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In which London thoroughfare was the first Virgin record shop opened | Branson sells Britain’s Virgin Megastores - Livemint
First Published: Tue, Sep 18 2007. 11 15 AM IST
Updated: Tue, Sep 18 2007. 11 15 AM IST
By AFP
London: Richard Branson on 18 September sold his Virgin Megastores record shops in Britain and Ireland, shedding the brand that launched his Virgin empire.
The British tycoon said high street music retailing was facing a stiff challenge from supermarket and online sales. Virgin Group sold Virgin Megastores in Britain and Ireland for an undisclosed sum to a management buy-out team.
The deal creates Britain and Ireland’s largest independent entertainment retailer and the 125 stores will now be rebranded as Zavvi after Zavvi Entertainment Group. “I opened my first Virgin Megastore when I was 16, 30 years ago, so it’s a slightly sad day to be selling them today,” entrepreneur Branson said.
“But I’m selling them to the people who ran the stores so I’m certain they’ll be in good hands.” He said Virgin Group had chosen to move away from retailing into licensing music. “There’s no question that with online sales and cheap supermarket prices that music retailing has become a different business than it was 30 years ago when I started,” he said.
Branson’s Virgin Group includes interests as diverse as airlines, mobile phones, radio stations, trains and cola. Branson founded Virgin as a mail order record retailer in 1970 and a year later opened the first Virgin record shop opened on London’s Oxford Street main shopping thoroughfare.
In 1979, the company moved into the giant Oxford Street “megastore” that remains its flagship outlet.
| Oxford Street |
Who was the first governor-general of India | Richard Branson - Who Am I ? MEGHA SHAH
Who Am I ? MEGHA SHAH
Richard Branson
Richard Branson
Richard Branson was born in 1950 and educated at Stowe School, where he established a national magazine called Student at the age of 16 and started a Student Advisory Center at 17 to help young people. In 1970 he founded Virgin as a mail-order record retailer and shortly thereafter opened a record shop in Oxford Street, London. In 1972 a recording studio was built in Oxfordshire, where the first Virgin artist, Mike Oldfield, recorded "Tubular Bells," which was released in 1973.
The first album of the newly created Virgin Records went on to sell over 5 million copies, and over the years many household names, including Belinda Carlisle, Genesis, Phil Collins, Janet Jackson and The Rolling Stones, helped make Virgin Music one of the top six record companies in the world. The equity of Virgin Music Group – record labels, music publishing and recording studios – was sold to THORN EMI in 1992 in a billion-dollar deal.
The interests of Virgin Group have now expanded into international "Megastore" music retailing, the Internet, book and software publishing, film and video editing facilities, clubs, travel, hotels and cinemas through over 100 companies in 23 countries.
Virgin Atlantic Airways, formed in 1984, is now the second-largest British long-haul international airline. It operates a fleet of Boeing 747 and Airbus A340 aircraft to 25 locations around the world, including New York, Miami, Boston, Los Angeles, Orlando, San Francisco, Las Vegas, Washington, DC, Hong Kong, Tokyo, Johannesburg and the Caribbean. Founded on the concept of offering a competitive and high quality Upper Class and Economy service, Virgin Atlantic has won the Airline of the Year Award several times and holds many other major awards.
In 1997 Virgin took over Britain’s two most run-down rail franchises and engaged in a £2-billion fleet replacement program to create one of the most modern rail networks in the world. The combined sales of the different Virgin holding companies exceeded £3.5 billion in 1999.
In addition to his own business activities, Branson is a trustee of several charities, including the Healthcare Foundation. His help in the initial funding of Charity Projects helped that organization to raise over £27 million in 1989 alone through campaigns such as Comic Relief.
Since 1985, Branson has been involved in a number of world-record-breaking attempts. In 1986 his boat Virgin Atlantic Challenger II rekindled the spirit of the Blue Riband trophy by crossing the Atlantic Ocean in the fastest time ever recorded. This feat was followed a year later by the epic hot-air balloon crossing of the same ocean in "Virgin Atlantic Flyer," which was not only the first hot-air balloon to cross the Atlantic, but, at 2.3 million cubic feet capacity, was the largest ever flown. It reached speeds in excess of 130 miles per hour (209 k/ph).
In January 1991, Branson crossed the Pacific Ocean from Japan to Arctic Canada, the distance of 6,700 miles again breaking all existing records with speeds of up to 245 miles per hour, in a balloon of 2.6 million cubic feet. Between 1995 and 1998, Branson, Per Lindstrand and Steve Fossett (who joined the team after the sad death of Alex Ritchie) made a number of attempts to circumnavigate the globe by balloon. In late 1998 they made a record-breaking flight from Morocco to Hawaii, but their dream of a global flight was shattered by bad weather before a Swiss team successfully circumnavigated the globe in early 1999.
In December 1999 Branson was awarded a knighthood in the Queen’s millennium New Years honors list for “services to entrepreneurship.”
Branson currently lives in London and Oxfordshire.
| i don't know |
Who had a top album in 1990 with his first album Soul Provider | Singles List Can`t Live Without Bolton - tribunedigital-chicagotribune
Singles List Can`t Live Without Bolton
January 26, 1990|By Jan DeKnock.
Chalk up another strong chart performance for songwriter Michael Bolton, who last week scored his first No. 1 pop single as a performer with the ballad ``How Am I Supposed to Live Without You.``
This week, Bolton held on to that title and also made good progress with his ``Soul Provider`` album, which cracked the Top 20 (at No. 20) after more than six months on the LP list.
The album champ continues to be Phil Collins` ``. . . But Seriously,``
which is now in its fourth week as leader. (It also has hit No. 1 in Britain and West Germany.) But suddenly back in the picture is Paula Abdul`s ``Forever Your Girl,`` which after 18 months on the charts is again challenging for top honors. Last week, ``Girl`` jumped from No. 5 to No. 3; this week, it moved up again to No. 2.
Fueling Abdul`s resurgence on the LP list is the phenomenal rise of the album`s latest single, ``Opposites Attract,`` which this week zipped from No. 16 to No. 8, giving her an 18-point jump in just the last two weeks. She now is almost guaranteed another No. 1 hit, although ``Opposites Attract`` is not quite in position to challenge next week.
The next likely champ is Rod Stewart`s power ballad ``Downtown Train,``
which moved from No. 5 to No. 3 this week and appears to have a momentum edge over both Bolton`s ``How Am I . . .`` and Technotronic`s ``Pump Up the Jam,`` which repeated this week at No. 2.
Elsewhere on the list, only five songs made notable moves: Seduction`s
``Two to Make It Right`` (up from No. 9 to No. 5); Eddie Money`s ``Peace in Our Time`` (from No. 18 to No. 13), Chicago`s ``What Kind of Man Would I Be?`` (from No. 23 to No. 15), Babyface`s ``Tender Lover`` (from No. 21 to No. 16) and Roxette`s ``Dangerous`` (from No. 26 to No. 20).
Here are predictions for next week`s singles chart: 1. ``Downtown Train,`` 2. ``How Am I Supposed to Live Without You,`` 3. ``Two to Make It Right,`` 4. ``Opposites Attract,`` 5. ``Pump Up the Jam,`` 6. ``Everything,`` 7. ``Free Fallin`,`` 8. ``I Remember You,`` 9. ``Janie`s Got a Gun,`` 10.
``Peace in Our Time.``
This week, there are two pick hits: Richard Marx`s rollicking ``Too Late to Say Goodbye``; and Linda Ronstadt`s classy ``All My Life,`` which should continue her pop comeback.
MORE:
| Michael Bolton |
What shade of cloth was Robin Hood supposed to favour | Michael Bolton - Soul Provider CD UK Cbs 1990 - Amazon.com Music
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Michael Bolton Soul Provider UK CD single
Product Details
By Josephine on May 11, 2012
Format: Audio CD|Verified Purchase
michael bolton's "soul provider" cd is the best that bolton has to offer. this cd was his big "break through" album and it shows. i wanted to see if i could list some favorite tracks but, quite honestly, i could not do it. every song on this album is a winning hit. i actually remember when this album first came out and listening to it again just brought back a flood gate of nostalgic memories and pure enjoyment. if nothing else, it is about time to introduce another generation (young or old) to bolton and his music. it is about time his cross appeal be re-visited. i urge you to purchase this item. you won't regret it. enjoy!
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In Alice in Wonderland who put butter in the Mad Hatter's watch | Alice's Adventures in Wonderland -- Chapter VII
CHAPTER VII
A Mad Tea-Party
There was a table set out under a tree in front of the house, and the March Hare and the Hatter were having tea at it: a Dormouse was sitting between them, fast asleep, and the other two were using it as a cushion, resting their elbows on it, and talking over its head. `Very uncomfortable for the Dormouse,' thought Alice; `only, as it's asleep, I suppose it doesn't mind.'
The table was a large one, but the three were all crowded together at one corner of it: `No room! No room!' they cried out when they saw Alice coming. `There's plenty of room!' said Alice indignantly, and she sat down in a large arm-chair at one end of the table.
Mad Tea Party
`Have some wine,' the March Hare said in an encouraging tone.
Alice looked all round the table, but there was nothing on it but tea. `I don't see any wine,' she remarked.
`There isn't any,' said the March Hare.
`Then it wasn't very civil of you to offer it,' said Alice angrily.
`It wasn't very civil of you to sit down without being invited,' said the March Hare.
`I didn't know it was your table,' said Alice; `it's laid for a great many more than three.'
`Your hair wants cutting,' said the Hatter. He had been looking at Alice for some time with great curiosity, and this was his first speech.
`You should learn not to make personal remarks,' Alice said with some severity; `it's very rude.'
The Hatter opened his eyes very wide on hearing this; but all he said was, `Why is a raven like a writing-desk?'
`Come, we shall have some fun now!' thought Alice. `I'm glad they've begun asking riddles.--I believe I can guess that,' she added aloud.
`Do you mean that you think you can find out the answer to it?' said the March Hare.
`Exactly so,' said Alice.
`Then you should say what you mean,' the March Hare went on.
`I do,' Alice hastily replied; `at least--at least I mean what I say--that's the same thing, you know.'
`Not the same thing a bit!' said the Hatter. `You might just as well say that "I see what I eat" is the same thing as "I eat what I see"!'
Hatter engaging in rhetoric
`You might just as well say,' added the March Hare, `that "I like what I get" is the same thing as "I get what I like"!'
`You might just as well say,' added the Dormouse, who seemed to be talking in his sleep, `that "I breathe when I sleep" is the same thing as "I sleep when I breathe"!'
`It is the same thing with you,' said the Hatter, and here the conversation dropped, and the party sat silent for a minute, while Alice thought over all she could remember about ravens and writing-desks, which wasn't much.
The Hatter was the first to break the silence. `What day of the month is it?' he said, turning to Alice: he had taken his watch out of his pocket, and was looking at it uneasily, shaking it every now and then, and holding it to his ear.
Alice considered a little, and then said `The fourth.'
`Two days wrong!' sighed the Hatter. `I told you butter wouldn't suit the works!' he added looking angrily at the March Hare.
`It was the best butter,' the March Hare meekly replied.
`Yes, but some crumbs must have got in as well,' the Hatter grumbled: `you shouldn't have put it in with the bread-knife.'
The March Hare took the watch and looked at it gloomily: then he dipped it into his cup of tea, and looked at it again: but he could think of nothing better to say than his first remark, `It was the best butter, you know.'
Alice had been looking over his shoulder with some curiosity. `What a funny watch!' she remarked. `It tells the day of the month, and doesn't tell what o'clock it is!'
`Why should it?' muttered the Hatter. `Does your watch tell you what year it is?'
`Of course not,' Alice replied very readily: `but that's because it stays the same year for such a long time together.'
`Which is just the case with mine,' said the Hatter.
Alice felt dreadfully puzzled. The Hatter's remark seemed to have no sort of meaning in it, and yet it was certainly English. `I don't quite understand you,' she said, as politely as she could.
`The Dormouse is asleep again,' said the Hatter, and he poured a little hot tea upon its nose.
The Dormouse shook its head impatiently, and said, without opening its eyes, `Of course, of course; just what I was going to remark myself.'
`Have you guessed the riddle yet?' the Hatter said, turning to Alice again.
`No, I give it up,' Alice replied: `what's the answer?'
`I haven't the slightest idea,' said the Hatter.
`Nor I,' said the March Hare.
Alice sighed wearily. `I think you might do something better with the time,' she said, `than waste it in asking riddles that have no answers.'
`If you knew Time as well as I do,' said the Hatter, `you wouldn't talk about wasting it. It's him.'
`I don't know what you mean,' said Alice.
`Of course you don't!' the Hatter said, tossing his head contemptuously. `I dare say you never even spoke to Time!'
`Perhaps not,' Alice cautiously replied: `but I know I have to beat time when I learn music.'
`Ah! that accounts for it,' said the Hatter. `He won't stand beating. Now, if you only kept on good terms with him, he'd do almost anything you liked with the clock. For instance, suppose it were nine o'clock in the morning, just time to begin lessons: you'd only have to whisper a hint to Time, and round goes the clock in a twinkling! Half-past one, time for dinner!'
(`I only wish it was,' the March Hare said to itself in a whisper.)
`That would be grand, certainly,' said Alice thoughtfully: `but then--I shouldn't be hungry for it, you know.'
`Not at first, perhaps,' said the Hatter: `but you could keep it to half-past one as long as you liked.'
`Is that the way you manage?' Alice asked.
The Hatter shook his head mournfully. `Not I!' he replied. `We quarrelled last March--just before he went mad, you know--' (pointing with his tea spoon at the March Hare,) `--it was at the great concert given by the Queen of Hearts, and I had to sing
"Twinkle, twinkle, little bat! How I wonder what you're at!"
You know the song, perhaps?'
`I've heard something like it,' said Alice.
`It goes on, you know,' the Hatter continued, `in this way:--
"Up above the world you fly, Like a tea-tray in the sky. Twinkle, twinkle--"'
Here the Dormouse shook itself, and began singing in its sleep `Twinkle, twinkle, twinkle, twinkle--' and went on so long that they had to pinch it to make it stop.
`Well, I'd hardly finished the first verse,' said the Hatter, `when the Queen jumped up and bawled out, "He's murdering the time! Off with his head!"'
`How dreadfully savage!' exclaimed Alice.
`And ever since that,' the Hatter went on in a mournful tone, `he won't do a thing I ask! It's always six o'clock now.'
A bright idea came into Alice's head. `Is that the reason so many tea-things are put out here?' she asked.
`Yes, that's it,' said the Hatter with a sigh: `it's always tea-time, and we've no time to wash the things between whiles.'
`Then you keep moving round, I suppose?' said Alice.
`Exactly so,' said the Hatter: `as the things get used up.'
`But what happens when you come to the beginning again?' Alice ventured to ask.
`Suppose we change the subject,' the March Hare interrupted, yawning. `I'm getting tired of this. I vote the young lady tells us a story.'
`I'm afraid I don't know one,' said Alice, rather alarmed at the proposal.
`Then the Dormouse shall!' they both cried. `Wake up, Dormouse!' And they pinched it on both sides at once.
The Dormouse slowly opened his eyes. `I wasn't asleep,' he said in a hoarse, feeble voice: `I heard every word you fellows were saying.'
`Tell us a story!' said the March Hare.
`Yes, please do!' pleaded Alice.
`And be quick about it,' added the Hatter, `or you'll be asleep again before it's done.'
`Once upon a time there were three little sisters,' the Dormouse began in a great hurry; `and their names were Elsie, Lacie, and Tillie; and they lived at the bottom of a well--'
`What did they live on?' said Alice, who always took a great interest in questions of eating and drinking.
`They lived on treacle,' said the Dormouse, after thinking a minute or two.
`They couldn't have done that, you know,' Alice gently remarked; `they'd have been ill.'
`So they were,' said the Dormouse; `very ill.'
Alice tried to fancy to herself what such an extraordinary ways of living would be like, but it puzzled her too much, so she went on: `But why did they live at the bottom of a well?'
`Take some more tea,' the March Hare said to Alice, very earnestly.
`I've had nothing yet,' Alice replied in an offended tone, `so I can't take more.'
`You mean you can't take less,' said the Hatter: `it's very easy to take more than nothing.'
`Nobody asked your opinion,' said Alice.
`Who's making personal remarks now?' the Hatter asked triumphantly.
Alice did not quite know what to say to this: so she helped herself to some tea and bread-and-butter, and then turned to the Dormouse, and repeated her question. `Why did they live at the bottom of a well?'
The Dormouse again took a minute or two to think about it, and then said, `It was a treacle-well.'
`There's no such thing!' Alice was beginning very angrily, but the Hatter and the March Hare went `Sh! sh!' and the Dormouse sulkily remarked, `If you can't be civil, you'd better finish the story for yourself.'
`No, please go on!' Alice said very humbly; `I won't interrupt again. I dare say there may be one.'
`One, indeed!' said the Dormouse indignantly. However, he consented to go on. `And so these three little sisters--they were learning to draw, you know--'
`What did they draw?' said Alice, quite forgetting her promise.
`Treacle,' said the Dormouse, without considering at all this time.
`I want a clean cup,' interrupted the Hatter: `let's all move one place on.'
He moved on as he spoke, and the Dormouse followed him: the March Hare moved into the Dormouse's place, and Alice rather unwillingly took the place of the March Hare. The Hatter was the only one who got any advantage from the change: and Alice was a good deal worse off than before, as the March Hare had just upset the milk-jug into his plate.
Alice did not wish to offend the Dormouse again, so she began very cautiously: `But I don't understand. Where did they draw the treacle from?'
`You can draw water out of a water-well,' said the Hatter; `so I should think you could draw treacle out of a treacle-well--eh, stupid?'
`But they were in the well,' Alice said to the Dormouse, not choosing to notice this last remark.
`Of course they were', said the Dormouse; `--well in.'
This answer so confused poor Alice, that she let the Dormouse go on for some time without interrupting it.
`They were learning to draw,' the Dormouse went on, yawning and rubbing its eyes, for it was getting very sleepy; `and they drew all manner of things--everything that begins with an M--'
`Why with an M?' said Alice.
`Why not?' said the March Hare.
Alice was silent.
The Dormouse had closed its eyes by this time, and was going off into a doze; but, on being pinched by the Hatter, it woke up again with a little shriek, and went on: `--that begins with an M, such as mouse-traps, and the moon, and memory, and muchness-- you know you say things are "much of a muchness"--did you ever see such a thing as a drawing of a muchness?'
`Really, now you ask me,' said Alice, very much confused, `I don't think--'
`Then you shouldn't talk,' said the Hatter.
This piece of rudeness was more than Alice could bear: she got up in great disgust, and walked off; the Dormouse fell asleep instantly, and neither of the others took the least notice of her going, though she looked back once or twice, half hoping that they would call after her: the last time she saw them, they were trying to put the Dormouse into the teapot.
Hatter and Hare dunking Dormouse
`At any rate I'll never go there again!' said Alice as she picked her way through the wood. `It's the stupidest tea-party I ever was at in all my life!'
Just as she said this, she noticed that one of the trees had a door leading right into it. `That's very curious!' she thought. `But everything's curious today. I think I may as well go in at once.' And in she went.
Once more she found herself in the long hall, and close to the little glass table. `Now, I'll manage better this time,' she said to herself, and began by taking the little golden key, and unlocking the door that led into the garden. Then she went to work nibbling at the mushroom (she had kept a piece of it in her pocket) till she was about a foot high: then she walked down the little passage: and then--she found herself at last in the beautiful garden, among the bright flower-beds and the cool fountains.
| The March Hare |
By what title was Thomas Patrick John Anson better known | SparkNotes: Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland: Chapter 7: A Mad Tea Party
Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland
Lewis Carroll
Chapter 7: A Mad Tea Party
→
Chapter 6: Pig and Pepper
Chapter 8: The Queen’s Croquet Ground
Summary
Alice approaches a large table set under the tree outside the March Hare’s house and comes across the Mad Hatter and the March Hare taking tea. They rest their elbows on a sleeping Dormouse who sits between them. They tell Alice that there is no room for her at the table, but Alice sits anyway. The March Hare offers Alice wine, but there is none. Alice tells the March Hare that his conduct is uncivil, to which he rejoins that it was uncivil of her to sit down without being invited. The Mad Hatter enters the conversation, opining that Alice’s hair “wants cutting.” Alice admonishes his rudeness, but he ignores her scolding and responds with a riddle: “Why is a raven like a writing desk?” Alice attempts to answer the riddle, which begins a big argument about semantics. After their argument, the tea party sits in silence until the Mad Hatter asks the March Hare the time. When he discovers that the March Hare’s watch, which measures the day of the month, is broken, the Mad Hatter becomes angry. He blames the March Hare for getting crumbs on the watch when the March Hare was spreading butter on it. The March Hare sullenly dips the watch in his tea, dejectedly remarking that “It was the best butter.”
Alice gives up on the riddle and becomes angry with the Mad Hatter when she discovers that he doesn’t know the answer either. She tells him he should not waste time asking riddles that have no answers. The Mad Hatter calmly explains that Time is a “him,” not an “it.” He goes on to recount how Time has been upset ever since the Queen of Hearts said the Mad Hatter was “murdering time” while he performed a song badly. Since then, Time has stayed fixed at six o’clock, which means that they exist in perpetual tea-time. Bored with this line of conversation, the March Hare states that he would like to hear a story, so they wake up the Dormouse. The Dormouse tells a story about three sisters who live in a treacle-well, eating and drawing treacle. Confused by the story, Alice interjects with so many questions that the Dormouse becomes insulted. Alice continues to ask questions until the Mad Hatter insults her and she storms off in disgust. As she walks, she looks back at the Mad Hatter and the March Hare as they attempt to stuff the Dormouse into a teapot.
In the wood, Alice encounters a tree with a door in it. She enters the door and finds herself back in the great hall. Alice goes back to the table with the key and uses the mushroom to grow to a size that she can reach the key, then to shrink back to the size that she can fit through the door. She goes through the door and at last arrives at the passageway to the garden.
Analysis
When Alice discovers that Time is a person and not merely an abstract concept, she realizes that not only are social conventions inverted, but the very ordering principles of the universe are turned upside down. Not even time is reliable, as Alice learns that Time is not an abstract “it” but a specific “him.” An unruly, subjective personality replaces the indifferent mechanical precision associated with the concept of time. Time can punish those who have offended it, and Time has in fact punished the Mad Hatter by stopping still at six o’clock, trapping the Mad Hatter and March Hare in a perpetual teatime. The Mad Hatter, the March Hare, and the Dormouse must carry out an endless string of pointless conversations, which may reflect a child’s perception of what an actual English teatime was really like. Alice must adjust her own perceptions of time, since the Mad Hatter’s watch indicates that days are rushing by. However, the party has not moved past the month of March, the month during which the March Hare goes mad.
Though the tea party challenges Alice’s understanding of the fundamental concept of time, the Mad Hatter’s answerless riddle reaffirms Wonderland’s unusual sense of order. The riddle seems to have no answer and exists solely to perpetuate confusion and disorder. Some readers have suggested that the riddle does in fact have an answer: Edgar Allen Poe “wrote on” both the subject of a Raven and “wrote on” a physical writing desk. In Wonderland, chaos is the ruling principle, but a strange sense of order still exists. Though riddles need not have answers, language must retain some kind of logic. The Mad Hatter, the March Hare, and the Dormouse point out to Alice that saying what she means and meaning what she says are not the same thing. Alice has said that she cannot take “more” tea because she has not had any yet. However, as the Mad Hatter points out, Alice can indeed take “more” tea even though she has not had any, since “it’s very easy to take more than nothing.” The language games at the tea party underscore the inconsistency of Wonderland, but also imply that the ordering principles that govern Alice’s world are just as arbitrary.
| i don't know |
The Royal Mews are part of which London building | Royal Mews, London
Royal Mews
Visitors to Buckingham Palace can make a side trip to the Royal Mews, one of the finest examples in the world of a working stable. Here you find sumptuous vehicles including a magnificent gold state coach.
Doric Arch
The Royal Mews, located beside Buckingham Palace , is the headquarters for the department of the Royal Household, which provides transport by road via both motorcars and horse-drawn carriages for The Queen and other members of the Royal Family.
History
Established shortly after King George III purchased Buckingham Palace in 1760, the Royal Mews has always been an important part of the royal home in London, even in modern times when automobile travel is the norm and horses and carriages are only used for special occasions.
It seems that England's royal families have always had an affinity for horses. When John Nash remodeled Buckingham Palace in 1820, he took the small stables and turned them into a grand structure, recognizing their importance to the then royal family.
State Coach
The stables
When Queen Victoria assumed the throne less than two decades later in 1837, she moved into Buckingham Palace and had the Royal Mews enhanced yet again.
Throughout the decades, other additions have been made, including a riding school, a forge, and more stables. The mews also now houses the royal family's fleet of automobiles as well as thirty horses, plus living quarters for the horses' handlers and their families. Currently most of the horses in the stables are Windsor Greys and Cleveland Bays.
State Coaches
A visit to the Royal Mews allows guests a look at a permanent display of impressive State vehicles, a selection of ceremonial horse-drawn carriages and coaches. The most famous of the collection owned by the Royal Family is the magnificent Gold State Coach, which is only used for coronations or very special occasions, like the Queen's Golden Jubilee in 2002.
Gold State Coach
The fairy-tale coach was built in 1762 for king George III. It is gilded with 22 carat gold leaf and sumptuously decorated with sculptures of cherubs, tritons and dolphins. The panels on the carriage were painted by the Italian artist Giovanni Cipriani. The coach, seven meters long, weighs four tonnes and is drawn by a span of eight horses.
Visiting the Royal Mews
There is a small admission charge to tour the Royal Mews, but the majority of the funds are used for the upkeep of the building and the care of animals that live inside. Guided tours depart at regular intervals throughout the day, from March through October. Special family activities are held at the Royal Mews on Saturday and Sunday, with fun and educational events geared for children up to age eleven.
| Buckingham Palace |
Who was the nurse convicted of murdering four children at a Grantham hospital in 1993 | Practical information at the Royal Mews, Buckingham Palace
Practical information for the Royal Mews, Buckingham Palace
Timing your visit
You can visit the Royal Mews at your leisure using the complimentary audio tour, which lasts approximately 45 minutes. Between April - October guided tours also depart at regular intervals throughout the day.
Safety & Security
For safety and security reasons, a one-way system operates along the visitor route.
On arrival, you and your belongings will be subject to airport-style security checks. Please try to bring as little as possible with you as it will help you to get through security screening more quickly.
Certain items such as large items of baggage, pen-knives and scissors are not allowed to be brought into the Royal Mews as there are no cloakroom facilities available.
Your assistance will enable us to move you through the security area as quickly as possible. Please remove all metal objects from your pockets before going through the security arch and pack cameras, phones, keys and wallets in your bag before placing the bag through the security scanner.
You may carry handbags and use pacemakers, hearing aids and other electrical or electronic equipment needed for health reasons. Please approach a Warden if you have any concerns or require assistance.
Smoking, including e-cigarettes is not permitted.
As the Royal Mews is part of a working royal palace, security and opening arrangements may be subject to change at short notice.
Refreshments
Eating and drinking are not permitted at the Royal Mews. You will be asked to place drinks and food in closed bags before being admitted. Food and drink are not available for purchase at the Royal Mews.
Photography, filming and mobile phones
Photography and filming for non-commercial purposes are welcomed at the Royal Mews.
Mobile phones can be used, but with consideration for other visitors.
Lavatories and baby-care
| i don't know |
What star sign is Harry Potter? | Harry Potter Astrology
*~*~ THE UNOFFICIAL, SIXTH YEAR HOGWARTS SCHOLAR'S GUIDE TO WIZARDLY SUN SIGNS ~*~*
(or, What's my sign, and does the Sorting Hat know or care?)
By Isobel Wren of the Slythrin Rising mailing list
* This guide uses Western sun signs rather than Chinese, Indian, Mayan, or other sun signs.
* A "cusp" is defined as the moment when the sun passes from one sign to another. This actually varies from year to year. The best way to find out if you were born on the cusp (within ten minutes of the sun's apparent passage from one constellation to another - obviously the geocentric theory of the universe has no basis in actual reality, but from a spectator's standpoint, it is easier to talk about the sun moving than it is to try to reconcile centuries of astrological theory with modern scientific advances) is to check an ephemeris to see the positions of the planets at your time of birth, if you were born within one day of the astrological change. For instance, if you were born on May 20, you might be a Taurus, or you might be a Gemini, and the only way to know for sure would be to look up the position of the sun at your time of birth, making allowances for daylight savings time. For simple "sun sign" astrology, read both descriptions and decide which fits you better. Remember, also, that this is simple sun sign astrology. A real horoscope must take into account the influence of all the planets in the solar system (even the outer ones, which affect entire generations more than individuals) and their placement in the various houses. No two natal charts are exactly the same. The sun governs the ego, the core of the personality, but there is far more to a person's psyche than just the ego.
The Ram. Cardinal, fire, yang - planetary ruler: Mars. Keywords: "I AM"
Aries is the first sign of the Zodiac and governs the head. Positive characteristics of Aries include courage, enthusiasm, idealism, charisma, quick wits, an ability to "think on one's feet," leadership potential, exuberant energy, zeal, and innocence. Negative traits include selfishness, tactlessness, egocentrism, an inability to save money, impetuousness, a hot temper, combativeness, oversensitivity, carelessness, and cruelty.
Gryffindor
The Gryffindor Aries is extremely idealistic, and has a tendency to fight hard for many causes - the more lost, the better. Gryffindors born under this sign will also have very short fuses, and can be expected to fight regularly with other students, over ethical questions or over anything else that makes a good excuse. Since Mars is a planet that encourages war games and competition and bursts of hard physical activity, there may be many Quidditch players born under these aspects. A Gryffindor Aries is an open book; a truth potion would never be needed on one, because they are hopelessly honest and open. These wizards will display uncanny charisma and leadership ability, and will be among the most popular within their class.
Hufflepuff
Hufflepuff Ariens have an extreme abundance of energy; however, the usual Hufflepuff tendency to work hard out of duty is modified by the Aries tendency to value play over work. Therefore, expect long periods of playfulness and seeming indolence punctuated by brief, manic bursts of industry. These Hufflepuffs may also be more ambitious and socially aggressive than average, making them clear leaders in their House. Their emotional warmth, open hearts, madcap sense of humour, and quirky independence will endear them to many people, but their naivete makes for easy exploitation by more ruthless sorts of people.
Ravenclaw
These Ravenclaws will have lightning-fast mental reflexes. Aries is an intellectual sign, but it is also an impatient sign; Ravenclaws who were born under this sign are likely to tolerate no dull wits or stupidity, whether they see this lack of mental competence in themselves (in which case they will berate themselves for not understanding, or give up quickly in frustration without really trying to overcome their difficulty in learning) or in others (in which case they will lash out at the offender with acidic comments and haughty, cutting looks). These Ravenclaws will want to be at the head of the class, dominating other students in their chosen intellectual field, and may be almost as competitive as Slytherins. However, the true aim of every Ravenclaw is knowledge, knowledge, and more knowledge. While a Slytherin might see losing a magical duel or being bested by another student in a DADA class as humiliating, the Ravenclaw will probably just take delight in competition for its own sake, and see defeat as a learning experience.
Slytherin
A Slytherin Aries is a bundle of contradictions. In some ways, they have the potential to be the strongest of their House - the intensity, drive, and brilliant visionary dreams of the Aries combined with the innate leadership skills, the charisma, and the profound sense of self (including the eccentric lack of interest in conforming to what other people think) is stuff of which great magical legends are made. However, a Slytherin Aries has much to learn about politics, knowing who is an appropriate object of trust and who is not trustworthy, knowing when to keep one's mouth shut, and knowing when to avoid acting on impulse in order to use a situation to its best advantage. Although they hate to admit it, these Slytherins are easily manipulated by more cynical, shrewd peers in the Serpent's Den. If they can learn to manage their blind spots, they will go far. Slytherin Aries types can be quite cruel, especially if they have enough physical prowess to bully smaller students; those that are not cruel can still be thoughtless and brutally tactless without actually meaning to cause damage.
The Bull. Fixed, earth, yin - planetary ruler: Venus Keywords: "I HAVE"
Taurus is the second sign of the zodiac and is associated with the neck and throat. Positive characteristics include stamina, patience, practicality, frugality, creativity, a love of beauty and nature, faithfulness, loyalty, determination, sensuality, and affection. Negative characteristics are stubbornness (there's a reason why stubborn people are called bullheaded), materialism, resistance to change, laziness, a terrible temper once aroused, prejudice, and sometimes an unimaginative nature.
Gryffindor
These wizards will be less hot headed and apt to charge at windmills than other Gryffindors, for Taurus is an earth sign, and the element of Earth adds a pragmatic streak to even the flightiest of wizards. As with all Taureans, though, if a Gryffindor Taurus is pushed hard enough, she will exhibit a volcanic temper. Gryffindors born under this sign will be exceptionally loyal to their friends, and will have high standards of personal integrity.
Hufflepuff
Taurus, the nature-loving bull, is a natural sign for Hufflepuffs to be born under. These wizards tend to specialize in herbs and nature spells, also in the husbandry and preservation of magical beasts. Their gentle good natures, open friendliness, hard work, patience, and politeness endear them to most everyone they meet. However, these Hufflepuff Taureans must be careful not to overwork themselves, lest they suffer breakdowns in health. (It has been noticed that Hufflepuffs born under the sign of Taurus swing wildly between overwork and indolence, the lazy periods being used to recharge their energy; they seem to have a problem pacing themselves.) They like their magical workrooms neat and tidy, and prefer peaceful occupations to dangerous or aggressive ones; most Hufflepuffs born under this sign wind up working as hedge witches, village herbalists, and midwives.
Ravenclaw
In some ways, this seems almost a contradiction. A head-in-the-clouds, theoretically-oriented Ravenclaw, born under the pragmatic, materialistic sign of Taurus? However, a surprising number of philosophers (including Socrates) have been Taureans. The intellectual Taurus is gifted not only with prodigious mental capacity, but also the sensible logic, determination, and assurance to see a theorem through from start to finish. Ravenclaws born under this sign make excellent magical researchers and are gifted with the unusual capacity to write sensibly and fluently about their results and interpretations of experiments. Because Taurus is a patient sign, and good at communication, many Ravenclaw Taureans eventually end up teaching at Hogwarts.
Slytherin
In this House, the traits associated with Taurus that will be most emphasized are materialism and loyalty. These Slytherins will be almost blindly loyal to their friends and allies, and they will value wealth and the trappings of wealth over more intangible assets. Determination will also be emphasized. All Slytherins are determined, but the stubborn Taurus Slytherin is unstoppable once they have their mind set on something. A large number of Slytheirns in this sign work for Gringotts after graduating from Hogwarts, for they are very good with money.
The Twins. Mutable, air, yang - planetary ruler: Mercury Keywords: "I THINK"
Gemini is the third sign of the zodiac and has influence over the hands, arms, shoulders, and lungs. Positive traits include quick wits, versatility, flexibility, fluency with words and ideas, an open mind, a love of learning, adaptability, agility, sharp perception, and cheerfulness; negative traits are duplicity, mood swings, flightiness, nervousness, fidgeting, lack of attention span, a tendency to be easily influenced, and undependability.
Gryffindor
You'll need track shoes to keep up with these Geminis. They have so much energy that they exhaust nearly everyone, save other Gryffindor Geminis. In class, they love to get into debates with the professor. Out of class, they love to get into trouble. These Gryffindor Geminis are as easily stirred by romantic dreams and noble causes as any other Gryffindors, although their involvement is more mental than practical - they lack the fortitude for battle and are best left passing propaganda to the real warriors. Expect a large number of them to work for the Daily Prophet after graduation.
Hufflepuff
Hufflepuff Geminis stand out for being geniuses as what Muggles like to call "multitasking." They can't just work on one project - they need to have eight or nine things going all at once, usually as close to a deadline as possible. They also tend to be a little more outspoken and extraverted in the classroom than the average Hufflepuff, who would rather sit near the back of the classroom and quietly take notes to study later. Because they bite off more than they can chew, they are always complaining of various ailments related to stress.
Ravenclaw
Ravenclaw Geminis are geniuses of communication. They debate ideas, write brilliant treatises, teach exciting classes, read large numbers of books on a regular basis, and study arcane languages. Because Mercury the planet is associated with the alchemical substance of quicksilver, the god Hermes (the messenger of the gods, and the conductor or dead souls to the Underworld), and the historical founder of alchemy, Hermes Trismagistus, many Ravenclaw Geminis also excel at the study of alchemy. These Ravenclaws are some of the best and most brilliant of their class, but they need to learn to finish the projects they start, and to differentiate between what is viable and what is best left as a "really great idea."
Slytherin
Ever heard the phrase "snake-tongued?" It must have been invented to describe a Slytherin Gemini. (This doesn't refer to the Parseltongue gift, either, although the few Slytherin wizards who exhibited it have had a disproportionate number of Geminis in their midst.) Slytherin Geminis have the dubious gift of being able to lay the blarney on thick, and be believed. This is due to both their imaginative mental agility and to their skill with words. Of course, not all Slytherin Geminis are liars - but it is probably advisable to get all sides of the story if you hear interesting gossip from one of these wizards. Slytherins born under the sign of Gemini are also naturally skilled at any magical work which involves sleight of hand or incantations. They are less determined and aggressive than the average Slytherin, though, save perhaps in a field that involves debate. You will find far more of them chatting in the common room or looking up arcane lore in the library than on the Quidditch field or in a dueling match, with the exception of Quidditch Seekers: the sharp eyesight and quick reflexes associated with Gemini are good traits for a Seeker to have.
The Crab. Cardinal, water, yin - planetary ruler: the Moon Keywords: "I FEEL"
Cancer is the fourth sign of the Zodiac and governs the breast and the stomach. Positive traits include loyalty, a love of home and family, the ability to express emotion, intensity, a great sense of humour, a sense of initiative, tenaciousness, a gift with finances, compassion, shrewdness, and intuition. Negative traits are self-indulgence, moodiness, clinging to other people, bossiness, emotional manipulation, and oversentimentality.
Gryffindor
Gryffindors born under the sign of Cancer will root for the home team until their throats are raw. They are deeply loyal to their House (and also to any friends outside of their House, although these may take a back seat to Gryffindor loyalties). Make a friend with a Gryffindor Cancer, and you've made a friend for life. Cancer is a sentimental, yet high achieving sign that dreams often, and dreams big; this combined with the Gryffindor romantic streak creates a quixotic, almost anachronistically chivalrous temperament.
Hufflepuff
Hufflepuff Cancers are oriented first and foremost to the home and to all things domestic. The ultimate homebodies of the magical world, they are at their happiest when they are puttering in the kitchen, stirring up food in magical cauldrons or whipping up soothing, healing potions. These wizards desperately need to be needed. If cut off from family, a circle of close friends, or a flock of wounded birds to tend, they will get anxious and depressed, unless their energies are directed somehow to a cause or a person which finds them good use. They are caring and compassionate, and are excellent listeners.
Ravenclaw
This is an odd sign for Ravenclaw wizards to be born under, but it happens. You'll see them wandering the halls, muttering to themselves or lost in daydreams. Some great Ravenclaw astrologers have been born under this sign. Any magic which involves moonlight and intricate calculations, actually, will attract the Ravenclaw Cancer. They may also be prone to collecting and enchanting white stones that remind them of the moon - pearls, moonstones, opals... These wizards have an extremely dry sense of humour, and are prone to making trenchant observations of the world around them.
Slytherin
Potions, potions, and more potions. Any Slytherin born under a water sign will excel at potions, and the Cancer Slytherin is no exception. The leadership ability and the lofty dreams of Cancer will also be emphasized; as will loyalty (directed for the most part to one's House). Slytherins born under the sign of Cancer will be more hard-shelled and less sentimental than other Cancers, but don't be fooled by their bossy, efficient exteriors. On the inside they are soft and needy, and they learn from a young age to hide this well. Slytherins born under water signs have another thing in common with each other: keen insight into what makes other people tick. These Slytherins are good at manipulating other people's emotions, and good as well at quickly learning the hidden stories behind the otherwise inexplicable actions of acquaintances. They never forget a cut or a kindness, so it is best to stay on their good side unless you want an obsessive, vindictive enemy.
The Lion. Fixed, fire, yang - planetary ruler: the Sun. Keywords: "I WILL"
Leo is the fifth sign of the zodiac and rules the back, the spine, and the heart. Positive traits include creativity, charisma, generosity, warmth, enthusiasm, a natural talent for leadership, and a great deal of inner power; negative traits are haughtiness, snobbery, an expectation that one is the centre of attention and should be waited on by everyone else, profligacy, lack of realism, dominance that can lead to bullying, and a refusal to change one's mind even in the face of solid facts.
Gryffindor
This is a natural sign for Gryffindors, not least because the griffin is part lion. Gryffindors born under this sign are outgoing, friendly, affectionate, and likeable. They make friends easily and are crushed when their advances are rejected. Their romantic, chivalrous nature makes them perfect examples of all that is best in their House. However, they are also bossy, domineering, spendthrift, and overly dramatic (ever heard the phrase "drama queen?") They have sharp tempers and need to learn to direct their anger toward only needful causes. The natural creativity and flamboyance of Leo makes Gryffindors born under this sign good at most everything they attempt, provided they apply themselves to learning magic rather than using magic to hog the limelight.
Hufflepuff
Although this might seem like a strange sign for Hufflepuffs, Hufflepuff Leos do exist. Many become the prefects of their House when they reach the proper age, for they are good with other people, have a fine sense of initiative, and have the nobility of spirit to see that the right thing gets done at all times. They like to set a good example for others - the phrase "noblesse oblige" probably sums it up well (nobility imposes obligation). Generous to a fault, they will give everything they have (be it money, energy, or loyalty) to anyone who needs it.
Ravenclaw
Ravenclaw Leos are brilliant scholars, loudly adding to classroom discussions and impressing others with the breadth, if not depth, of their knowledge. Many find themselves attracted, as well, to positions on the Quidditch team, partly because this lets them use their abundant energy, partly because it allows them to hog the limelight for a few hours while everybody in their House cheers them on. Their optimism and charisma make them friends everywhere, regardless of House affiliation, and their creativity makes them highly inventive in the laboratory. On the other hand, they are prone to fat egos and intellectual arrogance, and this can be intensely annoying. Emotional maturity will eventually teach them that they don't know everything, and sometimes it's best to let other people speak up and take the credit.
Slytherin
Slytherin Leos can be either very good, or very bad. At their best, they exemplify all that "nobility" is made of: confidence, openness, charm, initiative, generosity of spirit, wisdom, judgment, and poise. At their worst, they become elitist, bullying bigots. How they end up depends on the company they keep, and how they are encouraged to act early in life. Either way, they never lack attention - it's hard to ignore a Slytherin born under this sign. These Slytherins usually end up in positions of responsibility and leadership, because of their charisma and natural ability. Their creativity and drive also makes them very resourceful.
The Vestal Virgin. Mutable, earth, yin - planetary ruler: Mercury. Keywords: "I ANALYZE"
Virgo is the sixth sign of the zodiac and governs the nervous system and the intestines. Positive traits include a keen intellect, attention to detail, imagination, politeness, disciplined work habits, realism, practicality, skepticism, organizational skill, curiosity, and modesty; negative traits are anal-retentiveness, anxiety, hesitation, an inability to see the forest past the trees, insecurity, and obsessiveness.
Gryffindor
This is not a natural sign for Gryffindor, but some Gryffindors do end up born under the influence of Virgo. They are hard workers and usually very bright; they tend to be more ethically obsessed than most. Some Virgo wizards are also sorted into House Gryffindor because of their amazing imaginations; on the surface they may appear straight-laced and almost nervous, but inside is a wealth of romantic yearning and fantastic excitement. They quietly build dream castles in their minds; and the practical influence of the Earth element means that they, unlike more flighty signs, may have some chance of building those dream castles on solid foundations.
Hufflepuff
Hufflepuff Virgos are incredibly hard workers and bright, if quiet, students. They excel at any magical arts related to domestic life or healing. They must be watched carefully to ensure that they do not overstress their systems by performing too much work; these wizards have a very hard time learning the meaning of the word "no," and are thus easily taken advantage of for their work ethic. Let other people do the leading and the decision making; they are content to serve. And on their backs rests the industry of the world. Without people like them, civilization might grind to a halt, for who would take care of the practical details?
Ravenclaw
Ravenclaw Virgos are skeptical, analytical, mathematically oriented, and sharp witted. Many become great magi, alchemists, and astrologers. These people love ideas and theoretical discussion, and their leaps of intuition can be uncanny. The Earth element makes them shrewd and pragmatic, and keeps them from flying off into cloudcuckooland.
Slytherin
While these Slytherins might not be the most outgoing of their class, they are often among the most wise, and their canny observation and lightning-fast analysis of any given situation will take them far. Often behind that quiet mien hides the mind of a big dreamer, who had both the imagination to come up with a concept and the power to follow it through. These Slytherins are an interesting mix of politeness and politics, pragmatism and intuition. They make good alchemists, Ministry bureaucrats (well, somebody's got to do it), and academic advisors. They are often underestimated. This is most unwise.
the Scales of Justice. Cardinal, air, yang - planetary ruler: Venus. Keywords: "I BALANCE"
Libra is the seventh sign of the zodiac and governs the kidneys, lower back, and buttocks. Positive traits include a rational, logical mind, a fine sense of aesthetics, diplomatic aplomb, good taste, charm, skill with words, intelligence, an innate sense of fairness and justice, and exceptional beauty. Negative characteristics include indecisiveness, excessive dependence on other people, conformist tendencies, manic depression, extravagance, and manipulation.
Gryffindor
Gryffindor Libras will be a little bit more circumspect than other members of their House; the Gryffindor tendency to act first and think second will be moderated by the Libra tendency to weigh all options carefully before making a decision. Emphasized to an extreme will be the Gryffindor obsession with justice. Libras are the natural judges, lawyers, and police of the Zodiac, often more concerned with what is fair and just for all than what is merciful for the few. Expect a Gryffindor born under this sign to be an outspoken defender of underdogs, and to stand up for their beliefs more vociferously than the average Libra (Libras are usually too polite to say something that might risk offending other people). All Libras have the potential to become Aurors, because of the strong drive for justice, but the Gryffindor courage makes people of this sun sign who were sorted into this House more likely to become Aurors than people of other signs and Houses.
Hufflepuff
Libras sorted into House Hufflepuff are some of the sweetest, most charming individuals you will ever meet. They work hard at their studies compared to other Libras (most Libras would rather coast on their strengths than apply themselves to all their subjects) and are often quite successful. Physically, however, they remain unathletic and lazy - the closest they'll ever get to a Quidditch match is the spectator's box, and that only if the weather is pleasant. Anything beautiful and harmonious appeals to the Hufflepuff Libra. Since potions and alchemy require an instinctive awareness of the harmony of ingredients, Hufflepuffs who are Libras display a surprising facility in these subjects. These wizards live to help other people, and to help their friends get along with each other; nothing hurts them more than to see people in distress or bickering with each other. Feuds and wars between wizards distress them. Equally distressing is the disharmony between Muggles and magic users. Many Hufflepuff Libras become Muggle specialists, hoping to bridge the gap between magical and non-magical.
Ravenclaw
All Ravenclaws are intellectual, but Ravenclaw Libras have their heads in the clouds more than most (Pisces Ravenclaws may have them beat, but not by much). They are romantic and idealistic, and prefer to live in the world of pure theory rather than in the messy world of action. While social and pleasant, they are still quiet and shy, and rarely make the first move when in a group of people. In the classroom, they tend to wait to be called on, or raise their hands when they are sure that no one else knows the answer, but they do tend to be the teacher's pet on a fairly regular basis. It's hard to hate them for this, because they are so pleasant to everybody. Ravenclaw Libras are the most speculative (and indecisive) of all Libras, because they have the intellectual capacity to explore all ramifications of every action and reaction.
Slytherin
This combination of sun sign and House ought to be nicknamed "The Magical Corps of Diplomats." Slytherins born under this sign are poised, polished, suave, well read, well bred, and excruciatingly polite and correct in everything they do - the perfect gentry of the magical world. Never a bully or a bravo here! No, these Slytherins would say "I despise you and think your are worthless scum" and make it sound like "How do I love thee? Let me count the ways..." They are discreet, sympathetic, easy to talk to, and know how to put people at ease. This can, of course, be a wonderful asset in espionage (the flip side of diplomacy!) and these Slytherins are more than capable of hiding their true feelings in order to get information or befriend a rival. Because they need to act in partnership with others and hate to be alone, they are rarely decision makers, and must be careful who they seek to befriend, lest they be led astray into the wrong crowd. Slytherin Libras also ought to marry into money if they don't have much of their own, for their love of luxury and culture can make for extremely high maintenance expenses.
the Scorpion. Fixed, water, yin - planetary rulers: Mars and Pluto. Keywords: "I DESIRE"
Scorpio is the eighth house of the Zodiac and governs the genitalia. Positive traits include magnetic charisma, ambition, drive, a penetrating mind, curiosity, intensity of focus, emotional depth, consistency, persistence, willpower, and the potential for inner transformation and regeneration; negative traits include selfishness, obsessiveness, vindictiveness, hypersensitivity, ruthlessness, cynicism, an inability to understand the word "moderation," and jealousy. It is said that Scorpios embody both the best and the worst of all that are born under the stars, and that there are three kinds of Scorpios: wicked scorpions, cunning serpents, and saintly eagles. What each Scorpio becomes is entirely up to that Scorpio.
Gryffindor
Expect stamina, incredible courage, intense and stormy emotions, burning idealism, and indomitable will. Gryffindor Scorpios are never drawn in shades of pastel; they are always blood red and mesmerizing gold. There are few followers born under these aspects; Scorpios born into this house tend to be either leaders or loners. They are well placed on the Quidditch field, where their natural competitive streak and their great store of personal energy make them natural Beaters (or, really, naturals at any position on the field). Expect them to get into frequent duels, and expect them to gravitate naturally to DADA, for all Scorpios are fascinated by anything dark and forbidden, and Gryffindor Scorpios will want to take their place as defenders as early in their careers as possible. Expect passion. Expect wisdom. But don't expect a lot of time to take a breather. Many people born under this aspect also end up as Aurors; they're the perfect "bad cops" to the "good cop" Libra wizards.
Hufflepuff
This is one of the more bizarre signs to get sorted into House Hufflepuff, but every now and then it happens. It's not as contradictory as one would think. Scorpio is perfectly happy to work behind the scenes without getting much recognition, provided that work actually gets something meaningful done and results in personal success; success means different things to different people, and Hufflepuff Scorpios tend to define success as "accomplishment" rather than as "prestige." These Hufflepuffs are indefatigable. They have the energy and the willpower to keep going even when everyone else around them has quit. They are workaholics to an extreme, if they are obsessed with a particular project; otherwise, they are happy to devote their prodigious energies to their family and friends, to whom they are devoted. Scorpio is often associated with the serpents of Aesculapius, demi-god of medicine, and the social orientation and skill at herbals that Hufflepuff wizards exhibit make the Scorpio Hufflepuff a natural healer.
