodies that appeared on the town's beaches in various stages of decay for weeks after. A bench on the cliff top path is inscribed with the words 'The view from this spot inspired Bram Stoker (1847-1912)'. Although if all the hotels, cafes and street corners laying claim to a Stoker connection are telling the truth, it's a wonder his book wasn't a thousand pages long. One tourist attraction less concerned with facts than fun is the Dracula Experience on the West Cliff. Sinister music attracts the attention of passers-by. Visitors wander through the darkness while animated characters re-enact the story, including a Dracula figure that rises again and again from his coffin. A mix of live actors and edifying displays create a semi-serious atmosphere of horror. Whilst you might not emerge shaking with fear, the Experience certainly offers a lively introduction to Whitby's Dracula heritage. Those seeking a more authentic experience, while taking in some of the town's historical sites, should opt for one of the themed walks offered by expert local guide, Harry Collett. You can choose between general ghost tours and dedicated Dracula walks, as well as more educational options, exploring the town's maritime history and that of the surrounding countryside. Of course, it's the Dracula walks which are always the most popular. 'Our fear of vampires,' suggests Harry, 'is as ancient as our fear of darkness.' Not frightening enough to keep away the two thousand goths who flock to Whitby each May and November for a Dracula festival. And tourists are always fascinated by the depth of Harry's knowledge. The questions he is most often asked are 'Is Dracula still alive?' 'Where is he buried?' and 'Are you Dracula? Don't forget to visit the ancient Abbey, even though it will mean climbing the famous 199 winding steps. I clambered up towards midnight under a full moon. With the Abbey floodlit orange against the night sky and the broken tombs and faded inscriptions of nearby St Mary's church graveyard, the view when you get to the top is well worth it. Perhaps it was the sound of the sea crashing into the base of the cliffs, or the shakiness of my legs after the long climb, but it was easy to imagine Dracula lurking in every shadow. I certainly felt relieved to get back to the relative normality of the town. Whitby will continue to cash in on the Dracula connection as long as the world's most enduring horror novel remains popular. But, whether you tremble at the top of the 199 steps or laugh at the models in the Dracula Experience, it really doesn't matter. Vampires may seem a million miles away when you are chomping away on traditional British fish and chips by the shore, but there are enough plastic Dracula souvenirs around to scare anyone. Related Articles:	Whitby
Which accessory carried by a motorist could you also have round your midriff	Dracula - Whitby Whitby Dracula Dracula One of the most popular stories ever told, Dracula has been re-created for the stage and screen hundreds of times in the last century. Yet it is essentially a Victorian saga, an awesome tale of thrillingly bloodthirsty vampire whose nocturnal atrocities reflect the dark underside of a supremely moralistic age. Above all, Dracula is a quintessential story of suspense and horror, boasting one of the most terrifying characters in literature: centuries-old Count Dracula, whose diabolical passions prey upon the innocent, the helpless, the beautiful. Bram Stoker, who was also the manager of the famous actor Sir Henry Irving, wrote seventeen novels. Dracula remains his most celebrated and enduring work — even today this Gothic masterpiece has lost none of the spine-tingling impact that makes it a classic of the genre. Dracula Bite Dracula’s arrival in Whitby! “But, strangest of all, the very instant the shore was touched, an immense dog sprang up on deck from below … and running forward, jumped from the bow on to the sand. Making straight for the steep cliff, where the churchyard hangs over the laneway to the East Pier … it disappeared in the darkness.” from Dracula by Bram Stoker, 1897 Black Dog Looking across the harbour toward Whitby’s East Cliff, you can see the view that inspired the fertile imagination of author Bram Stoker, who stayed in the Royal Hotel on the western side of Whitby while writing his famous novel. St Mary’s Church across the river in Whitby The extract is from a critical point in the book’s story-line, where the Russian schooner Demeter raced across the harbour before the blast of a massive storm, with its dead captain lashed to the helm, and crashed into the pier just under Whitby’s East Cliff and Whitby Abbey, whereupon the immense dog leapt onto English soil. The black dog was known to be one of the many forms into which a vampire could transform itself. Count Dracula had arrived in England.	i don't know
At which battle was Custer's last stand	The Battle of the Little Bighorn, 1876 The Battle of the Little Bighorn, 1876 Printer Friendly Version >>> In late 1875, Sioux and Cheyenne Indians defiantly left their reservations, outraged over the continued intrusions of whites into their sacred lands in the Black Hills. They gathered in Montana with the great warrior Sitting Bull to fight for their lands. The following spring, two victories over the US Cavalry emboldened them to fight on in the summer of 1876. George Armstrong Custer To force the large Indian army back to the reservations, the Army dispatched three columns to attack in coordinated fashion, one of which contained Lt. Colonel George Custer and the Seventh Cavalry. Spotting the Sioux village about fifteen miles away along the Rosebud River on June 25, Custer also found a nearby group of about forty warriors. Ignoring orders to wait, he decided to attack before they could alert the main party. He did not realize that the number of warriors in the village numbered three times his strength. Dividing his forces in three, Custer sent troops under Captain Frederick Benteen to prevent their escape through the upper valley of the Little Bighorn River. Major Marcus Reno was to pursue the group, cross the river, and charge the Indian village in a coordinated effort with the remaining troops under his command. He hoped to strike the Indian encampment at the northern and southern ends simultaneously, but made this decision without knowing what kind of terrain he would have to cross before making his assault. He belatedly discovered that he would have to negotiate a maze of bluffs and ravines to attack. Reno's squadron of 175 soldiers attacked the southern end. Quickly finding themselves in a desperate battle with little hope of any relief, Reno halted his charging men before they could be trapped, fought for ten minutes in dismounted formation, and then withdrew into the timber and brush along the river. When that position proved indefensible, they retreated uphill to the bluffs east of the river, pursued hotly by a mix of Cheyenne and Sioux. Just as they finished driving the soldiers out, the Indians found roughly 210 of Custer's men coming towards the other end of the village, taking the pressure off of Reno's men. Cheyenne and Hunkpapa Sioux together crossed the river and slammed into the advancing soldiers, forcing them back to a long high ridge to the north. Meanwhile, another force, largely Oglala Sioux under Crazy Horse's command, swiftly moved downstream and then doubled back in a sweeping arc, enveloping Custer and his men in a pincer move. They began pouring in gunfire and arrows. ADVERTISMENT As the Indians closed in, Custer ordered his men to shoot their horses and stack the carcasses to form a wall, but they provided little protection against bullets. In less than an hour, Custer and his men were killed in the worst American military disaster ever. After another day's fighting, Reno and Benteen's now united forces escaped when the Indians broke off the fight. They had learned that the other two columns of soldiers were coming towards them, so they fled. After the battle, the Indians came through and stripped the bodies and mutilated all the uniformed soldiers, believing that the soul of a mutilated body would be forced to walk the earth for all eternity and could not ascend to heaven. Inexplicably, they stripped Custer's body and cleaned it, but did not scalp or mutilate it. He had been wearing buckskins instead of a blue uniform, and some believe that the Indians thought he was not a soldier and so, thinking he was an innocent, left him alone. Because his hair was cut short for battle, others think that he did not have enough hair to allow for a very good scalping. Immediately after the battle, the myth emerged that they left him alone out of respect for his fighting ability, but few participating Indians knew who he was to have been so respectful. To this day, no one knows the real reason. Sitting Bull 1878 Little Bighorn was the pinnacle of the Indians' power. They had achieved their greatest victory yet, but soon their tenuous union fell apart in the face of the white onslaught. Outraged over the death of a popular Civil War hero on the eve of the Centennial, the nation demanded and received harsh retribution. The Black Hills dispute was quickly settled by redrawing the boundary lines, placing the Black Hills outside the reservation and open to white settlement. Within a year, the Sioux nation was defeated and broken. "Custer's Last Stand" was their last stand as well. Carnage at the Little Bighorn George Herendon served as a scout for the Seventh Cavalry - a civilian under contract with the army and attached to Major Reno's command. Herendon charged across the Little Bighorn River with Reno as the soldiers met an overwhelming force of Sioux streaming from their encampment. After the battle, Herendon told his story to a reporter from the New York Herald: "Reno took a steady gallop down the creek bottom three miles where it emptied into the Little Horn, and found a natural ford across the Little Horn River. He started to cross, when the scouts came back and called out to him to hold on, that the Sioux were coming in large numbers to meet him. He crossed over, however, formed his companies on the prairie in line of battle, and moved forward at a trot but soon took a gallop. "The Valley was about three fourth of a mile wide, on the left a line of low, round hills, and on the right the river bottom covered with a growth of cottonwood trees and bushes. After scattering shots were fired from the hills and a few from the river bottom and Reno's skirmishers returned the shots. "He advanced about a mile from the ford to a line of timber on the right and dismounted his men to fight on foot. The horses were sent into the timber, and the men forward on the prairie and advanced toward the Indians. The Indians, mounted on ponies, came across the prairie and opened a heavy fire on the soldiers. After skirmishing for a few minutes Reno fell back to his horses in the timber. The Indians moved to his left and rear, evidently with the intention of cutting him off from the ford. "Reno ordered his men to mount and move through the timber, but as his men got into the saddle the Sioux, who had advanced in the timber, fired at close range and killed one soldier. Colonel Reno then commanded the men to dismount, and they did so, but he soon ordered them to mount again, and moved out on to the open prairie." Continued... "Retreat across the river" Good news for all us under-achievers: In 1861, Custer graduated from West Point at the bottom of his class. However, during the Civil War his skills at war propelled him to the temporary rank of brigadier general. He remains the youngest general in our history. Sitting Bull was killed in 1890 during an attempt to arrest him by Indian Agency police. His death ignited the distrubance and subsequent massacre of Sioux at Wounded Knee, South Dakota.	Little Bighorn
Which present state was once known officially as Indian Territory	Custer's Last Stand - Battle of Little Bighorn \| World History Project Jun 25 1876 Custer's Last Stand - Battle of Little Bighorn On June 25, 1876, George Armstrong Custer and the 265 men under his command lost their lives in the Battle of Little Big Horn, often referred to as Custer's Last Stand. Educated at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, Custer proved his brilliance and daring as a cavalry officer of the Union Army in the Civil War. Major General George McClellan appointed the twenty-three-year-old Custer as brigadier general in charge of a Michigan cavalry brigade. By 1864, Custer was leading the Third Cavalry Division in General Philip Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley campaign. Throughout the fall, the Union Army moved across the valley—burning homes, mills, and fields of crops. Source: Library of Congress Added by: Aimee Lucido The Battle of the Little Bighorn —also known as Custer's Last Stand and, in the parlance of the Native Americans involved, the Battle of Greasy Grass Creek—was an armed engagement between a Lakota–Northern Cheyenne combined force and the 7th Cavalry Regiment of the United States Army. It occurred on June 25 and June 26, 1876, near the Little Bighorn River in the eastern Montana Territory, near what is now Crow Agency, Montana. The battle was the most famous action of the Great Sioux War of 1876-77 and was a remarkable victory for the Lakota and Northern Cheyenne, led by Sitting Bull. The U.S. Seventh Cavalry, including a column of 700 men led by George Armstrong Custer, was defeated. Five of the Seventh's companies were annihilated and Custer himself was killed as were two of his brothers, a nephew, and a brother-in-law. This battle did not inflict the highest number of casualties by Native Americans against U.S. forces, however. That happened in 1791 at the Battle of the Wabash when the U.S army command suffered over 600 casualties. Source: Wikipedia Added by: Aimee Lucido More information	i don't know
Which cartoonist named Harold MacMillan, 'Supermac'	Why was Harold Macmillan dubbed 'Supermac'? - Quora Quora History Why was Harold Macmillan dubbed 'Supermac'? Was it becasue of his overall success in strenghtening British aperception and the famous "never had it so good" speech? Written Jul 14, 2015 He was given the name as a way of mocking him, by the political cartoonist 'Vicky' (Victor Weisz, a Jewish refugee from Nazi Germany who came to Britain in 1935).. Macmillan was an elderly aristocrat with a large moustache and flowing white hair, who wore tweed suits and spectacles, and gave off an air of 'mothballed grandeur'. Vicky thought he was overly vain and was becoming the centre of a cult of personality, so he drew a cartoon of him wearing a Superman costume and flying through the air. This was published in the Evening Standard in November 1958, and became famous. The name 'Supermac' caught on; not only among Macmillan's opponents, but among his supporters too, who used it unironically.	Vicky
In the Disney cartoon version of Robin Hood which type of creature played Little John	The not-so-super life of Supermac: HAROLD MACMILLAN BY CHARLES WILLIAMS \| Daily Mail Online comments As Prime Minister, Harold Macmillan is today best remembered for telling the British people in 1957 that they had never had it so good. He also presided over a succession of spy and sex scandals which prompted the parodic political slogan 'Life's better under a Conservative'. Harold Macmillan with his wife, Lady Dorothy MacMillan, at Epsom Racecourse. In the buttoned-up decades in which Macmillan conducted his career, the public was denied knowledge shared by the entire political class, that his wife Dorothy for decades flaunted an affair with Lord Boothby. At a summit meeting, President Kennedy baffled the Prime Minister, who found the idea of a sex drive distasteful, by saying: 'I wonder how it is with you, Harold? If I don't have a woman for three days, I get a terrible headache.' The Queen is said to have liked Macmillan least among her Prime Ministers because he was uninterested in horses, lectured her interminably and never listened to what she said. He, in his turn, was dismayed by Prince Philip's contempt for Britain's cherished nuclear deterrent, writing: 'I don't altogether like the tone of his talk. It is too like that of a clever undergraduate who has just discovered Socialism.' Charles Williams is a retired businessman who spoke for Labour in the House of Lords before he turned to writing, producing serviceable biographies of De Gaulle, Petain, Adenauer and Don Bradman. In his latest book, disdain seems to fight with grudging admiration for his subject, 'the great actor-manager' of modern British politics. Macmillan was born in 1894, third son of a rich publisher and his dominating American wife. Ill-health dogged his childhood and allegedly caused him to leave Eton early, though Williams mentions rumours of a possible homosexual scandal. Thereafter, he was tutored for Oxford by the proselytising Anglo-Catholic Ronald Knox, with whom the author says Macmillan fell in love, though they are unlikely to have shared carnal relations. He left Oxford to join the Army in 1914, and served two brief stints in France with the Grenadiers before being wounded, the second time seriously, during the Somme battle. After a year in hospitals, his first post-war job was as an aide to the Duke of Devonshire, governor-general of Canada. He overcame the Duchess's horror of his background in trade to marry the Devonshire daughter, 20-year-old Lady Dorothy Cavendish. The middle-class Macmillan was thereby elevated into the British establishment, though Williams says that the serried ranks of aristocrats at their wedding were underwhelmed by the bridegroom's contribution to the guest list: he invited his family publishing firm's star authors, led by Thomas Hardy. Macmillan entered parliament as MP for Stockton in 1924. He earned a reputation as a Leftleaning, clever, energetic Tory - but also as a dry stick, which seemed his own wife's view. By 1939 he was 44, but had never held even minor political office. World War II made Macmillan. He served first at the Ministry of Supply, then from 1943 as Resident Minister in the Mediterranean, where he handled the intricacies of French, Italian, Greek and, above all, Anglo-American relations with considerable skill. Critics were irritated by his condescension towards lesser breeds, among whom he numbered Americans. Macmillan fought his way into the top flight of politics by his achievement as Housing Minister in Churchill's post-war Government, building more than 300,000 homes in 1953. He briefly became Foreign Secretary, then Chancellor under Anthony Eden. Macmillan's performance over Suez in 1956 incurs a justly caustic censure from Williams. He first persuaded himself - and Eden - that the Americans would support Anglo-French military action. Then, when the scale of the disaster in Egypt became plain, he hastily distanced himself from it, lamenting to President Eisenhower and Secretary of State John Foster Dulles that he had been unable to restrain Eden. Macmillan achieved the premiership in January 1957, when it became plain that Eden's credibility and supposedly his health were wrecked. The new PM's most notable achievements during almost seven years in Downing Street were to win the 1959 election for the Tories and rebuild Britain's sorely injured relationship with the U.S. He achieved a surprisingly close understanding with the young Jack Kennedy. The price, however, of his passionate commitment to the Atlantic partnership was that Britain missed out on the building of Europe and was massively snubbed by De Gaulle. At home, Macmillan showed himself a cunning and ruthless tactician, most notoriously when he sacked a third of his Cabinet in the 1962 'Night of the Long Knives'. Yet, to an extraordinary degree, having striven so long for power, he found the premiership a disappointment. In 1963, he pleaded ill-health to justify his resignation; in truth, he had simply had enough. His final disservice was to secure the succession for Lord Home, an absurd ruler for Britain in the late 20th century, as voters decided at the following year's General Election. Williams's biography is shrewd, but he patronises his subject and occasionally stoops to bitchiness. Focusing on Macmillan's personal record, he fails to set this in the context of Britain's post-war experience. 'Supermac', as the newspaper cartoonist Vicky christened him in mingled admiration and mockery of his posturings on the international stage, was full of contradictions. A liberal about the shrinking empire, and indeed in his enthusiasm to give the British people better lives, he clung to a 19th-century style of governance whereby Old Etonians knew best. He and his generation of Tories failed to grasp the post-war industrial and economic problems of the country. Ever anxious for a quiet life, he later scorned Margaret Thatcher, who confronted headlong all the issues that he had dodged. He was probably the last Prime Minister who would dare to spend an hour of every day in Downing Street reading Trollope and Jane Austen. He lived to be 92, a witty sage to the last. I remember once hearing him reminisce about his wartime partnership with Field-Marshal Alexander in Italy. 'The last time we met,' Macmillan recounted, 'we were going into the theatre together. I said one of those old man's things: "Alex, wouldn't it be lovely to have it all to do over again." 'Alex turned to me and said: "Oh no. We might not do nearly so well." ' The wily old rogue knew that the same was true of himself.	i don't know
Who was head of the family in the cartoon series the Jetsons	The Jetsons - Show News, Reviews, Recaps and Photos - TV.com EDIT With the success of The Flintstones, the modern Stone Age family, Hanna-Barbera decided to make a similar family cartoon, but set in their vision of the Space Age in the 21st century. This new series that debuted September 23, 1962 became The Jetsons. Set mainly in sky-high Orbit City, the show featured the family of George Jetson, Jane, his wife, their daughter Judy, and son Elroy living the average life in the future with flying space cars, instant transport tubes, and various robots and gadgets than can get their work done for them in a matter of seconds. George brought in the family income by working at Spacely Space Sprockets, run by his stocky, ill-tempered boss Cosmo Spacely, who's usually quick to fire George for any reason he could find. But somehow, he always managed to get his job back and continue supporting his family. He works as an indexer and is teamed with his helpful computer R.U.D.I. Other than the threats of firing by Spacely, George would also have to worry about any schemes carried out by Mr. Spacely's top business rival W.C. Cogswell, owner and president of Cogswell Cogs. If there's a dispute between the two businessmen, it's almost certain George would wind up in the middle of it. Most times, though, things always worked out in the end. Jane is the housewife who tends to the home, but loves to shop for the latest fashions and various items that can be a help to the family, like new gadgets that can help them in new ways. She's assisted by the family's robot maid Rosey (which can also be spelled Rosie). She's one of the older-fashioned models compared to most of the advanced robot maids of the future, but the Jetsons love her and regard her as a member of the family. Judy is the Jetsons' teenage daughter who attends Orbit High School and goes for the latest teen fashions, trends, and music, and seems to have a different boyfriend in most episodes. If she's lucky, she can even wind up dating a celebrity, like her favorite rock star Jet Screamer, much to her father's chagrin. Elroy is the Jetsons' genius son who attends Little Dipper Elementary School and is a straight-A student. He's a part-time inventor and can make new creations in hope to make a better future, and if fortunate, a little money on the side. But most times, he likes to be an average boy by playing various sports, and with his faithful companion, the family's dog Astro, who at times is overly affectionate, and can annoy George at times. But like Rosey, he's regarded as a member of the family. The Jetsons reside at the Skypad Apartments, which are properly cared for by superintendant Henry Orbit, who like Elroy is a mechanical genius. At times, he can invent gadgets that can help him with his maintenance work. His greatest accomplishment is his robot assistant Mac, who can get his work at the Skypad Apartments done in half the time. But he does have feelings for Rosey as the two are occasionally seen as a couple, but are mainly friends. Other recurring characters in this series include Mr. Spacely's family, particularly his wife Stella (sometimes called Petunia, likely her nickname), one of few people who can actually put a scare in him if he rubs her the wrong way. And they have a young son close to Elroy's age named Arthur. Common characters at Spacely Sprockets are Uniblab, an underling robot who at times is a stool pigeon for Mr. Spacely to George's dismay, as well as Spacely's secretary Miss Galaxy. Cogswell also had a few subordinates of his own. Among them were his assistant Harlan and his scientist Moonstone. The Jetsons ran for only one season on ABC, but the series was more successful in syndication. This led to a revival in 1985 with new episodes with more advanced animation that was richer in color and made the series even more futuristic than the 1960's version of the 21st century. New characters were introduced as well, including a new alien gremlin pet for the Jetsons, named Orbitty, who has springlike legs and suction cup feet, enabling him to hang upside down. He could also tinker with machines and change color in accordance to emotion. Another new animal for the revival was a robot dog for Cogwell named Sentro, who served as a guard dog and a spy often used against Mr. Spacely in efforts to beat him to the punch on his latest projects. These episodes aired in syndication, which generated the same level of success as the originals when they went in that direction. This led to 10 more episodes to finalize the series in 1987, as well as two TV movies, the music-themed Rockin' with Judy Jetson, which was preceded by the epic crossover The Jetsons Meet the Flintstones, which brought the Space Age and the Stone Age together as Hanna-Barbera's most famous families had a grand adventure spanning two eras. The Jetsons had its true finale when Jetsons: The Movie hit the theaters in 1990, as this would be among the last voice work for actors George O'Hanlon (George Jetson) and Mel Blanc (Mr. Spacely) for they both had died just prior to the movie's release. Overall, The Jetsons may not have had the supreme popularity of The Flintstones, but it did have a wide appeal for families of any generation and certainly had a place in the heart for those who would turn on and watch the series. The Jetsons, like many Hanna-Barbera series, can be seen on Boomerang from Cartoon Network. Check your local listings. And the majority of the series can be seen on DVD, so it would be a good means to build your cartoon collection. moreless	George
What three words appear at the end of every Loony Tunes cartoon	The Jetsons The Jetsons Series Description The Jetsons TV show was an animated kids TV series about the lives of the Jetson family who live with their dog Astro and housekeeper robot Rosie in a high rise home of the future ... complete with a parking garage for their spacecar. Mom, dad, and the kids have it made in some ways with instant food preparation, ionic showers, and workdays where all one needs do is push one button ... then go home, but the future is not all "Rosie" either! The Jetsons get into their share of jams (especially George, Elroy, and Astro), but they typically find some "way of the future" to get out of trouble! The Jetsons Characters Daws Butler ........... Elroy Jetson / Henry Orbit / W.C. Cogswell Jean Vander Pyl ....... Rosie the Robot / Mrs. Starla Spacely (Credited As Jean Vanderpyl) Don Messick ........... Astro / R.U.D.I Mel Blanc ............. Cosmo S. Spacely / Miscellaneous Voices The Jetsons Trivia Every single episode of The Jetsons was broadcast in color! It was the first ABC series to air entirely in color. " The Flintstones " had the first episode in color on ABC but that began in its third season and that episode only beat the Jetsons premiere by 9 days. The Jetsons Theme Written By: "William Hanna, Joseph Barbera, and Hoyt Curtin" Meet George Jetson. Ok. Admittedly, that one's pretty lame so we'll also give you the lyrics to the best-known song that aired on The Jetsons: Title: "Eep Opp Ork Ah-Ah" Written By: "Howard Morris" Eep opp ork ah ah Get in the capsule, baby We are blasting off. Eep opp ork ah ah (whooooo) Eep opp ork ah ah (whooooo) Eep epp ork ah ah And that means I love you. Well now, I took my baby for a ride in space (Eep epp ork ah ah) And met a funny little man with a funny face (Eep epp ork ah ah) He taught us both to wail this way (Eep epp ork ah ah) And nobody digs a word we say (Eep epp ork ah ah). Eep epp ork ah ah (whooooo) Eep epp ork ah ah (whooooo) Eep epp ork ah ah And that means I love you. Yeah I read my baby loud and clear (Eep epp ork ah ah) She just said I love you dear. (Eep epp ork ah ah) Now when I reply the way I do (Eep epp ork ah ah) I just said I love you too Come fly with me! Come on fly with me And now Eep epp ork means I dig you. you heard the word that crazy word That word you heard Eep epp ork ah ah means I love you. Hop on baby, I'll put you in orbit. Episodes List With Original Air Dates The Jetsons First Season A Date With Jet Screamer (9/30/1962) Jetsons Nite Out (10/7/1962) The Coming of Astro (10/21/1962) The Good Little Scouts (10/28/1962) The Flying Suit (11/4/1962) A Visit From Grandpa (12/2/1962) Astro's Top Secret (12/9/1962) TV or Not TV (2/24/1963) Elroy's Mob (3/3/1963) Space Bong (Secret Agent Double O-Oh) (9/8/1984) Elroy Meets Orbity (9/15/1984) The Swiss Family Jetson (9/29/1984) Winner Takes All (10/6/1984) Little Bundle of Joy (11/3/1984) Dance Time (11/10/1984) Mother's Day for Rosie (12/15/1984) Fugitive Fleas (12/22/1984) The Cosmic Courtship of George and Jane (1/19/1985) Fantasy Planet (1/26/1985) One Strike You're Out (2/9/1985) Solar Snoops (2/16/1985) A Jetson Christmas Carol (4/13/1985) Dog Daze Afternoon (4/20/1985) To Tell the Truth (5/11/1985) Judy's Elopement (5/18/1985) Grandpa and the Galactic Golddigger (5/25/1985) Boy George (6/1/1985) 9 to 5 to 9 (9/8/1987) Invisible Yours, George (9/15/1987) Clean as a Hound's Tooth (9/29/1987) Wedding Bells for Rosie (10/6/1987) The Odd Pod (10/13/1987) Spacely for a Day (10/27/1987) The Jetsons TV Movies	i don't know
Which cartoon show was turned into a film called Bigger, Longer and Uncut in 1999	Watch South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut Online \| 1999 Movie \| Yidio Watch South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut "UH-OH." South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut is an animated movie created by Trey Parker and Matt Stone based on their television series of the same name. The film encompasses other popular animated movies in a parody that involves crude humor and adult jokes. Despite the film being a cartoon, the movie as well as the Television series is created for mature audiences. The film centers on the boys attempting to view the new Terrance and Phillip movie that has recently been released in their town. Despite possessing enough money for the movie, the boys are turned away due to the fact that movie is rated R, and ironically parallels the same type of crude humor that is portrayed in the actual South Park film itself. In turn, the boys hire a homeless man as their guardian so that they can view the film. After seeing the movie the boys are overcome by the use of foul language that the characters Terrance and Phillip use in the movie, and the boys incorporate their cursing into their own speech despite not quite understanding the meaning of most of the terms. The boys return to school the following day and use the language at the teacher and to other students in the class. Shocked by their kids’ foul language, their teacher and principal attempt to divert their foul mouths by holding an educational seminar to help clean up their newly acquired vocabulary. Their parents also subsequently ground the boys, and Kyle's mom sets up a group called "Mothers against Canada" after attributing the boys’ language to the Terrance and Phillip movie, and based on the fact the characters are from Canada. The characters Terrance and Phillip are arrested due to the ordeal caused by Kyle's mom and the boys find themselves caught up in a struggle to save the men who they idolize so much. In the end the group of boys have to decide between their mother's intentions for them, and following the characters for which they look up to.	South Park
What is the largest structure in the world made by living creatures	South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut (Western Animation) - TV Tropes Anti-Villain : For being the Prince of Darkness, Satan's actually a big softy. Armor-Piercing Question : "What about Ike, mom? Don't you know your own adopted son is Canadian!?" Arson, Murder, and Jaywalking : Cartman's cluster swear line at the end: "Fuck, shit, cock, ass, titties, boner, bitch, muff, pussy, cunt, God's butthole, Barbra Streisand!!" South Park's creators considered this justified , as they have outright said that they hate Streisand. Artistic License ï¿½ Law : Sheila says that Terrance and Phillip are under citizens' arrest and produces a court order allowing it. However, court orders give government approval for such a thing, technically not making it a citizens' arrest. Artistic License ï¿½ Linguistics : "Bich" is not Latin for "generosity". (It's Luxembourgish for "beech tree", but that wouldn't make as snappy a lyric). Audience Participation Song : The movie's version of "Kyle's Mom is a Bitch": "Come on, you all know the words!" Granted, Cartman's addressing the other kids in the playground, but it's pretty obvious that he's also addressing the viewers to get up for some toe-tapping sweary fun. Aww, Look! They Really Do Love Each Other : At the beginning of the movie, Kyle kicks Ike through a window and complains to his mother that he's adopted. Later on, it's shown that Kyle does care about Ike when the American government begins rounding up Canadian-born citizens. Kyle hides Ike in his attic so he won't be taken away and promises him that things will get better. While Kyle protects Terrance and Phillip, he asks his mother about Ike whom she adopted from Canada . "Up There", Satan's big showstopper. It's the only song in the movie without any swearing, and is a specific parody of the "I Want" Song as seen in Disney Renaissance movies. Parodied with "Eyes of a Child" by Michael McDonald of the Doobie Brothers. This is averted by the song that actually got award nominations, "Blame Canada". Backstabbing the Alpha Bitch : The other mothers leave Sheila on her own to go find their children, who are stuck in the middle of the battlefield. Badass Gay : Satan is a double subversion. He's initially weak and submissive (which is discussed when he talks to Kenny), though he opens up the portal to Hell so that demons would floor the Earth, but he eventually musters the courage to break up with Saddam for good and kill him. Bad Guys Do the Dirty Work : Satan kills Saddam Hussein and pulls his demons back to Hell, though it's more of a Dog Bites Back moment for Satan. Bait and Switch : Winona Ryder's ping pong ball trick. She just sits down and smacks them with a ping pong paddle, though the POV shot clearly suggests at first that she's propelling them in a more... visceral manner. Berserk Button : Call Sheila a bitch once, let alone do it repeatedly during a polka song-and-dance. Big Bad : It appears that Satan is the main antagonist at first, since he wishes to open the portal to Hell so that demons can conquer Earth. However, it turns out Saddam Hussein is manipulating the whole war and Satan so he can come Back from the Dead and Take Over the World . Big Damn Movie : Notably, it premiered not long after the series premired on Comedy Central , though. Stan when the electric chairs holding Terrance and Phillip are turned on by Mr. Garrison. Sheila shouts this when Kyle is able to stop the Canadian/American war... ...then shoots Terrance and Phillip. Big "WHAT?!" : Kenny, when he is shown Heaven (which, due to him being a pervert, is full of naked girls)... only to have the carpet yanked out from under him when he tries to enter, and is subsequently banished to hell since he refused to go to church and went to the movies instead. Black Dude Dies First : The army attempts to send in all the black soldiers first as "Operation: Human Shield" and the white soldiers getting behind them as "Operation: Get Behind The Drakes", even after Chef reminds the general of the Emancipation Proclamation (the freedom of slaves). Chef helps avert this trope when he tells all the black soldiers to duck at the right time. Blatant Lies : In his Villain Song , Saddam says that he can change. He never says that he will change, though. Big difference. When he shouts out "Just watch, I'm changing!", all he actually does is breakdance. Bookends : The film begins and ends with the song "Mountain Town" sung by the main characters. Call Back : The "Don't call me fat, you butt-fucking son of a bitch!" quote by Cartman was previously said by him in the Jesus vs. Santa short. Terrance and Phillip weren't the first characters in the series to use the term "pigfucker"; Cartman originally used the term in the aforementioned Jesus vs. Santa short. Also in the same short, due to the conflict of them not knowing whether to help either Jesus or Santa, Stan asks "what would Brian Boitano do?", and much to the boys' luck, he actually appears (unlike in the movie, where Brian Dennehy appears after mishearing his name). Kyle played "kick the baby" with Ike before in the very first episode "Cartman Gets an Anal Probe" as well as in "Ike's Wee Wee". Calling the Old Bitch Out : Kyle does this to Sheila near the end. She wasn't pleased. Camp Gay : This is played straight...gay...whatever, with Big Gay Al, and is taken Up to Eleven with his big musical number, "I'm Super". Canada, Eh? : The entire film is about parents trying to exterminate Canada because of Terrance and Phillip influencing their children to use vulgar language. Many of the Canadian stereotypes are portrayed throughout. Canadian Equals Hockey Fan : In the song "Blame Canada", the Mothers Against Canada criticize Canada for "all their hockey hullabaloo". Captivity Harmonica : Ike's reaction to being forced to hide in the attic. Car Cushion : Conan O'Brien , after his My God, What Have I Done? moment, jumps out of the window and lands on a car. All the car's owner does is turn the alarm off. Chekhov's Gun : The V-chip. Turns out it can be used as a weapon. Chekhov's News : The news reporter's line during "Mountain Town": "It's been six weeks since Saddam Hussein was killed by a pack of wild boars, and the world is still glad to be rid of him." Chuck Norris Facts : Replace Chuck Norris with Brian Boitano and you have the majority of the song "What Would Brian Boitano Do?" Cluster F-Bomb : When Cartman's V-chip malfunctions near the climax, his newly-gained electrical powers are fueled by this trope. "Uncle Fucka" also qualifies. On a meta level, the entire film qualifies. Comically Missing the Point : When the President declares war on Canada, everyone in the school gym is shocked...except for Mr. Garrison: Garrison: All the Baldwins are dead?! When the Canadian ambassadors are talking the unjustness of Terrance and Phillip's arrest and declaring war upon the United States, the United Nation's ambassadors can't get over the way they pronounce "about". The doctor who implants Cartman's V-chip to curb his foul mouth proclaims it as a success after Cartman doesn't want to swear—not because he's learned his lesson, but because every time he swears, it electrocutes him, which he takes exception to (and often leads to more swearing). Cooldown Hug Interruption : Sheila shooting Terrance and Phillip after Kyle stops the warring sides. Conspicuous CG : A few famous people Kenny passes by as he falls into Hell (among them Adolf Hitler , George Burns, and Mohandas Gandhi) are rendered as this. Although they're not people so much as demons. Continuity Nod : The subplot of the Season 1 episode "Death" also involved parents protesting Terrance & Phillip. This was a major inspiration for the movie's plotline, and the entire film is basically that subplot expanded and with musical numbers. If you look closely at the newspaper Gerald Broflovski is reading in the intro, you can see it says "Bookmobile Driver Released"; that's a reference to "Chickenlover", where the driver was found to be the titular culprit. In the theater where the kids watch Asses of Fire for the second time after the Mr. Mackey song, you can see Damien from the Season 1 episode "Damien" sitting next to them. Cartman sung "Kyle's Mom is a Bitch" before in "Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo", and in this movie it's altered in D minor and with a tutorial on how to sing the song in different languages. Credits Gag : Satan and Saddam are listed as playing themselves. Also, the songs are said to have been performed by the characters themselves. Dark Reprise : The dying words of Ze Mole are one of "La Resistance". Demoted to Dragon : Satan may be the chief entity of evil in the universe, but Saddam is clearly the one who wears the pants in their relationship. Descent Into Darkness Song : The "Hell Isn't Good" song that plays when poor Kenny, well, goes to Hell. Description Cut : After "It's Easy, M'kay", Mr. Mackey tells the children they can take the rest of the day off for personal reflection or to do something constructive. Cut to the movie theater where the entire class (except for Wendy and Gregory) is watching Asses of Fire. Dude, Not Funny! : In-universe example: Terrance and Phillip appear on Late Night with Conan O'Brien and do their fart joke routine but after guest Brooke Shields admits that she once farted on the set of Blue Lagoon , Terrance slaps her in response. Mr. Garrison thinks that the mothers of the kids are overreacting about the swearing incidents when he finds he has to teach their syllabus, and makes an offhand remark about them being on their periods. Wendy and Gregory call him out on it (deeming it a sexist statement), but he makes an even cruder comment in response. Early-Bird Cameo : Butters makes several throughout the movie, when his first named and voiced debut in the series was in Season 3 (the season produced directly after the film). Earn Your Happy Ending : The boys don't have it so good before Kenny's wish. Easily Forgiven : Even after causing World War 3 over a show, set up death camps, and nearly causing the end of the world after gunning down Terrance and Phillip (even when Kyle reasoned with her), Sheila was pretty much forgiven for causing the whole mess. Justified that Kenny wished Satan to bring back everything to normal. Easy Road to Hell : In the South Park universe, the only people who go to Heaven are Mormons. Everyone else, including poor Kenny, goes straight to Hell. Eleventh Hour Superpower : Cartman's V-chip gets its wiring fried and accidentally reversed, allowing him to use it as a cuss-powered Kamehamehadoken . Epic Fail : Before Gregory takes command, Stan's plan to save Terrance and Phillip involves prank-calling the South Park police and sending them pizza that they didn't order. Establishing Character Moment : During the opening number, Sheila's verse is noticeably darker in tone, and all about how evil the world is . She also blames Ike (her adopted, Canadian child) for something Kyle was clearly responsible for. The same scene also establishes that Kyle is useless at standing up to her. Family Values Villain : Mothers Against Canada. Especially Sheila. Fan Disservice : At the end of Big Gay Al's song, he bares his naked genitals to the audience. Of course, most of the audience was male. During the apex of "Mountain Song", Sheila sings so powerfully that her fat, foldy granny nethers are exposed. Fanservice : Kenny sees Heaven as being full of topless women, since he's a pervert. Fantastic Racism : Sheila has no problem talking down to Canadians, especially about "their beady little eyes and flapping heads". The Canadian ambassador she tells this to immediately denounces her as racist. Farts on Fire : Turns out that this really works, much to Kenny's regret. Sheila's Jerkass and Moral Guardian qualities are taken Up to Eleven here. Terrance and Phillip swear much more harshly here than in the show- might be justified as Asses of Fire and their Late Night appearance were intended in-universe for adults, and of course, their being arrested unfairly and nearly executed. The boys had a reputation for having filthy mouths before, but it's also taken Up to Eleven in the movie. Foreshadowing : Several during the "Mountain Town" opening number: Kyle hops over the same hobo that would later pay the boys' admission to see the Terrance and Phillip movie for them. A news report says that Saddam Hussein (who appears in Hell as Satan's lover) was killed six weeks ago by wild boars. There's also a line by Kenny's mom that predicts Kenny will end up in Hell (which happens after he dies). Sheila yells at Ike for breaking a window that was really Kyle's doing. His Canadian blood aside, Kyle later asks his mother why she always blames everyone else when he gets into trouble. Freeze-Frame Bonus : A chart on the hospital wall where Kenny dies lists several doctors assigned to different things; the doctor assigned to "Kill Bond" is No . When Kyle's mom tells Mr. Garrison to pull the switch on the electric chairs while Kyle yells "Mom, No!", if you look carefully you can see that Kyle has peed himself. When the troops are marching through South Park on their way to the USO Show, you can see Jesus in the marching line. A movie poster at the South Park Bijou Cinema features Mecha-Streisand fighting Leonard Maltin in a film titled, Mecha-Streisand Takes New York. Before they break into the USO camp, Ze Mole looks at his watch to check how much time they have before the rendezvous with La Resistance. If you look closely, the label on his watch reads "Third Act: The Ticking Clock". The Establishing Shot of the UN has a Jolly Roger flag and a gay pride flag flying outside. In the first song, a log covered in snow has a suggestive yellow patch on it. As Kenny first lands in Hell and is too terrified at the horror before him, a tiny fart is heard. At first, you think this is Kenny's nature , but you see a skeletal dragon breathing fire in the background. Watch carefully as the fart is heard and the dragon makes its pass off-screen. Just before it flies off and you hear the fart, you can see a very tiny flaming rock falling from the general direction of what we're supposed to assume is the thing's anatomy. Right before the boys' mothers come into the hospital room, you can see the astronaut-themed episode of Terrance & Phillip playing on the TV. Gag Penis : Saddam teases Satan with two of these, which are fake, but extremely realistic-looking. Also, see Fan Disservice . The Gods Must Be Lazy : Satan and Saddam Hussein rise up from hell and take over earth. Only the fact that Saddam is such a Jerkass and Satan is a Jerk with a Heart of Gold saved Earth from being plunged into a 1000 years of darkness, and yet God does not seem to be doing anything to stop him. It's especially jarring considering that Jesus and God are both recurring characters, and you can actually briefly see Jesus in the background of one of the shots in the movie (when the soldiers are marching in front of Kyle's house). Gosh Dang It to Heck! : Sheila's dialogue is obviously devoid of swearing (since she along with the rest of the boys' mothers are trying ban foul-mouthed content and most of all exterminate Canada). In fact, she notably advocates Dr. Vosknocker's idea of placing V-chips inside children's heads to prevent them from swearing, after hearing Cartman's foul-mouthed song about her ("Kyle's Mom is a Bitch"). She also uses "heck" as a substitute for the F word: Sheila: What the heck is a rimjob? What Mr. Mackey tries to teach the kids by singing "It's Easy, M'kay", although he does use swear words in an educational manner. Cartman is reduced to this, since the V-Chip installed in his head shocks him whenever he tries to swear. Inverted with Liane Cartman, whom, hypocritically enough, swears in the musical number "Blame Canada" (with the lines "Now when I see him [Eric Cartman], he tells me to fuck myself" and "And that bitch Anne Murray too!") despite being part of the Mothers Against Canada organization trying to prevent children from swearing and exterminate Canada. Inverted. The kids are grounded by their moms for a few weeks for seeing the Terrance & Phillip movie again (and maybe for causing Kenny's death). Also inverted by the Mole before he and the boys sneak into the USO show. The Mole: You guys know that if we do this, we could get grounded for two, maybe three weeks. Guilt by Association Gag : For some reason, Wendy and Gregory are in Mr. Mackey's support group with the other kids despite not seeing the Terrance & Phillip movie. Hammer Space : Where Cartman got his megaphone from. Heelï¿½Face Turn : Mrs. Broflovski, at the end. Demonstrated during the closing number, wherein she pats Terrance and Phillip on the shoulder, calling them, "super sweet", since Terrence and Phillip were innocent enough that killing them Heel Realization : Most of the Mothers Against Canada have one when they realize that they have endangered their own boys with their actions. Sheila's doesn't come around until it's almost too late (in other words, it doesn't come until she executes Terrence and Phillip and unleashes Hell on Earth . Hell on Earth : Happens near the end as a result of Terrance and Phillip's execution. Heroic Sacrifice : Kenny is willing to sacrifice a second chance at life in order to hit the Reset Button on the Canadian-American war. For his selfless wish, he is admitted into Heaven. This becomes absolute Fridge Horror when it is revealed during the Mysterion timeline that Kenny doesn't stay dead. That means the poor kid received the reward of going to Heaven...and was then reincarnated into his abusive, drug-addicted, white-trash family—with his memories of Heaven intact. Hope Spot : After Kenny's surgery, it briefly seems like everything is fine and he'll live through it, as the doctors calmly wake him up. They then inform him that they accidentally replaced his heart with a baked potato and he's gonna die in roughly three seconds. It looked like Sheila finally came to her senses before gunning down Terrence and Phillip. Human Shield : The General of the American forces reveals that he's planning to use all African-American soldiers as human shields to protect them from the Canadian forces. Chef obviously takes offense at that and commands his men to duck. Chef: "Operation Human Shield", my ass! Hypocrite : Kyle calls out his mom for trying to exterminate Canada, when her adopted son Ike is also Canadian. The theater clerk not selling tickets to Asses of Fire to the boys, then selling tickets to the hated 6th graders (they might have used fake IDs). Hypocritical Humor : Liane is a part of the Mothers Against Canada organization trying to prevent their children from swearing and execute Canada, yet she swears in the musical number "Blame Canada" with the lines "Now when I see him [Cartman], he tells me to fuck myself" and "And that bitch Anne Murray too!", but no one in-universe seems to take notice. Although, this could imply that it's only okay for the boys' parents to swear, whereas if a kid sweared it would get them in deep trouble. Kyle says, "God damn, your mom sucks, Cartman" after the boys find an Internet video of her doing German scat porn (there's also a chance Kyle may have been speaking literally). Considering what his own mother is in this film, it's definitely throwing stones in a glass house on Kyle's part. To be fair, it's not as though Kyle approves of his mother's actions either, and calls her out on her Moral Knight Templar Parent nonsense. He just gets tired of Cartman making musical numbers dedicated to his mom . Terrance, co-star with Phillip on their titular show that, in-universe, is notorious for an obscene amount of fart jokes on their program, slaps Brooke Shields and says "The fuck's wrong with you?" on The Conan O'Brien Show for happily mentioning that she once farted on the set of The Blue Lagoon . Ignored Epiphany : A variation of the trope in that someone tries to invoke self-reflection on others, only for the people in question to take it for granted: Mr. Mackey: Now you're cured! You can take the rest of the afternoon off for personal reflection, m'kay? Find your own constructive way to better yourself, m'kay? (cut to the kids watching Terrance and Philip at the theater yet again) See Hope Spot above, even after her son reasoned with her, she ignores it, and kills Terrance and Phillip. Immune to Bullets : When Saddam Hussein rises from Hell along with Satan, the American soldiers immediately shoot him. He laughs off their gunfire. I Take Offense to That Last One : The News reporter claims that the Terrance and Phillip Movie was worse than Brian Adams. The Canadian ambassador was insulted saying "The Canadian government has apologized for Bryan Adams on several occasions." Impaled with Extreme Prejudice : When Satan throws Saddam Hussein back into Hell, he lands with a sharp rock going through his torso. Incorruptible Pure Pureness : Terrence and Phillip are so innocent that killing them immediately opens the gates to Hell and allows Saddam and Satan to rule over the Earth, as Satan explains to Sheila when she decides to murder them. Irony : Cartman describes Terrance & Phillip as having "crappy animation" in order to convince himself that the movie isn't all that good after the movie theater clerk prevents the boys from seeing Asses of Fire, even though Terrence and Phillip is a live-action movie instead of an animated one. Right after that scene, we see four crudely animated boys (Cartman, Stan, Kyle and Kenny) walking down the sidewalk: Stan: This can't be happening. Kyle: We have to see this movie dude. Cartman: Ah, screw it. It probably isn't all that good anyway. Kyle: Cartman, what are you talking about?! You love Terrance & Phillip! Cartman: Yeah, but the animation's all crappy. Cartman gets a V-chip that zaps him to prevent him from swearing. After it malfunctions, it allows him to electrocute people whenever he does swear, and uses it to overpower Saddam. Cartman saved everyone by swearing. The film is about mothers uniting to push for censorship and banning works with swearing in them, but unlike the broadcasted TV episodes of South Park, all of the swearing in the movie is uncensored. It's All About Me : Cartman is stoked that he doesn't have to pay Kenny after he dies on the operating table. Right before Kenny was sent to the hospital, Cartman bet Kenny $100 that he couldn't light his own fart on fire. "Up There" for Satan, as he describes how he hates being in Hell and just wants to live on Earth. Just like most classic Disney-styled "I want" songs, it has an open interpretation. The bridge in "What Would Brian Boitano Do?" serves as this for Cartman, Kyle, and Stan. Cartman: I want this V-chip out of me. It has stunted my vocabulary. Kyle: And I just want my mom to stop fighting everyone. Stan: For Wendy I'll be an activist too, 'cause that's what Brian Boitano'd do! My God, What Have I Done? : Conan O'Brien, after tricking Terrance and Phillip onto his show so that they could get arrested, has one of these moments, and ends up jumping out his studio window to his death. Sheila when she finally does a Heelï¿½Face Turn ... after triggering Armageddon by shooting Terrance and Phillip. Mythology Gag : "What Would Brian Boitano Do?" is a callback to the "Jesus vs. Santa" (see Call Back above) short done as a video Christmas card prior to the start of the series that featured Stan, Kyle, Cartman, and Kenny. This includes Brian Dennehy saying "Bye-ee!" in the same way Boitano did in the original short. Never Going Back to Prison : Mole isn't getting grounded again. Not for you, not for anyone! Never My Fault : Mothers Against Canada immediately blame Canada partly because they want someone to blame before anyone thinks about blaming them for not being proper parents. NOT! : Happens during Cartman and Saddam's showdown. Saddam: Hey, buddy! I know I was mean before, but don't worry, I can change. Cartman: Okay... NOT! Oh Crap! : Cartman has an R-rated version of this reaction when he sees Sheila right behind him after singing "Kyle's Mom is a Bitch". Cartman: ...oh, fuck. One-Shot Character : Gregory, Dr. Vosknocker and Ze Mole. Operation: [Blank] : Parodied with Operation: Human Shield and Operation: Get Behind The Darkies. Patter Song : "Kyle's Mom is a Bitch". Politically Incorrect Hero : The Mole, who despises God with a passion and isn't afraid to let Him know it. Politically Incorrect Villain : Kyle's mom is this when it comes to Canadians — despite the fact that her own adopted son is Canadian. Precision F-Strike : Wendy never says any profanity at allnote However, she is shown singing along with the rest of the kids in "It's Easy, M'Kay" (which, as stated above, uses swear words in an educational manner), but she could have been lipsyncing. until the ending, where she says, "Fuck Gregory. Fuck him in the ear!" This trope is especially true in the eighth draft in which she has much more dialogue, none of which feature any curse words at all. Sir Swears-a-Lot : All four boys (Stan less than the others) become this after seeing Asses of Fire. Terrance and Phillip cuss a lot more (and a lot harsher) in The Movie than they normally do in the show. This is taken Up to Eleven when Cartman's V-Chip malfunctions. Skewed Priorities : From what we see, most of the American military's planning for the war with Canada seems to revolve around the big USO Show where Terrance and Philip will be executed. This comes back to bite them when it becomes clear that Canada, conversely, has been preparing for an actual invasion of the United States. Through most of the movie, Stan is more interested in "finding the clitoris" (even though he has no idea what that actually means) than in stopping the war and preventing The End of the World as We Know It . Take That : The most prominent example occurred outside the movie, when Phil Collins beat Matt Stone and Trey Parker for the Best Original Song Oscar (for his work in Tarzan for the song "You'll Be in My Heart"). Matt and Trey retaliated in the season 4 episode "Timmy 2000", where the kids take ADD pills and become listless enough to tolerate Collins's music. When Kenny demands to go see the Terrance and Phillip film rather than go to church, Ms. McCormick tells him that when he dies, he's going to Hell to see Satan. Kenny doesn't care. Who knew that " Barbra Streisand " was the foulest word in the English language? An African-American soldier asks "Is the people gonna die?" in a voice that sounds a lot like Jar-Jar Binks , a jab at the character's alleged racist implications. And of course, the entire film is essentially one of the most vicious Take Thats ever made against Moral Guardians , the MPAA, censorship and scapegoat parenting. It's hard not to pick up on a certain amount of frustration with Windows '98 in the scene where Bill Gates is summoned by the General, yelled at for not making Windows '98 fast enough, and then getting summarily shot in the head. The first one in the film was about the fictional death of Saddam Hussein (who died seven years after the film's release), when the movie bluntly stated that "the world is still glad to be rid of him." Played more for laughs, but "Blame Canada" calls Anne Murray a bitch, which the real Anne Murray was amused by. Tempting Fate : After the Baldwin family's home gets bombed by the Canadian Air Force, all of them are dead except for a single survivor. He triumphantly boasts "Ha ha! You missed me!" right before the last plane drops a bomb on his head as well. Too Much Information : When Gregory starts going into details about just what will happen if La Rï¿½sistance is captured in song form, Stan, Kyle, and Cartman all silently look on with horrified faces. Triumphant Reprise : The reprise of "Mountain Town" at the end. Troll : The afterlife itself. When Kenny dies (again), he gets to see heaven... for a total of ten seconds before being plummeted into hell. Tunnel King : "The Mole" digs his way to the USO show stage to free Terrance and Phillip, but the boys forget to turn off the alarm on time and he's mauled to death by guard dogs. Unusual Euphemism : Barbra Streisand, one of the many profanities said by Cartman while his V-Chip was malfunctioning. Villainous Breakdown : Sheila shooting and killing Terrance and Phillip.	i don't know
Which river runs down the middle of Paraguay	Rio de la Plata \| estuary, South America \| Britannica.com estuary, South America Alternative Titles: Freshwater Sea, River of Silver, River Plate Related Topics list of cities and towns in Argentina Río de la Plata, ( Spanish: “River of Silver”) , English River Plate, a tapering intrusion of the Atlantic Ocean on the east coast of South America between Uruguay to the north and Argentina to the south. While some geographers regard it as a gulf or as a marginal sea of the Atlantic, and others consider it to be a river , it is usually held to be the estuary of the Paraná and Uruguay rivers (as well as of the Paraguay River , which drains into the Paraná). The Río de la Plata system and its drainage network and the Gran Chaco. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. The Río de la Plata receives waters draining from the basin of these rivers, which covers much of south-central South America; the total area drained is about 1.2 million square miles (3.2 million square kilometres), or about one-fifth of the surface of the continent. Montevideo , the capital of Uruguay, is located on the northern shore of the estuary, and Buenos Aires , the capital of Argentina, is on the southwestern shore. The delta of the Paraná and the mouth of the Uruguay meet at the head of the Río de la Plata. The breadth of the estuary increases from the head seaward, a distance of about 180 miles (290 kilometres): it is 31 miles from the city of Punta Lara on the southern (Argentine) shore to the port of Colonia del Sacramento on the northern (Uruguayan) shore, and 136 miles from shore to shore at the Atlantic extremity of the estuary. To those who regard the Río de la Plata as a river, it is the widest in the world, with a total area of about 13,500 square miles. Physical features The Paraná River (Spanish: Río Paraná; Portuguese: Rio Paraná), together with its tributaries, forms the larger of the two river systems that drain into the Río de la Plata. The Paraná—meaning “Father of the Waters” in the Guaraní language—is 3,032 miles (4,880 kilometres) long and extends from the confluence of the Grande and Paranaíba rivers in southern Brazil , running generally southwestward for most of its course, before turning southeastward to drain into the Río de la Plata. The Paraná customarily is divided into two segments: the Alto (Upper) Paraná above the confluence with the Paraguay River and the Paraná proper (or lower Paraná) below the confluence. Physiography of the Alto Paraná basin Similar Topics River Tamar The Grande River rises in the Serra da Mantiqueira , part of the mountainous hinterland of Rio de Janeiro , and flows westward for approximately 680 miles; but its numerous waterfalls—such as the Marimbondo Falls, with a height of 72 feet (22 metres)—makes it of little use for navigation . The Paranaíba , which also has numerous waterfalls, is formed by many affluents , the northernmost headstream being the São Bartolomeu River, which rises just to the east of Brasília . From its origin in the Grande-Paranaíba confluence to its junction, some 750 miles downstream, with the Paraguay , the Alto Paraná receives many tributaries from both the right and the left. The three most important tributaries—the Tietê , Paranapanema , and Iguaçu rivers —all join the Alto Paraná on its left bank and have their sources within a few miles of the Atlantic coast of Brazil. The Alto Paraná first flows in a southwesterly direction down a deep cleavage in the southern slope of the ancient Brazilian Highlands , the configuration of which determines its course. Just before it begins to run along the frontier between Brazil to the east and Paraguay to the west, the river has to cut through the Serra de Maracaju (Mbaracuyú), which in the past had the effect of a dam, until the Itaipu hydroelectric dam project was completed there in 1982; the river once expanded its bed into a lake 2.5 miles wide and 4.5 miles long, with Guaíra, Brazil, standing on the southern shore. The river’s passage through the mountains was, until 1982, marked by the Guairá Falls ( Salto das Sete Quedas ), which had eight times the water volume of the Niagara River of North America . Since the completion of the Itaipu project’s first stage, the falls and lake have been submerged, and a reservoir now extends upstream for some 120 miles and covers more than 700 square miles. Britannica Stories Ringling Bros. Folds Its Tent The Iguaçu River (Iguaçu meaning “Great Water” in the Guaraní language) joins the Alto Paraná at the point where Brazil , Paraguay, and Argentina converge. Rising in the Serra do Mar near the Brazilian city of Curitiba (for which reason it is sometimes called the Rio Grande de Curitiba), the Iguaçu flows about 380 miles from east to west, during which some 70 waterfalls reduce the river’s elevation by a total of about 2,650 feet. While the Ñacunday Falls are 131 feet high, the spectacular Iguaçu Falls , on the frontier between Brazil and Argentina, 14 miles upstream from the Iguaçu–Alto Paraná confluence, have a height of about 270 feet—almost 100 feet higher than Niagara Falls . As the river approaches the falls, it widens before plunging over the crescent-shaped edge, producing horseshoe-shaped cataracts more than two miles wide. Below the falls, the river passes for several miles through a gorge ( Garganta del Diablo ; literally, “Devil’s Throat”) that is only 164 feet wide between heights varying from 65 to 328 feet. Iguaçu Falls on the Iguaçu River at the Argentina-Brazil border. © R. Manley/Superstock Exploring Latin American History From the Iguaçu confluence to its junction with the Paraguay River, the Alto Paraná continues as the frontier between Paraguay and Argentina. So long as it is flanked on the left (Argentine) bank by the steep edge of the Sierra de Misiones , the river proceeds in a generally southwesterly direction, but it twists repeatedly to and fro over a rocky bed studded with outcrops of porphyritic basalt. At Posadas, Argentina, however, where it is about 1.5 miles wide, the river turns abruptly westward and begins a more meandering course, embracing islands of considerable size and punctuated so frequently by rapids and by outcrops of basalt that navigation is difficult. At the Apipé Rapids the river is only about 4 to 6 feet deep. Physiography of the Paraguay basin Connect with Britannica Facebook Twitter YouTube Instagram Pinterest At Paso de Patria, on the right (Paraguayan) bank, the Paraná receives its greatest tributary, the Paraguay River. The fifth largest river in South America, the Paraguay (Spanish: Río Paraguay; Portuguese: Rio Paraguai) is 1,584 miles (2,550 kilometres) long. The name Paraguay, also taken from the Guaraní language, could be translated “river of paraguas (coloured, plumed birds)” or “river of cockades,” an allusion , perhaps, to the plumed headdresses once worn by the riverine peoples. The Paraguay also rises in southern Brazil, in the central plateaus of Mato Grosso state, at an altitude of 980 feet above sea level. Where it becomes navigable for small craft—about 150 miles downstream, near Cáceres, Brazil, after its confluence with the Sepotuba River—it is 275 feet wide and 20 feet deep. Another 20 miles downstream, where the Jauru River joins it at an elevation of 400 feet, the Paraguay enters the Pantanal , a vast seasonal swamp that covers much of southern Mato Grosso and northwestern Mato Grosso do Sul state. During the dry season (May to October) the swamps in the Pantanal shrink to small patches of marshy land. With the onset of the rains in November, the slow-flowing rivers are quickly filled to capacity, and a large, shallow lake is formed. Spanish missionaries mistook this for a permanent lake, and it appeared as “Lago Xarays” on early maps of the region. The Paraguay’s main channel skirts the Pantanal’s western edge over a sandy bed, flowing around the many islands in its course. During its passage through the Pantanal, the river receives such important tributaries as the Cuiabá , Taquari , and Miranda rivers. About 470 miles downstream, it flows north-south to form the boundary between Brazil and Paraguay before being joined by a tributary, the Apa River , that flows in from the east and demarcates part of the Brazilian-Paraguayan frontier. The river then enters Paraguay, having traveled about 640 miles from its source. After flowing for more than 200 miles across Paraguay, it is joined by the Pilcomayo River at the Argentinian border, near Asunción. It then flows south-southwest along the Argentine-Paraguayan frontier for about 140 miles, until it is joined on its west bank by the Bermejo River . Continuing along the border for another 40 miles, it then empties into the Paraná River at a short distance from the Argentine city of Corrientes. Britannica Lists & Quizzes Editor Picks: Exploring 10 Types of Basketball Movies From its confluence with the Apa for the 630 miles to its mouth, the Paraguay runs on a shallow, broad bed, with an average width of about 2,000 feet. South of Asunción , the river’s right (Argentine) bank gradually lowers, whereas its left (Paraguayan) bank becomes elevated, forming cliffs. Along this stretch, floods develop principally on the western bank, spreading over the Argentine plain for distances of from three to six miles. These lands form part of the Gran Chaco. Physiography of the lower Paraná basin After its juncture with the Paraguay, the combined stream of the Paraná turns southward as it passes Corrientes. It now becomes a typical “plains” river, banked by its own alluvial deposits and having an extensive floodplain on its right bank, with tracts up to 24 miles wide subject to inundation. Its permanent bed, about 2.5 miles wide at Corrientes, narrows to about 8,000 feet at Bella Vista, to about 7,000 feet at Santa Fe , and to about 6,000 feet at Rosario , and it is strewn throughout with chains of islands. Santa Fe, on the right bank opposite the port of Paraná, stands where the Paraná receives its last major tributary, the Salado River . Between Santa Fe and Rosario, however, the right bank begins to rise as the river skirts the edge of the undulating plain, which flanks it down to the delta, and reaches altitudes ranging from about 30 to 65 feet. The left bank, meanwhile, is always higher than the right but has to sustain the erosive action of the water, which becomes increasingly turbid as great masses of soil are constantly falling into it; in the delta the main branch of the river runs along a break in the terrain, with its left bank consisting of a cliff about 75 feet high. Trending Topics Eyjafjallajökull volcano The delta of the Paraná has its apex as far north as Diamante, upstream from Rosario, where branches of the river begin to turn southeastward. About 11 miles wide at its upper end, the width of the delta grows to roughly 40 miles at the river mouth, where the separated branches of the Paraná flow into the Río de la Plata, about 200 miles from Diamante. With an area of 5,500 square miles, the delta is advancing steadily, as an estimated 165 million tons of alluvial deposits are added annually. Within the delta the river divides again and again into distributary branches, the most important being the two last great channels, the Paraná Guazú and the Paraná de las Palmas. The islands of the delta, alluvial in origin, are low-lying and of varying size. Their shores and the outer fringes of the river have protective embankments covered with trees but nevertheless may be submerged in times of flooding, when they present the appearance of flooded forests. Physiography of the Uruguay basin The Uruguay River (Spanish: Río Uruguay; Portuguese: Rio Uruguai) is the other major system, 990 miles (1,593 kilometres) in length, that flows into the Río de la Plata. Like the Alto Paraná and the Paraguay, the Uruguay originates in southern Brazil, formed by several small streams that rise on the western slopes of the Serra do Mar. From the south it is joined by the Pelotas River , which divides the states of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina . After flowing west, the Uruguay turns southwest at its juncture with the Peperi Guaçu River, the first sizable tributary to join it from the north. For most of its course, the fast-flowing Peperi Guaçu marks the boundary between the Argentine province of Misiones and Brazil; and after its confluence with the Uruguay, the latter river divides Brazil and Argentina. A few miles beyond the juncture with the Peperi Guaçu, the river is constricted between rocky walls in the Grande Falls, a two-mile stretch of rapids with a total descent of 26 feet in 8 miles. At the cataracts, the river narrows suddenly from 1,500 feet to a minimum of 100 feet. Several small rivers join the Uruguay from the west and are navigable in their lower reaches by canoes and small boats. The principal ones, from north to south, are the Aguapey, Miriñay, Mocoretá (which divides Entre Ríos and Corrientes), and Gualeguaychú. The important tributaries of the Uruguay, however, come from the east. The Ijuí, Ibicuí, and the Cuareim are short rivers but of considerable volume; the last forms part of the boundary between Brazil and Uruguay. At the mouth of the Cuareim, the Uruguay becomes the boundary line between Argentina and Uruguay, and the river flows almost directly south. A dam above the falls at Salto, Uruguay, impounds Salto Grande Reservoir some 40 miles upstream. The Negro River , approximately 500 miles long and the Uruguay’s largest tributary, joins the latter only 60 miles from the Río de la Plata. The Negro rises on the Brazilian border in Rio Grande do Sul state and flows westward through central Uruguay. Like the Alto Paraná, the Uruguay generally is clear and carries little silt, except in the seasonal floods. After its juncture with the Negro, the Uruguay broadens sharply to a width of 4 to 6 miles and becomes a virtual extension of the Río de la Plata estuary. Physiography of the Río de la Plata The two contributory river systems bring down an immense quantity of silt each year. The muddiness of the water in the Río de la Plata itself is increased by the tides and winds that hinder the deposition of silt on the bed. When sediments do settle, the mineral and organic matter form great shoals , banks, or bars: the Playa Honda Shoal is just off the Paraná delta, the Ortiz and Chico shoals are farther downstream, and the Rouen, Inglés, Alemán, and Arquímedes shoals are still farther out. The depth of the water—varying from 6 feet above the shoals to 65 feet in the intervening channels—is reduced along the southern coast by an offshore shoal. The Argentine coast of the estuary is low-lying; its banks are of marine debris and coarse sand, and the coast is subject to flooding in places. The entrances to Argentine ports (including that of Buenos Aires) require constant dredging. The Uruguayan coast stands considerably higher and consists largely of rocks and dunes. Off the Uruguayan coast are several small islands, such as Hornos, San Gabriel , López, Lobos, Farallón, and—opposite the mouths of the Uruguay and Paraná Guazú rivers—Martín García. Hydrology of the system The velocity of the Paraná’s current changes frequently during the river’s long course. For the Alto Paraná , the rate becomes slower wherever the bed widens (especially when a real lake is formed, as at Itaipu Dam) and much faster wherever the bed narrows (as in the canyon downstream from Itaipu). Farther downstream, it slackens on its way to Posadas but accelerates thereafter over a series of rapids and races. It becomes slower again downstream from Corrientes, stabilizing its flow at a mean rate of 2.5 miles per hour on the way to the Río de la Plata. Throughout the basin of the Paraguay River , which covers more than 380,000 square miles, elevations rarely exceed 650 feet above sea level . Thus, over a long distance, the gradient of the river varies only slightly from about 0.75 to 1 inch per mile (1.2 to 1.6 centimetres per kilometre). The various streams of the basin have low banks or natural levees , built up when silt is deposited along the slower-flowing portions of the river channel during flood stage. When the river recedes, its banks thus remain elevated above the level of the neighbouring plains. During floods a continuous water table , often as much as 15 miles wide, underlies the inundated plains, and about 38,600 square miles of surface area are flooded. The Paraguay has varying rates of flow between its source and its confluence with the Paraná. Above Corumbá, in Brazil, it has a typically tropical regime—at its highest in February and at its lowest from July to August . Below Corumbá, the high point occurs in July and the low point from December to January. The volume of the lower Paraná is, for practical purposes, correlated to the amount it receives from the Paraguay, which supplies about 25 percent of the total. High periods occur normally between November and February and low periods in August and September. The river’s mean overall volume at the Río de la Plata is about 610,700 cubic feet (17,293 cubic metres) per second, with the highest recorded volume being 2,295,000 cubic feet per second (1905) and the lowest 86,400 (1945). An important factor in the hydrologic regime of the lower Paraná is that the Alto Paraná and the Paraguay reach their maximum flow at different times. Whereas the mountainous basin of the Alto Paraná is drained so rapidly that water begins to rise at Corrientes in November, reaching its maximum height there in February, the Pantanal swamps of the upper basin of the Paraguay retain precipitation so much longer that the Paraguay’s high water does not reach Corrientes until May, reaching its maximum in June. Thus, levels on the lower Paraná begin to sink in March, rise from May, and sink again from July to September. Whenever both the Alto Paraná and the Paraguay reach their highest levels at the same time, the lower Paraná has to carry an exceptionally heavy volume of water—as it did in 1905, when the delta experienced heavy flooding. The volume of water discharged by the Río de la Plata into the Atlantic is estimated at about 776,900 cubic feet per second. Although the water of the tributary rivers is so widely distributed over the length and breadth of the estuary that variations in their volume do not affect the level of the water, the estuary ’s level is considerably affected by variations of the tides and, especially, of the winds reaching it. The ocean tides are relatively weak, but they flow 120 miles up the Paraná and the Uruguay rivers from their mouths on the estuary. The average tidal range is 0.5 foot at Montevideo and 2.5 feet at Buenos Aires . The pampero (a wind from the south to southwest) and southeasterly winds called sudestados both exert a great influence on the Río de la Plata: the pampero, when it is most powerful, drives the water onto the Uruguayan coast, so that the water level drops on the Argentine side; the southeasterly wind has the effect of flooding the Paraná delta and causing the level to drop on the Uruguayan coast. Climate The basins of the Alto Paraná and Paraguay have a hot and humid climate throughout the year. The winters (April to September) are dry, and the summers (October to March) are rainy. Annual mean temperatures in the upper basin are above 68 °F (20 °C), the absolute maximum temperature being from 104 to 107 °F (40 to 42 °C) and the absolute minimum temperature being about 37 °F (3 °C). January frequently is the warmest month. More than four-fifths of the annual precipitation occurs in the summer months, with the least amount of rain falling in July and August. Annual rainfall varies from 80 inches (2,000 millimetres) in the mountains to the east to 40 inches in the west. Rainfall takes the form of drenching downpours often accompanied by hailstorms. The climate of the middle and lower basins progresses from subtropical in the north to temperate in the south. The mean annual temperature along the Río de la Plata is 55 °F (13 °C), and monthly averages are always over 50 °F (10 °C). Frosts are frequent in the winter months in the south but can occur as far north as Asunción and Paraná state in Brazil. Humidity in the lower basin is notably high—averaging 70 percent annually along the Río de la Plata—and sometimes is quite stifling in summer; the moist vapours become still thicker when the Paraná brings down the torrential waters of the tropical basin. Rainfall in the southern basin is somewhat less plentiful than in the north, but it occurs at all seasons . The mean annual precipitation along the Río de la Plata is 44 inches. Plant life The Brazilian section of the Alto Paraná forms the boundary between two zones: that of the forest to the east and of the savanna to the west. Forests include stands of Paraná pine (Araucaria angustifolia), an evergreen conifer valued for its softwood timber. The treeless savanna, with grasses and bushes, is used for cattle raising. In the upper Paraguay River basin, some of the Pantanal’s vegetation, called the “Pantanal complex,” is typical of the Mato Grosso Plateau , while the remainder of the basin is typical of lowlands . Plants that thrive in water and in moist soils, as well as those that flourish at moderate temperatures or are adapted to dry regions, are found within the complex. The water plants, found on the permanently flooded lands, are typified by the water hyacinth and by the Amazon , or royal, water lily (Victoria amazonica). Moisture-loving species, such as the trumpetwood and the guama, flourish over most of the floodplain. On the savanna , after the floods, various grasses such as paspalum and knotroot bristle grass reappear. Vegetation of a more evolved type, which thrives at moderate temperatures, occupies the unflooded highland. It is represented by nut-bearing palms and by various types of laurels . Dense, evergreen forest galleries grow along stream banks. In the forests of the region, the carandá (a tropical palm that yields a wax similar to carnauba wax), the paratudo, the muriti palm (a large fan palm), and various types of quebracho trees (South American hardwoods that are a source of tannin) predominate. Farther south, thick, subtropical, semi-deciduous forests extend westward from the Misiones region of Argentina along the Paraná and cover much of eastern Paraguay. These forests provide such decorative hardwoods as lapacho and also contain Ilex paraguariensis , a member of the holly family whose roasted leaves are used to prepare the brewed beverage maté. Some forest trees, outside the forest zone proper, still occur in areas of woodland downstream to the Paraná delta. In the Gran Chaco region along the west bank of the river, and in other sections where drought is more pronounced, a thorn forest of xerophytic (drought-tolerant) plants occurs. In the lowlands of eastern Paraguay, forest cover and savanna grasslands alternate. Animal life The river system has a rich and varied animal life throughout its length. Among its many edible fish are the dorado (a gold-coloured river fish that resembles a salmon), the surubí (a fish with a long rounded body, flattened at the nose), the patí (a large, scaleless river fish that frequents deep and muddy waters), the pacu (a large river fish with a flat body, almost as high as it is long), the pejerrey (a marine fish, silver in colour, with two darker bands on each side), and the corbina (white sea bass); the stretch of the Paraná upstream from Corrientes is popular for its dorado sport fishing. Also of note is the meat-eating piranha , a fish resembling the bluegill that travels in large schools and inhabits the tropical parts of the system. Reptiles include the iguana lizard, two species of caiman (a crocodilian), the water boa, the rattlesnake , the cross viper, and the yarará (the most prevalent South American representative of the viper family). Frogs and toads are plentiful, as are freshwater crabs . There are innumerable species of insects and spiders, and the islands are plagued by mosquitos. Herons, cormorants, storks, and game birds also are plentiful, as are terrestrial mammals. Page 1 of 2	Paraguay
Which islands are known as The Friendly Isles	Rio de la Plata \| estuary, South America \| Britannica.com estuary, South America Alternative Titles: Freshwater Sea, River of Silver, River Plate Related Topics list of cities and towns in Argentina Río de la Plata, ( Spanish: “River of Silver”) , English River Plate, a tapering intrusion of the Atlantic Ocean on the east coast of South America between Uruguay to the north and Argentina to the south. While some geographers regard it as a gulf or as a marginal sea of the Atlantic, and others consider it to be a river , it is usually held to be the estuary of the Paraná and Uruguay rivers (as well as of the Paraguay River , which drains into the Paraná). The Río de la Plata system and its drainage network and the Gran Chaco. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. The Río de la Plata receives waters draining from the basin of these rivers, which covers much of south-central South America; the total area drained is about 1.2 million square miles (3.2 million square kilometres), or about one-fifth of the surface of the continent. Montevideo , the capital of Uruguay, is located on the northern shore of the estuary, and Buenos Aires , the capital of Argentina, is on the southwestern shore. The delta of the Paraná and the mouth of the Uruguay meet at the head of the Río de la Plata. The breadth of the estuary increases from the head seaward, a distance of about 180 miles (290 kilometres): it is 31 miles from the city of Punta Lara on the southern (Argentine) shore to the port of Colonia del Sacramento on the northern (Uruguayan) shore, and 136 miles from shore to shore at the Atlantic extremity of the estuary. To those who regard the Río de la Plata as a river, it is the widest in the world, with a total area of about 13,500 square miles. Physical features The Paraná River (Spanish: Río Paraná; Portuguese: Rio Paraná), together with its tributaries, forms the larger of the two river systems that drain into the Río de la Plata. The Paraná—meaning “Father of the Waters” in the Guaraní language—is 3,032 miles (4,880 kilometres) long and extends from the confluence of the Grande and Paranaíba rivers in southern Brazil , running generally southwestward for most of its course, before turning southeastward to drain into the Río de la Plata. The Paraná customarily is divided into two segments: the Alto (Upper) Paraná above the confluence with the Paraguay River and the Paraná proper (or lower Paraná) below the confluence. Physiography of the Alto Paraná basin Similar Topics River Tamar The Grande River rises in the Serra da Mantiqueira , part of the mountainous hinterland of Rio de Janeiro , and flows westward for approximately 680 miles; but its numerous waterfalls—such as the Marimbondo Falls, with a height of 72 feet (22 metres)—makes it of little use for navigation . The Paranaíba , which also has numerous waterfalls, is formed by many affluents , the northernmost headstream being the São Bartolomeu River, which rises just to the east of Brasília . From its origin in the Grande-Paranaíba confluence to its junction, some 750 miles downstream, with the Paraguay , the Alto Paraná receives many tributaries from both the right and the left. The three most important tributaries—the Tietê , Paranapanema , and Iguaçu rivers —all join the Alto Paraná on its left bank and have their sources within a few miles of the Atlantic coast of Brazil. The Alto Paraná first flows in a southwesterly direction down a deep cleavage in the southern slope of the ancient Brazilian Highlands , the configuration of which determines its course. Just before it begins to run along the frontier between Brazil to the east and Paraguay to the west, the river has to cut through the Serra de Maracaju (Mbaracuyú), which in the past had the effect of a dam, until the Itaipu hydroelectric dam project was completed there in 1982; the river once expanded its bed into a lake 2.5 miles wide and 4.5 miles long, with Guaíra, Brazil, standing on the southern shore. The river’s passage through the mountains was, until 1982, marked by the Guairá Falls ( Salto das Sete Quedas ), which had eight times the water volume of the Niagara River of North America . Since the completion of the Itaipu project’s first stage, the falls and lake have been submerged, and a reservoir now extends upstream for some 120 miles and covers more than 700 square miles. Britannica Stories Ringling Bros. Folds Its Tent The Iguaçu River (Iguaçu meaning “Great Water” in the Guaraní language) joins the Alto Paraná at the point where Brazil , Paraguay, and Argentina converge. Rising in the Serra do Mar near the Brazilian city of Curitiba (for which reason it is sometimes called the Rio Grande de Curitiba), the Iguaçu flows about 380 miles from east to west, during which some 70 waterfalls reduce the river’s elevation by a total of about 2,650 feet. While the Ñacunday Falls are 131 feet high, the spectacular Iguaçu Falls , on the frontier between Brazil and Argentina, 14 miles upstream from the Iguaçu–Alto Paraná confluence, have a height of about 270 feet—almost 100 feet higher than Niagara Falls . As the river approaches the falls, it widens before plunging over the crescent-shaped edge, producing horseshoe-shaped cataracts more than two miles wide. Below the falls, the river passes for several miles through a gorge ( Garganta del Diablo ; literally, “Devil’s Throat”) that is only 164 feet wide between heights varying from 65 to 328 feet. Iguaçu Falls on the Iguaçu River at the Argentina-Brazil border. © R. Manley/Superstock Exploring Latin American History From the Iguaçu confluence to its junction with the Paraguay River, the Alto Paraná continues as the frontier between Paraguay and Argentina. So long as it is flanked on the left (Argentine) bank by the steep edge of the Sierra de Misiones , the river proceeds in a generally southwesterly direction, but it twists repeatedly to and fro over a rocky bed studded with outcrops of porphyritic basalt. At Posadas, Argentina, however, where it is about 1.5 miles wide, the river turns abruptly westward and begins a more meandering course, embracing islands of considerable size and punctuated so frequently by rapids and by outcrops of basalt that navigation is difficult. At the Apipé Rapids the river is only about 4 to 6 feet deep. Physiography of the Paraguay basin Connect with Britannica Facebook Twitter YouTube Instagram Pinterest At Paso de Patria, on the right (Paraguayan) bank, the Paraná receives its greatest tributary, the Paraguay River. The fifth largest river in South America, the Paraguay (Spanish: Río Paraguay; Portuguese: Rio Paraguai) is 1,584 miles (2,550 kilometres) long. The name Paraguay, also taken from the Guaraní language, could be translated “river of paraguas (coloured, plumed birds)” or “river of cockades,” an allusion , perhaps, to the plumed headdresses once worn by the riverine peoples. The Paraguay also rises in southern Brazil, in the central plateaus of Mato Grosso state, at an altitude of 980 feet above sea level. Where it becomes navigable for small craft—about 150 miles downstream, near Cáceres, Brazil, after its confluence with the Sepotuba River—it is 275 feet wide and 20 feet deep. Another 20 miles downstream, where the Jauru River joins it at an elevation of 400 feet, the Paraguay enters the Pantanal , a vast seasonal swamp that covers much of southern Mato Grosso and northwestern Mato Grosso do Sul state. During the dry season (May to October) the swamps in the Pantanal shrink to small patches of marshy land. With the onset of the rains in November, the slow-flowing rivers are quickly filled to capacity, and a large, shallow lake is formed. Spanish missionaries mistook this for a permanent lake, and it appeared as “Lago Xarays” on early maps of the region. The Paraguay’s main channel skirts the Pantanal’s western edge over a sandy bed, flowing around the many islands in its course. During its passage through the Pantanal, the river receives such important tributaries as the Cuiabá , Taquari , and Miranda rivers. About 470 miles downstream, it flows north-south to form the boundary between Brazil and Paraguay before being joined by a tributary, the Apa River , that flows in from the east and demarcates part of the Brazilian-Paraguayan frontier. The river then enters Paraguay, having traveled about 640 miles from its source. After flowing for more than 200 miles across Paraguay, it is joined by the Pilcomayo River at the Argentinian border, near Asunción. It then flows south-southwest along the Argentine-Paraguayan frontier for about 140 miles, until it is joined on its west bank by the Bermejo River . Continuing along the border for another 40 miles, it then empties into the Paraná River at a short distance from the Argentine city of Corrientes. Britannica Lists & Quizzes Editor Picks: Exploring 10 Types of Basketball Movies From its confluence with the Apa for the 630 miles to its mouth, the Paraguay runs on a shallow, broad bed, with an average width of about 2,000 feet. South of Asunción , the river’s right (Argentine) bank gradually lowers, whereas its left (Paraguayan) bank becomes elevated, forming cliffs. Along this stretch, floods develop principally on the western bank, spreading over the Argentine plain for distances of from three to six miles. These lands form part of the Gran Chaco. Physiography of the lower Paraná basin After its juncture with the Paraguay, the combined stream of the Paraná turns southward as it passes Corrientes. It now becomes a typical “plains” river, banked by its own alluvial deposits and having an extensive floodplain on its right bank, with tracts up to 24 miles wide subject to inundation. Its permanent bed, about 2.5 miles wide at Corrientes, narrows to about 8,000 feet at Bella Vista, to about 7,000 feet at Santa Fe , and to about 6,000 feet at Rosario , and it is strewn throughout with chains of islands. Santa Fe, on the right bank opposite the port of Paraná, stands where the Paraná receives its last major tributary, the Salado River . Between Santa Fe and Rosario, however, the right bank begins to rise as the river skirts the edge of the undulating plain, which flanks it down to the delta, and reaches altitudes ranging from about 30 to 65 feet. The left bank, meanwhile, is always higher than the right but has to sustain the erosive action of the water, which becomes increasingly turbid as great masses of soil are constantly falling into it; in the delta the main branch of the river runs along a break in the terrain, with its left bank consisting of a cliff about 75 feet high. Trending Topics Eyjafjallajökull volcano The delta of the Paraná has its apex as far north as Diamante, upstream from Rosario, where branches of the river begin to turn southeastward. About 11 miles wide at its upper end, the width of the delta grows to roughly 40 miles at the river mouth, where the separated branches of the Paraná flow into the Río de la Plata, about 200 miles from Diamante. With an area of 5,500 square miles, the delta is advancing steadily, as an estimated 165 million tons of alluvial deposits are added annually. Within the delta the river divides again and again into distributary branches, the most important being the two last great channels, the Paraná Guazú and the Paraná de las Palmas. The islands of the delta, alluvial in origin, are low-lying and of varying size. Their shores and the outer fringes of the river have protective embankments covered with trees but nevertheless may be submerged in times of flooding, when they present the appearance of flooded forests. Physiography of the Uruguay basin The Uruguay River (Spanish: Río Uruguay; Portuguese: Rio Uruguai) is the other major system, 990 miles (1,593 kilometres) in length, that flows into the Río de la Plata. Like the Alto Paraná and the Paraguay, the Uruguay originates in southern Brazil, formed by several small streams that rise on the western slopes of the Serra do Mar. From the south it is joined by the Pelotas River , which divides the states of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina . After flowing west, the Uruguay turns southwest at its juncture with the Peperi Guaçu River, the first sizable tributary to join it from the north. For most of its course, the fast-flowing Peperi Guaçu marks the boundary between the Argentine province of Misiones and Brazil; and after its confluence with the Uruguay, the latter river divides Brazil and Argentina. A few miles beyond the juncture with the Peperi Guaçu, the river is constricted between rocky walls in the Grande Falls, a two-mile stretch of rapids with a total descent of 26 feet in 8 miles. At the cataracts, the river narrows suddenly from 1,500 feet to a minimum of 100 feet. Several small rivers join the Uruguay from the west and are navigable in their lower reaches by canoes and small boats. The principal ones, from north to south, are the Aguapey, Miriñay, Mocoretá (which divides Entre Ríos and Corrientes), and Gualeguaychú. The important tributaries of the Uruguay, however, come from the east. The Ijuí, Ibicuí, and the Cuareim are short rivers but of considerable volume; the last forms part of the boundary between Brazil and Uruguay. At the mouth of the Cuareim, the Uruguay becomes the boundary line between Argentina and Uruguay, and the river flows almost directly south. A dam above the falls at Salto, Uruguay, impounds Salto Grande Reservoir some 40 miles upstream. The Negro River , approximately 500 miles long and the Uruguay’s largest tributary, joins the latter only 60 miles from the Río de la Plata. The Negro rises on the Brazilian border in Rio Grande do Sul state and flows westward through central Uruguay. Like the Alto Paraná, the Uruguay generally is clear and carries little silt, except in the seasonal floods. After its juncture with the Negro, the Uruguay broadens sharply to a width of 4 to 6 miles and becomes a virtual extension of the Río de la Plata estuary. Physiography of the Río de la Plata The two contributory river systems bring down an immense quantity of silt each year. The muddiness of the water in the Río de la Plata itself is increased by the tides and winds that hinder the deposition of silt on the bed. When sediments do settle, the mineral and organic matter form great shoals , banks, or bars: the Playa Honda Shoal is just off the Paraná delta, the Ortiz and Chico shoals are farther downstream, and the Rouen, Inglés, Alemán, and Arquímedes shoals are still farther out. The depth of the water—varying from 6 feet above the shoals to 65 feet in the intervening channels—is reduced along the southern coast by an offshore shoal. The Argentine coast of the estuary is low-lying; its banks are of marine debris and coarse sand, and the coast is subject to flooding in places. The entrances to Argentine ports (including that of Buenos Aires) require constant dredging. The Uruguayan coast stands considerably higher and consists largely of rocks and dunes. Off the Uruguayan coast are several small islands, such as Hornos, San Gabriel , López, Lobos, Farallón, and—opposite the mouths of the Uruguay and Paraná Guazú rivers—Martín García. Hydrology of the system The velocity of the Paraná’s current changes frequently during the river’s long course. For the Alto Paraná , the rate becomes slower wherever the bed widens (especially when a real lake is formed, as at Itaipu Dam) and much faster wherever the bed narrows (as in the canyon downstream from Itaipu). Farther downstream, it slackens on its way to Posadas but accelerates thereafter over a series of rapids and races. It becomes slower again downstream from Corrientes, stabilizing its flow at a mean rate of 2.5 miles per hour on the way to the Río de la Plata. Throughout the basin of the Paraguay River , which covers more than 380,000 square miles, elevations rarely exceed 650 feet above sea level . Thus, over a long distance, the gradient of the river varies only slightly from about 0.75 to 1 inch per mile (1.2 to 1.6 centimetres per kilometre). The various streams of the basin have low banks or natural levees , built up when silt is deposited along the slower-flowing portions of the river channel during flood stage. When the river recedes, its banks thus remain elevated above the level of the neighbouring plains. During floods a continuous water table , often as much as 15 miles wide, underlies the inundated plains, and about 38,600 square miles of surface area are flooded. The Paraguay has varying rates of flow between its source and its confluence with the Paraná. Above Corumbá, in Brazil, it has a typically tropical regime—at its highest in February and at its lowest from July to August . Below Corumbá, the high point occurs in July and the low point from December to January. The volume of the lower Paraná is, for practical purposes, correlated to the amount it receives from the Paraguay, which supplies about 25 percent of the total. High periods occur normally between November and February and low periods in August and September. The river’s mean overall volume at the Río de la Plata is about 610,700 cubic feet (17,293 cubic metres) per second, with the highest recorded volume being 2,295,000 cubic feet per second (1905) and the lowest 86,400 (1945). An important factor in the hydrologic regime of the lower Paraná is that the Alto Paraná and the Paraguay reach their maximum flow at different times. Whereas the mountainous basin of the Alto Paraná is drained so rapidly that water begins to rise at Corrientes in November, reaching its maximum height there in February, the Pantanal swamps of the upper basin of the Paraguay retain precipitation so much longer that the Paraguay’s high water does not reach Corrientes until May, reaching its maximum in June. Thus, levels on the lower Paraná begin to sink in March, rise from May, and sink again from July to September. Whenever both the Alto Paraná and the Paraguay reach their highest levels at the same time, the lower Paraná has to carry an exceptionally heavy volume of water—as it did in 1905, when the delta experienced heavy flooding. The volume of water discharged by the Río de la Plata into the Atlantic is estimated at about 776,900 cubic feet per second. Although the water of the tributary rivers is so widely distributed over the length and breadth of the estuary that variations in their volume do not affect the level of the water, the estuary ’s level is considerably affected by variations of the tides and, especially, of the winds reaching it. The ocean tides are relatively weak, but they flow 120 miles up the Paraná and the Uruguay rivers from their mouths on the estuary. The average tidal range is 0.5 foot at Montevideo and 2.5 feet at Buenos Aires . The pampero (a wind from the south to southwest) and southeasterly winds called sudestados both exert a great influence on the Río de la Plata: the pampero, when it is most powerful, drives the water onto the Uruguayan coast, so that the water level drops on the Argentine side; the southeasterly wind has the effect of flooding the Paraná delta and causing the level to drop on the Uruguayan coast. Climate The basins of the Alto Paraná and Paraguay have a hot and humid climate throughout the year. The winters (April to September) are dry, and the summers (October to March) are rainy. Annual mean temperatures in the upper basin are above 68 °F (20 °C), the absolute maximum temperature being from 104 to 107 °F (40 to 42 °C) and the absolute minimum temperature being about 37 °F (3 °C). January frequently is the warmest month. More than four-fifths of the annual precipitation occurs in the summer months, with the least amount of rain falling in July and August. Annual rainfall varies from 80 inches (2,000 millimetres) in the mountains to the east to 40 inches in the west. Rainfall takes the form of drenching downpours often accompanied by hailstorms. The climate of the middle and lower basins progresses from subtropical in the north to temperate in the south. The mean annual temperature along the Río de la Plata is 55 °F (13 °C), and monthly averages are always over 50 °F (10 °C). Frosts are frequent in the winter months in the south but can occur as far north as Asunción and Paraná state in Brazil. Humidity in the lower basin is notably high—averaging 70 percent annually along the Río de la Plata—and sometimes is quite stifling in summer; the moist vapours become still thicker when the Paraná brings down the torrential waters of the tropical basin. Rainfall in the southern basin is somewhat less plentiful than in the north, but it occurs at all seasons . The mean annual precipitation along the Río de la Plata is 44 inches. Plant life The Brazilian section of the Alto Paraná forms the boundary between two zones: that of the forest to the east and of the savanna to the west. Forests include stands of Paraná pine (Araucaria angustifolia), an evergreen conifer valued for its softwood timber. The treeless savanna, with grasses and bushes, is used for cattle raising. In the upper Paraguay River basin, some of the Pantanal’s vegetation, called the “Pantanal complex,” is typical of the Mato Grosso Plateau , while the remainder of the basin is typical of lowlands . Plants that thrive in water and in moist soils, as well as those that flourish at moderate temperatures or are adapted to dry regions, are found within the complex. The water plants, found on the permanently flooded lands, are typified by the water hyacinth and by the Amazon , or royal, water lily (Victoria amazonica). Moisture-loving species, such as the trumpetwood and the guama, flourish over most of the floodplain. On the savanna , after the floods, various grasses such as paspalum and knotroot bristle grass reappear. Vegetation of a more evolved type, which thrives at moderate temperatures, occupies the unflooded highland. It is represented by nut-bearing palms and by various types of laurels . Dense, evergreen forest galleries grow along stream banks. In the forests of the region, the carandá (a tropical palm that yields a wax similar to carnauba wax), the paratudo, the muriti palm (a large fan palm), and various types of quebracho trees (South American hardwoods that are a source of tannin) predominate. Farther south, thick, subtropical, semi-deciduous forests extend westward from the Misiones region of Argentina along the Paraná and cover much of eastern Paraguay. These forests provide such decorative hardwoods as lapacho and also contain Ilex paraguariensis , a member of the holly family whose roasted leaves are used to prepare the brewed beverage maté. Some forest trees, outside the forest zone proper, still occur in areas of woodland downstream to the Paraná delta. In the Gran Chaco region along the west bank of the river, and in other sections where drought is more pronounced, a thorn forest of xerophytic (drought-tolerant) plants occurs. In the lowlands of eastern Paraguay, forest cover and savanna grasslands alternate. Animal life The river system has a rich and varied animal life throughout its length. Among its many edible fish are the dorado (a gold-coloured river fish that resembles a salmon), the surubí (a fish with a long rounded body, flattened at the nose), the patí (a large, scaleless river fish that frequents deep and muddy waters), the pacu (a large river fish with a flat body, almost as high as it is long), the pejerrey (a marine fish, silver in colour, with two darker bands on each side), and the corbina (white sea bass); the stretch of the Paraná upstream from Corrientes is popular for its dorado sport fishing. Also of note is the meat-eating piranha , a fish resembling the bluegill that travels in large schools and inhabits the tropical parts of the system. Reptiles include the iguana lizard, two species of caiman (a crocodilian), the water boa, the rattlesnake , the cross viper, and the yarará (the most prevalent South American representative of the viper family). Frogs and toads are plentiful, as are freshwater crabs . There are innumerable species of insects and spiders, and the islands are plagued by mosquitos. Herons, cormorants, storks, and game birds also are plentiful, as are terrestrial mammals. Page 1 of 2	i don't know