Ravenclaw
Curiosity killed the cat; satisfaction brought it back. If ever a wizard exhibited a danger of self destruction from too much knowledge, surely it was a Ravenclaw Scorpio. It doesn't matter whether the pet obsession this week is botany, Muggle pop music, or the history of the Necronomicon, if a Ravenclaw Scorpio wants to know about it, then he will, and damn the consequences: full speed ahead. Indeed, just mention that a subject is "forbidden" and you'll see a peculiar light shine in their eyes. They sneak into locked rooms after dark, and forge passes to the restricted library sections. The lust for arcane knowledge is both the greatest strength of these wizards, and the Achilles heel. It's best to indulge them whenever possible and let the obsession burn itself out; and, when this is not possible, to explain in great detail and absolutely *no* patronizing why the subject must not be explored. These Ravenclaws are quiet and secretive, but don't be fooled by that calm and placid exterior; they have hidden depths.
Slytherin
What is said of Slytherins born under all other signs is doubly true of Slytherins born under Scorpio. (Or was it that what is said of Scorpios is doubly true of Scorpios sorted into Slytherin?) There is no middle ground here - these wizards can embody all that is the very best in the world... or all that is the very worst. They are heroes, or they are villains. They are attracted to the dark, twisted, and forbidden mysteries of the world from the day they are born, and only they can determine whether they will study the dark arts in order to oppose them, or to embrace them. However, as Scorpio is a sign of transformation and regeneration, it is not impossible for even the most evil of dark wizards to turn to the path of good... Scorpio Slytherins have uncanny wisdom, insight into human psychology, and high "emotional IQ's." They are incredibly ambitious, often exist in a state of total ego, and if misused or hurt, can nurse the wound and seethe for decades. Still, although they are often tempted to do horrible things in the name of glory or discovery, they nevertheless are often the kindest, most compassionate, and most forgiving people of all, for they have seen their own inner darkness, faced it, and do not run from it when they encounter it in others.
the centaur Archer. Mutable, fire, yang - planetary ruler: Jupiter. Keywords: "I SEE"
Sagittarius is the ninth house of the zodiac and rules the liver, hips, and thighs. Positive traits include optimism, innate wisdom, a philosophical outlook, a love of nature, generosity, joie de vive, flexibility, a keen intellect, independence, energy, natural good luck, foresight, and the capacity to dream big; negative traits include restlessness, tactlessness, clumsiness, naivete, unwillingness to commit, and a tendency to ignore important details while looking at a big, sketchy picture.
Gryffindor
Gryffindors born under this sign are exuberant and full of good humour. They are intelligent, but often do not make the best of students, because they would rather be outside enjoying the fresh air or off studying on their own. They aren't good at diplomatic silence; if a teacher makes a mistake, the Gryffindor Sag will draw attention to it right away, usually loudly and in front of the entire class. At length. These students can get into trouble - their hot tempers make for easy dueling matches, and their impish senses of humour inspire a great many practical jokes. Still, they rarely mean anything malicious. They're too jovial to harbour malice. These Gryffindors are likeable extraverts, on good terms with practically everybody, and they generally do all right in the end. Many excellent Quidditch players come from this sign.
Hufflepuff
Hufflepuff Sagittarians are good-natured, cheerful, and clever, and their natural skill at teaching other people what they have learned ensures that they will be professors or magical tutors upon leaving Hogwarts. Their outdoorsy ways also give them a gift with all growing things and wildlife. These wizards have more difficulty than most wizards of their house applying themselves to their studies; Sagittarius is a sign of intellect, but not discipline, and it is painful for Hufflepuffs born under this sign to do homework when they'd rather be out on the Quidditch field or taking nature hikes. They will knuckle down, but not without protest. Although they are socially graceless, their good natures make up for any accidental offenses they may commit.
Ravenclaw
Ravenclaw Sagittarians are the philosophers of the magical world. They love pure theory, pure mathematics, and anything that appeals to their yearning for far horizons, whether those horizons be physical (in which case they will do a lot of traveling) or mental. They excel at astrology and research, and have the rare gift of both being able to investigate a subject deeply and then being able to explain it to other people in plain language. This makes for excellent teaching potential. They are cheerful, athletic, brisk, and humourous, and also decidedly eccentric. Sometimes they get on people's nerves, because they don't have as many interpersonal skills as they seem to think they have, but it's hard to stay mad at a Ravenclaw Sagittarian for very long. They're just too goofy.
Slytherin
Yes, Virginia, Sagittarians can get sorted into House Slytherin. And not always as Quidditch players, either, although there have been jokes made about how the Hat will sort big, tall Sags into Slytherin just to pad out the team. Slytherin Sagittarians are sorted primarily because of their ability to dream; these Sags have a vision, and with the support of their House, can channel their energies to great achievements. In return they give their House something priceless beyond rubies: a sense of perspective. Temporary failure is not humiliating to the Sagittarius Slytherin, merely a temporary setback in pursuit of a goal. They can laugh at themselves even when other people are laughing at them, and of course that turns the joke on the idiots who came up with it in the first place. (How devious.) Although bright, these Slytherins will coast through their classes if they can get away with it; they'd rather envision the future than attend to the details of the present.
the Quinotaur (half goat, half mermaid/merman). Cardinal, earth, yin - planetary ruler: Saturn. Keywords: "I USE"
Capricorn is the tenth sign of the zodiac and governs the bones, joints, and knees. Positive traits include pragmatism, maturity, patience, determination, awareness, a strong work ethic, realism, discipline, money management, the willingness to overcome hard luck, leadership, initiative, opportunism, prudence, and cunning. Negative traits include pessimism, melancholy, emotional coldness, manipulation, obsession with work and ambitions to the detriment of personal development, remoteness, and materialistic snobbery.
Gryffindor
While not the most common sign for Gryffindors to be born under, the combination of Gryffindor aims with Capricorn traits results in wizards who are exceptionally well balanced. For once, here are Gryffindors who will not go charging off on quests without first making thorough preparations and arranging for backup. They are resourceful, well grounded, and self confident, hard workers, and extremely reliable. You can always trust a Gryffindor Capricorn's word; they will not only mean it when they say they will do something, they will follow through successfully. House Prefects often come from this sign, because they are responsible, good students, and natural leaders. What many people forget about the Capricorn is that although they are part goat, they are also part mermaid. That mermaid half represents all the fanciful dreams and lofty ambitions that the quiet Capricorn often hides beneath an unassuming surface. Perhaps Capricorns are sorted into this House because the House needs balance, but those hidden dreams and whimsies probably have a lot to do with it, too.
Hufflepuff
Hufflepuff Capricorns are extraordinarily hard workers. Their sense of duty is strong, and they have enough discipline to manage not just themselves, but a whole army of people if needs be. They take joy in being useful to other people, so are often quite helpful whether as lab partners or in their chosen careers (often in the Ministry of Magic). However, because they also make good leaders and want to get ahead in the world due to having more ambition than the average Hufflepuff, they tend to get selected for positions of authority, where they soon make themselves indispensable. They're good at organizing things. Hogwarts should always have a Hufflepuff Capricorn somewhere on the administration, to make sure all affairs are actually in order (all those head-in-the-clouds creative types on the faculty; good heavens, where would Hogwarts be if there was no way of balancing them with down to earth perspective?)
Ravenclaw
Ravenclaws born under the sign of Capricorn excel at their studies, because they have both a love of knowledge for its own sake and a deep desire to use that knowledge to gain prestige or authority. They are disciplined students with acute perception and shrewd minds; they might take a little longer to reach conclusions than their peers, but their conclusions tend to be more well thought out and thorough. They have dry, ironic wit and are fond of making subtle jokes that only those blessed with intelligence and perception can understand. There's not much that these wizards miss; they usually know what is going on long before anybody else does.
Slytherin
The traits emphasized here will be ambition, determination, discipline, and pragmatism. You can't make that castle in the sky if you don't build a solid foundation under it, and Capricorns excel at building foundations. (Actually, they excel at planning the foundations and directing others to do the grunt labour. It's not that they're afraid to get their hands dirty, but large work usually requires delegation and a staff, and Capricorns are managers more often than not.) While not flamboyant or showy about it, Capricorns still tend to be obsessive overachievers, a common trait in House Slytherin. Too, wizards born under the sign of Capricorn are good at being discreet, secretive, and diplomatic; whereas the Libra's diplomacy is based on charm and a desire for harmony, the Capricorn's diplomacy is based on the knowledge that being on good terms with people is extremely useful in getting one's way or finding out sensitive information. These also are traits commonly associated with House Slytherin. They might not be sexy traits, but they're very handy.
the Water Bearer. Fixed, air, yang - planetary rulers: Saturn and Uranus. Keywords: "I KNOW"
Aquarius is the eleventh house of the Zodiac and rules the circulatory system, shins, and ankles. Positive traits include brilliance, innovation, individuality, openness, social consciousness, inventiveness, practical skill, and self assertion; negative traits are eccentricity, lack of attachment to people and the "real world," over-intellectualizing of the emotions, a crotchety temper, rigidity, intellectual arrogance, and stubbornness.
Gryffindor
Gryffindor Aquarians are the social activists and loons of their House. They'll picket for House Elf Liberation. They'll wear their robes inside out because they spent all night reading, not pay attention to how they dressed the next day, and not care if their rumpled appearance is pointed out to them. They are intellectual rebels and will loudly defend their opinions, even if doing so makes enemies. They are apt to question authority. "Even Merlin was wrong, some of the time," they'll say, shrugging. While not particularly good at dealing with crisis situations (they stress out easily) they do tend to have enough foresight to see the situations coming, and prevent them from happening in the first place. They can be flamboyantly talented, but are less interested in using their talent to "make it big" than in using it to make a better life for themselves or other people. Because Gryffindor tends to be a flamboyant house, these oddballs (they are always odd) tend to stick out for being unusual.
Hufflepuff
Aquarians who are sorted into House Hufflepuff are introverted, but not shy; march to the beat of a different drummer, but don't wear their weirdness like a flag; socially minded, but highly critical of society. Confused? So are the Hufflepuff Aquarians, but they tend to sort things out eventually. Their minds lean toward the practical side of things - they'd rather invent new and useful spells or gadgets than dwell for hours in hot air theory - and the solutions they find to common problems are brilliantly on target. They like people and want to get along well with everybody, but are uncomfortable with intimacy; so they have lots of acquaintances but few close friends. They have the ability to laugh at most any situation.
Ravenclaw
The stereotypical geeks of the magical world, Ravenclaw Aquarians are noted mostly for their genius. They are gifted theorists and inventors, and highly talented students. Most wind up doing pure research after graduating from Hogwarts. Their noses are always in books of esoteric lore. Some people may laugh at them, either for their unconventional lifestyles or (more commonly) because they are obvious nerds, but they don't care. While they can have sharp tempers, especially when they encounter ignorance or stupidity, these wizards generally mean well, and have a "live and let live" philosophy. Their wit is legendary; not everybody gets the Ravenclaw Aquarian's jokes, but those who are subtle and intelligent enough find conversation with an Aquarian Ravenclaw to be quite funny, in a satirical and ironic and irreverent sort of way.
Slytherin
Slytherin Aquarians are lucky. They have inner drive, determination, and great ambition; they also have brilliance, cleverness, and an almost total disregard for "what everybody thinks," which means they can go for their dreams without caring if other people mock them or consider them strange. More introverted and full of social conscience than the average Slytherin, these wizards are easily overlooked socially (by fools), although they excel in the classroom and eventually become great wizards indeed. They are stubborn and will not back down without a fight if challenged.
the Fish. Mutable, water, yin - planetary rulers: Jupiter and Neptune. Keywords: "I BELIEVE"
Pisces is the twelfth sign of the Zodiac, and governs the feet. Positive traits include idealism, wisdom, intuition, empathy, imagination, creativity, adaptability, compassion, and an uncanny connection to all that is spiritual and otherworldly (which makes for talent in magic); negative traits include being easily influenced by other people, gullibility, a lack of backbone, escapism, addictive personality, impracticality, emotional game-playing, delusion, and a total inability to say "no."
Gryffindor
While not the bravest of Gryffindors, the Gryffindor Pisces still exhibits a quiet courage. They aren't afraid to face painful truths, if there really is no way of escaping them. These Gryffindors are deeply compassionate, and full of emotional strength, often becoming the unofficial counselors in the common room who everybody runs to for advice. They are romantic to an extreme; their minds are stuffed full of fairy tales, myths, and legends. They often spend more time daydreaming than doing their homework, to the vexation of their professors. Still, their daydreams do sometimes produce uncanny insights.
Hufflepuff
Community service? Of course, what else is magic for? Hufflepuff Pisceans live to please. They literally feel pain when other people feel pain, so often wind up doing intensive study of healing magics. Potions come naturally, too, for Pisces is a water sign, and all wizards born under water signs have some talent at potions. The temptation to make love potions and mood altering substances is very great, for Pisces is in love with love, and almost as much in love with easy escapes into altered states of consciousness. Hufflepuff Pisceans have somewhat less of a work ethic than average, but will apply themselves to their studies in the hopes that what they learn will benefit humanity somehow. They are followers, not leaders, but they do make good teachers, for they are very patient and have a gift for making subjects seem interesting to learn.
Ravenclaw
Ravenclaw Pisceans spend so much time dreaming or reading books of legends that it's a wonder they ever come down to earth. Care must be taken that they do not neglect their material needs, including those that involve sleep, food, and drink. These wizards are natural seers, and often specialize in things like horary astrology, cartomancy, dream interpretation, oracles, and the summoning of visions. Because they possess both intellectual acumen and emotional awareness, they are capable of great insight. They are quiet students, not always the best in their classes, but tend to be brilliant at subjects which they are personally interested in. Shy and nervous, they are easily bullied or intimidated, and need some looking after by more assertive students.
Slytherin
This is not the most natural of sun signs for a Slytherin to be born into, but it's not unheard of, and when it happens, the results are usually interesting. These Slytherins dream big. Because of their romantic streak and their need for mystery and glamour, their dreams are often the most dazzling of all. To put them into fruition, they either need to develop a pragmatic streak, or partner up with a practical wizard who will help midwife the dreams and keep them going. These Slytherins are loners or followers rather than leaders, but don't assume that they are doormats - they wouldn't be Slytherin if they didn't have some backbone. They will accomodate people to the best of their limits, but if those limits are pushed or violated, they will get angry - and they will remember. A Pisces never forgets a cut or a kindness. Ever. Slytherin Pisceans often delve into mysteries involving death and afterlife, for Pisces is naturally placed in the house of endings; Pisces wizards in House Slytherin will also be brilliant seers and potion brewers. Because these wizards are good with people and human psychology, they understand everybody around them; and because they are so quiet and unassuming, nobody notices that they are there. The wise Pisces in House Slytherin of course is aware of this, and uses it to advantage.
| Leo |
Where could you spend your Gourde? | Which Hogwarts House Would You Actually Be In Based On Your Zodiac Sign
Which Hogwarts House Would You Actually Be In Based On Your Zodiac Sign?
It is our star signs that show what we truly are.
Which Hogwarts House Would You Actually Be In Based On Your Zodiac Sign?
You got: Gryffindor
Aries are typical Gryffindors - they live exciting lives and are always seeking adventure rather than waiting for it to come to them. They are determined to reach their goals and are natural-born leaders, but they are also very impulsive, and often don’t think before they act, which can lead to trouble.
Warner Bros.
You got: Hufflepuff
Taurus are incredibly loyal and close to their friends - they most often have a few very close friends rather than a lot of acquaintances, and they will do anything to protect their friends and make them happy. Taurus prefer the familiarity of routine to adventure, and aren’t fond of change, but this can sometimes mean that they are stubborn and lazy when it comes to trying new things.
Warner Bros.
You got: Ravenclaw
Gemini are incredibly quick-witted and intelligent, making the sign a perfect candidate for Ravenclaw. They are curious, often exploring the world around them in order to learn new things, and their imaginative minds mean that their answers to problems are often not straightforward. Imagination and creativity can be a hindrance to Gemini, however - they often lack perseverance, and will stray off topic to discuss something that they find more intriguing.
Warner Bros.
You got: Slytherin
While Cancers has the typical Hufflepuff trait of loyalty, their moody disposition, mystery, and cunning makes them a perfect candidate for Slytherin. Cancers find it difficult to open up emotionally, and have an uneasy temperament, which means that they are independent. They are hard workers and are incredibly perseverant, and will do whatever it takes to get their way - Cancers are self-sufficient, and never depend on others to do what needs to be done.
Warner Bros.
You got: Gryffindor
Leo - the lion - couldn’t possibly be anything but a Gryffindor. Leo are confident and ambitious, and while they prefer to act independently, they need their actions to be admired and appreciated by the people around them. Leo is a natural ruler, often seeking adventure and excitement, and therefore often takes charge of any given situation. They are also often surrounded by friends, because people are attracted to their charm, liveliness, and protective nature.
Warner Bros.
You got: Ravenclaw
Virgos main characteristic is intelligence, and although they lack the imagination and creativity sometimes thought typical of Ravenclaw, their observation skills and precise thinking makes them the perfect problem-solver. Virgo is incredibly well-organised and, although they present a calm exterior, they are constantly analysing the world around them. Virgos intentions are always pure, however - rather than using their intelligence to manipulate, they use it to help others and solve problems logically.
Warner Bros.
You got: Hufflepuff
Libra are incredibly diplomatic and peaceful, and they always want to do what’s best for the people around them. They don’t crave independence, rather preferring to be surrounded by people, and they are great at getting along with others. They are great at seeing things from other people’s perspectives, and are therefore excellent at balancing a situation and returning order to the world.
Warner Bros.
You got: Slytherin
Scorpios are extremely ambitious and will go to the end of the earth to achieve their goals - they are incredibly resourceful and able to control situations with their natural sense of leadership. While they seem cool and detached on the outside, on the inside is great power, persistence, and a passion to succeed. Though they are loyal to those close to them, Scorpios tend to hold grudges against people who hurt them, and they never forgive and forget.
Warner Bros.
You got: Gryffindor
Sagittarius craves adventure and excitement and always welcomes change and new experiences. They are born entertainers and make excellent storytellers due to their adventurous lifestyle, and therefore people are drawn to them, but they often speak their mind without holding back, which is difficult for some to deal with. Though they generally have a positive and optimistic attitude, Sagittarius do not like to be bored, and can often become irritable if they are not out seeking adventure.
Warner Bros.
You got: Hufflepuff
Capricorns are very patient and loyal - they are very sympathetic to friends in need, and will always do everything in their power to help their friends and make sure they are happy. Capricorns are ambitious, and always know what they want, but they are not impatient in their ambitions, preferring to work slowly and persistently in order to achieve their goals, which means that they are often the most successful in their field.
Warner Bros.
You got: Ravenclaw
Aquarius are staunch believers of Rowena Ravenclaw’s motto, “wit beyond measure is man’s greatest treasure”. They are visionaries - they do not believe in sticking to what is conventional, rather preferring to stray from the norm and achieve their goals with imagination and intellect. Aquarius are always on the hunt for intellectual stimulation, and as a result they welcome change and new experiences. Aquarius often have a sarcastic sense of humour, and some people can perceive them to be aloof because of their high intelligence and unconventionality.
Warner Bros.
You got: Slytherin
Pisces is the sign of mystery - they are difficult to pin down because they often adapt to their given situation and they feel emotions to the extreme. Pisces tend to trust their instincts - and they are most often correct - which means that they are excellent at problem solving, however they are often lazy and prefer to allow others to do their work for them.
Warner Bros.
| i don't know |
What sausage gets it's name from the Italian for Onion? | Chipolata, english bangers
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Chipolata, Small sausages
Really tasty, just like British style bangers, but in smaller casings. Its name is really special, the Chipolata is derived from the Italian word “cupola” which means onion.
Perfect to take with Sunday Roast or breakfast, and children love to take them as after school snack. Easy to cook, and provides perfect taste with streaky bacon.
Recipient :
| Chipolata |
In what area of France is champagne made? | Chipolata, english bangers
Send to a friend
Chipolata, Small sausages
Really tasty, just like British style bangers, but in smaller casings. Its name is really special, the Chipolata is derived from the Italian word “cupola” which means onion.
Perfect to take with Sunday Roast or breakfast, and children love to take them as after school snack. Easy to cook, and provides perfect taste with streaky bacon.
Recipient :
| i don't know |
In the Bible who put Daniel in the lions den? | Daniel 6 - Daniel in the Den of Lions - It pleased - Bible Gateway
Daniel 6New International Version (NIV)
Daniel in the Den of Lions
6 [ a ]It pleased Darius to appoint 120 satraps to rule throughout the kingdom, 2 with three administrators over them, one of whom was Daniel. The satraps were made accountable to them so that the king might not suffer loss. 3 Now Daniel so distinguished himself among the administrators and the satraps by his exceptional qualities that the king planned to set him over the whole kingdom. 4 At this, the administrators and the satraps tried to find grounds for charges against Daniel in his conduct of government affairs, but they were unable to do so. They could find no corruption in him, because he was trustworthy and neither corrupt nor negligent. 5 Finally these men said, “We will never find any basis for charges against this man Daniel unless it has something to do with the law of his God.”
6 So these administrators and satraps went as a group to the king and said: “May King Darius live forever! 7 The royal administrators, prefects, satraps, advisers and governors have all agreed that the king should issue an edict and enforce the decree that anyone who prays to any god or human being during the next thirty days, except to you, Your Majesty, shall be thrown into the lions’ den. 8 Now, Your Majesty, issue the decree and put it in writing so that it cannot be altered—in accordance with the law of the Medes and Persians, which cannot be repealed.” 9 So King Darius put the decree in writing.
10 Now when Daniel learned that the decree had been published, he went home to his upstairs room where the windows opened toward Jerusalem. Three times a day he got down on his knees and prayed, giving thanks to his God, just as he had done before. 11 Then these men went as a group and found Daniel praying and asking God for help. 12 So they went to the king and spoke to him about his royal decree: “Did you not publish a decree that during the next thirty days anyone who prays to any god or human being except to you, Your Majesty, would be thrown into the lions’ den?”
The king answered, “The decree stands—in accordance with the law of the Medes and Persians, which cannot be repealed.”
13 Then they said to the king, “Daniel, who is one of the exiles from Judah, pays no attention to you, Your Majesty, or to the decree you put in writing. He still prays three times a day.” 14 When the king heard this, he was greatly distressed; he was determined to rescue Daniel and made every effort until sundown to save him.
15 Then the men went as a group to King Darius and said to him, “Remember, Your Majesty, that according to the law of the Medes and Persians no decree or edict that the king issues can be changed.”
16 So the king gave the order, and they brought Daniel and threw him into the lions’ den. The king said to Daniel, “May your God, whom you serve continually, rescue you!”
17 A stone was brought and placed over the mouth of the den, and the king sealed it with his own signet ring and with the rings of his nobles, so that Daniel’s situation might not be changed. 18 Then the king returned to his palace and spent the night without eating and without any entertainment being brought to him. And he could not sleep.
19 At the first light of dawn, the king got up and hurried to the lions’ den. 20 When he came near the den, he called to Daniel in an anguished voice, “Daniel, servant of the living God, has your God, whom you serve continually, been able to rescue you from the lions?”
21 Daniel answered, “May the king live forever! 22 My God sent his angel, and he shut the mouths of the lions. They have not hurt me, because I was found innocent in his sight. Nor have I ever done any wrong before you, Your Majesty.”
23 The king was overjoyed and gave orders to lift Daniel out of the den. And when Daniel was lifted from the den, no wound was found on him, because he had trusted in his God.
24 At the king’s command, the men who had falsely accused Daniel were brought in and thrown into the lions’ den, along with their wives and children. And before they reached the floor of the den, the lions overpowered them and crushed all their bones.
25 Then King Darius wrote to all the nations and peoples of every language in all the earth:
“May you prosper greatly!
26 “I issue a decree that in every part of my kingdom people must fear and reverence the God of Daniel.
“For he is the living God
and he endures forever;
his kingdom will not be destroyed,
his dominion will never end.
27 He rescues and he saves;
he performs signs and wonders
in the heavens and on the earth.
He has rescued Daniel
from the power of the lions.”
28 So Daniel prospered during the reign of Darius and the reign of Cyrus[ b ] the Persian.
Footnotes:
| king darius |
Cheval-vapeur in France is equal to what in English? | Daniel 6: Daniel in the Lions’ Den - Life, Hope & Truth
Daniel 6: Daniel in the Lions’ Den
by Bill Palmer
The famous Bible story of Daniel and the lions’ den is more than a simple account of God’s deliverance. It also shows that no one is a match for the true God.
The king’s obvious anguish was in stark contrast to the barely hidden glee of his trusted officials. Upon the advice of these men, King Darius had rashly issued a decree forbidding anyone from making petitions to “any god or man for thirty days” ( Daniel 6:6-9 ) except him. The penalty for disobedience was to be a horrifying death in a den of ravenous lions! And now Daniel, his most gifted officer, had been charged with flagrantly violating this irrevocable law.
Reading through the sixth chapter of Daniel leaves Bible students with a vivid picture of an impetuous king manipulated by advisers to destroy a man of God. As we progress through the story, we first see the envy of the king’s advisers, then the folly of the king, followed by the peril to Daniel and the anguish of the king. Finally, we see God’s deliverance of Daniel and His judgment on Daniel’s adversaries.
Most people in the Western world have a passing familiarity with this story, a perennial favorite in collections of Bible stories taught to children. However, most people don’t fully grasp the meaning of this confrontation between one of God’s beloved servants (Daniel 9:23) and his enemies.
Spiritual dilemma
The first step in understanding the story is to come to appreciate the historical and cultural context of the conflict. Daniel and many of his fellow Jews were no longer living in the Promised Land, but in Babylon. The Babylonian Empire had crushed all its enemies, including the Egyptian Pharaoh Neco II at Carchemish in 605 B.C. This critical battle opened the door to Babylonian dominance over Judah. Daniel, probably as a teenager, was among the first residents of Jerusalem to be deported to Babylon.
Living in the Promised Land had been an essential element of the covenant between the children of Israel and their God. The land itself was more than a home, more than a gift from God. It was a symbol of His power and authority. When Babylon took the Jews into captivity, some of them may well have been in shock that their God had not prevailed. The God who parted the waters of the Red Sea, using those same waters to drown the pride of Egyptian power, had not delivered Jerusalem from Nebuchadnezzar’s armies! How could that be?
Of course, Israel’s and Judah’s prophets had warned that God would withdraw His protection from His people if they continued to ignore His laws. As far back in their history as Moses, the warning had been in front of the nation (Deuteronomy 28). Yet the children of Israel stubbornly persisted in their sins. The people of Judah went into captivity not because God was powerless before the armies of Babylon, but because of their sins.
Living in exile
The questions of exile are a fundamental part of the book of Daniel, as noted by Gleason Archer (The Expositor’s Bible Commentary, 1985, Vol. 7, p. 4): “Indeed, it was essential for him [God] to prove by his miraculous acts that he had allowed his people to go into captivity in 587 B.C., not through weakness, but rather to maintain his integrity as a holy God, who carries out his covenant promises both for good and for ill according to the response of his people. So the whole narrative in Daniel relates a series of contests between false gods of human invention and the one true sovereign Lord and Creator of heaven and earth” (emphasis added).
God is holy and righteous, and He will not be mocked ( Galatians 6:7 ). He does not permit ongoing sinfulness to continue forever. Eventually, rebellion against God brings consequences. But even for those Jews who understood, exile brought with it questions. How could they serve God without a temple? How could they be the covenant people while separated from the Promised Land?
The book of Daniel reveals the answers through the positive examples of Daniel and his companions, Shadrach, Meshach and Abed-Nego . Through a series of trials of their faith, they remained loyal to the true God.
We see the first challenge in the first chapter. Daniel and his friends refused to eat and drink anything that would defile them ( Daniel 1:8, 11-12 ). The foods they were initially given to eat may have been unclean or filled with fat, making them unfit for someone who obeys God’s laws (Leviticus 11; Deuteronomy 14; Leviticus 7:23 ). Daniel and his friends prevailed through the favor of God. Other challenges that followed include the interpretation of dreams (chapters 2 and 4), the golden image and fiery furnace (chapter 3) and the handwriting on the wall (chapter 5).
In each case, the servants of God prevailed over kings, idol-worshippers and magicians. And that brings us to chapter 6. (This book’s accounts of men disputing God’s superiority here conclude with Daniel being thrown in the lions’ den. Unlike the narrative accounts in the first half of Daniel, chapters 7 through 12 contain visions and prophecies.)
Schemes of the wicked
Daniel had already served with distinction in the administrations of the Babylonian kings Nebuchadnezzar (chapters 1-4) and Belshazzar (chapter 5) when the Medo-Persian Empire conquered Babylon. In chapter 6, Daniel now starts serving King Darius, a leader some historians believe had previously served as one of the generals of Cyrus, the Persian emperor.
As a viceroy for Cyrus, Darius enlisted the help of Babylonian nobles to govern the conquered territory. Cyrus was renowned for creating an empire that drew on the talents of subjugated people. Satraps, or governors, ruled over provinces with a great deal of autonomy in this remarkable system.
At this point in his life (539 B.C.), Daniel was a prominent elder statesman close to 80 years old. Darius called upon him to be one of three governors over the satraps. Because of Daniel’s skill and integrity, though, Darius decided to promote him to a position above the other governors ( Daniel 6:3 ).
It may have been this plan that set in motion the events of chapter 6. Envy was undoubtedly a major motivation for the plot to disgrace or destroy Daniel, but it is just as likely that Daniel’s honesty prevented these men from illicit revenue through bribery, fraud and misappropriation of funds. To Daniel’s credit, his enemies could find no fault that would discredit him.
They had observed, however, Daniel’s unswerving dedication to God. They schemed to manipulate circumstances such that Daniel’s dedication would appear to be disloyalty to the king. These governors and counselors then approached Darius ( verse 6 ).
Most English-language versions of the Bible fail to convey the dramatic scene in all its energy. The King James Version and American Standard Version each speak of the group as “assembled together to the king.” The English Standard Version words it “came by agreement to the king.” The New King James Version, however, captures the force of the action, using the words “thronged before the king.”
Significantly, this chapter sets up a test of faith based on prayer itself. We must have faith to believe that God hears our prayers and that He answers us (Hebrews 11:1, 6). In Daniel’s case, though, the very act of kneeling before God was a test of his faith.
This focus on wording may seem like a small point, but understanding the atmosphere in the royal court helps to explain the king’s rash decision. These men did not merely petition the king as calm government officials. They presented an aura of urgency through emotion, perhaps suggesting the possibility of disloyalty among the newly conquered people of Babylon. What could make more sense than a test of loyalty to the king crafted as a ban on petitions to any other man or god?
Daniel’s prayer
Significantly, this chapter sets up a test of faith based on prayer itself. We must have faith to believe that God hears our prayers and that He answers us ( Hebrews 11:1, 6 ). In Daniel’s case, though, the very act of kneeling before God was a test of his faith.
Verse 10 of Daniel 6 tells us that, “when Daniel knew that the writing was signed,” he knelt and prayed as he always had. Daniel knew the type of men who shared governmental authority with him. He knew they would be watching. He knew they had set a trap. But Daniel also knew the God he served!
This verse also points out another important aspect of Daniel’s prayer—he faced Jerusalem. Praying toward the temple in Jerusalem had long been customary among the people of God ( Psalm 5:7 ), but Daniel may have had more in mind. Although he was a captive in exile in Babylon, he was undoubtedly quite familiar with Solomon’s prayer at the dedication of the temple four centuries earlier.
Solomon had anticipated a time when God’s people might be carried away captive, so he specifically asked that God look with mercy on them when they repented, praying toward the temple ( 1 Kings 8:46-53 ). God later appeared to Solomon, telling him that He had heard his prayer ( 1 Kings 9:3 ).
The crucial act of faith in chapter 6, however, is prayer. Daniel prays toward Jerusalem, a city leveled by the Babylonians, and he prays toward a temple that no longer stands. Daniel’s actions clearly show that it was not the Promised Land, nor was it the city of Jerusalem, nor even the existence of a temple of God that was vital to the faith of Israel. His prayer demonstrates that what really matters is wholehearted dedication to God Himself. That is the core of real faith, and a fitting response to enemies who defy the true God and persecute His people!
Whose immutable word?
One of the most important elements of the story is the law of the Medes and Persians. Three times in the chapter we read that this law, once issued, could not be changed ( verses 8, 12, 15 ). Even the king was powerless to change his own laws. What we read in chapter 6 is different from the preceding five chapters. Nebuchadnezzar and Belshazzar were Babylonian kings, not Persian. As such, they were free from such constraints.
This provision may seem strange to modern readers, but there were valid and practical reasons for the Medes and Persians to adopt such an attitude toward law. First, the inability to change a law after issuing it would impel the king to be more deliberate in considering legislation before enacting it. Second, the legal framework of society would be more stable.
Perhaps the reason that is most relevant to Daniel 6, though, is one that has more to do with manipulation of laws to achieve one’s purpose than stable government. Daniel’s enemies used this established concept of Persian law to entrap Daniel and outmaneuver the king, who was actually fond of Daniel and wanted to save him ( Daniel 6:14-15 ).
Even though the king was compelled to have Daniel thrown into the lions’ den, God miraculously spared Daniel’s life. As Daniel told the king the next morning, “My God sent His angel and shut the lions’ mouths, so that they have not hurt me” (verse 22).
Daniel’s enemies did not prevail against this servant of God. We should also note that only the true God has unchangeable laws, purposes and promises: “So shall My word be that goes forth from My mouth; it shall not return to Me void, but it shall accomplish what I please, and it shall prosper in the thing for which I sent it” (Isaiah 55:11).
To learn more about God’s plan for humanity—a plan that is surely being carried out just as God has promised—see the articles in the section “ Plan of Salvation .”
| i don't know |
The author of Moll Flanders wrote which more famous work? | Moll Flanders - Daniel Defoe - Google Books
Moll Flanders
0 Reviews https://books.google.com/books/about/Moll_Flanders.html?id=hHXAoq3h9FQC
Moll Flanders is, according to Virginia Woolf, one of the "few English novels which we can call indisputably great." Written by Defoe in 1722 under a pseudonym so his readers would think it an actual journal of the ribald fortunes and misfortunes of a woman in eighteenth-century London, the book remains a picaresque novel of astonishing vitality. From her birth in Newgate Prison to her ascent to a position of wealth and stature, Moll Flanders demonstrates both a mercantile spirit and an indomitable will. This vivid saga of an irresistible and notorious heroine--her high misdemeanors and delinquencies, her varied careers as a prostitute, a charming and faithful wife, a thief, and a convict--endures today as one of the liveliest, most candid records of a woman's progress through the hypocritical labyrinth of society ever recorded. "Defoe seems to have taken his characters so deeply into his mind that he lived them without exactly knowing how," wrote Virginia Woolf. "Like all unconscious artists, he leaves more gold in his work than his own generation was able to bring to the surface."
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afterwards answer asked assured Bank of England Barnet began believe better Betty boatswain Brickhill brother brought called captain carried child circumstances coach Colchester consent constable creature cried DANIEL DEFOE dear desired discourse door Dunstable England expected father fellow fortune fright gave gentleman gentlewoman give gold watch gone governess guineas hand handsome Harwich heard highwaymen honest husband Ireland justice justice of peace kind knew lady lived lodged London looked madam maid marriage married mercer midwife mistress Moll Flanders mother never Newgate night obliged occasion offered Old Bailey pawnbroker pickpocket plantation poor repentance resolved says Robin sent servants shilling ship short sincere sister soon story sure surprised taken talk tankard tell there’s things thither thought told took whore wife woman word York River
About the author (2000)
Daniel Defoe--arguably the most prolific writer in the English language and considered by many the father of the novel and the founder of modern journalism--was born at St. Giles, Cripplegate, in the heart of the City of London, probably in the fall of 1660. He was the third child and only son of James Foe, a prosperous tallow chandler of Flemish ancestry, and his wife, Alice. (The author assumed the more genteel name of Defoe when he reached the age of thirty-five.) Two years later, in 1662, the family left the Church of England to become Presbyterian Dissenters, who were barred from universities and from civil and military service. Consequently, young Defoe studied for the Presbyterian ministry at the Reverend Charles Morton's highly respected Academy for Dissenters at Newington Green north of London.
In 1682, however, Defoe decided against a career in the Nonconformist church and soon established himself as a merchant in Cornhill, near the Royal Exchange. In 1684, he married Mary Tuffley, who brought with her a sizable dowry. During their lifetime together she bore him eight children, six of whom lived to adulthood. After serving briefly in the Duke of Monmouth's ill-fated rebellion against the soon-to-be-deposed James II, Defoe bought a pardon from the government, became a successful tradesman in various commodities, traveled extensively in England and on the Continent, and published several political tracts. Yet by 1692, reckless investments forced him to declare bankruptcy for �17,000, then the equivalent of a small fortune. He eventually paid his creditors but was never entirely free from debt again.
It was perhaps inevitable that Defoe--an outspoken "freeman" of the City of London as well as a Puritan with a mission to print the truth even if it often meant satirizing the hypocrisies of church and state--would eventually find his calling as a prodigious pamphleteer during one of the most tumultuous periods in English history. His first significant publication was An Essay upon Projects (1697); the book (which exerted a lasting influence on Benjamin Franklin) advocated a number of imaginative economic and social reforms, including a system of national relief for the poor and education for women.
But it was not until the appearance in 1701 of The True-Born Englishman, a bestselling satirical poem ridiculing the opponents of William III, whom Defoe served as a propagandist, that he achieved fame. Notoriety soon followed, however, with "The Shortest Way with the Dissenters" (1702), an ill-timed mock-sermon lampooning High Church intolerance, which resulted in his arrest for seditious libel in 1703. Imprisoned and sentenced to stand in the pillory, the author won over the mob by distributing copies of "A Hymn to the Pillory" (1703), a poem declaring the inability of such a punishment to injure an honest man. As Defoe later wrote: "I have seen the rough side of the world as well as the smooth, and have in less than half a year tasted the difference between the closet of a king and the dungeon of Newgate."
Released through the intervention of Robert Harley, a moderate Tory minister, Defoe was soon pressed into service as a spy (he traveled throughout England and Scotland, actively promoting their union) and political journalist. From 1704 to 1713 he nearly single-handedly wrote the Review, a pro-government newspaper that was, nevertheless, the liveliest tabloid to appear in England up to that time. Eventually published thrice weekly, it even featured a modern "advice" column, and many of the articles still make entertaining reading.
A prolific and versatile writer, Defoe produced hundreds of works on every conceivable subject: politics, geography, crime, religion, economics, marriage, psychology, and even superstition. In 1715 he brought out The Family Instructor, the first of his bestselling books on personal conduct. After the accession of George I to the English throne in 1714 (and the fall of Harley), Defoe was once again arrested for debt, and his satirical pamphlets were judged treasonable. However, he was released through official influence and soon began editing the journal Mercurius Politicus from 1716 to 1720 on behalf of the Whig ministry. Afterward, in perhaps his most famous "collaboration," Defoe wrote for the Weekly Journal, or Saturday's Post, which enjoyed a circulation of some 10,000 copies a week, and later contributed to Applebee's Original Weekly Journal.
Then, in 1719 at the age of fifty-nine, Defoe turned to fiction, writing Robinson Crusoe. Partly based on the memoirs of Alexander Selkirk, a Scottish sailor, and others, the landmark book was published as autobiography, with the intention of preaching a sound moral and shaping public opinion. Likewise, his subsequent novels--Captain Singleton (1720), Moll Flanders (1722), A Journal of the Plague Year (1722), Colonel Jack (1722), and Roxana (1724)--were brought out as diaries or autobiographies of supposedly real people. Nevertheless, as Virginia Woolf noted, Defoe had indeed "shaped the novel and launched it on its way." And James Joyce observed, "Defoe was the first English author to write without imitating or adapting foreign works, to create without literary models and to infuse into the creatures of his pen a truly national spirit, to devise for himself an artistic form which is perhaps without precedent."
In his final years, Defoe's writing focused on the direct treatment of subjects that had always interested him--travel, economics, geography, and the social problems of England. His works during this period included the three-volume guide A Tour Thro' the whole Island of Great Britain (1724-26), The Complete English Tradesman (1726), The Political History of the Devil (1726), "Augusta Triumphans: Or, The Way to Make London the Most Flourishing City in the Universe" (1728), A Plan Of The English Commerce (1728), An Effectual Scheme for the Immediate Preventing of Street Robberies, and Suppressing All Other Disorders of the Night (1731), and The Complete English Gentleman (not published until 1890).
Daniel Defoe was still dodging creditors when he died of a stroke on April 24, 1731, at his lodgings in Rope Makers' Alley, not far from the area of London where he had lived as a child. He was buried two days later in the Dissenters cemetery at Bunhill Fields.
Bibliographic information
| Robinson Crusoe |
The Spink standard catalogue lists information about what? | Moll Flanders [ Illustrated ] eBook by Daniel Defoe - 1230000106421 | Kobo
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Moll Flanders [ Illustrated ][ Free Audiobooks Download ]
Moll Flanders is a novel written by Daniel Defoe in 1721, after his work as a journalist and pamphleteer. By 1721, Defoe had become a recognised novelist, with the success of Robinson Crusoe in 1719. His political work was tapering off at this point, due to the fall of both Whig and Tory party leaders with whom he had been associated; Robert Walpole was beginning his rise, and Defoe was never fully at home with the Walpole group. Defoe's Whig views are nevertheless evident in the story of Moll, and the novel's full title gives some insight into this and the outline of the plot:
The Fortunes and Misfortunes of the Famous Moll Flanders, &c. Who was Born in Newgate, and during a Life of continu'd Variety for Threescore Years, besides her Childhood, was Twelve Year a Whore, five times a Wife (whereof once to her own Brother), Twelve Year a Thief, Eight Year a Transported Felon in Virginia, at last grew Rich, liv'd Honest, and died a Penitent. Written from her own Memorandums.
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If you suffer from Diplopia what have you got? | Diplopia Definition - Double Vision
Double Vision
By Troy Bedinghaus, OD
Updated April 10, 2016
Are you seeing double? Double vision is the simultaneous perception of two images of a single object. The images may be displaced horizontally, vertically, diagonally, or rotationally in relation to each other.
What is double vision?
Double vision usually occurs when the eyes are misaligned, or not pointed at the same object, causing us to see two different images. Both images are sent to the brain which we process as double vision.
Most of the time, both of our eyes are pointed at the same object. This produces a clear, single image with just enough difference between the two images to give us a slightly different line of sight. This subtle difference gives us depth perception , often referred to as stereo vision. In fact, the farther apart an animals eyes are, the better depth perception it has.
Double vision can cause problems in life, including great difficulty in completing simple tasks. Luckily, the brain naturally guards against double vision by suppressing, or ignoring, one of the two images. We have a complex set of eye muscles and nerves that communicate with each other to keep both eyes moving along together.
Causes of Double Vision
The medical term for double vision is diplopia. Diplopia can be intermittent or constant. Because the pathway for the three main nerves that control eye muscle movement is long, complex and originates in the brain, double vision can be a sign of a serious neurological problem.
A defect anywhere along these pathways can possibly cause double vision. Some defects are caused by an injury to the head, stroke, aneurysm, brain tumor or brain swelling. Diabetes, hypertension and multiple sclerosis are common diseases that can cause a temporary paralysis of the nerves that control the eye muscles, which may cause double vision.
Another cause of double vision is strabismus . Strabismus is a condition that causes the eyes to be misaligned, often referred to as an "eye turn." Most people with strabismus are born with it and have an eye that tends to move inward or outward. Strabismus can also cause one eye to be pointed up or down. In many infants, it is difficult to find a true cause. Sometimes strabismus is caused by a large refractive error (need for prescription glasses) and sometimes eye tumors.
Most young children do not suffer from double vision even though their eyes are misaligned. Our brain often compensates and prevents us from seeing double by suppressing one of the images and making it disappear. Our brain learns to ignore the extra image, known as suppression. Children seem to adapt quickly and their brains suppress one of the images quickly. However, when one image is suppressed, a child is at risk for developing amblyopia, often referred to as lazy eye, because the eye is not being used properly. When strabismus develops in adults, double vision is more likely to occur.
An adult brain has difficulty suppression one image at first because for a large part of their life, both eyes were functioning to their fullest potential.
Monocular Diplopia
For the most part, you must have two fully functioning eyes to experience double vision. However, there is one type of double vision that can occur in one eye, called monocular diplopia. The most common cause of monocular diplopia is a cataract . A cataract is a clouding and opacification of the normally, clear lens inside the human eye. Most cataracts develop as we age. Some cataracts can be caused by trauma to the eye. Occasionally, the clouding occurs in sharp junctions in the lens which causes light to split into two when it enters the eyes. Some individuals perceive that as double vision.
Astigmatism can also cause double vision out of one eye. Astigmatism , a common vision problem that distorts vision, can sometimes elongate or stretch out an image so much that it appears to be double.
Treatment of Double Vision
Cover It - The simplest form of treatment of double vision is to cover one eye with a patch. This quickly eliminates one image but has the negative side effect of decreasing your dimensional vision or depth perception.
Fresnel “Press-on” Prism - Another useful way of treating double vision is to apply a Fresnel prism on top of your eyeglasses. Fresnel prism is a thin sheet of many little prisms that shift light in a certain direction. The prism moves the image that the misaligned eye is seeing into a position so that both eyes can fuse the image into a single, clear image. Fresnel prism has the advantage of being temporary. The fresnel prism can be peeled off of the glasses easily as the diplopia resolves itself. Fresnel prism is useful when double vision is caused by conditions such as diabetes or hypertension. Most often, the double vision lasts less than 6-9 months and then goes away when the underlying systemic condition is being treated.
Ophthalmic Prism - If double vision is more permanent, then regular, ophthalmic prism can be ground into your eyeglass prescription. It occasionally increases the thickness of the lens on one side but is better looking cosmetically than a Fresnel prism.
Vision Therapy - Vision Therapy (VT) encompasses a lot of different techniques to correct double vision and strabismus. Sometimes certain machines and computer models are used to give the person behavioral feedback to control the double vision. Other times, specific eye muscle exercises are done to strengthen the eye muscles.
Surgery - Surgery for double vision is very successful in most cases. Eye surgeons who specialize in eye muscle surgery use a variety of techniques that involve shortening or moving eye muscles. Adjustable sutures are used to fine tune the eye muscle correction directly after surgery.
Botox - Botulinum toxin is injected directly into one of the muscles controlling eye movement. This temporarily blocks the nerve impulse and causes the muscle to be paralyzed. This muscle relaxes and the other eye muscles take up the slack to straighten the eye. Side effects including a droopy eyelid or worsened double vision.
What You Should Know
Double vision is a serious health concern. However “sudden onset” double vision is of special concern. When diplopia comes on suddenly, a neurological problem in your brain should always be ruled out before investigating more common causes. If you are experiencing double vision, you should be evaluated by an optometrist, ophthalmologist , neurologist or other medical professional immediately.
Upon evaluation, your doctor will ask you the following questions:
Did the double vision appear suddenly, or has it been there for some time?
Is it constant, or does it seem to come and go?
Does the double vision go away when you cover one eye?
Do you see double out of one eye, or both eyes?
Source: Neuro-Ophthalmology - Textbook of Ophthalmology. Slamovits, Thomas L. and Ronald Burd. Copyright 1994, Mosby-Year Book Europe, Ltd.
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| Diplopia |
Who was called The Man of Destiny? | The Causes of Double Vision
The Causes of Double Vision
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Double vision, or diplopia, occurs when your eyes don’t work as a team. When your visual system is working correctly, both eyes should point in the same direction at an object. Your eyes see two different images, which your brain combines to produce a single, 3D image.
If your eyes are not pointed at the same spot, your brain won’t be able to combine them effectively. You’ll then experience double vision. You may feel nauseous, dizzy and have trouble keeping your balance.
Experiencing double vision is no picnic, and in some cases, it can be quite scary. Once you understand the root causes of double vision, however, you can work with an eye care professional to find an appropriate treatment.
Living with double vision
Double vision can range in its severity. If you only experience a small amount of double-vision, you may only notice a slight shadowing effect. At the other end of the spectrum, significant double vision will result in two distinct images.
Generally, the more fatigued someone becomes, the worse the double vision will be.
Surprisingly, people who have double vision can learn to live with it. It’s not entirely comfortable, but there are many stories of people who find ways to adapt and function in society, despite their double vision.
What are the causes of double vision?
A number of different conditions contribute to double vision:
Strabismus
Strabismus occurs when one of the eyes is turned inward, outward, up or down. Not all types of strabismus will cause double vision, but some do.
Head trauma
People with brain injuries often see double to some degree, as head traumas can cause strabismus and double vision.
Presbyopia
Presbyopia is a Greek work that literally means “old eyes”. It occurs at the age when a person needs reading glasses. Generally, as people age, any long-standing vision problems that have been compensated for will start to emerge as the visual system breaks down. Double vision may result.
Convergence insufficiency or convergence excess
A more mild case of double vision can be related to these conditions, both of which are related to the eyes’ ability to team. The double vision typically occurs for near vision, such as when reading. Many people describe the double vision as “the words move around on the page” rather than noticing that the words are splitting apart.
What can be done to correct double vision?
Please note that anyone who is experiencing a recent onset of double vision needs to be evaluated by an eye care professional or neurologist immediately. A sudden onset of double-vision could be a sign of pathology in the brain.
Once any pathology has been ruled out or treated, you can then begin to explore other types of treatment. A very effective treatment for double vision is optometric vision therapy. Through a series of activities, vision therapy can help you gradually retrain your eyes to work together.
Vision therapy is a treatment designed to work on the underlying problem and, in best cases, eliminate it. Other forms of treatment designed to compensate for the problem include prism glasses and occlusion (covering an eye or part of the vision for an eye).
At The Vision Therapy Center, the doctors have special training in prescribing the most effective glasses, such as prism glasses, and/or occlusion for best functioning. These treatments can be used alone or in conjunction with vision therapy for the best outcome.
Keep in mind that the amount that double vision can be reduced will depend on your visual condition. A functional vision test is the first step in determining the extent of your double vision, and what types of treatment can be used to correct it.
(Photo by Koonisutra)
Learn how undetected vision problems can impact a child's ability to learn. Download your free Vision and Learning Guide .
ramprakash
Hi,
Recently i had a RTA(accident) due to which my brain had injury. Since then i have the diplopia. After examined by the neurologist & ophthalmologist as well they have concluded it as a temporary problem which needs some time(6 months approx)to heal. Is it for sure it will be healed or else i shall undergo any surgery. Pl let me know? Thanks, Ramprakash
irfan
i had brain bleed in back side mid brain which super imposed its effect on my left eye.
and it caused double vision n weakness.
i am undergoing treatment n eating tablets.
i have asked for eye exercise to move eye ball ( concentrate ) on a object top middle bottom middle left middle right middle n object point towards nose tip n to move eye in same way.
but ITS TWO MONTHS NOW.. HOW LONG WILL IT TAKE..
I M UPSET AND EVEN WEAK IN TIMES.