If you were on holiday at the coastal resort of Bodrum, which country would you be in	Turkey Holidays 2017/2018 \| Holidays to Turkey \| Thomas Cook Food & Drink Fresh local produce and a fusion of Arabic and Mediterranean cuisines mean that eating and drinking in Turkey is diverse and delicious. You’ll typically start a traditional meal sharing a tableful of mezze – perhaps smoky aubergine dip, garlicky spinach in yoghurt or hot cheese pastries. On the coast, make the most of freshly caught seafood, such as grilled sea bass, but throughout Turkey you’re likely to find char-grilled meats – lamb or chicken – on skewers. Look out for gözleme in seaside resorts – freshly made pancakes filled with potato or white cheese. Raki is the local aniseed liquor; powerful and pungent, it should only be tried with food. Turkey is best for... Celebrity spotters: Party with the international jet set at the waterfront Halikarnas in Bodrum – it’s the world’s largest outdoor club. History lovers: Step back to Roman times at the ruined city of Ephesus. Adventure seekers: Take the ride of your life in a tandem paraglide at Olu Deniz, drifting slowly onto the lush lagoon. Fast facts Language: The language spoken in Turkey is Turkish. Currency: The currency used in Turkey is the Turkish Lira (TL). Local time: Turkey is 2 hours ahead of GMT/UK time. Fly to: There are many international and domestic airports in Turkey. Antalya International Airport is where you’ll fly if you are staying in Antalya or Belek. Further west, use Dalaman International Airport for Marmaris and Fethiye, and Milas-Bordum Airport for resorts around Bodrum. Istanbul has two airports. Flight time from UK: 4-5 hours Tourist Information: Further Turkey tourist information can be found at www.goturkey.com Visa & Health: Before you travel, visit www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/turkey for recommendations and advice on visas and health for your holiday to Turkey. Apply for your Turkish visa online at https://www.evisa.gov.tr/en/ Weather and climate The climate in Turkey varies between the regions, but if you’re visiting during the summer, you can be sure of glorious, beach-friendly temperatures wherever you are. Highs of 34 (°C) are common in Bodrum and Antalya during July, while more comfortable temperatures in the mid-teens make spring a popular time to visit. Book your holiday for the autumn to take advantage of the mild weather and quieter resorts, or enjoy fresh, blue sky days on a winter holiday to Turkey. Getting around By taxi: All resorts have metered taxis; there are also some fixed-route charges, for example to and from Dalaman airport. By coach: Sleek, speedy coaches are the best way of getting around Turkey, with fast, frequent, services covering every town and city. There are many private operators, but buy your ticket in advance if you’re travelling in high season. By minibus: For shorter journeys, and within towns and cities, minibuses (dolmuş) are a common way of getting around, operating on a fixed route and will let you on and off along the route wherever you wish. Events Anzac Day: Aussies and Kiwis gather for Anzac Day, marking the anniversary of the World War I Gallipoli landings (25 April). For culture lovers: The glorious Roman amphitheatre near Antalya is the venue of the prestigious Aspendos International Opera And Ballet Festival where world-famous music troupes dazzle music-loving audiences. Turkish tradition: It’s a very different form of entertainment in Selçuk where the camel wrestling festival sees these heavyweight beasts battle it out in this traditional sporting event. For yachters: Nautical culture is celebrated at autumn’s Marmaris International Race Week – you’ll see sleek yachts racing from the busy harbour. Take to the skies: See colourful parachutes and paragliders in daredevil flights from Babadağ mountain for October’s Ölüdeniz Air Games. Why choose Thomas Cook With hotels available to suit every person and every budget look no further than Thomas Cook for your getaway this year! Thousands of hotels to choose from Dedicated online customer service	Turkey
The American gold reserves are held in Fort Knox, but where are the silver reserves kept	Mediterranean Turkey Guide Turkey's Mediterranean shore, called the Turquoise Coast, is nearly 1600 km (994 miles) long ( map ), scattered with fine-sand beaches and sprinkled abundantly with classical cities turned to picturesque ruins. The Turquoise Coast is the first place to think of when you're considering a seaside vacation in Turkey. It has more and better beaches and resorts than does the Aegean coast , and warmer, saltier water than the Black Sea coast . The Taurus (Toros) Mountains form a dramatic backdrop along much of the coast, often dropping steeply right into the sea, but in some places rivers have washed down enough sediment over the ages to form beaches backed by fertile alluvial plains good for growing cotton, vegetables, and even tropical fruits like bananas. Click on a city name to jump to it, or scroll down to review all the cities along the coast from west ( Bodrum ) to east ( Antakya ).	i don't know
What was the name of the chemical plant responsible for the Bhopal disaster	Bhopal: The World's Worst Industrial Disaster, 30 Years Later - The Atlantic The Atlantic 28 Photos In Focus Thirty years ago, on the night of December 2, 1984, an accident at the Union Carbide pesticide plant in Bhopal, India, released at least 30 tons of a highly toxic gas called methyl isocyanate, as well as a number of other poisonous gases. The pesticide plant was surrounded by shanty towns, leading to more than 600,000 people being exposed to the deadly gas cloud that night. The gases stayed low to the ground, causing victims throats and eyes to burn, inducing nausea, and many deaths. Estimates of the death toll vary from as few as 3,800 to as many as 16,000, but government figures now refer to an estimate of 15,000 killed over the years. Toxic material remains, and 30 years later, many of those who were exposed to the gas have given birth to physically and mentally disabled children. For decades, survivors have been fighting to have the site cleaned up, but they say the efforts were slowed when Michigan-based Dow Chemical took over Union Carbide in 2001. Human rights groups say that thousands of tons of hazardous waste remain buried underground, and the government has conceded the area is contaminated. There has, however, been no long-term epidemiological research which conclusively proves that birth defects are directly related to the drinking of the contaminated water.	Union Carbide
Which tanker caused the world's greatest ever oil spillage in 1989 in the Gulf of Alaska	Union Carbide’s Chemical Trail \| THE BHOPAL MEDICAL APPEAL Union Carbide’s Chemical Trail Home / SECOND POISONING / Union Carbide’s Chemical Trail Poona Bai and her son Raj. Raj cannot walk and has been visually impaired since birth. Photo by David Graham. Thousands of families in Bhopal have been drinking water contaminated with pesticides, chlorinated organic compounds, and heavy metals for decades. Union Carbide’s US managers were aware of the danger of groundwater pollution from the factory in Bhopal. According to the leader of one of the survivors’ organisations, Rashida Bee: ‘As early as 1972, they had discussed various proposals to stop it happening – but they ignored all of them. Instead, knowing the dangers, they okayed the dumping thousands of tons of solid and liquid chemical waste in and outside the factory. They knew it would poison our water and our daily lives and they did it anyway.’ Suspicions that chemicals were leaking from the factory began in 1980 when cattle in fields nearby began to die. Union Carbide denied responsibility but paid compensation to the animals’ owners. After the gas leak of December 1984, the factory was closed, but the corporation made no attempt to remove the huge stocks of lethal pesticides. In 1989, increasing criticism from local community leaders, activists and the Bhopal media, all of whom by now believed that the factory was causing illness, led Union Carbide to conduct a secret investigation. The company found that soil and water within the site were massively contaminated. Samples taken close to the factory wall caused 100% toxicity in fish. On the other side of the wall was the community of Atal Ayub Nagar, but Union Carbide chose to keep its findings secret. The study was not released to the public and Union Carbide never warned local people that their drinking supplies were poisoned. Union Carbide hid its study from public view. A later 1997 study, commissioned by Union Carbide from Arthur D. Little , warned that pollution of the underground aquifer (which feeds local drinking water wells) could be happening at a rate far faster than imagined. Still Union Carbide kept silent and did not warn people. It was not until 1999 – a full ten years after Carbide’s initial investigation – that a Greenpeace report revealed the full extent of the poisoning, discovering severe contamination of the factory site, surrounding land and groundwater. Levels of mercury in some places were 6,000,000 times higher than background levels. Drinking water wells near the factory used by local people were heavily polluted with chemicals known to produce cancers and genetic birth defects. Residents who live near the abandoned Union Carbide factory in Bhopal collect water from a contaminated hand pump. Photo by David Graham. A 2002 study by the Fact-Finding Mission on Bhopal, found lead, mercury and organochlorines in the breastmilk of nursing mothers. Many of the chemicals found in the water are hydrophobic. One they are in the system they can only leave through the placenta or through breast milk. Survivors’ organisations highlight the need for medical assessment, monitoring and treatment of those affected by the contamination, and due compensation for those whose health and livelihoods have been damaged by this second attack by Union Carbide on their lives. Further Reading ‘Toxic groundwater – Bhopal’s Second Disaster’ First Published in ‘Pesticides News’ 87, March 2010 The 1984 explosion of the Union Carbide chemical factory in Bhopal, India, was the world’s worst industrial accident. Eight to ten thousand people died in the immediate aftermath and many thousands more died in the following years. Thirty one years have now passed and the factory site, right in the heart of old Bhopal, has never been cleaned up. It continues to release toxic chemicals into Bhopal’s soil and groundwater. Colin Toogood describes ‘Bhopal’s second disaster’. Background Just after midnight, on the morning of the 3 December 1984, a Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) pesticide plant in Bhopal, India, leaked 27 tonnes of the deadly gas methyl isocyanate (MIC) which had been used in the manufacture of the pesticide ‘Sevin’ (carbaryl). Around half a million people were exposed to the gas that night and the most reliable estimates suggest that 8-10,000 people died within the first 72 hours. Up to 25,000 people are now estimated to have died as a result of their exposure to the MIC gas1. Today, more than 150,000 people still suffer from chronic ailments, caused directly by their exposure to MIC, but many thousands more are being affected by other sources of contamination emanating from the UCIL plant site. The UCIL factory site, and surrounding area, was being used to dump toxic waste and residents of the area were being exposed to toxic chemicals well before the 1984 disaster. Initially toxic waste was simply dumped throughout the factory site and, when space became limited, beyond its perimeter on land belonging to the elected city government, the Bhopal Municipal Corporation (BMC), in three specially constructed ‘solar evaporation ponds’ (SEP’s). But, in a Union Carbide Corporation internal telex of 25 March 1982, the SEP’s were reported to have ‘almost emptied’ through lining leakage2. Although pesticide production in the plant stopped, after the disaster, the plant was never fully dismantled, the site has never been properly cleaned up, and the SEP’s were simply abandoned. Chemicals were stored, un-sheltered, on-site for decades and these chemicals have leached through the soil and into the groundwater. The toxic contamination of the soil, and particularly the groundwater, in the surrounding communities, emanating from the on-site waste and the long derelict SEP’s, is believed to be the cause of many severe health problems among the residents of these poor communities. The faulty valve from the MIC plant in the abandoned Union Carbide factory. Photo by David Graham. It is not a case of ‘acute toxicity’, but of ‘chronic toxicity’. The toxic wastes were dumped by the factory when it was functional between the late Seventies and 1984, and when it was shut after the gas leak. These have contaminated the (ground)water,” The Centre for Science and Environment, India, director Sunita Narain. Contamination history The UCIL factory was built in the city of Bhopal, the rapidly expanding capital of Madhya Pradesh. A site was chosen close to the centre of the ‘Old Bhopal’ city right at the heart of this sprawling metropolis. In fact the factory site is surrounded by areas of tightly packed slum housing and is within two kilometres of the main bus and train stations. The promise of work with UCIL, or the trickle-down business around the plant, brought many more families to the area around the factory and these areas remain densely populated despite the factories present condition. “The facility looked as derelict as one would expect, given it has been left to the elements for more than two decades. Despite the presence of full-time security guards, the perimeter fence had been broken in places. A woman was grazing her goats on the overgrown grounds and some shallow hand excavations were identified across the site, where locals had reportedly been digging through buried waste products in the hope of finding suitable building materials for huts. A recently secured warehouse contained sacks of raw process chemicals and pesticides, including Sevin, which the plant was commissioned to produce. The site’s contaminated status appeared obvious; the exposed soil horizon showed bags of waste and powdered pesticides. Organic odors quickly induced headaches and liquid mercury was seen on the ground. It was said that during production, on-site burial of waste and excess stock was common – it certainly looked as if this were so3.” In past years, groundwater contamination has been documented in the area around the UCIL site, by NGOs and governmental organisations4. Greenpeace (1999, 2002 & 2004) conducted three studies and found that groundwater, in the vicinity of the UCIL plant, was highly contaminated with toxic chemicals. The Madhya Pradesh Pollution Control Board (MPPCB) has monitored the groundwater quality for years and analysed water samples from different communities located close to the UCIL plant. The MPPCB found toxic chemicals greatly exceeding both World Health Organisation (WHO) and National Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) drinking water guideline values. Furthermore, Srishti (2002) analysed water samples from seven communities around the UCIL plant and reported the presence of several contaminants also exceeding WHO & EPA guidelines. A boy stands by a hole in her wall surrounding the derelict Union Carbide factory in Bhopal. Photo by David Graham The National Environmental Engineering Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, India, carried out a study in 1990, at the behest of the State Government of Madhya Pradesh to investigate the pollution caused by the SEP’s. The study included the investigation of climatic, geological and hydrogeological (surface waters and groundwater flow) settings of the area on which the SEP is located. Furthermore, an assessment of the water quality and the soil contamination around the SEP was conducted by testing water and soil samples for several chemicals. Most of the chemicals found in these studies are chlorinated organic compounds and are known to potentially cause adverse health effects on humans. Besides carbon tetrachloride, dichlorobenzenes, trichlorobenzenes, and chloroform, a variety of other chemicals and heavy metals, have been identified. All of these chemicals were used in manufacturing processes at the UCIL pesticide plant. The contamination today In 2009, two further studies were released which paint an up-to-date picture of the contamination, one by the Bhopal Medical (BMA) Appeal, on behalf of the Sambhavna Trust Clinic in Bhopal; and the other by the Pollution Monitoring Laboratory (PML) of The Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), a non-governmental organization based in New Delhi. Residents of slums close to the factory gather water which is heavily contaminated with heavy metals and toxins. Photo by David Graham BMA Study The BMA targeted chemicals that had already been identified in previous studies by Greenpeace et al, and specifically focused on the water issues. It looked at the contamination problem but also included a full survey of the water supply situation to the communities including the provision of water, from alternative sources, by the BMC. The Supreme Court of India passed a ruling, in 2004, ordering that a safe water system must be supplied to the affected communities and the BMC was charged with the task of carrying out this order. But, the BMA found that the amount of water supplied was insufficient in most of the fifteen communities investigated5. Many thousands of residents do not have enough clean water for drinking, washing and cooking. Households without private hand pumps are highly dependent on the water supplied by the BMC. However, the water supply system, where it has been installed by the BMC, is in very poor condition. Plastic water tanks are often broken and are not being cleaned on the inside, promoting algal and microbial growth. Water supply, by tanker trucks, is highly irregular and residents are forced to resort to the contaminated supply from the hand pumps. The BMA’s sampling campaign confirmed the presence of organochlorine compounds in quantities massively exceeding WHO & EPA drinking water guidelines. Chloroform concentrations exceeded guideline values by a factor of between 4 and 7 times and carbon tetrachloride between 900 and 2400 times. The study also found at least 15 other highly toxic chemicals present in the drinking water samples, at levels that greatly exceeding the WHO safety guidelines, and further chemicals present for which there are no safe guideline values. Due to the small sample size the report did not draw conclusions regarding the spatial distribution of the groundwater contamination. However, comparison with the previously compiled data proves that the pollutant load of the groundwater has remained high, and in some cases substantially increased, throughout the past decade, posing a health threat to residents through chronic exposure. Table 1: Chemical concentration (ug/L) in water samples as tested by BMA from one hand pump on two dates. Hand Pump AA1(Atal Ayub Nagar) Chloroform – The BMA report does conclude, from the samples taken in one particular community, that: “The hand pumps in Atal Ayub Nagar should be shut down immediately as the water is a health hazard for the residents. The water should not even be used for washing as the concentration of solvents present may cause skin problems6.” CSE Study The CSE studied the chemistry of the processes used for producing pesticides, at the UCIL site, and selected four groups of chemicals for testing in soil and water samples. It tested for chlorinated benzene compounds: 1,2 dichlorobenzene; 1,3 dichlorobenzene; 1,4 dichlorobenzene; and 1,2,3 trichlorobenzene. It also tested for: organochlorine pesticides alpha, beta, gamma and delta hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH); five heavy metals lead, cadmium, chromium, mercury, arsenic; and the two main products of UCIL carbaryl (Sevin) and aldicarb (Temik)- both largely produced for cotton cropping systems. CSE tested one stored waste sample, six soil samples and one surface water sample from within the UCIL site and one soil sample from the solar evaporation pond. These tests clearly show that the land within the UCIL factory and around the SEP’s is highly contaminated with pesticides, chlorinated benzenes and heavy metals7. The CSE also tested groundwater samples taken from various communities around the UCIL site. It found that the concentration of pesticides found in all water samples were between 1.1 to 59.3 times the only mandatory water standard in India, fixed by the Bureau of Indian Standard (IS:14543). The average concentration in all groundwater samples tested, including those up to 3.5km from the factory site, was 0.006 ppm, which is 12 times the standard. CSE also found that: • The waste stored within the UCIL premises had all chlorinated benzene compounds and all organochlorine pesticides tested for by the PML. The total pesticide concentration in the waste sample was as high as 9867 ppm (parts per million). • The soil samples contained all chlorinated benzene compounds and organochlorine pesticides. It also had four out of five heavy metal tested by PML. • The profile of chemicals found within the UCIL factory and in the waste disposal site of UCIL matches the chemicals found in the groundwater sample in the colonies outside the factory premises. There is no other source of these chlorinated benzene compounds and pesticides than UCIL. The topography of the area also points towards contamination of the groundwater due to the UCIL. The plant is located at a slightly higher altitude than the residential colonies with a gently sloping terrain. (implying that the water flows in that direction). • Carbamate pesticides, as a general group, are considered to be moderately persistent in the environment. But finding carbamates in groundwater, 25 years since the plant shut down, clearly means that the UCIL plant is acting as a continuous source of groundwater contamination8. For a summary of health effects, on the human body, of the various chemicals and heavy metals found in BMA/ CSE tests, please refer to: ‘Contamination of soil and water inside and outside the Union Carbide India Limited, Bhopal’. Centre For Science and Environment, December 2009 & ‘The Bhopal Legacy: Toxic contaminants at the former Union Carbide factory site, Bhopal, India’: 15 years after the Bhopal accident.’ Greenpeace Research Laboratories, 1999. Women collecting water from a standpipe in the street in Bhopal. Photo by David Graham The politics of clean up The Dow Chemical Company purchased Union Carbide in 2001, thereby inheriting both the assets, and the liabilities, of the Union Carbide Corporation. The Union Carbide Corporation (UCC) were the controlling shareholder, with a 50.9% stake, of UCIL but Dow refuse to accept any responsibility for the disaster in Bhopal. Dow have repeatedly stated, in the media and elsewhere, that the Union Carbide Corporation (UCC) and Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) settled their liability for the gas release tragedy with the Government of India in 1989 with a payment of $470 million. Whilst this is true, it must be noted that this settlement does not, and never has, covered any liabilities arising from subsequent and continued contamination or the contamination of the groundwater. Warren Anderson, chairman of UCC at the time of the disaster and, along with UCC, the prime accused in the criminal case of culpable homicide, retired into a life of luxury. He spent his time between homes in Florida and the Hamptons, in Upper State New York, before his death in September 2014. He never faced trial. Documents obtained from the US State Department under the Freedom of Information Act, are most revealing. A letter to the State Department review authority Archie M. Bolster (dated 24 July, 2003), from a US industry representative, stated, “the request to extradite Warren Anderson should be rejected. No issue has greater potential to destroy US business leaders’ confidence in India than the handling of the Warren Anderson case.” In August 2009, when the Chief Judicial Magistrate issued a second non-bailable warrant against Warren Anderson, the people of Bhopal spilled on to the streets to celebrate. Union Carbide and Dow were allowed to get away with it because of the international legal structures that protect multinationals from liability. Union Carbide sold its Indian subsidiary and pulled out of India. Warren Anderson, the Union Carbide chief executive at the time of the gas leak, lives in luxurious exile in the Hamptons, even though there’s an international arrest warrant out for him for culpable homicide. The Indian government has yet to pursue an extradition request. Imagine if an Indian chief executive had jumped bail for causing an industrial disaster that killed tens of thousands of Americans. What are the chances he’d be sunning himself in Goa9? Despite Dow’s continuing refusal to accept any responsibility for cleaning up the site there is a belief that India’s government wants to end the current impasse in Bhopal. Partly for humanitarian reasons but also, it is believed, to allow Dow to expand investments currently curtailed, and under attack, by activists. Dow had been asked by the Indian Government to deposit a sum of $22 million against remediation costs, pending a hearing in the Madhya Pradesh High Court but, in November 2006, Dow Chairman, Andrew Liveris, wrote to Ronen Sen, Indian Ambassador to the US suggesting that this position was “adverse to the company”. He requested the Government of India to withdraw the application in return for “economic growth in India, including key foreign investments that will promote job creation”. For their part, the campaigners have appealed to the Government in Delhi to establish an ‘empowered commission’ to co-ordinate progress in the legal case and the clean-up. The Commission would be empowered to allocate resources to different rehabilitation schemes, or research projects, issue tenders, identify and implement Central or State Government agencies, and change the agencies, all without recourse back to central government. But the Madhya Pradesh state government is resisting Delhi’s attempts to set up any such commission despite the Central Government announcing the establishment of such a commission in August 2008. Satinath Sarangi, managing trustee of the Sambhavna Clinic, which treats survivors in Bhopal, believes that part of the problem is Dow’s refusal to formally accept responsibility for what Union Carbide allowed to happen and that a “compromise could be reached” if Dow made provision for health damages and monitoring of patients, and agreed to clean up the site and surrounding areas, which it is still resisting. “That would be some sort of compromise that we would consider”, he said10. Children play cricket within the grounds of the abandoned factory Where now The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), Government of India, has also been testing the groundwater and, although their report is not yet officially published, despite being expected for some months, it is believed that their tests produced results largely concurring with the BMA/ CSE reports. However, CPCP Chairman SP Gautum said “I am not aware if the results of the research conducted on the collected samples are out,” But, according to The Hindu (newspaper): “Reliable sources, on condition of anonymity, said that since the CPCB findings confirm contamination, it intends to sit on it or it would cause embarrassment to the Union Government and the Ministry of Environment and Forests, which has been denying contamination11.” By any credible reckoning the groundwater contamination in Bhopal has to be accepted as fact and the forthcoming CPCP report may prove something of a litmus test. But, even if the contamination is accepted, the question still remains as to who will pay for the clean up? Dow, despite purchasing Union Carbide, along with all of its assets and liabilities, still refuses to acknowledge responsibility and there is plenty of evidence of political pressure to dilute its liabilities. “This cannot be acceptable… The toxins we have found in the factory are related to the production process of the plant. It is clear that UCIL was dumping its waste – of chemicals and pesticides – in the factory compound over the years it operated the factory. Dow must be held responsible. “Its own annual report shows that it has taken on the liability of Union Carbide in the case of asbestos exposure in the US. Why is it denying this responsibility in India?” CSE, India, director Sunita Narain. Practically speaking, the recent reports produced some potentially extremely worrying results. The assumption, up to now, has been that perhaps 30,000 people are affected by the water contamination in Bhopal. But it must now be considered a far greater problem. Numbers of affected people have largely been based on the data of tests that are anything up to a decade old. The new reports show two very interesting things: The contamination levels are increasing over time. When a comparative analysis is made of test results from the same borehole, which was possible with the BMA tests, (one particular well was tested twice by the BMA and once by the BBC over a period of nearly 18 months) the ingress of toxins appears to be increasing over time. Given the large amounts of toxic waste in the area this is not altogether surprising. The contamination has gone much further into the aquifer than anybody has previously estimated. This assumption is based on two pieces of evidence. Firstly, that the results of the CSE tests showed the greatest pesticide contamination, in ground water samples, at Shiv Nagar a distance of 3.5km to the North East of the UCIL site. Analysis of the aquifer, by NEERI, suggested that the plume would flow at a rate of between 2-300 metres per annum and the report, along with anecdotal evidence, seems to suggest the plume travelling in a North to Northeasterly direction. Taking this into account it is not surprising that the toxic plume has reached Shiv Nagar but what is more worrying is the level of toxicity as this suggests that the plume has travelled well beyond Shiv Nagar and much further than any previous estimates suggest. More worryingly still is the fact that the CSE report also found extremely high levels of pesticides in the ground water at New Arif Nagar which is North-North-West of the UCIL site. Taking both of these facts into consideration seems to suggest that the groundwater contamination is in fact much wider spread than any previous estimation. On that basis the number of people being affected by this toxic supply must be massively in excess of the previous estimate of 30,000. This toxic contamination of the ground water is Bhopal’s ‘Second Disaster”. References 1: These numbers are open to debate but the most generally accepted figures are these, as endorsed by Amnesty International, BMA and others. 2: ‘Bhopal Disaster: Still Waiting For The Clean Up’. Joe Jackson. 3: Ibid. 4: For comparison of data from all reports referenced in this chapter please see: ‘Analysis of Chemical Contaminants in Groundwater and Assessment of the Qualitative and Quantitative Drinking Water Supply Situation in the Communities Surrounding Union Carbide India Ltd. (UCIL) Plant Site in Bhopal.’ Aio Häberli and Colin Toogood. http://water.bhopal.org/ 5: Ibid. For further details of water supply situation to affected communities. 6: Ibid. 7: For data see: ‘Contamination of soil and water inside and outside the Union Carbide India Limited, Bhopal’. Centre For Science and Environment, December 2009. 8: Ibid. 9: Suketu Mehta. New York Times, December 02, 2009. 10: ‘Riding The Elephant’ Blog John Elliott, Dec 1 2009 http://ridingtheelephant.wordpress.com/ 11: Hindu, Feb 7, 2010. Sources Aio Häberli and Colin Toogood. ‘Analysis of Chemical Contaminants in Groundwater and Assessment of the Qualitative and Quantitative Drinking Water Supply Situation in the Communities Surrounding Union Carbide India Ltd. (UCIL) Plant Site in Bhopal.’ The Bhopal Medical Appeal, for the Sambhavna Trust Clinic, Bhopal. Dr. Sapna Johnson, Mr. Ramakant Sahu, Dr. Nimisha Jadon, Ms Clara Duca. ‘Contamination of soil and water inside and outside the Union Carbide India Limited, Bhopal’. Centre For Science and Environment, December 2009. Labunska, I., Stephenson, A., Brigden, K., Stringer, R., Santillo, D. & Johnston, P.A. 1999. ‘The Bhopal Legacy: Toxic contaminants at the former Union Carbide factory site, Bhopal, India: 15 years after the Bhopal accident.’ Greenpeace Research Laboratories, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter UK. Labunska, I & Santillo, D. 2004. ‘High levels of chlorinated organic compounds, including tetrachloromethane, in water from well adjacent to former Union Carbide India Ltd (UCIL) pesticide plant, Bhopal (India).’ Greenpeace Research Laboratories. National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI). 1990. ‘Assessment of pollution damage due to Solar Evaporation Ponds at UCIL, Bhopal.’ Published by NEERI, Nagpur – 440 020, Madhya Pradesh Pradushan Nirawan Mandal, Bhopal. Srishti. 2002. Toxic Present – ‘Toxic Future: A Report on Human and Environmental Chemical Contamination around the Bhopal disaster site.’ H-2, Jangpura Extension, New Delhi – 110 014. Stringer, R., Labunska, I., Brigden, K. & Santillo, D. 2002. ‘Chemical Stockpiles at Union Carbide India Limited in Bhopal: an investigation.’ Greenpeace Research Laboratories. Jackson, Joe. ‘Bhopal Disaster: Still Waiting For The Clean Up’. ENDS Report 406, November 2008, pp 32-35 Bhopal – 25 years and exposure continues A plan to open the site of the Bhopal disaster for 15 days was labeled a ‘dangerous publicity stunt’ by the gas tragedy survivors, who saw this as an attempt to overshadow their campaign for justice on the 25th anniversary of the disaster. The two reports by the BMA and CSE, released on 1 December 2009, helped to counteract this bizarre proposal of Madhya Pradesh Minister Babulal Gaur. Gaur, the Bhopal Gas Tragedy Relief and Rehabilitation Minister, announced that the ‘The plant is being opened to help people get rid of the apprehension and misconception that the chemical wastes lying in the factory are still harmful and are polluting the ground water of the nearby localities.’ Gaur based his conclusion that the chemical wastes on site are not harmful on a 2008 report by the Defence Research and Development Establishment (DRDE)1, Ministry of Defence, Gwalior. DRDE tested the acute oral toxicity of samples from unspecified locations within the factory site. These consisted of: excavated waste, lime sludge, naphthol tar, reactor residue, semi-processed pesticide and Sevin tar. DRDE concluded the residues had ‘very low mammalian toxicity’ and that a human would have to eat as much as 200g of the waste to die from it. The problem in Bhopal is not one of acute toxicity which is unlikely to occur2. As explained in this article, the problem is one of chronic toxicity whereby gradual exposure to these chemicals, especially from contaminated drinking water, is linked to disease, birth defects and cancers. So it is not the LD50 (dose which will kill half of the animals which consume it) that needs to be measured but the acceptable daily intake (ADI). When measuring ADI these pesticides have high chronic toxicity3 – in fact, we should not be exposed to them at all. References 1. DRDE Report. Acute Oral Toxicity of Samples of Stored Toxic Wastes at the Former UCIL Plant Site at Bhopal in rats. October, 2008. http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/DRDEOctober2008.pdf 2. The exception to this being the numerous children, in affected communities, suffering from Pica, a condition characterized by an appetite for substances largely non-nutritive, such as clay, chalk, dirt, or sand. There are different variations of pica which can be from a cultural tradition, acquired taste or a neurological mechanism such as an iron deficiency , or chemical imbalance. 3. The ADI of carbaryl (Sevin) is 0-0.003 mg/kg body weight. The ADI for lindane is 0-008 mg/kg. ADI for aldicarb (temik) is 0-005 mg/kg body weight. Other Reports: Centre For Science And Environment (2009) ‘Contamination of soil and water inside and outside the Union Carbide India Limited, Bhopal’ Available Online at: http://www.cseindia.org/userfiles/Bhopal%20Report%20Final-3.pdf Greenpeace (1999) ‘The Bhopal Legacy: Toxic contaminants at the former Union Carbide factory site, Bhopal, India: 15 years after the Bhopal accident’ Available Online at: http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/campaigns/toxics/toxic-hotspots/	i don't know
Which country singer had hits with El Paso and Devil Woman	Marty Robbins \| New Music And Songs \| Marty Robbins About Marty Robbins No artist in the history of country music has had a more stylistically diverse career than Marty Robbins. Never content to remain just a country singer, Robbins performed successfully in a dazzling array of styles during more than 30 years in the business. To his credit, Robbins rarely followed trends but often took off in directions that stunned both his peers and fans. Plainly Robbins was not hemmed in by anyone's definition of country music. Although his earliest recordings were unremarkable weepers, by the mid-'50s Robbins was making forays into rock music, adding fiddles to the works of Chuck Berry and Little Richard. By the late '50s, Robbins had pop hits of his own with teen fare like "A White Sport Coat (And a Pink Carnation)." Almost simultaneously, he completed work on his Song of the Islands album. In 1959, Robbins stretched even further with the hit single "El Paso," thus heralding a pattern of "gunfighter ballads" that lasted the balance of his career. Robbins also enjoyed bluesy hits like "Don't Worry," which introduced a pop audience to fuzz-tone guitar in 1961. Barely a year later, Robbins scored a calypso hit with "Devil Woman." Robbins also left a legacy of gospel music and a string of sentimental ballads, showing that he would croon with nary a touch of hillbilly twang. Born and raised in Glendale, AZ, Robbins (born Martin David Robertson, September 26, 1925; died December 8, 1982) was exposed to music at an early age. His mother's father was "Texas" Bob Heckle, a former medicine show man who told his grandson cowboy stories and tales of the traveling show. Robbins became enraptured by the cowboy tales and, once he became a teenager, worked on his older brother's ranch outside of Phoenix, concentrating more on his cowboy duties than his studies. Indeed, he never graduated from high school, and by his late teens, he started turning petty crimes while living as a hobo. In 1943, he joined the U.S. Navy to fight in World War II, and while he was in the service, he learned how to play guitar and developed a taste for Hawaiian music. Robbins left the Navy in 1947, returning to Glendale, where he began to sing in local clubs and radio stations. Often, he performed under the name "Jack Robinson" in an attempt to disguise his endeavors from his disapproving mother. Within three years, he had developed a strong reputation throughout Arizona and was appearing regularly on a Mesa radio station and had his own television show, Western Caravan, in Phoenix. By that time, he had settled on the stage name of Marty Robbins. Robbins landed a recording contract with Columbia in 1951 with the assistance of Little Jimmy Dickens, who had been a fan ever since appearing on Western Caravan. Early in 1952, Robbins released his first single, "Love Me or Leave Me Alone." It wasn't a success and neither was its follow-up, "Crying 'Cause I Love You," but "I'll Go On Alone" soared to number one in January 1953. Following its blockbuster success, Robbins signed a publishing deal with Acuff-Rose and joined the Grand Ole Opry. "I Couldn't Keep From Crying" kept him in the Top Ten in spring 1953, but his two 1954 singles -- "Pretty Words" and "Call Me Up (And I'll Come Calling on You)" -- stalled on the charts. A couple of rock & roll covers, "That's All Right" and "Maybellene," returned him to the country Top Ten in 1955, but it wasn't until "Singing the Blues" shot to number one in fall 1956 that Robbins' career was truly launched. Staying at number one for a remarkable 13 weeks, "Singing the Blues" established Robbins as a star, but its progress on the pop charts was impeded by Guy Mitchell's cover, which was released shortly after Robbins' original and quickly leapfrogged to number one. The process repeated itself on "Knee Deep in the Blues," which went to number three on the country charts but didn't even appear on the pop charts due to Mitchell's hastily released cover. To head off such competition, Robbins decided to record with easy listening conductor Ray Conniff for his next singles. It was a crafty move and one that kept him commercially viable during the peak of rock & roll. The first of these collaborations, "A White Sport Coat (And a Pink Carnation)," became a huge hit, spending five weeks at the top of the country charts in spring 1957 and peaking at number two on the pop charts, giving him his long-awaited breakthrough record. After "A White Sport Coat (And a Pink Carnation)," Robbins was a regular fixation on both the pop and country charts until the mid-'60s. The Burt Bacharach and Hal David composition "The Story of My Life" returned Robbins to the number one country slot in early 1957 (number 15 pop), while "Just Married," "Stairway of Love," and "She Was Only Seventeen (He Was One Year More)" kept him in teen-pop territory, as well as the upper reaches of the charts, throughout 1958. In addition to his pop records, Robbins recorded rockabilly singles and Hawaiian albums that earned their own audience. During that time, he began a couple of business ventures of his own, including a booking agency and a record label called Robbins. He also ventured into movies, appearing in the Westerns Raiders of Old California (1957) and Badge of Marshal Brennan (1958), where he played a Mexican named Felipe. The films not only demonstrated Robbins' love for Western myths and legends, but they signalled the shift in musical direction he was about to take. Over the course of 1958 and 1959, he recorded a number of cowboy and western songs, and the first of these -- "The Hanging Tree," the theme to the Gary Cooper film of the same name -- became a hit in spring 1959. However, the song just set the stage for Robbins' signature song and biggest western hit, "El Paso." Released in the summer, the single spent six months on the country charts, including seven weeks at number one, while hitting the top of the pop charts. A full album of western songs, Gunfighter Ballads and Trail Songs, became equally successful, reaching number six on the pop charts, and by the mid-'60s, it had gone platinum. "El Paso" began a very successful decade for Robbins. "Big Iron," another western song, followed its predecessor to the Top Ten of the country charts in 1960, but it wasn't until 1961 that he had another huge hit in the form of "Don't Worry." Fueled by a fuzz-toned guitar (the first country record to feature such an effect), "Don't Worry" spent ten weeks at number one and crossed over to number three on the pop charts. The following year, "Devil Woman" became nearly as successful, spending eight weeks at number one; it was followed by another number one, "Ruby Ann." Between "Don't Worry" and "Devil Woman," he had a number of smaller hits, most notably the Top Ten "It's Your World," and for the rest of the decade, his biggest hits alternated with more moderate successes. With his career sailing along, Robbins began exploring racecar driving in 1962, initially driving in dirt-track racing competitions before competing in the famous NASCAR race. However, car racing was just a hobby, and he continued to have hits in 1963, including the number one "Begging to You." The following year, he starred in the film Ballad of a Gunfighter, which was based on songs from his classic album. Robbins' chart success continued throughout 1964, before suddenly dipping after he took Gordon Lightfoot's "Ribbon of Darkness" to number one in spring 1965. For the remainder of the year and much of the next, his singles failed to crack the Top Ten, and he concentrated on filming a television series called The Drifter, which was based on a character he had created. He also acted frequently, including the Nashville exploitation films Country Music Caravan, The Nashville Story, and Tennessee Jamboree and the stock-car drama Hell on Wheels. Though "The Shoe Goes on the Other Foot Tonight" reached number three in 1966, it wasn't until "Tonight Carmen" reached number one on the country charts in 1967 that his career picked up considerably. During the next two years, he regularly hit the Top Ten with country-pop songs like "I Walk Alone" and "It's a Sin." Robbins suffered from a heart attack while on tour in August 1969, which led to a bypass operation in 1970. Despite his brush with death, he continued to record, tour, and act. Early in 1970, "My Woman My Woman My Wife" became his last major crossover hit, reaching number one on the country charts and 42 on the pop charts and eventually earning a Grammy award. Robbins left Columbia Records in 1972, spending the next three years at Decca/MCA. Though "Walking Piece of Heaven," "Love Me," and "Twentieth Century Drifter" all reached the Top Ten, most of his singles were unenthusiastically received. Nevertheless, he sustained his popularity through concerts and film appearances, including the Lee Marvin movie A Man and a Train and Guns of a Stranger. In March 1974, Robbins became the last performer to play at the Ryman Auditorium, the original location of the Grand Ole Opry; a week later, he was the first to play at the new Grand Ole Opry House. The honors and tributes to Robbins continued to roll out during the mid-'70s, as he was inducted into Nashville Songwriters International Hall of Fame in 1975. That same year, he returned to Columbia Records, and over 1976 and 1977 he had his last sustained string of Top Ten hits, with "El Paso City" and "Among My Souvenirs" reaching number one. Following this two-year burst of success, Robbins settled into a series of minor hits for the next four years. In October 1982, he was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame. Two months later, he suffered his third major heart attack (his second arrived in early 1981), and although he had surgery, he died on December 8. In the wake of his death, his theme song to Clint Eastwood's movie Honky Tonk Man was released and climbed to number ten. Robbins left behind an immense legacy, including no less than 94 charting country hits and a body of recorded worked that proved how eclectic country music could be. ~ Hank Davis, Rovi Hear more of	Marty Robbins
Who had a number one in 2000 with Groove Jet (If This Ain't Love)	Marty Robbins - Devil Woman - YouTube Marty Robbins - Devil Woman Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Jan 4, 2011 Martin David Robinson (September 26, 1925--December 8, 1982), known professionally as Marty Robbins, was an American singer, songwriter, and multi-instrumentalist. One of the most popular and successful country and Western singers of his era, for most of his nearly four-decade career, Robbins was rarely far from the country music charts, and several of his songs also became pop hits. Robbins was born in Glendale, a suburb of Phoenix, in Maricopa County, Arizona. He was reared in a difficult family situation. His father took odd jobs to support the family of ten children. His father's drinking led to divorce in 1937. Among his warmer memories of his childhood, Robbins recalled having listened to stories of the American West told by his maternal grandfather, Texas Bob Heckle. Robbins left the troubled home at the age of 17 to serve in the United States Navy as an LCT coxswain during World War II. He was stationed in the Solomon Islands in the Pacific. To pass the time during the war, he learned to play the guitar, started writing songs, and came to love Hawaiian music. After his discharge from the military in 1945, he began to play at local venues in Phoenix, then moved on to host his own show on KTYL. He thereafter had his own television show on KPHO-TV in Phoenix. After Little Jimmy Dickens made a guest appearance on Robbins' TV show, Dickens got Robbins a record deal with Columbia Records. Robbins became known for his appearances at the Grand Ole Opry in Nashville, Tennessee. Robbins's 1957 recording of "A White Sport Coat and a Pink Carnation" sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc. His musical accomplishments include the Grammy Award for his 1959 hit and signature song "El Paso", taken from his album Gunfighter Ballads and Trail Songs. "El Paso" was the first song to hit #1 on the pop chart in the 1960s. It was followed up, successfully, by "Don't Worry", which reached #3 on the pop chart in 1961, becoming his third, and last, Top 10 pop hit. "El Paso" was followed by two sequels: "Feleena" and "El Paso City", both of which continued the story featured in the original song. Also in 1961, Robbins wrote the words and music and recorded "I Told the Brook," a ballad later also recorded by Billy Thorpe. He won the Grammy Award for the Best Country & Western Recording 1961, for his follow-up album More Gunfighter Ballads and Trail Songs, and was awarded the Grammy Award for Best Country Song in 1970, for "My Woman, My Woman, My Wife". Robbins was named Artist of the Decade (1960--69) by the Academy of Country Music, was elected to the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1982, and was given a Grammy Hall of Fame Award in 1998 for his song "El Paso". Robbins was inducted into the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1975. For his contribution to the recording industry, Robbins has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6666 Hollywood Blvd. Robbins has been honored by many bands, including the Grateful Dead who covered "El Paso". The Who's 2006 album Endless Wire includes the song "God Speaks Of Marty Robbins". The song's composer, Pete Townshend, explained that the song is about God deciding to create the universe just so he can hear some music, "and most of all, one of his best creations, Marty Robbins." The Beasts of Bourbon released a song called "The Day Marty Robbins Died" on their 1984 debut album The Axeman's Jazz. Johnny Cash recorded a version of "Big Iron" as part of his American Recordings series, which is included in the Cash Unearthed box set. Both Frankie Laine and Elvis Presley, among others, recorded versions of Robbins's song "You Gave Me a Mountain", with Laine's recording reaching the pop and adult contemporary charts in 1969. Robbins performed and recorded several songs by longtime songwriter Coleman Harwell, most notably "Thanks but No Thanks" in 1964; Robbins and his producers employed the top sessions musicians and singers including the Jordanaires to record Harwell's songs. Harwell is the nephew of former Nashville Tennessean newspaper editor Coleman Harwell. When Robbins was recording his 1961 hit "Don't Worry", session guitarist Grady Martin accidentally created a fuzz effect during the session. The song reached #1 on the country chart, and #3 on the pop chart. ~SOURCE: Wikipedia PLEASE NOTE: I divided my uploads among multiple channels, Bookmark this link in your browser for instant access to an index with links to all of John1948's oldies classics. LINK: http://tinyurl.com/Channel-Index Category	i don't know