PLS HELP
Greg Mischio
We would need to see you to evaluate your situation. If you live in Wisconsin, please visit our website www.thevisiontherapycenter.com to schedule an appointment. If you're outside Wisconsin, here's a link to an article on how to find a developmental optometrist in your area.
Barbara cress
I was told by my optician that i need prism glasses i only had one or two episodes of double vision . I was tired when it happened .It was ok when i closed one eye. Im worried that i have something sinister wrong with me .
Safa Sattar
That also happened to me when I first got double vision. You have double vision in both eyes (binocular). One of your eyes have weak muscles and is loose so it isn't in the place it should be. Your both eyes are not looking at one thing. The prism in your glasses help your eyes focus on one thing making the image you see not double. There are ways to recover from this like getting botox injected into your eye which will tighten your eyes muscle and you could get surgery if things get very bad and worse. For the moment I think you should ask your optician for some double vision eye excerices, they really help!
Greg Mischio
We can't really comment on the botox treatment you mentioned here. We'd strongly recommend you start our by seeing a developmental optometrist for your double vision problem.
Greg Mischio
I'm sorry we can accurately answer your question without conducting an examination. I'd suggest you find a developmental optometrist in your area, as we don't have an office in the UK. Refer to some of my responses above for links to a dev. opt.
Lori Anthony
I have been experiencing double vision (vertical) in both eyes since getting hit in back of head in Feb. Been gradually worsening daily. Had ct scan and MRI. Been to neurologist..he says not my brain its my eyes. Been to eye Dr six times two sets of lenses and still not helping. Drs at office...3 of them that I've seen literally said they thought I was making it up. I am ar my wits end!! Any suggestions of who I could see would be helpful. I'm in northwest pa.
Neville Derry
Hello Lori, I had double then quad vision (double vision in both eyes and double even when I closed one eye), opticians could not correct the condition, finally I had to have a double cataract op, the ophthalmologist diagnosed my condition as ghosting due to uneven roundness of the eye balls, corrected with spectacles but not perfectly. I still see two of things though in distance, moons, planes etc. but you learn to live with it.
Greg Mischio
Lori - We would need to see you to evaluate your situation. Here's a link to an article on how to find a developmental optometrist in your area.
Amit
when i go out of my home and walk on the road side i feel imbalance.i was standing in a row to buy ticket then i feel dizziness that time..when i focus to see any object it seems shaking left right and vibrating..why is happening tell me??
We would need to see you to evaluate your situation. Here's a link to an article on how to find a developmental optometrist in your area.
Greg Mischio
Amit, we would need to see you to tell if we can help you. If you're in Wisconsin, please contact our office for an appointment. Otherwise, refer to the response I left for Lori in the comment right above yours.
Victoria
I had a mass of blood vessels removed from my brain 3 weeks ago. I was left with a trembling left arm and double vision that's gradually gtting better but It greatly impairs my hability to walk. I start vision therapy tomorrow and hopefully It will help get better faster. I'll keep you posted with my avances in this new journey. I need to be patinet. I know I've Belén very lucky .
Hajra Bibi
Hi. I've been getting headaches since last September. Then a week later I started getting double vision it lasted two weeks then went away after few days it came back again and lasted a week and went away again. I went to my gp she sent me for MRI and a CT scan that showed I had sinusitis. So my doctor refered me to ENT department. They checked me over and got me onto waiting list for a surgery. In Feb this year I had my sinus surgery done on the left side only. I was ok up until May this year. But my double vision came back. I went to the opticians and he wrote a letter to take with me and refered me to emergency eye hospital they checked my vision and said I had 4th nerve palsy. And they gave me glasses to wear with a patch on one side of the lense so I don't c double. Now I'm waiting for another MRI to see y it's came back. It's so annoying. I'm fed up of it.
Greg Mischio
You might benefit from seeing a developmental optometrist for a second opinion. Here is a link that will help you find one in your area: We would have to examine you to make a diagnosis. To find a doctor in your area, follow this link: http://info.thevisiontherapycenter.com/discovering-vision-therapy/bid/89396/Domestic-and-International-Referral-Sources-for-Vision-Therapy
Greg Mischio
Good luck Victoria!
Nev Derry
Hi, I have double vision in both eyes but only observable when I look at an aircraft in the distance. I see two images one above the other even when I close one eye. I have had this condition for several months.
Greg Mischio
Hi, we may be able help you if you live in Wisconsin. If you do, please make an appointment with us by contacting us at www.thevisiontherapycenter.com. Otherwise, please see some of my responses in early comments for links on how to find a developmental optometrist.
My Dr said that your double vision will come back to normal vision. But she didn't tell me after how long.
Any body can tell me how long after my vision become normal.
Alyssa
I have double vision. Most of what I've read is true. What's weird is that I'm the only one in my family that has it. I have no idea if I've had it my whole life, but it became an issue around when I was 6 or 7. I'm almost 13 now. It's not fun. It can sometimes be irritating. It sometimes gives me headaches. But I've learned to live with it. Im going to eye therapy for the first time this week. If I don't get it somewhat fixed now, there's a possibility I will get a lazy eye when I get older.
Roger
Yesterday I had a sudden onset of a massive double vision that lasted about 5 minutes. The eye images were way off from each other. One eye by itself was fine. I closed my eyes for a bit, then slowly opened them squinting and my normal vision came back. I ended up going to the ER for tests. An MRI showed all was fine. I will see an eye Dr and Neuroligist next. I have tested positive for siezure activity (EEG) even though I've never had one. I do sometimes get faint, as if about to pass out. The vision issue I'm guessing related to that. It does feel sometimes like my brain is not really in very good control of things (if that makes sense). A sort of disorientation occurs, maybe as if my brain or awareness is somewhat removed from my body.
ultimate god
what can we do staying at hope to cure this eye defect....expecting some solutions(some eye exercises or therapy).....
Greg Mischio
There are some home treatments, but it's best to have a Functional Vision Test performed to accurately assess your vision test.
Greg Mischio
There are some at-home therapies, but every case is different. It's best to have a functional vision test performed to accurately assess your issue. Here's more on a Functional Vision Test. http://www.thevisiontherapycenter.com/what-is-vision-therapy/diagnosis-functional-vision-test/
Nancy Bippert
Can vision therapy help with double vision after a stroke? What are the percentages of normal vision?
Nancy - sorry it so long to respond to your comment. Yes, vision therapy can help stroke victims. Check out our latest post on the subject. http://info.thevisiontherapycenter.com/discovering-vision-therapy/bid/75187/Can-Vision-Therapy-Help-Stroke-Victims-with-Double-Vision
rej
i have done operation for double vision but the problem still occur especially with climbing stair case and looking down. what can i do again, as a young 20plus of age and painfull with this kind of problem.
Greg Mischio
We would recommend you see a developmental optometrist and get a functional vision test. Do you know of any in your area? If not, I can check with Dr. Knueppel to see if she has some connections in the UK>
mair ana biossat
I do not have double vision all the time. I espically have it when driving. The white lies go all over the road and me with them sometimes!! lol If I sit up straight in bed I see fine, as soon as I lay back I really have to concentrate my eyes to focus. I just recently saw an optometrist an have new glasses. He said I did not need the prism. I do have astigmatism and am myopic. I am going to see him again in Aril when my vision ins goes through. I just need a second opinion here. I see fine with close. I can feel my eyes when I am in a car, they seem to be trying to keep things straight. Please help and I thank you ever so much mari ana
Brandon Begotka
Any time someone is experiencing double vision, whether constant or intermittent, it is an indication to see a behavioral or developmental optometrist for a functional vision exam.
khalil
hi, i have double vision because of standing iof the computer for long time and i see ghost image near the real image only in far distances but in close distances i dont see any ghost images could this be temperary ? is it true that i need only rest and it ll be fixed plz help
Greg Mischio
We would need to schedule a functional vision exam to determine if we can help you. If you can't visit us here in Wisconsin, here's a link to an article on how to find a developmental optometrist in your area.
Great post! Been reading about ways to improve eye health and vision lately. Thanks for the info!
afseen ali
My daughter 14 all of sudden she started double vision in only one eye after all test all test ok plese tell me when she will start looking normal
connie gar
I have a 14 year old daughter and she got double vision about two months ago. Im looking for answers and I found your question. When did you daughter start to get better and did she have droopy eye lid. Im worried and just searching for answers. Thank you
Karen Spillers
I had my eyes examined and they are ok except I need 2.00 to 2.25 readers..my question is..I periodically get double vision send it hits me anytime..it makes me dizzy and sick feeling.. I can last a few mins to 10 mins or so. I sit and close my eyes when this happens. Sometimes after I get a "Tylenol headache " . Any ideas?
Greg Mischio
We would need to see you to evaluate your situation. If you live in Wisconsin, please visit our website www.thevisiontherapycenter.com to schedule an appointment. If you're outside Wisconsin, here's a link to an article on how to find a developmental optometrist in your area.
Dorothy Huntington
Had cataract surgery In 09. Restor lens. Then got double vision. Dr. Gave prisms. 1:00 up and 1:00 down. Used for two years but hated them. Now have 1:50 up and down. Still have bad problems. Is there anything I can do to see better?
Greg Mischio
We would need to examine you to make a recommendation.
Anna Willis
I have had this all my life I have to have double presum I can't read with out flossing an eye I need a doctor that can help in Missouri or Florida please I like to sew an do crafts
Greg Mischio
Hi - we don't have an office in those states. This article may help you find a developmental optometrist in your area. http://info.thevisiontherapycenter.com/discovering-vision-therapy/bid/89396/Domestic-and-International-Referral-Sources-for-Vision-Therapy
Isaiah Laviolette
I don't understand why but since I was small I have always been able to split my vision at will. Do you know why this is?
Greg Mischio
Hmm, not sure. We'd have to see you for an exam to answer that question.
Sabrina Qualls
I have got 2 comcussins about a week and a half apart 3 years ago, ever since that ive had double vision far away, i have glasses now but it gets worse to the point i cant recognize people, is this normal? Cause im 14.... so idk
Greg Mischio
No, it's not normal. You should see a developmental optometrist. Either make an appointment with our office (here in Wisconsin) or follow this link to see if there is an optometrist who can help you: http://www.thevisiontherapycenter.com/discovering-vision-therapy/bid/89396/Domestic-and-International-Referral-Sources-for-Vision-Therapy
Karen Robson
I would like to find where I can get a functional eye specialist in Montreal, Quebec Canada, or in Ottawa Ontario Canada. Can you help?
Greg Mischio
Here's a link to finding one in your area: http://www.thevisiontherapycenter.com/discovering-vision-therapy/bid/89396/Domestic-and-International-Referral-Sources-for-Vision-Therapy
Dan Deffett
I have one working eye since i was 10, never was a issue, i am 54 now, lately i have terrible double vision, no trauma to eye or head , i have been to eye doctor she said everything is fine, i started on a Crestor high Cholesterol , i read that double vision is a side effect of this medication? My family doctor has scheduled an appointment with a eye surgeon
Greg Mischio
I'm not sure what eye doctor you saw, but I would recommend seeing a developmental optometrist for a second opinion. If you are not in Wisconsin, USA, here is a link to help you find a developmental optometrist in your area: http://www.thevisiontherapycenter.com/discovering-vision-therapy/bid/89396/Domestic-and-International-Referral-Sources-for-Vision-Therapy
nishmith
I have double vertical double vision .I think Is probably due to computer vision syndrome .can it be cured easily or is there some complications. I use a lot of computer for long time.
Greg Mischio
We would need to examine you to diagnosis your base. I would recommend you find a developmental optometrist (make sure they are certified by the COVD) for a diagnosis. Here is a link to finding one in your area: http://www.thevisiontherapycenter.com/discovering-vision-therapy/bid/89396/Domestic-and-International-Referral-Sources-for-Vision-Therapy
Sudeep M
I am seeing double vision [in specific Ghosting] also starbursts and streaks from any bright light. I often from many years but i think it has worsened a lot. It is vertical and appears on both the eyes regardless of closing any one. I also checked it using pinhole test and ghosting disappears!! One more pecular thing is that when i keep my hand very close to my eye that is covering half of my eye, i see a very thin transparent layer just below my hand, which clears the ghosting completely! I see no ghosting within that thin transparent layer. And also when i tilt my heat really down and making my eyes look above, again i see no ghosting. And i discussed about starbursts with my parents and they told they do see it. Is it normal for everyone? And i don't see double vision as the pic above in this page you've posted. IT IS Ghosting vision! PLZZ help me! I'm only 16. Is it curable or should i have it for my entire life. Something also suspects me that it might be dry eyes[use a lot of computer] or astigmatism.
Greg Mischio
We would have to examine you to make a diagnosis. To find a doctor in your area, follow this link: http://info.thevisiontherapycenter.com/discovering-vision-therapy/bid/89396/Domestic-and-International-Referral-Sources-for-Vision-Therapy
Raven jacobs
I had brain surgery feb 3rd 2016 to remove a large brain tumor I have had double vision for 3 months now any exercises that will help? I want to be able to drive again soon
Greg Mischio
We would need to examine you before we can make a determination. Either visit our office or make an appointment with a developmental optometrist in your area.
Ravi Ch
Sir if I saw an object individual eyes no problem at all.. But both eyes are opened there is happening Doble vision on straight and moving to right-side double vision increased and moving left side no problem at all. . . Sir please give me a valuable suggestion
Greg Mischio
We would have to examine you to make a diagnosis. To find a doctor in your area, follow this link: http://info.thevisiontherapycenter.com/discovering-vision-therapy/bid/89396/Domestic-and-International-Referral-Sources-for-Vision-Therapy
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| i don't know |
The flower convallaria is better known as what? | Lily-of-the-valley - Convallaria majalis - Overview - Encyclopedia of Life
For other uses, see Lily of the Valley (disambiguation) .
Convallaria majalis (
ɪ
s / ), [1] commonly known as the lily of the valley or lily-of-the-valley, is a woodland flowering plant native throughout the cool temperate Northern Hemisphere in Asia and Europe . It is possibly the only species in the genus Convallaria (or one of two or three, if C. keiskei and C. transcaucasica are recognised as separate species). In the APG III system , the genus is placed in the family Asparagaceae , subfamily Nolinoideae (formerly the family Ruscaceae [2] ). It was formerly placed in its own family Convallariaceae, or earlier, like many lilioid monocots , in the lily family Liliaceae .
A limited native population occurs in Eastern USA (Convallaria majalis var. montana). [3] There is, however, some debate as to the native status of the American variety . [4]
Contents
Description
19th-century illustration
C. majalis is a herbaceous perennial plant that forms extensive colonies by spreading underground stems called rhizomes . New upright shoots are formed at the ends of stolons in summer, [5] these upright dormant stems are often called pips. [6] These grow in the spring into new leafy shoots that still remain connected to the other shoots under ground, often forming extensive colonies. The stems grow to 15–30 cm tall, with one or two leaves 10–25 cm long, flowering stems have two leaves and a raceme of 5–15 flowers on the stem apex. The flowers are white tepals (rarely pink), bell-shaped, 5–10 mm diameter, and sweetly scented; flowering is in late spring, in mild winters in the Northern Hemisphere it is in early March. The fruit is a small orange-red berry 5–7 mm diameter that contains a few large whitish to brownish colored seeds that dry to a clear translucent round bead 1–3 mm wide. Plants are self-sterile, and colonies consisting of a single clone do not set seed. [7]
Taxonomy
Convallaria majalis var. rosea
There are three varieties that have sometimes been separated out as distinct species or subspecies by some botanists. [8]
Convallaria majalis var. keiskei - from China and Japan, with red fruit and bowl-shaped flowers (now widely cited as Convallaria keiskei) [7] [9]
C. majalis var. majalis - from Eurasia, with white midribs on the flowers
C. majalis var. montana - from the USA, with green-tinted midribs on the flowers
Convallaria transcaucasica is recognised as a distinct species by some authorities, while the species formerly called Convallaria japonica is now classified as Ophiopogon japonicus . [9]
Garden use
Variegated cultivar early in spring
Double-flowered Convallaria majalis
Convallaria majalis is a popular garden plant, grown for its scented flowers and for its ground-covering abilities in shady locations. Some consider it a weed , as it can spread over a wide area in gardens and can be difficult to contain or remove.
Various kinds and cultivars are grown, including those with double flowers, rose-colored flowers, variegated foliage and ones that grow larger than the typical species. [9]
C. majalis 'Albostriata' has white-striped leaves
C. majalis 'Green Tapestry', 'Haldon Grange', 'Hardwick Hall', 'Hofheim', 'Marcel', 'Variegata' and 'Vic Pawlowski's Gold' are other variegated cultivars [9]
C. majalis 'Berlin Giant' and C. majalis 'Géant de Fortin' (syn. 'Fortin's Giant') are larger-growing cultivars [9]
C. majalis 'Flore Pleno' has double flowers. [9]
C. majalis 'Rosea' sometimes found under the name C. majalis var. rosea, has pink flowers. [9]
Traditionally Convallaria majalis has been grown in pots and winter forced to provide flowers during the winter months, both for as potted plants and as cut flowers. [10]
All parts of the plant are poisonous and the red berries may be attractive to children; if eaten even in small amounts, the plant can cause abdominal pain, vomiting, and a reduced heart rate. [11]
Foodplant for insect larvae
Lily of the valley is used as a food plant by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the Grey Chi .
Legend and tradition
Christian legend
Convallaria close-up
The flower is also known as Our Lady's tears, since, according to Christian legend, the lily of the valley came into being from Eve's tears after she was driven with Adam from the Garden of Eden , [12] although this seems unlikely, since in Catholic parlance, "Our Lady" refers to the Virgin Mary . Another Christian legend states that Mary's tears turned to lily of the valley when she cried at the crucifixion of Jesus , and because of this it is also known as Mary's tears. According to another legend, lilies of the valley also sprang from the blood of Saint Leonard of Noblac during his battles with a dragon.
The name "lily of the valley" is also used in some English translations of the Bible in Song of Songs 2:1, although whether or not the Hebrew word "shoshana" (usually denoting a rose ) originally used there refers to this species is uncertain.
It is a symbol of humility in religious painting. Lily of the valley is considered the sign of Christ's second coming. The power of men to envision a better world was also attributed to the lily of the valley.
Other names and legends
Other names include May lily, May bells, lily constancy, ladder-to-heaven, male lily, and muguet (French).
Its scientific name, majalis or maialis, means "of or belonging to May", and old astrological books place the plant under the dominion of Mercury , since Maia , the daughter of Atlas , was the mother of Mercury or Hermes .[ citation needed ]
In the " language of flowers ", the lily of the valley signifies the return of happiness. Legend tells of the affection of a lily of the valley for a nightingale that did not come back to the woods until the flower bloomed in May.[ citation needed ]
Symbolic uses
Traditionally, lily of the valley is sold in the streets of France on May 1.
Lily of the valley was the floral emblem of Yugoslavia and it also became the national flower of Finland in 1967.
The Norwegian municipality Lunner has a lily of the valley in its coat-of-arms. It is the official flower of Alpha Delta Phi fraternity, Pi Kappa Alpha fraternity, Kappa Sigma fraternity, Delta Omicron fraternity, Alpha Epsilon Phi sorority, and Alpha Phi sorority. It is also the official flower of Job's Daughters International .[ citation needed ]
Toxicity
All parts, including the berries, of the lily of the valley are highly poisonous . [13] [14] Roughly 38 different cardiac glycosides (cardenolides) have been found in the plant, some among others:
| Lily of the valley |
In what stage show does Frank N Furter appear? | How to Grow Convallaria Growing Lily of the Valley Plants Flowering Bulbs
Deck boxes
How to Grow Convallaria - Lily of the Valley
Looking for an effortless bloomer that will grow where the sun won't shine? Then, Lily of the Valley is for you.
Lily of the Valley grows well in shady areas. They are a great selection for shade gardens. Native to Asia, Europe and North America, Convallaria plants make great ground cover on the north side of houses and buildings.
Lily of the Valley plants grow 6" high. They bloom in late spring. Most varieties are white. There are less common rose, or pink varieties of this flower. Convallari's bell shaped flowers produce a strong, pleasant fragrance.
Tip: Try growing Lily of the Valley indoors in the winter. Also see How to force blooms indoors
Did you Know? When in season, Lily of the Valley are popular in wedding bouquets.
Plant Propagation:
Lily of the Valley can be propagated from seed or their rhizomes. Seeds can take months to germinate. So, most people propagate them using the rhizomes.
Dig up rhizomes of established plants in the Fall, and separate into clumps for re-planting.
How to Grow Lily of the Valley Plants:
Lily of the Valley are very easy to grow. The plants prefer partial shade.
Lily of the Vally plants tolerate poor soils. Like any plant, they will grow better if fertilized. Do so in early spring, and again after the blooms have died off.
Space plants about 12" apart. Over time they will spread out to fill in empty spaces.
The plants like moist soil . Water plants in dry weather.
Divide and separate plants in the Fall: After a few years, the clumps of flowers should be separated. Dig up the rhizomes. Separate the rhizomes into clumps, using a sharp knife. Make sure at least one "eye" is on each segment. Replant the rhizomes, spacing them 12"apart.
Insects and Disease:
You should experience few insect or disease problems with your Convallaria plants.
More Information:
Garden Seeds for Sale Buy top quality, brand name flower, vegetable and herb seeds, at discount sale prices. Better quality as the best prices.
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| i don't know |
Who invented the rocking chair? | Who Invented the Rocking Chair? | The Rocking Chair Company Blog
Who Invented the Rocking Chair?
Who Invented the Rocking Chair?
This entry was posted on January 30, 2015 by Bill Thompson.
Nobody knows exactly when rocking chairs were invented, and nobody really knows who invented them. A lot of folks think it was old Ben Franklin, but that just ain’t the case. After all, Ben Franklin would have been a child when rocking chairs first started appearing, which was sometime in the early 18th century. Ben wasn’t even born until 1706, which is right around the time rocking chairs were making their appearance. (1)
Rocking chairs have always been a genuine American invention. Many styles got developed over the decades—real distinctive stuff, too. Not like the early rocking chairs, which were literally just any old chair placed on runners and stuck in a garden. As you’ll find out shortly, rocking chairs even played a role in the history of two famous presidents.
It took a little while for the term to even enter people’s everyday spe ech. The Oxford English Dictionary didn’t even notice their existence until 1787. This may have contributed to the confusion, since Ben Franklin would have been more than old enough to have been given credit for the chairs by the time the term was given its proper respect.
Now, back then the chairs still weren’t real popular for casual use. They ended up becoming associated with hospitals and mental facilities, which didn’t exactly make them fashionable at first. The elderly did use them for pain relief, as did invalids. And of course, then as now, nursing mothers found them invaluable for calming the baby and making bonding experience super comfortable and even relaxing. (2)
The chairs took off as the Shakers - a religious sect that branched off from the Quaker community - began to build and promote them. In fact, the Shakers did more for the rocking chair than anyone else ever did. Soon they moved into hotel lobbies, parlors, and the front porches of homes all across America. (3)
The History of Rocking Chair Styles
New styles were developed as people began to produce rocking chairs in earnest. These styles were a far sight different from simply placing any old kind of chair on rocking runners. This of course resulted in sturdier and better-looking rocking chairs, as chair and runner were now designed to work together.
1780 to 1820 was the era of The Windsor Chair. The Windsor Chair has a low, loop back with nine spindles, narrow arms which are also generally looped, and a flat seat. They still look a bit like dining chairs transformed into rocking chairs. It was practical, and it showed up mainly in homes of the New England states. So when you think of Colonials and harbors, you’re likely going to be thinking of this kind of rocking chair.
Of course, the Windsor Chair wasn’t the only rocking chair to come out of New England. You’ve also got the Salem rocker and the Boston rocker, easily distinguished by their elegant, high-comb backs and thick, scroll seats.
The farmer’s “slat back” style came next. We’ve got quite a few of them here at The Rocking Chair Company. This is the classic Shaker style, with either horizontal or vertical slats on the seat back, as well as the timeless design that most folks think about when they start picturing the classic American rocking chair. It’s the rocking chair of the Midwest: simplistic and rustic, yet at the same time, so very comfortable!
Wicker rocking chairs started showing up around 1860. They may be outdoor pieces today, but they were parlor pieces back then. (4) Today, rocking chair manufacturers typically replace real wicker with synthetic resin wicker, since it’s more durable and environmentally friendly. There just isn’t a rain storm around that can mess that stuff up!
The next several decades brought rocking chairs that didn’t really withstand the test of time, such as the Rococo Revival iron-spring rocking chair, the Renaissance Revival platform rocking chair, and the Victorian platform rocking chair. Still, each of these chair styles did enjoy brief bursts of popularity as folks tried them out, and they certainly paved the way for the more modern-day glider chairs that we now enjoy.
By the late 19th century a lot of folks were building hunting and fishing lodges, especially up in the Adirondack Mountains and other rural, scenic areas of the States. This proved to be pretty great for rustic styles of rocking chairs, since they blended in so well with all the log cabins. Not sure what rustic style means? Well, think of carved oak or maple wood that’s been deliberately made to look like rough sticks all bound up and bent, then lashed together, to make it look rough and unfinished. This was particularly loved by the Arts and Crafts crowd, allowing amateur craftsmen as well as well professionals to turn out some great-looking pieces. Now, people had been using uncut lumber like that for a real long time, but by this point in history there were plenty of store-bought chairs to enjoy, so they didn’t really have to. Folks just started doing it for the sheer joy of the piece, which looks solid and relaxing by anyone’s accounts. (5) Today, the Rustic Natural Cedar Company specializes in the style, crafting each rustic rocking chair out of northern white cedar, which makes them extra-great for porches.
Finally, the early 20th century brought us the Colonial Revival rocking chair and the Mission style rocking chair, two more styles that are still in use today. Now, didn’t the Colonials in New England use the Windsor? They sure did, but in this case, Colonial refers to the style of rocking chair rather than who made it popular. Colonial Revivalists had an idealized vision of what was Colonial furniture, and they made some right pretty pieces. Think of solid-carved oak furniture with patterns pressed into the wood rather than carved.
Now, the Mission style of rocking chairs are great for people who like a more modern, solid look. Solid, great blocks of wood that are like cubes with seats cut into them are the hallmark of this style. Toss in a few cushions, and you’ve got a great seat there. They look like they’d be quite at home in any hacienda down in New Mexico, but in actuality, this style got its start way - way up north in Grand Rapids, Michigan - by a pair of fellows named the Stickley Brothers.
Two Presidents, Two Rocking Chairs, and One Weird Link
Have y’all ever heard about some of the freaky coincidental similarities between President Kennedy and President Lincoln? For example, Lincoln was elected to Congress in 1846, and Kennedy was elected in 1946. Both were shot on a Friday, both had successors named Johnson, and their assassins were even born exactly 100 years apart from one another.
I mention all these freaky coincidences because rocking chairs actually provide another uncanny link between these two famous American presidents. President Lincoln was shot in Ford’s Theatre while sitting in a rocking chair. He’d just gotten through a long series of cabinet meetings that day, and the chair had been brought out of storage for him. Now, this rocking chair had a distinctive style: sabre legs and Grecian volutes in the arms. Folks still call this style of rocker a “Lincoln” rocker today. (6)
While President Kennedy wasn’t shot in a rocker, he did make another rocking chair style famous. The P&P Rocking Chair Company gained notoriety after producing Kennedy’s favorite chair. He used it to deal with his back problems, and he took his with him everywhere he went—even on Air Force One! What’s more, he knew a great gift when he saw one, since he gave them off to family, friends…even heads of state. People now just call this rocker style a Kennedy rocker: The chair is shaped, stem-bent, and assembled while the wood is still “green.” (7)
Anybody getting chills yet?
Historical Folks Who Don’t Know What They’re Missing
At first, the English didn’t think too much of the rocking chair trend. Granted, they were still smarting from losing the Revolutionary War, but we know that in the 1830s they wrote a bunch of letters home to tell their friends and family members all about America’s “tasteless” and “indulgent” rocking chair trend. (8) Sounds like those guys had no idea what they were missing…or just had a powerful case of sour grapes.
Of course, the Brits did get over it. Rocking chairs sell pretty good in the UK these days.
Don’t be like those early Brits, though. You don’t want to miss out. You can sit your seat in this fine all-American adventure by visiting our full selection of rocking chairs and rocking chair sets. In fact, you can try out quite a few of the historical varieties that I mentioned right here in this article. Get one for yourself or make it a gift—if they were good enough for President Kennedy to give to heads of state, they’re probably good enough for your daughter or grandma, too!
Sources
| Benjamin Franklin |
What did composer Berlioz originally study? | Who Invented the Rocking Chair? | The Rocking Chair Company Blog
Who Invented the Rocking Chair?
Who Invented the Rocking Chair?
This entry was posted on January 30, 2015 by Bill Thompson.
Nobody knows exactly when rocking chairs were invented, and nobody really knows who invented them. A lot of folks think it was old Ben Franklin, but that just ain’t the case. After all, Ben Franklin would have been a child when rocking chairs first started appearing, which was sometime in the early 18th century. Ben wasn’t even born until 1706, which is right around the time rocking chairs were making their appearance. (1)
Rocking chairs have always been a genuine American invention. Many styles got developed over the decades—real distinctive stuff, too. Not like the early rocking chairs, which were literally just any old chair placed on runners and stuck in a garden. As you’ll find out shortly, rocking chairs even played a role in the history of two famous presidents.
It took a little while for the term to even enter people’s everyday spe ech. The Oxford English Dictionary didn’t even notice their existence until 1787. This may have contributed to the confusion, since Ben Franklin would have been more than old enough to have been given credit for the chairs by the time the term was given its proper respect.
Now, back then the chairs still weren’t real popular for casual use. They ended up becoming associated with hospitals and mental facilities, which didn’t exactly make them fashionable at first. The elderly did use them for pain relief, as did invalids. And of course, then as now, nursing mothers found them invaluable for calming the baby and making bonding experience super comfortable and even relaxing. (2)
The chairs took off as the Shakers - a religious sect that branched off from the Quaker community - began to build and promote them. In fact, the Shakers did more for the rocking chair than anyone else ever did. Soon they moved into hotel lobbies, parlors, and the front porches of homes all across America. (3)
The History of Rocking Chair Styles
New styles were developed as people began to produce rocking chairs in earnest. These styles were a far sight different from simply placing any old kind of chair on rocking runners. This of course resulted in sturdier and better-looking rocking chairs, as chair and runner were now designed to work together.
1780 to 1820 was the era of The Windsor Chair. The Windsor Chair has a low, loop back with nine spindles, narrow arms which are also generally looped, and a flat seat. They still look a bit like dining chairs transformed into rocking chairs. It was practical, and it showed up mainly in homes of the New England states. So when you think of Colonials and harbors, you’re likely going to be thinking of this kind of rocking chair.
Of course, the Windsor Chair wasn’t the only rocking chair to come out of New England. You’ve also got the Salem rocker and the Boston rocker, easily distinguished by their elegant, high-comb backs and thick, scroll seats.
The farmer’s “slat back” style came next. We’ve got quite a few of them here at The Rocking Chair Company. This is the classic Shaker style, with either horizontal or vertical slats on the seat back, as well as the timeless design that most folks think about when they start picturing the classic American rocking chair. It’s the rocking chair of the Midwest: simplistic and rustic, yet at the same time, so very comfortable!
Wicker rocking chairs started showing up around 1860. They may be outdoor pieces today, but they were parlor pieces back then. (4) Today, rocking chair manufacturers typically replace real wicker with synthetic resin wicker, since it’s more durable and environmentally friendly. There just isn’t a rain storm around that can mess that stuff up!
The next several decades brought rocking chairs that didn’t really withstand the test of time, such as the Rococo Revival iron-spring rocking chair, the Renaissance Revival platform rocking chair, and the Victorian platform rocking chair. Still, each of these chair styles did enjoy brief bursts of popularity as folks tried them out, and they certainly paved the way for the more modern-day glider chairs that we now enjoy.
By the late 19th century a lot of folks were building hunting and fishing lodges, especially up in the Adirondack Mountains and other rural, scenic areas of the States. This proved to be pretty great for rustic styles of rocking chairs, since they blended in so well with all the log cabins. Not sure what rustic style means? Well, think of carved oak or maple wood that’s been deliberately made to look like rough sticks all bound up and bent, then lashed together, to make it look rough and unfinished. This was particularly loved by the Arts and Crafts crowd, allowing amateur craftsmen as well as well professionals to turn out some great-looking pieces. Now, people had been using uncut lumber like that for a real long time, but by this point in history there were plenty of store-bought chairs to enjoy, so they didn’t really have to. Folks just started doing it for the sheer joy of the piece, which looks solid and relaxing by anyone’s accounts. (5) Today, the Rustic Natural Cedar Company specializes in the style, crafting each rustic rocking chair out of northern white cedar, which makes them extra-great for porches.
Finally, the early 20th century brought us the Colonial Revival rocking chair and the Mission style rocking chair, two more styles that are still in use today. Now, didn’t the Colonials in New England use the Windsor? They sure did, but in this case, Colonial refers to the style of rocking chair rather than who made it popular. Colonial Revivalists had an idealized vision of what was Colonial furniture, and they made some right pretty pieces. Think of solid-carved oak furniture with patterns pressed into the wood rather than carved.
Now, the Mission style of rocking chairs are great for people who like a more modern, solid look. Solid, great blocks of wood that are like cubes with seats cut into them are the hallmark of this style. Toss in a few cushions, and you’ve got a great seat there. They look like they’d be quite at home in any hacienda down in New Mexico, but in actuality, this style got its start way - way up north in Grand Rapids, Michigan - by a pair of fellows named the Stickley Brothers.
Two Presidents, Two Rocking Chairs, and One Weird Link
Have y’all ever heard about some of the freaky coincidental similarities between President Kennedy and President Lincoln? For example, Lincoln was elected to Congress in 1846, and Kennedy was elected in 1946. Both were shot on a Friday, both had successors named Johnson, and their assassins were even born exactly 100 years apart from one another.
I mention all these freaky coincidences because rocking chairs actually provide another uncanny link between these two famous American presidents. President Lincoln was shot in Ford’s Theatre while sitting in a rocking chair. He’d just gotten through a long series of cabinet meetings that day, and the chair had been brought out of storage for him. Now, this rocking chair had a distinctive style: sabre legs and Grecian volutes in the arms. Folks still call this style of rocker a “Lincoln” rocker today. (6)
While President Kennedy wasn’t shot in a rocker, he did make another rocking chair style famous. The P&P Rocking Chair Company gained notoriety after producing Kennedy’s favorite chair. He used it to deal with his back problems, and he took his with him everywhere he went—even on Air Force One! What’s more, he knew a great gift when he saw one, since he gave them off to family, friends…even heads of state. People now just call this rocker style a Kennedy rocker: The chair is shaped, stem-bent, and assembled while the wood is still “green.” (7)
Anybody getting chills yet?
Historical Folks Who Don’t Know What They’re Missing
At first, the English didn’t think too much of the rocking chair trend. Granted, they were still smarting from losing the Revolutionary War, but we know that in the 1830s they wrote a bunch of letters home to tell their friends and family members all about America’s “tasteless” and “indulgent” rocking chair trend. (8) Sounds like those guys had no idea what they were missing…or just had a powerful case of sour grapes.
Of course, the Brits did get over it. Rocking chairs sell pretty good in the UK these days.
Don’t be like those early Brits, though. You don’t want to miss out. You can sit your seat in this fine all-American adventure by visiting our full selection of rocking chairs and rocking chair sets. In fact, you can try out quite a few of the historical varieties that I mentioned right here in this article. Get one for yourself or make it a gift—if they were good enough for President Kennedy to give to heads of state, they’re probably good enough for your daughter or grandma, too!
Sources
| i don't know |
Ocean is NOT recognised International Hydrographic Bureau? | The Oceans
The Oceans
For Ocean refers to the mass of salt water surrounding the land.
As defined in 1953 by the International Hydrographic Bureau, International Hydrographic Bureau, there is an ocean divided into three basins:
Pacific Ocean, 180,000,000 km ²
Atlantic Ocean, 106,000,000 km ²
Indian Ocean, 75,000,000 km ².
The materialistic vision limits the Conscience and with it Science, Culture, Society and Politics
The documents of this web site can be use on condition that cite the origin and the author
In these you can find Mediterranean seas and marginal seas. According to the International Organization hydrographic ocean also be considered as the Arctic Ocean (with the name of "Arctic"), some authors (especially Anglo-Saxon) will also include the set of the seas bordering the Antarctica (with the name of Southern Ocean).
The ocean covers 71% of the earth's surface, which is 360,700,000 km ². Of these, 154,800,000 km ² is 205,900,000 km ² in the northern hemisphere and southern hemisphere. The volume of the oceans and seas exceeds the capacity of these basins, so that excess water covers the lower parts of the continents creating continental shelves.
Both longitudinal and latitudinal sizes ranging from 1,500 km of minimum width measured in the Atlantic to the Pacific Basin 13,000, while the average depth is about 3-4 km.
This means that the speed of the vertical currents are irrelevant in the study of oceanic flows. In addition, leads to distortions in scale representations of the profile of the ocean basins.
The oceans are also huge reservoirs that absorb heat energy radiated from the sun and release it slowly. For this reason they are the most important factor controlling the Earth's climate: their presence reduces the diurnal and seasonal temperature changes, keeping the air temperature within acceptable levels for living organisms. We can consider our planetary thermostat.
The oceans are of major importance for human life. Ocean waters are derived from it large quantities of food (fish, molluscs, crustaceans, algae). Huge quantities of oil and natural gas are contained in underwater fields.
In the ocean waters have dissolved various salts and gases, whose presence is essential for life in these environments. From one liter of sea water can be extracted 35 grams of salts, of which the most abundant is sodium chloride (kitchen salt). The main gases dissolved in water are carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen, methane and hydrogen sulfide, it arises from the atmosphere and activity of marine organisms. Among the most important of these gases is oxygen, since its concentration depends on the survival of aquatic life. The amount of oxygen present in the water depends on the temperature: the more the water is cold, the greater the concentration of oxygen.
The ocean waters are in constant motion due to waves, tides and currents. Among these the most important movement is determined by the currents: travel long distances to large bodies of water. They are mainly caused by the prevailing winds that blow on the ocean waters (trade winds and monsoons), but also by differences in water density due to the higher or lower salinity or temperature.
In the ocean there appeared the first forms of life over 3.6 billion years ago. Although for us, "land animals", it's hard to believe, the water is much more hospitable and air it live and breed organizations that are part of a large number of different ecosystems. The most important bodies of ocean ecosystems are tiny algae and bacteria which together make up the phytoplankton. These plants are living organisms suspended in water and therefore move brought by current and wave action (plankton, from the greek go astray). Phytoplankton is the main producer of oxygen in marine environments and is the basis of all food chains of the sea. Its role is similar to that of the plants in terrestrial environments: through photosynthesis provides the organic material of which they feed the animals and produces oxygen, necessary to respiration.
Many communities of animal feed on phytoplankton organisms are larger that together constitute the zooplankton; also do not have the ability to move and are transported by the movements of the water.
It is estimated that these two types of plankton are so abundant as to produce in one year, respectively 16 billion and 1.5 billion tons of carbon, which is the chemical element essential for living tissues. Zooplankton, in turn, represents a source of food for larger marine animals, like small fish, squid, cuttlefish. These, then, are preyed upon by large fish that make up the final link in marine food chains of the sea.
Guido Bissanti
| Southern Ocean |
In the Saint series of books what is Inspector Teal's full name? | Southern Ocean - Wiktionary
Southern Ocean
Etymology[ edit ]
Formally adopted by the International Hydrographic Bureau's Limits of Oceans and Seas in 1928. (Omitted from the current 3rd edition, [1] but restored in the draft 4th edition awaiting ratification. [2] )
Usage notes[ edit ]
Per the terms of the 3rd edition of the Limits of Oceans and Seas currently in force, the territory of the "Antarctic or Southern Ocean" is presently divided among the Pacific , Atlantic , and Indian Oceans . The draft 4th edition published in 2002 calling it simply the "Southern Ocean" has not been adopted owing to other disputes, but is sometimes used as an authority for the ocean's existence.
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What is the most common Spanish surname? | Spanish Surnames: Meanings and Origins of Hispanic Names
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By Kimberly Powell
Have you ever wondered about your Spanish last name and how it came to be? Spanish surnames (apellidos) first came into use around the twelfth century, as populations began to expand to the point where it became necessary to distinguish between individuals with the same first name.
Spanish surnames generally fall into one of four categories:
Patronymic & Matronymic Surnames
Based on a parent's first name, this category of surnames includes some of the most common Hispanic last names. These Hispanic surnames originated as a way to distinguish between two men of the same given name by also using the name of their father (patronymic) or mother (matronymic). Grammatically, Spanish patronymic surnames were sometimes an unchanged form of the father's given name, with the difference being in pronunciation (e.g. Garcia, Vicente). However, Spanish patronymic surnames were most often formed by adding suffixes meaning "son of, such as -es, -as, -is, or -os (common to Portuguese surnames) or an -ez, -az, -is, or -oz (common to Castilian or Spanish surnames) to the end of the father's name.
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How to Uncover Spanish Heritage With Surnames
Examples:
Leon Alvarez - Leon, son of Alvaro
Eduardo Fernández - Eduardo, son of Fernándo
Pedro Velazquez - Pedro, son of Velasco
Geographical Surnames
Another common type of Hispanic last name, Spanish geographical surnames are often derived from the location of the homestead from which the first bearer and his family came from or resided in. Medina and Ortega are common geographical Hispanic surnames, as there are quite a few towns in the Spanish speaking world bearing these names. Some Spanish geographic surnames refer to landscape features, such as Vega , meaning "meadow," and Mendoza , meaning "cold mountain," from mendi (mountain) and (h)otz (cold) + a. Some Spanish geographic surnames also feature the suffix de, meaning "from" or "of."
Examples:
Occupational Hispanic last names initially derived from the person's job or trade.
Examples:
Roderick Guerrero - Roderick, the warrior or soldier
Lucas Vicario - Lucas, the vicar
Carlos Zapatero - Carlos, the shoemaker
Descriptive Surnames
Based on a unique quality or physical feature of the individual, descriptive surnames often developed in Spanish speaking countries from nicknames or pet names, often based on an individual's physical characteristics or personality.
Examples:
Juan Delgado - John the thin
Aarón Cortes - Aarón, the courteous
Marco Rubio - Marco, the blonde
Why Do Most Hispanic People Use Two Last Names?
Hispanic surnames can be especially important to genealogists because children are commonly given two surnames, one from each parent. The middle name (1st surname) traditionally comes from the father's name (apellido paterno), and the last name (2nd surname) is the mother's maiden name (apellido materno). Sometimes, these two surnames may be found separated by y (meaning "and"), although this is no longer as common as it once was. Recent changes to laws in Spain mean that you may also find the two surnames reversed - first the mother's surname, and then the father's surname. The pattern of mother's surname followed by father's surname is also common usage for Portuguese surnames. In the United States, where the use of two surnames is less common, some families give children the paternal surname, or perhaps hyphenate the two surnames. These naming patterns are, however, only the most common; variations exist.
In the past, Hispanic naming patterns were less consistent. Sometimes, sons took the surname of their father, while daughters took that of their mother. The use of double surnames didn’t become common throughout Spain until the 1800s.
Origins and Meanings of 50 Common Hispanic Last Names
| García |
The Slave of Duty is alternate title what G&S operetta? | Hispanic Surnames: Meanings, Origins & Naming Practices
Hispanic Surnames: Why Two Last Names?
The Hispanic double surname system traces back to the nobility class of Castile in the 16th century.
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The first surname generally comes from the father and is the primary family name, while the second (or last) surname comes from the mother. A man named Gabriel García Marquez, for example, indicates a father's first surname of García and the mother's first surname, Marquez.
Father: Pedro García Pérez
Mother: Madeline Marquez Rodríguez
Son: Gabriel García Marquez
Portuguese names, including surnames from Brazil where Portuguese is the predominant language, often follow a different pattern than other Spanish speaking countries, with the mother's surname coming first, followed by the father's name, or primary family name.
How Does Marriage Affect the Surname?
In most Hispanic cultures women generally keep their father's surname ( maiden name ) throughout their life. At marriage, many choose to add their husband's surname in place of their mother's surname, sometimes with a de between their father's and husband's surnames. Thus, a wife will generally have a different double surname than her husband. Some women also choose to use all three surnames. Because of this, children will have a different double surname than either of their parents, as their name is made up of (as discussed previously) their father's first surname (the one from his father) and their mother's first surname (the one from her father).
Wife: Madeline Marquez Rodríguez (Marquez is her father's first surname, Rodríguez her mother's)
Husband: Pedro García Pérez
Name After Marriage: Madeline Marquez Pérez or Madeline Marquez de Pérez
Expect Variants—Especially As You Go Back in Time
During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries Hispanic naming patterns were less consistent. It wasn't unusual, for example, for male children to be given the surname of their father, while females took the surname of their mothers. The double surname system which originated among the Castilian upper classes during the sixteenth century, did not come into common use throughout Spain until the nineteenth century. Thus double surnames in use prior to 1800 may reflect something other than the paternal and maternal surnames, such as a way to distinguish one family with a common surname from others of the same surname. Surnames might also have been chosen from a prominent family or even from grandparents.
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Aconite the poison is obtained from what plant? | A Modern Herbal | Aconite Herb
---Synonyms---Monkshood. Blue Rocket. Friar's Cap. Auld Wife's Huid.
---Part Used---The whole plant.
---Habitat---Lower mountain slopes of North portion of Eastern Hemisphere. From Himalayas through Europe to Great Britain.
Aconite is now found wild in a few parts of England, mainly in the western counties and also in South Wales, but can hardly be considered truly indigenous. It was very early introduced into England, being mentioned in all the English vocabularies of plants from the tenth century downwards, and in Early English medical recipes.
---Description--- The plant is a hardy perennial, with a fleshy, spindle-shaped root, palecoloured when young, but subsequently acquiring a dark brown skin. The stem is about 3 feet high, with dark green, glossy leaves, deeply divided in palmate manner and flowers in erect clusters of a dark blue colour. The shape of the flower is specially designed to attract and utilize bee visitors, especially the humble bee. The sepals are purple - purple being specially attractive to bees - and are fancifully shaped, one of them being in the form of a hood. The petals are only represented by the two very curious nectaries within the hood, somewhat in the form of a hammer; the stamens are numerous and lie depressed in a bunch at the mouth of the flower. They are pendulous at first, but rise in succession and place their anthers forward in such a way that a bee visiting the flower for nectar is dusted with the pollen, which he then carries to the next flower he visits and thereby fertilizes the undeveloped fruits, which are in a tuft in the centre of the stamens, each carpel containing a single seed.
In the Anglo-Saxon vocabularies it is called thung, which seems to have been a general name for any very poisonous plant. It was then called Aconite (the English form of its Greek and Latin name), later Wolf's Bane, the direct translation of the Greek Iycotonum, derived from the idea that arrows tipped with the juice, or baits anointed with it, would kill wolves - the species mentioned by Dioscorides seems to have been Aconitum lycotonum. In the Middle Ages it became Monkshood and Helmet-flower, from the curious shape of the upper sepal overtopping the rest of the flower. This was the ordinary name in Shakespeare's days.
The generic name is said to have been derived from
, a dart, because it was used by barbarous races to poison their arrows, or from akone, cliffy or rocky, because the species grow in rocky glens. Theophrastus, like Pliny, derived the name from Aconae, the supposed place of its origin. The specific name, Napellus, signifies a little turnip, in allusion to the shape of the roots.
---Cultivation--- The chief collecting centres for foreign Aconite root have been the Swiss Alps, Salzburg, North Tyrol and Vorarlberg. Much was also formerly collected in Germany. Supplies from Spain and Japan are imported, so that the demand for English Aconite is somewhat restricted. The official Aconite is directed by the British Pharmacopceia to be derived only from plants cultivated in England, and a certain amount of home-grown Aconite has been regularly produced by the principal drug-farms, though good crops are grown with some difficulty in England, and cultivation of Aconite has not paid very well in recent years.
Aconite prefers a soil slightly retentive of moisture, such as a moist loam, and flourishes best in shade. It would probably grow luxuriantly in a moist, open wood, and would yield returns with little further trouble than weeding, digging up and drying.
In preparing beds for growing Aconite, the soil should be well dug and pulverized by early winter frosts - the digging in of rotten leaves or stable manure is advantageous.
It can be raised from seed, sown 1/2 inch deep in a cold frame in March, or in a warm position outside in April, but great care must be exercised that the right kind is obtained, as there are many varieties of Aconite- about twenty-four have been distinguished - and they have not all the same active medicinal properties. It takes two or three years to flower from seed.
Propagation is usually by division of roots in the autumn. The underground portion of the plants are dug up after the stem has died down, and the smaller of the 'daughter' roots that have developed at the side of the old roots are selected for replanting in December or January to form new stock, the young roots being planted about a foot apart each way. The young shoots appear above ground in February. Although the plants are perennial, each distinct root lasts only one year, the plant being continued by 'daughter' roots.
This official Aconite is also the species generally cultivated in gardens, though nearly all the species are worth growing as ornamental garden flowers, the best perhaps being A. Napellus, both white and blue, A. paniculatum, A. Japonicum and A. autumnale. All grow well in shade and under trees. Gerard grew four species in his garden: A. lyocotonum, A. variegatum, A. Napellus and A. Pyrenaicum.
---Part Used--- Collection and Drying. The leaves, stem, flowering tops and root: the leaves and tops fresh, the root dried. The leaves and flowering tops are of less importance, they are employed for preparing Extract of Aconitum, and for this purpose are cut when the flowers are just breaking into blossom and the leaves are in their best condition, which is in June.
The roots should be collected in the autumn, after the stem dies down, but before the bud that is to produce the next year's stem has begun to develop. As this bud grows and forms a flowering stem, in the spring, some of the lateral buds develop into short shoots, each of which produces a long, slender, descending root, crowned with a bud. These roots rapidly thicken, filled with reserve material produced by the parent plant, the root of which dies as the 'daughter' roots increase in size. Towards the autumn, the parent plant dies down and the daughter roots which have then reached their maximum development are now full of starch. If allowed to remain in the soil, the buds that crown the daughter roots begin to grow, in the late winter, and this growth exhausts the strength of the root, and the proportion of both starch and alkaloid it contains is lessened.
On account of the extremely poisonous properties of the root, it is considered desirable that the root should be grown and collected under the same conditions, so that uniformity in the drug is maintained. The British Pharmacopceia specifies, therefore, that the roots should be collected in the autumn from plants cultivated in Britain and should consist of the dried, full-grown 'daughter' roots: much of the Aconite root that used to come in large quantities from Germany was the exhausted parent root of the wild-flowering plants.
When the roots are dug up, they are sorted over, the smallest laid aside for replanting and the plumper ones reserved for drying. They are first well washed in cold water and trimmed of all rootlets, and then dried, either entire, or longitudinally sliced to hasten drying.