Which group had a top ten hit in 1972 with Nights In White Satin	Nights in White Satin - London Festival Orchestra,The Moody Blues \| Song Info \| AllMusic Nights in White Satin google+ Song Review by Richie Unterberger "Nights in White Satin" is the Moody Blues' most famous song, and their biggest hit, though it wasn't until five years after its initial release that it made number two as a single. At first it was a song on their 1967 album Days of Future Passed, the first to feature new members Justin Hayward, who wrote the song, and John Lodge. The melody of this ballad, as has been noted elsewhere, is close to the one used by Ben E. King on his 1963 melodramatic soul hit "I (Who Have Nothing)." That melody itself had been based on an Italian song King had heard in Italy, with English lyrics by his producers Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller. Still, the instrumentation on the Moody Blues track is substantially different, particularly in the use of an eerie mellotron, an instrument of course that would be a staple of the group's most popular recordings. "Nights in White Satin" does effectively fulfill what was probably the purpose Hayward and his bandmates had in mind for it: a ghostly, haunting nocturnal ballad, with a lilting and memorable melody. The melodrama gets pushed to the fore (as does the resemblance to the chorus of "I (Who Have Nothing)") on the chorus, as the tempo becomes more emphatic and the group's background vocals become especially eerie, like voices in a windblown night. The instrumental break is also well done and in keeping with the hushed mood of the production, an echoed drumbeat leading into a lonely flute solo, the orchestration becoming more dense as the break progresses, building to a near-crescendo before leading into the final verse. It wasn't until 1972, though, that the song became a huge American hit, when it was pulled out for a single. It was, in fact, a Top 20 hit no less than three times in Britain: first just after the release of Days of Future Passed, then again in late 1972, and then again in late 1979. If you're looking for a peculiar big-name cover version of "Nights in White Satin," check out the one War did in the early '70s, when Eric Burdon was still their leader and lead singer. Appears On	The Moody Blues
Which female singer now deceased sang the theme from the Six Million Dollar Man	Classic tracks: Justin Hayward talks Nights In White Satin - Justin Hayward Classic tracks: Justin Hayward talks Nights In White Satin Posted on 10/22/2014 Musicradar.com “It’s a song that never seems to go away,” says The Moody Blues’ Justin Hayward of the band’s pop/proto-prog orchestral masterpiece and perennial hit Nights In White Satin. “It was a slow build, and of course, it was released a few times, but once it took hold, it did so in a really big way. It seemed to get into people’s minds and just stay there. The whole thing’s very strange and wonderful.” The lush, transporting and immersive track, which appeared as a full-blown epic (clocking in at over seven and a half minutes, complete with a spoken-word poetry section called Late Lament) on the band’s 1967 album Days Of Future Passed, was released in edited form as a single in November of that year. The song reached the top of the charts in France, but in the UK it only got as high as number 17. “It was fantastic to hit the top in France, but of course, we were hoping to repeat that success elsewhere,” Hayward says. “Once it dropped off the UK chart, that seemed to be it for the song.” He laughs, then adds, “For a while, at least. As we all know, it came back bigger than ever, and it’s had all of these different lives over the years.” In the following interview, Hayward recounts the writing and recording of The Moody Blues’ signature song, as well as its unexpected re-entry into the charts in 1972, an occurrence that the singer says “changed my life and the band’s lives forever.” Walk me through the writing of the song. As I understand it, you started it when you were 19. “Right. It was in early 1967, and I’d just come home from a gig. I was living in a one-room flat. I sat on the side of the bed and wrote the basic two verses and two choruses with a 12-string acoustic. I took it to the rehearsal room the next day because the guys were expecting me to have something to work up for a stage show. I played it for them and they were like, ‘Huh… it’s OK.’ I don’t think they were that thrilled – they didn’t hear it straightaway. “But then [keyboardist] Mike [Pinder] said, ‘Play it again,’ so I did. I sang ‘Nights in white satin… ’ and he did that little ‘da da da-da-da-da-daaa’ on the Mellotron. Then everybody seemed to get interested; it made sense to them. Once he delivered that phrase, which is really quite important, the song started working for them.” The song, along with the album Days Of Future Passed, came out in 1967, during the height of The Beatles’ Sgt. Pepper period. Is it safe to say you guys were influenced by them a bit? “Oh, sure, more than a bit. I’d admit that, and I think other musicians who were around at the time would, too. To be part of the musical scene in London during that whole period was amazing, and The Beatles were our leaders, undoubtedly. They showed us the way. Sgt. Pepper and Strawberry Fields and other songs they did at the time – they gave us the freedom to try anything. “Obviously, we didn’t have the power or the money that The Beatles had. They could indulge every whim in the studio and basically do whatever they wanted. We had to catch a lucky break with Days Of Future Passed. That lucky break from Decca, who wanted a demonstration record for their new stereo systems, and that’s how we got to make the album. “To be honest, because we made the album as a stereo demonstration record, I thought that only a handful of people would even get to listen to it because only a handful of them had stereos at the time. What I didn’t realize was that FM radio was starting to take off in America, and the DJs and programmers were starved for good stereo records. Even The Beatles had mono records at the time, which sounded great, but the people were starting to want stereo.” Like Sgt. Pepper, the album was recorded on four-track? “We did everything on four-track. It wasn’t as elaborate as it might seem at all. We recorded it at Decca Number One in Broadhurst Gardens, West Hampstead. We put our songs down, and then [producer] Tony Clarke, [engineer] Derrick Varnals and [composer] Peter Knight] bounced that with Peter recording a count through the entire 48 minutes. Then the orchestra came in for a three-hour session, and they rehearsed to a tape with our tracks and that count. So our tracks were finished in stereo, and then the orchestra, after a tea break, played their parts and recorded on that. That was it. “By the way, it’s called The London Festival Orchestra, but that’s just a name that we made up. It sounded right, but they didn’t actually exist. It was just a group of gypsies – that’s what we called them – these string players that would do a lot of sessions. Peter Knight put them together. He was signed to Decca, and he did the orchestral arrangements between our songs for the album.” The poetry section, the Late Lament, was that always a part of the song? “That came about because we needed some kind of summing up of the story. We had a feeling within the band that everybody should contribute, not just me and Mike. [Drummer] Graeme [Edge] didn’t think that he had anything to contribute musically, but he did want to write something that pulled the Days Of Future Passed story together, which is the story of the day in the life of one guy, really. “That’s where that came about. So Mike did the poetry reading. He had such a beautiful, charming voice – mesmerizing. He could persuade me to do anything with that voice of his. So his voice doing the poetry section really made the whole piece feel complete. He did the recording in the dark while lying on his back, with the rest of us sitting around quite stoned.” [Laughs] You would perform Nights In White Satin on stage before it was re-released in ’72. Was there an overnight difference in the crowd response once they heard it on the radio? “Oh, yeah. But funnily enough, that started building from about 1970, although yes, once it became a radio hit, the difference in the response was enormous. You have to remember, the 1960s were about singles. The indie promotion guy at Decca, back in ’67, when Decca wanted to release it, said, ‘Nah, I can’t plug that. It’s four and a half minutes, it’s slow and boring – it’ll never do anything.’ He washed his hands of it. That was rather upsetting. “He was right, to a certain extent, but then the culture changed. The Boxer changed quite a few things. That song was long and lilting. Sometimes you just have to give yourself up to a song – let it wash over you.” Although leading up to the re-release, there was no real thought to putting the song out again – it just seemed to happen on its own. “There was no grand plan behind the whole thing; in fact, the record company tried to suppress it. We had another album at the time to promote, Seventh Sojourn. They didn’t want us to be competing with ourselves, really. But once DJs got their hands on Nights again, they decided they were going to go with it. Before you knew it, there was no turning back. “And what I think happened was, everybody seemed to know the song in a way – they knew it a little bit – so when it was put out again, people responded very quickly. I guess that were primed for it, having heard it maybe years earlier. They didn’t have to get used to it again – it was already in their consciousness somehow. So it was great – in ’72 the song was finally a real hit.” Do you prefer the album version to the single? “Actually, I liked the single – I never had a problem with it. Actually, many months before we recorded it for the album, we had recorded it for the BBC. It was for a show called Easy Beat. It was broadcast the day after we taped it. I remember we were in our van going up the motorway, and we listened to the show on the radio. As it played, we were saying things like, ‘Fucking hell, there’s something about that performance…’ By the end of it, we were all sold – it was brilliant. “We phoned up the BBC straightaway and said, ‘Can we have a copy of that song called Nights Of White Satin?’ And they said, ‘No, we wiped it. We use the tapes at the BBC to record again.’ That sent a few of us, including myself, into a bit of a spin. I had to convince myself that we could still do it again, that the BBC version, as magical as it was, could be topped. “Three or four months later, when we got to record it for the album, I wasn’t completely convinced because I still thought there was a better version around. It’s just that I couldn’t compare it. It was a very odd thing.” Do you feel as though the success of the song changed people’s perceptions of the band? “I think it gave people a clearer idea of the sound of the band. Everybody had a specific part to play on the recording; it was the definitive sound of The Moody Blues. From the vocal performance to the high backing vocals to the Mellotron and the echoes – it’s all there. Be it the single version or the full album version, you get the entire picture of the band in that one song.” The track in ’72 hit number one on Cashbox but only got to number two on Billboard. Was that upsetting – to be so close to number one? [Laughs] “Well, sure. I’ve got it on Cashbox that it went to number one, but of course, Cashbox means nothing now. Billboard is seen as being the definitive chart. It’s like what happened with the song Question, which reached number one for us in 1970. It reached number one on all of these other charts except for the BBC chart – they had a BBC record at number one. So these other charts have disappeared, sadly. That’s just the way it goes.” In addition to The Moody Blues recording, there have been many cover versions over the years. “Which is always a compliment. I did notice that a girl did it on America’s Got Talent recently, and then, of course, it takes off again – people start gravitating toward it. Three years ago, I was sent a version by Bettye LaBette, a French soul singer, and when I heard it I was moved to tears. My wife came into the room and asked me what was wrong, and I said, ‘Listen to this.’ It’s a very curious thing to write a song at 19 or 20 years old and then to be 65 and hear somebody else discovering it and making it their own. I hear a lot of different recordings of it, and it’s amazing – I hear it as a new song every time.” Shifting gears here – you have a new solo release, the Spirits… Live Blu-ray and DVD. “Yeah, that was a wonderful opportunity. On the first solo tour, I had a lot of success with the Spirits Of The Western Sky album that I had out last year, and I decided to support it with a tour. Promoters wanted to see if there was any mileage to Justin with an acoustic guitar. Halfway through the tour, I thought, ‘I might never do this again, so I’d better record it.’ I’m very glad that I put it together. It’s a great little snapshot in time. “The funny thing is, speaking of things taking on lives of their own, that’s what happened here: I’ve done another two solo tours, and I’m just about to start another one. I’ve got a great young kid with me, Mike Dawes. He’s a wonderful, marvelous guitar player, and he sustains me very well. And Julie Ragins, who works with the Moodys, is one of the greatest musicians I’ve ever known. She’s got the voice of an angel. It’s something that I enjoy. It’s a complement to the Moodys, but it’s also the perfect counterpoint to the big production that is the band.” Justin Hayward’s Spirits… Live: Live At The Buckhead Theatre, Atlanta can be purchased at Amazon .	i don't know
What aid to musicians did John Shore invent in 1711	tuning fork facts, information, pictures \| Encyclopedia.com articles about tuning fork The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright The Columbia University Press tuning fork, steel instrument in the shape of a U with a short handle. When struck it produces an almost pure tone, retaining its pitch over a long period of time; thus it is a valuable aid in tuning musical instruments. It was invented in 1711 by John Shore, who jokingly called it a pitchfork. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. MLA	Tuning fork
What type of fruit is a Duncan	18th Eighteenth Century Inventions 1700 to 1799 Jethro Tull invents the seed drill . 1709 Bartolomeo Cristofori invents the piano . 1711 Englishmen, John Shore invents the tuning fork. 1712 Thomas Newcomen patents the atmospheric steam engine . 1717 Edmond Halley invents the diving bell. 1722 French C. Hopffer patents the fire extinguisher . 1724 Gabriel Fahrenheit invents the first mercury thermometer . 1733 John Kay invents the flying shuttle . 1745 E.G. von Kleist invents the leyden jar , the first electrical capacitor. 1752 Benjamin Franklin invents the lightening rod . 1755 Samuel Johnson publishes the first English language dictionary on April 15th after nine years of writing. In the preface Samuel Johnson wrote, "I am not so lost in lexicography as to forget that words are the daughters of earth, and that things are the sons of heaven." 1757 John Campbell invents the sextant . 1758 Dolland invents a chromatic lens. 1761 Englishmen, John Harrison invents the navigational clock or marine chronometer for measuring longitude. 1764 James Hargreaves invents the spinning jenny . 1767 Joseph Priestley invents carbonated water - soda water. 1768 Richard Arkwright patents the spinning frame . 1769 James Watt invents an improved steam engine . 1774 Georges Louis Lesage patents the electric telegraph . 1775 Alexander Cummings invents the flush toilet . Jacques Perrier invents a steamship . 1776 David Bushnell invents a submarine . 1779 Samuel Crompton invents the spinning mule . 1780 Gervinus invents the circular saw . 1783 Benjamin Hanks patents the self-winding clock . Joseph Michel Montgolfier and Jacques Etienne Montgolfier invent the hot-air balloon . Englishmen, Henry Cort invents the steel roller for steel production. 1784 Joseph Bramah invents the safety lock . 1785 Edmund Cartwright invents the power loom . Claude Berthollet invents chemical bleaching. Charles Augustus Coulomb invents the torsion balance. Blanchard invents a working parachute . 1786 John Fitch invents a steamboat . 1789 The guillotine is invented. 1790 The United States issued its first patent to William Pollard of Philadelphia for a machine that roves and spins cotton. 1791 John Barber invents the gas turbine. Early bicycles invented in Scotland. 1792	i don't know
What colour is Bradenham ham	Cooking Dry Cured Hams Cooking Dry Cured Hams If you are looking for how to cook a supermarket ham, you're probably on the wrong page. For those, see Cooking Wet Cure Hams Dry Cure Hams, often called "Country Hams" or "Virginia Hams", are salt cured and smoked by slow but reliable methods already established during the Roman Empire. The only real change, about 100 years ago, was addition of potassium nitrate to the salt cure for better color and flavor. Photo by smokymountaineer contributed to the public domain . For information on the many other types of hams, see our Hams , and for more general information on pork products see our Pork Products page. Links Dry cured hams are traditionally made in the American Southeast, particularly Virginia and Kentucky, though there is some production in other prts of the country. This cure is also widely used all over Europe and in China for traditional products. Since Chinese hams are not imported into the United States, Asian markets here in California sell cut slabs of Virginia hams (usually front leg) as an acceptable substitute. Notably, American dry cure hams (with the exception of "serrano style") are expected to be cooked, while most of the European products are expected to be sliced very thin and eaten raw. I admit to having eaten a fair amount of the American product sliced thin and raw without ill effect. Dry cure hams are not normally served whole as a big main course item as wet cure hams are. They're salty and the flavor is too intense. They're used as a feature ingredient in many recipes, used in sandwiches and served cut thin to be placed on crackers or such, or just eaten plain as a snack. Do not attempt to use a wet cure recipe with a dry cure ham. These hams are salty and hard as a rock because they've lost 18% to 20% of their original weight in water during curing. They are commonly uncooked but may be cooked. Either may be smoked or unsmoked (a cool smoking is used). Buying Dry Cure Hams You are unlikely to find an American dry cure ham in your local market, unless you live right where they're made. They are, however, quite easy to purchase on the Internet or by phone. American producers provide not only whole hams but smaller products for uses where a whole one is just too much or two expensive. A whole Virginia ham is usually well under US $100. In contrast a Spanish Serrano ham (to be eaten raw) will set you back aroud $850 and a Spanish acorn fed Iberico ham about $1650.00. American "serrano style" hams can be had between $100 and $170 - again, to be eaten raw, not cooked. For reference, here's a list of well known dry cured ham products you may encounter: Ardennes Ham (Belgium) - an uncooked dry cured, air dried ham that is eaten raw. Similar to Italian prosciutto. Bayonne Ham (France) - see Jambon de Bayonne. Black Forest Ham (German) - an uncooked dry cured, air dried ham smoked over pine and/or fir. It has an intense flavor and is used mainly as an ingredient in other dishes or for sandwiches and appetizers. Note that "Black Forest Ham - brine cured" is a wet cured imitation, not much like the real thing. Bradenham Ham - an English dry cured smoked ham finished with molasses, brown sugar and spices. Deep red color. Cottage Ham - same as a picnic ham but just the butt end of the front leg. Irish Ham - a brine cured ham that is then smoked over peat and/or juniper. It is prepared same as a Virginia ham. Jambon de Bayonne (France) - the famous unsmoked dry cured ham of the far southwest corner of France, Pays Basque and Gascony. Similar hams are made by Basque communites in northern California and other places in North America. Jamon Iberico (Spain) - a top of the line ham made from acorn fed black pigs, to be eaten raw. They're now imported legally, into the United States, but with shipping, duties, etc. a whole ham will set you back about US $1650. I hear they're a lot cheaper in Europe. Jamon Serrano (Spain) - a dry cured ham made from white pigs, to be eaten raw. They're now imported legally into the United States, but with shipping, duties, etc. a whole ham will cost you about US $850. "Serrano Style" hams are now made in North America, though they aren't exactly the same. Jinhua Ham - a Chinese dry cured ham - considered very fine but illegal to import into the United States. Asians here in California use Virginia ham as a substitute. It can be bought by the slice in Asian markets here. Kentucky Ham - a dry cured ham that's a little drier than Virginia hams. Smoked over corn cobs, hickory and apple wood. Parma (Italian) - prosciutto made in the city of Parma, reputed to be the best. Picnic Ham is the part of the front leg of the pig equivalent to the ham. It is always cured (if fresh it'd be called a "picnic shoulder") and is generally smoked. Not as tender as ham but a good ingredient in many recipes. This ham is now sold in 1/2 to 3/4 inch thick slices in the Asian markets here in Los Angeles as a substitute for Chinese hams which are illegal to import. Prosciutto (Italian) - a dry cured, uncooked ham that is not smoked (I have been told that some smoked is made in the Alpine corner of northern Italy). Part of the cure period is spent under weights so it tends to have a flattened shape. In Italy there is a cooked (cotto) form but elsewhere the raw (crudo) form is expected. Sliced thin and eaten raw, but also included in recipes. Serrano-Style Ham: - a North American ham in the style of Spanish Jamon Serrano. Depending on production and aging these can be had for US $100 to $170. Intended to be thinly sliced and eaten raw. Smithfield Ham - a dry cure ham made in Smithfield Virginia, a center of dry cure ham production. Virginia Ham - a dry cure ham made in Virginia but probably not in Smithfield. Smoked over hickory and apple wood. Westphalian Ham (Germany) - a dry cured ham long smoked over beechwood and juniper wood. Generally sliced thin and eaten raw. York Ham (England) - a dry cured ham lightly smoked but can be salty. Can be eaten raw but is generally cooked like a Virginia ham or boiled.	Black
On which Grand Prix race track would you find Gasometer Kurve	A TASTE OF BRITAIN: Wiltshire - Lardy Cake, Bacon Fraise and Ham Lardy Cake, Bacon Fraise and Ham by Dawn Copeman Wiltshire is famous for one thing in the UK: ham. Wiltshire ham is renowned throughout the UK and Swindon, which became a large industrial town with the arrival of Brunel and his railway, and originally means 'Swine down' or 'pig hill', after the herds of pigs that used to graze there. From the earliest times to the arrival of the industrial era, most of the rural population kept pigs. These pigs would be lovingly cared for throughout the plentiful food seasons of spring and summer and then slaughtered in autumn to provide food for winter. Every part of the animal was used. The flesh to make roasting joints and bacon and the legs to make hams. The trotters were boiled (and eaten!) and the liquid used for boiling them was in turn used to set the pork in the Wiltshire pork pie. (A modern recipe not using trotter liquor can be found at: http://www.cdkitchen.com/recipes/recs/45/WiltshirePorkPie65843.shtml ) Even the intestines and entrails were eaten. The blood was used to make black pudding and as for the fat, well, that was the most useful part of all; this was stored for use throughout the year and is a key ingredient on our first regional speciality, Lardy Cake. It is very hard to trace the origins of Lardy Cake; it just appears to be one of those recipes that have been around ever since people first settled on the Wiltshire Downs. This cake is a delicious mix of lard, bread dough, sugar and dried fruit. It is somewhat time-consuming to make, but is worth the effort as when the cake is cooked, the sugar creates a lovely toffee taste -- delicious, and very fattening! I've included a recipe for you below, but if you come to Wiltshire you must try several portions as each chef has their own recipe. Now, whilst most of the traditional Wiltshire pork dishes have, thankfully, died out, you can still buy a variety of delicious pork products in Wiltshire today including the famous Wiltshire and Bradenham hams. Whereas the poor of the county would eat whatever parts of the pig they could, for the gentry only joints, hams and bacon would suffice. Rumor has it that one Lord Bradenham created the cure for Bradenham ham. Both of these hams are dry cured. Wiltshire ham is traditionally cured with bacon and molasses, which produces a mild, sweet tasting ham. Bradenham ham, however, is very distinctive, as it is black on the outside and bright red on the inside, but don't let the appearance put you off. The blackness comes from the cure of a secret mixture of molasses, coriander and juniper berries and the ham is then hung to mature for six months. The result is a unique, sweet ham with intense flavours. And to accompany your hams, what could be better than a mustard from Tracklements? William Tullberg, who started the firm in 1970, wanted something to accompany all the pork products he had to taste as part of his job. Traditional English mustard was too sharp, so he looked around for inspiration to create his own mustards. He found it whilst reading John Evelyn's diaries, which referred to a recipe for old English mustard. He made the first batch at home using a coffee grinder and soon it was in demand from local pubs and restaurants. Today the company sells its hand-ground, hand-made mustards worldwide. You can buy a 7oz jar of Tracklements Beer Mustard, (which like all their mustards is free from artificial colors and preservatives) from igourmet.com for $6.99 ( http://www.igourmet.com/Shoppe/search.aspx?qry=Wiltshire ). One thing you can't buy in the States, or anywhere outside Wiltshire for that matter, is Wiltshire cheese. This cheese was very popular throughout the UK in the 18th century but the dairy farmers of Wiltshire stopped making their cheese when demand for milk in London made it more profitable for them to concentrate on milk production instead. Today you can only buy North Wiltshire Cheese Loaf from a few traditional cheese makers, such as Ceri's Cheese, who sells it at farmers' markets. Another dish you might have to work hard to track down is Bacon Fraise. This is a delicious, but again fattening, breakfast dish that dates back to the 15th century when agricultural workers would have needed the fat from this dish to help them get through their day. Basically, it is bacon that is fried and then covered with an egg batter and baked. It makes for a pleasant change from the traditional British fry-up. A recipe can be found at: http://www.eatdangerously.com/thorough_cook/entree/bacon_fraise.html . One dish you will easily find is Devizes pie. This, again, naturally contains pork but this time it is accompanied by lamb, veal, tongue and vegetables. It is a very filling pie that is traditionally eaten cold. If you fancy adding this to your picnic hamper this summer, there's a recipe at: http://www.visitkennet.co.uk/features/christmas-past/devizespie.htm . But, if you're not really into pork, then Wiltshire has many other specialities that you ought to try, such as Marlborough Cake and Druids Cake to name but two. In fact, Wiltshire is so proud of its regional food that two festivals of Wiltshire food are being held this year: The Salisbury Food & Drink Festival on the 23rd of September and the Marlborough Festival of Food from the 20th - 27th of October. So, come along, and even if you don't like pork I'm sure you'll find something delicious to eat here. Restaurants Modern British dishes made from locally grown, seasonal produce. Lunch approximately £18.00 per person, dinner £30.00 per person. Lardy Cake Two and two thirds cups strong flour Three quarters of a cup of warm milk Quarter of an ounce of salt Quarter of an ounce of butter Half a teaspoon of sugar One stick of lard 1 cup mixed fruit (sultanas, currants or raisins) Half a teaspoon of mixed spice Third of a cup of milk 1 oz sugar for glaze Stir the half-teaspoonful of sugar in the warm milk until it dissolves. Sprinkle yeast onto mixture and leave for ten minutes or until frothy. Mix flour and salt together and rub in the quarter of an ounce of butter. Make a well in the flour mix and pour in the yeast mix, stir to form a dough. Knead dough on a floured surface until the dough is smooth then form into a ball shape and leave to rise in a clean bowl covered with a tea towel. Knead again until the dough is firm then roll out into a 10 inch x 6 inch rectangle shape. Cut the lard into small flakes and spread one third of the lard onto two thirds of the rectangle. Sprinkle a third of the sugar over the lard. Fold the uncovered dough down onto the middle of the rectangle, and then fold the remaining covered dough on top to form a rectangular parcel. Turn the dough through ninety degrees and roll out again and repeat steps 6 and 7 and this time add half the fruit to the top before folding up into a parcel. Repeat step 8 again adding the last of the lard, sugar and fruit. Roll out and fold again. Then roll the dough to fit a 7-inch greased, square cake tin. Cover the tin with a tea towel and leave again for about half-an-hour. Remove the tea towel and score a criss-cross pattern over the top of the cake and bake it in the oven at 450ºF, 230ºC or Gas Mark 8 for 25 - 30 minutes. Just prior to removing the cake from the oven, dissolve the 1 oz of sugar in the milk and then brush this all over the top of the cake when you remove it from the oven. Leave the cake to cool for 2 - 5 minutes, then turn the tin upside and remove cake from the tin, spooning over any remaining syrup. Serve upside down cut into slices. More Information:	i don't know
How many minutes are you allowed before being timed out in first class cricket (not the 20 20 competition)	Twenty20 Rules Twenty20 Rules The ICC Standard Playing Conditions for Twenty20 matches provide the playing framework for all Twenty20 cricket. They are updated every year to reflect developments in the game. Below is a brief descriptionof the rule changes in Twenty20 cricket, click here for a full copy of the Twenty20 Rules. Duration One innings per side, each innings limited to a maximum of 20 overs Interval The interval will normally be of 15 minutes duration. In reduced overs matches, the interval will be cut to 10 minutes. Re-arrangement of Overs Teams have one hour 15 minutes to bowl 20 overs. In the first innings, the calculation of the number of overs to be bowled shall be based on one over for every full 3.75 minutes in the total time available for play up to the scheduled close of play. In the second innings of the match, overs shall be reduced at a rate of one over for every full 3.75 minutes lost, unless the first innings finished early / second innings started early in which case no overs are lost until the time that has been gained is subsequently lost. Timed Out The incoming batsman must be in position to take guard or for his partner to be ready to receive the next ball (or for his partner to receive the next ball) within one minute 30 seconds of the fall of the previous wicket. The Result Each side must have faced (or had the opportunity to face) five overs in order to constitute a match. The Duckworth Lewis Method shall be used in interrupted matches. Restrictions on the Placement of Fieldsmen Fielding restrictions apply for the first six overs of each innings. Number of Overs per Bowler Each bowler may bowl a maximum of four overs. In a delayed or interrupted match, no bowler may bowl more than one fifth of the total overs allowed unless such a number has been exceeded before the interruption. Free Hit after a Foot Fault No Ball This will apply. As in other one-day competitions, one short-pitched ball is allowed per over. Over-Rate Penalties The six-run penalty for each over not bowled will apply - all sides are expected to be in position to bowl the first ball of the last of their 20 overs within one hour 15 minutes playing time. In reduced over matches, the fielding side has one over's leeway in addition to any time that the Umpires may allow for stoppages. Umpires are instructed to apply a strict interpretation of time-wasting by the batsman (five-run penalties). Specifically, batsmen are expected to be ready for the start of a new over as soon as the bowler is ready. Net Run Rate A team's net run rate is calculated by deducting from the average runs per over scored by that team, the average runs per over scored against that team. In the event of a team being all out in less than its full quota of overs, the calculation of its net run rate shall be based on the full quota of overs to which it would have been entitled and not on the number of overs in which the team was dismissed. Only those matches where results are achieved will count for the purpose of net run rate calculations. Where a match is abandoned, but a result is achieved under Duckworth/Lewis, for net run rate purposes Team 1 will be accredited with Team 2's Par Score on abandonment off the same number of overs faced by Team 2. Where a match is concluded but with Duckworth/Lewis having been applied at an earlier point in the match, Team 1 will be accredited with 1 run less than the final Target Score for Team 2 off the total number of overs allocated to Team 2 to reach the target. Home \| Advertising \| Contacts \| Site Map \| Champions League \| IPL \| EPL \| ICL \| Links \| Terms \| Privacy \| Text Only \| PDA Twenty20 and Twenty20 Cup are registered trade marks of the England and Wales Cricket Board Limited (the “ECB”). Products and services on this website are not offered in connection with, or with the endorsement of the ECB	2
Which character in Are You Being Served was often worried about her pussy	Cricket Rules - Cricket Rules Cricket Rules Cricket Tournaments Cricket Rules Welcome to the greatest game of all – Cricket. This site will help explain to an absolute beginner some of the basic rules of cricket. Although there are many more rules in cricket than in many other sports, it is well worth your time learning them as it is a most rewarding sport. Whether you are looking to play in the backyard with a mate or join a club Cricket-Rules will help you learn the basics and begin to enjoy one of the most popular sports in the world. The game is ever popular, with many fans attending to watch their local and national teams, the craze is always growing. With a number of big tournaments like The Ashes, IPL League and the granddaddy of them all, the ICC World Cup Cricket 2019 ! The game of cricket is highly popular, and the number of cricket betting fans who place bets on their national and local teams is also growing. Cricket is a game played with a bat and ball on a large field, known as a ground, between two teams of 11 players each. The object of the game is to score runs when at bat and to put out, or dismiss, the opposing batsmen when in the field. The cricket rules displayed on this page here are for the traditional form of cricket which is called “Test Cricket”. However there are other formats of the game eg. 50 over matches, Twenty20 Cricket etc where the rules differ slightly. Fielding positions in cricket for a right-handed batsman A typical cricket field Player: Official Cricket Rules Cricket is a game played between two teams made up of eleven players each. There is also a reserve player called a “twelfth man” who is used should a player be injured during play. The twelfth man is not allowed to bowl, bat, wicket keep or captain the team. His sole duty is to act as a substitute fielder. The original player is free to return to the game as soon as they have recovered from their injury. To apply the law and make sure the cricket rules are upheld throughout the game there are two umpires in place during games. Umpires are responsible for making decisions and notifying the scorers of these decisions. Two umpires are in place on the playing field while there is also a third umpire off the field who is in charge of video decisions. This is where the call is too close for the on field umpires and they refer it to the third umpire who reviews slow motion video replays to make a decision. Game Structure Test cricket is a game that spans over two innings. This means that one team needs to bowl the other team out twice and score more runs then them to win the match. Another key difference between test cricket and other forms of cricket is the length of the innings. In test cricket there is no limit to the innings length. Whereas in one day cricket & Twenty20 cricket there are a certain amount of overs per innings. The only limits in test cricket is a 5 day length. Before the game begins an official will toss a coin. The captain who guesses the correct side of the coin will then choose if they want to bat or field first. One team will then bat while the other will bowl & field. The aim of the batting team is to score runs while the aim of the fielding team is to bowl ten people out and close the batting teams’ innings. Although there are eleven people in each team only ten people need to be bowled out as you cannot have one person batting alone. Batting is done in pairs. Once the first team has been bowled out the second team would then go into bat. Once the second team is then bowled out it would normally return to the first team batting again. However there is an exception to this in the cricket rules, it is called the follow-on. The follow-on is when the first team makes at least 200 runs more than the second team made (in a 5 day test match). This then gives the first team the option to make the second team bat again. This is particularly useful if the game is progressing slowly or affected by bad weather and there might not be enough time for both teams to play a full innings. Should this be the case the batting team’s captain also has the right to forfeit their innings at any time. This is called a declaration. Some may wonder why a captain would forfeit the opportunity for his team to bat. However if the game is coming close to a close and it looks like they will not be able to bowl the other team out again this could be an option. If one team is not bowled out twice and a winner determined in the five days of play the game is declared a draw. Therefore it may be worth declaring an innings to creat the possibility of a win rather than a draw. Ways to score runs The aim of the batsmen is to score runs. One of the main cricket rules is that for batsmen to score runs they must run to each other’s end of the pitch (from one end to the other). In doing this one run is scored. Cricket rules state they may run multiple runs per shot. As well as running they can also score runs by hitting boundaries. A boundary scores the batsmen either 4 or 6 runs. A four is scored by hitting the ball past the boundary after hitting the ground while a six is scored by hitting the ball past the boundary on the full (before it hits the ground). Cricket rules also state that once a 4 or 6 has been scored any runs physically ran by the batsman are null & void. They will only obtain the 4 or 6 runs. Other ways runs can be scored according to the cricket rules include no balls, wide balls, byes & leg byes. Cricket rules state that all runs scored by these methods are awarded to the batting team but not the individual batters. A “No Ball” can be declared for many reasons: If the bowler bowls the ball from the wrong place, the ball is declared dangerous (often happens when bowled at the batsmen’s body on the full), bounces more than twice or rolls before reaching the batsman or if fielders are standing in illegal positions. The batsman can hit a no ball and score runs off it but cannot be out from a no ball except if they are ran out, hit the ball twice, handle the ball or obstruct the field. The batsman gains any runs scored off the no ball for his shot while the team also gains one run for the no ball itself. A “Wide Ball” will be declared if the umpire thinks the batsman did not have a reasonable opportunity to score off the delivery. However if the delivery is bowled over the batsmen’s head it will not be declared a wide but a no ball. Umpires are much stricter on wide deliveries in the shorter format of the game while being much more relaxed in test cricket. A wide delivery will add one run to the batting team and any runs scored by the batsman. The batsman is not able to get out off a wide delivery except if they are stumped, run out, handle the ball, hit their wicket or obstruct the field. A “Bye” is where a ball that isn’t a no ball or wide passes the striking batsman and runs are scored without the batsman hitting the ball. A “Leg Bye” is where runs are scored by hitting the batsman, but not the bat and the ball is not a no ball or wide. However no runs can be scored if the striking batsman didn’t attempt to play a shot or if he was avoiding the ball. Ways Batsmen can be given out according to cricket rules There are a number of different ways a batsman can be given out in the game of cricket. When a bowler gets a batsman out it is said that the bowler gets a “wicket”. Following are the different ways a batsman can be given out according to the rules of cricket: Bowled – Cricket rules state that if the ball is bowled and hits the striking batsman’s wickets the batsman is given out (as long as at least one bail is removed by the ball). It does not matter whether the ball has touched the batsman’s bat, gloves, body or any other part of the batsman. However the ball is not allowed to have touched another player or umpire before hitting the wickets. Caught – Cricket rules state that if a batsman hits the ball or touches the ball at all with his bat or hand/glove holding the bat then the batsman can be caught out. This is done by the fielders, wicket keeper or bowler catching the ball on the full (before it bounces). If this is done then cricket rules state the batsman is out. Leg Before Wicket (LBW) – If the ball is bowled and it hits the batsman first without the bat hitting it then an LBW decision is possible. However for the umpire to give this out he must first look at some of the factors stated in the cricket rules. The first thing the umpire need to decide is would the ball have hit the wickets if the batsman was not there. If his answer to this is yes and the ball was not pitched on the leg side of the wicket he can safely give the batsman out. However if the ball hits the batsman outside the line of off stump while he was attempting to play a stroke then he is not out. Stumped – A batsman can be given out according to cricket rules when the wicketkeeper puts down his wicket while he is out of his crease and not attempting a run (if he is attempting a run it would be a runout). Run Out – Cricket rules state that a batsman is out if no part of his bat or body is grounded behind the popping crease while the ball is in play and the wicket is fairly put down by the fielding side. Hit Wicket – Cricket rules specify that if a batsman hits his wicket down with his bat or body after the bowler has entered his delivery stried and the ball is in play then he is out. The striking batsman is also out if he hits his wicket down while setting off for his first run. Handled The Ball – Cricket rules allow the batsman to be given out if he willingly handles the ball with the hand that is not touching the bat without the consent of the opposition. Timed Out – An incoming batsman must be ready to face a ball or be at the non strikers end with his partner within three minutes of the outgoing batsman being dismissed. If this is not done the incoming batsman can be given out. Hit The Ball Twice – Cricket rules state that if a batsman hits a ball twice other than for the purpose of protecting his wicket or with consent from the opposition he is out. Obstructing The Field – A batsman is out if he willingly obstructs the opposition by word or action There are many other cricket rules. However these are most of the basics and will get you well on your way to playing the game. Many of the more advanced rules & laws can be learned along the way and are not vital to general play.	i don't know
Who designed the World War 2 fighter the Hurricane	Hawker 'Hurricane' Download this Kindle eBook and read it now Hawker 'Hurricane' The Hawker Hurricane was a British single-seat fighter aircraft that was designed and predominantly built by Hawker Aircraft Ltd for the Royal Air Force before and during World War 2. The Hawker Hurricane was the first operational R.A.F. aircraft capable of a top speed in excess of 300 m.p.h. The design of the Hurricane, directed by Sydney Camm, was the outcome of discussions with the Directorate of Technical Development towards the end of 1933, aimed at breaking the deadlocked biplane formula. Development The Hurricane was developed by Hawker in response to the Air Ministry specification F.36/34 (modified by F.5/34) for a fighter aircraft built around the new Rolls-Royce engine, then only known as the PV-12, later to become famous as the Merlin. At that time, RAF Fighter Command comprised just 13 squadrons, each equipped with either the Hawker Fury, Hawker Hart variant, or Bristol Bulldog ï¿½ all biplanes with fixed-pitch wooden propellers and non-retractable undercarriages. The design, started in early 1934, was the work of Sydney Camm. Sydney Camm's original plans submitted in response to the Air Ministry's specification were at first rejected. Camm tore up the proposal and set about designing a fighter as a Hawker private venture. With economy in mind, the Hurricane was designed using as many existing tools and jigs as possible (the aircraft was effectively a monoplane version of the successful Hawker Fury), and it was these factors that were major contributors to the aircraft's success. The Mk I was fitted with the 990 hp (take off) Rolls-Royce Merlin II, 12 cyl., liquid-cooled engine. It had a maximum speed of 330 mph (530 km/h) at 17,500 ft (5,333 m), with a ceiling of 36,000 ft (10,920 m) and a range of 460 mi. (740 km). It packed 8 Browning 0.303 machine guns in the wings, giving it a fair bit of destructive power. In 1939 it was fitted with metal wings, a three blade propellor and armour. The Hurricane Mk.II used the 1280 hp (take off) Rolls-Royce Merlin XX 12 cyl., supercharged engine, giving it a speed of 334-342 mph depending on the version (550km/h), a ceiling of 36,475 ft (11,125m), and a range of 480 mi (772 km). The Mk IIB packed a mighty punch with twelve 0.303 machine guns and could carry two 250 or 500 lb (227kg) bombs, or alternatively 45 or 90 gallon drop tanks. The Mk IIC carried four 20 mm British-made Hispano cannons, two in each wing. The real bruiser in this series was the Mk IID carrying two 40 mm Vickers cannons and two 0.303 in. machine guns and extra armour for low level attacks on armoured vehicles. All of the extra weight reduced the speed and range of the aircraft. The Mk.IV model (initially called the Mk.IIE) used a 'universal wing' making the arrangement of armament very flexible. Also, the Mk.IV was given the most powerful Merlin engine available, the 1298 hp models 21 or 22, 12 cyl. supercharged and liquid-cooled. The maximum speed of the aircraft dropped to 314 mph (502 km/h) due to the carrying of heavier armament and 350 lbs of extra armour. It had a range of 495 miles (790 km). The MkIV wings were capable of handling 1) two 0.303 in. machine guns and two 40 mm antitank cannons 2) eight Rocket Projectiles (25 lb armour piercing or 60 lb HE) and two 0.303 machine guns, 3) two 250 lb or two 500 lb bombs and two 0.303 machine guns. Other options were two long range disposable tanks. These aircraft were intended for ground attacks against armour, and were particularly effective in North Africa, Italy and Burma. Hurricanes II's continued on in the Far East in the later stages of the war against Japan. They fought primarily on in the Burma front fighting on to the end of the war. Back to Top In Action A total of 1,715 Hurricanes flew with Fighter Command during the period of the Battle, far in excess of all other British fighters combined. It is estimated that its pilots were credited with four-fifths of all enemy aircraft destroyed in the period July-October 1940. Following the Battle of Britain, the Hurricane continued to give service, and through the Blitz of 1941, was the principal single-seat night fighter. The Hurricane Mk II was hastily tropicalised following Italy's entry into the war in June 1940. These aircraft were initially ferried through France by air to No.80 Squadron in Egypt to replace Gladiators . The Hurricane claimed its first kill in the Mediterranean on 19th June 1940, when F/O P.G. Wykeham-Barnes reported shooting down two Fiat CR.42s . Hurricanes served with several British Commonwealth squadrons in the Desert Air Force. They suffered heavy losses over North Africa after the arrival of Bf 109E and F-variants and were progressively replaced in the air superiority role from June 1941. However, fighter-bomber variants 'Hurribombers' retained an edge in the ground attack role, due to their impressive armament. Also, Hurricanes were used on Catapult Aircraft Merchant 'ï¿½AM' ships as protection against long range German search planes like the Fw 200 'Condor' . Once launched and mission achieved, the Hurricane would ditch and the pilot would have to be rescued. Along with the Supermarine Spitfire , the Hurricane epitomised the fight for freedom against the Nazi invaders during the Battle of Britain. However, the basics of the Hurricane would not allow for it to be developed much further like the Spitfire because of its original design based on the original Hawker Fury which was a biplane which wouldn't allow for bigger engines or heavier payloads to be carried. The next developments learnt from the Hurricane went into the Hawker Typhoon. The last Hurricane ever built, of 14,533. A Mk IIC version, originally known as "The Last of the Many" and owned by Hawker and is now flown by the Battle of Britain Memorial Flight.	Sydney Camm
In which London street did Virgin Records open their first shop	Hawker Hurricane Hawker Hurricane Often underrated, the Hurricane shouldered the lion's share of Britain's defense during the " Battle of Britain". It was the first fighter monoplane to join the Royal Air Force and the first combat aircraft adopted by that arm capable of exceeding 300 mph in level flight. The early history of the Hurricane is an interesting parallel in many ways with that of the Supermarine Spitfire in with which it was to form an immortal partnership. While the Spitfire was an entirely new concept based on specialized experience, the Hurricane was the logical outcome of a long line of fighting aircraft. Although the two airplanes broadly met the same requirements, they represented entirely different approaches to the same problem. The two approaches were reflected to an interesting degree in their respective appearances; the Hurricane workmanlike, rugged and sturdy, the Spitfire slender and ballerina-like. One was the studied application of experience, the other a stroke of genius. Often underrated in favor of the Spitfire, the Hurricane was the main victor of the Battle of Britain. The Royal Air Force had at that time 32 Hurricane squadrons, compared with 19 Spitfire squadrons. This meant that 620 Hurricane and Spitfire fighters (with another 84 assorted fighters like the Gloster Gladiator ) had to face the German air threat of 3,500 bombers and fighters. During the "Battle of Britain", along with the Spitfire, it helped to force the Luftwaffe to use the Bf 109 to protect the poor performing twin engine Bf 110 escort fighter. The synthesis of many years' intimate experience of fighter biplane design, translated into the modern formula; a compromise between tradition, and requirements born of a new era in air warfare—such was the Hawker Hurricane. The Hurricane shouldered the lion's share of Britain's defense during the " Battle of Britain," and was largely responsible for the successful outcome of this conflict. The Hurricane equipped more than three-fifths of RAF's Fighter Command squadrons. The Hurricane also proved to possess an astounding propensity for adaptation, and the multifarious roles that it undertook earned for it the distinction of being the most versatile of single seat warplanes to emerge from the Second World War. The Hurricane was the work of Sydney Camm, who began its design in 1934. The prototype first took to the air on November 6,1935, at Brooklands, and the initial production Hurricane I entered RAF service in December 1937, with No 111 Squadron. Powered by the famous Rolls-Royce Merlin engine, it became the first RAF monoplane fighter with both an enclosed cockpit and retractable undercarriage and was the first RAF fighter monoplane capable of exceeding 300 mph in level flight. Hawker Aircraft Limited evolved from Sopwith and had spent its entire life in developing single engined warplanes. None was to achieve more fame than the Hurricane. Early in 1934 Sydney Camm, chief designer of Hawker Aircraft, learned of the work being undertaken by Rolls-Royce to develop a powerful new engine, then known as the PV-12. At that time, the Hawker design team had been working on a fighter project known as the Fury Monoplane which had been designed around the 660 hp Rolls-Royce Goshawk steam-cooled engine. As the new engine offered a substantial improvement in performance, the projected fighter was redesigned for the new power plant. In view of Air Ministry interest, project design work was rapidly completed, stressing commencing in March 1934, and work on detail drawings beginning in May. On October 23, 1935, the prototype fighter, bearing the serial number K5083, was moved from Kingston to Brooklands for its first flight, which was effected on November 6 with P. W. S. "George" Bulman, the company's chief test pilot, at the controls. As measured at Brooklands, the prototype's loaded weight was 5,416 lbs. The Hawker monoplane was a clean aircraft, with tubular metal construction and fabric covering, similar to those of the earlier Fury fighter biplanes. Many of its contours, particularly the tail surfaces, were characteristic of earlier Camm designs. The continued adherence to fabric covering was viewed with misgivings by some, and was, in fact, soon to be supplanted by metal skinning for the wings; but this seemingly dated feature was linked with what were for that time ultra-modern items such as a fully retractable under-carriage and a sliding cockpit canopy. For its first flight the fighter was powered by a Merlin "C", the name that had earlier been bestowed upon the PV-12, which drove a Watts two-bladed, fixed-pitch wooden propeller. Under the command of Sqn. Ldr. J. W. Gillan, No. 111 Squadron quickly settled down with its new monoplanes, and on February 10, 1938, the commander personally demonstrated the prowess of the Hurricane by flying from Edinburgh to Northolt at an average speed of 408 mph. Squadrons were rapidly equipped with the Hurricane, thanks to the foresight of the Hawker Aircraft directors. At the time war was declared on September 3, 1939, nearly 500 Hurricanes had been delivered and eighteen squadrons had been equipped. These were all of the Mark I type, armed with eight 0.303-in. machine-guns but having alternative propeller installations. The mix included Merlin II engines driving a Watts two-blade fixed-pitch wooden propeller, or a Merlin III of similar power having a standardized shaft for de Havilland or Rotol three-blade metal propellers. The Hurricane I, at 7,127 lbs., possessed a maximum speed of 325 mph at 17,500 feet, a range of 700 miles at 200 mph at 15,000 feet, a service ceiling of 36,000 feet, and the ability to climb to 20,000 feet in 9 minutes. When it became clear that the Hurricane was becoming outclassed as a pure fighter, other duties were assigned to it. The 'Hurribomber' fighter-bomber came into being, carrying either two 113 kg (250 lb) or two 226 kg (500 lb) bombs under its wings. During the Battle of Britain, which began in earnest on August 8,1940, Hurricanes concentrated mainly on the destruction of the German Heinkel He 111 and Dornier Do 17 bombers. These were the aircraft that would cause the most damage if allowed to get through. The only Victoria Cross ever awarded to a Fighter Command pilot was won by Ft Lt James Nicolson, a Hurricane pilot of No 249 Squadron who, on August 16, 1940, while attacking a German aircraft in front of him, was pounced on from above and behind by other German aircraft. Nicolson's aircraft caught fire, but he continued his attack until he had shot down his original target, then parachuted to safety. The highest scoring Allied pilot of the battle - a Czech named Sergeant Josef Frantisek, who claimed 17 victories - was also a Hurricane pilot. When it became clear that the Hurricane was becoming outclassed as a pure fighter, other duties were assigned to it. In October 1941 the 'Hurribomber' fighter-bomber came into being, carrying either two 113 kg (250 lb) or two 226 kg (500 lb) bombs under its wings. The Mk IID of 1942 was fitted with two 40 mm cannon for tank busting and two machine-guns, and was operated mainly in North Africa against Rommel's desert forces and in Burma against the Japanese. Other Hurricanes carried rocket projectiles as alternative ground attack weapons. The year 1943 saw two important developments in the Hurricanes history—the introduction of the Mark IV and the adoption of the Hurricane to fire rocket missiles or, as they were initially known, "unrifled projectiles". The Hurricane IV differed from the Mark II in two respects: it used a Merlin 24 or 27 which developed 1,620 hp for take-off, and it featured "low attack" or universal armament wings. These wings were derived from those fitted to the Hurricane IID and could carry the 40-mm. Vickers or Rolls Royce cannon, bombs, drop-tanks or rocket projectiles. The Hurricane IV was in service by March 1943 and was operational in the Middle and Far East theatres until the end of the war, and in Europe until the end of 1944. The development of the aircraft rocket had introduced a new factor in the use of aircraft as ground-assault weapons, and the Hurricane IIB and IIC were the first single-seaters to employ the rockets operationally. After extended trials at the A. & A.E.E. and elsewhere with rockets launched from Hurricanes (commencing with Z2415 which was fitted with three launching rails under each wing early in 1942), No. 137 Squadron took its rocket carrying Hurricanes into action for the first time at the beginning of September 1943. Hurricane IIBs, IICs, and IVs were fitted with four rockets under each wing. A late series Hurricane IIC with two 44 gallon auxiliary drop tanks. Perhaps the most important sub-variant was the Sea Hurricane. This operated from aircraft carriers, being fitted usually with catapult spools and arrester hook. However, most Sea Hurricanes were not newly-built fighters but converted RAF types, and were deployed originally not for aircraft carrier operations but to protect merchant shipping. To combat German maritime-reconnaissance bombers, some ships were converted into CAMs (catapult aircraft merchantmen) which meant that a Hurricane fighter could be launched from the ship when danger approached. The biggest problem was that the fighter could not re-land on board, and so the pilot had to ditch it in the sea. The main areas of operation for the 'Catafighters' were in the Mediterranean and Baltic, but by 1943 the Sea Hurricane had all but disappeared from service. Of the 14,533 production Hurricanes built, some had gone for service with other air forces. In particular, nearly 3,000 were dispatched to the Soviet Union to aid its fight against the Germans on the Eastern Front. The first Hurricane sorties in Russia were made on September 11,1941 in defense of Murmansk, pilots from France, Britain and America helping the Soviets in their task. Specifications:	i don't know
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The Greeks, they say, have a word for it, but what do they call their own country	cockney slang - 必应 cockney slang 问题描述：does anyone know more i know: current bun = sun nifty= £50 apples and pears= stairs ton= £100 bobby moore= score score= £20 dog and bone= phone jacks=£5 tom tit = sh it ...show more 答 porkies = pork pies = liesapples = apples and pears = stairsBarnet = Barnet Fair = hairdog = dog and bone = telephonejam = jam jar = carwater = water bottle = throttlechina = china plate = matesaucepan = saucepan lid = kidfrog = frog and toad = roadRosie = Rosie Lee = tea/gypsyRuby = Ruby Murray = Currytrouble = trouble and strife = wifetom = tomfoolery = jewelleryskin = skin and blister = sisterSeptic = Septic Tank = Yank = American 问题描述：Duck and Dive is cockney* rhyming slang for " Hide". *Cockney rhyming slang is not a language but a collection of phrases used by "Cockneys" and other ...show more 答 My Dad was a real Cockney and we always used to go up the apples and pears to Uncle Ned :-)I didn't realise other people didn't understand Cockney until we moved away from London as kids and they just stared at me.My Mum (my Dad's trouble and strife) always tried to teach us real English but she gave up.Try " pony and trap". You often end up having one after you've had a good "horse and cart" :-) 问题描述：Lawd above! Nang alfie moon beautiful, innit. 答 Lord above! Good afternoon, beautiful, isn't it?That's my take on it.Though Alfie (Moon) can also be used as nasty racial slang for " coon ". Alfie (Moon) can also mean cutting work or school at lunchtime to go for a beer--still kind of means "afternoon" in that sense, too. Is Cockney slang still used today? 答 Blimey me old china, I nearly pulled my barnet out when I cast me minces on this, never mind the porkies the previous two bobs have sent ya. Couldn't adam it. Had to grab a cup of rosy before having another butchers'.I'll go to the foot of our apples, the look on me boat must have been a right bleedin sight. I'm in a right 2 and 8.Still a trip across the frog to the battle for a drop of pigs should sort it, might even end up being a leo.Mind you I'll be in lumber with the trouble if I come home brahms with half a ruby down me whistle, especially if I don't give her a bell on the dog. I'd be lucky not to feel her daisy's up me jacksy (right on me farmers too) or worse, in me jacobs ! She's got more rabbit than Sainsbury's that one, a right pain in the gregory...so it ain't going to be a bath.Never mind, if I splash a few nelsons. say a monkey, on some aprils and tom for her, something for the saucepans, and maybe take a trip out in the jam jar ....she'll be diamond. Gawd knows where I'll get the Jumpin for it mind, I've only got a pony in me skyrocket, if I tea leaf it I'll be in barney with the sweeney and banged up in chokey with only a Jodrell to look forward to before me plates hit the ground.orYes old chap it is	i don't know
With which political party was the landlord of The Golden Lion Hotel in Ashburton connected	The Official Monster Raving Loony Party \| Vote For Insanity \| Page 30 The Official Monster Raving Loony Party Election Success in Wythenshawe 14th February 14 Congratulations to Capt Chaplington-Smythe who with tireless campaigning gained a 100% increase in our vote at Wythenshawe, with 288 Votes. Once again the OMRLP has forced all the other parties to the front and Capt Chaplington-Smythe has kept to our tradition of coming last. We took a lot of votes from the Lib Dem ‘s causing them to lose their deposit. They would have had 5.19% with our vote but lost their deposit with 4.17%, proving to one and all that a vote for the Loony Party is not wasted. Many thanks to the 288 people who gave us their support and showed that the only co-ALE-ition they want in Wythnshawe is the Loony Beer of the same name. More updates about the events in Wythenshawe from Howling Laud when he returns home. These were policies we proposed many years ago: Environment It is proposed that all anglers be given free licenses from Sept – March. However the deal is that they don’t throw the fish back. Water displacement will then lower the levels of the rivers……….ergo: No floods. 2001 manifesto – Under a Loony government any prospective home purchaser be issued with a full description of such dictionary terms as ‘floodplain’, ‘coastal erosion’ and ‘exposed headland’. This will save time explaining why they have no house anymore after nature takes charge of the environment. In addition to this policy, building on floodplains in future will be restricted to large houseboats with recoiling tethers like dog leads. These houses will be able to float up with the floodwater and land safely again in the same place when the water subsides. 2005 manifesto – All houses built on flood planes will have foundations made of sponge, in order to soak up surplus water. Okay, tongue in cheek, but there’s a serious point. We have been going on for years about the effects of building on floodplains etc, and being the loony party no one took our underlying point seriously. Well its come home to roost and the people of Somerset and many other areas are reaping the neglect of the various Governments. It not rocket science.. If you don’t dredge rivers they silt up and water has to go somewhere… The Conservatives blame Labour, Labour blame Conservative, UKIP blame the E.U, and no doubt the Liberals idea of flood defences are less sandals and bigger wellies?, meanwhile…people are being flooded out of their homes and livelihoods with no expectation of when it will end, or realistically the prospect of not being fully compensated by Government or Insurance companies (When was the last time you got an insurance payout, quickly or in full?) Our sympathies and condolences go out to any person who is flooded and has lost belongings, and in some cases their business. Captain on the hustings in Wythenshawe 2nd February 14 We at the Loony are ordinary working people in the real world. With bills to pay and children to feed. We stand before you in the hope that you will give us your vote so we can go to parliament and make a difference. Make this place a better place. We are the prominent alternative party of Great Britain. We come from all walks of life. Ask us anything about our policies and we will give you a straight answer. Please, please don’t waste your vote because you think it’s not worth it labour will get in anyway! Your vote was fought for, people lost their lives to secure you that right. All we ask is you consider whether you want more of the same or you want to make British political history by voting into parliament the first ever Loony MP. We aren’t professional politicians that went to Eton or Oxford we are hard working men and women that want the chance to get up and make a difference for our society. May the force be with you. The Captain at BBC Radio Manchester 30th January 14 The Wythenshawe Loony’s were at the BBC in Salford on The Alan Beswick Breakfast Show on Wednesday morning. Our hero Captain Chaplington-Smythe was on fine form considering the early start. In his first ever interview, the Captain held his own. Got his point across and even managed to make the grumpy host laugh. It’s on the BBC I player if you want to listen to it again. All in all a good baptism of fire for the Captain and onwards and upwards for the by-election on the 13th of February Scotland Referendum coming soon, 29th January 14 2014 is going to see the results of the Scottish referendum to see if the people of Scotland want to create a separate country out of the British Union Our policy regarding the actual ballot is that there should be three options (as in our E.U referendum ballot) : to read– a) In Walter Mitty’s in UKIP (welcome to the Loony Party) 29th January 14 Nigel Farage has recently said that he needs to screen out the Walter Mitty’s (diplomatic language for nutters) who are in his party after Comments by a UKIP Councillor and a UKIP MEP that brought the party into disrepute with some untoward comments. Now He Knows how we feel. have a look at this…… All hail Captain Chaplington-Smythe 25th January 14 Captain Chaplington-Smythe is our loony candidate for the Wythenshawe & Sale East by-election which is to be held on the 13th of February. The Captain will sail the ‘Loony Flag’ with Andy ‘Casablanca’ Cameron, John Horatio Horner and ‘Son of the Desert’ Bob at the helm. Nick the Flying Brick is heading up to Manchester on Tuesday to deliver the authorisation papers and start the campaign.	Official Monster Raving Loony Party
Which car manufacturing company has the oldest emblem	The Official Monster Raving Loony Party \| Vote For Insanity \| Page 30 The Official Monster Raving Loony Party Election Success in Wythenshawe 14th February 14 Congratulations to Capt Chaplington-Smythe who with tireless campaigning gained a 100% increase in our vote at Wythenshawe, with 288 Votes. Once again the OMRLP has forced all the other parties to the front and Capt Chaplington-Smythe has kept to our tradition of coming last. We took a lot of votes from the Lib Dem ‘s causing them to lose their deposit. They would have had 5.19% with our vote but lost their deposit with 4.17%, proving to one and all that a vote for the Loony Party is not wasted. Many thanks to the 288 people who gave us their support and showed that the only co-ALE-ition they want in Wythnshawe is the Loony Beer of the same name. More updates about the events in Wythenshawe from Howling Laud when he returns home. These were policies we proposed many years ago: Environment It is proposed that all anglers be given free licenses from Sept – March. However the deal is that they don’t throw the fish back. Water displacement will then lower the levels of the rivers……….ergo: No floods. 2001 manifesto – Under a Loony government any prospective home purchaser be issued with a full description of such dictionary terms as ‘floodplain’, ‘coastal erosion’ and ‘exposed headland’. This will save time explaining why they have no house anymore after nature takes charge of the environment. In addition to this policy, building on floodplains in future will be restricted to large houseboats with recoiling tethers like dog leads. These houses will be able to float up with the floodwater and land safely again in the same place when the water subsides. 2005 manifesto – All houses built on flood planes will have foundations made of sponge, in order to soak up surplus water. Okay, tongue in cheek, but there’s a serious point. We have been going on for years about the effects of building on floodplains etc, and being the loony party no one took our underlying point seriously. Well its come home to roost and the people of Somerset and many other areas are reaping the neglect of the various Governments. It not rocket science.. If you don’t dredge rivers they silt up and water has to go somewhere… The Conservatives blame Labour, Labour blame Conservative, UKIP blame the E.U, and no doubt the Liberals idea of flood defences are less sandals and bigger wellies?, meanwhile…people are being flooded out of their homes and livelihoods with no expectation of when it will end, or realistically the prospect of not being fully compensated by Government or Insurance companies (When was the last time you got an insurance payout, quickly or in full?) Our sympathies and condolences go out to any person who is flooded and has lost belongings, and in some cases their business. Captain on the hustings in Wythenshawe 2nd February 14 We at the Loony are ordinary working people in the real world. With bills to pay and children to feed. We stand before you in the hope that you will give us your vote so we can go to parliament and make a difference. Make this place a better place. We are the prominent alternative party of Great Britain. We come from all walks of life. Ask us anything about our policies and we will give you a straight answer. Please, please don’t waste your vote because you think it’s not worth it labour will get in anyway! Your vote was fought for, people lost their lives to secure you that right. All we ask is you consider whether you want more of the same or you want to make British political history by voting into parliament the first ever Loony MP. We aren’t professional politicians that went to Eton or Oxford we are hard working men and women that want the chance to get up and make a difference for our society. May the force be with you. The Captain at BBC Radio Manchester 30th January 14 The Wythenshawe Loony’s were at the BBC in Salford on The Alan Beswick Breakfast Show on Wednesday morning. Our hero Captain Chaplington-Smythe was on fine form considering the early start. In his first ever interview, the Captain held his own. Got his point across and even managed to make the grumpy host laugh. It’s on the BBC I player if you want to listen to it again. All in all a good baptism of fire for the Captain and onwards and upwards for the by-election on the 13th of February Scotland Referendum coming soon, 29th January 14 2014 is going to see the results of the Scottish referendum to see if the people of Scotland want to create a separate country out of the British Union Our policy regarding the actual ballot is that there should be three options (as in our E.U referendum ballot) : to read– a) In Walter Mitty’s in UKIP (welcome to the Loony Party) 29th January 14 Nigel Farage has recently said that he needs to screen out the Walter Mitty’s (diplomatic language for nutters) who are in his party after Comments by a UKIP Councillor and a UKIP MEP that brought the party into disrepute with some untoward comments. Now He Knows how we feel. have a look at this…… All hail Captain Chaplington-Smythe 25th January 14 Captain Chaplington-Smythe is our loony candidate for the Wythenshawe & Sale East by-election which is to be held on the 13th of February. The Captain will sail the ‘Loony Flag’ with Andy ‘Casablanca’ Cameron, John Horatio Horner and ‘Son of the Desert’ Bob at the helm. Nick the Flying Brick is heading up to Manchester on Tuesday to deliver the authorisation papers and start the campaign.	i don't know
What was the name of Reparata's backing group	Reparata - Meaning And Origin Of The Name Reparata \| NAMEANING.NET Reparata Reparata Expression , Reparata Soul Urge , Reparata Inner Dream Songs about Reparata: Captain Of Your Ship (Karaoke-Version) As Made Famous By: Reparata & The Delrons by Studio Group from the Album Karaoke Pop: Ready To Go Captain Of Your Ship (Karaoke-Version) As Made Famous By: Reparata & The Delrons by Studio Group from the Album Karaoke Pop: Ready To Go Captain Of Your Ship - Sound-A-Like As Made Famous By: Reparata & The Delrons by Studio Group from the Album Almost Pop: Captain Of Your Ship Captain Of Your Ship - Sound-A-Like As Made Famous By: Reparata & The Delrons by Studio Group from the Album Almost Pop: Captain Of Your Ship Captain Of Your Ship In the Style of Reparata & The Delrons by Sunfly Karaoke from the Album Most Wanted 890 Captain of Your Ship Originally Performed By Reparata & the Delrons (Tribute Version) by New Tribute Kings from the Album All Time Hits, Vol. 34 Books about Reparata: 30 elegie per Santa Reparata (Italian Edition) by Niccolò Alberici (Apr 25, 2012) Santa Reparata by Guido Morozzi (1975) Historica Narratio De Sacris Saecularibus, Quae ... Ob Capita Purioris Doctrinae Augustae Vindelicorum Anno 1530... by Erhard Reusch (Nov 5, 2011) Looking back to Santa Reparata: A cathedral within the cathedral by Piero Bargellini (1971) Santa Reparata: L'Antica Cattedrale Fiorentina by Guido Morozzi (1974) Sister Mary Reparata Rose of the Sacred Heart, O.P.: Features of Sanctification (1972) Life of Sister Mary Reparata O.P. by Father Maximilian Walz (1972) Wiki information Reparata:	delrons
Lara's Theme came from which film	Reparata and the Delrons - Tommy (1965) - YouTube Reparata and the Delrons - Tommy (1965) Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Feb 2, 2010 Charted at #92 on Billboard Hot 100 in May 1965. One of my favorite records by this group, and it doesn't hurt that my name is in the title. A classic! Also recorded by Twinkle. Written by Chip Taylor & Ted Daryll. B-side is "Mama Don't Allow". Category	i don't know
What title is given to the finale of Elgar's Coronation Ode	Elgar - His Music : Coronation Ode ELGAR - HIS MUSIC A work for soprano, contralto, tenor and bass soloists, chorus and orchestra, with words by A C Benson, in six parts : 1 - Introduction : Crown the King 2 - (a) The Queen; (b) Daughter of Ancient Kings 3 - Britain, Ask of Thyself 4 - (a) Hark Upon the Hallowed Air; (b) Only Let the Heart be Pure 5 - Peace, Gentle Peace 6 - Finale : Land of Hope and Glory Approximate Length : Dedicated to : HM King Edward VII Elgar's star was in the rapid ascendent when, in January 1901, Queen Victoria died. Despite the early failure in Britain of The Dream of Gerontius , he had had marked successes in quick succession with the Enigma Variations and the first two Pomp and Circumstance Marches . The latter in particular captured the mood of a nation both elated and relieved at the recent successful conclusion of the Boer War, and the new king, Edward VII, had taken a personal interest in Elgar's music. When, in the Autumn of 1901, the Covent Garden Grand Opera Syndicate decided to commission a work to be premiered at a Royal gala on the eve of King Edward's coronation, Elgar was the obvious choice as composer. Elgar readily accepted the commission and work progressed smoothly. This was in part due to the choice of Arthur (A C) Benson as librettist. Benson came from an established literary family and was himself a keen amateur musician. Although the words now seem insensitive and overly nationalistic, they suited the times and Elgar's music well. The partnership was notably close and successful. After a performance of the first Pomp and Circumstance March , King Edward had suggested to Elgar that words should be provided to the Trio section so that it could be sung. Despite strong advice to the contrary, notably from Jaeger , Elgar took up the King's suggestion and asked Benson to provide words so that the tune could form the climax of the Ode. Thus was born Land of Hope and Glory, known throughout the world as a rousing climax to The Last Night of the Proms, the series of promenade concerts held in London from July to September each year. Having settled on the finale, Elgar and Benson proceeded to work on the remaining sections. At a late stage, it was realised that the Ode contained no reference to Edward's wife, Queen Alexandra. So, almost as an afterthought, Daughter of Ancient Kings was added between what had been intended as the first two movements of the work. The Ode was completed by the beginning of April 1902, in good time for Edward's coronation, scheduled for 1 July. But in late June, the King was suddenly taken ill with appendicitis, forcing the postponement of the coronation. The Ode thus received a provincial premiere at the Sheffield Festival in October of that year, where it was sung by the Sheffield Choir, probably the leading British amateur choir of the time who were to have sung the work at its intended London premiere. The work was an immense success, bringing Elgar a status unprecedented for a British composer at that time and leading to honours from several British and American universities and, in 1904, a knighthood. The work was revived for the coronation of King George V in 1911. Since Daughter of Ancient Kings related specifically to Queen Alexandra, Elgar produced a second piece, The Queen, again with Benson's words, for George's wife, Queen Mary. Although this was intended as an alternative to Daughter of Ancient Kings, both pieces are now normally included in performances of the Ode. But, perhaps of greater significance, so attached was Elgar to the finale that he asked Benson to provide alternative words for a new arrangement of the tune as a self-standing song for solo voice. It is the chorus to this arrangement, first sung by Clara Butt in London in June 1902, that is sung at the Last Night of the Proms. Few who now join in these celebrations realise that the somewhat jingoistic words they sing are two steps removed from the full orchestral version of the Pomp and Circumstance March to which they sing them. The two sets of words are as follows : Coronation Ode	Land of Hope and Glory
What part of the body would a cardiologist specialise in	"Pomp and Circumstance" "Pomp and Circumstance" by Derek E. Nickels, DMA, Director of Music Every year around this time, the strains of Sir Edward Elgar's Pomp and Circumstance March No. 1 linger through the air. It's a tune that needs no explanation-we know what it is for and why it is performed. But, who wrote it and what for? Sir Edward Elgar, one of the most influential English composers of the late Romantic era was born on June 2, 1857 in Broadheath, a small village outside the city of Worcester, England. Elgar's father owned a music store and tuned pianos which totally immersed the young Edward in music. His eagerness to learn everything about music led him to learn and play a wide variety of instruments. He eventually taught himself how to play the organ and succeeded his father as organist at St. George's Roman Catholic Church in Worcester. After his marriage to Caroline Alice Roberts in 1889, a former pupil and daughter of a British army Major-General, Elgar's success as a composer began to flower. In 1901 Elgar, wrote the first of what would become five marches that he named Pomp and Circumstance. The title was taken from a speech in Act 3 of Shakespeare's Othello: Farewell the neighing steed and the shrill trump, The spirit-stirring drum, the ear-piercing fife, The royal banner, and all quality, Pride, pomp, and circumstance of glorious war! The march begins vigorously before the serene melody of the trio (what everyone considers to be THE melody) appears. The melody of the trio became famously in an instant. Elgar himself announced "I've got a tune that will knock ‘em - knock ‘em flat!" He would later use this tune in the finale of his Coronation Ode which celebrated the coronation of King Edward VII. Elgar used the text of Land of Hope and Glory by Arthur Christopher Benson. While the popularity of this tune is well-known in England to the Land of Hope and Glory text, the words are not as well-known across the Atlantic as the melody. Maestro Theodore Thomas led the Chicago Symphony in the United States premiere at the Auditorium Theater in 1902, the first of several American performances. The United States was enthralled and the composer was beginning to be revered. Yale University invited Elgar to receive an Honorary Doctorate in Music at their graduation ceremony on June 28, 1905 in Woolsey Hall. This ceremony changed the tradition of commencement ceremonies forever. After concluding with Martin Luther's A Mighty Fortress, the New Haven Symphony Orchestra played Elgar's Pomp and Circumstance March No. 1 as the assembly left Woolsey Hall. Several prestigious American universities later adopted this work as part of their long-stand tradition: Princeton in 1907, University of Chicago in 1908, Columbia in 1913, and Vassar in 1916, to name a few. Elgar continued to compose a number of masterpieces of the Victorian era before his death on February 23, 1934. However, his lasting fame and instant recognition will always be Pomp and Circumstance and Land of Hope and Glory.	i don't know
What name is given to the stiffening of the body after death	The Body After Death - How Dying Works \| HowStuffWorks The Body After Death Steven Puetzer/Photographer's Choice RF/ Getty Images After the heart stops beating, the body immediately starts turning cold. This phase is known as algor mortis, or the death chill. Each hour, the body temperature falls about 1.5 degrees Fahrenheit (0.83 degrees Celsius) until it reaches room temperature. At the same time, without circulation to keep it moving through the body, blood starts to pool and settle. Rigor mortis, or a stiffening of the body, sets in about two to six hours after death [source: Marchant, Middleton ]. While the body as a whole may be dead, little things within the body are still alive. Skin cells, for example, can be viably harvested for up to 24 hours after death [source: Mims ]. But some things that are still alive lead to the putrefaction, or decomposition, of the body -- we're talking about little organisms that live in the intestines. Up Next 10 Worst Ways to Die A few days after death, these bacteria and enzymes start the process of breaking down their host. The pancreas is full of so many bacteria that it essentially digests itself [source: Macnair ]. As these organisms work their way to other organs, the body becomes discolored, first turning green, then purple, then black. If you can't see the change, you'll smell it soon enough, because the bacteria create an awful-smelling gas. In addition to smelling up the room, that gas will cause the body to bloat, the eyes to bulge out of their sockets and the tongue to swell and protrude. (In rare instances, this gas has created enough pressure after a few weeks to cause decomposing pregnant women to expel the fetus in a process known as coffin birth.) A week after death, the skin has blistered and the slightest touch could cause it to fall off. A month after death, the hair, nails and teeth will fall out. The hair and nails, by the way, while long rumored to keep growing after death, don't have any magical growth properties. They merely look bigger as the skin dries out. Internal organs and tissues have liquefied, which will swell the body until it bursts open. At that point, a skeleton remains. Now, most of us don't see that process because the law requires that we do something with the body. There are endless possibilities: We can choose a coffin for our body or an urn for our ashes. We can be embalmed, mummified or frozen. Some cultures were rumored to engage in cannibalistic rituals of consuming the dead, while others left their dead exposed to the elements for animals to cart away. You could donate your body to science or ask for burial at sea. But unless mummified or preserved, bodies eventually disintegrate in the process described above. However, burial in a coffin slows the process tremendously; even the type of soil in which you're buried can make a difference. Disposal of a dead body is largely regulated by cultural and religious beliefs. Early cultures buried the dead with their favorite possessions (and sometimes their favorite people) for the afterlife. Sometimes, warriors or servants were buried standing up, eternally ready for action. Orthodox Jews shroud their dead and bury them on the same day as death, while Buddhists believe that consciousness stays in the body for three days [source: Mims ]. Hindus are cremated, because it's believed that burning releases the soul from the body, while Roman Catholics frown on cremation out of respect for the body as a symbol of human life [sources: Mims ; Cassell et al ]. Religion and culture will always be intertwined with death, and one large area of influence relates to the ethical questions surrounding the dying process. On the next page, we'll consider some of the issues.	Rigor mortis (disambiguation)
What is the largest single organ of the body	What causes rigor mortis? \| HowStuffWorks What causes rigor mortis? © iStockphoto.com /LeggNet Rigor mortis is the reason why the word "stiff" is a slang term for a dead body. Two or three hours after a person or animal dies, the muscles start to stiffen. This phenomenon progresses in a downward, head-to-toe direction. In 12 to 18 hours the body is, as the saying goes, stiff as a board. At this stage, you can move the joints only by force, breaking them in the process. It takes about two days for rigor mortis to fade, and once it does, decay sets in. If the body isn't embalmed or cooled to 38 degrees Fahrenheit (3.3 degrees Celsius) or below, it will quickly decompose. Related Content 10 Ways to Die To people who work in mortuaries, rigor is an unimportant, temporary condition. It may require them to massage the deceased's extremities to reduce stiffness and allow for easier, more effective embalming. But to police , medical examiners and lawyers in the criminal justice system, rigor mortis has much more significance. It's a clue to understanding the circumstances of someone's unexpected -- and possibly violent -- death. Rigor mortis is a piece of the forensic jigsaw puzzle, and combined with other details, it can help detectives and medical examiners figure out what happened. But what turns flexible joints into immovable structures, and why does the process reverse itself later? Next, we'll look at why muscle tissue goes through this transformation after death. Nysten's Law In 1812, a French pediatrician named Pierre Nysten recorded his observation that rigor mortis follows a downward progression that begins in the upper region of the body, around the face and head, and travels in a set pattern down to the rest of body and the extremities. Known as Nysten's law, this principle likely reflects the fact that rigor mortis -- while affecting all muscles in the same way at the same time -- becomes noticeable first in small muscle groups, such as those around the eyes, mouth and jaws, and becomes pronounced somewhat later in the larger muscles of the lower limbs. 1	i don't know
What is the only Arab country without a desert	Middle-East Refugees Middle-East Refugees Reprinted from "The Peace Encyclopedia" http://www.yahoodi.com/peace/refugees.html Frequently Asked Questions ^ Contents What happened during the war of 1948 that caused the Palestinian refugee problem? Did the Jews expel the Arabs? The British had wrestled Palestine away from the Ottoman Turks in 1917, and they occupied Palestine until 1947, and shortly thereafter, the United Nations voted to divide western Palestine into separate Jewish and Arab areas. The Jews accepted this plan, and the Arabs rejected it. Not only did they reject the UN partition plan, but 7 Arab nations decided to attack the fledgling Jewish microstate with public proclamations of Jewish extermination. It was surrounding these events that the Palestinian Arab refugee problem was born: "According to official records of the League of Nations and Arab census figure 539,000 Arabs left Israel at the urging of 7 converging Arab armies so that they would not be in the way of their attack. They promised the fleeing Arabs they would return and move into the Jews' houses after the anticipated successful annihilation of the Jews. "We know that 850,000 Jews were ejected from the Arab countries where they had lived for hundreds of years. This included successful people whose property and assets, including community assets were immediately confiscated. 750,000 penniless Jews from Arab countries fled to Israel. "This was a virtual exchange of population. The Jewish refugees were immediately accepted by the new State of Israel. They were provided with shelter (albeit temporary tents) food and clothing. "The Arab refugees who had migrated to various Arab nations were not similarly well received. They were regarded not as Arab brothers but as unwelcome migrants who were not to be trusted. Squalid refugee camps were set up as showpieces to induce the West's sympathy and kept that way. The UN through UNRWA (UN Relief Agency) provided assistance to the camps when the host country could not or would not. These camps became a training ground for terrorist youth to be targeted at Israel. The host country, like Syria, would provide training, weapons and explosives, but refused to absorb the Arab refugees as equal citizens. Keeping them in misery made them valuable and irreplaceable as angry front line terrorists attacking Israel as proxies for the Arab armies who lost to the Jews on the field of battle in declared wars. The Twin Pillars supporting Arab Muslim society are "Pride and Shame". Losing to the Jews on the battlefield time and again in 6 wars shattered the self perception of the Macho Man. - Emanuel A. Winston, Middle East analyst and commentator THE HISTORICAL EVIDENCE: "Even amidst the violent attacks launched against us for months past, we call upon the sons of the Arab people dwelling in Israel to keep the peace and to play their part in building the State on the basis of full and equal citizenship and due representation in all its institutions, provisional and permanent. "We extend the hand of peace and good-neighborliness to all the States around us and to their people, and we call upon them to cooperate in mutual helpfulness with the independent Jewish nation in its Land. The State of Israel is prepared to make its contribution in a concerted effort for the advancement of the entire Middle East." - David Ben-Gurion, in Israel's Proclamation of Independence, read on May 14, 1948, moments before the 6 surrounding Arab armies, trained and armed by the British, invaded the day-old Jewish microstate, with the stated goal of extermination. "The Arab armies entered Palestine to protect the Palestinians from the Zionist tyranny but, instead, THEY ABANDONED THEM, FORCED THEM TO EMIGRATE AND TO LEAVE THEIR HOMELAND, imposed upon them a political and ideological blockade and threw them into prisons similar to the ghettos in which the Jews used to live in Eastern Europe, as if we were condemned to change places with them; they moved out of their ghettos and we occupied similar ones. The Arab States succeeded in scattering the Palestinian people and in destroying their unity. They did not recognize them as a unified people until the States of the world did so, and this is regrettable". - by Abu Mazen, from the article titled: "What We Have Learned and What We Should Do", published in Falastin el Thawra, the official journal of the PLO, of Beirut, in March 1976 "The first group of our fifth column consists of those who abandon their houses and businesses and go to live elsewhere. . . . At the first sign of trouble they take to their heels to escape sharing the burden of struggle." - Ash Shalab (Jaffa newspaper), January 30, 1948 "The Arab streets are curiously deserted and, ardently following the poor example of the more moneyed class there has been an exodus from Jerusalem too, though not to the same extent as in Jaffa and Haifa." - London Times, May 5, 1948 "The refugees were confident that their absence would not last long, and that they would return within a week or two. Their leaders had promised them that the Arab armies would crush the 'Zionist gangs' very quickly and that there was no need for panic or fear of a long exile." - Monsignor George Hakim, Greek Catholic Bishop of Galilee, in the Beirut newspaper Sada al Janub, August 16, 1948 "Of the 62,000 Arabs who formerly lived in Haifa not more than 5,000 or 6,000 remained. Various factors influenced their decision to seek safety in flight. There is but little doubt that the most potent of the factors were the announcements made over the air by the -Higher Arab Executive, urging the Arabs to quit.. . . It was clearly intimated that those Arabs who remained in Haifa and accepted Jewish protection would be regarded as renegades." - The London weekly Economist, October 2, 1948 "It must not be forgotten that the Arab Higher Committee encouraged the refugees' flight from their homes in Jaffa, Haifa, and Jerusalem." - Near East Arabic Broadcasting Station, Cyprus, April 3, 1949 "This wholesale exodus was due partly to the belief of the Arabs, encouraged by the boasting of an unrealistic Arab press and the irresponsible utterances of some of the Arab leaders that it could be only a matter of some weeks before the Jews were defeated by the armies of the Arab States and the Palestinian Arabs enabled to re-enter and retake possession of their country." - Edward Atiyah (then Secretary of the Arab League Office in London) in The Arabs (London, 1955), p. 183 "The mass evacuation, prompted partly by fear, partly by order of Arab leaders, left the Arab quarter of Haifa a ghost city...By withdrawing Arab workers their leaders hoped to paralyze Haifa.". - Time, May 3, 1948, p. 25 The Arab exodus, initially at least, was encouraged by many Arab leaders, such as Haj Amin el Husseini, the exiled pro-Nazi Mufti of Jerusalem, and by the Arab Higher Committee for Palestine. They viewed the first wave of Arab setbacks as merely transitory. Let the Palestine Arabs flee into neighboring countries. It would serve to arouse the other Arab peoples to greater effort, and when the Arab invasion struck, the Palestinians could return to their homes and be compensated with the property of Jews driven into the sea. - Kenneth Bilby, in New Star in the Near East (New York, 1950), pp. 30-31 I do not want to impugn anybody but only to help the refugees. The fact that there are these refugees is the direct consequence of the action of the Arab States in opposing Partition and the Jewish State. The Arab States agreed upon this policy unanimously and they must share in the solution of the problem, [Daily Telegraph, September 6, 19481 - Emil Ghoury, Secretary of the Arab Higher Committee, the official leadership of the Palestinian Arabs, in the Beirut newspaper, Daily Telegraph, September 6, 1948 The Arab States encouraged the Palestine Arabs to leave their homes temporarily in order to be out of the way of the Arab invasion armies. - Falastin (Jordanian newspaper), February 19, 1949 We will smash the country with our guns and obliterate every place the Jews seek shelter in. The Arabs should conduct their wives and children to safe areas until the fighting has died down. - Iraqi Prime Minister Nuri Said, quoted in Sir Am Nakbah ("The Secret Behind the Disaster") by Nimr el Hawari, Nazareth, 1952 The Secretary General of the Arab League, Azzam Pasha, assured the Arab peoples that the occupation of Palestine and of Tel Aviv would be as simple as a military promenade. . . . He pointed out that they were already on the frontiers and that all the millions the Jews had spent on land and economic development would be easy booty, for it would be a simple matter to throw Jews into the Mediterranean. . . Brotherly advice was given to the Arabs of Palestine to leave their land, homes, and property and to stay temporarily in neighboring fraternal states, lest the guns of the invading Arab armies mow them down. - Habib Issa, Secretary General of the Arab League (Azzam Pasha's successor), in the newspaper Al Hoda, June 8, 1951 Some of the Arab leaders and their ministers in Arab capitals . . . declared that they welcomed the immigration of Palestinian Arabs into the Arab countries until they saved Palestine. Many of the Palestinian Arabs were misled by their declarations.... It was natural for those Palestinian Arabs who felt impelled to leave their country to take refuge in Arab lands . . . and to stay in such adjacent places in order to maintain contact with their country so that to return to it would be easy when, according to the promises of many of those responsible in the Arab countries (promises which were given wastefully), the time was ripe. Many were of the opinion that such an opportunity would come in the hours between sunset and sunrise. - Arab Higher Committee, in a memorandum to the Arab League, Cairo, 1952, quoted in The Refugee in the World, by Joseph B. Schechtman, 1963 "The Arab governments told us: Get out so that we can get in. So we got out, but they did not get in." - from the Jordan daily Ad Difaa, September 6, 1954 "The Arab civilians panicked and fled ignominiously. Villages were frequently abandoned before they were threatened by the progress of war." - General Glubb Pasha, in the London Daily Mail on August 12, 1948 "The Arab exodus from other villages was not caused by the actual battle, but by the exaggerated description spread by Arab leaders to incite them to fight the Jews" - Yunes Ahmed Assad, refugee from the town of Deir Yassin, in Al Urdun, April 9, 1953 "[The Arabs of Haifa] fled in spite of the fact that the Jewish authorities guaranteed their safety and rights as citizens of Israel." - Monsignor George Hakim, Greek Catholic Bishop of Galilee, according to Rev. Karl Baehr, Executive Secretary of the American Christian Palestine Committee, New York Herald Tribune, June 30, 1949 "Every effort is being made by the Jews to persuade the Arab populace to stay and carry on with their normal lives, to get their shops and businesses open and to be assured that their lives and interests will be safe. [However] ...A large road convoy, escorted by [British] military . . . left Haifa for Beirut yesterday. . . . Evacuation by sea goes on steadily. ...