Drying may at first be done in the open air, spread thinly, the roots not touching. Or they may be spread on clean floors or on shelves in a warm place for about ten days, turning frequently. When somewhat shrunken, they must be finished more quickly by artificial heat in a drying room or shed near a stove or gas fire, care being taken that the heated air can escape at the top of the room. Drying in an even temperature will probably take about a fortnight or more. It is not complete till the roots are dry to the core and brittle, snapping when bent.
Dried Aconite root at its upper extremity, when crowned with an undeveloped bud, enclosed by scaly leaves, is about 3/4 inch in diameter, tapering quickly downwards. It is dark brown in colour and marked with the scars of rootlets. The surface is usually longitudinally wrinkled, especially if it has been dried entire. The root breaks with a short fracture and should be whitish and starchy within. A transverse section shows a thick bark, separated from the inner portion by a well-marked darker line, which often assumes a stellate appearance. Aconite root as found in commerce is, however, often yellowish or brownish internally with the stellate markings not clearly shown, probably from having been collected too early. It should be lifted in the autumn of the second year.
Aconite root is liable to attack by insects, and after being well dried should be kept in securely closed vessels.
---Chemical Constituents ---Aconite root contains from 0.3 to 1 per cent alkaloidal matter, consisting of Aconitine - crystalline, acrid and highly toxic - with the alkaloids Benzaconine (Picraconitine) and Aconine.
Aconitine, the only crystallizable alkaloid, is present to the extent of not more than 0.2 per cent, but to it is due the characteristic activity of the root. Aconite acid, starch, etc., are also present. On incineration, the root yields about 3 per cent ash.
The Aconitines are a group of highly toxic alkaloids derived from various species of Aconite, and whilst possessing many properties in common are chemically distinguishable according to the source from which they are obtained. The Aconitines are divided into two groups: (1) the Aconitines proper, including Aconitine, Japaconitine and Indaconitine, and (2) the Pseudaconitines - Pseudaconitine and Bikhaconitine.
This disparity between Aconites is a very important matter for investigation, though perhaps not so serious from a pharmaceutical point of view as might at first appear, since in the roots of several different species the alkaloid is found to possess similar physiological action; but this action varies in degree and the amount of alkaloid may be found to vary considerably. It is considered that the only reliable method of standardizing the potency of any of the Aconite preparations is by a physiological method: the lethal dose for the guinea-pig being considered to be the most convenient and satisfactory standard. Tinctures vary enormously as to strength, some proving seven times as powerful as others.
The Aconite which contains the best alkaloid, A. Napellus, is the old-fashioned, familiar garden variety, which may be easily recognized by its very much cut-up leaves, which are wide in the shoulder of the leaf - that part nearest the stem - and also by the purplish-blue flowers, which have the 'helmet' closely fitting over the rest of the flower, not standing up as a tall hood. All varieties of Aconite are useful, but this kind with the close set in helmet to the flower is the most valuable.
The Aconite derived from German root of A. Napellus appears to possess somewhat different properties to that prepared from English roots. The German roots may be recognized by the remains of the stem which crown the root. They are also generally less starchy, darker externally and more shrivelled than the English root and considered to be less active, probably because they are generally the exhausted parent roots.
---Medicinal Action and Uses--- Anodyne, diuretic and diaphoretic. The value of Aconite as a medicine has been more fully realized in modern times, and it now rank as one of our most useful drugs. It is much used in homoeopathy. On account of its very poisonous nature, all medicines obtained from it come, however, under Table 1 of the poison schedule: Aconite is a deadly poison.
Both tincture and liniment of Aconite are in general use, and Aconite is also used in ointment and sometimes given as hypodermic injection. Preparations of Aconitc are employed for outward application locally to the skin to diminish the pain of neuralgia, lumbago and rheumatism.
The official tincture taken internelly diminishes the rate and force of the pulse in the early stages of fevers and slight local inflammations, such as feverish cold, larnyngitis, first stages of pneumonia and erysipelas; it relieves the pain of neuralgia, pleurisy and aneurism. In cardiac failure or to prevent same it has been used with success, in acute tonsilitis children have been well treated by a dose of 1 to 2 minims for a child 5 to 10 years old; the dose for adults is 2 to 5 minims, three times a day.
---Note---The tincture of Aconite of the British Pharmacopoeia 1914 is nearly double the strength of that in the old Pharmacopoeia of 1898.
Externally the linament as such or mixed with chloroform or belladonna liniment is useful in neuralgia or rheumatism.
---Poisoning from, and Antidotes--- The symptons of poisoning are tingling and numbness of tongue and mouth and a sensation of ants crawling over the body, nausea and vomiting with epigastric pain, laboured breathing, pulse irregular and weak, skin cold and clammy, features bloodless, giddiness, staggering, mind remains clear. A stomach tube or emetic should be used at once, 20 minims of Tincture of Digitalis given if available, stimulants should be given and if not retained diluted brandy injected per rectum, artificial respiration and friction, patient to be kept lying down.
All the species contain an active poison Aconitine, one of the most formidable poisons which have yet been discovered: it exists in all parts of the plant, but especially in the root. The smallest portion of either root or leaves, when first put into the mouth, occasions burning and tingling, and a sense of numbness immediately follows its continuance. One-fiftieth grain of Aconitine will kill a sparrow in a few seconds; one-tenth grain a rabbit in five minutes. It is more powerful than prussic acid and acts with tremendous rapidity. One hundredth grain will act locally, so as to produce a well-marked sensation in any part of the body for a whole day. So acrid is the poison, that the juice applied to a wounded finger affects the whole system, not only causing pains in the limbs, but a sense of suffocation and syncope.
Some species of Aconite were well known to the ancients as deadly poisons. It was said to be the invention of Hecate from the foam of Cerberus, and it was a species of Aconite that entered into the poison which the old men of the island of Ceos were condemned to drink when they became infirm and no longer of use to the State. Aconite is also supposed to have been the poison that formed the cup which Medea prepared for Theseus. (Note---Aconite and Belladonna were said to be the ingredients in the witches' 'Flying ointments.' Aconite causes irregular action of the heart, and Belladonna produces delirium. These combined symptoms might give a sensation of 'flying.'---EDITOR)
Various species of Aconite possess the same narcotic properties as A. Napellus, but none of them equal in energy the A. ferox of the East Indies, the root of which is used there as an energetic poison under the name of Bikh or Nabee. Aconite poisoning of wells by A. ferox has been carried out by native Indians to stop the progress of an army. They also use it for poisoning spears, darts and arrows, and for destroying tigers.
All children should be warned against Aconite in gardens. It is wiser not to grow Aconite among kitchen herbs of any sort. The root has occasionally been mistaken for horse-radish, with fatal results - it is, however, shorter, darker and more fibrous - and the leaves have produced similar fatal results. In Ireland a poor woman once sprinkled powdered Aconite root over a dish of greens, and one man was killed and another seriously affected by it.
In 1524 and 1526 it is recorded that two criminals, to whom the root was given as an experiment, quickly died.
The older herbalists described it as venomous and deadly. Gerard says: 'There hath beene little heretofore set down concerning the virtues of the Aconite, but much might be saide of the hurts that have come thereby.' It was supposed to be an antidote against other poisons. Gerard tells us that its power was 'So forcible that the herb only thrown before the scorpion or any other venomous beast, causeth them to be without force or strength to hurt, insomuch that they cannot moove or stirre untill the herbe be taken away.' Ben Jonson, in his tragedy Sejanus, says:
'I have heard that Aconite
Being timely taken hath a healing might
Against the scorpion's stroke.'
Linnaeus reports Aconite to be fatal to cattle and goats when they eat it fresh, but when dried it does no harm to horses, a peculiarity in common with the buttercups, to which the Aconites are related. Field-mice are well aware of its evil nature, and in hard times, when they will attack almost any plant that offers them food, they leave this severely alone.
---Other Varieties--- Japanese Aconite - syn. Aconitum Chinense - is regularly imported in considerable quantities. It used formerly to be ascribed to A. Fischer (Reichb.), but is now considered to be derived from A. uncinatum, var. Faponicum (Regel.) and possibly also from A. volubile (Pallas). It has conical or top-shaped, gradually tapering tuberous roots, 1 to 2 inches long, 1/3 to 1 inch in thickness at the top, externally covered with a brown, closely adhering skin internally white. Dried roots do not contain much alkaloid, if steeped when fresh in a mixture of common salt, vinegar and water. The poisonous alkaloid present is called Japaconitine, to distinguish it from the official Aconitine and the Pseudaconitine of A. laciniatum. Japaconitine is similar in constituents and properties with the Aconitine of A. Napellus.
Indian Aconite root or Nepal Aconite consists of the root of A. laciniatum (Staph.). It is also called Bikh or Bish, and is collected in Nepal. It is much larger than the English variety, being a conical, not suddenly tapering root, 2 to 4 inches long and an inch or more at the top, of a lighter brown than the official variety, the rootlet scars much fewer than the official root. Internally it is hard and almost resinous, the taste intensely acrid and is much shriveiled longitudinally. This root yields a very active alkaloid, Pseudoaconitine, which is allied to Aconitine and resembles it in many of its properties; it is about twice as active as Aconitine. Indian Aconite root was formerly attributed to A. ferox (Wall). Their large size and less tapering character sufficiently distinguish these from the official drug.
Other varieties of Aconite are A. chasmanthum (Staph.), known in India as Mohri, which contains Indaconitine, and A. spicatum, another Indian species containing Bikhaconitine, resembling Pseudaconitine.
Russian Aconite, A. orientale, grows abundantly in the Crimea and Bessarabia. It has a small, compact, greyish-black root with a transverse section similar to that of A. Napellus. Its taste is hot and acrid. When treated by a process which gave 0.0526 per cent of crystalline Aconitine from a sample of powdered root of A. Napellus, the dried root of A. orientale yielded 2.207 per cent of total alkaloids, which were, however, amorphous. The total alkaloid has not yet been investigated further.
A. heterophyllum (Wall), Atis root, is a plant growing in the Western temperate Himalayas. This species does not contain Aconitine and is said to be non-poisonous. Its chief constituent is an intensely bitter alkaloid - Atisine - possessing tonic and antiperiodic principles. A. palmatum, of Indian origin, yields a similar alkaloid, Palmatisine.
The province of Szechwen in West China grows large quantities of medicinal plants, among them A. Wilsoni, which is worth about 4s. per cwt., of which 55,000 lb. a year can be produced in this province; A. Fischeri, about four times the price, of which rather less are yearly available, and A. Hemsleyan, about the same price as the latter, of which about 27,000 lb. are available in an average year.
---Other Species--- The Anthora, or Wholesome Aconite described by Culpepper, is a small plant about a foot high, with pale, divided green leaves, and yellow flowers - a native of the Alps. Its stem is erect, firm, angular and hairy; the leaves alternate and much cut into. The flowers are large, hooded with fragrant scent, growing on top of the branches in spikes of a pale yellow colour, smaller than the ordinary Monkshood and succeeded by five horn-like, pointed pods, or achenes, containing five angular seeds. It flowers in July and the seeds ripen at the end of August. The root is tuberous.
Culpepper tells us that the herb was used in his time, but not often. It was reputed to be very serviceable against vegetable poisons and 'a decoction of the root is a good lotion to wash the parts bitten by venomous creatures.' . . . 'The leaves, if rubbed on the skin will irritate and cause soreness and the pollen is also dangerous if blown in the eyes .'
As a matter of fact, this species of Aconite by no means deserves its reputation of harmlessness, for it is only poisonous in a less degree than the rest of the same genus, and the theory that it is a remedy against poison, particularly that of the other Aconites, is now an exploded one.
Parkinson, speaking of the Yellow Monkshood, calls it:
'The "counter-poison monkeshood" - the roots of which are effectual, not only against the poison of the poisonful Helmet Flower and all others of that kind, but also against the poison of all venomous beasts, the plague or pestilence and other infectious diseases, which raise spots, pockes, or markes in the outward skin, by expelling the poison from within and defending the heart as a most sovereign cordial.'
The so-called Winter Aconite, Aeranthis hyemalis, is not a true Aconite, though closely allied, being also a member of the Buttercup family, whose blossoms it more nearly resembles.
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What culture introduced hats and crackers at Xmas season? | Monkshood - AACC.org
Home // ... // TDM and Toxicology Division // Toxin Library // Monkshood
Monkshood
No, no, go not to Lethe, neither twist Wolf's bane, tight-rooted, for its poisonous wine Nor suffer thy pale forehead to be kissed By nightshade, ruby grape of Proserpine…John Keats Ode on Melancholy
Monkshood is a distinctive looking wildflower borne on shoulder high erect and sturdy stems. The common name for this plant comes from the hood-like sepal on the flower. The hood is thought to look like an old fashioned cowl worn by monks.
All parts of monkshood are poisonous, especially the roots and seeds, and the flowers if eaten. In the past, wolves and criminals were poisoned with an extract from the European wolfsbane Acontium lycoctonum. This species was also supposedly used as a component in witches’ brew.
Historical Significance
Aconitum is an ancient Greek name for the plant, used by the Greek physician and pharmacist Dioscorides. Dioscorides lived around 40-90 A.D. and served as a botanist in Nero’s armies. For an interesting discussion of Aconitum in literature and film click here.
George Henry Lamson in 1881 was convicted of using aconitine for the murder of his brother-in-law, Percy John. This was reported to be the first homicide using aconitine. The details of the trial were published in 1913[1] as part of a series of Notable English Trials by William Hodge company. One of the interesting facts of the case is the methods used for the analysis of the poison. One method was taste, “they applied some of the alkaloid obtained from the body to their tongues, which produced a “biting and numbing effect”; a precisely similar effect was produced by a similar application of aconitine..”. A word to the readers: WHAT DEDICATION! Stop complaining about your long hours and lack of instrumentation.
Botany
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae; Division: Magnoliophyta; Class: Magnoliopsida; Order:nbsp; Ranunculales; Family: Ranunculaceae; Genus: Aconitum; Species: napellus (the Common Monkshood). Over 100 species of Aconitum.
Common Names
Aconitum, known as conite, monkshood, wolfsbane, leopard's bane, women's bane, Devil's helmet or blue rocket.
This genus of herbaceous perennial plants are chiefly natives of the mountainous parts of the northern hemisphere, growing in moisture retentive but well draining soils on mountain meadows. Their dark green leaves lack stipules. The plants are tall with the erect stem being crowned by racemes of large and eye-catching blue, purple, white, yellow or pink zygomorphic flowers with numerous stamens. They are distinguishable by having one of the five petaloid sepals (the posterior one), called the galea, in the form of a cylindrical helmet; hence the English name monkshood. There are 2–10 petals, in the form of nectaries. The two upper petals are large. They are placed under the hood of the calyx and are supported on long stalks. They have a hollow spur at their apex, containing the nectar. The other petals are small and scale like or non-forming. The 3–5 carpels are partially fused at the base.
Traditional Uses
The most common plant in this genus, Aconitum napellus (the Common Monkshood, European) was considered to be of therapeutic and toxicological importance. Its roots have occasionally been mistaken for horseradish. It has a short underground stem, from which dark-colored tapering roots descend. The crown or upper portion of the root gives rise to new plants. When touched to one's lip, the juice of the aconite root produces a feeling of numbness and tingling. This plant is used as a food plant by some Lepidoptera species including Dot Moth, The Engrailed, Mouse Moth, Wormwood Pug, and Yellow-tail.
The roots of Aconitum ferox supply the Nepalese poison called bikh, bish, or nabee. It contains large quantities of the alkaloid pseudoaconitine. Aconitum palmatum yields another of the bikh poisons. The root of Aconitum luridum, of the Himalaya, is said to be as virulent as that of A. ferox or A. napellus.
Several species of Aconitum have been used as arrow poisons. The Minaro in Ladakh use A. napellus on their arrows to hunt ibex, while the Ainus in Japan used a species of Aconitum to hunt bear. The Chinese also used Aconitum poisons both for hunting, and for warfare.
Many species of Aconitum are cultivated in gardens, having either blue or yellow flowers. Aconitum lycoctonum (Alpine wolfsbane), is a yellow-flowered species common in the Alps of Switzerland. As garden plants the aconites are very ornamental, hardy perennial plants. They thrive well in any ordinary garden soil, and will grow beneath the shade of trees. They are easily propagated by divisions of the root or by seeds.nbsp; Aconitum Fischeri, Reichenbach, is found in the Rocky Mountain region of the United States; also in other sections of the world. There are many cultivars some with bicolor monkshood such as Aconitum x cammarum Eleanor which has white flowers outlined in blue-violet. For additional information on cultivated monkshood see the internet source.
Aconite (term for dried tubers or root stocks of aconitum plants) has long been used in the traditional medicine of Asia (India, China and Japan). In Ayurveda the herb is detoxified according to the samskaras process and studies show that it no longer possesses active toxicity. The carmichaeli species is used in traditional Chinese medicine as a treatment for Yang deficiency, "coldness", and general debilitation. The herb is one of the more toxic species equal to the European variety and is prepared in extremely small doses. More frequently ginger processed aconite, of lower toxicity, "fu zi" is used. Aconite is one ingredient of Tribhuvankirti, an Ayurvedic preparation for treating a "cold in the head" and fever. Aconite was mixed with patrinia and coix, in a famous treatment for appendicitis described in a formula from the Jingui Yaolue (ca. 220 A.D.) Aconite was also described in Greek and Roman medicine by Theophrastus, Dioscorides, and Pliny the Elder, who most likely prescribed the Alpine species Aconitum lycoctonum. The herb was cultivated widely in Europe, probably reaching England before the tenth century, where it was farmed with some difficulty, but came to be widely valued as an anodyne, diuretic, and diaphoretic. In the nineteenth century much aconite was imported from China, Japan, Fiji, and Tonga, with a number of species used to manufacture alkaloids of varying potency but generally similar effect, most often used externally and rarely internally. Effects of different preparations were standardized by testing on guinea pigs.
In Western medicine preparations of aconite were used until just after the middle of the 20th century, but it is no longer employed as it has been replaced by safer and more effective drugs and treatments. The 1911 British Pharmaceutical Codex regarded the medical uses and toxicity of aconite root or leaves to be virtually identical to that of purified aconitine. nbsp;Aconite first stimulates and later paralyses the nerves of pain, touch, and temperature if applied to the skin or to a mucous membrane; the initial tingling therefore gives place to a long-continued anesthetic action. Great caution was required, as abraded skin could absorb a dangerous dose of the drug, and merely tasting some of the concentrated preparations available could be fatal. The local anesthesia of peripheral nerves can be attributed to at least eleven alkaloids with varying potency and stability. Internal uses were also pursued, to slow the pulse, as a sedative in pericarditis and heart palpitations, and well diluted as a mild diaphoretic, or to reduce feverishness in treatment of colds, pneumonia, quinsy, laryngitis, croup, and asthma due to exposure.
Detoxification for Herbal Uses
Both Chinese medicine and Ayurveda have methods of processing aconite to reduce its toxicity. In Chinese medicine, the traditional pao zhi or preparation of aconite is to steam it with ginger in a fairly elaborate procedure. Due to the variable levels of toxicity in any given sample of the dried herb, there are still issues with using it. Most but not all cases of aconite toxicity in Taiwan were due to the consumption of unprocessed aconite.
According to an article by the Indian scientists Thorat and Dahanukar, "Crude aconite is an extremely lethal substance. However, the science of Ayurveda looks upon aconite as a therapeutic entity. Crude aconite is always processed i.e. it undergoes 'samskaras' before being utilized in the Ayurvedic formulations. This study was undertaken in mice, to ascertain whether 'processed' aconite is less toxic as compared to the crude or unprocessed one. It was seen that crude aconite was significantly toxic to mice (100% mortality at a dose of 2.6 mg/mouse) whereas the fully processed aconite was absolutely non-toxic (no mortality at a dose even 8 times as high as that of crude aconite). Further, all the steps in the processing were essential for complete detoxification".
Toxicology
This genus of plants contains a series of alkaloids exemplified by aconitine. Over 14 have been identified including: mesaconitine, jesaconitine, hypaconitine and deoxyaconitine.
A more detailed description of the alklaloid structure can be found in the 2006 Journal of Analytical Toxicology article. The aconitum alkaloids may be divided into three subgroups.nbsp; The first contain 2 ester bonds on the diterpene structure. This group activates voltage-dependent sodium channels and inhibit noradrenaline reuptake. Activation of the sodium channels with excessive depolarization result in suppression of pain transmission. The second group is monoesters which block the voltage-dependent sodium channel and have strong antiarrhythmic properties. The second group seems to be competitive antagonists of the first group. The third group does not have an ester side chain and are less toxic than either of the first two groups.
Marked symptoms appear within a few minutes of the administration of a poisonous dose of aconite. The initial signs are gastrointestinal. There is a sensation of burning, tingling, and numbness in the mouth, and of burning in the abdomen. Usually death ensues before a numbing effect on the intestine can be observed. After about an hour, there is severe vomiting. Pronounced motor weakness and cutaneous sensations similar to those above described soon follow. The pulse and respiration steadily fail until death occurs from asphyxia. There are some discrepancies in the literature on this point as some of the recent cases indicate that death may be from ventricular arrhythmias.nbsp; The treatment is to empty the stomach by tube or by a non-depressant emetic. The physiological antidotes are atropine and digitalis or strophanthin, which should be injected subcutaneously in maximal doses. The historic antidotes of alcohol, strychnine, and warmth were employed, although with limited or no success.
The above description of poisoning is characteristic of an oral administration. However, poisoning may occur simply by picking the leaves without wearing gloves; the aconitine toxin is absorbed easily through the skin. From practical experience, the sap oozing from eleven picked leaves will cause cardiac symptoms for a couple of hours. In this event, there will be no gastrointestinal effects. Tingling will start at the point of absorption and extend up the arm to the shoulder, after which the heart will start to be affected.
Aconitine is a potent neurotoxin that blocks tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium channels. Pretreatment with barakol 10 mg/kg IV reduces the incidence of aconitine-induced ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia, as well as mortality. Five μg/kg IV of tetrodotoxin has the same effect. The protective effects of barakol are probably due to the prevention of intracellular sodium ion accumulation.
Modern Case Reports
Canadian actor, Andre Noble died on July 30, 2004 after a camping trip where he was thought to have accidentally consumed aconite from Monkshood. Although there is little detail about this case, the American Academy of Forensic Sciences in 2008 [11] reported a case of accidental poisoning by A. napellus caused by eating a few of the flowers. Within 4 hours the victim collapsed and died.nbsp; An LC/MS/MS method was developed for the analysis of acontine and found concentrations of the poison in the blood and urine from autopsy. The manner of death suggests that ventricular arrhythmias precipitated by the plant material resulted in cardiac death. A case thought to be suicide was reported [6] in 2000 with identification and quantitation of 6 of the aconitine alkaloids.
In a report in 2004 [7] the authors reviewed the aconitine poisonings in Taiwan from 1990-1999 and found 17 reported cases. All of these patients survived with supportive care with no long term sequelae. In these cases life threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmias was the most common consequence of ingestion of the aconite roots.nbsp; Charcoal hemoperfusion was the suggested mode of treatment in these patients. In laboratory studies the class 1 antiarrhythmics, particularly flecanide and beta blockers were the best drugs for inhibiting mortality; while the calcium antagonists or amiodarone showed no effect.
An interesting case from France was reported in 2005 [5] where the hospital laboratory was able to use LC/MS/MS to quantitate aconitine plasma levels after an intentional sub-lethal dose of a home preparation of dried aconitum napellus root.nbsp; The plasma half-life of aconitine was approximately 4 hours in this case.
References
The Trial of George Henry Lamson, edited by Hargrave L Adam, published by William Hodge & Co, 1913.
Internet source to a good reference list
Lai, CK, WT Poon and YW Chan, “Hidden Aconite Poisoning: Identification of Yunaconitine and related Aconitum Alkaloids in Urine by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry”, J.Anal. Tox. 30:426-433, 2006.
Pullela, R, L Young, B Gallagher, S P Avis, E W. Randell, “A Case of Fatal Aconitine Poisoning by Monkshood Ingestion”, Journal of Forensic Sciences 53:491-494, 2008.
Fu, M, M Wu, Y Qiao, Z Wang, “Toxicological mechanisms of Aconitum alkaloids”, Pharmazie 61:735-741, 2006.
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Aconitum
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Chang 1st Wang 2nd what third most common Chinese name? | The Asian Art of Mr. Wang - From Peasant Farmer to Master Chinese Charcoal Drawing Creator
by Old Mr. Wang
This is the artist known by many around the world as "Mr. Wang"
(His real name is Wang Chang-Ming - and in Chinese, being called "old" is an honorable and respectful title).
He has spent most of his life as a farmer in the countryside of Northern China. But he always had a hidden talent for art.
His talent had to remain hidden for many years during the Cultural Revolution when artists and intellectuals were persecuted and killed all over China.
Since that time, China has come a long way. In these last years, Mr. Wang has traded his plow for some paper and pieces of charcoal, and now creates unique artwork for you...
This is the story of the first time I stumbled across Mr. Wang in his obscure art studio just outside Beijing, China...
I walked in without saying a word, he just looked up for a second and nodded at me which let me know it was okay to be there. He was working on the bamboo picture that you see above. I snapped a few pictures and waited silently.
The temperature was below freezing, but somehow his ungloved agile hand smoothly created the stock and leaves of a beautiful bamboo.
He finally finished and then looked at me with a puzzled face. I asked (in Chinese) how much he wanted for his beautiful charcoals... ...I saw a look of relief on his face when he heard me speak and he laughed out loud.
He told me that he was worried about how he was going to talk to me, because he thought that no foreigners could speak Chinese. He said that he couldn't speak a single word of English except for "hello" (which he practiced for me several times with lots of laughter).
He told me that he was from the countryside and had come to Beijing to find a better life. I looked at his unheated studio which was also where he lived. It was just one room with a small stove in one corner and a bed in the other. As I began to wonder, he answered my question before I asked it. He told me that life was a lot better here in Beijing.
Soon his wife came home and poured some tea for us...
I picked out a few of his charcoals and didn't bargain too much - I knew he needed the money (if you don't bargain at all, you lose face in Chinese culture and are seen as a fool - so I had to a little).
After that, we sat around and talked about Mr. and Mrs. Wang's family and what kind of Chinese tea is best...
2004-2005 Update: Mr. Wang has found himself a nice place to live in a village not too far from Beijing. He is in his element where he feels that he belongs, a small farming village. He likes the simple life and he is really enjoying his retirement now.
He doesn't need to be in the big city much as I buy most of the art that he creates. And, since I have exposed his artwork to the world, other sellers of Asian folk art now seek him out to buy his beautiful drawings.
Sometimes he comes to Beijing to drop off some of his new charcoal art to me, and sell some of his artwork at a local arts and antiques market in Beijing. When he comes to the city, I know he can't wait to get back to the country. When I am in the country picking up art from Mr. Wang or another artist, I often wonder which life is better.
I have yet to draw any conclusions...
| Li |
What word is derived from the Arabic mawsim meaning season? | Jordan: Chinese Personal Names & Titles
Go to Chinese Noble Titles
The Brief Story:
A modern Chinese usually has (1) a surname ("family name") or xìng 姓 and (2) a given name ("first name" or "Christian name"), or míng 名 (or míngzi 名字), always in that order. Thus Dèng Xiǎopíng is Mr. Dèng with the personal name Xiǎopíng the same way John Jones is Mr. Jones with the personal name John.
Some Chinese writers in English reverse the order and put the family name last in order to conform to English usage: Xiaoping Deng. This confuses things when the surname and given name are not distinctive enough to be able to be sure which is which. For example, since both Chiao and Chien are possible spellings of Chinese surnames, it took me some years before I knew whether anthropologist Chiao Chien (Pinyin: Qiáo Jiàn) was Dr. Chiao or Dr. Chien. It didn't help that I saw it in both orders. In Europe, where surnames are often written in capital letters, it is less of a problem: CHIAO Chien is clearly Dr. Chiao.
Nearly always the family name (surname) is one-syllable long. The only common modern surnames that are two-syllables long are Ōuyáng and Sīmǎ. Occasional people have two surnames, usually written in English as two words: Wáng Xú.
Usually (but not always) the given name is two syllables long, and sometimes a group of siblings or even cousins will share the first (or sometimes second) syllable of their given names. Dèng Xiǎopíng, Dèng Liáopíng, and Dèng Guópíng, for example, would almost certainly be brothers or cousins.
Clerical Names (Buddhists, Daoists, Christians)
Multiple Names for Men
In dynastic times naming was far more complex, and occasionally traces of the older system are still used. Chinese are far more likely than Americans to have pen names, nicknames, and so on, which have a respectability in China that they lack for English speakers.
For example:
Confucius' Chinese name was Kǒng Qiū 孔丘, where Kǒng 孔 was his family name and Qiū 丘 his personal name. In addition he had a zì 字, which was Zhòngní 仲尼, the name by which he is usually called in the Confucian canon. (The word zì means "written symbol," but in this special usage some sinologists translate it "style.")
Here is another example:
Chinese popular lore describes a group of five divinities referred to as the "Eight Immortals" (bā xiān 八仙). One of the most popular of these is popularly called Lǚ Dòngbīn 吕洞宾, or "Lǚ the Guest in the Cave." Lǚ is of course his family name. The Dòngbīn part is actually his zì (like the Zhòngní in Confucius' name), and the meaning of it clearly links him to the Taoist tradition of mountain hermits with which he is now associated.
His original name (míngzì, corresponding to Confucius' Qiū) is said to have been Yán 巖 (sometimes written 喦). That name would have been given to him by his parents early in life. (It actually means "crag," so even it points toward Taoism.)
Later in life, as he became ever more deeply involved with Taoism, he took a sobriquet (hào) of Chúnyáng 纯杨, which means "Pure Yáng," And he also apparently sometimes referred to himself by the title Huídàorén 回道人 "the man who returns to the Way."
Finally, religious followers of Lǚ Dòngbīn today sometimes refer to him as "Patriarch Lǚ" (Lǚ zǔ 吕祖).
Here is a list of some of the kinds of names a Chinese male might have at almost any time in Chinese history, although the details vary a good deal from time to time and place to place. The first four terms are the most important.
xìng 姓 = surname (nearly always a paternal surname)
míng 名 or míngzì 名字 = given name
zì 字 = "adult name," "style," "epithet,""appellation," or "marriage name," taken at marriage or coming of age (formerly marked by a "capping" ceremony).
hào 号 or wàihào 外号 = "sobriquet," usually assumed by the person later in life, although sometimes conferred by friends. One can think of it as a rather formal nickname. ("Sobriquet" is not a common English word. But sobriquet is pretty much the commonest translation. It comes from the French and literally means "chuck under the chin," referring to a jocular or affectionate name. Not all Chinese hào are jocular, however.)
bǐmíng 笔名 = "nom de plume" used by a writer
(I have the impression that this is a rather modern term, not distinguished from any other kind of hào in earlier Chinese.)
biézì 别字 = "distinguishing appellation" given by friends to each other
chuòhào 绰号 = "nickname" (See below.)
guānmíng 官名 = "official name" assumed by someone in government work.
rǔmíng 乳名 = "milk name," given by parents
shūmíng 书名 = "book name" (also called xuémíng 学名 = "study name"), given by the teacher when the child enters school
shì 氏 = surname (apparently originally a maternal surname)
Chinese biographical dictionaries and other reference books tend to list people by their xìng and míngzi, but they are normally also quite meticulous in recording the zì of the people they write about, and various hào if they were much used. Some famous figures known to history by one or another zì or hào rather than by their míng.
Most Chinese today have only a surname (xìng) and a given name (míngzì), plus perhaps a nickname (chuòhào) or two. Occasionally members of the intelligentsia use a literary sobriquet (hào), continuing this old custom.
Fortunately, rarely is more than one form used when writing about famous Chinese in English, and in a context like a college textbook or this web site, a given individual is likely to be referred to only one way.
More on Nicknames
Mocking Names. In the informality of village life, there is a rich variety of nicknames both for children and for adults, although more so for males than for females. Some are merely a syllable from the person's míng plus the appended syllable "Ā" before or after. Others may begin as teasing reference to distinctive physical characteristics, such as "Fatso" or "Big Head or to an individual's distinctive behavior, such as "Great Shout" or "Wine Cup." Some may apply the name of an historical or folkloric figure based on some putatively shared characteristic. It is easy for a moment of rustic hilarity to become routinzed as a mere nickname.
Name Magic and Protective Insults. Traditionally personal names were selected with attention to their meanings —names often suggest good luck, good looks, good morals, or goodness in general. But attention was (and is) given also to the number of strokes that made up the characters of a name. Fortune tellers were often consulted about this to make sure that a child's name accorded well with his moment of birth. In traditional times, and occasionally today, names were created to protect a child from harm. By giving a baby a name that was impressively unappealing, it was hoped to avoid the notice of envious or malicious spirits that might seek to harm a conspicuously attractive child. It was perfectly possible to find small children named "Dog-Face" and the like. Little boys were sometimes given girls' names for the same reason, since girls were thought less susceptible than boys to spirit attack. This was nearly always a temporary expedient. Names like "Ugly Piglet" usually did not continue into adulthood.
Servants' Names. Another kind of familiar nickname (common for male servants or office workers) is composed of the word lǎo 老, "old," plus a person's surname. If two people in the same social network have the same surname, one may be distignated by having the word xiǎo 小, "little," prefixed to his surname and the other dà 大 "big."
Arguably all such terms come under the general cover term chuòhào 绰号, but users seldom think much about their classification. They just talk.
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Imperial Names
There are additional complications when it comes to emperors. A special hào was taken by an emperor on accession to the throne and was used instead of his personal name, which was taboo. (In theory the taboo extended to both writing and speech, although habits die hard, and one imagines that the taboo in fact applied most rigidly to written works and to people in the imperial court.) But, emperors being emperors, the emperor did not take a single hào, but several:
guóhào 国号 = "State sobriquet" was his state title.
niánhào 年号 = "Year sobriquet" was the title of a period in his reign. It was not until the Míng dynasty (period 20) that emperors dependably kept the same niánhào throughout an entire reign. For emperors of the Míng and Qīng dynasties, history knows them by their niánhào. And it is the niánhào that one might find as a date on a piece of Sòng 宋 dynasty porcelain, for example. It doesn't work well for earlier emperors because they kept changing their niánhào.
miàohào 庙号 = "Temple sobriquet" was the temple name selected by his successor for an emperor after death. Obviously each emperor had only one of these. For emperors before the Míng dynasty, history knows them by their miàohào, names they themselves never heard.
Women's Names
Chinese women's names were far less complex. Women seldom participated in public life, schools, and the like, and normally bore a single name throughout their lives. Historical records often name women using only a surname —either a natal surname or the husband's surname— with no given name. Like men, they had informal nicknames used in everyday village life.
Today, like Hispanic women, a married Chinese woman usually adds her husband's surname to her original surname. Thus Dù Guō Xiùměi 杜郭秀美, is Mrs. Dù née Guō, with the personal name of Xiùměi. A formal, although rather old fashioned, way to say this is that she is simply Dù Guō shì 杜郭氏 or Dù née Guō.(The word shì was number 11 in the list given earlier.)
This is a bit stiff, however, and in many contexts — probably most contexts, although I know of no count — the husband's name is omitted.
For wives of prominent men, the title fūrén 夫人, usually translated "madam," is appended to the husband's name: Jiǎng Fūrén = Madam Jiǎng.
Married women today usually use their full name (surname plus míng) or, in more formal contexts, surname followed by a title. (See below.)
In my experience, in the far less formal world of village life, women, like men, are called all sorts of things, and nicknames are by no means unknown, although I have the impression that the nicknames involved are fewer and less often grotesque than for men. That was probably always the case, although I know of no study of the subject.
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Surnames
Surnames do not seem to go back quite to the beginning of Chinese history, and it is still open to debate exactly what the two words for surname, xìng 姓 and shì 氏, meant in the Bronze Age. (Click for More About the term shì.)
Names Used in Families
As noted in the "short story," above, it has always been common, though not universal, to assign related names to a group of sisters or brothers (or sometimes a wider group of same-generation cousins) such that each member of the group shared a common character in his or her míng. For example, if Wèi Guāngqǐ 魏光启, Wèi Guāngchūn 魏光椿, Wèi Guāngtǒng 魏光统 were part of the same social circle, they would almost certainly be brothers or cousins.
Within families, names were rarely used traditionally, either in direct address or as terms of reference. Instead, kinship terms were used. Just as American children would not normally address their parents or grandparents by name, so a Chinese would address a sibling as "elder sister" or "third younger brother." A child might be addressed as "second son."
Today names may be used for addressing family members junior than oneself, but it is by no means universal. (I recall a petite high-school girl who addressed her younger brother quite unselfconsciously as "little brother" even though he was well over six feet tall and looked like a sumo wrestler —hardly little.) Chinese kinship terms are a study in themselves, since there are great many distinct terms that allow very precise indication of the relationships, and since there is some regional variation, and a difference between literary and colloquial usage.
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Titles Added to Names
Titles, in addition to names, were (and are) used. There are the usual Mr. and Mrs. In contrast to English, rules for Romanized Chinese provide that such titles not be capitalized, by the way: "Mr. Chén," but "Chén xiānshēng." The commonest titles, simply appended to surnames, are:
xiǎojiě 小姐 ("little older sister"= Miss)
nǚshì 女士 ("female scholar" = Ms.)
xiānshēng 先生 ("born earlier" = Mr.)
These may be replaced by occupational titles —teacher, engineer, physician, &c.
However, the titles you are most likely to encounter while reading about traditional China are not those, but rather terms used for philosophers, gods, members of the bureaucracy or nobility, and so on.
"Master." Ancient Chinese philosophers are usually given the title zǐ 子, which is sometimes translated "master." Thus you will read of Mèng zǐ 孟子, Xún zǐ 荀子, Zhuāng zǐ 庄子, and so on.
(Most editors regard the zǐ as a suffix, for unclear reasons, and spell it as part of the name: Mèngzǐ. This usage is endorsed by the official standard in the case of philosophers judged prominent, while for obscure philosophers the zǐ is supposed to be written as an uncapitalized, free-standing word, like other titles.)
Curiosum: Confucius is usually called "Master Kǒng" or Kǒngzǐ 孔子. The English name "Confucius" is a Latinization of the slightly longer Chinese title Kǒng fūzǐ 孔夫子. The neo-Latin spelling was originally devised for a Latin translation of part of the Confucian canon called Confucius Sinarum Philosophus, Sive Scientia Sinensis, Latine Exposita, which appeared in Paris in 1687. In the late XIXth century some English writers tried to extend the spelling "-cius" as a general translation of zǐ. If they had extended this as a suffix for all philosophers we could have had Western names like Wittgenstein-cius, Hume-cius, and Russell-cius, but the idea never really caught on.
"King"/"Lord" Another title that tends to bleed into English is wáng 王, which means "king" and is sometimes left untranslated as a suffix to the name of a king. However the term was not always applied to an individual we would think of as a king, and in many cases the translation "king" can be a bit misleading, and something more generic like "lord" is to be preferred. (The link at the top of this page will take you to more information about royal titles.)
"Duke" The title gōng 公 in ancient texts is usually translated "duke", and the Confucian texts speak of the "Duke of Zhōu" or Zhōu gōng 周公. In later times this gōng was conferred routinely on gods and occasional national heroes. (It also evolved into a prefix corresponding to "male" when referring to animals.) As with the title "king," it is often better to render this simply "lord" and let it go at that.
Today gōng is a postmortal title of highest possible honor. For example:
After his death, Chiang Kai-shek 蒋介石 (Pinyin: Jiǎng Jièshí) was given that title by the ROC government in Taiwan, to whom he was extraordinarily venerable. Between his death and the end of martial law, references to the late president were therefore to Jiǎng gōng 蒋公. (Jièshí was Jiǎng's zì.)
(The "Kai-shek" used in English, by the way, is the Anglicization of a non-Mandarin reading of his zì. He hailed from Zhèjiāng Province, and I assume "Kai-shek" represents a Zhèjiāng local pronunciation of Jièshí.)
Chiang Kai-shek's míng was Zhōngzhèng 中正, so the full post-mortal formula (in Taiwan) was Jiǎng gōng Zhōngzhèng 蒋公中正. If you really wanted to be reverential, you left a blank space before the first character of the phrase. (The ultimate level of reverence, not merited even by Jiǎng, was to force a new line before his name, so that the surname character was always the first character of the line.)
There is no obvious way to render this compactly into English. Perhaps something like "The much revered Chiang" would be closer than looking for a title as such. (The English reverential term sometimes applied to him is "generalissimo.")
Chiang Kai-shek also had a school name, Zhìqīng 志清, but "of course" you wouldn't combine that with the title gōng!
(He also had a derrogatory title, fĕi 匪, "bandit," used by his Communist enemies, who called him Jiǎng fĕi 蒋匪, "Bandit Jiǎng." In Taiwan the same title was used when referring to Máo Zédōng 毛泽东, who was of course Máo fĕi 毛匪, "Bandit Máo." Like "Great Satan" or "Supreme Leader," such titles seem silly unless your government enforces their use until they are become threadbare enough to be inconspicuous.)
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Clerical Names
Buddhists. Buddhist monks and nuns discontinue use of their original names when ordained and assume new religious names. Typically the first syllable is shared by all disciples of a single master, and the second syllable is individual. Within the world of monastic Buddhism, surnames are not used. In interaction with the lay world, monks and nuns use the dummy surname Shì 释, the first syllable of the Chinese transcription of the name of the Shakyamuni Buddha, Shìjiāmóuní 释迦牟尼.
The commonest polite title both for priests and for nuns is "Dharma master" (fǎshī 法师), and the normal term of address is "master" or "teacher" (shīfù 师父), which is the generic form you should use when addressing such a person. Both in polite reference and in direct address it is usual to use a cleric's religious name plus shī 师, "teacher/master."
Daoists. The term "Dharma teacher" is often also used for and to Daoist adepts, despite the seeming Buddhist flavor of the term. More common (and more appropriate) is the use of the Daoist's surname plus the word dàoshì 道士, "gentleman of the Dào."
Christians. Protestant ministers are addressed by surname plus mùshī 牧师, "shepherd-teacher"; Catholic priests are addressed by surname plus shénfù 神父, "spiritual father."(A Catholic nun is called a xiūnǚ 修女, but I don't know if the expression is used in direct address. Does a reader happen to know?)
This was discussion inspired by a similar but far briefer one in
Mary Lelia MAKRA
1961 The Hsiao Ching. New York: St. John's University Press. Pp. 43-44.
For a very useful and full discussion of Chinese naming practices with excellent reference to the names used by Chinese outside of China, the following work by a former member of the Immigration Department in Malaysia is extremely interesting.
John JONES
1997 Chinese names: the traditions surrounding the use of Chinese surnames and personal names. Selagor Darul Ehsan: Pelanduk Publications. (ISBN: 967-978-619-6).
For an analysis of the names of famous people with an eye to developing names for modern Chinese children (or names to be adopted in Chinese by foreigners), the following is very informative:
LUO Tong & CAO Jia Wei
2005 500 Famous Chinese names. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish.
| i don't know |
What's the other name for the statue of Egyptian god Harmachis? | Egyptian Sculpture: History, Characteristics
Egyptian Sculpture
Sunken Relief Sculpture of the
crocodile god Sobek (c.100 BCE)
Sculpted for the Temple of Kom Ombo.
ANCIENT ARTS AND CULTURES
For a review of prehistoric art forms
including painting, sculpture and
decorative arts, see: Ancient Art .
Sculpture of Ancient Egypt
Osiris, Isis and Horus (874-850 BCE)
Decorative jewellery made of gold,
lapis lazuli and glass.
of ancient Egypt is traditionally
divided into these rough eras.
ANCIENT KINGDOM of EGYPT
Period of Roman rule (30 BCE - 395 CE)
ART OF ISLAM
For a brief review of the influences
and history of Muslim arts on Egypt,
For a list of the top 100 3-D artists
(500 BCE - now), please see:
For a list of masterpieces
by famous sculptors, see:
For a list of important dates in the
evolution of sculpture/3-D works,
see Types of Art .
Subject Matter
Ancient Egyptian sculpture was closely associated with Egyptian architecture and mostly concerned the temple and the funeral tomb. The temple was built as if it were the tomb or eternal resting-place of a divinity whose statue was hidden within a succession of closed halls, opened to view only for a short time, when the sun or moon or particular star reached a point on the horizon from which their rays shone directly upon the innermost shrine. These divine statues were consulted as oracles, and were seldom of an imposing size. Sculptors were also employed for wall-reliefs, the capitals of columns, colossal figures guarding the pylons, and for long avenues of sphinxes. The mural illustrations on the temple walls typically depict the piety of the Pharaohs as well as their foreign conquests.
Egyptian tombs required the most extensive use of sculpture . In these vaults were placed portrait statues of the deceased King or Queen. In addition, this type of prehistoric sculpture included statues of public functionaries, and scribes, and the groups portraying a man and his wife. The walls of the earlier Egyptian tombs resemble, in effect, an illustrated book of the manners and customs of the population. Illustrative scenes feature activities like hunting, fishing, and agricultural settings; artistic and commercial pursuits, such as the making of statues, or glass, or metal-ware, or the construction of pyramids; women performing domestic chores, or wailing for the dead; boys engaged in sports. Such reliefs reveal a confident belief in the future as a kind of untroubled extension of the present life. During later periods of Egyptian art , beginning with the tombs of the New Empire, gods appear more prominently in scenes of judgment; indicating less certainty about the happiness of the future state.
For more about tomb building and other architectural designs in Ancient Egypt, see: Early Egyptian Architecture (large pyramid tombs); Egyptian Middle Kingdom Architecture (small pyramids); Egyptian New Kingdom Architecture (temples); Late Egyptian Architecture (variety of buildings).
In addition to depicting the Gods of Egyptian civilization , sculptors also portrayed the minor objects of domestic and daily use; including household furniture with its opulent divans, tables and chests, and all forms of metalwork and jewellery. Items like toilet boxes, mirrors, and spoons were depicted by forms derived from the floral, animal, or human world. Sacred plants, notably the lotus, were the naturalistic basis for a large and varied class of forms which went on to influence the decorative art of the entire ancient world.
Sculptural Materials & Tools
In the valley of the Nile grew the sacred acacia and the sycamore, which provided the sculptor with material for statues and sarcophagi, for thrones and other items of industrial art. The hillsides on both banks of the Nile, as far south as Edfou, provided a coarse nummulitic limestone, and beyond Edfou there were extensive quarries of sandstone, both materials being used for sculptural as well as for architectural purposes. Close to the first cataract one can still see the quarries of red granite used not only for obelisks, but also for huge statues, sphinxes, and sarcophagi. Alabaster was quarried at the ancient town of Alabastron, near the modern village of Assiout. From the mountains of the Arabian desert and the Sinai peninsula came the basalt and diorite employed by the early sculptors, the red porphyry prized especially by the Greeks and Romans, and copper. Even the mud from the river Nile was moulded and baked, and covered with coloured glazes, from the earliest dynasties of Egyptian history. During the same early period we find the Egyptian sculptor handling with great dexterity numerous imported materials, like ebony, ivory, iron, gold and silver. Ivory carving , for instance, was widely practised, and was used in chryselephantine sculpture , for major works.
When Egyptian sculptors wanted to add extra permanence to their sculptures, as, for example, to the statues and sarcophagi of their Pharaoh kings, they used the hardest materials, like basalt, diorite, granite. This hard stone they manipulated with no less skill than they did wood-and ivory and softer stones.
The fine details were probably applied with flint instruments. Other implements, made from hardened bronze or iron, were the saw with jewelled teeth, tubular drills of various types, the pointer, and chisel. Statues of hard stone were meticulously polished with crushed sandstone and emery; softer stonework was typically covered with stucco and painted, the pigment being applied in an arbitrary or conventional manner.
Egyptian Statues and Statuettes
Egyptian artists were producing a wide variety of small figures in clay, bone, and ivory, well before the emergence of a formal style of sculpture at the time of the unification of the Two Lands of Egypt. A few, fragile figurines have been found in prehistoric graves. The tradition of making such objects survived right down to the New Kingdom. Bone and ivory were used to make stylized female figures of elaborate workmanship between 4,000 and 3,000 BCE. Clay, which was easier to shape, was molded into representations of many species of animals, easy to identify because their characteristics have been captured by acute observation. See also: Mesopotamian Sculpture (c.3000-500 BCE).
By c.3,000 BCE, ivory statuettes were being carved in a more naturalistic style, and many fragments have survived. One of the finest and most complete was found at Abydos, representing an unknown king, depicted in ceremonial costume (British Museum, London). He is wearing the tall White Crown of Upper Egypt and a short cloak patterned with lozenges. He strides confidently forward in the pose used for all male standing statues in Dynastic times, left foot in front of right. The quality of the carving is shown in the way in which the robe is wrapped tightly across the rounded shoulders, and the head is thrust forward with determination and strength of purpose.
From this period, just preceding the 1st Dynasty, there is evidence that sculptors were making great advances, and were using wood, and stone of various kinds. This development continued through the Archaic Period, when the first larger types of royal statue were made. Work in metal also made progress; miniature copper statuettes and gold amulets have been found in tombs, while an inscription of the 2nd Dynasty records the making of a royal statue in copper.
Egyptian Statues: Artistic Conventions
Egyptian statuary was made to be placed in tombs or temples and was usually intended to be seen from the front. It was important that the face should look straight ahead, into eternity, and that the body viewed from the front should be vertical and rigid, with all the planes intersecting at right angles. Sometimes variations do occur; large statues for instance were made to look slightly downwards towards the spectator, but examples where the body is made to bend or the head to turn are very rare in formal sculpture. It is usually accepted that the finest craftsmen worked for the king, and set the patterns followed by others who produced sculpture in stone, wood, and metal for his subjects throughout Egypt. The Old and Middle Kingdoms in particular saw the production of many statues and small figures that were placed in the tombs of quite ordinary people to act as substitutes for the body if it should be destroyed, to provide an eternal abode for the ka. Quality was desirable, but was not particularly important, for as long as the statue was inscribed with the name of the dead person it was identified with him. In fact it was possible to take over a statue by simply altering the inscription and substituting another name. This was done even at the highest level, and kings often usurped statues commissioned by earlier rulers. It was also believed to be possible to destroy the memory of a hated or feared predecessor by hacking the names and titles from his monuments. This happened to many of the statues of Akhenaten, and the names of Hatshepsut were erased by Tuthmosis III.
Most of the ka statues found in the tombs of nobles of the Old Kingdom follow royal precedent. Royal tombs at Gizeh and Saqqara were surrounded by cities of the dead, as the officials sought to be buried near their king and to pass into eternity with him. Gradually the beliefs once associated with the king or his immediate family were adopted by his nobles, and then by less important people, until everybody at their death hoped to become identified with Osiris, the dead king; but the quality, size, and material of the ka statue buried in a tomb depended upon the prosperity and means of its owner.
The earlier private sculptures, like the royal ones they imitated, were very much in the ritual tradition. In later periods craftsmen, particularly those working in wood, often produced small figures of great charm when they did not feel themselves bound by religious convention. Such small statuettes were often made to serve a practical purpose and carried containers which held cosmetic substances; later they were buried among the personal possessions of their owners.
Note: Egyptian plastic artists reportedly exerted considerable influence on African sculpture from sub-Saharan Africa, including works from Benin and Yoruba in west Africa.
Egyptian Relief Sculpture
Egyptian relief sculpture is executed in various modes, as follows:
(1) Bas-relief, where the figures project slightly from the background.
(2) Sunken-relief, where the background protrudes in front of the figures.
(3) Outline-relief, where only the outlines of figures are chiselled.
(4) High-relief, where the figures project some distance from the background.
Virtually all the wall-sculptures of the Ancient Egyptian Empire are in the form of bas-relief, while sunken and outline relief are the most common sculptural techniques used during the New Empire. High-relief occurs occasionally in tombs of the Ancient Empire, but is mainly confined to the New Empire and to such forms as Osiride and Hathoric piers and also to wall statues. In its treatment of figures in the round, ancient Egyptian sculpture is limited to only a few forms. These include: the standing figure, with left foot slightly in front of the right, the head erect, and the eyes looking straight ahead. Variations are obtained by changing the position of the arms. In the seated figures there is the same set pose of the head, body, and lower limbs. Beside these, the kneeling and squatting poses frequently reoccur, with little variation. Statues in the round usually depicted the gods, Pharaohs, or civic officials, and were composed with special reference to the maintenance of straight lines. But if the major monuments of state were limited in type and pose, a whole series of statues depicting domestic subjects were composed much more freely. Little importance was paid to grouping. It was usually a simple juxtaposition of two standing or two seated statues, or of one standing person and one seated person. A god and a man, or a husband and a wife, were positioned side by side. In family groups the figure of a child was occasionally added.
Symbolism was heavily used in sculptures representating the gods. When depicted in human form they were distinguished by emblems, but they were more often represented as composite creatures with animal heads on human bodies. Thus, for instance, Horus has the head of a hawk; Anubis, the head of a jackal; Khnum, a ram; Thoth, an ibis; Sebek, a crocodile; Isis, a decorative motif. On the exterior walls of temples they were typically and irregularly arranged over the surface, but on interior walls they were carefully arranged in horizontal rows. They were not really pictures, but picture-writing in relief, and were often little more than enlarged hieroglyphs. Such being their character, there was little stimulus to enhance their artistic composition.
Relief-composition merely meant arranging the figures in horizontal lines so as to record an event or represent an action. The principal figures were distinguished from others by their size - gods were shown larger than men, kings larger than their followers, and the dead larger than the living. Subordinate actions were juxtaposed in horizontal bands. In other respects there was very little importance placed on unity of effect; and empty space was typically filled with figures and hieroglyphs on the principle that nature abhors a vacuum. In composition of this kind, constructed like sentences, there was little need for perspective. Scenes were not depicted as they appeared within the field of vision: instead, individual components were all brought to the plane of representation, and laid out like writing. For example, the representation of a man - who might be depicted with head in profile, but eye en face, with shoulders in full front, but trunk turned three-quarters and legs in profile - is not the picture of a man as he appears to the eye; but is rather a symbolic representation of a man - an image that was perfectly clear to most spectators. In the same symbolic way a pond might be indicated by a rectangle, its water content by zig-zag lines, while bordering trees projected from the four sides of the rectangle. A military army was depicted with its more distant ranks brought into the plane of representation and arranged in horizontal lines one above the other. In a few instances the effects of perspective were suggested, but being largely superfluous to the purpose of Egyptian art they remained minimalistic.
As Egyptian statues represented the permanent body of the deceased, so relief-sculptures (usually covered in stucco, then painted) portrayed the situations in which his ethereal body might continue to move. They were not conceived as mere architectural decorations, but had principally a recording or immortalizing function. They adorned the outer and inner walls of temples, as well as the galleries and walls of tombs, with scant regard for aesthetic considerations or colours used, were vivid in tone, few in number, and durable in quality. They were applied in uniform flat masses and arranged in striking contrasts, while techniques like chiaroscuro and colour-perspective remained quite foreign to the Egyptian art of painting . Indeed the painting of reliefs was purely functional and served to make the figures more distinct, rather than more natural. Pigment was rarely used to indicate rotundity of form, and was applied in a purely conventional manner. The faces of men were painted reddish brown, and those of women yellow, although gods might have faces of any hue. Like reliefs, wood-carved statues and those made of soft stone were frequently treated with stucco and paint, in a similar fashion.
History and Development of Egyptian Sculpture
Despite the wealth of materials and quantity of production, Egyptian sculpture changed so gradually that it is not easy to trace a precise evolutionary path - from the earliest dynasties we find a fully developed art. Even at this early stage, Egyptian 3-D artists demonstrated a mastery in hard-stone sculpture and bronze-sculpture , and there is no archaic or prototype period to illustrate how this mastery was attained. Egyptian culture has not yet enlightened us as to its prehistoric art forms, nor do we know of a pre-existing foreign idiom or skill-set which she may have borrowed or acquired, except possibly the art of Mesopotamia in modern-day Iraq. Thus in general, irrespective of its origin, Egyptian art during the historic period is marked more by its continuity than its evolutionary changes. Even so, Egyptian sculpture can to some extent be distinguished from period to period.
Note: For a survey of the evolution of Western sculpture, see: Sculpture History .
Egyptian Stone Sculpture
It was in the late 2nd and early 3rd Dynasties, from about 2,700 BCE, that what could be termed the characteristic ancient-Egyptian style of sculpture in stone was established, a style transmitted through some 2,500 years to the Ptolemaic period with only minor exceptions and modifications. The predominant features of this style are the regularity and symmetry of the figures, solid and four-square whether standing or seated.
Michelangelo is reputed to have believed that a block of stone contained a sculpture, as it were in embryo, which it was the artist's task to reveal. The typical ancient-Egyptian completed figure gives a strong impression of the block of stone from which it was carved. The artists removed an absolute minimum of raw stone, commonly leaving the legs fused in a solid mass to a back pillar, the arms attached to the sides of the body, while seated figures were welded to their chairs. Not that these sculptures seem clumsy or crude; they convey an impression of severe elegance, a purity of line that suggests by its tautness a restrained energy.
The first stages in the making of a statue, as with relief and painting, involved the drafting of a preliminary sketch. A block of stone was roughly shaped, and the figure to be carved was drawn on at least two sides to give the front and side views. Later, a squared grid ensured that the proportions of the statue would be made exactly according to the rules fixed early in Dynastic times. Master drawings, some of which have survived, were available for reference. A wooden drawing board with a coat of gesso, now in the British Museum, London, is a good example. A seated figure of Tuthmosis III, 1504-1450 BCE, first sketched in red and then outlined in black, has been drawn across a grid of finely ruled small squares. Master craftsmen after years of practice would be able to work instinctively, but inexperienced sculptors would keep such drawings at hand for easy reference.
The actual carving of a statue involved the sheer hard work of pounding and chipping the block on all sides until the rough outline of the figure was complete. New guidelines were drawn in, when it became necessary to keep the implements cutting squarely into the block from all sides. The harder stones, such as granite and diorite, were worked by bruising and pounding with hard hammer-stones, thus gradually abrading the parent block. Cutting by means of metal saws and drills, helped by the addition of an abrasive such as quartz sand, was used to work the awkward angles between the arms and the body, or between the lower legs. Each stage was long and tedious, and the copper and bronze tools had to be resharpened constantly. Polishing removed most of the tool-marks, but on some statues, particularly the really large ones such as the huge figures of Ramesses II at the temple of Abu Simbel, traces of the marks made by tubular drills can still be seen. For a colossal statue, scaffolding was erected round a figure, enabling many men to work on it at once. Limestone, of course, was softer, and therefore easier to work with chisels and drills.
Unfinished statues provide useful evidence of the processes involved. Most of them showed that work proceeded evenly from all sides, thus maintaining the balance of the figure. A quartzite head, possibly of Queen Nefertiti, found in a work-shop at Amarna, c.1360 BCE, is obviously near to completion (Egyptian Museum, Cairo). It was probably intended to be part of a composite statue, and the top of the head has been shaped and left rough to take a crown or wig of another material. The surface of the face appears to be ready for the final smoothing and painting, but the guidelines are still there to indicate the line of the hair and the median plane of the face. Rather thicker lines marking the outline of the eyes and the eyebrows make it look as if further work was planned, to cut these out to enable them to be inlaid with other stones so that the head would be really lifelike when it was finished.
NOTE: For examples of earlier Middle Eastern works of Sumerian art (c.3,000 BCE), see The Guennol Lioness (3000 BCE, Private Collection) and the Ram in a Thicket (2500 BCE, British Museum). For contemporaneous sculpture, see for instance the Human-headed Winged Bull and Lion (859 BCE) from Ashurnasirpal's palace at Nimrud, and the alabaster reliefs of lion-hunts featuring Ashurnasirpal II and Ashurbanipal, both characteristic examples of Assyrian art (c.1500-612 BCE).
Egyptian Sculpture During the Ancient Empire
The art of the Ancient Empire was centred around the city of Memphis, although the Delta, Abydos, the neighbourhood of Thebes, and Elephantine also provide us with examples of some of its later phases. No temples have survived from this period; the sculptures come exclusively from tombs. In character these Memphite sculptures are strongly naturalistic when compared with later Egyptian art. Portrait statues are varied and often striking in character, while murals depict numerous scenes from daily life. Generalized or typical forms include the monumental sphinx at Gizeh and the statues of Chephren, the builder of the second pyramid. The naturalistic tendency of this Memphis style of art led to a peculiar treatment of the eye, a technique seen in statues of this period (made from limestone, wood, and bronze, but not in statues made of basaltic rocks), though discontinued later. The pupil was represented by a shiny silver nail set in rock crystal or enamel, the dark eyelashes being made from bronze. The heads of these Ancient Empire statues reveal a marked "Egyptian type", though not entirely unmixed in some cases with negroid and other foreign races. Although slender body shapes were represented, short, thickset, sometimes muscular bodies were more common occurences. Given the great many middle-aged men and women who were depicted, it appears that childhood and old age were not key paradigms in the future life. Overall, faces reflect a peaceful, happy people, for whom the future life offered no great change or uncertainty. Wall-sculptures and the hieroglyphs executed in low-relief, were typically finely carved.
Egyptian Sculpture During the Middle Empire
The sculptural art of the period known as the Middle Empire may be divided into two sub-periods: the first Theban period, from the 11th to the 15th dynasty, and the Hyksos period, from the 15th to the 18th dynasty. By now, the centre of Egyptian government had moved from Memphis to Thebes.
The last period of Memphite rule and the 11th (Middle Empire) dynasty produced little sculpture of lasting value, but the succeeding period of the Usertesens and Amenemhats of the 12th dynasty witnessed a revival of Egyptian creativity. In general, sculpture was merely a continuation of the art of Memphis, but some changes were already apparent. There was a general desire for more large-scale statues of Pharaohs, while bodily forms began to acquire slimmer trunks, arms and legs. Wall-sculptures focused on subjects similar to those of earlier days, but were less individual, less natural and, in many cases, mural-paintings were substituted for relief sculptures. The 12th dynasty temple statues from Karnak reveal that votive offerings of statuary were not uncommon, while the fine statue of Sebekhotep III (Louvre, Paris) of the 13th dynasty, reveals a new departure in the sculptor's art.
This revival of Egyptian, which started in the 12th and continued through the 13th dynasty, experienced a pause in the 14th and 15th dynasties due to the cruel foreign rulers known as the Hyksos or Shepherd Kings. The ethnological affinities of these Shepherd Kings remains an unsettled issue, the Shemitic influences which they introduced being counterbalanced by their Turanian facial type. The sphinxes and statues were still executed by Egyptian sculptors, but in the grey or black granite of Hammanat or the Sinai peninsula, rather than the red granite of Assouan. The centres of Hyksos activity were Tanis and Bubastis, their influence being weaker in Upper Egypt. The most notable feature of their sculpture was the non-Egyptian style of face, showing small eyes, high cheek bones, heavy mop of hair, an aquiline nose, a strong mouth with clean-shaven upper lip, and short facial-hair and beard.
Egyptian Sculpture During the New Empire
The early portion of the New Empire included the 18th, 19th, and 20th dynasties. Egypt now liberated herself from Hyksos rule and expanded her empire to include Assyria, Asia Minor, and Cyprus in the north and east, and Nubia and Abyssinia in the south. Many large temples were erected, especially during the rule of Seti I. and Rameses II, which led to numerous commissions for new sculptures. And since monumental temples led naturally to momumental statuary, the statues of Amenophis III., at Thebes, are 52 feet high, those of Rameses II., at Ipsamboul, are 70 feet high, while the Rameses sculpture at Tanis, was 90 feet high excluding its pedestal. The slender proportions of the human form which were popular in the 12th and 13th dynasties were continued and even advanced, notably in the bas-reliefs of the New Empire. The simplicity of dress, prevalent in earlier days, was now replaced by richer garments and more elaborate personal adornment, while crowns were not uncommon. Another change concerned background and ornamentation: overseas varieties of fauna and flora, as well as foreign men and women, were depicted more frequently and in greater variety than before.
Otherwise, subject matter for sculpture and painting remained relatively constant. Scenes of warfare and conquest remained common, as did images of the gods - one small temple located at Karnak contained over 550 statues of the goddess Sekhet-Bast - and Kings - see the beautiful seated statue of Rameses II (Museum of Turin), and the fine heads of Queen Taia and Horemheb and the outstanding limestone relief sculptures at Seti's temple in Abydos. However, at Tell-el-Amarna the revolutionary king Khou-en-Aten encouraged his sculptors to break with traditional themes and to depict palaces, villas, gardens, chariot driving, and festivals.
Royal tombs of the New Empire exhibit the usual high quality of relief sculpture, but the demand for carvings for the exterior walls of temples appears to have greatly exceeded the supply of creative sculptors. At any rate, artistic standards dropped significantly following the glorious reign of Rameses II. Indeed, Egypt itself experienced a gradual but significant decline. During the latter period of the New Empire, from the 21st to the 32nd dynasty, the country's dominance was over and she was obliged to yield to the Ethiopians, to the Assyrians, and again to the ancient Persians . The headquarters of the Egyptian empire moved several times: first to Tanis, to Mendes, then Sebennytos, and for a long time remained at Sais, hence this period is usually classified as the Saite Period.
Under such changing and unpredictable conditions artists, especially sculptors, struggled to find appropriate themes and styles, and often reverted to Ancient-Empire forms for inspiration. There were occasionally more positive developments. King Psammetichos I championed a minor artistic revival during the 26th dynasty, restoring temples and commissioning more painting and sculpture. Sculptors again worked the hardest stones, as if to prove that their knowledge and mastery of technique was still intact. However, many works from this dynasty, such as the green-basalt statues of Osiris and Nephthys and the statuette of Psammetichos I in the museum at Gizeh, reveal that the dominant sculptural forms were effeminate and refined rather than sharp and vigorous as before.
Egyptian Sculpture During the Greco-Roman Period
During the period of Classical Antiquity , when Egypt was subjugated by Alexander the Great, her art did not change overnight to accomodate the taste of these new and powerful Greeks. Ptolemaic temples - though characterized by a number of changes, notably in the capitals of columns - were not built like Greek temples, in Hellenic style. Similarly, Ptolemaic statues remained Egyptian. And while Alexander's successors became Pharaohs; they did not convert the Egyptians into Greeks. Nonetheless, the development of Greek cities in Egypt - which had been going on since the 7th century BCE - plus the Macedonian conquest of Egypt led to a mixed Greco-Egyptian style of art. And although the Romans continued to restore temples from the Ancient and Middle Empire in the Egyptian style, they too encouraged a form of sculpture in which classical motifs and iconography took precedence over an "Egyptian" style.
| Sphinx |
The French call it nature morte the Spanish bodegon what is it? | Gods of Ancient Egypt: Mut
Mut
Mut (Maut, Mwt) was the mother goddess of Thebes (Waset, in the 4th Nome of Upper Egypt ). The ancient Egyptians considered the vulture to be a protecting and nurturing mother, and so their word for mother was also the word for a vulture, "Mwt".
She was either depicted as a woman, sometimes with wings, or a vulture, usually wearing the crowns of royalty - she was often shown wearing the double crown of Egypt or the vulture headdress of the New Kingdom queens. Occasionally she was depicted as a male, in part because she was "Mut, Who Giveth Birth, But Was Herself Not Born of Any", and in part due to the superstitious belief that there were in fact no male griffon vultures (the male is almost identical in appearance to the female). In later times she was shown as woman with the head of a lioness, a cow or a cobra as she took on the attributes of the other Egyptian goddesses.
Mut replaced Amun's earlier wife, Amanuet (the invisible goddess) during the middle Kingdom. Mut was believed to have existed since primeval times, existing along side Nun , the primeval waters (possibly because she replaced Amaunet who was one of the ancient gods of the Ogdoad - the great eight - who lived in the waters). She was initially worshipped as a local deity, but rose to prominence as the queen of the gods when her husband, Amun, became the foremost national god during the New Kingdom . Thebes became the capital of Egypt, and the Theban gods became the national gods. As a result, Mut was also closely associated with the queen, the mother of the nation. She was particularly popular with the queens of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth dynasties , most notably the Pharaoh Hatshepsut and Nefertari Merytnmut ("Nefertari, Beloved of Mut") the Chief wife of Ramessess II.
When her husband Amun merged with the sun god Ra , as Amun-Ra, Mut inherited the title the "Eye of Ra" (a title also associated with Sekhmet , Hathor , Tefnut , Bast and Wadjet , amongst others). The "Eye of Ra" was the daughter of Ra in the form of a lion who embodied the fierce heat of the sun. However, Mut was also "Mother of the Sun in Whom He Rises" - making her both the mother and daughter of the sun god. Originally Montu (the Theban god of war) was considered to be their son, but he was replaced by Khonsu (the moon god). The Theban triad of Amun , Mut and Khonsu were worshipped at the Temple of Amun at Luxor (Ipet-Resyt). Although her worship centred around Thebes, she was also worshiped in Djannet (Tanis), Zau (Sais), the Oases of Kharga and Dakhla.
Mut was also closely associated with a number of other goddesses such as Isis and Nut , and was worshipped as a member of a number of composite deities. With Isis and Nekhbet she formed the deity called "Mut-Isis-Nekhbet, the Great Mother and Lady". She was a winged goddess with leonine feet, an erect penis and three heads (the head of a lioness wearing Min´s double plumed headdress, the head of a woman wearing the double crown of Egypt and the head of a vulture wearing the red crown of Lower Egypt ). With Bast and Sekhmet she was Sekhmet-Bast-Ra, another three headed deity (the head of a lion with a plumed headdress, a woman wearing the double crown and a vulture wearing the double plume headdress). In this form she is described in the Book of the Dead protecting the dead from being disturbed. She was also worshipped as Mut- Wadjet - Bast , Mut-Temt, and Mut- Sekhmet - Bast - Menhet .
During the New Kingdom , one of the most popular holidays was the Festival of Mut in Thebes. A statue of the goddess was placed on a barque and sailed around the "Isheru" (the small crescent moon shaped sacred lake at her temple at Karnak). There was also a celebration during the New Year festival when the statue of Amun traveled from his temple at Luxor down to Karnak to visit her. Originally this was for the fertility goddess Opet (possibly an aspect of Taweret ), as a way of ensuring fertility for the coming year.
The temple, "Hwt-Mwt" ("the estate of Mut") was situated to the south of the great temple of Amen-Ra, with an avenue of sphinxes approaching it. She was worshiped there as "Mut, the Great Lady of Isheru, the Lady of Heaven, the Queen of the Gods". Strangely, there are few representations of her in her vulture form in this temple. However, there are numerous depictions of her as Sekhmet , the "Eye of Ra" - a number of which seem to have been transported from Amenhotep III´s funerary temple on the west bank. It is thought that the temple was initially established by Hatshepsut and Thuthmose III, and then expanded by Seti I, Ramesses II, Ramesses III and King Tarqa (25th Dynasty). She was worshipped up until the Roman period, when her temple fell into disrepair.
Gods
The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt (2003) Richard H. Wilkinson
Egyptian Mythology (1997) Simon Goodenough
Gods of Ancient Egypt (1996) Barbara Watterson
copyright J Hill 2015
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Oporto in Portugal stands on what river? | Oporto in Portugal stands on what river The Duoro 41 What boxer - IT - 402
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10000 general knowledge questions and answers www.cartiaz.ro No Questions Quiz 64 Answers 51 Who won the best actor award for Marty in 1955 Ernest Borgnine 52 Name Helen of Troys husband Menelaus 53 Who hired the Mormon Mafia to prevent contamination Howard Hughs 54 Captain W E Johns invented which hero Biggles 55 The Passion Play is performed every 10 years where Oberammergau 56 What was the theme music to The Exorcist Tubular Bells – Mike Oldfield 57 Who directed Full Metal Jacket Stanley Kubrick 58 In Judo if the referee calls Sono-mama what does it mean Players must freeze in position 59 What mountain overlooks Rio de Janeiro harbour Sugar Loaf 60 What is Romaic The modern Greek language 61 In what WW1 battle were tanks first used in 1916 Somme 62 Who are Britain's oldest publisher dating from 1469 Oxford University Press 63 Who was called The Scourge of God Attila the Hun 64 Victor Barna was world champion five times at what sport Table Tennis 65 What sort of wood was Noah's Ark made from Gopher wood 66 In Yugoslavian Belgrade is called Beograd what does it mean White City 67 Collective nouns - which creatures are a clamour or building Rooks in a rookery 68 First public supply in Britain from river Wey in 1881 what Electricity 69 In what city was Handel's Messiah first performed Dublin 70 Who was the first person to wear a wristwatch Queen Elizabeth 1st 71 What colour is the wax covering Gouda cheese Yellow 72 In Norse mythology who was Odin's wife Frigga 73 Six verified copies of his signature survive - who is he William Shakespeare 74 What city is at the mouth of the Menam river Bangkok 75 In what sport is the Palma Match contested Shooting 76 Which musical stage show ( and film ) uses tunes by Borodin Kismet 77 Ireland and New Zealand are the only countries that lack what Native Snakes 78 In cricket how many times does a full toss bounce None 79 Impressionism comes from painting Impression Sunrise - Artist Claude Monet 80 Name the first self contained home computer - A Commodore Pet 81 What exploded in 1720 The South Sea Bubble 82 Who named a city after his horse Bucephalus Alexander the Great 83 Beethoven's ninth symphony is nicknamed what The Choral 84 In Spain St John Bosco is the Patron Saint of what Cinema 85 In 1928 Simon Bolivar was president 3 countries Bolivia and ? Columbia Peru 86 Who lit the flame 1956 Olympics and then broke 8 world records Ron Clark 87
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Who were Larry, Curly and Mo better known as ? | The Truth Behind The Three Stooges - Empire
22 Aug 2012 09:00
Last updated: 20 Jun 2016 17:17
The Three Stooges are arguably the most popular and influential comedy institution in Hollywood history. Yet Moe, Curly and Larry (and Shemp) did not receive the recognition and reward you might expect. In fact, as Empire reveals, their tale is one of exploitation, grievous bodily harm... and even murder.
This article was first published in issue 252 of Empire magazine. Subscribe today .
IN 1940, THE IMMENSE POPULARITY OF THE THREE STOOGES WAS DEEMED SUCH A POTENTIAL THREAT to the credibility of The Third Reich that Adolf Hitler added them to his personal death list. What roused the Führer’s ire was a Stooges two-reeler called You Nazsty Spy!, a ruthless send-up of Hitler and his fascist regime released nine months before Chaplin’s The Great Dictator, a full year before America, still firmly isolationist, entered World War II, and produced in direct defiance of both the censorious Hays Code and the prevailing mood in Hollywood which was, with overseas markets already in jeopardy, to play nice and not rock the Nazi boat.
The image of The Three Stooges as fearless, anti-fascist crusaders, willing to put their livelihoods and their lives on the line in the noble cause of liberty, will come as a shock to anyone who thinks of them — if they think of them at all — as a fifth-rate Marx Brothers knock-off whose principal contribution to the art of comedy was the twin-fingered eye-poke. And, to be honest, that would include most of the non-North American population of the planet and anyone in possession of a vagina. What will also come as a surprise to non-Stooge fans (and, as with Marmite and S&M porn, there is no middle ground when it comes to Stooge fandom) is not only that they were once sufficiently popular to get Hitler’s dander up, but that said popularity has not waned one iota in the intervening decades. In fact, it’s safe to say that The Three Stooges, 35 years after last remaining original Stooge Moe Howard gouged his last cornea, are more celebrated today than they were at the zenith of their prolonged, checkerboard career.
Larry, Moe and Curly (the classic Stooge line-up) are stitched into the cultural fabric of America in a way that few entertainers are, rivalling Marilyn and Elvis for kitsch-cult supremacy. They are, it’s claimed, with some justification, the most popular comedy team in history, appearing in almost 200 shorts and feature films from the early 1930s to the early 1970s, hosting their own TV show and making countless stage and personal appearances.
If you want proof of just how ubiquitous the Stooges are, try, as Empire did, doing some research on them at the main branch of the Los Angeles Public Library. Just remember to wear some comfortable shoes. Far from a one-stop shop at the third-floor cinema section, your hunt for all things Stooge will take you up hill and down dale to, among others, Fiction & Literature, Social Sciences, Biography, Autobiography, Local History and even Cookery. Yes, The Official Three Stooges Cookbook by Chicago Sun-Times reporter Robert Kurson was published in 1999. Books on the Stooges abound, running the gamut from craven hagiography to pseudo-academic analysis (check out Stoogeology: Essays On The Three Stooges, edited by Peter Seely and Gail W. Pieper), and the internet, of course, might have been invented for the sole purpose of disseminating Stooge data. A personal favourite among the superabundance of Stooge sites is Stuart Yaniger’s Three Stooges Wine Rating System which, instead of awarding stars or marks out of a hundred to wines in the traditional fashion, assigns them combinations of Stooges according to their character and quality. A typical entry reads thus: “Ah, a very pleasant bistro-styled ’95 syrah from McDowell. Not deep, but nice varietal character and good balance. It’s anywhere from a Larry Curly to a Double Larry, depending on the proclivities of the taster.”
If, as is highly likely, you’re now wondering exactly what all the fuss is about — a trio of resolutely low-brow buffoons, whose ultra-violent slapstick makes Tom & Jerry look like Bagpuss, fêted as cultural icons — then it’s probably best to start at the beginning.
"The beating he received was so savage that Stooges creator Ted Healy fell into a coma and died."
WITHOUT GOING INTO THE SOMEWHAT CONVOLUTED PRE-HISTORY OF THE STOOGES, it’s sufficient to say that the three Horwitz brothers, Moses, Jerome and Samuel (better known by their stage names as Moe, Curly and Shemp Howard), were nice, blue-collar Jewish boys from Brooklyn, born without an ounce of theatrical blood in their veins. Nevertheless, at an early age — and not unusually for working-class Jews around the turn of the century — both Moe and Shemp decided on a career in showbusiness. The pair had moderate success in a variety of burlesque shows before teaming up for the first time in 1916 to perform a blackface routine. They continued this until 1922, when they encountered an old friend from their Brooklyn days, comedian Ted Healy, then a rapidly rising star in vaudeville. Healy recruited them to be his sidekicks, and when Philadelphia musician and comedian Larry Fine was brought into the act, The Three Stooges were born.As the Stooges’ stock continues to grow, Ted Healy has become an increasingly marginalised figure, remembered only for his poor treatment of his co-stars — who, history would have it, and have it incorrectly, outshone him from the get-go — and for the excessive drinking and wildly erratic behaviour that lead to his violent death. In fact, Healy was an enormously successful entertainer, one of the biggest stars of his era, who has been cited as a formative influence by such comedy legends as Red Skelton, Milton Berle and Bob Hope. As the young Stooges’ mentor, he practically invented the style of brutal slapstick that has made them legends, and if, along the way, he stiffed them out of their fair share of the proceeds, his pivotal role in their history deserves to be recognised. That said, there is no doubt that Healy was a terrible boss, not only tight with a buck, but an abusive, volatile drunk to boot.
In 1930, Ted Healy & His Stooges (they were never billed as The Three Stooges while they worked for Healy) appeared in the Fox Studios feature film Soup To Nuts. It was not a hit. Healy’s act, which relied heavily on ad libs and improvisation, never transferred successfully to film; neither was he exactly movie-star material, with a bulbous spud face and big boozer’s nose. The Stooges, on the other hand, impressed the Fox brass, and they were offered a contract without Healy. Furious, Healy immediately put the kibosh on this by claiming the Stooges were his employees. The offer was duly rescinded. When Larry, Moe and Shemp got word of this, they decided to cut Healy loose anyway and struck out on their own. True to form, Healy was incensed, forbidding them to use any of their old routines, which he considered his own copyrighted material, even threatening to bomb theatres if the Stooges dared to play them. In desperation, Healy made a failed attempt to salvage his act by hiring replacement Stooges.
Amazingly, in 1932, with Moe now the group’s business manager, Healy and his Stooges settled their differences and began working together again. It proved anything but a joyful reunion. Healy’s Jekyll and Hyde personality, exacerbated by his increasingly heavy drinking, so terrified the notoriously skittish Shemp that he left the act to go solo and was soon making comedy shorts for Vitaphone back in Brooklyn. This left the Stooges a man down. Shemp’s proposed solution was that Moe’s baby brother, Jerry, fill the gap. Healy was scathing. With all the foresight and perception that comes with drinking Wild Turkey for breakfast, he took one look at the future Curly Howard, the most beloved of all the Stooges, and dismissed him as not funny. Admittedly, Jerry did not much resemble his iconic alter ego at that point, sporting long red hair and a handlebar moustache. And, it must be said, neither Moe nor Larry had any confidence in Jerry’s comic abilities either. Moe stated flatly to Shemp that Jerry had “no talent whatsoever”. That changed abruptly when, at Shemp’s urging, Jerry ran on stage in the middle of a Stooges routine sporting a freshly shaved head, wearing a bathing suit and carrying a tiny bucket of water. This earned him a huge laugh from the crowd (vaudeville audiences were obviously a push-over), and one of the most gifted comic performers of the 20th century had officially arrived.
With Curly on board, Ted Healy & His Stooges signed a one-year contract with MGM to make five shorts and a couple of full-length features, none of which proved remarkable. The contract was not renewed, and in 1934 Healy and his Stooges finally went their separate ways.
Dumb waiters: With mentor/drunk/bully Ted Healy in 1934, three years before his murder.
TED HEALY, WHOSE CAREER FROM THIS POINT ON, ALTHOUGH STILL HIGHLY SUCCESSFUL, FADES FROM THE HISTORY BOOKS, could fairly be described as his own worst enemy. Not only was he prone to violent, drunken rages, he was apt to do some very dumb things indeed. Aside from insulting Charles ‘Lucky’ Luciano’s Italian heritage and attempting, as a gag, to knock off one of Al Capone’s private safes, perhaps the dumbest thing he ever did was schtupping comic actress Thelma Todd while she was still married to mobster Pasquale ‘Pat’ DiCicco, Luciano’s eyes and ears in Tinseltown and confidant of the Hollywood high and mighty.
When Todd turned up dead in 1935 (ruled a suicide but almost certainly DiCicco’s work), a spooked Healy swore off actresses for good and took up with a beautiful UCLA student named Betty Hickman, whom he later married. Unfortunately, he neglected to swear off getting drunk and acting like a prick in public, and three years after Todd’s death, while out celebrating the birth of his first child, he ran into DiCicco again. Already several sheets to the wind when he arrived at the Trocadero on the Sunset Strip, Healy lost no time in mixing things up with another famously belligerent drunk, character actor Wallace Beery, who was drinking at the bar with DiCicco. Healy suggested they take things outside. They duly did, and Beery and DiCicco proceeded to beat Healy to a pulp. The beating was so savage, in fact, that the following day Healy fell into a coma and died.
There was little or no serious investigation into Healy’s death, and a farcical autopsy, performed after his body had been embalmed, concluded that he had died of acute alcoholism, noting that his organs were soaked in alcohol — as of course they would have been, having just been embalmed. When his wife Betty, by then an MGM contract player, complained to the press about the lack of interest in Healy’s death, she was summarily fired by the studio and never worked in Hollywood again. Shortly after Healy’s death, Wallace Beery took a three-month vacation in Europe.
Shemp Howard’s wife Babe firmly believed that Louis B. Mayer deployed his infamous fixers Eddie Mannix and Howard Strickling to protect Beery, one of his top stars, by covering up the incident. MGM story editor Samuel Marx confirmed this in an interview shortly before his death in 1992. Marx had earlier exposed another of Mayer’s cover-ups, the murder of Jean Harlow’s husband, his close friend Paul Bern, in the 1990 book Deadly Illusions.
Babe Howard also believed that the Stooges themselves were well aware of the MGM cover-up but, although shocked and appalled by Healy’s death, were too intimidated by DiCicco to make waves. And by then, they had quite another ruthless sociopath to contend with.
AT THE TIME OF HEALY'S DEATH, THE THREE STOOGES HAD BEEN UNDER CONTRACT TO THE MONSTROUS HARRY COHN'S COLUMBIA PICTURES FOR THREE YEARS. They were on the brink of their greatest success and had honed their act into the classic Stooge mode that defines them to this day. By this point, with almost 30 shorts and five features for Columbia under their belts, the individual Stooge personalities were fully formed, and the group dynamic, on which the Stooges’ comedy rested as heavily as the brutality and the pie fights, had emerged.
The internal mechanism of The Three Stooges is deceptively simple. It’s based on the premise that all of them are stupid, but some are more stupid than others. Moe, with his gravelly voice, permanent scowl and menacing helmet of bowl-cut hair, was the leader, invariably the under-boss entreated with overseeing whatever hopelessly doomed endeavour the Stooges found themselves pursuing (and whatever it was, you can bet it involved heavy objects and the potential for maximum mayhem; plumbing, not surprisingly, was a favourite Stooge profession).
Curly, his hulking frame bursting out of a too-small suit, was the irredeemably incompetent man-child, the knucklehead’s knucklehead and recipient of most of Moe’s abuse — a litany of punches, slaps and smacks, bonks on the head and, quintessential Moe, the twin-pronged poke in the eye. (Moe actually had his brother Shemp to thank for his signature move. Once, during a card game, Shemp became so convinced that Larry was cheating him he leapt up and poked him in both eyes. Moe made a note of it and duly incorporated it into the act.)
Larry, too often underestimated, was the all-important bridge between Moe’s authoritarian bully and Curly’s babyfaced clown. An easygoing simpleton, Larry was the essential, non-threatening intermediary, and he brought a special genius to the role. “As in Waiting For Godot,” writes Ted Levitt in his essay Larry: The Existential Stooge, “if Curly and Estragon are body, Vladimir and Moe are the intellect, then they are waiting for Larry in order to be complete, to have a sense of their own existence.” Of course, he also got hit in the head with a wrench now and then, too.
Even given the quick-fire production schedule for shorts, the Stooges were extraordinarily prolific during their Columbia years, churning out film after film of, more often than not, admirable quality in terms of writing, direction and production values, given they were shot in a mere four or five days. And their films were hugely popular, often getting a more positive response than the features they were designed to accompany. The Stooges made a fortune for Columbia, playing a large part in boosting the studio’s fortunes, transforming it from a second-string Poverty Row outfit into a bona fide major. Naturally, their talent, industriousness and lucrative bankability were rewarded with all the bounteous largesse for which Harry Cohn was justly famous. Right.
Although the legend that in the 23 years they spent at Columbia the Stooges never received a payrise is untrue, it is rooted in reality. Playing his customary dual role of ruthless businessman and enthusiastic sadist, Cohn kept the Stooges on a one-year contract throughout their career at the studio, forcing them to re-negotiate their employment every 12 months, browbeating them into signing for a pittance with warnings that the shorts department was in financial trouble. In fact, thanks largely to the Stooges, Columbia’s shorts department thrived throughout the late ’30s and ’40s. Keeping its biggest stars in the dark as to their true value was a deliberate ploy to ensure they worked cheap.
It would be easy to blame the Stooges for their predicament; why, for instance, didn’t they simply tell Cohn to shove it and take their business elsewhere? They could have, but didn’t for several reasons. For one, they were terrified of Cohn and his Mob connections, as were a good many people in Hollywood. They were also egregiously screwed by their manager, Harry Romm, a good friend of Cohn’s who they signed with at the studio boss’ insistence. Romm was happy to feather his own nest while keeping in with Cohn by perpetuating the outright lie that the Stooges weren’t making any money for the studio and that the shorts department was under imminent threat of closure. As working-class guys, fearful of losing their livelihood, they were happy to take what they were given. But if Cohn was a bastard in his financial dealings with the Stooges, he outdid himself for sheer moustache-twirling villainy when Curly Howard’s health began to fail in the early 1940s.
AS EARLY AS 1942, THE LIFE OF A STOOGE HAD BEGUN TO TAKE ITS TOLL ON CURLY. Playing a human punchbag day in, day out for years, enduring constant blows to the head — most of which, according to Moe Howard, were every bit as real as they looked — brought on a series of minor cerebral haemorrhages that slowed him down to the point that he was unable to make personal appearances. Shemp, now under contract to Columbia himself, was brought in to replace Curly in live performances. Curly’s doctors insisted that he also take time off from his punishing filming schedule. Cohn flatly refused to give Curly leave of absence, and it was not long before his declining health became evident on screen. His deterioration can first be seen in 1945 short If A Body Meet A Body. By this time, Curly was forgetting his lines, and his balletic physicality and tireless energy, vital components of the Stooges’ comedy, were visibly ebbing away.
There’s no doubt that Curly’s hard-partying lifestyle contributed to his health problems — he was a massive drinker and, pinhead appearances to the contrary, a voracious womaniser — but neither is there any disputing that Harry Cohn forced him to keep working while he was clearly seriously ill, exacerbating his condition until, later in 1945, the inevitable happened and Curly, aged 42, suffered his first major stroke.
This should have signalled, at the very least, an extended period of rest and recuperation. Yet, incredibly, he was back at work within a month, despite physical impairments that rendered his performances so sluggish and lacklustre they’re painful to watch. The team’s directors, most often Del Lord or Edward Bernds, attempted to disguise Curly’s dire state by using old footage and putting more emphasis on Moe and Larry. For their part, the other Stooges took on the extra responsibility willingly, hoping that Curly would eventually recover sufficiently to resume his role. The results of this combined effort were better than might be expected, in spite of Curly’s infirmity and ravaged appearance (his fat cherub look was a thing of the past).
But it was a losing battle and in 1946, between takes on the short Half-Wits Holiday (a remake of the 1935 two-reeler, Hoi Polloi), Curly suffered a massive, paralysing stroke. His days as a Stooge were over, his career and his health wrecked by dedication to the un-gentle art of slapstick and by Harry Cohn’s gross callousness — callousness compounded with stupidity since his treatment of Curly had cost him one of his studio’s most valuable assets.
Naturally, Cohn didn’t see things that way. His opinion of the Stooges, even while they were raking in money, was that their act was so lacking in sophistication that they were effectively interchangeable, and that pretty much any comic performer who looked funny enough could fill Curly’s shoes in a second. In this he was as mistaken as many observers have been since. The Stooges might not have had the finesse of Chaplin or Keaton, the humanity of Laurel & Hardy or the transcendent novelty of the Marx Brothers, but their chemistry was unique. And if it was not immediately apparent to Cohn what replacing Curly entailed, the endless auditions for a new third Stooge alerted him to what Moe and Larry already knew: they were not going to find another Curly.
*"Enduring constant blows to the head, Curly suffered a series of brain haemorrhages"
IN RETROSPECT, THE SOLUTION SEEMS OBVIOUS. But the decision to bring Shemp back into the act was not that simple. First of all, since abdicating his Stoogedom in 1932, Shemp had forged a successful career as a solo performer, and he was reluctant to sacrifice all that he’d achieved on his own to be reabsorbed into a team he’d opted out of 14 years previously. Secondly, he was now over 50, a dedicated family man, and did not relish the prospect of lengthy road trips or the Stooges’ arduous schedule of personal appearances. Thirdly, there was the prospect of his living in Curly’s substantial shadow, a very real concern, albeit an ironic one given Curly had originally replaced — and comprehensively eclipsed — him.After some initial trepidation, Harry Cohn was keen for Shemp to rejoin the act, and with Shemp under contract to Columbia, Cohn began to exert his influence (of course, he expected Shemp to take a 50 per cent pay cut for relinquishing his hard-won independence). In the end, though, it was Shemp’s loyalty to his brother Moe and old friend Larry that persuaded him to rejoin the Stooges; he knew if he didn’t the act was over, and with it Moe and Larry’s careers. Reluctantly, he signed on — but only, he insisted, until a permanent replacement for Curly could be found. In the end, Shemp remained a Stooge until his dying day.
There are two schools of thought on Shemp’s return to the fold. One is that, after Curly retired, Shemp did a valiant job but there was always something missing. Using the Three Stooges Wine Rating System in reverse gives a succinct, if harsh, summation of this position: “Some wines, without being actively bad, are bland or clumsy, really more lame than awful. They’re recognisably wine, but poor substitutes for the REAL experience. Such wines are Shemps.”
The opposing opinion is that Shemp injected a new energy into the act that had been sadly missing during the years they’d struggled with Curly’s ailing health. And, in truth, Shemp was a talented comedian in his own right, not blessed with his baby brother’s physicality, but a brilliant improviser and a genius with a wisecrack. From the mid-’40s to the mid-’50s, the Stooges made some of their best films, Curly’s absence only jarringly apparent when Shemp was compelled by producer-director Jules White to imitate his brother rather than play his own character.
Whatever your perspective on the Shemp years, they were the Stooges’ last great era. Columbia downsized its shorts department in the early 1950s; budgets and shooting schedules, already tight, were slashed to the point where Jules White, now virtually running the department on his own, was making ‘new’ Stooge shorts almost entirely from recycled footage. The team’s personal life was rocked in 1952 when Curly died; three years later Shemp followed him: dead from a heart attack at 60.
Although devastated, Moe and Larry kept the act alive, recruiting comedian Joe Besser as the third Stooge. This, as any Stooge fan will tell you, was the beginning of the end. Besser was never happy as a Stooge and, wary of what had happened to Curly, had a clause in his contract forbidding Moe from hitting him.
By now, Columbia was the only studio in town producing shorts, and in 1957, with television taking over the market, the department was shut down. In December of ’57, the studio declined to renew the Stooges’ contract and, after 23 years’ service, they were unceremoniously fired. A few weeks later, Moe returned to the studio to say goodbye to some old friends. He was refused entry by a security guard. Shortly afterwards, amid negotiations for a live tour, Joe Besser left the act.
By rights, this should have been the end of the road. But, in a supremely ironic twist of fate, the Stooges were actually on the brink of a major comeback. In 1958 Columbia offered a package of 78 Curly-era shorts for TV broadcast. Picked up by a number of networks across the US, they were an instant hit, particularly with children, and soon all 190 Stooge shorts were in circulation and drawing huge audiences. Suddenly the Stooges were in big demand, and Moe and Larry once again revived the act with Joe ‘Curly-Joe’ DeRita stepping into the breach. With Moe and Larry now getting on in years, this was the Stooges’ last hurrah. But it was, in many ways, a triumphant one. From 1959 to 1965 they made a series of feature films in the classic Stooge vein, including the infamous Snow White And The Three Stooges (which is not nearly as bad as people would have you believe — well, not quite). They also recorded 41 live wraparound segments for The New Three Stooges cartoon series. In 1969, Moe, Larry and Curly-Joe shot a pilot for a proposed TV show called Kook’s Tour, a Stooge-style travelogue. It was not to be. In January 1970, Larry Fine suffered a debilitating stroke, ending his career. Longtime Stooge co-star Emil Sitka was contracted to replace him, but no footage was ever shot with Sitka as a Stooge.
In December 1974, Larry suffered another stroke and, the following month, he died at the age of 72. With near unbelievable fortitude, Moe vowed the Stooges would soldier on, approaching veteran Ted Healy-era Stooge Paul ‘Mousie’ Garner. Tragically, while negotiating a number of movie projects, Moe was diagnosed with terminal lung cancer. He died on May 4, 1975.
BUT THE THREE STOOGES LIVE ON. In the States it’s impossible to get through a week, a day even, without encountering a Stooge reference — images, clips, signature lines (“Calling Dr. Howard, Dr. Fine, Dr. Howard” from 1934’s Men In Black crops up continually in films and on TV), catchphrases (“I’m a victim of soicumstance!” etc), noises (particularly Curly’s trademark “nyuk, nyuk, nyuk, nyuk, nyuk!” and “woo, woo, woo!”), even sound effects — the Stooges’ ‘frying pan’ is a classic for the ages, still famously used by Vic & Bob.
During the late ’70s, a popular kids’ cartoon series, The Robonic Stooges, appeared. And in 2000, Mel Gibson, perhaps the most famous Stooge fan, produced a Stooges TV biopic for ABC. The Simpsons is littered with Stoogeisms, so many they have their own website . Michael Jackson was also a huge fan, who drove around Neverland in a customised Stooge RV; he based his moonwalk on the Curly Shuffle, a move invented by Curly that made it look as if he was walking backwards.
It’s further claimed that Curly invented breakdancing: in times of stress he would fall to the ground and run in a circle using his shoulder as a pivot. The Stooges have even inspired poetry. Russell Thorburn’s Watching The Three Stooges, After Fifty, In The Hospital concludes with the verse:
Later, when stillness settles like an X-ray,
you hear the most perfect line,
the child in you laughing at its insistent plea
that you imagine Dr. Howard, Dr. Fine, Dr. Howard
paged on the public address, as they weave
through the hall on carts, ride the snorting trot
of horses to surgery, Moe’s sour grape face
wanting to pummel that tenor to a gasp
and shell him with scatterbrained buckshot
However you feel about the Stooges, such devotion is not born from an eye-poke alone, two-fingered or otherwise.
This article was first published in issue 252 of Empire magazine. For more in-depth stories on the history of Hollywood every month makes sure you subscribe to Empire today .
FOOL'S GOLD Just a few cinematic Stooge tributes
![]%28/images/point.gif%29 ![Pulp Fiction]%28/images/uploaded/pulp-fiction-stooges.jpg%29 ![]%28/images/point.gif%29 ![Dead Men Don't Wear Plaid]%28/images/uploaded/dead-men-plaid-stooges.jpg%29 ![]%28/images/point.gif%29 ![Trading Places]%28/images/uploaded/trading-places-stooges.jpg%29 ![]%28/images/point.gif%29
LETHAL WEAPON (1987)
Crazy cop Martin Riggs (Mel Gibson) goes Moe on some drug-dealer’s ass. Gibson claimed that Riggs, a tortured insomniac, would definitely have been a Stooge fan, Late Show re-runs being the accompaniment to his dark nights of the soul. PULP FICTION (1994)
When John Travolta plunges a syringe into Uma Thurman’s heart, Brideless Groom is playing in the background. Showing the Stooges was prohibitively expensive, so instead, Emil Sitka is heard singing, “Hold hands you lovebirds!”, QT’s fave Stooge line. DEAD MEN DON'T WEAR PLAID (1982)
Spliced into a scene with Kirk Douglas from I Walk Alone, detective Rigby Reardon (Steve Martin) dresses down a trio of Douglas’ goons with a burst of Stooge schtick, stamping on one’s toe and downing another’s flies with a “Ziiip!” Funnier than it sounds. TRADING PLACES (1983)
The plot of John Landis’ comedy, in which Don Ameche and Ralph Bellamy’s billionaire brothers bet on whether Eddie Murphy’s street hustler can be transformed into a stuck-up stockbroker, is a dead ringer for the 1935 Stooge short, Hoi Polloi. THIS IS SPINAL TAP (1984)
In Rob Reiner’s, if you will, ‘rockumentary’, one of the clueless combo’s replacement drummers is named Joe ‘Mama’ Besser, an homage to replacement Stooge Joe Besser — as well as a very clever pun on the phrase “yo mama!”
| The Three Stooges |
Which sport gives competitors three goes at the Snatch ? | Moe Howard (Character) - Quotes
Moe Howard (Character)
from The Three Stooges (2000) (TV)
The content of this page was created by users. It has not been screened or verified by IMDb staff.
Moe : Hey, onion-head, go on back to the shed and grab the chainsaw.
Curly : Why doesn't Larry go?
Moe : 'Cause he's got a headache.
Larry : No, I don't.
[Moe bonks Larry on the head with a hammer]
Moe : How about now?
Larry : [holding his head] Yeah, it's coming on.
Moe : Mind your P's and Q's.
Curly : Don't forget to dot the I's.
[Moe pokes Curly in the eyes]
Moe : Hiya, Snook. I got you a present.
Moe : Yeah. Go on, open it.
[Snooki opens the box and Moe pokes her in the eye]
Moe : What is that gadget?
Teddy : This is an iPhone.
Curly : An eye phone?
[Curly hands the phone back]
Curly : There's nobody there.
Curly : Shame on you, Moe, you let your pride ruin everything for us and them kids.
Moe : How dare you accuse me of having pride?
Larry : $830,000. First taker gets a three-man working machine. It's all spelled out in this here contract, folks.
Moe : That's right. No job is too small. We'll press your pants, we'll shine your shoes.
Curly : We'll raid your fridge and drink your booze. Nyuk nyuk.
[Moe slaps Curly]
Moe : What's the matter with you? Quit givin' away the fine print.
Murph : Who won the poker game last night?
Moe : Eh, Peezer wiped us out.
Murph : Peezer? But he's 7.
Larry : Yeah but he wears those dark sunglasses, so you can't tell what he's thinking.
Moe : [points at Snooki's Guinness beer hat] Just because it says genius on her hat doesn't mean she is one.
Larry : Hey, quit horsing around you two. You're disturbing my coffee break.
Curly : Oh, boy donuts! Where's mine?
Moe : They're small. Why don't you have two?
[Moe sticks donuts in Curly's ears]
Curly : Oh, now look what you did, Moe! You got donut stuck in my ears!
Larry : Hey, look, you're in luck. They got a donut remover right here.
Moe : What's a donut remover?
Larry : It's one of these.
[reads the sign on the bell]
Curly : Oh, boy. Fosters. That's Australian for beer.
Moe : Would you like that in a bottle or a mug?
Curly : I'll take it in a mug.
Moe : You got it.
[Moe slaps him]
Lydia : My husband is suffering from an incurable disease that eventually will kill him.
Mac : Unfortunately, it could take a year, possibly more. The pain increasing daily till I lapse into an irreversible coma.
Curly : I had that. Only it was just in my feet. Yeah. It's called coma toes.
[Curly and Larry laugh]
[Moe stomps on Curly's foot]
Moe : Are they awake now?
Ronnie : What are you, crazy? That's assault!
Moe : Heres your pepper. Shut up.
[Moe slaps him]
Ronnie : Who asked ya, muscle-head?
[Moe pokes him in the head]
JWoww : Moe! You can't just go around hitting people.
Moe : No? Well, can I do this?
[Moe plucks out her nose hair]
Moe : Hmm, rare bouquet.
Moe : What are you grubworms doing?
Curly : Getting seconds on lobster.
Moe : Seconds? I thought lobster upset your stomach.