[Two days later, the Jews were] still making every effort to persuade the Arab populace to remain and to settle back into their normal lives in the towns... [as for the Arabs,] another convoy left Tireh for Transjordan, and the evacuation by sea continues. The quays and harbor are still crowded with refugees and their household effects, all omitting no opportunity to get a place an one of the boats leaving Haifa."" - Haifa District HQ of the British Police, April 26, 1948, quoted in Battleground by Samuel Katz "The Arabs did not want to submit to a truce they rather preferred to abandon their homes, their belongings and everything they possessed in the world and leave the town. This is in fact what they did." - Jamal Husseini, Acting Chairman of the Palestine Arab Higher Committee, told to the United Nations Security Council, quoted in the UNSC Official Records (N. 62), April 23, 1948, p. 14 "the military and civil authorities and the Jewish representative expressed their profound regret at this grave decision [to evacuate]. The [Jewish] Mayor of Haifa made a passionate appeal to the delegation to reconsider its decision" - The Arab National Committee of Haifa, told to the Arab League, quoted in The Refugee in the World, by Joseph B. Schechtman, 1963 "...our city flourished and developed for the good of both Jewish and Arab residents ... Do not destroy your homes with your own hands; do not bring tragedy upon yourselves by unnecessary evacuation and self-imposed burdens. By moving out you will be overtaken by poverty and humiliation. But in this city, yours and ours, Haifa, the gates are open for work, for life, and for peace, for you and your families." The Haifa Workers' Council bulletin, 28 April 1948 "...the Jewish hagana asked (using loudspeakers) Arabs to remain at their homes but the most of the Arab population followed their leaders who asked them to leave the country." The TIMES of London, reporting events of 22.4.48 " The existence of these refugees is a direct result of the Arab States' opposition to the partition plan and the reconstitution of the State of Israel. The Arab states adopted this policy unanimously, and the responsibility of its results, therefore is theirs. ...The flight of Arabs from the territory allotted by the UN for the Jewish state began immediately after the General Assembly decision at the end of November 1947. This wave of emigration, which lasted several weeks, comprised some thirty thousand people, chiefly well-to-do-families." - Emil Ghory, secretary of the Arab High Council, Lebanese daily Al-Telegraph, 6 Sept 1948 "Since 1948 we have been demanding the return of the refugees to their homes. But we ourselves are the ones who encouraged them to leave. Only a few months separated our call to them to leave and our appeal to the United Nations to resolve on their return." - Haled al Azm, the Syrian Prime Minister in 1948-49, The Memoirs of Haled al Azm, (Beirut, 1973), Part 1, pp. 386-387 "Since 1948 it is we who demanded the return of refugees... while it is we who made them to leave... We brought disaster upon... Arab refugees, by inviting them and bringing pressure to bear upon them to leave... We have rendered them dispossessed... We have accustomed them to begging... We have participated in lowering their moral and social level... Then we exploited them in executing crimes of murder, arson, and throwing bombs upon... men, women and children - all this in service of political purposes..." - Khaled al Azm, Syria's Prime Minister after the 1948 war [note: same person as above] "As early as the first months of 1948 the Arab League issued orders exhorting the people to seek a temporary refuge in neighboring countries, later to return to their abodes in the wake of the victorious Arab armies and obtain their share of abandoned Jewish property." - bulletin of The Research Group for European Migration Problems, 1957 One morning in April 1948, Dr. Jamal woke us to say that the Arab Higher Committee (AHC), led by the Husseinis, had warned Arab residents of Talbieh to leave immediately. The understanding was that the residents would be able to return as conquerors as soon as the Arab forces had thrown the Jews out. Dr. Jamal made the point repeatedly that he was leaving because of the AHC's threats, not because of the Jews, and that he and his frail wife had no alternative but to go. Commentary Magazine -- January 2000, http://www.commentarymagazine.com/0001/letters.html ^ Contents How many Palestinian Arabs left their homes, how many are still listed as refugees now? Estimates of the number of Arabs who fled the newly-created State of Israel in 1948 (i.e. from the area inside Israel's pre-1967 borders) vary from 430,000 to 957,000, depending on who you ask. The most reliable figure appears to be 539,000. In the 1967 Six Day War, between 125,000 (Israeli estimate) and 250,000 (UNRWA estimate) Arabs fled from Judea, Samaria and Gaza, which came under Israeli administration. Of these, say some researchers, close on two-thirds were first-time refugees, the others were refugees from 1948 who fled once again. According to the United Nations Relief Works Agency (UNRWA), in 1996 the number of refugees stood at 3.3 million, located as follows: Jordan: In 10 camps - 242,922. Not in camps - 1.1 million Judea and Samaria: In 20 camps - 147,302. Not in camps - 385,136 Gaza: In five camps - 378,279. Not in camps - 338,651 Lebanon: In 12 camps - 182,731. Not in camps - 169,937 Syria: In 10 camps - 89,472. Not in camps - 257, 919 TOTAL: In 57 camps - 1.04 million. Not in camps - 2.26 million. - Middle East Digest - October 1998 The refugee problem was created in 1947-48, when the Palestinians and their Arab allies rejected United Nations Resolution 181 and tried to prevent by force implementation of the partition plan that called for the creation of a Jewish state alongside an Arab state in Palestine. During the fighting, 600,000 to 700,000 Arabs fled or were driven out of areas that eventually became the state of Israel. (There were also about 17,000 Jewish refugees who fled or were driven out of areas that came under Arab, i.e., Jordanian, control.) Israel's record in this chain of developments was far from spotless. But the major reason for the displacement of people was the war itself, which the Arabs imposed on Israel in an attempt to abort its birth. The Palestinian refugees were but one example among many of the large-scale involuntary population displacements that took place during and after the First World War. Most of the other refugee problems, involving tens of millions of Karelian Finns, Sudeten Germans, and Muslims and Hindus in the Indian subcontinent, faded away as displaced populations were absorbed in countries of similar religious and/or national character. The one glaring exception was the Palestinian refugees, who found shelter but few civic or political rights in neighbouring Arab countries (Jordan being the main exception). The refugee status of the Palestinians was perpetuated by the host countries and the Palestinian leadership, and by the international community, through the UN Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA), the only UN body dedicated to a specific refugee group (all other refugees in the world are the responsibility of the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees). As a result, refugee status was passed down from father to son to grandson over 50 years, so that, today, they number three million to four million. That is why the Palestinians now account for about one-fourth of the world's refugees -- an impressive figure until one imagines how many refugees there would be if all the Finns and Germans and Indian Hindus and Muslims and European Jews who were made refugees after the Second World War (not to speak of the Greeks and Turks and Armenians who were made refugees during and after the First World War) were still considered refugees in the year 2000. - Mark Heller, co-author of No Trumpets, No Drums: A Two-State Settlement of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict With regard to the Palestinian refugees today, according to the "Report of the Commissioner-General of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East - 1 July 1997 - 30 June 1998" there were 3,521,130 refugees as of June 30, 1998 (Table 1). However, the report (available at www.unrwa.org) also states that: UNRWA registration figures are based on information voluntarily supplied by refugees primarily for the purpose of obtaining access to Agency services, and hence cannot be considered statistically valid demographic data; the number of registered refugees present in the Agency's area of operations is almost certainly less that the population recorded. Moreover, not only does the UN admit the figures are of doubtful accuracy, there being obvious reason for families to claim more members and thereby receive more aid, the UN also admits that the total includes 1,463,064 Jordanian citizens, who cannot by any stretch be considered refugees. - Alexander Safian, PhD, CAMERA (The Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America) ^ Contents Who qualifies for Palestinian refugee status? Any Arab who entered Israel up to two years prior to the rebirth of the Jewish state could claim to be a Palestinian refugee, even if he and his ancestors had lived elsewhere for generations before and he owned no land or property in Palestine. [Editor's note: the UNRWA collected information from 'refugees' on an 'honor basis' without checking even the above absurdly minimal requirements] - Middle East Digest - October 1998 ^ Contents Why are there still refugees from 1948, still living in refugee camps generations after the original displacement? "The Arab states do not want to solve the refugee problem. They want to keep it as an open sore, as an affront to the United Nations and as a weapon against Israel. Arab leaders don't give a damn whether the refugees live or die." - Ralph Galloway, former head of the UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA), in Amman, Jordan, August 1958 "In general, one can say that Arab governments regarded the destruction of the State of Israel as a more pressing matter than the welfare of the Palestinian refugees. Palestinian bitterness and anger had to be kept alive. It was clear that this could best be done by ensuring that a great many Palestinians Arabs continued to live under sub-normal conditions, the victims of hunger and poverty. No Arab Government preached this as a defined policy; most Arab Governments tacitly put it into practice." - Terrence Prittie and Bernard Dineen, in "The Double Exodus: A Study of Arab and Jewish Refugees in the Middle East" The decision to sacrifice them [the Palestinian Arab refugees] to the cause of Israel's destruction was clearly enunciated in the aftermath of 1948-49 (keep them in camps so they can learn hate and seek revenge), and no action by Arab elites has shown evidence of a change of heart. - David S. Landes and Richard A. Landes, The New Republic, September 8, 1997 The Palestinians are the only refugees who cannot and must not be absorbed elsewhere; their fate is to be played up as the mirror image of the Wandering Jew. - Jacques Givet, "The Anti-Zionist Complex" In the 1967 Six Day War, under the threat of being "pushed into the sea" by Egypt, Syria and Jordan, Israel actually liberated the "occupied territory" of Jerusalem and granted free access to Jews, Christians and Moslems to worship at their respective holy sites. Israel also liberated the "West Bank" and Gaza. How easily recent history is forgotten. By comparison, Israel's administration, despite its faults, has been much more humane. The realities of the Jordanian and Egyptian occupation are conveyed in the following quote from HARSH REALITIES: For 19 years, until 1967, Jordan brutally occupied the renamed "West Bank" with its 20 UNWRA refugee camps.... And when western Palestinians rioted in December '55, April '57, April '63, Nov. '66 and April '67, King Hussein sent in tanks which shelled city streets and machine gunned people at random, killing hundreds of men, women and children. The Gaza Strip, as it was known for the 19 years of harsh Egyptian occupation, had 8 UNWRA refugee camps in which the Palestinians were forced to live in overcrowded squalor. Egypt refused to absorb any refugees; kept them stateless, denied passports, and forbade them to travel or work in Egypt. [On the other hand, Palestinians were permitted to work in Israel after 1967.] For 19 years of brutal occupation of their fellow Arabs, Jordan and Egypt kept these areas in a deliberate state of economic stagnation and severe unemployment. Average unemployment in the early Sixties ran between 35-45%, and refugee unemployment hit a high of 83%. Yet during this entire period, the world was silent. Only after Israel's seizure of these territories in a defensive war in 1967, did anyone discover the "legitimate rights and national aspirations" of the Palestinian Arabs. From a humanitarian viewpoint, their situation improved immeasurably under Israeli administration. Unemployment hovers around a mere 1% (1989) and per capita gross income tripled in less than 20 years; infant mortality rates dropped from the pre-1967 140 per 1,000 to only 30 per 1,000 today - at a time when the rest of the Arab world is still at 80 per 1,000; 7 Arab colleges and universities were established under Israel "occupation," where none existed before 1967. Yet it is Israel that is now being attacked. Had the Arab countries any true intentions of helping their beleaguered brethren from western Palestine, they would and could have absorbed them easily 4 decades ago, as the Israelites did of an even greater number of Jewish refugees from Arab lands. The Palestinian Arabs share the same language, religion and culture, and for 70% of them, the same countries of origin just 3 generations before when their grandfathers emigrated for economic reasons to Palestine from surrounding Arab lands. But the 22 Arab countries, uninterested in aiding in Palestinian brothers, preferred to use them as a political weapon to wield against Israel, and the U.N. supported this heartless human manipulation. In the mid-1970's Israel attempted to give the Palestinian Arab refugees in Gaza new and better housing. The U.N. General Assembly, at the urging of the Arab states, passed Resolution 32/90 condemning Israel for trying to relocate these refugees and demanded they be returned "to the camps in which they were removed." And yet, a senior U.N. official came to Gaza in January 1988 accompanied by 10 TV crews on a fact-finding visit and laid the entire blame for the situation at Israel's feet. As if the U.N.'s own complicity in the matter didn't exist! When the six Arab nations invaded Israel at Israel's birth, many claim 600,000 Arabs were displaced in that war. What is not well known is that approximately 800,000 Jews, who were living in those six Arab nations, had to flee for their lives because of Arab hatred. The solution to this refugee problem was simple - a fair exchange. Israel, at a terrible economic cost, absorbed the 800,000 Jewish refugees But the Arab nations refused to accept these Arab refugees - their Arab brethren. Rather, they placed them in refugee camps, which became dark holes of hate and misery, models for propaganda to turn world opinion against Israel. They succeeded. How well they succeeded.... Refugee Camps When Israel inherited Judea and Samaria (the "West Bank") and Gaza in the 1967 War, Israel also inherited the Palestinian refugee camps that were administered by a United Nations agency. Israel wanted to negotiate both the refugee problem and a peace settlement, but the Arabs refused. One cannot help but agonize for the poor refugee pawns in this ploy. The deplorable condition of the Palestinian refugees is especially pitiful because the situation was designed and perpetuated by their own Arab brothers. No wonder the "intifada" erupted. Many claim the Arab nations refused to alleviate the refugee problem both in 1948 and in 1967. Among many who have made this observation is Col. Richard Henry Meinertzhagen, a British Middle East expert. He asked a fellow dinner guest at the home of a British diplomat, "Why do not you Arabs, with all your resources from oil, do something for those wretched refugees from Palestine?" The Lebanese replied, "Good God, do you really think we are going to destroy the finest propaganda we possess? It's a gold mine!" When Meinertzhagen observed that this view was unkind and immoral, the Lebanese replied, "They are just human rubbish, but a political gold mine!" In slightly different language referring to the same attitude about the usefulness of Palestinian refugee camps, Meinertzhagen notes in his book, "I received identical views from other Arabs." The Palestinians who have taken to the streets, spoiling for trouble, are the new generation-spawned in the refugee camps. From earliest childhood, they have been taught hate. ^ Contents Who is responsible for their condition, who should absorb them and compensate them? "Statements have been made on the Arab refugee question, but why should the State of Israel be blamed for the existence of that problem? When seeking to determine responsibility for the existence of the problem of the Arab refugees, we cannot fail to mention the outside forces ... They pursue their own selfish interests ..., which have nothing in common either with the cause of peace and international security or with the interests of the Arab and Jewish peoples, and which only correspond to the aggressive designs of the leading circles of some states." - Soviet delegation, UN Security Council on 4 March 1949 "Since 1948 Arab leaders have approached the Palestine problem in an irresponsible manner. They have not looked into the future. They have no plan or approach. They have used the Palestine people for selfish political purposes. This is ridiculous and, I could say, criminal." - Jordan's King Hussein, Associated Press, Jan 1960 Many castigations of Israel for her alleged responsibility for the suffering of Arab refugees have been terribly one-sided and unfair. Why is so little attention paid to the fact that the original refugees in the situation were Jews fleeing the Nazi terror, people who were barred from other lands and then denied access to the one place that could give them hope? Why do we hear almost nothing of the oppression in Arab countries since 1948 of indigenous Jewish populations or of the thousands of Jewish refugees from Arab lands? Why is it hardly ever pointed out that the original and continuing cause of the Arab refugee problem and its recent aggravation has been Arab intransigence and hostility: the refusal to recognize Israel and the pledge to annihilate the Jews? There would be no refugee problem at all if the Arabs had not defied the United Nations' partition. The Arabs started the war in 1948 that forced the refugees to leave -- not to be banished from -- their homes. Israel tried to convince them to stay. Arab leaders frightened them into fleeing, with dire warnings that the Jews would persecute and destroy them. We are frequently advised that Israel's recent military victory [the six-day war, 1967] is the reason for the increase in refugees, but we are seldom reminded that the latest Arab campaign to destroy Israel was the sole incitement for that victory. An Arab triumph would have left not Jewish refugees but Jewish corpses. Any help Israel now grants to Arab refugees -- and she is already giving succor and beginning to offer resettlement, despite unabated Arab belligerency -- is largely a matter of either prudence or charity. The moral debt is primarily that of the Arab powers, who have callously manipulated these uprooted people to the end of a devious program to exterminate Jews. - by A. Roy and Alice Eckardt in "AGAIN, SILENCE IN THE CHURCHES", The Christian Century, August 2, 1967 The Arabs blame Israel for creating the Refugee problem while it was the Arabs who insisted to keep the camps in Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon, to use the Palestinians for political exploitation. In 1982: 65,425 Palestinian refu gees put in camps in Syria, 123,442 in Lebanon, 192,392 in Jordan, this was reported by UNRWA, while the Arabic propaganda lied and inflated the number to 4,000,000, and ALL who fled on their own will and without any force. Now, please compare with 850,000 Jews actually expelled from the Arab lands, forced to leave to Israel. - Walid, a Palestinian Arab defector. quoted at "Answering Islam" One of the throw-away lines in Bat Yeor's book, "the Dhimmis" is the observation in passing that the Palestinians are the longest-lived group in history who have been considered "refugees" while living in the land of their countrymen. Lets expand on that a bit. It is a topic I have written about before. UNRWA (the United Nations Relief and Works Agency) was created in 1949. It exists solely for the purpose of "nurturing" Palestinian refugees, to the exclusion of all the other refugees in the world. 25% of its budget comes from American taxpayers (which includes me). There were 750,000 of these guys in 1949, and there are 3.3 MILLION of them now. And here's where it gets even weirder: 1.2 MILLION of the "refugees" LIVE IN YASSER ARAFAT'S PALESTINIAN AUTONOMY, mingled with their fellow Palestinians, where they actually CONSTITUTE HALF THE POPULATION! Does that strike anyone else as strange? How can you have people living for 50 years among their brothers, 30 miles down the road from where they started, and still consider them refugees? Will it ever end? Can it ever end? Obviously not as long as the UN continues to pay them money. And what about their Arab brothers? Ask an Arab to tell you about the five pillars of Islam, of which he is so proud, and he will tell you about "charity to your fellow Muslim". And yet the Arabs forbid the "refugees" from integrating into their host countries. That's because they consider them "a disgrace to Islam, who are responsible for the loss of holy Muslim land to the infidel Jews". I guess this is just one more example of Shimon Peres' "New Middle East". - Samuel Fistel It is important to note that the world has seen hundreds of millions of refugees. It's a natural and expected end result of wars. All have resettled, begun new lives and made the best of their situation. Tens of millions of refugees were created in the aftermath of both World Wars. During the 1948-49 Arab-Israeli War, 860,000 Jews living in Arab countries were thrown out on their ears! We don't hear about them anymore because they were absorbed by their fellow Jews within Israel. So while the Arabs throughout the Middle East cry crocodile tears for their poor suffering Palestinian brothers and sisters, none of these countries has opened their arms to them. The ones that were allowed in were placed into more refugee camps for the world to see. Ironically, the Arabs who remained in Israel and became citizens have fared far better than those in Arab countries! What makes the Palestinian Arabs stand out among the world's refugees is that they created their own pathetic situation or were misled by their leaders. That is their tough luck! What was offered to them in 1947 cannot be offered once again. The world has far more important things to concern itself with other than their constant belly-aching! As they say, "Get a Life, Already!" - Zion2000 The surrounding Arabs states called for the Arab population to leave Israel and fight in the 1948 war ("a war of extermination and a momentous massacre"). Those that left were told that they could come back and take all the Jews possessions. Those that stayed were told they would be killed with the Jews. This is not to say that during the war, the Jewish forces did not expel any Arab groups, even villages, who were thought to be involved in the "war of extermination" of the Jews. Many Arabs resisted the call to kill Jews - they and their descendants make up 14% of Israel's population, as full citizens. So if there was an organized effort at "ethnic cleansing", as the anti-semites allege, the Jews failed miserably. The "Palestinian refugees" of today are those who expected to return after the Arab victory to find Jewish corpses. The descendants of those Arabs are kept in refugee camps/villages by the United Nations and by other Arab governments as a propaganda tool and as a constant source of soldiers in their long war against Israel. Who should absorb these Arabs, as full citizens, compensate them for their losses, house them, feed them, teach them? Should it be Israel, the intended victim of the massacre? Or should it be their fellow Arabs who, because of their hatred and violence, caused this mess in the first place? Or should this just be a valuable lesson to the world that when you attempt the extermination of another group, be prepared to lose land and property, and expect never to get it back again. Only when such violence is rewarded, by the UN, Jimmy Carter, the USSR, is there a material incentive to try again. - The Society for Rational Peace ^ Contents Even if Israel is not the cause of the Arab refugee problem, didn't they do anything to compensate those people? As a goodwill gesture during the Lausanne negotiations in 1949, Israel offered to take back 100,000 Palestinian refugees prior to any discussion of the refugee question. The Arab states, who had refused even to negotiate face-to-face with the Israelis, turned down the offer because it implicitly recognized Israel's existence. Despite this, on humanitarian grounds Israel has since the 1950's allowed more than 50,000 refugees to return to Israel under a family reunification program, and between 1967 and 1993 allowed a further 75,000 to return to the West Bank or Gaza. Since the beginning of the Oslo process Israel has allowed another 90,000 Palestinians to gain residence in PA-controlled territory. Arabs who lost property in Israel are eligible to file for compensation from Israel's Custodian of Absentee Property. As of the end of 1993, a total of 14,692 claims had been filed, claims were settled with respect to more than 200,000 dunams of land, more than 10,000,000 NIS (New Israeli Shekels) had been paid in compensation, and more than 54,000 dunums of replacement land had been given in compensation. Israel has followed this generous policy despite the fact that not a single penny of compensation has ever been paid to any of the more than 500,000 Jewish refugees from Arab countries, who were forced by the Arab governments to abandon their homes, businesses and savings. - Alexander Safian, PhD, CAMERA (The Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America) What has been the longest refugee situation in recorded human history? The Diaspora, the Jewish Exile, the Golah. 1,900 years - between 80 and 100 generations. Another refugee situation also resulted from Israel's independence. It was larger in numbers and in property lost than the Palestinian Arabs, yet we never hear about it, why? The Real Refugees Most of the world is ignoring the real catastrophe of the past recent era: the brutal expulsion of some 867,000 Jews from Arab countries, and the seizure, by the Arab governments, of over $13-billion worth of Jewish property and assets. Algeria During the war for Algerian independence from France in the 1950s and early 1960s, Algerian nationalists carried out violent attacks on Algerian Jews. After the French left, the Algerian authorities issued a variety of anti- Jewish decrees, including the imposition of heavy taxes on the Jewish community. Nearly all of Algeria's 160,000 Jews fled the country. All but one of Algeria's synagogues were seized and turned into mosques. Egypt The ancient Jewish community of Egypt numbered over 90,000 by the 1940s. Riots by Egyptian nationalists in 1945 claimed many Jewish lives, and synagogues and Jewish buildings were burned down. A new wave of discrimination and violence was unleashed in 1948. Over 250 Jews were killed or injured, Jewish shops were looted, and Jewish assets were frozen. Some 35,000 Jews left Egypt by 1950. Gamal Abdel Nasser, who seized power in 1954, arrested thousands of Jews and confiscated their property. Emigration reduced Egyptian Jewry to just 8,000 by 1957. Iraq The Jews of Iraq, with roots dating back to ancient Babylonia, numbered about 190,000 in 1947. When Israel was established, Jewish emigration was forbidden, and hundreds of Jews were jailed. Those convicted of "Zionism" --a criminal offense-- were sentenced to internal exile or fines of up to $40,000 each. Tens of thousands of Jews slipped out of the country. Then, in 1950, the government legalized emigration and pressured the Jews to leave; by 1952, only 6,000 remained. Jewish emigrants were permitted to take with them only $140 per adult; all of their remaining assets and property were confiscated by the Iraqi government. Libya The 2,000 year-old Jewish community of Libya, which numbered almost 60,000 by the 1940s, was the target of mass anti-Jewish violence in November 1945. In Tripoli alone, 120 Jews were massacred, over 500 wounded, 2,000 were made homeless, and synagogues were torched. There were more pogroms in January 1946, with 75 Jews massacred in Zanzur, and more than 100 murdered in other towns. By the early 1950s, more than 40,000 Libyan Jews had emigrated. Morocco In 1948, there were about 350,000 Jews living in Morocco, a community with ancient roots going back to the time of the destruction of the First Temple (586 BCE). In June 1948, pogromists massacred 39 Jews in the town of Djerada and 4 more in Oujda. Over 50,000 Jews fled Morocco in terror. During the 1950s, there was violence against Jews in Oujda, Rabat, and Casablanca. Most of Moroccan Jewry emigrated during the years to follow. Syria There were 17,000 Jews in Syria in 1948, a community dating back to biblical times. Anti-Jewish pogroms erupted in the Syrian town of Aleppo in 1947. All of the local synagogues were destroyed, and 7,000 of the town's 10,000 Jews fled in terror. The government then enacted legislation to freeze Jewish bank accounts and confiscate Jewish property. By the 1950s, just 5,000 Jews remained in Syria, subjected to harsh decrees; they were banned from emigrating, selling their property, or working in government offices, and were compelled to carry special cards identifying them as Jews. - [email protected] Following is the statistics on the number of Jews in the Arab countries in 1988 as reported by Israeli newspaper "Vesti" (in Russian) 1/4/99. Algeria less than 100 Morocco 7,000 Syria 100 "This is hardly the place to describe how the Jews of the Arab States were driven out of the countries in which they lived for hundreds of years, then how they were shamefully deported to Israel after their property had been confiscated or taken over at the lowest possible price. "It is plain that Israel will air this issue in the course of any serious negotiations that might be undertaken one day in regard to the rights on the Palestinians. "Israel's claims are these: It may perhaps be the case that we Israelis were the cause of the expulsion of some Palestinians, whose number is estimated at 700,000, from their homes during the 1948 War, and afterwards took over their properties. Against this, since 1948, you Arabs have caused the expulsion of just as many Jews from the Arab States, most of whom settled in Israel after their properties had been taken over in one way or another. Actually, therefore, what happened was only a kind of "population and property exchange," and each party must bear the consequences. Israel is absorbing the Jews of Arab States; the Arab States, for their part, must settle the Palestinians in their own midst and solve their problems. There is no doubt that, at the first serious discussion of the Palestinian problem in an international forum, Israel will put these claims forward." - Sabri Jiryis, a well known Palestinian Arab researcher in the Institute for Palestinian Studies in Beirut, published in Al-Nahar, Beirut, on May 15, 1975 Some of the communities in more depth: Egypt: Approximately 75,000 Jews lived in Egypt in 1948, a community whose origins date back to the Babylonian captivity some 2700 years prior. In the preceding decade, Muslim elements, believing that Hitler would be successful in completing the 'Final Solution' in Europe, carried out almost continuous pogroms against Jewish communities, killing and injuring thousands. The Egyptian Company Law of July 1947 introduced prohibitive quotas against employing Jews, precluded them from most areas of employment, and confiscated many Jewish-owned businesses, properties and other assets. Then, in the days after the passage of the Partition Plan, Muslims in Cairo and Alexandria went on a rampage, murdering, looting houses and burning synagogues. In one seven-day period in 1948, an eyewitness counted 150 Jewish bodies littering the streets. During the War of Independence, Egyptian Jews were barred from travelling abroad. In August 1949, Egypt lifted the ban and 20,000 Jews fled the country, many going to Israel. Conditions for Jews improved somewhat under General Naguib, but when General Abdul Nasser rose to power in Egypt, he ordered mass arrests of Jews and confiscated huge quantities of Jewish property, personal and commercial. Nasser issued deportation orders to thousands of Jews, concurrently confiscating all their property and assets. Most of the deportees were limited to one suitcase apiece. In 1964, Nasser boldly declared, in an interview with a German publication, that Egypt still adhered to the Nazi cause: 'Our sympathy,' he said, 'was with the Germans.' With the outbreak of the 1967 Six-Day War, Jews were arrested en masse and sent to concentration camps, where they were tortured, denied water for days and forced to chant anti-Israel slogans. By 1970, Egypt's Jewish population numbered in the mere hundreds. Algeria: Like other Muslim nations, Algeria possesses a long history of anti-Semitism, legal and popular. The colonization of Algeria by the French in 1830, though, liberated the 2500-year-old Jewish community from much of the humiliation and persecution it had sustained under Islamic rule. But the rise of the Nazi Party in Germany augured a reversion to anti-Semitic activities. In 1934, twenty-five Jews were massacred in Constantine. During the subsequent trial by French authorities, evidence revealed the attack was organized by the city's leading Muslim authorities. When the French Vichy government took power in 1940, it immediately stripped Jews of their French citizenry, banned them from schools and declared them 'pariahs.' Only the Allied landing soon thereafter saved the Jews from mass deportation to European death camps. With the fall of the Vichy regime, more than 148,000 Jews enjoyed the full benefits and affluence of French society. A civil war erupted in Algeria, and as it intensified, thousands of Jews fled the country, mostly for France. Algeria achieved independence in 1962, by which time more than 75,000 Jews had departed. State-sanctioned persecution began the following year with the passage of the 1963 Nationality Code, limiting citizenship to those residents whose father and paternal grandfather were Muslim. The new state confiscated or destroyed Jewish private, commercial and communal property and ordered most of the nation's synagogues converted into mosques. Following a flood of anti-Semitic violence in 1965, the majority of the remaining Jewish community of 65,000 departed. Today, the once vigorous Algerian Jewish community numbers a paltry 300. Libya: Today, no Jews are known to live in the north African nation of Libya. Like Egypt and Algeria, massive pogroms decimated the once-thriving Jewish communities in the 1940s. From 1941-1942, great waves of persecution washed over Libya. Jewish property in Benghazi was pillaged and 2,600 were sent into the desert to a forced labor camp, where 500 perished. On November 5, 1945, a horrendous bloodbath ensued in the Libyan capital of Tripoli. According to New York Times reporter Clifton Daniels: 'Babies were beaten to death with iron bars. Old men were hacked to pieces where they fell. Expectant mothers were disembowelled. Whole families were burned alive in their houses.' Several hundred Jews died in the attack. After the approval of the Partition Plan, another 130 Jews were murdered in anti-Semitic rioting. The following year saw another Tripoli-like massacre. In 1948, Libya's Jewish population was 38,000; by 1951 only 8,000 remained. After the Six-Day War, another pogrom erupted, driving all but 400 from the country. On July 21, 1967 Libyan strongman Colonel Qadhafi nationalized all Jewish property, and soon thereafter, all remaining Jews left the country. Syria: The Syrian Jewish community in 1948 dated to the First Century destruction of Jerusalem, approximately 1900 year earlier. Under Islamic rule, Jews were routinely subject to cruel and inhumane treatment, including forced conversions, routine pogroms and severe commercial and personal restrictions. By early 1947, only 13,000 Jews lived in Syria; 20,000 had fled throughout the course of the previous decade, as Nazi zeal permeated the region and made their lives especially difficult. Immediately after Syria gained independence from France in 1945, vitriolic anti-Semitic propaganda was broadcast on television and radio, inciting the Arab masses to violence. In December 1947, one month after the Partition Plan's acceptance, a pogrom erupted in the Syrian town of Aleppo, torching numerous Jewish properties, including synagogues, schools, orphanages and businesses. Eyewitnesses to the violence noted Syrian firemen and police dispatched to the scene actively participated in the rioting. A flurry of anti-Semitic legislation passed in 1948 restricted, among other things, Jewish travel outside of government-approved ghettos, selling private property, acquiring land or changing their place of residence. A decree in 1949 went a step further, seizing all Jewish bank accounts. Under threats of execution, long prison sentences and torture, 10,000 Jews were able to depart between 1948 and 1962. A report published in 1981 indicated Syrian Jews were subject to "the Mukhabarat, the [Syrian] secret police, [who] conduct a reign of terror and intimidation, including searches without warrant, detention without trial, torture and summary execution." Due mainly to US influence in the context of the Madrid peace process, all but about 800 of the Jewish community have fled, most settling in the United States. Syria has confiscated all Jewish property aside from those who remain. Yemen: The Yemenite Jewish community existed in what historian S.D. Goitein described as the "worst aspect" of the Arab mistreatment of the Jew. Jewish life in Yemen, up to the time of Israel's modern evacuation of the community, contained the harshest elements imaginable under dhimmitude status. Jews could not testify in court, and were regularly murdered, limited to employment in the most demeaning of positions and forced to relinquish their property on demand, to name a very few deprivations. An "age-old" custom of stoning Jews, permissible by Muslim law, was still regularly practiced up to the time the Jews fled Yemen. Conditions for the community were exacerbated by Israel's victory over Arab armies in 1948, making the swift extraction of the community a matter of rescue or extinction. Arab mobs swarmed through Tsan'a and other towns, burning, murdering, raping and looting in the city's Jewish quarters. The region's imam - or religious authority - permitted the Jewish community to leave Yemen, provided they forfeit all property to the state. Israel launched Operation Magic Carpet in 1949, and over the course of one year, successfully airlifted some 50,000 Yemenite Jews - almost the entire ancient community - to Israel. Iraq: The 135,000 strong Iraqi Jewish community in 1948 traced their origins to the pre-exilic Jewish community of Babylon, 2700 years previous. Anti-Semitic legislation in 1948, declared "Zionism" - a crime accorded to Jews automatically - an offence punishable by a seven-year jail term. Additional legislation barred Jews from government, medicine and education, denied merchants import licenses and closed Jewish banks. The Jewish community faced economic ruin. During Israel's War of Independence, immigration to Israel was declared a capital offense while public Law No. 1, passed in 1950, stripped Jews of their Iraqi nationality. In 1950, Israel launched Operation Ali Baba to extricate the destitute remnant. Iraq, intrigued at the prospect of inheriting large quantities of abandoned Jewish property, allowed the Jews to leave, reassuring emigrants they would receive fair compensation for property and other assets they were forced to abandon. The airlift spirited 123,000 Jews out of the country, with 110,000 choosing to remain in Israel. Despite it's promise, the Iraqi government announced on March 10, 1951 - the day after the deadline for exit registration - that emigrant's property, businesses and bank accounts were forfeit. That same year, Law No. 5 was expanded to include all Jewish holdings in Iraqi banks. By itself, this extension looted $200 million in Jewish assets. By January 1952, as Iraq again closed the doors to Jewish emigration, only 6,000 remained. All remaining Jewish communal property was confiscated in 1958. Today, only 200 Jews remain in Iraq, forced to reside in a Baghdad ghetto. source: Middle East Digest - November/December 1999 ^ Contents Can we hear about these refugees from a human rights perspective? "The big issue between 1948 and 1967 was the Arab "refugees" who had left Israel and moved to areas under the control of Arabs. There was great controversy, both within Israel and outside, over whether these Arab refugees had been pushed out by Israel or had left on instructions of Arab leaders with the promise of a glorious return. There is obviously some truth to both positions. Certainly, many Arabs were frightened away by Israeli soldiers; some obviously left after hearing of civilian "massacres". (Whether these accounts were true, false, exaggerated or covered up is not as relevant as whether they were believed by the Arabs who left.) "As a civil libertarian and human rights activist, I was never much moved by the claims of these refugees. Political solutions often require the movement of people, and such movement is not always voluntary. Making Arab families move - intact - from one Arab village or town to another may constitute a human rights violation. But in the whole spectrum of human rights issues - especially taking into account the events in Europe during the 1940's - it is a fifth-rate issue analogous in many respects to some massive urban renewal or other projects that require large-scale movement of people. For example, the building of the Aswan High Dam in Egypt necessitated the relocation of 100,000 Arabs and the destruction of numerous Arab villages. There were certainly numerous precedents following both world wars, as well as other dislocating events of history - including the establishment of new states. There were so many refugee groups throughout the postwar world, and in so much worse condition, that it is difficult to understand why this particular dislocation assumed such international proportions. "For example, following the end of World War II, approximately fifteen million ethnic Germans were forcibly expelled from their homes in Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Yugoslavia, and other Central and Eastern European areas where their families had lived for centuries. Two million died during this forced expulsion. Czechoslovakia alone expelled nearly three million Sudeten Germans, turning them into displaced persons. The United States, Britain, and the international community in general approved these expulsions, as necessary to secure a more lasting peace. [...] President Franklin Roosevelt's assistant Harry Hopkins memorialized his boss's view that although transfer of ethnic Germans "is a hard procedure, it is the only way to maintain peace." [...] [Dershowitz describes other population transfers in the Middle East, primarily hundreds of thousands of Sephardic Jews who left their ancient communities in Arab lands for Israel.] "But the Arab leaders did not want peace. They used the refugee issue to encourage continuing belligerency. It became an excuse for not making peace - for not accepting the reality that the ancient land of Israel-Palestine could be populated by two peoples and divided into two nations. It should be recalled that between 1948 and 1967, Israel posed no barrier to the establishment of a Palestinian state on the West Bank and Gaza. There was no Palestinian state because the Arab leaders did not want a Palestinian state alongside a Jewish state. Their collective goal was the total destruction of the Jewish state. The Palestinian refugees would better serve that goal if they were kept in camps as a homeless people than if they were allowed to move out of the camps and establish their own state. "I believed then, and I believe now, that those who singled out the "plight" of the Arab refugees were more interested in singling out those who had allegedly caused the problem - namely the Jews - than they were in helping those who were its victims. Elevating the Arab refugee problem above the more compelling problem of other groups was a form of indirect international anti-Semitism, acceptable in a world too close to the Holocaust to legitimate direct anti-Jewish bigotry. [Dershowitz adds here in a footnote:] "A New York Times story of August 12, 1990, described the plight of 'fifteen million men, women and children' who have been 'internationally recognized as refugees.' Following World War II, the number was between thirty-three and forty-three million, and at the time the Palestinian refugee problem began - with 600,000 to 750,000 refugees - the number throughout the world was between sixteen and eighteen million. Many of the current group are refugees from Islamic nations. Yet the world knows little of their situation. Only the Palestinian refugees have received widespread international support. It is fair to ask why." [...] "All of this is not to diminish the suffering of the Palestinian people between 1948 and 1967, but it is to emphasize how much of that suffering was deliberately engineered by the leaders of those Arab nations that were determined not to settle the Palestinian issue in a manner that permitted the continued existence of the Jewish state." by Alan Dershowitz in "Chutzpah" [from Roger David Carasso] Were these two refugee crises a simple 'exchange' of population and therefore 'equal'? Without Equal. The exchange of Arab and Jewish populations in and around Israel's War of Independence cannot be equated, as the circumstances perpetuating the refugee movements prove vastly different. The record shows the bulk of Palestinian refugees left their homes on their own accord and at the strong insistence of Arab leadership at the time. None were forcibly deprived of their wealth, and most expected to return to their homes after invading Arab armies crushed the nascent Jewish state. In contrast, the Jewish residents of Arab countries were, almost without exception, forcefully expelled from their homelands and robbed of their wealth and livelihoods by government-planned, anti-Semitic campaigns meant to eliminate from their midst the "pariah" Jewish presence. This program of ethnic cleansing came hard on the heels of Hitler's plot to make Europe "Judenrein." Using tactics of terror, Arab/Islamic leaders effected a plan to expel their Jewish citizenry, indifferent that its execution would mean the death of thousands, gleeful of the untold wealth it would transfer into their coffers. - Middle East Digest - December 1999, Canadian Friends of the International Christian Embassy in Jerusalem	Lebanon
In which ocean is the island of Papua New Guinea	Jordan - Geography and Environment - Geography Geography and Environment Geography Jordan is a relatively small country situated at the junction of the Levantine and Arabian areas of the Middle East. The country is bordered on the north by Syria, to the east by Iraq, and by Saudi Arabia on the east and south. To the west is Israel and the occupied West Bank, while Jordans only outlet to the sea, the Gulf of Aqaba, is to the south. Jordan occupies an area of approximately 96,188 square kilometers including the Dead Sea, making it similar in size to Austria or Portugal. However, Jordans diverse terrain and landscape belie its actual size, demonstrating a variety usually found only in large countries. Western Jordan has essentially a Mediterranean climate with a hot, dry summer, a cool, wet winter and two short transitional seasons. However, about 75% of the country can be described as having a desert climate with less than 200 mm. of rain annually. Jordan can be divided into three main geographic and climatic areas: the Jordan Valley, the Mountain Heights Plateau, and the eastern desert, or Badia region. The Jordan Valley The Jordan Valley, which extends down the entire western flank of Jordan, is the countrys most distinctive natural feature. The Jordan Valley forms part of the Great Rift Valley of Africa, which extends down from southern Turkey through Lebanon and Syria to the salty depression of the Dead Sea, where it continues south through Aqaba and the Red Sea to eastern Africa. This fissure was created 20 million years ago by shifting tectonic plates. The northern segment of the Jordan Valley, known in Arabic as the Ghor, is the nations most fertile region. It contains the Jordan River and extends from the northern border down to the Dead Sea. The Jordan River rises from several sources, mainly the Anti-Lebanon Mountains in Syria, and flows down into Lake Tiberias (the Sea of Galilee), 212 meters below sea level. It then drains into the Dead Sea which, at 407 meters below sea level, is the lowest point on earth. The river is between 20 and 30 meters wide near its endpoint. Its flow has been much reduced and its salinity increased because significant amounts have been diverted for irrigational uses. Several degrees warmer than the rest of the country, its year-round agricultural climate, fertile soils, higher winter rainfall and extensive summer irrigation have made the Ghor the food bowl of Jordan. The Jordan River. ï¿½ Zohrab Dead Sea at night. ï¿½ Zohrab The Jordan River ends at the Dead Sea, which, at a level of over 407 meters below sea level, is the lowest place on the earths surface. It is landlocked and fed by the Jordan River and run-off from side wadis. With no outlet to the sea, intense evaporation concentrates its mineral salts and produces a hypersaline solution. The sea is saturated with salt and mineralsits salt content is about eight times higher than that of the worlds oceanand earns its name by virtue of the fact that it supports no indigenous plant or animal life. The Dead Sea and the neighboring Zarqa Maeen hot springs are famous for their therapeutic mineral waters, drawing visitors from all over the world. South of the Dead Sea, the Jordan Valley runs on through hot, dry Wadi Araba. This spectacular valley is 155 kilometers long and is known for the sheer, barren sides of its mountains. Its primary economic contribution is through potash mining. Wadi Araba rises from 300 meters below sea level at its northern end to 355 meters above sea level at Jabal Risha, and then drops down again to sea level at Aqaba. ï¿½ Zohrab The seaside city of Aqaba is Jordans only outlet to the sea. Its 40 kilometer-long coastline houses not only a tourist resort and Jordans only port, but also some of the finest coral reefs in the world. The rich marine life of these reefs provides excellent opportunities for snorkeling and diving. The Mountain Heights Plateau The highlands of Jordan separate the Jordan Valley and its margins from the plains of the eastern desert. This region extends the entire length of the western part of the country, and hosts most of Jordans main population centers, including Amman, Zarqa, Irbid and Karak. We know that ancient peoples found the area inviting as well, since one can visit the ruins of Jerash, Karak, Madaba, Petra and other historical sites which are found in the Mountain Heights Plateau. These areas receive Jordans highest rainfall, and are the most richly vegetated in the country. Wadi Mujib. ï¿½ Jad Al Younis, Discovery Eco-Tourism The Eastern Desert or Badia Region Comprising around 75% of Jordan, this area of desert and desert steppe is part of what is known as the North Arab Desert. It stretches into Syria, Iraq and Saudi Arabia, with elevations varying between 600 and 900 meters above sea level. Climate in the Badia varies widely between day and night, and between summer and winter. Daytime summer temperatures can exceed 40ï¿½C, while winter nights can be very cold, dry and windy. Rainfall is minimal throughout the year, averaging less than 50 millimeters annually. Although all the regions of the Badia (or desert) are united by their harsh desert climate,similar vegetation types and sparse concentrations of population, they vary considerably according to their underlying geology. The volcanic formations of the northern Basalt Desert extend into Syria and Saudi Arabia, and are recognizable by the black basalt boulders which cover the landscape. East of the Basalt Desert, the Rweishid Desert is an undulating limestone plateau which extends to the Iraqi border. There is some grassland in this area, and some agriculture is practiced there. Northeast of Amman, the Eastern Desert is crossed by a multitude of vegetated wadis, and includes the Azraq Oasis and the Shomari Wildlife Reserve. Brightly blue lizard, Petra. ï¿½ Ammar Khammash To the south of Amman is the Central Desert, while Wadi Sarhan on Jordans eastern border drains north into Azraq. Al-Jafr Basin, south of the Central Desert, is crossed by a number of broad, sparsely-vegetated wadis. South of al-Jafr and east of the Rum Desert, al-Mudawwara Desert is characterized by isolated hills and low rocky mountains separated by broad, sandy wadis. The most famous desert in Jordan is the Rum Desert, home of the wondrous Wadi Rum landscape. Towering sandstone mesas dominate this arid area, producing one of the most fantastic desert-scapes in the world.	i don't know
Over which city does the statue of Christ the Redeemer look	About Christ the Redeemer in Rio Brazil - Facts, History, Tickets Price Christ the Redeemer in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil PDF A larger-than-life statue of Jesus Christ perched on the Corcovado Mountain in Rio de Janeiro is inspiring, to say the least. The largest Art Deco statue of Jesus with his arms outstretched gives viewers an impression that the savior of men is keeping a watchful eye over the people of Rio. This 38-m high symbol of peace offers spectacular views of downtown Rio, the bay, Sugarloaf Mountain, Copacabana beach , and Ipanema beach . History Christ the Redeemer The idea of placing a Christian monument on Mount Corcovado (which means Hunchback) first surfaced in the middle of the 1850s to honor Princess Isabel, the daughter of Emperor Pedro II. The very idea of building the statue was shunned in 1889 when Brazil became a republic and the church and state were separated. But the Catholic Circle of Rio de Janeiro recommended building the monument in 1920. Donations from general public were collected to fund the construction of the site. It took nine years to build Christ the Redeemer (1922 to 1931) tourist attraction, which was thrown open to public on October 12, 1931. Things to do In and Around the Christ the Redeemer Statue Besides hiking, one can enjoy Hang Gliding over the wonderful city of Rio. The Tijuca National Forest is the place where you can get bookings done for Hang Gliding. Enjoy the cog train ride through the Tijuca Rainforest to reach the vantage point in the Corcovado Mountain and enjoy breathtaking views of the statue. Nearby Attractions Corcovado Mountain – It’s a granite mountain peak in central Rio with the statue of Christ the Redeemer on top. The mountain is situated within the national park called the Tijuca Forest. A 20-minute ride by Corcovado Rack Railway will get you to the top of the mountain. Guanabara Bay – This oceanic bay in the Southeastern part of Brazil offers a spectacular sight when viewed from a high altitude as it has around 130 small islands that look like dots in the bay. Copacabana Beach – It’s an outstanding confluence of land and sea. Indulge in activities on this long curving beach and watch the football skills being displayed by favela (slum) kids. The beach is sufficiently illuminated at night. Ipanema Beach – The beach, with a long stretch of sand, displays diverse subcultures. It’s a favorite hangout for artists and intellectuals alike. Where is Christ the Redeemer Statue? The Christ the Redeemer statue stands atop Mount Corcovado in Tijuca Forest in central Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. How to Reach Christ the Redeemer? By Air – The Santos Dumont Airport is just 12 km away from the statue and a half-an-hour drive is all what it takes to get there. The Galeao-Antonio Carlos Jobim International Airport in Rio de Janeiro is just over 26 km away from the Corcovado Mountain. A drive will take close to an hour. The Jacarepagua-Roberto Marinho Airport is another option. It’s less than 30 km from here. A little longer than an hour’s drive gets you there. By Train – Specially customized train routes are in place to help travelers reach the destination. The Corcovado train station in Cosme Velho and the Riotur kiosque near the Copacabana beach are the hubs from where the trains leave for this heritage destination. By Road – Mount Carcovado is well connected to every part of the city by road. There are specific bus routes operational to take the tourists to this historic site. Accommodations The Mercure Rio De Janeiro Botafogo Hotel and Apa Hotel are preferred budget accommodations. The mid-range hotels located in the vicinity include Hotel Atlantico Copacabana, Hotel Astoria Copacabana, and Mirador Rio Copacabana Hotel. The Rio 180° Boutique Hotel and Mar Palace Copacabana Hotel are meant for high-end travelers. Restaurants Mr. Lam, Rio Scenarium, Confeitaria Colombo, Garota de Ipanema, Sushi Leblon, Bibi Sucos, and Parcao Ipanema, are some of the most famous and popular food joints in Rio de Janeiro. Best Time to Visit in Christ the Redeemer Though the weather in Rio de Janeiro remains pleasant throughout the year, September to November are the most preferred months. Things to Remember To get better visibility, it is recommended to visit the place in the morning. If you don’t want to wait in a queue to board the cog train and you are open to the idea of climbing the Corcovado Mountain, you can try several rock climbing routes. Christ the Redeemer Tickets Price During high season (including Saturdays, Sundays and holidays), the ticket price for adults is R$ 62. During low season, the price is slashed to R$ 51. Minors up to five years don’t need tickets. Get the tickets from the counter at the Corcovado train station in Cosme Velho or the Riotur kiosk on the Copacabana beach. Christ the Redeemer Facts The Statue was voted as one of the Seven New Wonders of the World in 2007. French sculptor Paul Landowski built the head and hands of the statue. Brazilian engineers Heitor Silva Costa and Pedro Viana sculpted the remaining statue. The monument receives four million visitors every year. It is the most photographed destination in Brazil. It is considered the largest Art Deco statue and fifth largest statue of Jesus in the world. Christ the Redeemer statue featured in various movies such as ‘2012’, ‘Rio’, and ‘The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn: Part 1’ There is a chapel at the base of the statue where weddings and baptism ceremonies are performed.	Rio de Janeiro