Curly : I dipped it in pesto-bismol.
Moe : Oh, you like dipping, eh?
Moe : Come here.
[Moe dips Curly's head into the water, he pulls him out with a lobster attached to his face]
Larry : Hey, look, it's Santy Claws. Claws!
Moe : What did I tell you about puns?
[Moe stuffs the lobster down Larry's pants]
Mac : Great! Great! How could this possibly get any worse?
[Curly passes gas, everybody groans in disgust]
Curly : I'm sorry. I guess the pesto-bismol didn't work with the lobster.
Moe : Did you eat the shells again?
Curly : I don't know! It was on the plate, and then it wasn't.
Carbunkle : You blithering idiots! What do you think you're doing?
Moe : Out of the way, 3PO, we got to get Teddy.
Carbunkle : This is an invitation-only party!
[points the way out for them]
Carbunkle : Now, good day!
Curly : Hey, Moe! Hey, Larry! Fellas, do something!
Larry : [nervously] Moe, Moe!
Moe : What's the matter with y...
[gasps]
Moe : [to Larry] Quick, help me grab sister M and M before chowderhead crushes her!
[bonks to a water retainer, Curly falls on top of her, Mary-Mengele groans]
Moe : [to Curly] You, help out.
[to Larry]
Moe : You, grab that bucket, splash some water on her.
[metal from the bell hits Mary-Mengele thru the bucket]
Larry : See? I told you there's too much iron in the water.
Moe : Speak to me, sis. Say a few parables!
Sister Mary-Mengele : [dizzy and hallucinating] I saved 15% on my car insurance.
Larry : She seems fine to me.
Moe : Come on, let's go see what Mother Superior wants.
[Sister Mary-Mengele's head hits the water retainer]
Moe : Fellas, it's too high -
[Larry and Curly collide with Moe, nearly pushing him over the rooftop]
[Larry and Curly catch Moe by the legs and pull him back to the roof]
Moe : Why you lamebrains!
[Moe slaps Larry and Curly across their faces]
Larry : Hey, look, a fire hose! We can lower ourselves down to the ground.
Moe : The kid's right, it's foolproof! Come on.
[the Stooges unwind the fire hose and jump down to the ground below; the hose comes off its reel and the Stooges drop to the ground, landing on Teddy]
[the hose's reel hits Moe on the head as Teddy gets back on his feet]
Moe : Ow! Why don't you watch where you're going, bud?
Teddy : I'm sorry, 100 percent my fault. Sometimes I just get lost in my own head and I - Moe? Larry, Curly, is that you?
Moe : Depends who's asking.
Moe : Who?
Teddy : Teddy, from the orphanage, Teddy. You remember, Moe, I went home with your parents.
Moe : What're you trying to pull? The Teddy we knew was this tall and he only had one shoe.
Larry : Yeah, and he didn't sound like you.
Teddy : Here- here, look, I got a snapshot of me and the 'rents leaving the orphanage.
[the photo shows Teddy being adopted by his new parents and Moe being taken back by the nuns]
Larry : Hey, it is you.
[Larry looks at Teddy's photo]
Larry : I was wondering, how are Moe's folks doing? They seem like good eggs.
Teddy : Yeah, well Dad's doing great, I work with him at the law firm downtown; but Mother, she passed on several years ago, hunting accident.
Moe , Curly , Larry : Oh, sure, yeah.
Teddy : So, you boys on Facebook? I'll poke you.
[the Stooges recoil at the mention of "poke", being unaware that it's a different kind of "poke"]
Teddy : Better yet, I'll tweet you.
Curly : Oh, tweet us to dinner? Soitanly!
Teddy : Hey, wait a minute, where are you guys living?
Moe : You know the Ritz Carlton on Oak Street?
Curly : [squints into Teddy's iPhone] Eye-phone? Hello? Hello! There's nobody there.
Teddy : Works better on your ear. Here, come on, everybody.
Moe : Where do you think you're going?
[Moe pulls Larry's hair]
Moe : Here, let me get- Wait a minute, wait a second.
[Moe climbs on top of Curly and Larry as they pose for a quick photo]
Teddy : Smile!
[Teddy takes the Stooges' photo]
Teddy : [Teddy chuckles] Oh, that's great. It's so good to see you guys, really. You haven't changed a bit.
Larry : [after Moe has just refused Teddy's offer to stay at his place] Hey, what- Have you got rocks in your head? Teddy was trying to help us out, and you blew him off! What gives?
Moe : We'll help ourselves out.
Larry : Well, what about the orphanage? Teddy's dad has dough, maybe he would have given us the 800,000 bucks.
Moe : We don't need handouts from that chump; we told those kids we'd come up with the cash, and that's just what we are going to do.
[the Stooges run off with a windmill, then throw it to the ground as they run away]
Larry : Oh, my back.
[the Stooges run through a hole in the hedge]
Moe : [riding on Curly's back and dangling a hot dog in front of him] Yah! Yah mule! Yah!
Moe : [the Stooges run into an alley] Whoa, whoa!
Moe : [Curly snorts like a horse] Easy Seabiscuit, easy!
Larry : [Larry pulls on a locked door] We're trapped like rats!
Moe : Speak for yourself, rodent.
[Moe pushes Larry aside]
Moe : We're going to need a battering ram.
[Moe and Larry look at Curly]
Officer Mycroft : You go that way, I'll go this way!
[Officers Mycroft and Armstrong split up]
[Armstrong wheezes as he chases the Stooges on foot]
Moe , Larry : [Moe and Larry use Curly as a battering ram against the door] Heave-ho! Heave-ho!
Curly : Oh oh, fellas, ease up, you're squeezing my ankles too tight!
Moe : Quit your whining.
Moe , Larry : Ho!
[Curly groans from the pain as the Stooges break through the metal door]
Larry : Stop it! Stop in, Moe! I've had it with you! You're the cause of all our problems since day one.
Moe : How do you figure?
Larry : You should have gone and lived with Teddy's folks back when they wanted to adopt you!
Curly : Yeah, that way you could have come back and and helped us all out.
Larry : But no, the great and powerful Moe is too lazy to squeegee the pool.
Moe : Ah, you don't know what you're talking about.
Larry : Oh no? Why do you think we never got another shot at getting adopted again? Because when you messed it up that day, you messed it up for all of us!
Moe : Look, if you two got ants in your pants, then why don't you just leave? I'm getting sick and tired of looking at your monkey faces anyhow! Being with you two is like dragging around a couple of boat anchors!
[Larry and Curly quietly gasp to themselves]
Curly : Well, fine. Then... Good-bye, Moe.
Larry : Yeah... good-bye.
Moe : Well, what are you waitin' for? Go on, scram! I bet you two earthworms won't last a day without me!
[Curly grunts in annoyance, Larry picks up a clump of hair, and they both walk out]
Moe's Hip Executive : [the audience says "Bravo!" as the stage lights reveal the audience portion of the studio, with Moe unaware that he was taking part in an audition after Larry and Curly have just left] Brilliant, just brilliant! What an original way to showcase your personality by putting on a skit!
Moe : Huh?
Moe's Hip Executive : That is exactly what we're looking for! Someone who's not afraid of confrontation, who's passionate about his opinions, right or wrong.
Executive : That's what America craves!
Moe : What are you flappin' about?
Executive : Oh, he's beautiful!
Moe's Hip Executive : Congratulations, sir; You are the newest cast member of the world's number-one rated reality show!
[the audience applauds, Moe gasps with surprise]
Ronnie : How's that Whynetta?
The Situation : I like coffee, too.
Moe : Hey, I'm heading out to 7-Eleven, anyone up for some gummy worms?
Sammi : Yeah, maybe if they were soaked in vodka. By the way, why are you even on our show? You look like a stretched-out meatball.
[laughter]
The Situation : Did not Moe tell you that he's using our little program as a launching pad to make a lot of paper to save homeless orphan babies?
Ronnie : Good luck, this guy can't even buy the right kind of grated cheese. I asked for Romano, not Parmesan, you mook.
Moe : Oh, you don't like that cheese.
Moe : Well, let's see what we can do about that.
[Moe picks up the cheese grater]
Ronnie : What are you doing?
Teddy : [watching "Jersey Shore" from his bedroom with Lydia] Oh boy, here we go.
Teddy : [Moe rubs the cheese grater on Ronnie's foot] How about some aged cheddar, tough guy? Come on!
Ronnie : What, are you crazy? That's assault!
Moe : Here's your pepper. Shut up!
[Moe slaps Ronnie]
Moe : Who asked you, muscle-head!
[Moe quickly finger-pokes The Situation's eyes]
Sammi : Moe, you just can;t go around hitting people!
Moe : Oh, no? Well, can I do this?
[Moe plucks Sammi's nasal hairs out of her nostril]
The Situation : This is, like, my fourth or fifth.
Sammi : What happened last night?
The Situation : What kind of flavor? I like coffee, too.
Moe : Hey, I'm heading out to 7-Eleven, anyone up for some gummy worms?
JWoww : Yeah, maybe if they were soaked in vodka. By the way, why are you even on our show? You look like a stretched-out meatball.
[laughter]
The Situation : Did not Moe tell you that he's using our little program as a launching pad to make a lot of paper to save homeless orphan babies?
Ronnie : Good luck, this guy can't even buy the right kind of grated cheese. I asked for Romano, not Parmesan, you mook.
Moe : Oh, you don't like that cheese.
Moe : Well, let's see what we can do about that.
[Moe picks up the cheese grater]
Ronnie : What are you doing?
Teddy : [watching "Jersey Shore" from his bedroom with Lydia] Oh boy, here we go.
Moe : [Moe rubs the cheese grater on Ronnie's foot] How about some aged cheddar, tough guy? Come on!
Ronnie : What, are you crazy? That's assault!
Moe : Here's your pepper, shut up!
[Moe slaps Ronnie]
Moe : Who asked you, muscle-head!
Sammi : Moe, you just can;t go around hitting people!
Moe : Oh, no? Well, can I do this?
[Moe plucks Sammi's nasal hairs out of her nostril]
Young Curly : Five, ten, fifteen!
[conks Sister Mary Mengele out]
[Larry comes in with a waterlogged newspaper and hands it to Moe]
Larry : They left it in the swimming pool today.
Moe : Oh, I see. The tadpole edition.
Larry : Yeah, the tadpole edi...
[Moe whaps Larry with the paper]
Moe : That's for now. Remind me to kill you later.
Larry : I had the brains to steal this from the Duke's palace next door.
[pulls fresh newspaper from coat]
Larry : You thought I was stupid, didn't ya?
Moe : Now I'm sure of it.
Phileas Fogg III : Moe, about how long would you say I've been having kippers for breakfast?
Moe : Man and boy, I'd say we've been eating our kippers every day for, it must be 11 years, sir.
Phileas Fogg III : Time for a change. Starting tomorrow, I'd like sausages.
Moe : Oh, those ugly little brown - SAUSAGES?
[Curly-Joe opens door just as Moe is coming through; there is a spectacular crash of breakfast dishes and cutlery]
Curly-Joe : I'm sorry, Moe. The door swung and all the dishes broke.
Moe : Well, don't distress yourself, lad. You didn't break everything.
[Moe breaks it over his head]
[the Three Stooges are trying to convince Phileas to take them with him]
Moe : Who's going to lay out your day togs for daywear?
Moe : And your night togs for nightmares?
Larry : Oh, boy! We're going around the world on our wits!
Moe : With your wits, you won't get past the front door.
[Amelia is using the back of a frying pan as a mirror while Phileas plots their course]
Phileas Fogg III : Now, owing to monsoons at this time of year, we may have trouble getting across this bridge. It could be completely under water.
Curly-Joe : Don't worry, we'll cross that bridge when we come to it.
Moe : [chuckling] Pardon me, may I have the mirror?
[Moe whaps Curly-Joe with pan]
[tootling on horn to entice a snake out of its jar]
Larry : [frustrated] He don't like my music.
Moe : He's not supposed to like it. He's gotta hate it. Then he comes out, sees you, goes out of his mind, and while he's out, I clobber him.
Moe : We are official bodyguards. Also double as man Friday.
Moe : His pistol record is
[mumbling]
Moe : shots out of a possible 300.
Curly-Joe : That's without bullets.
Moe : The rajah says that he will, without the aid of a telescope, shoot a raisin from the top of this gentleman's head.
Larry : Wait a minute. Wait a minute. Hold it. Shoot *what* raisin from *which* gentleman's head?
Moe : Oh, pardon me for calling you a gentleman, sir.
Moe : The rajah says that at this time he will throw the razor-edged daggers at random.
Larry : Random? Get him up here. Hey, Randy, come on.
Moe : [glowering at Larry] Pardon me, Mister Random.
Larry : You don't think I'm going to let that blind bat throw knives at me, do you?
Moe : Blind bat? Why, he can see better than you can and I can prove it.
Larry : Well, you better prove it.
[picks up large round tray and holds it up to Curly-Joe's eyes]
[Guards are roughing up Curly-Joe]
Moe : Wait a minute. You're gonna hit a man with glasses?
Curly-Joe : [gratefully, as guards pause] Yeah!
Moe : [takes away glasses] Go ahead!
Moe : If you keep on trying, you'll always have a chance.
Larry : Yeah, and we'll starve to death in the meantime.
[Everyone is under arrest for stowing away in the back of a truck]
Moe : Four days directly to New York. And here we are, thanks to you.
Larry : You don't have to thank me.
[after a prolonged fight in the dark where everyone keeps hitting the wrong people before finally knocking out the bad guys]
Moe : I knew you'd get the right ones if you kept on swinging.
Moe : [in re Itchi Kitchi] That's not a man! That's a committee!
Moe Pink : Didn't you say you were born in Oxford?
Curly Q. Link : I can't remember. I was born awfully young.
Moe Pink : Don't tell me you've never heard of Link, Mink, and Pink!
Detective : Never heard of them! What do they do?
Moe Pink : We're in the sausage business. Link sausage, Mink sausage, and Pink sausage!
Moe Pink : [finds a horseshoe in his soup] Why you numbskull, we sent you to the butcher shop for meat, not the glue factory.
[hits Curly with the horseshoe]
Larry Mink : He's trying to poison us, that's what.
Moe Pink : You get out of this house before I split your throat from ear to ear you Lucrezia Borgia.
Curly Q. Link : If that means what I think it does...
Curly Q. Link : Suppose the murderer comes back again?
Moe Pink : Shut up! You got nothing to worry about. If he stabs you in the head, he'll wreck his knife.
Moe Pink : If you don't stop seeing things, I'll gouge your eyes out!
Moe Pink : [forcing Curly back to bed, thinking he's seeing things] If you so much as breathe, I'll your tonsils out and tie it around your neck for a bowtie!
Larry Mink : [trying to fall asleep, a skeleton skull bonks him on the head] Ooh!
[nudges Moe]
Larry Mink : Hey, what's the idea of hittin' me in the head?
Moe Pink : I didn't hit you on the head. Yet.
[Moe bonks Larry on the head]
Moe Pink : Wake up and go to sleep!
"The Simpsons: Pygmoelian (#11.16)" (2000)
Moe : Hey, there's one thing I don't get though. When my face was crushed, why did it go back to my old face? I mean, shouldn't I have turned into some kind of third face that was different? I mean, it don't make no...
[cuts to the end of the episode]
Homer : Moe, the new Duff calendars are out! The ones with your picture.
Moe : Oh, boy! Move over liquor license.
[takes the license of the wall]
Lenny : [examining the license] Hey, Moe, this license expired in 1973, and it's only good in Rhose Island... and it's signed by you!
Moe : Yeah, yeah. I've been meaning to get that updated, uh, for this state and... real.
Moe : Am I really that ugly?
Carl : Moe, it's all relative. Is Lenny really that dumb? Is Barney that drunk? Is Homer that lazy, bald, and fat?
Moe : Oh, my God, it's worse than I thought!
[He, Lenny, Barney, and Homer start sobbing]
Carl : [to camera] See, this is why I don't talk much.
Moe : Aw, c'mon, look at me. I'm a gargoyle. What with the cauliflower ear, there, and the lizard lips...
Carl : Little rat eyes...
Lenny : Don't forget that fish snout.
Moe : Okay, I get it. I ain't pleasant to look at.
Lenny : Or listen to.
Carl : Or be with.
Moe : Plastic surgery, huh? Eh, maybe they could dynamite Mount Crapmore here and carve me a new kisser.
Carl : Oh, I don't know. Plastic surgery might make you look good on the outside, but you still might feel bad in the inside.
Moe : But I'd look good on the outside, right?
Carl : Yeah, but you'd feel bad inside.
Moe : Plastic surgery it is!
[Dr. Velimirovic and his nurse prepare Moe, who lies on the operating table with his eyes closed, for surgery]
Nurse : Hoo-boy, what a mug.
Dr. Velimirovic : Yeah, you should see his genitals. Would you like to see them?
Moe : I'm awake here.
Moe : Homer, did you hear that? She called me handsome. Me! It's like I've gone to Heaven.
[worried]
Moe : Wait a minute. I died on the operating table, didn't I?
Homer : Heh, heh, heh, heh. Yeah, bu just for a minute. It's a funny story. I'll tell you sometime.
Moe : I didn't bring you back to life so you could make a fool of me at the club!
Homer : [reading from a script] You don't love me! The only thing you love is your ear, nose, and throat pavilion.
Moe : I've dedicated my life to diseases of the head holes, but the one hole I've never been able to fix is the one in my soul.
Homer : That was amazing, Moe. I'm actually a little turned on.
Moe : I've been called ugly, pug ugly, fugly, pug fugly, but never ugly ugly.
Moe : Yeah, hey, I've got a gift. As a child, I was bitten by the acting bug. Then it burrowed under my skin and laid eggs in my heart. Now those eggs are hatching and I... the feeling is indescribable.
Homer : I know what you mean. Our dog had that.
Moe : And what do you have to tell us O Angel of the Future?
Homer : [dressed as an angel] You're going to die in a sky-diving accident.
Moe : How tragic! Tell me more.
Homer : Gabriella's baby shower will be invaded by terrorists... with sexy results.
Moe : Ooh! That's unexpected. What else?
Homer : Well, Sister Bernadette will leave the convent and start a softball team... with sexy results.
Duff Man : [watering his plants] That brown spot needs some H2O! Oh yeah!
Moe : [Moe walks up to him] Hey Duffman! How would you like a sticker on YOUR face?
Duff Man : [Moe slaps the sticker onto his face, Duff man falls to the ground, struggling to get the sticker off] Duffman can't breathe! Oh no!
[Moe is on a soap opera]
Moe : Cleo, you've brought music to my heart, but this relationship can never last. I mean, I'm a doctor and you're a 5000-year-old mummy I brought back to life.
Curly : What's more important, what's your phone number? Nyuk, nyuk...
[Woman hits them with her purse]
Moe : Boy, look at that. There must be a hundred thousand people in there. We'll make a fortune!
Moe : How much is four cents times a hundred thousand?
Curly : [With shock] Nyahhh...
[gives in, stands up straight and begins to type in the air with typewriter sound effects. Sweeps his head with the sound of the typewriter bar being pushed back. Finally pulls a strip of paper from his mouth. Reads paper]
Curly : A dollar and a half.
Moe : A dollar and a half?
Curly : That's without the tax!
Moe : Where were you born?
Moe : The treasure, we found it!
Larry : Now Jimmy can get his operation!
Curly : There's enough here for all of us to have an operation!
[the Stooges all look at a map marked "Walla Walla"]
Moe : Walla Walla with an "X."
Curly : I know! "X" marks the spot where the treasure is buried! It's in the Walla.
Moe : But there's two Wallas.
Curly : Certainly! There's a Walla, and there's a Walla over there.
Larry : Which one's it buried in?
Moe : It makes no difference, we'll each take a Walla.
Curly : [after finding money hidden in a can on the scrap metal pile] I didn't know they put money up in cans!
Moe : Well, they don't!
Curly : Forty-two pounds!
Dr. Crowell : That means we'll never find the missing king!
Curly : [looks surprised, takes card out of his front pocket] How did YOU know the king was missing?
[Moe turns his head to look]
[hides card before Moe can see]
Moe : Oh, so you're the one, eh? That's how you won my thirteen cents!
[smacks Curly]
Moe : [looking through telescope toward Egyptian desert, but with Larry's head in the way] We're coming to a jungle. I can see the underbrush! And camels walkin' through it! No no, they're octopus!
Larry : I don't see anything!
Moe : [notices that he was looking at Larry's hair] You will!
[hits Larry with the telescope]
Dr. Crowell : Gentlemen, you're hired. We're sending you to bring back the mummy of King Rutin-Tutin, you leave immediately for Cairo.
Curly : Say I got an uncle in Cairo, he's a chiropractor. NYUK NYUK NYUK!
[Moe punches him in the nose]
Museum Curator : And if you are successful, we will pay you 5000 dollars.
Dr. Crowell : The recovery of the mummy will prove of untold value to science.
Larry : For science!
Curly : For 5000 bucks!
Moe : [the Stooges find a sign post in the desert showing the locations of Cairo and Tunis] Oh, boy we're nearly in Cairo. The tomb oughtta be around here someplace.
Curly : I've gotta go to Tunis and then we can have tuna sandwiches for lunch.
[Moe slaps him]
Moe : [what looks like the tomb of Rootin Tootin] Hey, he's the real McCoy!
Larry : McCoy, I thought his name was Rootin Tootin.
[Moe raises his fist at Larry]
Curly : Hey fellas, I found it.
Curly : A tisket a tasket,
[holds up a basket]
Curly : that green and yellow basket. NYUK NYUK NYUK NYUK!
[Moe gives him an open hand shove in the face]
Curly : WOOOOOOOOOOOAH!
[Hits the bottom with a splash and gets Moe and Larry wet]
Larry , Curly , Moe : We're at your service night and day; if we don't catch them, you don't pay. Excelsior!
Larry : [they see an ocean in the desert] Must be a mirrage.
Moe : Mirrage is something you see yourself in, that's a mirage.
Curly : Mirage? But that's where you keep your automobile.
Moe : I said a mirage!
Curly : Mirage, mirrage, whatever it is, I'm going swimming!
Moe : [helping carry a crate] I'll take this end.
Larry : I'll take this end!
Curly : I'll take the end in the middle!
[from Ants in the Pantry]
Larry Fine : Oooh, I can't see, I can't see!
Moe Howard : What's the matter?
Larry Fine : I've got my eyes closed.
[Moe eye pokes Larry again]
Moe Howard : Is there anything you won't bet on?
Moe : Try another.
Curly Howard : [gets a bottle of champagne from the tray] I'll sharpen this one up.
[Shakes it, then opens it with foam squirting out. Curly puts it in his mouth and champagne sprays out of his ears. Then stops after a while]
Curly Howard : Boy, did I sharpen that bottle.
Moe : [picks up a glass] A toast.
Larry : [picks up a glass] A toast.
Curly Howard : [picks up air] A toast.
[Sees that there is no glass]
Curly Howard : Roses are red, violets are blue, there's no glass for me, so hot cakes to you. Nyuk, Nyuk, Nyuk.
[Moe and Larry throw pancakes onto his face]
Moe : If you want to cheat, cheat fair.
Curly Howard : Roses are red, and violets are blue, try Stick-Fast glue, and you'll be stuck to, oh boy I got it, if I make the best slogan I'll win a lot of money!
Moe : Oh your crazy, you've been sending those in for weeks, nobody ever wins those.
Larry : Yeah, why don't you play cards and prove your mind? What there is of it.
Curly Howard : See the money I get!
Moe : [putting a pancake on the center plate] There's that chip, I call. What do ya got?
Larry : [laying down his hand] Just four aces.
Moe : [slams his hand on the table] And me with four kings again.
Larry : [taking the pancakes] Well it must be beginner's luck.
Moe : I can't understand it, everyday you have beginner's luck.
Larry : [getting up to reach for the syrup] Well its just one of those things you know...
Moe : [grabs Larry by the hair and looks on his chair and sees a lot of aces] You want to cheat, cheat fair, anything I hate is a crookin' crook.
[Moe shakes Larry and more aces fall out of his coat]
Moe : [slaps Larry in the head and then sits down to eat the pancakes] My beginner's luck, huh, huh, huh.
Larry : [carrying a boiling kettle] I got it! Hot water always melts glue.
[Moe begins thrashing as Larry holds him and pours the water onto his mouth]
Moe : [angry] What do you think I am, a lobster? Tryin' to boil me alive?
Larry : [while being slapped in the head by Moe] Well, hot water always melts glue!
[first lines]
[Moe puts two pancakes on the center plate]
Larry : I'll see those two, and I'll raise you five!
[Larry puts his entire stack on the center plate]
Moe : I'd better win today I haven't had breakfast in a week!
Larry : Well the best man always wins.
Moe : Well there's four... Hey I need some more chips!
[the camera moves over to Curly flipping a pancake in a frying pan]
Moe : Hurry it up with those chips!
[Curly comes over to the table]
Curly Howard : I'm getting sick and tired of making chips for you guys, I gotta get busy for my radio contest!
Moe : [giving turban to guard who has just been hit with fruit] Your hat.
Palace Guard (inside): Thank you.
Palace Guard (inside): [realizes what just happened] Why you-!
[is cut off as Moe gets scared before dropping a vase on his his head]
Moe : [to Hassen Ben Soba and Ginna Rumma] What'll you have?
Moe : Now Gaily's dance was over. I stuck my head in the office door, and I saw Koik Robin and Buck Wing ahgyin' over by the parrot cage!
District Attorney : What were they arguing about?
Moe : I dunno! But Buck Wing was sizzlin' like a hot hamboiguh! He grabs Koik by the neck like that, see, and drags him over to the letter press, see?
[Demonstrates on Curly]
Moe : Then he smacks him on the head like that!
[Continues demonstration on Curly]
Moe : Then he pokes his coconut into the letter press, see? Like that! Then he says, "I'll squeeze the cider outta yer Adam's apple!" Then he gives him the woiks, like this! Then he keeps toinin! And twistin'! And that, ladies and gentlemen, is the...
[the grind of the letter press suddenly starts spinning counterclockwise, flying into the air and landing on Moe's head]
Moe : I say, Jasper, what comes after seventy-five?
[eye pokes Curly on "twosies", and Curly responds in pain]
Larry : [sounding cute] He did a onesie, you give 'em to...
[stops when he sees Moe looking at him angrily]
Moe : [to Larry] Here's fivesies.
[smacks him]
Larry : [while playing violin, he picks up the defense's black hairpiece on the end of his bow and sees it] A taran-tela!
[Moe screams, Curly tries hitting it with a hammer, and Moe steals the bailiff's gun and shoots]
Curly : Oh! A field mouse!
Larry : [with it attached to his bow] Watch out, it'll bite ya!
Moe : [sees it] Taran-tella? Shot five holes in a dibbit!
Moe : [to Curly] Grab your ear.
[Curly grabs it]
Governor : Very well, you may choose the manner in which you will die.
Larry : Uh, that;s easy! Old age!
[they all laugh]
Governor : [sentencing Moe, Larry, and Curly to death] You have your choice: you may have your heads chopped off or you may be burned at the stake.
Curly : We'll take burning at the stake!
Governor : Very well. We'll toast them Monday at sundown.
Moe : What did you pick burning at the stake for?
Curly : Because a hot steak is better than a cold chop.
Moe : [Black Louie is using Larry as a human target for knife-throwing] Be careful you don't hit Larry.
Curly : Where is he?
Curly : I don't see him.
Moe : Take off the glasses.
[Curly takes his glasses off]
Moe : Over there by the wall.
Moe : We're going to be paupers. Paupers!
Shemp : Are you kidding? We're not even married!
Moe : [pokes Shemp in the eyes] Why don't you be quiet. Think!
Moe : [Larry accidentally takes a swig of the cleaning fluid he was using, and inadvertently spits it out on the back of Moe's head. Moe walks over and put his left hand on the side of Larry's head] Oh, a funny man.
[slaps him with the right hand]
Moe : What the matter with you?
Larry : [as Moe walks away] What did I do?
[Shemp accidently hits Moe with a broom]
Shemp : Gee, I'm sorry, Moe.
Moe : Oh, think nothing of it.
Shemp : Gee, thanks, Moe.
[grabs the broom and hits Shemp in the head with it]
[Moe starts to read a letter addressed to them]
Moe : Why don't you dumbells stop?
Moe : [after they see the detective's badge] Gee officer, we didn't...
Detective : [Cutting him off] Quiet! You boys realize you just let Terry Hargan, the bank robber, slip right through my hands?
[Turns to Shemp]
Detective : I outta run you in!
Shemp : Please officer, I got six wives and two kids!
Moe : Terry Hargen was here! The bank robber was here!
Shemp : You're crazy. We got those clothes off one of the dummies.
[warningly, wagging his finger]
Shemp : No cracks.
[Moe bites Shemp's finger]
Shemp : [hearing a report of Hargan's crime spree on the radio] Hey Moe, why don't we capture Hargan and collect the reward? Then we can pay our bills.
[Shemp taps his temple, smiling]
Moe : Oh, it's as simple as all that. Hargan is gonna walk right in here and let you capture him. You're nuts.
Shemp : He's a louse and a weasel!
Moe : Yeah? Well, he just died and left you $500,000 bucks.
Shemp : Just like that old skinflint!
[gasps]
Shemp : $500,000 bucks?
[begins to cry]
Shemp : Poor old Uncle Caleb! Like I was sayin', he was a swell guy, giving me the shirt off his back and throwing the buttons too.
Shemp : [Moe enters and opens the door in Shemp's face]
[to Moe]
Moe : [to Shemp] You oughta what?
Shemp : I oughta be a little more careful.
Moe : You know any girls?
Shemp : [pulls a black book out of his pocket] I got a lot of numbers, but haven't had much luck with them lately.
Moe : Well, you can't get killed for trying. Where's a phone?
Shemp : [turns around and points] There's a booth down the hall.
Moe : [grabs Shemp's hair and pulls him towards the door before he can finish his sentence] Well, what are we waiting for?
Larry : [after the phone booth's walls fall and Moe and Shemp fall out of it]
[to Moe]
Moe : That's what I want to know.
Moe : [opens a top drawer, looks, then to Shemp] Say, where are the towels?
Shemp : In the bottom drawer.
Moe : [shakes his head, then opens the bottom drawer, and pulls out a towel] Ah, here we are.
[stands straight up, and puts his head through the bottom of the still open top drawer. He turns around slightly groggy and walks towards Shemp with the drawer still around him]
Larry : [to Moe, laughing] Boy, you sure look funny wearing a buster brown collar.
Moe : [handing Larry the towel] Hold that.
[Larry takes it, then Moe removes the drawer and puts it over Larry]
Moe : You do too!
Moe : Wait a minute. You wouldn't hit a lady with that.
[grabs an object and hands it to Larry]
Moe : Use this. It's bigger.
Shemp : [admiring self in mirror] Ain't I as pretty as a picture?
Moe : [with a slap to Shemp] Yeah, of an ape!
Moe : [while "polishing" a man's shoe with Brighto] Remember sir, Brighto! You'll never forget it as long as you live!
[removes the rag to realize that the Brighto has eaten right through the man's shoe]
Moe : And neither will I!
Moe : [In a hospital, in a room with a microphone connected to the loudspeaker, hits the three skulls to make a musical jingle then hits Curly on the head] Hello, everybody, we just brought the moon over the mountain.
Curly : Hello, Ma. Hello, Pa. It wasn't much of a fight. I stood like that. But not for long.
[Moe hits him on the head]
Moe : Quiet. This broadcast comes to you through the courtesy of Brighto. And it's six delicious flavors. Chocolate, Vanilla, Cranberry, Strawberry.
Dizzy Detectives (1943)
Moe : Where's your gun?
Curly : Gun? Oh! The landlady's baby was cryin', so I gave it to the baby to play with.
Moe : [whispering] It's that crook and he's wearin' a fur coat! Come on!
[the Stooges come up and Moe gets the gorilla's attention by kicking him in the butt. The Stooges all point their guns at the gorilla]
Moe : Stick 'em up, Ape Man! We gotcha covered!
[the gorilla destroys the Stooges' guns]
Moe : Hey, fellas! Look! No human is strong enough to bend a gun barrel like that!
Curly : It's real! A real chimmanypanzee!
Larry : That's no chimp, ya chump! That's a gorilla!
Moe : Next time you handle a gun, shoot yourself in the head.
Curly : I'll make a note of it. How do you spell head?
[he whacks him in the head with a gun and the gun bends]
Curly : That ox can't call me a monkey!
Moe : Shut up you baboon!
[Curly sticks his tongue at Moe while Moe puts a clothespin on his tongue]
Larry : Hey, you only fell 14 feet! Why are ya getting sore?
Moe : [Pretending to be surprised] Is that all it was?
Moe : What are you, cowards? I'll lead the way. Go ahead.
[Moe pushes Larry and Curly ahead of him]
Moe : What's the idea of the three watches?
Shemp : That's the way I tell time.
Moe : How do you tell time?
Shemp : This one is ten minutes slow. This one is twenty minutes fast. The one in the middle is broke; it stopped at two o'clock.
Moe : Well, how do you tell the time?
Shemp : I take the ten minutes slow, subtract it from the twenty minutes fast, and divide by the two in the middle.
Moe : Well, what time is it now?
[Shemp pulls a fourth watch out of his pocket]
Shemp : Oh, it's 9:30.
Moe : [bonks Shemp on the head] Why, you...
Shemp : If you ain't got a gun for me, what did you bring me along for?
Moe : Quit stomping around! Scat!
[throws his ice pack at it, cat screeches]
Moe : [Curly accidentally spills spaghetti on him] You're a nitwit, that's what you are! What's the matter with you?
Curly : Hey Moe, there's a b-b-b-b-bear in the window.
Moe : You're wacky. What do you mean a bear in the window? There's no bear around here.
[Moe goes to the window and looks around; the bear growls and smacks him in the head]
Moe : Oh! Oh! Oh! You're right. There is a bear around here.
[Curly is caught in bear trap, and Moe and Larry think the bear has got him]
Larry : Did you hear that? He's got him. He's got him.
Moe : You want the bear to eat him alive? Go out there and help him.
Larry : That bear don't need no help.
Moe : What are you, a coward?
Moe : [Larry has a bear trap to carry on the Stooges way to the mansion]
[to Larry]
Moe : Hey, what's with the bear trap?
Larry : You never know when we will meet up with a bear.
Moe : Well, meet my bare hand!
[slap]
Moe : Get out!
Moe : If people ain't got ants, they ain't got ants, that's all!
A. Mouser : So you give them ants, und mice, und moths, all sroough the houses; you Dummkopfs!
Moe : [hitting on a waitress at a fancy party] You know, all my life I've dreamed of loving a girl like you.
[Moe closes his eyes, and the waitress takes the opportunity to leave]
Moe : And I never believed in love at first sight until this very minute. Kiss me. Aw, kiss me.
[Curly leans in and kisses Moe]
Curley : Anything else, sir?
Homer Simpson : He's okay.
Moe Szyslak : Four guys, a chick and a noose. Just like the kind of movies I like.
Stranger: [Bumps into Moe] Oh, sorry, pal.
Moe Szyslak : Sorry, pal? That's common courtesy, the kind I've only seen in the movies.
Moe Szyslak : Without my magic suit, I'm nothin'.
Marge Simpson : Moe, have you ever heard the story of Dumbo the elephant?
Moe Szyslak : I didn't go to the movies much as a child. I worked at a pierogi factory. Stick in the potato, fold in the dough, that was my Star Wars.
Marge Simpson : Dumbo had a magic feather that made him fly, but then he found out that the feather wasn't magic. The magic was inside him all along.
Lisa Simpson : Let me get this straight: Moe is Dumbo, the whiskey is Dumbo's ears, and we're that bunch of racist crows?
Homer Simpson : Honey, the crows weren't racist. The people who drew them were.
[last lines]
Moe Szyslak : [to noose] Sorry, not today, old friend. But don't worry, holidays are just around the corner.
Curly : What do you care as long as we're not in jail.
Moe : [Larry has accidentally poked a hole in the furnace vent] Hey, are you smokin'?
Larry : No, but the pipe is.
Moe : The pi - uh... why, you lamebrain! Ya wanna get us suffocated? Put some tape on it!
Larry : [checks his pockets] We forgot the tape!
Moe : Well, we had to forget somethin' or we wouldn't be plumbers.
Moe : [Finally fixes leak] Yeah, who said you need brains to be a plumber?
Butler : There You are! I called You Plumbers an Hour ago, now go inside and fix that Leak, before it gets any worse!
Curly : Hey, who told You we're Plumbers?
[to Moe and Larry]
Curly : How do You like that Guy...
[See's Officer Kelly riding a Bicycle looking around for them]
Curly : Uh... weer Plumbers!
Micro-Phonies (1945)
[making a mock broadcast]
Moe : Use Gritto, radio friends, the soap that gives your hands that dishpan look. How will the old man know you've been working... if your hands -don't- have that dishpan look, hmm?
[chuckles]
Moe : Put a box of Gritto in a glass of water, then listen to it fizz...
[Larry and Curly honk a large horn. Moe is irked]
Moe : Dopes. Remember, Gritto spelled sideways, is 'ot-tri-gruh-guh-guhhh'.
Moe : [in the studio room, at the microphone] Oh, a micro-phoney.
Curly : [about Moe] And a phoney at the mic!
Moe : Quiet, you numbskulls, I'm broadcasting.
Mrs. Bixby : My dear, would you care to go to the powder room?
Moe : Oh, no, no, she always looks like that.
Moe : The senorita's lost her voice.
Homer Simpson : You're in. Here's the sack!
Moe Szyslak : But you gotta supply your own knobs!
[forming a vigilante group]
Homer : All right, I'll be Cue Ball. Barney can be Eight Ball, Lenny will be Twelve Ball, and Moe, you'll be Cue Ball.
Moe : You're an idiot.
"The Simpsons: The Blue and the Gray (#22.13)" (2011)
Moe Szyslak : My name is Moe Szyslak. When I was a kid I had round worm - Heck, I was more worm than boy for a couple of years - I dabbled in Satanism until I was asked to leave, oh, and one month I ate nothing but aquarium fish.
Homer Simpson : I can't stand Marge's gray hair. It's like I'm married to Richard Gere.
[Phone rings]
Homer Simpson : Not now, phone. I'm talking to myself. It's okay, Homer. It's just a couple of minutes. Thanks, Homer.
[Picks up phone]
Moe Szyslak : Hello, wing man? You were supposed to be here two minutes ago.
Homer Simpson : Oh, thank you, prior commitment!
[Kisses receiver and hangs up]
Moe Szyslak : I love Valentines Day. Just mix a couple of drops of Jagermeister with some pink lemonade, add some cherry chapstick, call it Cupid's Ambrosia and charge it up the wazoo.
Moe Szyslak : Excuse me, is this the seminar where you learn how to pick up chicks?
Superintendent Chalmers : Well, we're certainly not here to learn how to fold napkins.
Ned Flanders : Looks like I came in here for nothing.
Dr. Kissingher: Your only hope is to get a wingman.
Moe Szyslak : What's a wingman?
Dr. Kissingher: A wingman is a friend who...
Moe Szyslak : Whoa, whoa, whoa! Now I gotta get a friend?
"The Simpsons: Team Homer (#7.12)" (1996)
Moe : I'm better than dirt. Well, most kinds of dirt, not that fancy store-bought dirt... I can't compete with that stuff.
Moe : Man, you go through life, you try to be nice to people, you struggle to resist the urge to punch 'em in the face, and for what?
Moe : They think they're so high and mighty, just because they never got caught driving without pants.
[while Homer is sneaking into Burns' mansion]
Moe , Carl , Lenny : [cheering] Homer, Homer, he's our man, if he can't do it, no-one can!
Homer : [beset by hounds] Aaaaargghh!
Carl : Oh, I guess no-one can.
Lenny : He's done for. Let's get out of there!
Sgt. Moe : I have to do everything around here!
Sgt. Moe : Quiet, everyone! Genius at work!
Sgt. Moe : [answering his phone] Hello! Yeah! Detective bureau, Sergeant Moe speaking. Oh, wait a minute, Clancy. Go ahead. You say there's a dead horse on Ticonderoga Street? How do you spell "Ticonderoga"? Oh, you don't know, either. Well, drag him over to First Street.
[hangs up]
Sgt. Moe : I have to think of everything.
Sgt. Moe : [answers phone] Detective Bureau! Yes, this is Sergeant Moe!
[more gently]
Sgt. Moe : Oh, hello, dear. Why, of course, dear. Oh, sure, you've got nothin' to worry about. Goodbye, sweetheart.
[hangs up phone]
Hazel's roommate : Wolf! Wolf! Ahhhhhh!
Curly : Who, me? I resemble that remark.
Moe : I told you your face scares people. Why don't you throw it away?
[looks behind him and sees Lupe the Wolf Man]
Moe : Yaaaa... aaaa... aaaa!
Curly : [mockingly] Yaaaaaa... Hey lady. I ain't that ugly. Or am I?
[Curly goes to the mirror and sees Lupe in broken mirror frame]
Curly : Naaaaaaaa! Oh no! I think you got something there, I just scared myself!
Curly : [looks again, feels his chin and Lupe does the same thing] I need a shave but I don't feel any whiskers.
[smiles, Lupe does the same thing]
Curly : Hey lady, I'm losing my teeth. I think I got pyarhea.
[feels his head. Lupe does the same thing]
Curly : That can't be me. That looking glass is doity.
[puts his hand to the broken mirror frame and Lupe touches hands with him and both hands move in a circle. Then Curly blows into the frame and Lupe roars and leans out of the broken frame. Curly runs off]
Lupe the Wolf Man : [after Hazel flees, pushes down on the bed where Hazel's roommate is still sleeping]
Hazel's roommate : [Annoyed] Hazel, will you lie still!
Hazel's roommate : Hazel, wake up. Are you having a nightmare?
[Reaches back to shake Hazel and touches Wolf Man's beard instead]
Hazel's roommate : Ohhhhhh!
[Throws alarm clock and smashes the mirror on top of the dresser]
Moe : [the Stooges exit the elevator] The boss says there's a burglar in the hotel and we gotta find him.
[They hear screaming and Larry flees into the elevator. The Stooges try to follow, crashing into its door, then falling backwards into the women's room. Moe and Curly see something moving under the bed covers]
Moe : There he is! Get him!
[They smack the bed with the woman in it with their mops. Woman screams]
Moe : Sorry lady. We thought you were a burgler.
Curly : Wait a minute, wait a minute! I want my tip!
Moe : Well, I'll give you one: get out!
Moe : Can you play a trombone?
[before Curly can reply]
Bart : Bart Simpson.
Hugh Jass : What can I do for you, Bart?
Bart : Uh, look, I'll level with you, mister. This is a crank call that sorta back-fired, and I'd like to bail out right now.
Hugh Jass : All right. Better luck next time.
[hangs up]
Hugh Jass : What a nice young man.
Moe : Hey, Homer came up with the drink, but I came up with the idea of charging $6.95 for it.
Moe : Don't worry, I learned how to make plenty of drinks at bartending school.
[reading off an old mixed drink recipe list]
Moe : Gin and... tonic? Do they mix?
Moe : People today are healthier and drinking less. You know, if it wasn't for the junior high school next door, no one would even use the cigarette machine.
Moe Szyslak : Thanks, guys, for getting me this job after destroying my bar. I'll never forget or forgive what you did for and to me. So thanks a lot. Also, thanks a lot!
Moe Szyslak : [after Lenny and Carl leave] Oh, suddenly they're too good for me?
Homer Simpson : Well, some people still act like they're still in grade school.
Moe Szyslak : Oh, so now you're going to throw your grade school education on my face?
Homer Simpson : You know what, Moe? You're a real jerk! I didn't mind it when it came with beer.
Moe Szyslak : I don't need you. I'm all the company I need.
[Sees reflection on tureen]
Moe Szyslak : Ugh! Suddenly I lost my appetite.
Marge Simpson : You know, we've all be happier if we both quit our jobs.
Moe Szyslak : You know what, Midge? You're right. I'm gonna rebuild my bar better than before.
[Enters]
Moe Szyslak : Oh, my God! I don't remember it being this bad!
Russian Cab Driver : So, you return from a hard day of taking our jobs to your lover.
Moe : Hey, there's something funny going on around here... I got it, you know Shemp said he was coming back to Earth to haunt us.
Larry : Ah let him come, I ain't afraid of that fat head.
[Shemp hits Larry in the stomach and the head]
Larry : Moe, why'd you hit me for?
Moe : I didn't touch you.
Larry : That's what I was afraid of. Shemp's here! It's him! His ghost just hit me!
Moe : I sure hope the DePuysters will be impressed by our butler.
Shemp : If you HAVE a butler after I'm done giving him the business.
Larry : Why would anybody want a fountain pen that writes under whipped cream?
Moe : Well a... a fella can be out in the desert where there's no water to write under, can't he?
Moe : [Shemp's on fire] Hey Larry! He's been smoking in bed again! Get the water and the axe!
Shemp : Put me out!
Larry : [thrown out of a hotel where the rent's $1 a month] He can't throw us out just because we're eight months behind on the rent.
Moe : But he did. I'm going back in to get my other shirt.
Curly : Get my other pair of socks too, they're standing up behind the stove.
Moe : Wait a minute, Shylock, she'll have the money on time.
Curly : Yeah and I'll see that you get it too, me, myself, I personally, I'll guarantee it personally, see?
Mr. Scroggins: And who are you?
Moe : Who is he? Why he's one of the biggest steelmen in the country. He'd steal any... I mean his steel is known from coast to coast. Will E. Steel.
[holds up a card with the letters AAM on it]
Moe : The Amalgamated Association of Morons. Local six and seven eighths.
Moe , Curly , Larry : We are morons! Tried and true! We will do our yell for you!
Prof. Quackenbush : How would you boys like to make $1,000?
Moe : Who do you have to murder?
Prof. Quackenbush : Oh, nothing like that. All you have to do is let me make gentlemen of you.
[the Stooges all flinch in horror]
Larry : No, no! Not that!
Curly : Our father would never forgive us.
Larry : There ain't been a gentleman in our family for fifty generations.
Curly : There's a hair in my soup.
Moe : You're crazy. That's a crack in your plate.
Curly : I never saw a crack go that way.
[he makes a curving motion with his hand]
Moe : Well, that's neither hair nor there.
Mrs. Smythe-Smythe : [Moe hides a pie he was holding by sticking it to the ceiling] My dear man. Do tell me about yourself.
Moe : Well you see... well that is...
[looks up to see the pie unsticking]
Moe : would you pardon me.
Mrs. Smythe-Smythe : If you don't tell me about this metamorphosis. I will always feel that I've missed something.
Moe : Lady, if you don't go right now, you're not going to miss anything.
[starts to walk away, Mrs. Smythe-Smythe stops him]
Mrs. Smythe-Smythe : What's wrong? You act as though the Sword of Demacles is hanging over your head.
Moe : Lady, you must be psychic.
[walks away]
Mrs. Smythe-Smythe : I wonder what's wrong with that man?
[looks up and the pie unsticks and falls on her face]
Moe : Fire at will!
Curly : Which one is Will?
Judge: Ye are accused of doing battle with his Majesty's guards. What say ye to the charge?
Larry : I can explain, judge. you see-eth, it was like this-eth. I...
Judge: Guilty! I sentence ye to Newcape prison for forty years! ye to forty-five! Ye to fifty!
Larry : Forty-five?
Curly : Fifty? I got fifty. Fifty. Fifty, fifty, fifty, fifty, do I hear fifty-five, do I hear fifty five? Going once, twice, do I hear fifty-five? Who'll make it fifty-five?
Judge: [breaks gavel] I shall!
Curly : Thank you. I... Woo!
Judge: Fifty-five years for the lot of ye at hard labor!
Prosecutor : But your lordship, t'would cost the crown a pretty penny to feed yon wastrels for fifty-five years! Why not send him to our colonies in America to fight the redskin savage?
Curly : Oh, I just love corned beef and savage!
Judge: Silence! I now sentence ye knaves to defend our colonists from the savages!
Moe : Gadzooks! They'll scalp us alive!
Curly : Not me! Nyuk nyuk!
Moe : [to Faith] All my life I have been looking for a maid like thee, Toots.
Moe : Why don't you get a toupee with some brains in it!
Moe : Remind me to tear out your Adam's apple!
Curly : I'll make a note of it.
[pulls out a pad of paper and a pencil]
Williams : [as stuffy butler, speaking into telephone] Is this Susquehanna, two-two-two-two?
Moe : [on doctors' switchboard] Too-too-too-too? What do ya think you're doin', bub, playing train?
Larry : I wonder where we are.
Schuyler Davis : Maybe the sign will tell us.
[the sign is written entirely in Greek letters. Curly-Joe and Larry try to sound it out]
Larry : [laughs] You know, I...
Moe : I'll smash the first guy who says it's all Greek to me.
Larry : [waves a thumb at Curly-Joe] Well, it's all Greek to him.
Schuyler Davis : You know, these old Greek things certainly have lovely curves, haven't they?
Moe : These young Greek things ain't bad, either!
Curly : Yeah!
Moe : We get a half a slice of ham and a half an egg apiece. You get a whole bone and a whole eggshell, and you're squawkin'!
Curly : I'm sorry, fellas... gee, you guys are swell to me.
Curly : [noticing the door knob hanging off his tooth] Oh!
[picks it up]
Curly : Look at that tooth! It's a whoppah! And look at that root! You know if I belonged to the Elks, I'd wear this on my watch-chain... if I had a watch-chain.
Moe : You pumpkin head! That's not your tooth, that's the door knob!
Curly : Oh... no wonder my tooth still hurts - -
[clutches his tooth in pain]
Curly : Ooh, my tooth!
Curly : That's my favorite dollar!
Moe : What do you mean your favorite dollar?
Curly : I raised it from a cent, now cut it out!
Moe : [to Curly] Come on, Hydrophobia.
[the stooges are hiding on a stretcher under a blanket in the morgue. Two orderlies enter the room and see what they believe are cadavers]
Orderly : [to younger orderly] Move these bodies to the crematory.
Orderly : Yes sir, the crematory.
[younger orderly listens with shock]
Moe : Boy that's a real hot foot!
Larry : Let's get outta here!
[they throw the blanket off and run off, prompting the younger orderly to scream in fear]
Dr. Walters : Hi, what have you today boys?
Moe : Tell him what we have.
Curly : Well, doc I've a terrific pain right here. Everytime I squeeze my Adam's Apple I can taste cider.
Larry : We're trapped like rats.
Moe : Speak for yourself rodent!
Curly : [Curly seems to have an arrow through his stomach] I'm dead. I'm murdered. I'm killed. I'm annihilated. What will the world do without me? What will I do without myself?
[Moe has a closer look to see that's a curved-in- the-middle fake arrow that's around his waist, he pulls it off]
Curly : I'm slaughtered. I'm annihilated. I'm destroyed. I'm barbecued. I'm done for!
[to Moe]
Curly : Can you think of anything else?
Moe : No. You covered it all.
Curly : I'm not even wounded?
Moe : That's what you think.
[strikes him in the gut with the fake arrow]
Chief Wiggum : Don't snap my undies.