In which city could you climb the Spanish Steps	The Statue of Christ the Redeemer \| Listen & Read \| Spotlight English The Statue of Christ the Redeemer July 5, 2015 Cristo Redentor Klaus Foehl, via Wikimedia How do people know and recognize your city? Liz Waid and Ryan Geertsma look at the most famous symbol of the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Audio▼ Welcome to Spotlight. I’m Liz Waid. Voice 2 And I’m Ryan Geertsma. Spotlight uses a special English method of broadcasting. It is easier for people to understand, no matter where in the world they live. Voice 1 A man stands on the top of Corcovado Mountain in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. He can see the whole city spread out before him. He looks at white buildings surrounded by deep green hills and forests. He can also see the beautiful Guanabara Bay, with white sand, blue ocean and islands. The view from Corcovado Mountain is one of the most beautiful in all of Brazil. But the man standing on the mountain is not just there to see the beauty of nature. He is also there to see something made by humans - the statue of Cristo Redentor, or Christ the Redeemer. This amazing monument is one of the Seven New Wonders of the World. More than 5,000 people visit it every day. This statue is a cultural and religious treasure for Brazil and for the whole world. Today's Spotlight is on the Christ the Redeemer statue in Rio. Voice 2 In 1920, there was a group of Christians in Rio called Circulo Carioca. They proposed the idea for an important religious monument. They wanted to build a large statue of Jesus Christ in the city. First of all, the group wanted to celebrate 100 years of independence from Portugal. They also wanted Rio to have a symbol of the importance of the Christian religion in Brazil. Brazilian politicians gave Circulo Carioca permission to build the monument. But private citizens paid for most of the statue. People even went from house to house asking for money to pay for the statue! It was truly a work of national pride. Voice 1 After the idea was approved, Circulo Carioca held a competition to design the statue. A man named Heitor da Silva Costa won the competition. Da Silva Costa worked with a Brazilian artist named Carlos Oswald and a European artist named Paul Landowski. It took a long time to design the final plans, and even longer to build them. In total, it took ten years to finish the statue. The designers wanted it to be an object of great wonder and beauty. But it also needed to be strong enough to stand against time and weather. The designers wanted people to be able to see it from all points of the city. They also wanted the statue to represent the Christian faith before the world. Voice 2 When Da Silva Costa designed the statue, he imagined the sun rising and setting on the top of Corcovado Mountain. He wrote, Voice 3 "The statue of Jesus will be the first image to come from the darkness of night. It will receive the touch of the sun, surrounding it with beautiful light. Then the sun's setting will build a crown of light around its head that is fit for the Man-God." Voice 1 Da Silva Costa was a Christian. Christians call Jesus the Christ, or Messiah. Messiah means "special chosen one." Christians also call Jesus the Redeemer of the world. A redeemer is a person who saves. In the Hebrew language, Jesus’ name means "he who saves." So the statue's title "Christ the Redeemer" means "the special chosen one who saves." Christians believe that Jesus is the one who saves the whole world. Voice 2 At first, Da Silva Costa designed the statue to include Jesus holding his cross. The cross is an important symbol for Jesus. Jesus chose to die on a cross. Christians believe that he became a sacrifice – he took the punishment for all the wrong things in the world. Then, Christians believe that he defeated death – he returned to life, and he is still alive. And he offers new life, and forgiveness to all people. Voice 1 With the help of Carlos Oswald, Da Silva Costa redesigned the statue. In this design, there was no cross. Instead, Jesus is standing in the shape of a cross. He stands with his arms spread wide open. This is the design we see today. It represents all these elements of the Christian faith. But it also shows something else. The stories of Jesus show that Jesus loved all people. He cared for all people - rich and poor, from different cultures. The statue’s wide open arms represent this side of Jesus. It looks like Jesus is embracing the city, and blessing it. Voice 2 Christ the Redeemer is not the world's tallest statue of Jesus. But it is the most famous. Millions of people come to visit it every year. In 2007, the world's population voted on the new Seven Wonders of the World. More than 100 million people voted. Along with other famous structures, such as the Great Wall of China and the Taj Mahal in India, Brazil's Christ the Redeemer became one of the new Seven Wonders of the World. Voice 1 When Da Silva Costa designed the Christ statue, he imagined the light of the sun touching Jesus' head. He may not have imagined lightning. However, for a tall statue on the top of a mountain, lightning has always been a danger. And lightning has damaged the statue several times. Recently, lightning storms have become even more intense. They present more danger to the statue than ever before. Osmar Pinto works for the Brazilian Institute of Space Research. He told the BBC, Voice 4 "In the past few years, there have been some cases of storms with more than one thousand lightning bolts. This has not happened before." Voice 2 Because of the more intense storms, the Brazilian government has increased its efforts to protect the statue. Officials have been working hard to design ways for the statue to survive lightning strikes. Businessman Paolo Dal Pino is paying for some repairs to the statue. He told the BBC, Voice 5 "This monument has two million visitors a year - it is going to be three million people probably in 2014. A place like this, damaged, is something that cannot exist." Voice 1 Christ the Redeemer is important for the cultural and religious history of Brazil. But it is also important for the millions of people from many countries who visit it. Padre Omar is the rector, or priest, of the church at the base of the statue. He told the BBC, Voice 6 "It is a religious symbol, a cultural symbol, and a symbol of Brazil. Christ the Redeemer brings a wonderful view of welcoming, open arms to all those who pass through the city of Rio de Janeiro." Voice 2 The writer of this program was Jen Hawkins. The producer was Michio Ozaki. The voices you heard were from the United States and the United Kingdom. All quotes were adapted and voiced by Spotlight. You can listen to this program again, and read it, on the internet at http://www.radioenglish.net This program is called, “The Statue of Christ the Redeemer." Voice 1 You can also leave your comments on our website. And find us on Facebook - just search for Spotlight Radio. We hope you can join us again for the next Spotlight program. Goodbye! Question: What landmarks make your city special? Would you want to go to the top of the Christ the Redeemer statue?	i don't know
What is the name given to fishing equipment	All Types of Fishing Equipment Add Listing Fishing Equipment Fishing is a fun sport that requires skill and patience. There are casual fishermen, professional fishermen, and those who use fishing as a way to provide a living for themselves and their families. No matter what kind of fishermen you are, you will need different types of fishing equipment to get the job done. The most common types are the fishing rod and reel. These two items are the single most important item in anyone's arsenal. The rod is the long extended part of the fishing equipment, and the reel is what holds the fishing line and allows you to cast out to catch the fish. The rod and reel can vary in size, length, material, and cost. Various types of bait can be used along with hooks and lures. The lures are designed to attract the fish to your bait. They can be handmade or pre-made to suit your tastes. Other types of fishing equipment include different accessories such as a tackle box that helps organize hooks, lures, and other items. For the more distinguished or experienced fisherman, there are more advanced forms of fishing equipment available. People who own a boat often use something called a fishing tracker to help them locate areas where fish are plentiful. This electronic device can be helpful when trying to find areas of a lake or the ocean where the fish dwell. When attached to a boat, the locator will sound an alarm or indicate on a small screen when fish have been found. A bucket and a cooler are also necessities when fishing. The bucket should be large enough to hold plenty of water to keep your catch fresh, and to house several fish at one time. Once you're heading home, the fish can be placed in a cooler on ice so they won't spoil. A good, sharp knife is also important for cutting the line once a fish has been caught, or if your line gets tangled. Rubber shoes and pants such as hip waders can be good for people who plan to get a bit wet. Specially designed fishing hats are also good for holding lures and protecting the face from sunburn. Most fishing equipment can be found at sporting goods stores, or at local bait and tackle shops. Some hunting supply stores also have fishing equipment. You can dig up your own live bait, or buy it at stores where it is often sold live. Some examples of bait include worms, minnows, squid, and even raw chicken. Fishing Equipment	Tackle
What were the Commonwealth Games previously called	Taglines/Names - Need name for new Hunting/Fishing Shop from Anonymous: MarketingProfs Question 18443 Taglines/Names Search more Know-How Exchange Q&A from Marketing Experts This question has been answered, and points have been awarded. Need Name For New Hunting/fishing Shop Posted by Anonymous on 6/3/2007 at 1:37 PM ET 50 Points My husband and I are opening a local bait & tackle and gun shop for all the hunting and fishing enthusiasts in the area. It will mainly consist of fishing equipment, bait, guns and ammo, and maybe some camping gear. We want something that describes the store, but doesn't sound like every other Outdoor Supplier. We have a Sports Shack and a Gun Shop in the tri-county area. We want something that portrays what we sell but nothing too bland. We are starting out with mostly guns and ammo along with some fishing gear (rods & reels, lures, tackle boxes) and of course a good selection of bait. We plan to add some camping gear at a later date. We are starting this in just a store, but are really wanting to add a shooting range to ï¿½try what you buyï¿½ and possibly a small pond for some light fishing, and definitely host a few kid oriented functions. We have only come up with a few ideas that focuses on one area of the store such as: Athertonï¿½s Hunting and Fishing Emporium (Atherton is last name) Mikeï¿½s Gunï¿½s & Gear The Bait Shop As for competing with Cabellas, Bass Pro and local shops, I plan to be slightly lower priced, plus we would have the shop locally placed for the seasonal campers, and also local & out of town hunters. So far, there is only 1 bait & tackle shop about 30 minutes away from the campsites, with outrageous prices and the gun shops are even further away. I know there are some really creative people here and I welcome any thoughts, opinions, or ideas. Thanks to all that reply. Posted by Graeme on 6/3/2007 at 8:14 PM Accepted Jessica, How about something like: Gun & Rod Rod & Gun (not original-there is a classy outdoor clothing line from New Zealand called Rodd & Gun, which has a pointing hunting dog as a logo) I like Gun & Tackle. Don't be too literal in your choices and don't try to cover everything. Let your customers fill in the gaps and suggest rather than tell. I don't know where the tri-county area is, but if there is a predominant feature of the region, you can key off that for local recognition and appeal. For example: Mountain Gun & Tackle Good luck for the new business. Graeme	i don't know
Who did Lennox Lewis beat to become undisputed Heavyweight Champion of the World in 1999	stumbleupon More StatsView More About Mike Tyson Retired American boxer, Michael Gerard “Mike” Tyson, has an estimated net worth of $1 million. Tyson is a former undisputed heavyweight champion of the world and holds the record as the youngest boxer to win the WBC, WBA and IBF world heavyweight titles, he was 20 years, 4 months and 22 days old. Mike Tyson is one of the most notorious boxers in prizefighting history thanks to his actions both inside the ring and out. His speed, power and angry aggression earned him the World Boxing Council heavyweight title in 1986, making him the youngest champion ever. The next year he won the World Boxing Association title and “Iron Mike” became the undisputed heavyweight champion of the world. In 1988, in one of his most famous fights, Tyson knocked out previously undefeated Michael Spinks in 91 seconds and earned $20 million. For a brief time he seemed invincible, until he was knocked out by the lightly-regarded James “Buster” Douglas in 1990. Then Tyson began making headlines for different reasons: his brief marriage to actress Robin Givens was followed by a bitter divorce battle; he was convicted of rape in 1992 and spent three years in prison; a comeback was stymied in 1997 when he bit off a chunk of Evander Holyfield’s ear in the middle of a match; he was jailed briefly again in 1999 for assault; and at a 2002 press conference to announce an upcoming bout, he attacked opponent Lennox Lewis and bit his leg. (The fight took place anyway on 8 June 2002, and Lennox knocked out Tyson in the eighth round). Tyson’s fans considered him a troubled youth who battled long odds to become one the sport’s greatest names; his detractors said his behavior gave the sport a black eye. Tyson’s fight career never quite recovered after his stint in jail, and he said he “most likely” wouldn’t fight again after being defeated in a 7th-round technical knockout by journeyman heavyweight Kevin McBride on 11 June 2005. In an interview with Barbara Walters and the ladies of ‘The View,’ Tyson, 44, revealed without any shame that he is “totally destitute.” When asked how he got to such a low point, Mike Tyson responded, “I had a lot of fun. It just happened.” The retired champion admitted it was his excessive and frivolous spending that led to his bank account’s demise. However, in a new state of mind he insists the lack of money has not ruined his life. “I have an awesome life, I have an awesome wife who cares about me…I don’t deserve to have the wife that I have; I don’t deserve the kids that I have, but I do, and I’m very grateful.” Tyson declared bankruptcy in 2003, despite receiving over US$30 million for several of his fights and $300 million during his career.Same year rapper, 50 Cent bought Mike Tyson‘s Farmington, Conn., mansion for $4.1 million. He is ranked #16 on Ring Magazine’s list of 100 greatest punchers of all time. Mike Tyson and his wife Lakiha Spencer on the red carpet at the star-studded MTV movie awards at Universal Studios in Hollywood. Earnings & Financial Data The below financial data is gathered and compiled by TheRichest analysts team to give you a better understanding of Mike Tyson's net worth by breaking down the most relevant financial events such as yearly salaries, contracts, earn outs, endorsements, stock ownership and much more. ?	Evander Holyfield
Who were the last team in the 20th century to win the FA Cup wearing stripes	British Heavyweights (C) Copyright 1997,1998,1999,2000 All rights reserved International Boxing Hall of Fame 1 Hall of Fame Drive Canastota, NY 13032 P: 315.697.7095 F: 315.697.5356 A historical perspective: British Heavyweights and the Rise of Modern Boxing THE BIRTH of the modern prize ring can be traced back to 18th century England. James Figg, an Oxfordshire-born Englishman, is regarded as the first heavyweight champion in the sport's history. He helped popularize boxing by opening a training academy. He taught the sport to countless pupils and accepted the challenges of all comers. He retired as undefeated champion in 1734. A series of British fighters held the heavyweight crown after Figg. One of the more prominent pugilists was James Broughton, who fought from 1729 to 1750. He was recognized as a heavyweight champion and he too was the proprietor of a successful boxing academy. He is also considered the father of boxing because he was the first to establish rules, encouraged the use of gloves and set up the bouts in an area between ropes. Broughton's rules touched off a chain of reform in boxing that led directly to the Marquis of Queensberry rules. The Queensberry regulations, established in 1867 and the foundation of boxing as we know it today, introduced three-minute rounds and helped facilitate the transition from bare knuckle fights to gloved contests. Boxing continued to thrive in England throughout the 19th Century and among the heavyweights who reigned successfully were Jem Belcher, Henry Pearce and Tom Cribb. Cribb is best remembered for winning a pair of exciting fights against Tom Molineaux, a freed American slave. The bouts were chronicled by the eloquent Pierce Egan, and the rematch is believed to be the first sporting event to garner worldwide attention from the media. At the close of the century, heavyweight champs Tom Sayer and Jem Mace rose in popularity but English champions were slowly losing their grip on the sport. By 1880, Irish-born Paddy Ryan was recognized as heavyweight champ. He lost the crown to John L. Sullivan, a first-generation American of Irish decent. It was Sullivan's fearless, brawling style and stunning knockout power that was responsible for the rise of boxing's popularity in America. After a spectacular 10-year reign, Sullivan lost the belt to American James J. Corbett, who lost the belt to Bob Fitzsimmons. Fitzsimmons was born in England but fought primarily out of Australia and the United States. However, when American James J. Jeffries dethroned him in 1899, it began nearly a century-long drought of British heavyweight champions. Britain's never-ending futility finally ended in 1992 when Lennox Lewis was awarded the WBC heavyweight title when Riddick Bowe refused to honor an agreement to meet Lewis, who had earned the position of mandatory challenger. There were plenty of challengers between Fitzsimmons and Lewis and plenty of gutsy losses. Heavyweights who fought under the Union Jack were celebrated for their valor, not necessarily their ability. The trend was so ominous that the boxing press in America began referring to British challengers as "Horizontal Heavyweights." Here's why: Tommy Farr: A former coal miner from Wales, Farr was among the most courageous heavyweights of his era. He beat the likes of Tommy Loughran, Bob Olin and former heavyweight king Max Baer. But when he challenged reigning champ Joe Louis on August 30, 1937, courage only took him so far. He lost a unanimous decision. Louis made 25 defenses of the heavyweight crown, knocking out 22 of his challengers. Only Farr, Arturo Godoy and Jersey Joe Walcott lasted the distance with Louis. Don Cockell: A blacksmith by trade, Cockell began boxing in 1946. He beat an aging Farr en route to winning the British and Commonwealth crowns and later defeated American contender Roland LaStarza. He challenged heavyweight champ Rocky Marciano on May 16, 1955 at Kezar Stadium in San Francisco. Marciano swarmed over his foe but the British contender managed to withstand the attack until the eighth round. Cockell was dropped in the 8th and twice in the 9th but arose from each knockdown. However, the referee had seen enough and stopped the contest after the third knockdown. Marciano said after the fight, "He's got a lot of guts. I don't think I ever hit anyone else any more often or harder." Henry Cooper: Known as "Our 'Enery." The most beloved heavyweight in British history, Cooper held the British, Commonwealth and European heavyweight crowns. However, Cooper was best known for his two bouts with Muhammad Ali. The first came in 1963 at Wembley Stadium and Cooper managed to floor the future champ with a left hook in Round 4. The bout would end a round later with Cooper bleeding profusely from above the left eye. The fight has taken on a mythical status because it was revealed later that Ali's cornerman Angelo Dundee bought his charge more time between rounds after the knockdown by splitting the American's glove. Three years later, Cooper challenged Ali with the heavyweight title on the line and was again stopped on cuts, this time in Round 6. Brian London: He lost a pair of bouts to Cooper and also lost in a pair of heavyweight title fights. London was knocked out by champion Floyd Patterson in the 11th round of a 1959 bout and was stopped by Ali in three rounds in 1966. Joe Bugner: He was born in Hungary but launched his pro career in London in 1967. Fought out of England until his retirement from boxing. Defeated Henry Cooper in 1971 to win British, Commonwealth and European heavyweight titles. He beat notable American heavyweights such as Chuck Wepner, Mac Foster and Jimmy Ellis. At 6-5, he was more boxer than puncher. In 1973, he lost consecutive 12-round fights to Muhammad Ali and Joe Frazier. Bugner challenged Ali for the world heavyweight title on July 1. 1975 in Kuala Lampur and lost a 15-round decision. Made a comeback to boxing and in 1998, at the age of 48, he defeated former WBA champ Bonecrusher Smith, who was 45. Richard Dunn: A southpaw born in Halifax, England, Dunn held the British and Commonwealth heavyweight crowns in 1975. He challenged Muhammad Ali for the heavyweight crown on May 24, 1976 in Munich and was stopped in five rounds. Frank Bruno: He had posted wins over Gerrie Coetzee, Carl "The Truth" Williams and James "Quick" Tillis, but couldn't win the big one until the ordinary Oliver McCall became champ. Bruno decisioned McCall for the WBC heavyweight title in 1995. Bruno, who had above average power, failed to win the heavyweight title from Tim Witherspoon in 1986, Mike Tyson in 1989 and Lennox Lewis in 1993. After racing to a fast start, Bruno was knocked out in each of those title challenges. In 1996 Bruno would meet Tyson again. This time Bruno held the WBC belt while Tyson was challenger. The result, however, was the same. Tyson stopped Bruno in the third round. Lennox Lewis: He won a gold medal for Canada in the 1988 Olympics but returned to England, his place of birth, to launch his pro career. He knocked out Razor Ruddock in two rounds at London's Earls Court in 1992 and was subsequently awarded the WBC title. American rival and undisputed champ Riddick Bowe vacated the WBC belt rather than meet Lewis in a mandatory match. Thus, Lewis became England's first heavyweight king since Bob Fitzsimmons in 1899. He lost the belt when Oliver McCall upset him via second-round knockout in 1994. He later regained the WBC crown with a TKO over McCall. Then in a bid to unify the heavyweight crown, Lewis met WBA/IBF champ Evander Holyfield in March of 1999 at Madison Square Garden. The bout, which many thought that Lewis had clearly won, was declared a draw. They met in rematch later in 1999 and this time Lewis left no doubts, winning a unanimous decision and the undisputed heavyweight title. Since that meeting, he lost the title to Hasim Rahman and then regained it with a knockout, much the way he did with McCall. In June of 2002, he scored his highest-profile win, an 8th-round knockout of Mike Tyson. Lewis retired in 2003 following a 6th round TKO over Vitali Klitschko. Herbie Hide: The hard punching Hide won the WBO heavyweight title from Michael Bentt with a seventh-round knockout in 1994. In his first title defense, Hide was knocked out by Riddick Bowe. Audley Harrison: Captured the super heavyweight gold medal at the 2000 Olympics in Sydney, Australia. As of December 2008, he was 23-4 (17 KOs). -- Compiled by Robert Cassidy	i don't know
Which insect gives off the froth known as cuckoo spit	Beetle Boy's BioBlog: Incredible Invertebrates #01: the steampunk insect with gears in its legs The thoughts and experiences of a young Naturalist! Tuesday, 2 August 2016 Incredible Invertebrates #01: the steampunk insect with gears in its legs This is the first of my series of blog posts which will be focused on, yes, you guessed it, incredible invertebrates. While rare, magnificent, or cute animals get a lot of attention, the tiny miracles that are happening everyday amongst the little creatures, are just as remarkable. A case in my point: I challenge you to find a species of elephant or rhinoceros with gears in its legs! An impossible, crazy thing for a real animal, right? Well, not exactly . . . Issus coleoptratus is a species of true bug in the infraorder Fulgoromorpha, more commonly known as planthoppers. These insects can be found across the world, and over 12,500 species have been discovered. In the UK, most planthoppers are rather small, and are most well-known to the public by their nymphs, which produce a frothy substance around them commonly known as 'cuckoo spit'. This foam is common on vegetation during the summer, and often I have been using my sweep net in a meadow, when I find a blob of cuckoo spit on my hand. The froghopper nymph produces this substance to deter predators, as they hide amongst the foam until they are an adults. An example of a particularly colourful British froghopper, Cercopis vulnerata. Another rather colourful species, Evacanthus interruptus I am sure that most people who are interested in natural history, will have heard of these insects, or the cuckoo spit that they produce. What they may not know, however, is that these creatures have gears in their legs! Which leads us back to I. coleoptratus. This species is fairly common and does not stand out as particularly special. It grows up to 7 millimetres long, and is usually a dull shade of brown or olive. It feeds on a substance found in trees called phloem, and it cannot fly. The nymphs of this species were being studied by Gregory Sutton of the University of Cambridge, and in particular he was interested in how they jumped. He noticed that when they pushed themselves off, their hind legs moved within 30 microseconds of each other, every single time. Pretty impressive coordination, but essential for an animal that relies on jumping to escape predators. After all, if the legs were out of time when they pushed off, it could send the insect spiralling off on a slant. Of course, the real question is not why it needs such fine precision, but how it manages it - there wouldn't be time for the nervous system to control such things. This baffling discovery was followed by some experiments on the insects, which came to an incredible conclusion. On the base of an insect's leg is a segment called the trochanter. In the froghopper, the trochanters of both hind legs have fine ridges (each tooth is around the fraction of the width of a hair!), and as the bases of the hindlegs touch, the ridges interlock - just like gears. As the legs pushed off, the ridges rolled against each other, keeping both limbs in time with the other. These gears in I. coleoptratus are only present in the nymphs. Once they become adults, they shed their skin, and the ridges on their trochanters with it. So are the adults doomed to go spinning off in an uncontrolled jump every time they try and leap away from danger? Well, actually they're even better at jumping than the nymphs are! Instead, the adults probably use friction to help synchronize their legs, though this is not yet fully understood and definitely not for certain. But why don't the adults keep the neat gear system that works so well for the nymphs? Well, the thing about adult froghoppers is that they never moult, so if part of their cogs broke, they wouldn't be able to grow it back when they shed their skin, as the nymphs would do. If they lost a single tooth on the cog, then the damage would remain there, and it would always spin off to the side when it tried to escape from a predator, making it much more vulnerable than in a controlled jump. This is probably the reason why the adults don't use the same cog-like structures of the nymphs. The gears found on I. coleoptratus are not unique, however: all planthoppers have them. In fact, people have known about these structures since the 1950s, but nobody knew what they were for. No further research was done on them, until Gregory Sutton, while studying insect movement, unwittingly stumbled upon the answer. Now if you see some cuckoo spit in your garden, you will be able to admire the wonder of nature that lives within it: the steampunk insect with gears in its legs. The humble froghopper is truly an incredible invertebrate. Until next time, keep on the wild side! Posted by	Froghopper
What type of insect is a katydid	Wild flowers – Bushcraft Days Finlay – The Naturalist For the last three months I have been out on regular bimbles with my son Finlay to observe and learn about nature for his Naturalist badge at Cubs. This is not an easy badge to obtain and takes three months to complete with a number of different standards to meet (some of the standards have different options to choose from). The standards/options Finlay chose to do were: Observe a natural area over a three month period a number of times to observe and record changes in nature Learn to identify six trees and six wild flowers Learn the Country Code Build a Bug Hotel Rather than just observe one natural area we spotted three good areas around the village to observe. We visited each area five times over three months to observe the changes occurring in nature. Area 1 – Scrubland This site was next to one of his playgrounds and initially seemed very promising (in the hope we would see a variety of different spring flowers) with all the Dandelion seed heads. They were still there on our second visit however the thick grass seemed to be inhibiting the growth of many of the spring flowers we were hoping to see. Area 1 – Scrubland – Visits 1 & 2 Over the following visits we spotted a few White Campion flowers and some Green Alkanet however it was the grasses, Docks and Cleavers (Sticky Willy) that seemed to dominate in the end. Finlay seemed happy with that as I usually found loads of Cleaver strands stuck to my back when we got home 🙂 Area 1 – Scrubland – Visits 3, 4 & 5 Area 2 – The Pond I have been observing a particular pond in our village over the years and knew it would be good for Finlay to observe changes in nature. The pond is full Reedmace (aka Cattail), Iris , and ringed by Marsh Marigolds and Mare’s Tail . Initially all the growth was very subdued however you can see in the second picture below (2nd visit) that there was far more shade as the plants had started to grow. Finlay is in the same spot in each picture to observe and act as a measure to the growth. Area 2 – The Pond – Visits 1 & 2 There is always something happening at the pond with wildlife. Usually we disturbed a duck or two but we did spot plenty of frogs and insects. One visit we found a dead pidgeon by the side of the pond and noticed that the Iris had started to produce its seed heads near the end of our visits. Area 2 – The Pond – Spots Over the last 3 visits the Iris and the Reedmace soon came to dominate the pond and the outer ring of Marsh Marigolds generally died back. Area 2 – The Pond – Visits 3, 4 & 5 Area 3 – The Stream We have a culvert near our house and there is a good patch of Reedmace growing beside it. This spot I thought ideal to show Finlay how quickly this plant grows. Initially it was the last years growth that dominated the stream with a lot of Hedge Garlic growing beside it. Over the subsequent visits the spring flowers all died off and the Reedmace shot up. The growth you can see below happened over a two and a half month period. Area 3 – The Stream – Visits 1 to 4 On our last visit we spotted that the pollen spikes of the Reedmace had appeared. These are a great plant for any bushcrafter as the young spikes can be boiled and eaten, the roots are edible as well as the young plant shoots. As this plant grows frequently beside (as seen by the pond) its lookalike poisonous neighbour – Iris, learn to 100% identify both plants before attempting to forage Reedmace. Area 3 – The Stream – Visit 5 Trees and Flowers Over the last three months we studied our trees and wildflower as well as Finlay had to learn to identify six trees and six wildflowers. For trees we focused on Oak , Hawthorn , Sycamore , Beech , Holly and Hazel . We started this on our first forage way back in in May when we went out on our first foraging hike together – Foraging with Finlay . He is pretty confident with most of the trees now however he still has to think about some of them. We remember them by shapes i.e. the star for Sycamore, ear lobes for Oak, spikes for Holly etc. Some of the flowers we saw regularly included White Campion, Forget-me-nots and Herb Robert . I think he struggles with White Campion as that one disappeared early but then again not many people can easily identify it. Trees and Flowers One he does remember easily is Green Alkannet (something to do with the blue flower and it having the word ‘Green’ in its title I think), Self Heal and Wild Strawberries . The white flowers of Strawberries he remembered well, in anticipation of the feast we had on the last visit. Flowers and Foraging It was not all learn, learn, learn as we had lots of fun along the way. Sometimes his sister Catherine joined us, there was lots of time spent in the parks , some beautiful insects were spotted and best of all we got muddy and spent quality time together. Extras The Countryside Code We spent time talking about how we treat the countryside while out and about. When I was a young lad we all had to be able to recite the country code however that list has now fallen out of favour now. The main aims now are to ‘Respect, Protect and Enjoy’ the countryside. Our trips would touch on these aims and a good pamphlet on the current code can be found here at the Peak District website . The Bug Hotel The last standard for the badge was to build something for nature. We opted for a Bug hotel in the garden. Finlay, Catherine and one of his friends (another Finlay) spent a long time collecting and building their Bug hotel. I wrote a separate post on this titled – Building the Bug Hotel. The Bug Hotel It has been great fun working on this project with Finlay. He really deserves his Naturalist badge now and I look forward to working on some of these more challenging badges with him in the future. One day he will no longer need me to help him but in the meantime I intend to get out and about with him as much as possible. Cheers Nature Challenge – Day 6 – Family Fun Yesterday I picked the kids up from school and instead of curling up in front of the Xbox or the iPads off we went to the woods. I know we get out to the woods on a regular basis however not normally on a school night. I did not know what we would do with our limited time but as it turned out it was surprisingly a lot. Tracking As soon as we got into Morgaston wood the kids picked up some deer tracks and after sitting for five minutes we were rewarded by spotting a deer crossing one of the paths. As we trundled along I got them to find some fungi. There was not much around but we did get some King Alfred’s Cakes, some Birch Polypore and some Artists fungi. Finding Fungi The Bluebells were really coming out and there were plenty of Primroses around. Just on the edge of the wood though we spotted our first Cuckoo flowers by a ditch. This is a sturdy little plant as it grows in some really exposed areas however it does have a very dainty look about it. Wild Flower Spotting It was not all learning – there was plenty of time to just explore and get muddy – as you do 🙂 Just Fun This was a challenge to myself as I had to watch every step I took in case I re-opened my torn calf muscle – It was worth the effort though. Cheers Nature Challenge – Day 3 – Beautiful Blues Today found me in my garden in my bid to rest up. As I was contemplating heading out to do some photography for this nature challenge I spotted some beautiful blue wild flowers. The problem I had though was they were all really tiny so out came my macro lens extensions, mini tripod and remote control for my camera. Forget-me-nots There was a bit of wind and it was occasionally gusting so I had to be really patient to get a decent shot. The picture above of the forget-me-nots I took in the front garden in view of anyone passing by. The sight of me lying down on the grass taking close ups in front of everyone seemed to amuse my wife Alison and daughter Catherine for some reason 🙂 The next flower was really tiny – ground ivy (aka alehoof or creeping charlie). It was tucked away in a shady corner under a lot of leaf cover. I used all my lens extensions to get this shot right into the centre of the flower. Ground ivy To finish off I spotted an upright bluebell flower. I took this one without the tripod and when the wind suddenly stopped. I think it was worth the perseverance though. Bluebell (possibly Spanish) I have no idea what tomorrow will bring in this 7 day challenge but I may venture further afield if I can. Cheers Memorable Moments 2015 – Nature This year I have had real fun trying to capture just a little bit of the nature I see around me when out and about on my adventures. I have had a look through some of the nature pictures I have taken this year selected the ones I have fond memories off. Plants and Fungi I went to the Brecon Beacons in the Spring with a few of my friends from Crisis and while walking along the banks of the Afon Mellte river near Ystradfellte I was struck by all the spring flowers emerging but it was something else that really caught my eye. I initially walked passed these emerging Fern Fiddleheads . I stopped myself as I realised that they would make for a cracking shot if I got down low. I am glad I went back as they are quite magical looking when you get down low (I did have some passers-by step around me as I lay in the path). Spring Shoots I often take a bimble around my village photographing wild flowers and rarely do I pay much attention to the mass of wheat being grown in all the fields. I was though stopped in my tracks by this dainty little picture. It was not until I got the picture up on the computer did I realise how beautiful it would look. These are two pieces of nature that you would not normally pay the slightest bit of attention to however when they come together they end up looking like a painting. Spike Seat I have dabbled a bit in Black and White photography this year and felt that this shot of some Cotton Grass lent well to that style. I was really struggling to find some interesting shots while up in the Lake District this year and so ended up lying face down in a bog to get this shot. Well worth it though in my opinion. Moorland Flag I really love to explore the art of Macro photography and have now got a couple of tripods and lens to help me with this. While in France on a wet morning I was walking with my friends Simon and Rick and came across these Damson Berries . Problem was I did not bring my tripod along with me. I must of taken about 50 pictures of this berry and this was the only one that was properly in focus. A real fluke but one I am glad I persevered with. Damp Damson We had a busy time running a Basic Expedition Leadership course for Sea Cadet instructors this year. While waiting for them to appear out of the woods on a navigation exercise I decided to try out an experiment. I positioned myself by a fallen log and focussed on some fungus on the log. As the guys passed by I took the shot and I think I can say the experiment worked pretty well. A Walk in the Woods Insects I cannot remember where I took this picture but I do remember seeing this little guy perched on the upturned tip of a succulent leaf. I took the shot as I could make out through the lens that his legs were resting not on the leaf but on the hairs protruding from it. I sat watching him for about 5 minutes and he did not move once – it was as if he was on some sort of guard duty. Keeping Watch For some reason this year spiders webs have been out in force. While in the Ashdown Forest my friend Charlie spotted this amazing web that was strung between two trees. The trees were about 20 feet apart and when photographed from an angle a rainbow appeared in it. I did not see this at the time of taking the picture but had it pointed out to me by my wife Alison and my friend Eleanor. Kind of took me back a bit as I did not see it at all – maybe it is just a camera thing. Rainbow Web My daughter spotted this little Dragonfly resting up at our local Church when I was running a Bushcraft stand at the church open day. She came running up to tell me but I was teaching bowdrill and had to tell her to wait. I thought he would have been gone by the time I walked over but thankfully he was still there. Looking closely I could see why – he was sitting comfortably on a little downy bed sunning himself. Downy Bed This is another one of these pictures that you take and only realise something was happening afterwards. It was taken in Southern France on an unidentified flower. I had spotted the small spider but that was all. Later when processing the picture in Lightroom I saw that he had caught and immobilised a small wasp. I wish I had spent more time watching what was going on but at least the spider got his lunch. Lunch Time This has to be my favourite nature picture of the year. It was taken by the banks of Coniston Water in the Lake District while assessing a Gold DofE Expedition. I was waiting for the teams to appear at a check point when I started stalking Damselflies – probably looked a bit of an idiot ;-). I used my extension rings to get a bit closer and this little chap was not fazed by me at all (unlike most of the others who soon flew off). Got My Eye on You Thats it for my nature memories so I will finish up with this rather nice sunset taken off Kings Standing in the Ashdown Forest. I have really enjoyed capturing nature images over the year and will no doubt be out and about looking for more beautiful and unusual images next year. Farewell Sunset My last post in this series will be on the Memorable Moments I have had in the last year in the world of Bushcraft. Cheers 10 Reasons to Bushmoot – 7/10 – Time for Nature In this digital/technology dominated world we live in today I always try and make time to keep an eye on what Mother Nature is up to around me – obviously with a camera about my person 🙂 One place where I can really immerse myself back into nature is every year at the Bushcraft UK Bushmoot for a couple of weeks. This post will concentrate on some of the different ways we at the Moot interact with nature. Bushmoot Nature The Moot is located in a wood on the edge of the National Nature Reserve at Merthyr Mawr Warren in South Wales . Merthyr Mawr Warren is I am told the site of the second largest sand dunes in Europe. The wood we use is on the edge of these dunes and was heavily planted with a variety of plants/trees after the Second World War by the local estate owners to help stabilise the dunes. The Playground I like to take a walk around the site as often as possible while I am at the Moot to see what I can spot. One of my favourite spots was this little old water wheel at the edge of the site. It is a most beautiful and quiet spot to sit and observe nature. I have a little Robin (Ok I am sure there are different ones every few years) who comes to visit me at my camp. This little fella is not shy and is always on the lookout for scraps. My kids make this site their playground and interact with nature all the time, from climbing strange looking tree roots to making their own art by throwing Himalayan Balsam up into trees so that they hang down (quite a weird site passing these trees). As we are continually clearing back the Balsam I do not mind them doing this. Variety As bushcrafters we try and minimise the impact we have on the site. For firewood we have an agreement with the local estate to buy in timber from them so as to not strip out the local wood for firewood. Occasionally with the agreement of the estate we will take out a tree or two that has become a danger to those camping in the woods. We have been coming to the site for over ten years and this policy of minimal impact has meant that the site remains a place of real natural diversity. Keeping the balance A key attraction that the Moot has is of a place of learning. We have many highly experienced instructors that come along each year to teach. This can range from creating natural art, foraging for edible plants, understanding how everything interacts and using natures raw materials to make useful items. Great instruction Part of all this learning is to know when to forage and when not to forage. In a class with Fraser from Coastal Survival this year we foraged on the coastline. We looked at many of the crabs that could be found in the rock pools and returned the many smaller ones or ones carrying eggs to where we found them. There were plenty of big crabs and shrimps though to harvest for the pot. We also forage for lots of plants that make great teas. To forage or not to forage If you like wild flowers then the Moot is a place to go to see them. Take a wander along the edge of the wood by the dunes and you will spot some real beauties like the Vipers Bugloss, Evening Primrose and the Common Centaury. Stunning flowers Bushcrafters like to forage plants that they find useful and there are plenty of plants to be found here like the Rosebay Willowherb, Thistles and Burdock. They are beautiful in their own right when in flower but it is for their uses that I look for them. Willowherb is known as Fireweed or Bombweed and Paul Kirtley has written an excellent piece on this plant – Rosebay Willowherb: Taking The Pith Thistles come in many varieties and I like to collect the downy seed heads for use as an ember extender. A good source of information on this plant can be found on the Eat The Weeds site – Thistle: It’s That Spine of Year The final picture you can see at the bottom right is the bushcrafters old favourite – Burdock. As well as having an edible root at the end of its first year I collect the second year stalks to make hangers for my kit. I wrote a post on this last year – How To…. Make a Simple Burdock Hanger Bushcrafters plants I like to do a bit of Macro photography from time to time and there is plenty of scope to do this at the Moot with plants and insects. Below are just some of the shots I have taken there recently showing the cycle of life. Below you can see the lovely stripes of the Cinnabar caterpillar, the delicate features of what I think is a Meadow Brown Butterfly sunning itself, the busy life of the feeding Six Spotted Burnett to the beauty of a discarded snail shell. The Cycle of Life Children and adults can be put off by insects however with a little bit of play and observation you can soon learn to live alongside insects. My daughter had a real dislike of wasps before coming to the Moot but now is quite intrigued by them. The caterpillar you can see in the bottom picture dropped onto my friends arm one day. He was quite beautiful to look at but thankfully not poisonous in any way. Observing I love to photograph insects and they come in many forms at Merthyr Mawr. A Bugs Life A skill I learnt a couple of years ago from Perry McGee of the National Tracking School was the art of Dowsing. Perry taught me this in minutes and I was able to located water sources and even follow a buried hose. I do not know how this really works but it is a force of nature that intrigues me. Unseen Nature Whatever interests you about watching or interacting with nature the Moot is a place to do that. I love to photograph what I see and I have found a great place to do that at the Moot. The Moot The Lakes – Beauty All Around different beauty all around While out and about assessing for a Gold DofE expedition last July in the Lake District with the Sea Cadets I spent a lot of time searching out all the beauty that was around me. This could be natural or man made however when I returned and looked at my pictures I was able to neatly drop them into different categories. These orchids below (Common and Marsh) I categorised with the carved toadstool in the middle as ‘Tall beauty’. Tall beauty Sometimes the beauty was totally unexpected, as with the Money tree, the Laughing tree and a hedge carpeted in spiders’ webs. Weird beauty The gentle beauty of the Valerian, the Dandelion seed head and the Cotton grass struck me as they ofen live in a very inhospitable environments. They look very fragile however they are designed to withstand much of what nature can throw at them. Gentle beauty July is a great time for spotting the Sundews and Butterworts in the marshy places of the lakes. Once you get down close you can easily get drawn into these sticky little fellas. Deadly beauty I spent a lot of time crossing or just gazing at the numerous little streams or waterfalls that trip. They can be quite hypnotic and relaxing if you allow yourself the time to relax (there’s lots of waiting around on a DofE trip). Fast beauty One day I was wandering along the road admiring the betony and the Cuckoo flowers when a tractor came along and mowed the whole lot down ( I appreciate that this is a working landscape – I am the tourist here and I remember that fact) – they were gone in a blink of an eye. Thankfully many of the farmers in the Lakes encourage wild flowers in their fields these days so there was still plenty to see and for the insects to visit. Disappearing beauty There were plenty of reds around, such as the Foxglove and the English Stonecrop (not sure about the little fella on the bottom right). Had to take these pictures from weird angles, often involving climbing rocky outcrops. Red beauty The Bog Asphodels and yellow Poppies were simply stunning. I do not see these plants in many other places and they were carpeting whole areas up in the Lakes. I had to jump on a number of occasions to avoid squashing frogs however they do like to play dead if they are spotted, allowing you the chance to really get up close to them. Yellow beauty My favourite pictures of the trip was of this little Damselfly. Simply stunning. Blue beauty I had fun with my macro lens extensions (especially with the rather grumpy little fella on the bottom left – I think I was in his personal space by the look in his eye). Bug beauty Lastly some fleeting beauty – the geese on Coniston Water and a deer and an owl in the woods Fleeting beauty Keep your eyes open on your next trip out and you will see different beauty all around. Cheers 30 Days of Wildness – Day 30 – Finale – Family Fun Day 30 of the 30 Day Challenge has arrived for me and a lovely day it was spent walking by the River Loddon here in Hampshire with my family. We decided to head off down some of the tracks Alison uses to run along and explore them in a bit more detail. There were plenty of beautiful horses grazing in their paddocks along the way and a perfect bridge for Pooh sticks. Pooh Sticks and horses I was particularly glad to be at home for this final day and to spend it with Alison, Catherine and Finlay just having fun outside with nature. Riverside fun We soon headed out onto the fields as there were lots of private property signs discouraging us from going further along the river. There was though plenty to find in the fields and the hedgerows such as these Poppies Alison found in the wheat.. Across the fields I spotted the tiny little Shepherds Purse plant along the path and there were beautiful thistles growing in the hedges. Styles and Shepherds Purse The path took us across a field and Catherine spotted herself a little moth hidden in the grass. There were butterflies flitting about everywhere but too fast for me to photograph. Zooming in There was plenty of more exploring to be had both in the grass and the hedgerows. I spotted some lovely Woundwort by a bridge and Finlay got himself part of wing from a recently killed bird. Fun and Finds As it was a school night we could not stay long so it was soon time to go home. We got in one more set of Pooh Sticks, climbed a few logs and Finlay got himself a large Pheasant feather. Heading Home That is it for me for the 30 Day Challenge. It has been a challenge to make time every day for nature however it has been well worth it – a real tonic you could say. Finish up The Wildlife Trusts no doubt will run this again next year but in the meantime the next project is Random Days of Wildness. I can work with that I think. Thanks for following me on this journey over the last 30 days. Cheers The Grumpy Old Men’s Club Mid May found me heading to the Brecon Beacons in South Wales with my good friends Gordon, Rick and Stu. We all have volunteered together with the homeless charity Crisis for nearly 20 years now and for a variety of reasons we are known as ‘The Grumpy Old Men’s Club’. We like to get away together once a year just to catch up and have a bit of fun (in our usual grumpy old way). We camped by the Dan yr Ogof show caves in the lovely village of Glyntawe . On the Saturday morning we drove over to the car park in Taf Fechan Forest and walked up the track to the east of the Upper Neuadd resevoir onto the area known as ‘The Gap’ . On the map you will see this as Bwlch ar y Fan. Set up and away From The Gap we headed west around Cribyn and up onto Pen y Fan. There was little wind here and lots of cloud cover making excellent walking (I do not particularly like hillwalking in sunny conditions – must be a Scottish thing). We took our time but we were soon all at the top. We did not hang around long and via Corn Du we headed South again by way of the ridge on Craig Gwaun Taf . This route has much less traffic on it and soon we were on our own again. The windswept peat banks made for a bit of fun along the way. Pen Y Fan As we moved down Craig Gwaun Taf we could see clearly now the resevoir at Upper Neuadd. It looked as though someone had pulled the plug hole in it. South via Gwaun Taf Further down the track near Twyn Mwyalchod (grid SO021176) we came across a Trig Point painted with a Welsh dragon and two little plaques dedicated to fallen soldiers from the Afghanistan war. Quite a moving site in such a beautiful location. Commemoration Trig Point at Twyn Mwyalchod Our descent took us through a conifer plantation that had been felled a couple of years ago (there was significant re-growth). It was tricky going in places but we took our time and were soon by the Taf Fechan river (translates as the Little Taff). We could not cross due to the high water level so we headed downriver to find a bridge near the road. By the road we came across an abandoned campsite that had been left in a poor condition. Everything had been bagged up but just left there. Also along the way we spotted that the billberries were coming through. Not ripe yet but definitely coming through. Descending into Taf Fechan forest Needless to say there was plenty of time to sit and relax or as usual to stroll around and take pictures. Chill time After an enjoyable evening and a night in my hammock (the other guys got the tipi) we packed up and drove over to Ystradfellte to walk the ‘Along the Waterfalls’ route. As you can see the drive took us a little time but we were in no rush. The road to Ystradfellte The spring flora was well displayed along the River Mellte . Wood anemones were in abundance ( top left below),’ the ferns were just unfurling, the cuckoo flowers (bottom left) were everywhere and I was especially happy to spot an area of water avens (bottom right) along the river bank. Brecon in Bloom The biggest and most spectacular falls on the walk are to be found at Sgwd yr Eira (Waterfall of the Snow) and it is safe to walk underneath the overflow. When you near the falls you have to descend some steep steps and it was when we were nearing here we started to hear some shouting. The shouting turned out to be a local Kyokushin Karate club doing waterfall training. They have been doing this since 1980 and come down every year. For a while we watched them doing training under the spray of the waterfall and then one by one, as you can see below, they jumped into the river. This type of training is common in Japan, apparently. Finding the falls at Sgwd yr Eira Once we had finished here it was a slow climb out of the ravine and we headed back upstream to find some of the other waterfalls. Mooching upstream There are quite a number of waterfalls on the river and I normally come to Sgwd y Pannwr (Fullers Falls) to sit and have lunch. It has a lovely flat area of rock to sit on and you can paddle in some of the shallow areas. Today however there were a lot of outdoor groups canyoning and I got some fantastic pictures of the guys leaping off the side of the waterfall. Airborne at Sgwd y Pannwr The last waterfall had a large group climbing down the side of it and when they got to the base of the falls, one by one they disappeared into it. We did not hang around to see them emerge, but as I heard nothing in the news all must have made it safely out 😉 The falls at Sgwd Clun-Gwyn We were soon back at the car park ready for the trip home. This was a great weekend with the Grumpy Old Men’s club and I look forward to many more. Cheers Colours of Spring Spring is well and truly under way now and I have been getting out as much as possible either by myself, with my family or with friends. There is a lot to see if you look close enough as my son is with this suspended feather trap. I love feather traps (that is anything that catches a feather) as they make for beautiful pictures. Feather Trap While reviewing my spring pictures I noticed there were dominant colours coming through. Below (from left to right) are the purples of the snakes head fritillary, two emerging and an emerged early purple orchid, and a lovely red campion. I was particularly pleased to capture the orchids just emerging from their leaf sheath. Purples The woods and the hedgerows are awash with small white flowers at the moment. I was pleased to see that our local woods (The Frith near Bramley, Hants) sports such a wide range. For a few weeks at this time the wood anemone’s can be easily spotted (top left) and if you look close enough you will spot the delicate wild strawberry flowers (top right) just coming through. One day I will take the time to work out whether they are the barren or the fruiting types. Also hiding out in the woodland glades are the beautiful but tasty (the leaves that is) wood sorrel (bottom left). Like the wood anemone the wood sorrel is best viewed on sunny days while it is fully open. Bottom right is stitchwort (‘greater’ I think). I have been finding this in great patches alongside hedges where they receive a lot of sunlight. I particularly liked this picture with the single stitchwort being framed by the dandelion. Whites As I write this the early dog violets (top right) where I live are on the wane but the beautiful bluebells are really coming through now in great carpets. Bottom left is the often overlooked blue flower of ground ivy. As this little plant grows easily on disturbed ground you find it in your vegetable patches if you do not clear it out regularly. I like it though as it does add a lovely tinge of blue to an otherwise mass of green. One of the nicest blue flowers (even more than bluebells I think) out at this time is the forget-me-not (bottom right). I took this picture by a riverside outside Dundee as it clung precariously to an old stone wall. Blues The last dominant colour I have noticed this spring is yellow. One of the earliest and for some reason this year one of the most abundant (top left) is the primrose. I am finding this delicious little plant everywhere. The other three (top right), the cowslip, the buttercup and the male goat willow catkins are just coming out around here. There are so many dandelions out at the moment so it is good to see that carpet of yellow being broken up by other yellows. Yellows The final picture is of the odds and sods I have taken over the last few weeks. The horsetail and the female goat willow catkin up close look very striking but it is the picture of the kids getting out and about from their usual digital world and enjoying a bit of sun and flowers that I love the most. Odds and sods Brecon in Bloom ‘for some reason the name Bob comes up time and again’ While helping with a Gold DofE Expedition this July in the Brecon Beacons in South Wales I got photographing as much of the plant life I could that was in flower. I find that many people who walk these high hills (including many adventure leaders) pay scant regard to what is down by their feet but if you look closely enough you will see a riot of colour. I have used two good reference guides for this article – these are: 2) The First Nature Guide to Wonderful Wildflowers of Wales – Volumes 1 to 4 – Pat O’Reilly and Sue Parker All of the pictures were taken inside the Brecon Beacons National Park mostly on the hillsides. On the left below is Bog Asphodel a beautiful yellow flower that is now in decline. Historically farmers associated this plant with ailments to sheep such as brittle bones or foot rot. It was not the plant that caused the problems but the poor soil the sheep lived on. As farming practices change so does the soil and so the plant is now in decline. At the top right you see Tormentil and this little plant is always ovelooked but once you become aware of it you see it all over the hills. This is an astringent little plant that was used to treat gum disease and colic. Another common name is bloodroot for the red dye it produces. At the bottom right you can see Perforate St John’s Wort . I normally spot this plant low down slopes but I found this one in a gully quite high up where it had found some shelter. Herbalists use this plant to treat depression to this day however due to its perforated leaves (hold one up to the sun to see them) it was previously thought to be good for treating wounds and stopping bleeding. Bog Asphodel, Tormentil and St John’s Wort I found Water Forget-Me-Not in a number of locations, sometimes on its own and sometimes in whole carpets but always around water in sheltered spots. Apart from being given to loved ones in the past so they would not feel forgotten this little plant was seen as cleanser of mucus so thought good for treating whooping cough and bronchitis. A little point on naming plants is that when I am out and about especially with my younger students I do not always tell them the names of the plants. I get them to agree a random name for different plants and say out these names as they go along every time they spot one – for some reason the name Bob comes up time and again (must be a Blackadder thing). Once we are back at camp I then get them to ID Bob for its given name. This seems to make the plant names stick with them more. I got this idea many years ago from a fellow bushcrafter. Water Forget-Me-Not Another couple of plants of wet areas are the Sundew (top) and the Butterwort (below). Both plants exude sticky fluids to catch insects and have been used to treat rough skin to make it smoother (Butterwort) and also to treat sunburn (Sundew). Sundew and Butterwort I came across a bank made up of shaped stones to support a small railway and saw that it was completely covered in Wild Strawberries . I have never seen so many Wild Strawberries in one place. The bank was facing the South West over open water so that must have had quite an influence on its growth. Wild Strawberry Back out on the moorland the land was dominated by the Soft Rushes . As recently as the second world war the soft piths of these plants were used as candles. I found the Water Mint in a tiny stream in amongst the Rushes. I did not identify it easily at first as it was not in flower but its smell and square stem gave it away. A great medicinal plant and I like it in my tea. Soft Rush and Water Mint The Brambles (top) I spotted in mid July were just starting to ripen their Blackberries. Is it me or are the blackberries very early this year? I spotted these Bilberries (bottom) while walking with the cadets where the sheep could not get easy access to so we had a bit of a feast. Both these fruits make excellent puddings and jams. Ripening Bramble and Bilberry The beautiful Meadowsweet was in full bloom in July and was growing abundantly in the low lying areas around the hills where it had plenty of light and water. This was one of the plants sacred to Druids and was a plant that Bayer used as one of the key ingredients when developing aspirin in the 19th century. It gives off a lovely aroma and was traditionally used in the home to cover up bad smells. Meadowsweet On the left you can see the Common Spotted Orchid . I came across this beautiful flower in the hills but on the steep grassy slope by a river where the soil was not too acidic. A common ingredient in love potions all over the world I am told. At the top right is the tiny Wild Thyme , a plant I got confused with Self Heal for a long time. As a medicinal plant it was used as a sedative and was good for hangovers. The Red Clover in the bottom right is a little flower spotted all the time by most people but at this time you can see that it has opened up slightly. This little fella I can remember as a kid providing me with a shot of nectar. It is also loved by farmers as a nitrogen rich fertiliser or as a feed for animals Common Spotted Orchid, Wild Thyme and Red Clover I did not see a great deal of the Bell Heather (top left) as it does not like the soil to be to acidic so it can be an indicator of drier ground. Traditionally this plant has been used in the making of ropes and baskets due to its long fibrous stems. The Marsh Thistle (bottom left) as you can see by the insect feeding on it is a good source of food for many different types of insects. The young shoots are quite tasty too. On the right is the majestic Foxglove . I did not spot too many high up in the hills but found a few in some of the more protected gulleys. A poisonous plant but one I remember playing finger puppets with as a child. As I know it is poisonous now as a father I do not let my kids go anywhere near it. Bell Heather, Marsh Thistle and Foxglove The Meadow Crane’s Bill (top left) named after the fruiting body it grows that resembles a Cranes beak. This is another medicinal plant used historically for treating wounds and nowadays for treating diarrhoea and also as a gargle. Bottom left is the tiny Self Heal . Another plant that is easily missed but was once seen as the woodmans friend and used to treat small cuts they got from their tools. On the right is the tall and slender Great Burnet . I found this one in only one spot on my trip near a railway line and nearly walked past it. I like to nibble the young leaves. It’s other name is Burnip due to its ability to help treat burns. Meadow Crane’s Bill, Self Heal and Great Burnet On the left is the well known medicinal plant Yarrow . This tough plant was growing all over the lower slopes. Up high you still saw the odd one but hugging the earth very closely. I remember being on a Bushcraft course, having a cold and being given Yarrow tea laced with honey. That cold did not hang around as it normally would do with me. I think the yellow flower on the right is a Hawkbit . These little yellow flowers are difficult to identify correctly if you do not look closely at the leaves. I forgot to do this but I think it is a Hawkbit. The genus of this plant is Leontodon which translates to Lions Tooth – referring to the squared of but toothed tips of the flower. Yarrow and Hawkbit My last picture I included as I came across a lot of logging in the lower slopes of the hills. It is Larch I think and I really liked the contrast between the young green growth, the growing cones and the sharpness of the stump left by the loggers. Larch I really enjoyed spotting and photographing these plants (I had to climb down into some steep gullies) however please let me know if you think I have identified any of them incorrectly. Cheers Bramley Bimbles – June 14 I made a number of bimbles around Bramley in June observing the changes occurring so I have decided to merge the three trips into one report. I took my kids out on two of them: it’s great seeing them starting to observe nature with more of an eye for detail. My wife Alison gave me a macro camera lens for my iPad mini for Fathers Day and I took this lovely picture of this orange hawkweed with it. Orange Hawkweed The cherry tree I have been monitoring produced its fruit in June. On the first trip they were yellow, on the second they were red and on the third trip they had all been stripped away by the birds. I did also manage to find a few wild strawberries over the month but they were soon getting nibbled away at as well. Cherry and Wild Strawberry On the second trip I spotted that some damselflies were flitting about a watercress-covered pond. I kept trying to get a decent picture of them but the pictures always ended up fuzzy. On the last trip after a patient wait I managed to snap this picture with the iPad mini using the macro lens. Damselfly At another pond where I am watching the reedmace growing I came across the yellow flower below. I had never seen this before so had to look it up: the closest I can get to it is a flower called the monkey flower. Happy to be educated by anyone if they can ID it as something else. If it is monkey flower then the leaves and stem were traditionally used by Native Americans as a salt substitute just as colts foot was used here. I was first taught how to dry out the leaves of colts foot by my friend Kevin Warrington – Laplanders Natural Lore Blog . Even though the bluebell has lost its flower I still think it is a beautiful plant in this late stage of its life cycle. These pods will eventually darken before they open to disperse their seeds. Monkey flower and Bluebell seed pods This was one of the first self heal flowers I came across this year right at the beginning of the month. It is a wonderful medicinal plant that I have used a number of times along with woundwort, plantain and yarrow to treat small cuts and grazes. It was also known as carpenter’s herb because of this ability to treat small cuts. As the month has worn on this plant has appeared all around the village in great numbers. It is a pity that most people do not give it a second thought. Self Heal Two very tiny details in abundance at the moment are the cuckoo spit and the tiny green alder cones. The cuckoo spit contains the Froghopper nymph which uses the spit much like a home when it emerges as a place of safety. Some of the alder cones have a red tongue-like protrusion caused by the fungus Taphrina alni. The fungus develops in some of the cones and forces the cone to grow these protrusions so as to produce and release its spores – a kind of forced symbiosis I suppose. My source on this was the Donegal Wildlife Blogspot Cuckoo spit and Alder Cones My first mullein flower of the year. This was the only mullein I saw in flower but there are plenty growing around the village. A great medicinal plant used for treating chest infections, TB, digestive problems, sore throats and many more ailments. Nature News has a good page on the plant. I personally like it as it makes a good handrill, a good torch when covered with oil or fats but also as its leaves are soft and have anti-bacterial properties, which means they make great toilet paper. Mullein flower As I have been taking Paul Kirtley’s online Masterclass in Plant ID I have been monitoring a lot of different sites and trees around the village since February and plan to do so for a whole year. It has been great to see all the changes occurring with the flowers and the trees leaves coming through but I was particularly happy to spot my first hazelnut and acorn of the year this month. Hazel nut and baby acorns It was not until the end of my last bimble, as I turned my last corner to go home, that I spotted my first poppy of the year. The edible part of the plant is the seed which is used in cakes and also crushed to make an oil. Poppy Two other new spots this month were the enchanters and the woody nightshades. The enchanters nightshade I found dotted all around the woodland floor but the woody nightshade I found in a hedge by our local park. They are not related but are both beautiful flowers. The enchanters was known to the Saxons as aelfthone to treat what they saw as elf sickness – any sudden sickness brought on for no known reason. Woody nightshade is another plant used medicinally in the past and is also known as bittersweet because of the bitter then sweet taste you got when chewing the root of the plant. Large doses of this plant though are deadly so one left to well-trained herbalists. Enchanter Nightshade and Woody Nightshade I have found only one patch of ground where I have seen the common bistort growing. This was taken near the end of its flowering stage and was covered in these moths. I have never tried this plant but I am told that the young leaves and the root are edible. In the Lake District the plant is used in the making of a pudding called the Bistort Easter-Ledge Pudding . Bistort and Moth My friend Alan Smylie is an excellent forager and photographer and I was chatting to him about the common mallow and the lime flowers that you can see below. Apart from looking beautiful he is making a wild cherry jelly infused with mallow leaves and he makes a tea from the lime flowers. I hope to do a forage or two with Al at this years BCUK Bushmoot in August and pick his brains a bit more about some of these plants. Mallow and Lime flowers In the stream near our house I have found carpets of watercress growing. The flowers attract a lot of insects and the whole plant can seem to fill a stream. It was not until I got into the stream did I notice that the plant seems to float on the water with the roots of to the side of the stream. The plant is edible but only if you know the water is clean. Watercress On the left is the pin cushion head of a devils bit scabious flower. This beautiful flower is a source of food for many insects in the summer. In particular the declining Marsh Fritillary Butterfly relies heavily on this flower. When I see this flower appear each year I know that summer has finally arrived. At the bottom right is the lovely meadowsweet. This was one of the plants sacred to Druids and was a plant that Bayer used as one of the key ingredients when developing aspirin in the 19th century. It gives off a lovely aroma and was traditionally used in the home to cover up bad smells. Devils Bit Scabious and Meadowsweet I spotted this little fella taking a rest on the seed head of a Ribwort Plantain plant. He was not at all fazed as my phone camera came in close. Ribwort Plantain seed head On our second trip out we came across this ash tree that had been used as a scratching post for deer. It looks like they had used the tree to help rub the felt of their antlers. I could see teeth marks on the edges of the ripped off bark and lots of scratches on the wood itself where it appears they were rubbing their antlers. Apart from the sign on the tree there were plenty of tracks. We had lots of deer slots, badger prints, pheasant, squirrel and what maybe a vole print. I do not know if the top right print is a vole but it is certainly small enough to be one and the bottom one are the tracks of a grey squirrel. Deer tree damage, unknown top right and Squirrel bottom left There have been lots of early purple and early marsh orchids in the woods around the village but I have only spotted two of these pyramidal orchids this year. They seem to like drier, more open ground and I found one near the railway line and the other on the edge of a field so they are probably less common due to the fertilizer run-off from fields and toxins from the railways but also because they do not produce nectar themselves but rely on other nearby orchids to attract insects. Pyramidal Orchid That was my June when it came to observing nature around Bramley. My kids had a great time and so did I, taking them out, photographing and researching some of the plants. Cheers My favourite 2013 plant pictures Happy Christmas to everyone. I hope you are having a great time and looking forward to a good New Year. As the weather here in the UK has been a tad damp and windy I thought it would be good to just bring a bit of colour at this time. My Facebook friends will no doubt have seen the monthly albums of plants I have been posting over the year. I took a look at them again and decided to pull a few of the ones from each month that I particularly liked for the blog. The plants may or may not have a bushcraft use, they are just the ones I really liked and not some sort of ID guide. If I decide on a bit of foraging I only pick plants that I have 100% identified and that it is legal to do so. If you have positively identified a wild plant and have never tried it before then I advise you to test your tolerance to it first. A great explanation on this can be found on Robin Harfords Eat Weeds site. The test is clearly laid out and simple to remember. I will name each plant and one or two uses (if I know of any). Apart from online references which I will link to in the post my main source of reference will be from the excellent and little-known plant ID book by Charles Coates called The Wildflowers of Britain and Ireland . February One of the hidden gems of the Common Holly tree (Ilex aquifolium) is found on its leaves. Here you will find the home of the Holly Leaf Miner larvae (Phytomyza ilicis). I studied this little larvae in university and it still intrigues me to this day. The adult fly lays an egg in the stem of the leaf and when it turns into a larvae it burrows into the leaf. A large circular exit hole (over 1mm) usually means the larvae has hatched successfully. A small circular hole usually means the larvae has been predated by a parasitic wasp and a triangular tear as you see here means a blue tit has had a snack. I have put a link to an excellent PDF on the Miner by the Field Studies Council at the bottom of the post. Holly – Ilex aquifolium Learning to identify plants when not in flower is a must for bushcrafters so as to be able to forage successfully year round. On the left you can see the purple spotted leaves of the Arum plant sometimes known as Cuckoo-pint or Lords and Ladies (Arum maculatum) and on the right the crinkly leaves of the Wild/Common Primrose (Primula vulgaris). I advise people not to touch Arum as it can cause quite nasty allergic reactions if not handled correctly. Arum has traditionally been used as a soap (called Portland Sago) and the starch from the root was commonly used to stiffen Elizabethan ruffs. My favourite use though I found in Coates: “Victorians omitted it from their flower guides because of its suggestive shape. For some reason, young men placed it in their shoe to gain the prettiest dance partners”. Unless you are an expert in processing this plant I would advise you just to identify it in all its different stages and leave it be. The Primrose is a different resource entirely. The word Primrose comes from the latin Prima rosa meaning ‘first rose’. Once identified properly this makes an excellent addition to any salad or a tasty snack while foraging as the leaves and flowers are edible. The leaves and flowers can be used to make tea and I have heard of friends making a wine using the flowers. Cuckoo-pint/Lords and Ladies (Arum maculatum) & Common Primrose (Primula vulgaris) March The beautiful Blubell (Hyacinthoides non-scripta) starts to stick its leaves out in March. I loved the way this one had managed to pierce some leaf litter from the previous year. Bluebell in conjunction with some other species can be an indicator species for ancient woodland. Early Bluebell leaves (Hyacinthoides non-scripta) The picture of these Crocuses was taken outside our church and it is a sight I love to photograph every year. Crocus April Another lovely sight in the early spring is the appearance of the catkins on the Goat/Pussy Willow (Salix caprea). This tree, apart from its medicinal uses, makes for excellent cordage from the inner bark and is a great bowdrill wood. Watch out when you burn it as it does tend to spark a bit. These are male catkins I think and are one of the earliest indicators of spring, appearing long before the leaves. Goat/Pussy Willow (Salix caprea) I took this picture of the Primrose with the flowers and the Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea) on the right without the flowers as a comparison. When both do not have flowers they can be confused for each other. The Primrose has a more rounded leaf tip and the Foxglove has a very pointed leaf tip. As a forager in the early spring/late winter it is important you can comfortably identify both these plants. Foxglove is still used today in a synthetic form as a heart drug, so is, as Coates states, “Best left for the Bees”. Common Primrose & Foxglove leaves (Digitalis purpurea) Until I looked in Coates I did not know much about Snowdrops (Galanthus nivalis) other than that they always appear in late winter. Turns out they are not native to the UK and were only first documented in the wild in 1770. In the past the flower was likened to a death shroud so it was seen as unlucky to bring a single one into your house but OK to bring in a bunch. These flowers as you can guess come from the local graveyard – kind of apt in the light of this new knowledge for me. Snowdrops (Galanthus nivalis) Butterbur (Petasites hybridus) is not a plant I see too often in the wild. This one I found on the edges of a wood in the grounds of a stately home. As well as being rather beautiful it has some medicinal uses for treating migraines. Butterbur (Petasites hybridus) May A sight that cannot be beaten is a carpet of Bluebells. I did watch a programme where Ray Mears crushed the bulb up in his mouth and spat it out to make a form of primitive glue. Not something I’ve tried personally but I have had limited success using the crushed leaves for fletching primitive arrows. Bluebells This picture I took at Mottisfont House in Hampshire. I think it is a Magnolia tree but it does makes a perfect canvas for some climbing children. Magnolia tree (Magnolia) According to Coates the Fritillary (Fritillaria meleagris) is a favourite of rabbits which is possibly a reason I do not see it very often in the wild. It is such a striking flower with these drooping petals. Fritillary (Fritillaria meleagris) Bugle (Ajuga reptans) is a common plant found around my village growing in the long grass of the meadows. This plant has long been used to treat wounds but from reading Coates it seemingly has been used by herbalists to help treat hangovers. You just never know sometimes. Bugle (Ajuga reptans) Bugle Ribwort Plantain (Plantago lanceolata) like the other plantains is a great bushcrafters’ plant. It is a hardy plant able to withstand a lot of foot traffic. The leaves can be made into a poultice or ointment to help stem bleeding or to soothe burns and stings. One herbalist explained to me that chewing some of the seeds helped to keep mozzies away and some of my bushcrafting friends have made cordage from the fibrous sinews in the leaves. My favourite use is to squeeze the juice out of the leaves and rub it on nettle stings to ease the pain. I have put another good link at the end of the post about Plantain. Ribwort Plantain (Plantago lanceolata) Self Heal (Prunella vulgaris) is one of these plants that most people do not give a second glance. Personally I think it is one of the most beautiful flowers we have. Traditionally used by woodland workers to help close up cuts. Self Heal (Prunella vulgaris) June I always come across Sundew (Drosera rotundifolia) while leading groups out in the New Forest in the early summer. It is an easy plant to miss but if you keep your eyes open for well lit, low lying boggy areas you will spot them. Apart from its medicinal properties for treating breathing issues it seemingly has a reputation as an aphrodisiac – Coates notes: “Known as a love charm for its ability to lure insects, it was secreted in girls’ clothing by amorous men”. Sundew (Drosera rotundifolia) I think that this is the Common Orchid (Dactylorhiza fuchsii) but I may well be wrong. I have spotted quite a few different types this year either in long grass or in woodland glades. In Scotland I have found many on the coast growing in sheltered areas of rocky outcrops. Common Orchid (Dactylorhiza fuchsii) There is one ditch in my village that has a clump of Common Bistort (Polygonum bistorta) growing in it. This is a plant that likes ditches and damp places. I have no bushcraft use for it but I do enjoy the sight of it as I pass by. Common Bistort (Polygonum bistorta) The Meadow Crane’s Bill (Geranium pratense) was used to treat wounds in the past. Coates notes that it has been used as a medicine since Roman times. It seems a very versatile plant for herbalists treating a wide range of ailments including diarrhoea, as a gargle for sore throats and for treating toothache. Meadow Crane’s Bill (Geranium pratense) July This fine example of Borage (Borago officinalis) was from the Eden Project in Cornwall though I do spot this plant on many of my trips. It is edible and has medicinal uses. It’s originally from Southern Europe where the leaves are added to different pasta dishes and soups. Before we added cucumber to Pimms seemingly the preferred addition was Borage leaves (source Wikipedia) Borage (Borago officinalis) Honeysuckle (Lonicera periclymenum) is another bushcrafter’s friend. Not only is the peeled bark/skin an excellent source of tinder, it is the little devil that makes all those beautiful spirals on young shoots such as hazel that make great walking sticks. Coates suggests it has some medicinal uses as the leaves and flowers contain the active ingredient of aspirin. Honeysuckle (Lonicera periclymenum) The Wood Aven (Geum urbanum) is one useful plant and has quite a history. Medicinally it has been documented in use as far back as the Greeks and to this day herbalists still use it to help treat fevers and other ailments. The root has a clove-like smell and so was traditionally hung in houses to keep away evil spirits. My favourite use however was as a flavouring for beer. Coates lists lots of other uses: one to know and try out. Wood Aven/Herb Bennett (Geum urbanum) August I took this picture of the Evening Primrose (Oenothera biennis) at our BCUK Bushmoot in South Wales. A visitor from the States and another medicinal/edible plant. Coates notes that the roots were once eaten as a prelude to wine drinking as we eat olives today. He adds that it contains vitamin F which is helpful with protecting arteries from fatty decay. Evening Primrose (Oenothera biennis) I love to look at the Teasel (Dipsacus fullonum): as far as I am concerned it is a work of art. I use the stem as a hand drill and love to watch the Six Spotted Burnetts feeding off the head. The heads were traditionally used in the clothing industry to raise the fibre of cloth after weaving. I ask the young ones to feel the leaves (gently) and I love seeing the look on their faces when they feel the barbs on the back of the leaf. When they spot the water that collects as a small pool at the base of the leaf I tell the little ones that this is where fairies come to drink. As a small child you could well believe this as the plant does look like it has magical properties. Teasel (Dipsacus fullonum) Burdock must be one of the most well known bushcrafters’ plant. It has a two-year life cycle and the root of the plant at the end of its first year’s growth provides good carbohydrates and vitamins. Coates comments that the young leaves are edible which I agree with, but personally I cannot stand the taste of the leaves at any time. The base of the stem when the plant is young is quite palatable though. I have friends who use the dried-out base of the second year plant attached to a bow drill spindle and swear by it. I like to use the second year stem as a clothes and kit hanger, trimming the branches from the stem leaving a small point protruding where each branch was and hanging it up in a tent for my bits and bobs. This was a traditional method on the Isle of Lewis where I come from as there are very few trees on the island so wood is hard to come by. Burdock (Arctium lappa) A plant of many names is the Reedmace (Typha latifolia), other names being Cattail, Fairy Woman’s Spindle and now officially Bulrush (caused so much confusion that one). The root, like that of Burdock, is a great source of carbohydrates, you can make a flour out of the seed head (also makes great flash burn tinder) and a passable hand drill. A plant with too many uses to list. Reedmace/Cattail (Typha latifolia) If you have reached this far well done. I did not want to put in so many pictures but it was very hard to choose which pictures to put up. Apologies if I got anything wrong but I hope you enjoyed them. Have a great Christmas	i don't know
What nationality was Madame Tussaud	Marie Tussaud facts, information, pictures \| Encyclopedia.com articles about Marie Tussaud COPYRIGHT 2004 The Gale Group Inc. Marie Tussaud German wax modeler Marie Tussaud (1761-1850) founded the famous London museum that bears her name early in the 1830s, and it remains one of the city's most popular tourist attractions nearly two centuries later. Tussaud learned the art of creating lifelike figures out of wax during the French Revolution, claiming to have made her first ones directly from the heads of the recently guillotined. “Tussaud experienced sweeping social changes,” noted Marianne Brace, a writer for London's Independent on Sunday. “She saw the sacramental nature of kingship in the fated Louis XVI give way to the domestic primness of Queen Victoria; the mob transformed into the mass market. Moreover, her blend of entertainment and information was a precursor of a cultural phenomenon existing today,” that of the celebrity icon. The woman known throughout Britain as Madame Tussaud was born Anna Marie Gresholtz (or Grosholtz) on December 7, 1761, in Strasbourg, a city located in the Alsace region between Germany and France. Little is known of her family background, save for information culled from her 1838 volume of memoirs, which later biographers deemed to be riddled with deliberate falsehoods. She claimed, for example, that her father Joseph was a soldier during the Seven Years' War and died in that conflict before she was born; more reliable sources determined that he was descended from a long line of public executioners in the city. Her mother Anne raised her and took her to Bern, Switzerland, when she became housekeeper to a prominent physician in the city, Dr. Philippe Curtius (1741–1794). Sources note that Tussaud was close to Curtius, called him “uncle,” and may have actually been his biological daughter. Moved to Paris Tussaud became a Swiss citizen, and learned the art of wax sculpting from Curtius, who had become quite skilled in the art from making anatomical models used in medical-school classes but also had a secret sideline creating erotic tableaux, or staged scenes, for private clients. Wax modeling of human figures dates back to 3000 BC, and became widespread in medieval Europe; wax effigies of kings were used for funeral processions, and those of saints were made for churches when costlier materials were unavailable. Tussaud and her mother apparently followed Curtius to Paris around 1767, where he opened a wax cabinet, or exhibition space, in 1770. His business grew to be quite successful, and over the years divided into two venues: the Palais Royal, which featured tableaux of the French royal family, and the Caverne des Grands Voleurs, or Cavern of the Grand Thieves, which opened on the Boulevard du Temple in 1782. The latter exhibit showcased famous villains throughout history, and was equally as successful as the royal family exhibit. The first wax figure that Tussaud did on her own was in 1778 to commemorate the passing of the philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778). She also completed a likeness of Rousseau's fellow luminary of the age of Enlightenment, the philosopher Voltaire (1697–1778), who also died that year. She claimed to have come to know several prominent figures in pre-Revolutionary France, and asserted she had even given art lessons to the Princess Elizabeth, the sister of Louis XVI, at the Palace of Versailles, but no records survive that support this claim. The French Revolution began in 1789, and at some point Tussaud was apparently targeted as a royalist sympathizer and sentenced to die by guillotine. Before the execution took place, however, it was learned that she was a skilled wax modeler, and she was spared the blade and instead recruited to make death masks of the most famous guillotine victims, among them the king, Louis XVI (1754–1793) and his wife, Marie Antoinette (1755–1793). This was her version of events; later biographers cast doubt on the story. The “gruesome replicas soon drew appreciative crowds to Curtius's waxworks,” asserted Sunday Times writer John Carey, “but it seems probable that he and Marie procured the originals by the simple expedient of hiring them from the executioner, rather than via the serial traumas Marie lays claim to.” Left Husband Behind The turmoil of the Revolution lasted for a decade, and in the meantime Curtius died, leaving all of his property to Tussaud, including the collection of wax figures. A year later, in 1795, she wed Franc¸ois Tussaud, an engineer. Their first child, a daughter, died, but two sons were born, Joseph and Franc¸ois, who would follow their mother into the waxworks business. Tussaud took her collection to England for exhibition in 1802, along with her four-year-old son Joseph, but when the Napoleonic Wars erupted she was prevented from returning to France and forced to remain in London. She negotiated a deal with the operator of a magic lantern show, Philipstal and his Phantasmagoria, to exhibit the wax collection on the lower floor of the Lyceum Theater. “Once in Great Britain, the shrewd businesswoman sniffed which way the wind was blowing,” noted Brace in the Independent on Sunday. “Curtius's exhibitions may have delighted the sans culottes [the working-class radicals of the French Revolution], but Marie set her sights on the burgeoning middle class who wanted respectable family entertainment.” Many of the figures that Tussaud displayed were French luminaries who had died on the guillotine, and this was a subject of intense fascination for the English middle classes. “Exhibitions illustrating the iniquities of the Revolution were popular in Britain,” explained Pamela Pilbeam, the author of a Tussaud biography, in an article that appeared in Business History. “What made Marie's unique was that she and Curtius had made the figures from the living, or dead, bodies of their subjects. For the first time, English audiences could really see the features of the guillotined king and queen, whose deaths they had mourned.” Tussaud's career in England advanced significantly when she won an important commission from the Princess Frederica Charlotte of Prussia (1767–1820), the Duchess of York. This daughterin-law of England's king asked Tussaud to create a figure of a little boy, a rather heartbreaking request because Frederica's husband had recently left her for his mistress, and the couple was childless. In the first decade of the nineteenth century, Tussaud traveled extensively with her collection, still using Curtius's name until 1808. She spent time in Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Dublin, and across the English countryside she often staged her exhibits in newly built town exhibition halls, a fashionable civic fad in the era. “Her odyssey was amazing at the time, when almost no married women worked, and when travelling even a short distance was arduous,” wrote Pilbeam in Business History. “Marie remained on the road for nearly 33 years in total, visiting 75 main towns and some smaller places. The packing and unpacking alone, without the travelling, and model and costume making, would have been herculean tasks for a young person, but Marie set out when she was already middle-aged, with a tiny child, knowing noone and speaking not a word of English when she began.” Opened London Wax Museum In the early 1820s Tussaud was finally reunited with her son Franc¸ois, who joined the business of the traveling exhibit; her husband apparently remained in France permanently after squandering their investments there. In 1835, Tussaud set up her first permanent exhibition space on Baker Street in London, between Dorset and King streets. The museum featured tableaux of famous historical events, such as coronations and peace treaties, and Tussaud staffed the cash table personally until her death. She published an 1838 volume of memoirs that made much of her supposed connections to the French royals and other well-known personas of the era. None other than one of the most famed authors of the era, Charles Dickens (1812–1870), ridiculed “her cultural pretensions and her flexible approach to the truth in the character of Mrs Jarley in The Old Curiosity Shop, ” noted Carey in the Sunday Times article. Tussaud died on April 15, 1850, in London, at the age of 88. Her museum became one of London's most visited tourist attractions, and remained so well into the twenty-first century. Outposts of the original London museum were opened in Las Vegas, New York City, Amsterdam, Hong Kong, and Copenhagen, Denmark. The exhibits at Madame Tussaud's, still located on Baker Street, are regularly updated to reflect current events and entertainers who have attained celebrity status, and members of England's royal family permit museum personnel to take photographs and measurements to update the likenesses that are on permanent display at Tussaud's in London. “The enduring success of Madame Tussaud's proves what every smart marketing person knows: Ordinary people get a tingle from being in the presence of celebrities, even if the presence is simulated, and even if the celebrities are those of bygone eras,” noted John Marcom, a writer for Forbes magazine. “Madame Tussaud's is a sort of three-dimensional version of People Weekly or Entertainment Tonight.” Periodicals The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright The Columbia University Press Marie Tussaud (tŏŏsō´, tüsō´), 1760–1850, Anglo-French modeler in wax, b. Strasbourg, France, as Marie Grosholtz or Grosholz. She learned her art from her uncle, Philippe Curtius, a proprietor of wax museums in Paris. Tussaud was imprisoned during the Reign of Terror, and many heads of famous persons were brought to her for modeling. She inherited Curtius's collections in 1794. In 1802 she immigrated to England, where in London in 1835 she established a museum that remains a principal tourist attraction, now known as Madame Tussauds. See J. T. Tussaud, The Romance of Madame Tussaud's (1920); S. P. Martin, I, Madame Tussaud (1957), a fictionalized account. Cite this article	Switzerland
The London store Harrods describes itself as Harrods of where	Death of Madame Tussaud \| History Today Death of Madame Tussaud The woman behind one of Britain's most popular tourist attractions died on April 16th, 1850 Madame Tussaud at the age of 42. Portrait study (1921) by John Theodore Tussaud. Marie Tussaud was 89 and one of the 19th century’s most successful career women when she died at her London home in Baker Street. Surviving a dangerous and singularly gruesome past, she had made herself a household name in her adopted country and Madame Tussaud's has remained one of Britain’s most popular tourist attractions to this day. The gruesomeness began even before Madame Tussaud was born in Strasburg late in 1761. She never knew her father, a German soldier named Grosholtz, whose face had been hideously mutilated in the wars and whose lower jaw had been shot away and replaced by a silver plate. This nightmare figure died two months before Marie was born. Her young widowed mother, Anne Marie, brought the child up at Berne in Switzerland, where she went to be housekeeper to a doctor named Philippe Curtius, who had a talent for wax modelling and ran a museum of his waxwork heads and busts. It was from this ‘uncle’ that Marie learned her art as a child and after he had moved to Paris, where he scored a fashionable success, she and her mother joined him and she became his assistant. As a result, she met many of the leading French aristocrats and intellectuals of the day and she modelled both Voltaire and Rousseau from life. In the 1780s she was employed to teach Madame Elizabeth, Louis XVI’s sister, and met the King and many of the royal family. Curtius later developed Jacobin sympathies and Marie met Robespierre and other revolutionaries in her uncle’s circle. As the Terror took its toll, Marie was forced to make casts of the heads of victims of the guillotine, many of whom had been her uncle’s friends and dinner guests. In one episode, the leaders of the mob that hacked the Princess de Lamballe to pieces stood over Marie while she took a cast of the severed head, its auburn hair horribly smeared with blood. Marie had known the princess and liked her. She made a mould of the head of Louis XVI himself after his execution. When Marat was stabbed in his bath by Charlotte Corday, the National Assembly instructed Marie to make his death mask and sketch the scene exactly for the painter David. She took a cast of Charlotte Corday’s face, too, after her execution, and later modelled the severed heads of both Marie Antoinette and Robespierre. Curtius died in 1794 and left Marie his collection of waxworks. A year later she married a man named François Tussaud. They had two sons, but the marriage was not a success and Marie never saw him again after 1802, when she took the boys and her waxworks across the Channel and began years of successful touring round the towns of England, Scotland and Ireland before settling down in London in 1835, on the corner of Baker Street and Portman Square. The Duke of Wellington was a regular visitor and liked to look at the effigies of himself and Napoleon, and when Queen Victoria was crowned in 1837 Madame Tussaud’s put on a magnificent display of the scene. The following year Marie’s memoirs were published, but contained little about her private life. She was a talkative person, but was always reticent about her experiences during the Terror. Besides the waxworks, historical relics on view at Madame Tussaud’s included one of the blades from the guillotine obtained from the executioner Sanson himself and objects associated with Napoleon. There was also the Special Room devoted to murderers and bloodshed, which from 1846 became the Chamber of Horrors. Marie’s sons, Joseph and Francis, joined her in the business, but well into her eighties Madame herself liked to sit at the entrance to her exhibition rooms and collect the public’s shillings. A painting of 1845 shows her at her collecting table in a voluminous black dress and black, lace-fringed bonnet, her shrewd blue eyes staring measuringly at the onlooker through the spectacles perched on her long nose, as if she was appraising someone for a waxwork. Towards the end, as she began to suffer from severe asthma, she rediscovered her Roman Catholic faith. Her sons were at her bedside when she died and her last words were to beg them never to quarrel. She was buried in the Catholic chapel in the Fulham Road, where many French exiles had gone before her. Her coffin was subsequently moved to St Mary’s in Cadogan Street.	i don't know

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