[the Red Hot Chili Peppers are performing at Moe's bar]
Bart : Hey, Red Hot Chili Peppers, do you want to appear on a Krusty comeback special?
Flea : Sure, if you can get us outta this gig.
[Bart points to the wall behind Moe]
Bart : Hey Moe, look over there.
Moe : What? What am I looking at?
[Bart and the Red Hot Chili Peppers walk out the door]
Moe : I'm gonna stop looking here in a second. What, is *that* it?
[Homer walks into the bar]
Homer : Hey Moe, can I look too?
Moe : Sure, but it'll cost ya.
Homer : My wallet's in the car.
[He runs outside]
[answering a prank phone call from Bart]
Moe : Moe's Tavern... Yeah, just a sec, I'll check.
[calling out]
Moe : Uh, Amanda Hugginkiss? Hey, I'm looking for Amanda Hugginkiss. Aw, why can't I find Amanda Hugginkiss?
[whole bar bursts into laughter]
Barney : Maybe your standards are too high!
Moe : [into phone] You little SOB! If I ever find out who you are, I'm going to shove a sausage down your throat and stick starving dogs in your butt!
Laura Powers : Hello I'd like to speak to Mrs Tinkle, first name,
[Bart whispers in Laura's ear]
Moe : Hold on just a sec. Ivana tinkle? Ivana tinkle? Everybody put down their glasses Ivana tinkle?
[Bar Patrons Laugh and so do Laura and Bart]
Moe : Oh, I better get back and check on Barney.
Barney : [drinking beer straight from the tap] Oh, oh, my heart stopped!
[after about 10 seconds]
Shemp : [after Moe shoves the door into Shemp]
[to Moe]
Shemp : Hey, why don't you watch where you're going?
Moe : [to Shemp] Relax. I give you a hand as soon as I finish eating this jelly sandwich. I can't work on an empty stomach.
Shemp : I'm hungry too and I haven't...
Moe : Shaddup and finish your job.
Larry : [Larry has slammed the top door in Moe's face]
[to Moe]
Larry : I didn't know you were standing there, Moe. I wouldn't have slammed the door.
Moe : [to Larry] Oh, *you* slammed it? That's all right. Hey, is that a dirty spot?
Moe : Here!
[slams door in Larry's face]
Moe : How do you like that? No more jelly. I guess I'll have to eat cheese. Better get some bread.
Moe : Hey, it's Santino Marella.
Santino Marella : What are you guys doing here?
Moe : Well, we're on our promotional tour for our movie "The Three Stooges", which opens this Friday, April 13th.
Larry : Yeah, and the studio asked us if we wouldn't mind being shipped up to D.C. for WWE RAW.
Curly : So we said soitenly. Then we woke up in that box somewhere over Kansas. Nyuk nyuk.
Santino Marella : The Larry, the Curly, and the Moe. Let me ask you this: what are you three knuckleheads having planned for the live studio audience tonight?
Moe : Oh, well we, uh... what's the plan?
[Moe slaps Larry]
Larry : Hey, what's the plan?
[Larry slaps Curly]
Curly : Ooh! What's the plan?
[Curly slaps Santino; Santino in turn slaps all three in a row]
Santino Marella : You guys come here and you don't even have plans?
Larry : No, I... I was planning on catching up with the WWE Divas. You know, exchanging some hair tips, maybe taking them out to Chinese food and seeing where things end up.
Moe : [holding his fist out] See where this ends up.
[Larry slaps Moe's fist; Moe's arm winds around in a circle and bonks Larry on the head]
Santino Marella : Hey, I like that move! Can I borrow that sometime?
Moe : Oh, sure. Anytime, Santino. Now wait a minute, can you show me your cobra move?
Santino Marella : [laughs] Okay, no problem.
[Santino demonstrates as he talks]
Santino Marella : First you do this.
Moe : [copying Santino] Go like that.
Santino Marella : Followed by this. Don't forget this. And of course, there's this.
Moe : Now, wait a minute. What about a variation on the move?
[Moe extends his index and middle fingers]
Santino Marella : That's not a cobra if you do that.
Moe : No, it's the Moe-bra.
[Moe eye-pokes Curly]
Curly : I never got my in-flight meal.
Moe : Here's a knuckle sandwich.
[slaps Curly]
[after Homer has been banned from Moe's, a man comes in who looks exactly like Homer except for a fake-looking moustache and an English voice]
Guy N. Cognito : Greetings good men, might I trouble you for a drink?
Moe : Oh get out of here, Homer!
Guy N. Cognito : Homer? Who is Homer? My name is Guy N. Cognito.
[Homer walks past Moe's, despondent. From inside comes the sound of Guy N. Cognito getting beaten up by Moe, and he's thrown unconscious out of the bar and onto the street]
Homer : Oh, my God, this man is my exact double!
[a small, fluffy-tailed dog walks by]
Homer : That dog has a fluffy tail!
[Homer leaves Guy and starts pursuing the dog]
Homer : Come here, fluff!
Moe : That's it, Homer. I'm taking your caricature down from Mount Lushmore, and I'm pulling your favorite song out of the jukebox.
Homer : "It's Raining Men"?
Moe : Yeah, not no more it ain't.
Guy N. Cognito : [comes into Moe's looking exactly like Homer except for a fake-looking moustache and silly voice] Hello! My name is Guy N. Cognito.
Moe : Get out of here, Homer!
[sound of Guy N. Cognito getting beaten up and thrown unconscious into the street]
Homer : [walking along despondent until he stumbles onto Guy N. Cognito] Oh, my God, this man is my exact double!
[a small, puffy-tailed dog walks by]
Homer : That dog has a puffy tail!
[Homer leaves Guy and starts pursuing the dog]
Curly : It's only mind over matter! That's all! Here, Moe, have some of my raw liver!
[Moe holds his mouth and runs away]
Curly : What's wrong with him? Hey Larry, share my raw liver, it's delicious!
[Larry runs away covering his mouth]
Curly : What's the matter with you guys? Ya can't take it!
[laughs, takes a bite of his raw liver. Suddenly realizes where he is, turns around and collapses, leaning over the railing of the ship]
Moe : [hiding on the Nazi ship with Curly and Larry] We gotta get into Nazi uniforms, somehow. If we're discovered, we're lost.
Curly : You're crazy. If we're discovered, we're found.
Selma Bouvier : [as Elizabeth I] I don't need a man, for I have England.
Moe Szyslak : Yeah, you keep telling yourself that.
Lenny: There's something in our house.
Moe Szyslak : Let's put a pick axe in its brain!
Lenny: You're in marketing. Why do you even have a pick axe?
Moe Szyslak : If you were in marketing, you'd know.
"The Simpsons: The Strong Arms of the Ma (#14.9)" (2003)
Moe Szyslak : Ugh, listen Marge, um- how can I put this delicately? I don't got enough booze in this place to make you look good.
Marge Simpson : [breaks jar of pickled eggs on bar counter and points jagged edge of jar at Moe] Maybe death will stop your yammering.
Moe : Well the only way I can recoup from this is...
[takes out a can of gas, pours it all over his bar, and throws and lighted match on it]
Carl : Um, aren't you supposed to get insurance first?
Homer : [the Mexican soccer team has the first possession of the ball and is cautiously kicking the ball around, setting up for a goal as the Portugal team stands there, awaiting the play to develop. The crowd quickly grows bored]
[shouts]
Homer : Boring!
Krusty : Come on, you schnorers, do something!
Kent Brockman : [sounding bored as he calls the actions] Halfback passes to the center. Back to the wing. Back to the center. Center holds it. Holds it.
[rolls eyes]
Kent Brockman : Holds it...
Foreign-accented sports commentator : [excitedly] Halfback passes to center, back to wing, back to center, center holds it! Holds it! Holds it!
Sideshow Mel : I can't bear this any longer, I'm leaving!
Moe : Yeah, not before me you ain't.
Ned Flanders : Now, now, there's plenty of exits for everyone!
Moe : Oh, that's it, you're dead, pal!
[puts Flanders into a headlock]
Principal Skinner : Hey, now, that's uncalled for.
Lenny : Shut your hole, Skinner!
[punches Skinner in the stomach which causes him to fall down the stairs]
Marge : How did you know we were being robbed?
Lenny : The clerk here pressed the silent alarm, and we picked it up on our scanners.
Lisa : Did anyone stop that robber?
Moe : No, I don't think so.
Mr. Burns : Behold, the most hideous of all!
[Opens curtain to reveal Moe]
Moe Szyslak : How you doin'?
[Crowd gasps in horror]
Moe Szyslak : Anyone here from New Jersey?
[Woman raises her hand]
Moe Szyslak : I'm going there next week.
[Woman screams and faints]
Moe Szyslak : My mother's wedding ring. She gave it to me in her death bed. She also acquired it in her death bed. That was a very busy death bed.
Birchibald T. Barlow : [on the radio] I want all of you out there to do everything in your power to see that Bob is set free!
Moe Szyslak : All right, you heard the man.
[He takes a box out from under the bar]
Moe Szyslak : Everybody, one grenade each.
Barney Gumble : Moe, I think he meant through non-violent, grassroots, poltical action.
Moe Szyslak : Really? You think? Okay, hand 'em back. Come on, everybody.
[mad]
Moe Szyslak : Hey, hey! Who pulled the pin on this one?
Moe Szyslak : All right, you heard the man. One granade each.
[handing out a granade fro ma box of granades, to each bar patron]
Barney Gumble : Moe, I think he meant through non-violent grassroots political action.
Moe Szyslak : Ah, geez, really, you think so? All right - give 'em back. Come on, everybody give 'em back. Hey, HEY! Who pulled the pin on this one?
Moe : [after a loud crash is heard in the other room, you see Curly with a ladder fallen down on top of him] You lame brain, why don't you be careful when you climb up a ladder?
Curly : I only climbed up seven steps.
Moe : That ladder had six!
[slaps Curly on top of the head]
Smiling Sam McGann : What's going on here?
[Moe and Larry drop the pipes they are holding onto Curly's head]
Smiling Sam McGann : Listen, you jugheads. The lights are still out in my office. I want juice and I want it right away!
Curly : Here you are.
Smiling Sam McGann : Ohhh! Ow! Ohhhhhh! Ow!
[lets go of the wire]
Smiling Sam McGann : You jugheads pick up that stuff and get to work or I'll strangle ya!
[they pick up the pipes and accidentally hit him in the head, knocking him senseless, they guide him through the door]
Moe : We'll take care of everything.
[closes the door]
Moe : Keep smiling, McGann.
Moe : We'll fool that guy. We'll cut through your skull so fast, he won't know the difference.
Curly : What about me?
Curly : I'll cook the supper. How about scrambled eggs smothered in steak?
Moe : Sounds swell to me. Where are the eggs?
Curly : On top of the burro, so they'll be nice and fresh in the sun.
Moe : Yeah, we'll... get goin' before we starve here. C'mon.
Curly : Oh, fresh henfruit. Handle with care.
[tosses eggs to Moe]
Curly : A sack of flour comin' down!
[tosses sack of flour down. Moe is forced to drop the eggs to catch the flour]
Moe : Ya nitwit, now you broke the eggs!
[Newly hatched chicks are walking around the broken eggs]
Curly : So what? We'll have steak smothered in lamb chops... and maybe chicken on the side! Nyuk nyuk nyuk.
Moe : Well, you fix it, I've got some prospecting to do. Hand me down that dynamite, and be careful!
Curly : I'll handle it as if it were eggs!... I mean, I'll be careful!
Curly : One beer coming up.
[fills mug and holds it up in the air with one hand]
Barney Gumble : Moe, I've come here to make amends for my disgraceful behaviour over the last twenty years.
Moe : No, that's okay, Barn.
Barney Gumble : No it's not okay. I broke barstools, befouled your broom closet, and made sweet love to your pool table, which I then befouled.
Moe : Well, that would explain the drop-off in play.
Moe : [Homer arrives at Moe's] Hey Homer!
[as Homer starts to sit down]
Moe : Oh no no no, don't sit there
[wipes off another stool]
Moe : take this seat right next to the tap
Homer : But that's Barney's seat! Are you trying to make me the new Barney?
Moe : Hey ever bar needs a world class drunk
Lenny : Yeah someone who makes our alcoholism seem less raging
Homer : Well forget it I am not Barney!
[let's out a belch just like Barney's signature belch]
Moe : [everyone laughs at Homer] See Homer, it's not so bad, now dance rummy!
Homer : [sadly] Oh, okay
Gold mine 'salesman' : 100,000 tons of pure gold. At $35 an ounce, think of it.
Moe : I can't. How much that in round numbers.
Curly : [Curly moves his head left to right with calculator sounds and ends with a ding, pulls calculator paper out of his mouth, reads it] That's 80 billion, 61 million and 51 cents of a fraction.
Curly : [the prospectors slip a stick of dynamite with the fuse lit through the iron door where Moe, Larry and Curly are behind, Curly picks it up] Oh, a roman candle... zhhhhhhhhh... boom! Cuckoo! 4th of July! Ha ha ha!
Moe : Hey, marblehead, you know what that thing is you're holding there? That's dynamite!
Curly : You mean the things with the... nyaaaaaaa!
[quickly slips it back through the hole in the door]
[Homer is surrounded by crows at Moe's Bar]
Moe Szyslak : All right, get 'em outta here. This ain't no crow-bar. THIS is a crow-bar.
[Moe reaches under the counter and pulls out a portrait of crows sitting at a bar]
Moe Szyslak : See? They got their little stools and everything.
"The Simpsons: MoneyBart (#22.3)" (2010)
Lisa Simpson : I was wondering if you and your friends could tell me about baseball strategy.
Moe Szyslak : The only thing I know about strategy is that everything the manager does is crap. Unless it works, in which case he's a button pusher.
Lenny: I hate people who just push buttons all day.
Carl: You just push buttons all day.
Lenny: You know, ever since Obama came in, you have all the answers, don't you?
[Moe eye pokes Larry again]
Moe : Get away from here!
"The Simpsons: Homer's Enemy (#8.23)" (1997)
Bart : Milhouse. You were supposed to be the night watchman.
Milhouse : I was watching. I saw the whole thing. First it started falling over, then it fell over.
Bart : Wow, I wonder where all the rats are going to go...
[the rats run over to Moe's]
Moe : All right, everybody tuck your pants into your socks.
Moe : Telegram for Heywood U. Cuddleme. Heywood U. Cuddleme? Big guy in the back - hey, would you cuddle me?
[the bar patrons laugh]
Moe : Dude, that little!
[turns to his own telegraph machine]
Moe : I'm going to drive a golden spike where your Union meets your Central Pacific. Stop.
"The Simpsons: Homer vs. Patty and Selma (#6.17)" (1995)
[Homer has asked Moe for a loan]
Moe : Sure, Homer, I can loan you the money. However, since you have no collateral, I'm gonna have to break your legs in advance.
Homer : Gee, Moe, that seems a bit extreme. Couldn't you just bash my brains in?
Moe : Are you a loan shark? Do you understand how finance works?
[Pulls out a sledgehammer]
"The Simpsons: Home Away from Homer (#16.20)" (2005)
Townspeople: crowd cheers as prostitutes leave Flanders' house after being told off and thrown out by Flanders
Ned Flanders : I can't believe it. Everybody knew this was happening at my house and laughed at me. Well Homer, I guess you're the only true friend I have around here.
Moe : What are you talking about? Homer's the one who informed us of the sexy going-ons.
Homer : I'm sorry Flanders I couldn't tell you. I had to do it. It was just too funny.
Ned Flanders : The bible says to cast thy food upon the waters but all I got was soggy bread.
Homer : Mmm! Soggy bre...
"The Simpsons: Sideshow Bob's Last Gleaming (#7.9)" (1995)
[appearing on the stadium television]
Sideshow Bob : Hello, Springfield. Sorry to divert your attention from all the big noises and shiny things. But something's been troubling me lately: television! Wouldn't our lives be so much richer if television were done away with?
Moe : What?
Dr. Hibbert : Surely he's not talking about VH-1.
Sideshow Bob : Why, we could revive the lost arts of conversation and scrimshaw. Therefore I submit to you, we abolish television, permanently!
Homer Simpson : Go back to Massachusetts, pinko!
Sideshow Bob : Oh, and one more thing: I've stolen a nuclear weapon. If you do not rid this city of television in two hours, I will detonate it. Farewell.
[Bob cuts the link. People start to panic, then Bob reappears]
Sideshow Bob : By the way, I'm aware of the irony of appearing on TV in order to decry it, so don't bother pointing that out.
Barney Gumble : I lost his bar!
Lisa Simpson : He robbed the school of music!
Principal Skinner : He robbed the school of financial security!
Tito Puente : He robbed the school of Tito!
Homer : He can't remember my name!
Marge Simpson : He's causing us all to yell!
[Maggie sucks her pacifier violently]
Bart Simpson : Look what he did to my best friend!
[Camera pans to Milhouse eating Cheezies]
Bart Simpson : No, my dog!
[Santa's Little Helper rolls in on his cart]
Mr. Burns : [Mr. Burns enters, chuckling] Oh, those wheels are squeaking a bit. Perhaps I can sell him a little oil?
| i don't know |
What type of bank keeps its deposits at minus 196 degrees centigrade ? | Kenya: Sperm Bank Clients And Unique Donors - allAfrica.com
Kenya: Sperm Bank Clients And Unique Donors
more
By Maore Ithula
Nairobi — It is a different kind of bank. Depositors, who encounter absolutely no queues, are paid a flat rate of Sh3,000.
It takes a couple of minutes to deposit - usually in millions - at the hospital within which it is located.
The deposits are then kept in vaults much cooler than Siberia, safe from the hands of thieves, robbers and moths. For withdrawals, the bank matches your details to that of the donor, so you do not have to meet. Robbery is unheard of and interest high, especially for impotent men.
Six years ago, conservative Kenyans held their breath when Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH) introduced the first sperm bank in East and Central Africa. The openng of the facility, it was reported, had been triggered by 'increasing demand for human artificial insemination'.
Women whose husbands had been found impotent, needed to be relieved of the pain and stress of childless marriages. Yet the incentives are not enough to break the stigma surrounding the collection of donations. "Virtually all donors present themselves to the clinic furtively," says Dr Joe Wanyoike, a senior lecturer at the University of Nairobi's Obstetrics and Gynaecology department and consultant at the unit.
"They must be adults of at most 30 years of age and single," says the doctor who underwent special training in Israel and South Africa.
The donors, he says, are usually students at the University of Nairobi's medical school and the neighbouring Medical Training College.
"Although we request the students to come forward through memos placed strategically on noticeboards, they only present themselves during odd hours of the day when they are unlikely to be noticed by their colleagues, especially female students."
A donor is allowed to give seeds only twice in a lifetime
The odd-hour connection is linked to a contentious part of the exercise, masturbation, which remains the only available means of producing donor sperms.
Wanyoike quips: "Medical science has yet to come up with a better method of extracting sperms."
Whereas sperm donors in the developed countries have to be provided with pornographic pictures or videos to enhance masturbation, the imaginations of local philanthropists is fertile enough they do well on their own, says Wanyoike.
As an incentive, he says, the donors are paid for their services. The hospital gives sperm donors Sh3,000 per donation. For obvious reasons, students prefer to make the donations during holidays when their colleagues are away. When they travel to the city to do so, the hospital gives them a return ticket.
That medical students - doctors in the making - make the majority of donors may be particularly gratifying for potential recipients since it is believed that a good chunk of intelligence is hereditary.
A donor is allowed to give seeds only twice in a lifetime and within six months. This, says Wanyoike, "ensures that there are not too many children sired by one person with different women thus reducing the chances of incestuous marriages".
To avoid misunderstanding, Wanyoike says donors do not actually sell their seeds. Rather, he emphasises, the volunteers are paid a 'gratuity' for the trouble they are subjected to when delivering the crucial items.
Artificial insemination for humans, he says, is an expensive undertaking because of the huge cost of screening, first for the donors and then the sperm samples. Thorough screening is done to safeguard recipients of donated sperms from disease and hereditary disorders, the potential offspring. It is also done to guard against medical-legal problems in case a disease is transmitted.
It goes beyond the donor as an individual. His family history must be thoroughly investigated and understood. Potential donors whose family background shows chronic diseases such as diabetes, asthma, cancer, mental illness and sickle-cell anaemia are unlikely to be accepted.
Donor success rate is high
Volunteers must be free from HIV/Aids, syphilis, hepatitis B and C, chlamydia and other sexually transmitted diseases. When a donor passes these tests, says Wanyoike, his seeds are received in a standard vial. The sample is then screened for sperm count.
Wanyoike describes a typical sample: "A normal shot of ejaculation should have at least 20 million sperms, 70 per cent of which must be able to swim into the fallopian tubes where fertilisation usually takes place.
"The seeds are stored for three months, after which a repeat test is conducted for HIV. Three months is the incubation period it takes for the HIV/Aids virus to be spotted by conventional laboratory tests if infection had taken place just before the donation was made."
The University of Nairobi's College of Health Sciences within KNH, where the sperm bank is located.
But the donor success rate is high. Only about 10 per cent of specimens fail the HIV test, an indication that although HIV/Aids infection may not very prevalent among medical students, it is present nevertheless.
Those who fail the test, says Wanyoike, are counselled and referred to the hospital for free treatment.
Although it represents the biggest hope of getting a child for many, artificial insemination may still be out reach for the common man.
"Every sample collected from a donor," Wanyoike says, "is divided into six portions. A portion completes one artificial insemination cycle and the recipient pays a fee of Sh15,000 for each. There is no discount for a repeat cycle in case the preceding one fails. Recipients have to pay for every cycle regardless of the number of attempts they make."
The success rate for artificial insemination in humans is 20 per cent compared to 25 per cent chances of conception through natural sexual intercourse.
Wanyoike attributes this to freshness of sperms in the latter case.
"Fresh sperms are more effective in fertilisation as opposed to those that are stored in freezing temperatures."
Most recipients are middle and upper class married women
Unlike other human tissues capable of being donated, sperms can be stored for ages. The seeds are stored in liquid nitrogen at minus 196 degrees centigrade.
There are usually more than 200 specimens in the bank at any time and stocks are replenished every three months with between 10 and 15 donors presenting themselves. Recipients, says Wanyoike, are middle and upper class married women who cannot conceive because their husbands are impotent.
Human artificial insemination started in the 1960s. As is the case with most revolutionary medical advances, it is an offshoot of artificial insemination in livestock meant for crossbreeding and development hybrid pedigrees, says Wanyoike.
When a couple shows up at the KNH clinic requesting the service, their physical characteristics are carefully matched with those of the donor so as to ensure that the desired offspring will have as close an appearance to the parents as is practically possible.
For this matter, vials in which sperms are stored are labelled with clear details depicting complexion, race and stature of the donor while remembering to keep the identity of the donor anonymous.
However, the doctor says the department is yet to handle demands from other races apart from native Africans. There are no samples from or for other races stored at the bank.
On several occasions, Muslims donors have demanded that their sperms be strictly donated to couples professing this religion. Such a request is honoured unwaveringly, he says.
But can a woman be inseminated with her spouse's sperms? Wanyoike says that would be a distinct possibility. There are cases where conception fails not because a man cannot stand to the occasion but because sperms are simply unable to swim despite being normal and the count sufficient.
"In this case, the seeds are washed with reagents at the clinic to strengthen them for the upstream swim. They are then inseminated at the standard cost. In other instances, a woman might have sperm antibodies in the cervical mucus that inevitably kill the seeds. In this case, artificial insemination comes handy to bypass the unfriendly environment and therefore ensure conception.
Lack of policy to regulate artificial insemination
The facility offers hope not only for infertile couples but also those in which the man is undergoing cancer treatment.
"Patients of cancer who undergo chemotherapy and radiotherapy often become impotent. For this matter it is advisable for such patients to store their sperms in case they would need to procreate in future," says Wanyoike.
What causes male infertility or azoospermia as it is called in medical jargon? Wanyoike has an array of explanations.
"Some of the causes include undescended testes, chromosomal abnormality and other acquired complications from diseases like mumps, sexually transmitted diseases and ochitis."
Other people who might need Wanyoike's services are those who are unlucky to have blocked vas deferens, the vessel that carries sperms from testis.
Despite the potential artificial insemination has for unhappy couples, Kenya has no policy to regulate this activity. For the last six years, however, Wanyoike and five other medical specialists, supported by the University of Nairobi and the Kenyatta National Hospital, go about their duties at the country only public sperm bank unwavering.
They are guided by the Hippocratic oath taken by all trained doctors, moral ethics and their consciences.
The facility, for example, bars single women from receiving the service on moral grounds. Says Wanyoike: "We do not offer this service to single women in order to discourage lesbianism and homosexuality. Besides, even married couples must prove that medical examinations have established a husband's impotence."
As demand for donated sperms rises - an average of two couples receive artificial insemination at KNH every week - the need for a policy becomes even more crucial. For example, is a hospital under any obligation to disclose the identity of a sperm donor to a couple receiving it? How about children sired from the sperms if they seek their father's identity?
No personal details of donors or recipients are kept
Because no personal details of donors or recipients are kept, it is not possible for a donor, recipient or offspring to trace each other.
But Wanyoike feels that the facility may be forced to change some of its unwritten rules with pressure from gays and lesbians demanding their place in the society as witnessed recently during the World Social Forum.
The Ministry of Health is not asleep as far as these matters are concerned. Soon after the department was instituted in 2000, the ministry formed a task force to formulate policies to regulate the operations of sperm banks.
Regrettably, says Wanyoike, who is part of the committee, the group has not met. In this legal vacuum, he says, many things can go wrong.
"For instance, our hands are tied in say a case where a donor for some reason decides to withdraw his sperms. We have no option but to grant such a wish without demanding the refund of the expenses the hospital has incurred," he says.
But Wanyoike and his team have other challenges. "Although many couples are suffering outside there, very few approach us for this service for fear of stigmatisation. This is because infertility is usually diagnosed after many years of childless marriages. By this time, many will have known of the couples predicament."
Indeed, after benefiting from Wanyoike's services, many couples would prefer to credit their success "to this or that miracle" or even a witchdoctor's potion.
Wanyoike regrets that there is no mechanism for letting children born out of artificial insemination from donated sperms to know the truth of their biological parentage, although this is allowed in the developed countries.
In the absence of a policy and despite the stigma surrounding their work, Wanyoike and his colleagues continue discharging their duties as diligently as they can. The smiles on the faces of satisfied clients buoy the team even if the scientists are not acknowledged.
Copyright © 2007 The East African Standard. All rights reserved. Distributed by AllAfrica Global Media ( allAfrica.com ). To contact the copyright holder directly for corrections — or for permission to republish or make other authorized use of this material, click here.
AllAfrica publishes around 700 reports a day from more than 140 news organizations and over 500 other institutions and individuals , representing a diversity of positions on every topic. We publish news and views ranging from vigorous opponents of governments to government publications and spokespersons. Publishers named above each report are responsible for their own content, which AllAfrica does not have the legal right to edit or correct.
Articles and commentaries that identify allAfrica.com as the publisher are produced or commissioned by AllAfrica . To address comments or complaints, please Contact us .
| Sperm bank |
How many feathers feature in the Prince of Wales coat of arms ? | Kenya: Sperm Bank Clients And Unique Donors - allAfrica.com
Kenya: Sperm Bank Clients And Unique Donors
more
By Maore Ithula
Nairobi — It is a different kind of bank. Depositors, who encounter absolutely no queues, are paid a flat rate of Sh3,000.
It takes a couple of minutes to deposit - usually in millions - at the hospital within which it is located.
The deposits are then kept in vaults much cooler than Siberia, safe from the hands of thieves, robbers and moths. For withdrawals, the bank matches your details to that of the donor, so you do not have to meet. Robbery is unheard of and interest high, especially for impotent men.
Six years ago, conservative Kenyans held their breath when Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH) introduced the first sperm bank in East and Central Africa. The openng of the facility, it was reported, had been triggered by 'increasing demand for human artificial insemination'.
Women whose husbands had been found impotent, needed to be relieved of the pain and stress of childless marriages. Yet the incentives are not enough to break the stigma surrounding the collection of donations. "Virtually all donors present themselves to the clinic furtively," says Dr Joe Wanyoike, a senior lecturer at the University of Nairobi's Obstetrics and Gynaecology department and consultant at the unit.
"They must be adults of at most 30 years of age and single," says the doctor who underwent special training in Israel and South Africa.
The donors, he says, are usually students at the University of Nairobi's medical school and the neighbouring Medical Training College.
"Although we request the students to come forward through memos placed strategically on noticeboards, they only present themselves during odd hours of the day when they are unlikely to be noticed by their colleagues, especially female students."
A donor is allowed to give seeds only twice in a lifetime
The odd-hour connection is linked to a contentious part of the exercise, masturbation, which remains the only available means of producing donor sperms.
Wanyoike quips: "Medical science has yet to come up with a better method of extracting sperms."
Whereas sperm donors in the developed countries have to be provided with pornographic pictures or videos to enhance masturbation, the imaginations of local philanthropists is fertile enough they do well on their own, says Wanyoike.
As an incentive, he says, the donors are paid for their services. The hospital gives sperm donors Sh3,000 per donation. For obvious reasons, students prefer to make the donations during holidays when their colleagues are away. When they travel to the city to do so, the hospital gives them a return ticket.
That medical students - doctors in the making - make the majority of donors may be particularly gratifying for potential recipients since it is believed that a good chunk of intelligence is hereditary.
A donor is allowed to give seeds only twice in a lifetime and within six months. This, says Wanyoike, "ensures that there are not too many children sired by one person with different women thus reducing the chances of incestuous marriages".
To avoid misunderstanding, Wanyoike says donors do not actually sell their seeds. Rather, he emphasises, the volunteers are paid a 'gratuity' for the trouble they are subjected to when delivering the crucial items.
Artificial insemination for humans, he says, is an expensive undertaking because of the huge cost of screening, first for the donors and then the sperm samples. Thorough screening is done to safeguard recipients of donated sperms from disease and hereditary disorders, the potential offspring. It is also done to guard against medical-legal problems in case a disease is transmitted.
It goes beyond the donor as an individual. His family history must be thoroughly investigated and understood. Potential donors whose family background shows chronic diseases such as diabetes, asthma, cancer, mental illness and sickle-cell anaemia are unlikely to be accepted.
Donor success rate is high
Volunteers must be free from HIV/Aids, syphilis, hepatitis B and C, chlamydia and other sexually transmitted diseases. When a donor passes these tests, says Wanyoike, his seeds are received in a standard vial. The sample is then screened for sperm count.
Wanyoike describes a typical sample: "A normal shot of ejaculation should have at least 20 million sperms, 70 per cent of which must be able to swim into the fallopian tubes where fertilisation usually takes place.
"The seeds are stored for three months, after which a repeat test is conducted for HIV. Three months is the incubation period it takes for the HIV/Aids virus to be spotted by conventional laboratory tests if infection had taken place just before the donation was made."
The University of Nairobi's College of Health Sciences within KNH, where the sperm bank is located.
But the donor success rate is high. Only about 10 per cent of specimens fail the HIV test, an indication that although HIV/Aids infection may not very prevalent among medical students, it is present nevertheless.
Those who fail the test, says Wanyoike, are counselled and referred to the hospital for free treatment.
Although it represents the biggest hope of getting a child for many, artificial insemination may still be out reach for the common man.
"Every sample collected from a donor," Wanyoike says, "is divided into six portions. A portion completes one artificial insemination cycle and the recipient pays a fee of Sh15,000 for each. There is no discount for a repeat cycle in case the preceding one fails. Recipients have to pay for every cycle regardless of the number of attempts they make."
The success rate for artificial insemination in humans is 20 per cent compared to 25 per cent chances of conception through natural sexual intercourse.
Wanyoike attributes this to freshness of sperms in the latter case.
"Fresh sperms are more effective in fertilisation as opposed to those that are stored in freezing temperatures."
Most recipients are middle and upper class married women
Unlike other human tissues capable of being donated, sperms can be stored for ages. The seeds are stored in liquid nitrogen at minus 196 degrees centigrade.
There are usually more than 200 specimens in the bank at any time and stocks are replenished every three months with between 10 and 15 donors presenting themselves. Recipients, says Wanyoike, are middle and upper class married women who cannot conceive because their husbands are impotent.
Human artificial insemination started in the 1960s. As is the case with most revolutionary medical advances, it is an offshoot of artificial insemination in livestock meant for crossbreeding and development hybrid pedigrees, says Wanyoike.
When a couple shows up at the KNH clinic requesting the service, their physical characteristics are carefully matched with those of the donor so as to ensure that the desired offspring will have as close an appearance to the parents as is practically possible.
For this matter, vials in which sperms are stored are labelled with clear details depicting complexion, race and stature of the donor while remembering to keep the identity of the donor anonymous.
However, the doctor says the department is yet to handle demands from other races apart from native Africans. There are no samples from or for other races stored at the bank.
On several occasions, Muslims donors have demanded that their sperms be strictly donated to couples professing this religion. Such a request is honoured unwaveringly, he says.
But can a woman be inseminated with her spouse's sperms? Wanyoike says that would be a distinct possibility. There are cases where conception fails not because a man cannot stand to the occasion but because sperms are simply unable to swim despite being normal and the count sufficient.
"In this case, the seeds are washed with reagents at the clinic to strengthen them for the upstream swim. They are then inseminated at the standard cost. In other instances, a woman might have sperm antibodies in the cervical mucus that inevitably kill the seeds. In this case, artificial insemination comes handy to bypass the unfriendly environment and therefore ensure conception.
Lack of policy to regulate artificial insemination
The facility offers hope not only for infertile couples but also those in which the man is undergoing cancer treatment.
"Patients of cancer who undergo chemotherapy and radiotherapy often become impotent. For this matter it is advisable for such patients to store their sperms in case they would need to procreate in future," says Wanyoike.
What causes male infertility or azoospermia as it is called in medical jargon? Wanyoike has an array of explanations.
"Some of the causes include undescended testes, chromosomal abnormality and other acquired complications from diseases like mumps, sexually transmitted diseases and ochitis."
Other people who might need Wanyoike's services are those who are unlucky to have blocked vas deferens, the vessel that carries sperms from testis.
Despite the potential artificial insemination has for unhappy couples, Kenya has no policy to regulate this activity. For the last six years, however, Wanyoike and five other medical specialists, supported by the University of Nairobi and the Kenyatta National Hospital, go about their duties at the country only public sperm bank unwavering.
They are guided by the Hippocratic oath taken by all trained doctors, moral ethics and their consciences.
The facility, for example, bars single women from receiving the service on moral grounds. Says Wanyoike: "We do not offer this service to single women in order to discourage lesbianism and homosexuality. Besides, even married couples must prove that medical examinations have established a husband's impotence."
As demand for donated sperms rises - an average of two couples receive artificial insemination at KNH every week - the need for a policy becomes even more crucial. For example, is a hospital under any obligation to disclose the identity of a sperm donor to a couple receiving it? How about children sired from the sperms if they seek their father's identity?
No personal details of donors or recipients are kept
Because no personal details of donors or recipients are kept, it is not possible for a donor, recipient or offspring to trace each other.
But Wanyoike feels that the facility may be forced to change some of its unwritten rules with pressure from gays and lesbians demanding their place in the society as witnessed recently during the World Social Forum.
The Ministry of Health is not asleep as far as these matters are concerned. Soon after the department was instituted in 2000, the ministry formed a task force to formulate policies to regulate the operations of sperm banks.
Regrettably, says Wanyoike, who is part of the committee, the group has not met. In this legal vacuum, he says, many things can go wrong.
"For instance, our hands are tied in say a case where a donor for some reason decides to withdraw his sperms. We have no option but to grant such a wish without demanding the refund of the expenses the hospital has incurred," he says.
But Wanyoike and his team have other challenges. "Although many couples are suffering outside there, very few approach us for this service for fear of stigmatisation. This is because infertility is usually diagnosed after many years of childless marriages. By this time, many will have known of the couples predicament."
Indeed, after benefiting from Wanyoike's services, many couples would prefer to credit their success "to this or that miracle" or even a witchdoctor's potion.
Wanyoike regrets that there is no mechanism for letting children born out of artificial insemination from donated sperms to know the truth of their biological parentage, although this is allowed in the developed countries.
In the absence of a policy and despite the stigma surrounding their work, Wanyoike and his colleagues continue discharging their duties as diligently as they can. The smiles on the faces of satisfied clients buoy the team even if the scientists are not acknowledged.
Copyright © 2007 The East African Standard. All rights reserved. Distributed by AllAfrica Global Media ( allAfrica.com ). To contact the copyright holder directly for corrections — or for permission to republish or make other authorized use of this material, click here.
AllAfrica publishes around 700 reports a day from more than 140 news organizations and over 500 other institutions and individuals , representing a diversity of positions on every topic. We publish news and views ranging from vigorous opponents of governments to government publications and spokespersons. Publishers named above each report are responsible for their own content, which AllAfrica does not have the legal right to edit or correct.
Articles and commentaries that identify allAfrica.com as the publisher are produced or commissioned by AllAfrica . To address comments or complaints, please Contact us .
| i don't know |
Which soccer club began life as Newton Heath ? | Manchester United F.C. Team – Live Scores
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Perhaps the most famous soccer club name in the World, Manchester United remain the main rival to Real Madrid as the World’s most popular and richest club. United, or the Red Devils as they are known have had an eventful history that has seen them begin life as a team made up of railway workers in Manchester and suffer through the problems of the Munich air disaster. Finally, in the 1990s a period of sustained success began with the arrival of manager Sir Alex Ferguson, French striker Eric Cantona and a group of homegrown players.
Manchester United play their home games at Old Trafford, a stadium with a capacity of 75,635 at the start of the 2014-15 season. Old Trafford has been the home of Manchester United since February 1909 when the ambitious group of local businessmen who had rescued the club from financial disaster decided Bank Street was too small to meet their needs. The club began life in 1878 as Newton Heath, playing their games at a series of fields and grounds around Manchester before finally arriving at Old Trafford. For the majority of teh early years of their existence Newton Heath played in the Combination league in the north west of England. United then joined the Football Alliance, an early rival of the Football League that was merged into the more successful version after a short period of time.
Winning their first Football League title in 1908, Manchester united went on to win the FA Cup the following year, a trophy they had won 11 times by the start of the 2014-15 season. Success eluded Manchester United after this time until the post Second World War years when Sir Matt Busby took control of the playing side of the club and was also made responsible for purchasing players. In the early 1950s Busby assembled the first great Manchester United squad, known in the press as the Busby Babes, winning the league championship for the first time in 1952 ans again in 1956. Busby lobbied hard to allow United to become the first English team to compete in the European Cup/Champions League in 1957. The first example of a Manchester United team combining great players bought by the club and those who were schooled in soccer from a young age was created. However, on February 6th 1958 a plane carrying players, personnel and members of the press crashed during takeoff from an airfield in Munich killing 23, including eight players.
Sir Matt Busby and a number of legendary players survived the Munich Air Disaster, including Bobby Charlton. Busby rebuilt the team through the 1960s and brought together legendary players Denis Law and George Best, Northern Irish international Best remains one of the top players to have ever played soccer. The team rebuilt by Busby eventually won the FA Cup and two league titles in 1965 and 1967, before becoming the first English team to win the European Cup in 1968.
After the departure of Busby, Manchester united became FA Cup specialists under a succession of managers, until the arrival of Sir Alex Ferguson in 1986. Ferguson managed the club until the close of the 2012-2013 season and became the most successful manager in the history of the club. Bringing together some of the best players in the World and trusting in the youth program of the club, Ferguson began his winning run with the 1990 FA Cup and went on to win two Champions League titles, 13 of the 20 league championship won by the club and five of the 11 FA Cups the club has won.
Manchester United are famous for wearing their red shirts with white short and black socks, the original colors worn by the club were the green and gold of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway. Over the years the club has grown rivalries with a number of teams, most notably cross city rivals Manchester City. The greatest rivalry in the history of Manchester united has been with Liverpool, which began with the two cities growing during the Industrial Revolution. Other teams classed as historic rivals include Leeds United and Arsenal, a rivalry which grew over the course of the 1990s during a long time feud between managers Ferguson and Arsene Wenger.
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| Manchester United F.C. |
How many events are there in a decathlon ? | Newton Heath LYR Football Club | soccersjerseys
Newton Heath LYR Football Club
July 23, 2011 2 Comments
Long History of Manchester United FC
Executive Summary about Newton Heath LYR Football Club by BBC UK
Newton Heath LYR, or ‘The Heathens’, was the name of Manchester United Football Club when it was first founded. The LYR stood for Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway and was added to distinguish this club from Newton Heath Loco (who were part of the Motive Power Division of the company). The team played on a ground close to the railway yard in North Road. Here they played matches against other departments or other railway companies. Newton Heath played in shirts that were half gold and half green (It’s different with Manchester United away Shirt ) and was run by the Dining Room Committee of the Carriage and Wagon Works.
The Football League
In 1888, the Football League was formed, but the players of Newton Heath did not think they were good enough to join and compete with established teams such as Blackburn Rovers and Preston North End. However, in that same year, the team did not lose a single home game until October (when they were beaten by a Canadian side). In 1890, Newton Heath, looking for more challenging opposition, applied for membership of the Football League. Newton Heath was not deterred by this and instead joined an organization called the Football Alliance. Newton Heath began to sever their links with the railway company and the letters ‘LYR’ were dropped from their title. The club appointed its first full-time official, AH Albut. Newton Heath set out to impress the League and finished as runners-up in the 1891-2 season. Newton Heath joined the First Division, and local rivals Ardwick, joined the Second Division.
The club finished at the bottom of the table, having conceded 85 goals and managed only 18 themselves. However, they remained in Division One after beating Small Heath in a ‘test match’.
The club moved across Manchester to a ground at Bank Street, Clayton. The article claimed that Newton Heath had been using brutal methods to win matches and the Football Association needed to deal with the matter. The year after, as Newton Heath fought for survival, the Manchester Civil Court judge granted the team one farthing in damages, and ordered that both parties must pay their own costs.
Second Division
That same year, after losing a play-off match against Liverpool, the club was relegated to the Second Division. In 1897, Newton Heath managed to make it to the play-offs, but this was as far as they managed to get. The following season, local rivals Manchester City leapfrogged them and were promoted to Division One. Morale within the club began to fall as their game worsened and attendance at their matches dropped.
Manchester United – A New Era
Newton Heath soon found itself facing serious financial problems. In 1902, Newton Heath’s President, William Healey, took them to court to apply for their compulsory winding up. Their savior came in the shape of Harry Stafford, the full-back and captain of the team. He began to fundraiser, organizing such things as the selling of Heathen shares for £1, and a ‘Grand Bazaar’. John Henry Davies went on to become president of Newton Heath and was later to invest £60,000 in the building of their new ground, Old Trafford. Newton Heath had been saved by this fundraising and was entering a new era. After ideas such as ‘Manchester Celtic’ and ‘Manchester Central’ were rejected, it was decided that the new name would be ‘Manchester United’. Now, Manchester United Soccer Jersey s is Red and White.
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Which children's television show featured the characters of George, Zippy and Bungle ? | Children's TV show Rainbow 'contained hidden messages to homosexualise all children' - Mirror Online
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Children's TV show Rainbow 'contained hidden messages to homosexualise all children'
The long-running kids show, appeared to feature the adventures of Zippy, George and Bungle but one pastor has said it was littered with subliminal messages
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Iconic: Rainbow's Bungle, Zippy, George and Geoffrey
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Iconic children's TV programme Rainbow may have been made to 'homosexualise all children' with hidden messages, a pastor has claimed.
The kids show, which featured the adventures of characters such as Zippy, George and Bungle, ran on ITV from 1972 until 1992.
But Daniel Erickson-Hull, who posts religious videos as "Pastor D" under the “End Times News Ministry” YouTube channel believes the shows may have been littered with subliminal messages.
He draws attention to the title sequence, in which a rainbow appears to flow into a hardback book.
Mr Erickson-Hull poses the question: “Is this supposed to be the rainbow infiltrating the bible?
“Perhaps there is nothing in this, a coincidence? But it seemed worth raising as a possibility."
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Pastor Erickson-Hull's contact details also appear on the home page of a website for Higher Ground Church in Chigwell, Essex - an evangelical Christian church.Many of the video's viewers appear to agree with the suggestion.
One wrote that two of Rainbow's main characters, Bungle the bear and furry pink hippo George were "extremely camp".
Favourites: George and Zippy were stars of the show (Photo: Rex)
Another added: "The music sounded very gay to me. And the guy with the puppets? He may very well be married to a male puppet. Any guy with a bunch of puppets you have to wonder about."
The rainbow symbol has become a symbol of the LGBT community.
Read more: Church of England clergyman banned from taking services because he married gay partner
But other posters had little time for the pastor's theory.
One said: “Really wasting your time with this rather than focusing on other good things you could be doing with your ministry and life,” wrote one.
Another added: “Not everything that bears the image of a rainbow has hidden queer overtones.
Higher Ground Church has been contacted for comment.
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| Rainbow |
In which film did Roy Scheider play a sheriff and Richard Dreyfus a marine biologist ? | What happened to Rainbow stars? The surreal stories of Geoffrey, Zippy and Bungle after TV fame - Mirror Online
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What happened to Rainbow stars? The surreal stories of Geoffrey, Zippy and Bungle after TV fame
From the courtroom to the stage on BBC One's the voice - the real-life cast can boast stories just as colourful as their characters
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Iconic: (l-r) Geroge, Geoffrey Hayes, Zippy, and Bungle
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Iconic children's TV show Rainbow is back in the headlines after a church pastor accused the programme of 'containing hidden messages to homosexualise all children'.
Pastor Daniel Erickson-Hull accused the show's opening credits of featuring hidden messages - including one of homosexuality infiltrating the bible.
The show ran for more than 1,000 episodes between 1972 and 1992 and featured the adventures of puppets Zippy and George, and giant bear Bungle.
Their squabbles were played out in front of presenter Geoffrey Hayes for 18 years of its 20-year run on ITV.
But the real-life cast can boast stories just as colourful as their characters in the years since the show was taken off air.
From Bungle to The Voice
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Paul Cullinan was the last actor to play Bungle, the furry but clumsy bear, up until the show finished in 1992.
But aged 48, he made a bid for fame outside the fluffy costume by appearing on BBC One talent show The Voice .
Voice: Paul Cullinan tried to make it as a singer after playing Bungle (Photo: BBC)
'Friendly creature': Bungle the bear (Photo: Mirrorpix)
Judge and Kaiser Chiefs frontman Ricky Wilson was thrilled with the appearance, informing the crowd: “There was a guy called Geoffrey who lived in a house with a pink hippo, a thing, I don’t know what he was, called Zippy, with a zip for a mouth.”
But he failed to impress the judges and was eliminated at the audition stage.
From TV icon to supermarket shelf stacker
Geoffrey Hayes became part of millions of children's lives in his role as presenter of the show from 1974 to 1992.
But after the show was cancelled he was forced to leave fame behind and find work as a supermarket shelf stacker and later as a taxi driver.
He also made a tongue-in-cheek appearance as a cabbie in a music video for Oasis tribute band NoWaySis.
Favourite: Geoffrey Hayes was on our screens for 18 years as presenter of rainbow (Photo: Rex)
Reunited: Geoffrey with Zippy and George puppets
He told the BBC in 2002, that starring in Rainbow had been, "the 20 happiest years of my life"
Hayes was reunited with his old friend Bungle after buying the old costume for £3,760 in the same year.
Zippy was also a dalek (twice)
Peter Hawkins and Roy Skelton - who between them voiced Zippy for the duration of Rainbow's stint on our screens - both played Daleks on Doctor Who.
Puppets: George and Zippy at the height of their fame (Photo: Rex)
Hawkins also became well-known for his gibberish voiceovers in children's favourite Bill and Ben The Flowerpot Men.
Hawkins died in 2006 and Skelton died in 2011.
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With which football club would you associate the Toon Army? | Toon Army Blog - Newcastle United Blog, Newcastle Blog, Newcastle United Forum, Newcastle United News, Newcastle United Football
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Welcome to our dedicated Newcastle Utd Blog
This football blog site offers a discussion platform for fans to discuss news stories relating to the trials and tribulations of Newcastle United Football club. The site is obviously aimed at members of the Toon Army but all football fans are welcome to contribute no matter where your allegiances lie.
The site works simply like most other blog sites - I will post articles throughout the season reporting on whats happening at the club and offer my views on the latest Newcastle Fixtures, Newcastle Transfer Rumours, Newcastle results etc and you can then comment on these articles and let me know what you think and whether you agree or disagree.
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The latest news stories are below or you can access older stories via the archives section.
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Who is the animated star of the computer game Tomb Raider? | Newcastle United - Historical Football Kits
Historical Football Kits
Formed 1881 as Stanley FC. Name changed to East End FC 1882
1883 z
1894-1897 a f v D
1897-1900 a h v D
1900-1902 3t D
1909-1913 d u v D
1913-1914 u
1920-1929 c j v D
1930-1931 v B
1932-1958 c m v D
Cold weather strip until 1960
1958-1961 r D
1961-1963 j r v D
1963-1964 g D
1972-1974 b s v F
Bukta
1976-1978 b C D E
Bukta
Aug-Oct 1982 b e p
Oct 1982-1983 G
1990-Dec 1991 b e n x
Umbro
Dec 1991-1993 b e h x
Asics
Background
Until quite recently it was widely held that Newcastle United came into being as the result of a merger between the city's two professional teams. Joannou & Candlish's Pioneers of the North (2009) reveals a rather more complicated story.
During the 1880s two football clubs emerged as offshoots of cricket clubs in Newcastle and gradually became pre-eminent in the city. West End FC originally played on a pitch in an area called Newcastle Leazes, part of the Town Moor common and their earliest colours were recorded as "red and black jerseys." Joannou and Candlish confirm that both striped and "quartered" versions were worn contemporaneously. During the summer of 1885 football was banned on Town Moor so West End moved to Moor Edge in Jesmond, a ground they shared with Newcastle Association. In May 1886, West End relocated to St James Park on Gallowgate, which had been previously occupied by the now defunct Rangers FC .
West End's great rivals were formed as Stanley FC in the same year, 1881, and played in the Byker district of the city. They became East End FC in October 1882 after a second Stanley FC from the town of that name in County Durham affiliated to the Northumberland & Durham FA. Shortly afterwards they absorbed Rosewood FC who henceforward would play as the East End Second XI. The club was further strengthened in 1887 when they absorbed Cheviot FC and Union Harriers.
During the 1880s the East and West End clubs gradually eclipsed the older clubs in the city, Rangers and Tyne Association. By the end of the decade they regularly hosted friendly matches against the leading English and Scottish sides and in 1889 both turned fully professional and were importing players from Scotland in increasing numbers. Both sides competed in the Northern League but neither was strong enough to win the championship.
In the early 1890s it became apparent that the city could not support two professional teams with ambitions to play in the Football League. West End had the better ground but attendances were declining and the team were performing poorly whereas East End, with an inferior ground had the stronger team. The crunch came in May 1892 when, after the team managed just one win in their Northern League campaign, the directors of West End announced the club would be wound up. In a final act of considerable foresight, the principal directors of the club offered their rivals the pick of their playing staff and other assets including the lease on St James' Park.
East End's application to join the Football League that month attracted just one vote but they were invited to join the newly formed Second Division. This they declined because it seemed unlikely that playing at a lower level nationally would compensate for the considerably increased travel costs they would incur. The committee now turned their attention to broadening the appeal of the club to the supporters of both East and West End teams and at a meeting on 9 December 1892, Newcastle United was born. Curiously, although the new name was recognised by the FA, it was not until 1895 that Newcastle United was legally constituted.
The team continued to play in East End's red until 1894 when the famous black and white stripes were adopted. These were the colours worn by the amateur reserve team formed in 1891 and sometimes used as a change strip. They were perhaps chosen because they were associated with neither of the former clubs.
In 1893 United were elected to one of the the four vacancies created by the expansion of Division Two. In 1898, Newcastle contested the test matches to decide promotion and relegation but missed out in the mini-league competition. Following allegations that the test match between Burnley and Stoke had been fixed, it was decided to expand the League with four additional places. Newcastle and Blackburn were voted into Division One (rendering the test matches meaningless). Promotion and relegation issues after this were decided automatically until the introduction of play-offs in the 1990s.
The Edwardian period proved to be Newcastle's golden age. With a squad dominated by talented Scots, United won three League Championships (1905, 1907, 1909) and reached five FA Cup Finals (1905, 1906,
1909, 1910 and 1911) but won only once, in 1910. The city's coat of arms appeared on the team's shirts for the first time in the 1910 final. A slightly different version was worn in the final a year later and this appeared in every Cup Final United played in but did not appear in Football League matches until 1969-70.
After the Great War, "The Magpies" won the FA Cup again in 1924 and three years later were League Champions for the fourth time (1927). In 1932 United beat Arsenal in the FA Cup final with an infamous goal that was later shown to have been scored from a cross after the ball had crossed the goal-line. Two years later the club was relegated to Division Two.
In 1948 United were promoted back to Division One in front of average home gates of 57,000. Within five years the club lifted the FA Cup three times (1951, 1952, 1955) with teams featuring the Chilean Robledo brothers, "Wor Jackie" Milburn and Bobby "Dazzler" Mitchell. This would be, sadly, the last glory that the team
with such devoted support would achieve for some time. Relegated in 1961, United returned to Division One in 1965 but continued to be unpredictable.
In 1969 Newcastle unexpectedly won the Inter-City Fairs Cup (forerunner of the UEFA Cup). Following this success, the crest became a permanent feature on the team's shirts. This proved an isolated success, however. In the 1970s the brash Malcolm "Supermac" Macdonald proved one of the League's finest goal scorers but appearances in the FA Cup final (1974) and League Cup final (1976) both ended in defeat despite his presence. Curiously a very different crest (right) appeared on official documents, programmes and merchandise but not on the team shirts during this period.
In 1976 the club adopted its own crest, which featured a magpie
standing in front of a castle and above flowing water, representing the River Tyne. The choice of a roundel rather than a shield was typical of the fashion of the time.
In 1978, the "Toon" were relegated to Division Two and were going nowhere until ex-England skipper Kevin Keegan was persuaded to join the club as captain. A new crest introduced at the start of the 1983-84 season was intended to presage a new period of progress and achievement. A stylised disc made up of the letters NUFC, it was embroidered on to the striped home shirts in silver-grey, making it virtually invisible. Nevertheless, Keegan inspired both players and fans and led the side to promotion in storming style in 1984.
The new style crest was not particularly popular and in 1988 it was replaced by a more traditional but streamlined design that borrowed several elements from the city coat of arms, such as the supporters (a pair of sea-horses) while
the cross of St George appears on a blue pennant rather than a white one (possibly to avoid any suggestion of the colours of the team's greatest rivals, Sunderland.) The centre-piece is a shield in the club's famous stripes. This elegant design has proved both popular and durable and served unchanged for over 20 years.
When Keegan retired the club was wracked by board room struggles that ultimately saw Toon relegated again in 1989. With money drying up, star players such as Paul Gascoigne were sold off and support dwindled. In 1992, United were struggling to fend off relegation to Division Three and losing up to £700,000 a year in interest charges alone when Sir John Hall took control and appointed Kevin Keegan, out of football since he retired as a player in 1984, as manager.
Relegation was avoided and over the following seasons Hall invested millions to transform St James' Park and introduce quality players while Keegan inspired his players. Promoted to the Premiership as champions of Nationwide Division One in 1993, Toon became serious contenders for the Premiership title. In 1996 Newcastle paid a record £15m to bring Alan Shearer, a native Geordie and acknowledged as the finest centre-forward in Europe, to the club. In January Keegan decided to walk away rather than deal with the pressure of management at this level, a move that stunned everyone associated with the club. Keegan's place was taken by first Kenny Dalglish and then Ruud Gullitt, both of whom proved disastrous.
In 1999 the highly respected Bobby Robson returned to his native city to take over as manager. He stabilised the club and led them back into regular European Champions League competition. After a row in 2004, Robson was controversially replaced with Graeme Souness. Newcastle were transformed into serious contenders for domestic and European honours but have so far failed to deliver, despite the devoted support of the Toon Army of supporters that regularly fills their ground. The signing of Michael Owen in 2005 added yet another hero to United's tradition of great centre-forwards but the back room struggles and mismanagement that have dogged this famous club intensified. In May 2007 chairman, Freddy Shepherd sold his majority shareholding to Mike Ashley, a previously reclusive entrepreneur who took to sitting with fans in the stands rather than the directors' box. Ashley brought Kevin Keegan back as manager, a coup greeted with enthusiasm by the Toon Army but his decision to create a "continental management structure" that included Denis Wise as Executive Director (Football) as well as executives with responsibility for player recruitment, "technical co-ordination" and "operations" resulted in chaos. Keegan resigned after 232 days leading to vociferous demonstrations by supporters against Ashley and the board.
Ashley announced that he was putting the club up for sale and appointed Joe Kinnear as interim manager. When no buyer came forward, Ashley announced his intention to stay with the club and appoint Kinnear as permanent manager but ill-health forced Kinnear to withdraw. On 1 April 2009, with the team struggling near the foot of the table, Alan Shearer agreed to become interim-manager while Denis Wise departed a few days later. It was, however, far too late and Shearer was unable to save the club from relegation.
The following season, after Ashley failed to find a buyer, Chris Hughton was confirmed as manager and rallied the team who ran away with the Championship to bounce back immediately to the Premier League.
On 1 January 2012, Virgin Money formally acquired Northern Rock from HM Government (the bank had been nationalised in 2008 at the beginning of the global financial crisis) and their logo was introduced onto the team's shirts. After an outstanding season, Toon won a place in the Europa League, the first time they had qualified for Europe since 2004.
Geordie fans became increasingly disillusioned with Mike Ashley's regime and the cynical way in which the club was turned into a vehicle for generating cash rather than competing for silverware. The club recorded £18.7m profit in 2013-14 and had an additional £34m sitting in the bank while many staff worked on zero-hours contracts for the minimum wage (a business model imported from Ashley's Sports Direct company). A depleted squad of budget imports (only seven members of the first-team squad were British) plunged from a safe mid-table position into the relegation zone in 2015-16 and wound up in the Championship
You are welcome to Contact Me with corrections and additions.
Sources
(e) True Colours (John Devlin 2005)
(f) Association of Football Statisticians - provided by Pete Wyatt
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What was Sarah, the Duchess of York's maiden name ? | Sarah, Duchess of York - Royal Family Tree: who's who in the British Royal Family - wewomen
Royal Family Tree: who's who in the British Royal Family
Sarah Ferguson (10 February 2010) © Startraks Photo/Rex Features
Sarah, Duchess of York
Name: Sarah Margaret (née Ferguson)
Title: Duchess of York
Parents: Maj Ronald Ferguson and Susan Barrantes (née Wright)
Married: Prince Andrew, Duke of York
Children: Princess Beatrice of York, Princess Eugenie of York
_____________
Sarah, Duchess of York is the daughter of Major Ronald Ferguson and Susan Mary Wright. She was born on the 15th October 1959 in London.
Her parents divorced when Sarah was 13 years-old. She grew up in Hampshire with her father and older sister, as her mother re-married an Argentinean polo player and moved to Argentina.
Major Ferguson also re-married and had three more children with his second wife.
Though Sarah was considered a commoner by birth, she had aristocratic ancestry and described her family as "old money".
Sarah married Prince Andrew after reigniting their acquaintance at Royal Ascot. They had previously met a number of Polo competitions.
Permission to marry was granted by Queen Elizabeth II and the pair duly married on 23rd july 1986. As wife of Prince Andrew, Duke of York, Sarah was immediately afforded the style her Royal Highness, The Duchess of York. She also became a princess of the United Kingdom.
In 1988 Sarah gave birth to the couple's first daughter Princess Beatrice of York and two year's later to another daughter, Princess Eugenie of York.
Though her marriage to Andrew appeared strong, the couple separated and eventually divorced in 1996. The split was amicable and the pair remained friends, sharing the custody of thier two young daughters.
Her divorce meant that the Duchess lost her title of Princess but she retained the style Duchess of York (although she would lose this if she were to remarry).
After the divorce Sarah, Duchess of York, eschewed a large settlement in the hope of maintaining cordial relationships with the Royal Family. In order to earn her own money, she became a media personality in America and was named as spokesperson for Weight Watchers U.S. after losing the excess weight she piled on during her divorce.
The Duchess of York's repuation has been mired by scandal as she was filmed accepting cash for introducing business associated to Prince Andrew. His camp denied the Prince was in on the deal.
| Ferguson |
What word is used to describe a group of ants ? | Duchess of York completes reconciliation with Royal family as she curtseys to the Queen at Ascot - Telegraph
The Royal Family
Duchess of York completes reconciliation with Royal family as she curtseys to the Queen at Ascot
The Duchess of York was at Royal Ascot with her ex-husband the Duke of York and their daughters Princesses Beatrice and Eugenie
Sarah Ferguson (left) and Prince Andrew, Duke of York during day four of the 2015 Royal Ascot Meeting at Ascot Racecourse Photo: PA
By Gordon Rayner , Chief Reporter
10:41PM BST 19 Jun 2015
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It has been a long journey back, but the Duchess of York’s rehabilitation appeared to be complete today when she was seen curtseying to the Queen in public for the first time in 25 years.
The Duchess, who became an embarrassment to the Royal family after her separation from the Duke of York in 1992, attended Royal Ascot with her ex-husband and their two daughters in a bold public statement of the rapprochement between her and the Queen.
Equally significant was the presence of the Duke of Edinburgh, whom the Duchess has hitherto avoided, even in private, because of his less tolerant attitude towards her.
Stepping out in public with Prince Andrew will also lead to inevitable speculation about whether the Duke and Duchess, who share a home in Windsor, may eventually get back together.
Sources close to the Duke and Duchess insisted the Ascot trip was nothing more than a “family day out”, at which both parents could enjoy spending time with Princesses Beatrice and Eugenie.
Heathcliff O'Malley/The Telegraph
Having stayed away from Ascot for the past 20 years, however, the Duchess, 55, would have been perfectly aware of just how much would be read in to her appearance in a striking royal blue dress.
Her curtsey to the Queen came as Her Majesty and the Duke of Edinburgh arrived by carriage in the Royal Enclosure at Ascot. The Duke and Duchess then spent the afternoon with Princess Beatrice and her boyfriend Dave Clark, and Princess Eugenie and her boyfriend Jack Brooksbank, watching the racing from a balcony adjacent to the Queen’s balcony, though part of a separate suite.
On Saturday night they will throw a belated birthday party for Princess Eugenie, who celebrated her 25th birthday in March and who has another reason to celebrate: she is about to begin a new job in London working for the art gallery Hauser & Wirth, having been head-hunted from her previous job in New York, where she worked for the online auction house Paddle8.
A spokesman for the Duchess insisted: “They are a family unit, they live together as a family and today was just an example of how tight a unit they are.
“Nothing has changed, it was just a straightforward family day out.”
Since their divorce in 1996, the Duke and Duchess have each been linked with a succession of partners, but neither has ever been in another long-term relationship, leading to constant questions about whether they are living as a couple again, or whether they might do so in the future.
And while the Duchess’s appearance at Ascot does not mean the Duke and Duchess are about to announce their remarriage, it certainly makes the question rather less far-fetched than it seemed in the days when the Duchess was lurching from one undignified episode to another.
Within five years of their 1986 wedding, the Duke and Duchess’s marriage had run into serious trouble, with the Duchess spending rather too much time in the company of other men, including the Texan millionaire Steve Wyatt.
Heathcliff O'Malley/The Telegraph
They formally separated in 1992, a few months before the Duchess was photographed sunbathing topless with John Bryan, an American financial manager, who was seen kissing her feet.
After her divorce the Duchess continued to live the sort of extravagant lifestyle she had become used to, and ran up debts which reportedly reached £5 million at one stage. In her parlous financial state, she was filmed by the News of the World offering access to the Duke of York for £500,000, an episode which appeared to cost her an invitation to the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge’s wedding in 2011.
Yet the Duke never lost patience with her. Apart from a year-long spell when she rented a home, the Duchess has lived with the Duke ever since the divorce, currently at Royal Lodge, Windsor, and has been rebuilding her relationship with the Royal family for years.
When the Duke was made a Knight of the Garter in 2006, the Queen agreed to a request from her son to allow the Duchess to attend (though she did not come close to the Queen on that occasion).
In recent years she has been a regular guest at Balmoral, though she is reported to leave before the Duke of Edinburgh arrives, and earlier this year she was on holiday in Switzerland with her ex-husband when he was accused of having sex with a teenage girl who worked for his former friend Jeffrey Epstein, an allegation he staunchly denied.
The Duchess, ever loyal, was his most outspoken supporter in his hour of need, describing him as “the greatest man there is” and describing the day she married him as “the finest moment of my life”.
Asked at a book launch two years ago if she and the Duke might get back together, she said: “He's still my handsome prince, he'll always be my handsome prince. It's lovely that we are such a family and the story has a happy ending all the time.”
The Duchess, however, keeps people guessing. She has been photographed several times in recent weeks with Manuel Fernandez, 47, an internet entrepreneur who campaigns against domestic violence. Officially, they are just good friends, and are working on a charitable venture together, though one newspaper suggested she was “besotted” with him and had been in a relationship with him for six months.
As for the Duke, he was romantically linked to George Clooney’s ex-girlfriend Monika Jakisic last year, to the extent that Buckingham Palace was forced to issue an official denial that the two were engaged.
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Who starred in the film `Enter The Dragon` ? | Enter the Dragon (1973) - IMDb
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A martial artist agrees to spy on a reclusive crime lord using his invitation to a tournament there as cover.
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Title: Enter the Dragon (1973)
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A man visits his relatives at their restaurant in Italy and has to help them defend against brutal gangsters harassing them.
Director: Bruce Lee
A young man seeks vengence for the death of his teacher.
Director: Wei Lo
A young man sworn to an oath of non-violence works with his cousins in an ice factory where they mysteriously begin to disappear.
Directors: Wei Lo, Chia-Hsiang Wu
Stars: Bruce Lee, Maria Yi, James Tien
A martial arts movie star must fake his death to find the people who are trying to kill him.
Directors: Robert Clouse, Bruce Lee
Stars: Bruce Lee, Gig Young, Colleen Camp
Legendary martial artist Bruce Lee is the subject of this thoughtful documentary by Lee aficionado John Little. Using interviews, behind-the-scenes footage and action sequences from Lee's ... See full summary »
Directors: John Little, Bruce Lee
Stars: Bruce Lee, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Peter Archer
An undisciplined boy must learn Drunken Fist Kung Fu in order to stop an assassin.
Director: Woo-Ping Yuen
A young martial artist is caught between respecting his pacifist father's wishes or stopping a group of disrespectful foreigners from stealing precious artifacts.
Director: Chia-Liang Liu
A fictionalized account of the life of the martial arts superstar.
Director: Rob Cohen
Follows Frank Dux, an American martial artist serving in the military, who decides to leave the army to compete in a martial arts tournament in Hong Kong where fights to the death can occur.
Director: Newt Arnold
Edit
Storyline
Enter the Dragon revolves around the three main characters. Lee, a man recruited by an agency to investigate a tournament hosted by Han, since they believe he has an Opium trade there. Roper and Williams are former army buddies since Vietnam and they enter the tournament due to different problems that they have. Roper is on the run from the Mafia due to his gambling debts, while Williams is harassed by racist police officers and defends himself from them and uses the car for his getaway. It is a deadly tournament that they will enter on an island. Lee's job is to get the other two out of there alive. Written by Emphinix
Their deadly mission: to crack the forbidden island of Han! See more »
Genres:
Rated R for martial arts violence and brief nudity | See all certifications »
Parents Guide:
19 August 1973 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
The Deadly Three See more »
Filming Locations:
DTS (re-release)| Dolby Digital (re-release)| Mono (original release)| SDDS (re-release)
Color:
Did You Know?
Trivia
There were no power tools for set construction, so some of the sets were literally built from chicken wire and mud. The steel bars of the prison cells were made by shaving down pieces of scrap wood because hours of labour came cheaper than round lengths of wood. 500 Chinese workmen built everything from scratch. See more »
Goofs
When the one guard attacks Lee underground with the nunchucks, the shadow of a studio light appears on the crates in the background. See more »
Quotes
Lee : Teacher?
Shaolin Abbott : I see your talents have gone beyond the mere physical level. Your skills are now at the point of spiritual insight. I have several questions. What is the highest technique you hope to achieve ?
Lee : To have no technique.
Shaolin Abbott : Very good. What are your thoughts when facing an opponent ?
Lee : There is no opponent.
Shaolin Abbott : And why is that ?
Lee : Because the word "I" does not exist.
Shaolin Abbott : So, continue...
Lee : A good fight should be like a small play, but played seriously. A good martial artist does not become tense,...
[...]
(Sacramento, CA) – See all my reviews
Enter the Dragon (1973) was Bruce Lee's first (and only) solo big Hollywood production. Too bad he never got to see the fruits of his labor. He passed away during the film's post production (don't fret, two more official Bruce Lee films were made after this one. Despite all of the years of hard work and finally making it to the big times, he wasn't around long enough to enjoy it. Even though Robert Clouse is credited as director and another person is credited for writing the screenplay. This film has Bruce Lee's fingerprints all over it.
The movie is about a shady underworld crime lord (aren't they always) who controls most of the world's opium drug ring and a lot of other illegal dealings. British Intelligence is stumped, so they seek out someone who's slick, sly, stealth and who can kick a lot of butt and take care of himself. They find their man (Bruce Lee). After a great deal of convincing they get him to go to the island and participate in the crime lord's fighting tournament. Along the way, Bruce meets two American fighters (John Saxon and Jim Kelly) who are in the tournament for various reasons. Whilst on the island, Bruce does his nightly snooping around so he can find out more about the crime lord and his illegal activities. Will Bruce topple the organization? Can he make it out alive? Does Bruce really kick a whole lot of butt and take names? To find out you'll have to watch Enter The Dragon!!!!
Bruce Lee worked a great deal on this picture. He wrote most of the screenplay (uncredited), filmed all of the action scenes (uncredited) and directed several scenes (uncredited). Lam Ching-Ying, Angela Mao, Jackie Chan and Bolo Yeung appear in this film. If you haven't seen this film already then you're either a kid, lame or something is wrong with you.
Highly recommended.
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Which sign of the zodiac is represented by the Fishes ? | Bruce Lee's Enter The Dragon co-star Jim Kelly dies aged 67 after cancer battle | Daily Mail Online
Bruce Lee's Enter The Dragon co-star Jim Kelly dies aged 67 after cancer battle
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Passing on: Actor Jim Kelly, 67, has died after suffering from cancer
Actor Jim Kelly, who played a glib American martial artist in Enter the Dragon with Bruce Lee, has died. He was 67.
Marilyn Dishman, Kelly's ex-wife, said he died on Saturday of cancer at his home in San Diego.
Sporting an Afro hairstyle and sideburns, Kelly made a splash with his one-liners and fight scenes in the 1973 martial arts classic. His later films included Three the Hard Way, Black Belt Jones and Black Samurai.
During a 2010 interview with salon.com, Kelly said he started studying martial arts in 1964 in Kentucky and later moved to California where he earned a black belt in karate.
He said he set his sights on becoming an actor after winning karate tournaments. He also played college football.
The role in the Bruce Lee film was his second. He had about a dozen film roles in the 1970s before his acting work tapered off. In recent years, he drew lines of autograph seekers at comic book conventions.
'It was one of the best experiences in my life,' he told salon.com of working on Enter the Dragon.
'Bruce was just incredible, absolutely fantastic. I learned so much from working with him.
'I probably enjoyed working with Bruce more than anyone else I'd ever worked with in movies because we were both martial artists. And he was a great, great martial artist. It was very good.'
Movie star: Kelly in a scene from the 1973 film Enter the Dragon in which he co-starred with Bruce Lee
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What is the name of the first reindeer Santa calls in The Night Before Christmas? | Santa's Reindeer Names: List From 'Night Before Christmas' Poem | The Huffington Post
Santa's Reindeer Names: List From 'Night Before Christmas' Poem
12/25/2010 02:20 pm ET | Updated May 25, 2011
We all know Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer, but he actually wasn't in the original list of Santa's reindeer names in "Twas The Night Before Christmas."
The classic Christmas poem, first published in 1823 ( read the original version here ), calls out the following reindeer names:
1. Dasher
| Dasher |
Which leader lives in the Potola? | Santa Claus' Reindeer Names: Who is Donder?
hii santa i hope i get a phone for christmas but i was a littel naghuti
holly anne zednik said to Santa Claus: says:
dasher prancer coment vixen qupid dancer doner blixen rudogh
olivia said to Santa Claus: says:
Santa who is Oliver hes never a raindeer on the movie
olivia said to Santa Claus: says:
Santa i can scare people by saying mistle toe…
malachi said to Santa Claus: says:
yes i have a nick name it is bubby tode
ps you are the best
george said to Santa Claus: says:
youre web site is so cool i will spread the word im telling people to come on the website
maxine said to Santa Claus: says:
November 19, 2009 at 4:51 pm
Cool! I never new Donner’s real name is Donder that is the coolest like in the whole world but I still think you should’ve kept his name to Donder it is still a really cool name you now Santa Clause!!!!!!!!!!!!!
ellen said to Santa Claus: says:
i have been good all week
Macy said to Santa Claus: says:
i het called the mace because i act crazy
Amelia said to Santa Claus: says:
My sister calls me Katie lad
My uncle calls me meals
My dad calls me lamb
My mummy calls me my real name Amelia or chicken.
I am alright with my dad and my sister and mummys nickname for me but not my uncles nickname for me!
But i do not mind Santa giving me a nicname
Love you lots !
my friends call me amazon and tree because im so tall for my age they also call me chatter because im always talkinf
faith said to Santa Claus: says:
at home i get by a weird name. they call me sissy.
Morgan said to Santa Claus: says:
I am called lots things at home. My mom usualy calls me Leasel after my middle name, and My grandpa calls me Elisabeth.That is a couple of my nicknames.
Chelsea said to Santa Claus: says:
July 23, 2009 at 11:27 am
Hi i have cheer tonight with my older sister her name is Ashlee but im on 2A and shes on 3A SHE IS REALLY GOOD AND I AM TO I WAS ON 1A but i moved up cuz i was good and i love u santa i really no u r true
Ashlee said to Santa Claus: says:
HEY SANTA I NO ITS SUMMER AND U MIGHT BE OUT GOING BUT I NEED TO TALK TO U’
tyrus said to Santa Claus: says:
tyro tyrone tybrat tyboo teeny tiny tyrus tyrus the virus tyrus cyrus tyco
tyler.
they call me sweetcheerio p.s i live in florida not england.
FRANCHE said to Santa Claus: says:
i think that bliten will guid
FRANCHE said to Santa Claus: says:
i love rodolf but some other reandeers are mean to rodolf but i still like them
Millie said to Santa Claus: says:
Mummy and daddy call me moopet sometimes. Mostly It’s moop though. Rebecca and Socratees have nicknames too ( note: they are cats). Sockratees has Chocolate Button, and Rebecca has Bexy or Bex.
taylor baxter said to Santa Claus: says:
donor to annd rudolph and blitzen comet cuped dashon prancor and cuped and vixen we must for get rudolph to
Julianne said to Santa Claus: says:
December 8, 2008 at 1:22 pm
cool! well then then if it’s Donner (or Donder) and it id hid baby reindeer name him Donder. I bet when they changed the poem name he got so confused saying “what should my name be” They are all such cute reindeer. And last year on Christmas eve i woke up in the middle of the night and I heard reindeer! I WAS going to get out of bed but I didn’t want to scare you and leave so i didn’t.
Carrie said to Santa Claus: says:
I unfortunately get called Boo Boo. there’s a story behind it… : ( i get called carriebear at school
Bryce said to Santa Claus: says:
donder is a great name!love it
Makenna said to Santa Claus: says:
At home I get called Kenna(by my 3 year old sister)and by my friends I get called Kenny.
Muireann said to Santa Claus: says:
I call my sister Babs even though her name is Neasa!
alexandra said to Santa Claus: says:
my family calls me alex or al for short!!!!!!!!!
Mira said to Santa Claus: says:
alot of people call me mimi
chloe dunstan said to Santa Claus: says:
she is most pritteyest reindeer
angus said to Santa Claus: says:
i get called angi by my friends
Ashlee said to Santa Claus: says:
I sometimes get calles A*MAG because of my middle name. Its supposed to sound like megan but its spelt magan.
lauren said to Santa Claus: says:
all your reindeer is cool,cute,speaical,nice,pretty and hansom.
Brian said to Santa Claus: says:
I like being called by my real name.
daniel said to Santa Claus: says:
your site is the best
Brooke said to Santa Claus: says:
November 28, 2008 at 1:55 pm
i’m called “G” “gracie” “Nikkie” “sugar Baby” “baby” “Princess” “pumpkin” and my favorite “elf” because since my family is really tall and i’m tall but i’m the sortest tall person in my family (on my dad’s side not my moms)
Anne said to Santa Claus: says:
hey santa I really want to know your age and Mrs Claus to!Is it over 100 years old Wall I dont know so tell me!!!
Jessica said to Santa Claus: says:
Hi santa you are awesome!
kaila said to Santa Claus: says:
My family calls me Dirly Your site is awesome lol
sierra said to Santa Claus: says:
November 26, 2008 at 12:17 pm
Dear Santa i need some vice 2 pepel on bus are mean to mean and i don’t know what to do p.s i don’t know the name of your other raindear p.p.s if you want to talk again just email at {email address deleted by Santa! Read Santa’s Internet Safety Tip below!}
=============
Reply From Santa:
Sierra, I am so glad you told me some people are being mean to you. You do not deserve to be bullied.
I want you to tell an adult about this right away, just like you told me!
Find an adult you trust, like a teacher or a Mom or Dad. Tell them what is happening to you. You can even show them what you wrote here if it is easier.
Sometimes bullies stop as soon as a teacher finds out. They are afraid they will get in trouble.
Did you read about “hapy” here ? She was being bullied just like you. She called some people who can help you . She got the bully trouble to stop. I know you can make the bullying stop too.
Santa
santa my parents calls all sorts of different names
Vienna said to Santa Claus: says:
How many Reindeer guide the sleigh? How many reindeers have you got all together? I’d like to know.
Christina said to Santa Claus: says:
November 26, 2008 at 7:17 am
None of my friends call me names, but my calls me a lot of names, Caboose ,( because i’m the last one born) Sweetie, Silly Goose, Angel, Sweet Heart, Starlet,(because, my aunt owns a dance studio and a group there is called starlet and I LOVE 2 DANCE!) Lady Bug, and of corse CHRISTINA! p.s. she also calls me Xtina.
skyler said to Santa Claus: says:
my dad calls me marie,my cousin calls me micky because my last name and my grandma calls me sweetie marie i like marie the best
megan said to Santa Claus: says:
every 1 calls me meg and dodles and puden and pet
Eliza said to Santa Claus: says:
all of my friends and family call me wizey
danielle said to Santa Claus: says:
November 20, 2008 at 8:40 am
hi im going to give you a mince pie and milk also 4 carrots for the riendeers and also my little sister madison will be exsited to hear about you when shes older because she is only 1 and a half years old
alyssa said to Santa Claus: says:
i want rudolph to glide your sleig
alyssa said to Santa Claus: says:
do you like the name doner any way doner is a riendeer every one know that!!!!!1
alyssa said to Santa Claus: says:
hey santa i think doner is a great name and that is what really counts rite?
Jake said to Santa Claus: says:
November 16, 2008 at 2:00 pm
Surely…
Dasher and Dancer and Prancer and Vixen and Comet and Cupid and Donner and Blitzen… but do you recall… the most famous reindeer of all?
Rudolph the red nosed Reindeer…
terrri said to Santa Claus: says:
donder is the 7 reindeer
michayla said to Santa Claus: says:
it is ok to for dog and a cat
Brenna said to Santa Claus: says:
My nick names are funny I have a lot
Mason said to Santa Claus: says:
Your site is cool.You should create another one called”email the reindeer.
Riley said to Santa Claus: says:
Hi Santa Claus, i really love the site!! its so cool. thanks for all the gifts!! i hope i get some this christmas to!!!
Chloe said to Santa Claus: says:
The other names my mummy and daddy call me are ‘sweetheart’, ‘little princess’ or Chlo! I love all of the reindeer names but love Rudolph the best.
ronan said to Santa Claus: says:
why dont you ever talk about olive
Becca said to Santa Claus: says:
can you ask MRS. claus all the elves and all the reindeers [including the ones in training] to sign a sheet for me or if a reindeer make a paw print can you also sign it PLEASE!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Becca said to Santa Claus: says:
in the begining of Rouldof the red nose raindeer why do they leave out olive?
megan said to Santa Claus: says:
megna because when i was a little girl i thought my name was megna so know my nana calls me megna all they change is n and the a so it is megna not megan.
courtney said to Santa Claus: says:
November 11, 2008 at 4:12 am
how come donners name was donder and then he changed it to donner i even have trouble saying donder i alwys end up saying doder and also can you please say hi to mrs. clause the elves and all the reindeers for me and when you stop by at my house can you please give me mrs. clause’s recipe to her choc chip cookies
THANKYOU FROM COURTNEY PAWSON
My parents call be kelly belly.
caoibhne said to Santa Claus: says:
i love your website it ROCK`SI NEARLY GO ON IT EVERYNIGHT!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
marnie said to Santa Claus: says:
a elf or a radeer or maybe a magic thing
Shannon said to Santa Claus: says:
My dad (AKA Goofball!) calls me Shannon bannon wich is VERY embarrising the reason he does it! SANTA RULES!!! ho ho ho!
Ellie said to Santa Claus: says:
yes they call me ellz belz,ell,elmo,muceles meggillacaty and elly belly!!!!but i like it!!!!!!!!! bye………Ellie xxoo
Gabriela said to Santa Claus: says:
I do know that Miley Cyrus changed her name. At first her name was Hope, then she changed it to Miley.
Ciara said to Santa Claus: says:
How many reindeer are at the north pole
Katherine said to Santa Claus: says:
Donder I think does not suit Donner. He should change his name to Deday!
Emily said to Santa Claus: says:
all of my family call me lunny loo. Because my last name is lunn.
Tran Hoang said to Santa Claus: says:
November 8, 2008 at 9:46 pm
I love santa claus rein deer !!! I think one of his rein deer name is comet because in some of the games and movie about christmas there are a rein deer called comet.Now I think lots of rein deer change name because the name are too umfamiliar for the people in the future.
Merry christmas
doner is a randier he is veary cut and looks cudley
im marissa my dad wants to walk today
Aimee said to Santa Claus: says:
I tend to be called Aim.
Joshua Paul Santos said to Santa Claus: says:
I Love Your Blog Santa !!! It Rocks !!!
steph said to Santa Claus: says:
my mother always calls me after my sister
lochlan said to Santa Claus: says:
November 7, 2008 at 12:40 am
i love all of your raindeer including the ones i don’t know can you send me some pictures of the raindeer (and can you put their names on them and send them to [email address deleted by Santa — it is not safe to put your email address where strangers can see it!]
Lauren Burke Hughes said to Santa Claus: says:
Sometimes Mama calls me Sweetie. Sometimes Daddy calls me Burke. Sometimes my Mama and Daddy call me motormouth because I like to talk alot because it makes my mouth feel good.
Zachary Hughes said to Santa Claus: says:
My family also calls me Zack! My Mama calls me Zack Attack sometimes. I act just like my Daddy!
Braxton Hughes said to Santa Claus: says:
My family also calls me “B” for short. Sometimes my Mama calls me Bumble Bee. Sometimes my Daddy calls me Stud Horse.
constables said to Santa Claus: says:
we love voting on who will guide your sleigh. Thank you for the fun site.
Brookiey said to Santa Claus: says:
oh really? that is really cool! lol sooooo…hi! im 13 btw and i dont think this site is babyish at all! and i wouldnt care if it was! ***naomi***
brian said to Santa Claus: says:
| i don't know |
Joseph Levitch became famous as who? | Biography of Joseph Levitch
He began acting in the early 2000s, and became known to young audiences after his roles in the Disney Channel Original Movie High School Musical, ...
Biography of Joseph Levitch
Nationality: American
Height: cm
Famous biography website provide biography of Joseph Levitch including Joseph Levitch birthdate, Joseph Levitch birthplace, Joseph Levitch birthname and Joseph Levitch height.
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Biography of Joseph Levitch:
1926 - Lewis was born into a vaudeville family on March 16th in Newark, New Jersey. An American comedian whose unrestrained comic style made him one of the most popular performers of the 1950s and '60s.
1938 - At age 12, Joseph Levitch developed a comedy act in which Joseph Levitch mimed to records. Joseph Levitch dropped out of high school in order to perform his speciality in New York City theatres, burlesque shows, and nightclubs.
1944 - Joseph Levitch first met singer Dean Martin, and two years later they officially became a performing team. 1949-1950 - Their first film, "My Friend Irma", established Martin and Lewis as box office stars, and the follow-ups "My Friend Irma Goes West" and "At War with the Army" were equally successful.
Thank you for visiting famous biography website, a leading website about biography of famous people. You can find not only biography of Joseph Levitch but also biography of almost famous people around the world.
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| Jerry Lewis |
What was the first Pink Floyd album? | Joseph Levitch Home Town - Jerry Lewis Net Worth
Joseph Levitch Home Town
Read more...
Jerry Lewis
Jerry Lewis Net Worth is $50 Million. Jerry Lewis is a multi- talented comedian/actor, as well as director/producer and singer, with a net worth of $50 million. Jerry Lewis earned his net worth as funny man in the comic team of Dean Martin and Jerry. Jerry Lewis (born Joseph Levi...
Jerry Lewis Net Worth is $50 Million.
Jerry Lewis Net Worth is $50 Million. Jerry Lewis is a multi- talented comedian/actor, as well as director/producer and singer, with a net worth of $50 million. Jerry Lewis earned his net worth as funny man in the comic team of Dean Martin and Jerry Jerry Lewis is an American comedian, actor, singer, film producer, screenwriter and film director. He is best known for his slapstick humor in film, television, stage and radio. He was originally paired up with Dean Martin in 1946, forming the famed comedy team of Martin and Lewis.
In addition to the duo's popular nightclub work, they starred in a successful series of comedy films for Paramount Pictures. Lewis is also known for his charity fund-raising telethons and position as national chairman for the Muscular Dystrophy Association .
Lewis has won several awards for lifetime achievements from The American Comedy Awards, The Golden Camera, Los Angeles Film Critics Association, and The Venice Film Festival, and he has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
In 2005, he received the Governors Award of the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences Board of Governors, which is the highest Emmy Award presented. On February 22, 2009, the Acad...
| i don't know |
In which city was the first public opera house opened? | HISTORY OF OPERA
Enjoy the Famous Daily
Roman revivals and intermezzi: 16th century
In the spirit of the Renaissance , Roman plays are performed on festive occasions at the courts of Italian princes. Perhaps they prove a little heavy going for some of the guests. It becomes the custom to have rather more lavish musical entertainments (intermezzi, or intermediate pieces) between the acts, with spectacular stage effects, beautiful costumes and much singing and dancing.
Isabella d'Este, in the audience for a performance of Plautus in Ferrara in 1502, much prefers the intermezzi in which satyrs chase wild beasts in time to a musical clock, Swiss soldiers engage in a dance of war, and a golden ball melts away to reveal four Virtues who sing a quartet.
The first intermezzi to be preserved in detail for posterity (because they are the first to be published as etchings) are performed to celebrate a wedding at the Medici court in Florence in 1589.
The scenes are now close to those which will become familiar to opera audiences over the next two centuries - they include a heaven made up of clouds (in which the characters can sit and sing), a delightful garden, a rocky cave guarded by a dragon, and a sea scene with mermaids, dolphins and a ship. This combination of music and spectacle is now so popular with courtly audiences that it leads to a new development in Florence in 1597 .
Dafne: 1597
An unusual entertainment takes place at the palace of Jacopo Corsi in Florence, probably as part of the carnival festivities before Lent in 1597. The novelty is that the singers enact an entire drama, with music throughout, telling the story of Daphne who is changed into a laurel to escape the attentions of Apollo. The select audience is delighted. The author of the words, Ottavio Rinuccini, says that this first opera 'gave pleasure beyond belief to the few who heard it'.
Most of the music of Dafne is lost but its composer, Jacopo Peri, describes eloquently the style of musical speech which he is pioneering - 'a harmony surpassing that of ordinary speech, but falling so far below the melody of song as to take an intermediate form'.
Monteverdi: 1607-1642
The director of music at the court of Mantua, Claudio Monteverdi, presents a festivity before Lent in 1607. His entertainment adopts the latest musical style, that of opera, which is just ten years old this year. La Favola d'Orfeo, described as a 'fable in music', tells in a prologue and five acts the story of Orpheus' love for Eurydice and his descent to the underworld to rescue her.
Orfeo is Monteverdi's first attempt at opera. The part of Orpheus is sung by a castrato, starting an operatic tradition using castrati which will last for two centuries. A successful blend of recitative, songs and instrumental sequences makes Orfeo the earliest opera to hold a place, nearly four centuries later, in the repertory.
When the duke of Mantua dies, in 1612, Monteverdi accepts the post of Master of Music for the Venetian republic. His main task becomes the composition of sacred music for performance in St Mark's, and it is these pieces which first spread his fame through Europe.
Fortunately for us the prosperous citizens of republican Venice see no reason why the new musical form of the day, opera, should be restricted to private performances for the aristocracy. In 1637 Venice opens the first public opera house, the Teatro San Cassiano. Monteverdi is now seventy, but his interest in the form is rekindled. Two operas survive from these last years, both of them masterpieces.
Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria (The return of Ulysses to his country) is premiered in the Teatro San Cassiano in 1641. By then another public opera house on a grander scale, the Teatro Santi Giovanni e Paolo, has opened in the city. Here Monteverdi's L'Incoronazione di Poppea (The Coronation of Poppea) is presented in 1642.
Monteverdi has a special ability to express emotion and drama in vocal music, even in an operatic convention which now seems formal. Contemporary accounts mention people weeping at his arias, and the Venetian public are the first to demonstrate the broad popular appeal of opera. At one point in the 17th century there are as many as seven opera houses in the city.
Dido and Aeneas: 1689
In 1689, probably in December, there is a surprising operatic premiere in London. A group of 'young gentlewomen', for whom the dancing master Josias Priest runs a boarding school in Chelsea, have been rehearsing a work commissioned by Priest from Henry Purcell.
This short work, of remarkable intensity, is Purcell's only opera; and it is the only English opera written before the 20th century to have a secure place in the modern repertory. The young gentlewomen have professional support in the main parts (including the tenor role of Aeneas), but they display their skills to advantage in the opera's seventeen dances, arranged for the occasion by Mr Priest.
It is Purcell's misfortune that there is as yet no opera house in London. In spite of its strange origins Dido and Aeneas is a profound and powerfully felt work, most famously so in Dido's great lament upon the departure of Aeneas. The opera's success makes Purcell much in demand in the theatre (his main employment is as organist in Westminster Abbey and the Chapel Royal), but the role of a theatre composer at the time is mainly to add songs to existing plays and masques.
Even so, Purcell fulfils this task with such skill that King Arthur (1691, with a text by Dryden) and The Fairy Queen (1692, based on A Midsummer Night's Dream) are still sometimes performed.
Handel: 1705-1759
Germany's first public opera house, in Hamburg, has recently employed a young musician, Georg Frideric Handel. Now, in 1705 when he is just twenty, his first opera is on the stage. Almira is a success. In the following year Handel travels to the home of opera, Italy.
Here too he rapidly makes a name for himself, with sacred music in Rome (where the pope forbids the performance of opera) and with operas in Florence and Venice. His fame is now spreading through Europe. In 1710 he is appointed music director, or Kapellmeister, to the Elector of Hanover, the future George I of Great Britain. In 1711 he is given permission to visit London.
Handel's first opera in London (Rinaldo 1711) is a triumph (though Mocked by some ), and he has a warm reception at the English court. He settles in Britain, producing a long succession of Italian operas for the London theatres and many pieces for royal occasions. These public commissions include the anthems for the coronation of George II in 1727 (among them Zadok the Priest, which has been sung at every coronation since); and, on a lighter level, the Water Music is played for George I in about 1717 and the Music for the Royal Fireworks for George II in 1749.
By this time Handel has become a British subject (in 1726) and has pioneered a very British form of music - the English oratorio .
Gluck and the reform of opera:1762-1778
By the mid-18th century the conventions of Italian opera have settled into a pattern of stultifying unreality, with elaborately artificial plots regularly grinding to a halt to allow the famous castrato singers of the day to show their paces - or indeed to show them twice, for no aria ends until it has been repeated da capo (from the top). An Italian poet, Pietro Metastasio, has cornered the market for librettos in this style (known as opera seria). Every hack composer turns first to him. Some of Metastasio's texts are given forty or more different operatic settings.
Metastasio lives from 1730 in Vienna, where there is a great demand for Italian opera in the court theatre. But it is in Vienna, in 1762, that an opera revolution occurs.
The director of music at the court theatre is a German composer, Christoph Willibald Gluck. In partnership with Ranieri de' Calzabigi, a librettist critical of Metastio's conventions, Gluck devises a form of opera in which words and music work together to convey in the most direct form a musical drama.
The first fruit of their reform is Orfeo ed Eurydice, performed in Vienna in 1762. The piece is described in the programme as an azione teatrale per musica (theatrical action through music). Gluck later writes that opera should aim for 'simplicity, truth and naturalness' and should 'serve poetry by expressing the drama of the plot, without unnecessary interruption or superfluous ornament'.
Orfeo admirably fulfils these ideals. The story is simply and dramatically told, with arias which express the character's emotion rather than merely show off the singer's technique. The contributions of both chorus and ballet are fully integrated with the plot.
Gluck develops this new direction with another Italian opera for Vienna (Alceste 1767) and with operas written in French for Paris (Iphigénie en Aulide 1774, Armide 1777, Iphigénie en Tauride 1778). In these two decades Gluck has vividly reminded opera-goers of the potential of the medium as music drama, a lesson never again forgotten. Mozart is twenty-two when Iphigénie en Tauride is premiered. Three years later he writes Idomeneo.
Mozart and opera: 1781-1791
Mozart's first major opera, Idomeneo, is the result of his efforts to win employment from the court in Munich . In 1780 he is commissioned to write an opera seria - the conventional and solemn form of Italian opera, following strict rules perfected in the librettos of Metastasio. Idomeneo is premiered in Munich in January 1781.
In this work Mozart's genius adds an unprecedented charge of emotion and drama to the conventions of opera seria . The opera is well received in Munich. But then it is forgotten for the rest of Mozart's lifetime, remaining unappreciated until the 20th century. So the real beginning of Mozart's busy operatic career follows his move later in 1781 to Vienna, where he wins a commission from Joseph II.
Joseph II 's wish for a cheerful opera in German is admirably met by Mozart in Die Entführung aus dem Serail (The Abduction from the Seraglio), which has its premiere in Vienna in July 1782. It rapidly becomes popular in Prague and in cities throughout Germany.
Mozart's next venture is very much more ambitious. In the mid-1780s Joseph II gives up his insistence on the German language for opera. Mozart now collaborates with an Italian librettist, Lorenzo Da Ponte, in adapting the most controversial play of the decade - Beaumarchais ' Marriage of Figaro, subversive in its comedy at the expense of the aristocracy and sensationally successful when performed in Paris in 1784.
Joseph II has forbidden any performance of this Beaumarchais play in Vienna, but Da Ponte persuades him to allow the proposed opera to proceed. There is a slightly mixed reaction from the first audience in May 1786, perhaps due to lack of rehearsal, but a production later in the same year in Prague proves a runaway success.
When Mozart goes to Prague in January 1787, he is delighted to find everyone humming the tunes of Le Nozze di Figaro. The Czechs have no doubt that this is a masterpiece. It is indeed something new in opera, combining comedy and passion in a heightened intensity, through the genius of Mozart's music, while yet remaining in close touch with recognizable everyday reality.
Following this success, the Prague company commissions another opera from Mozart and Da Ponte. They respond with Don Giovanni, which opens to huge acclaim in October 1787 but is less successful in Vienna in the following year.
A third opera is commissioned in Vienna in 1789 from this eminently successful pair of composer and librettist. The result is Così fan tutte (So Do All Women), the most cynical and unromantic of stories which unfolds upon a stream of supremely beautiful and romantic music. The first run of performances, early in 1790, has to be interrupted because of the death of Joseph II.
Joseph II would no doubt have approved of the very German opera, Mozart's last work for the stage, which opens in Vienna in 1791. Die Zauberflöte (The Magic Flute) is a tale of strange rituals and rough comedy, commissioned by a commercial impresario, Emanuel Shikaneder, for his popular theatre, akin to a music hall. This anarchic and unconventional entertainment is as far as it is possible to be, within the field of opera, from Idomeneo just ten years earlier. Yet in both, as in the intervening masterpieces with Da Ponte, Mozart is supremely inventive. No other great composer of opera has so varied an output.
The Magic Flute makes Shikaneder rich but not Mozart. It opens less than three months before his death.
| Venice |
The Aphrodite of Melos has a more famous name - what? | HISTORY OF OPERA
Enjoy the Famous Daily
Roman revivals and intermezzi: 16th century
In the spirit of the Renaissance , Roman plays are performed on festive occasions at the courts of Italian princes. Perhaps they prove a little heavy going for some of the guests. It becomes the custom to have rather more lavish musical entertainments (intermezzi, or intermediate pieces) between the acts, with spectacular stage effects, beautiful costumes and much singing and dancing.
Isabella d'Este, in the audience for a performance of Plautus in Ferrara in 1502, much prefers the intermezzi in which satyrs chase wild beasts in time to a musical clock, Swiss soldiers engage in a dance of war, and a golden ball melts away to reveal four Virtues who sing a quartet.
The first intermezzi to be preserved in detail for posterity (because they are the first to be published as etchings) are performed to celebrate a wedding at the Medici court in Florence in 1589.
The scenes are now close to those which will become familiar to opera audiences over the next two centuries - they include a heaven made up of clouds (in which the characters can sit and sing), a delightful garden, a rocky cave guarded by a dragon, and a sea scene with mermaids, dolphins and a ship. This combination of music and spectacle is now so popular with courtly audiences that it leads to a new development in Florence in 1597 .
Dafne: 1597
An unusual entertainment takes place at the palace of Jacopo Corsi in Florence, probably as part of the carnival festivities before Lent in 1597. The novelty is that the singers enact an entire drama, with music throughout, telling the story of Daphne who is changed into a laurel to escape the attentions of Apollo. The select audience is delighted. The author of the words, Ottavio Rinuccini, says that this first opera 'gave pleasure beyond belief to the few who heard it'.
Most of the music of Dafne is lost but its composer, Jacopo Peri, describes eloquently the style of musical speech which he is pioneering - 'a harmony surpassing that of ordinary speech, but falling so far below the melody of song as to take an intermediate form'.
Monteverdi: 1607-1642
The director of music at the court of Mantua, Claudio Monteverdi, presents a festivity before Lent in 1607. His entertainment adopts the latest musical style, that of opera, which is just ten years old this year. La Favola d'Orfeo, described as a 'fable in music', tells in a prologue and five acts the story of Orpheus' love for Eurydice and his descent to the underworld to rescue her.
Orfeo is Monteverdi's first attempt at opera. The part of Orpheus is sung by a castrato, starting an operatic tradition using castrati which will last for two centuries. A successful blend of recitative, songs and instrumental sequences makes Orfeo the earliest opera to hold a place, nearly four centuries later, in the repertory.
When the duke of Mantua dies, in 1612, Monteverdi accepts the post of Master of Music for the Venetian republic. His main task becomes the composition of sacred music for performance in St Mark's, and it is these pieces which first spread his fame through Europe.
Fortunately for us the prosperous citizens of republican Venice see no reason why the new musical form of the day, opera, should be restricted to private performances for the aristocracy. In 1637 Venice opens the first public opera house, the Teatro San Cassiano. Monteverdi is now seventy, but his interest in the form is rekindled. Two operas survive from these last years, both of them masterpieces.
Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria (The return of Ulysses to his country) is premiered in the Teatro San Cassiano in 1641. By then another public opera house on a grander scale, the Teatro Santi Giovanni e Paolo, has opened in the city. Here Monteverdi's L'Incoronazione di Poppea (The Coronation of Poppea) is presented in 1642.
Monteverdi has a special ability to express emotion and drama in vocal music, even in an operatic convention which now seems formal. Contemporary accounts mention people weeping at his arias, and the Venetian public are the first to demonstrate the broad popular appeal of opera. At one point in the 17th century there are as many as seven opera houses in the city.
Dido and Aeneas: 1689
In 1689, probably in December, there is a surprising operatic premiere in London. A group of 'young gentlewomen', for whom the dancing master Josias Priest runs a boarding school in Chelsea, have been rehearsing a work commissioned by Priest from Henry Purcell.
This short work, of remarkable intensity, is Purcell's only opera; and it is the only English opera written before the 20th century to have a secure place in the modern repertory. The young gentlewomen have professional support in the main parts (including the tenor role of Aeneas), but they display their skills to advantage in the opera's seventeen dances, arranged for the occasion by Mr Priest.
It is Purcell's misfortune that there is as yet no opera house in London. In spite of its strange origins Dido and Aeneas is a profound and powerfully felt work, most famously so in Dido's great lament upon the departure of Aeneas. The opera's success makes Purcell much in demand in the theatre (his main employment is as organist in Westminster Abbey and the Chapel Royal), but the role of a theatre composer at the time is mainly to add songs to existing plays and masques.
Even so, Purcell fulfils this task with such skill that King Arthur (1691, with a text by Dryden) and The Fairy Queen (1692, based on A Midsummer Night's Dream) are still sometimes performed.
Handel: 1705-1759
Germany's first public opera house, in Hamburg, has recently employed a young musician, Georg Frideric Handel. Now, in 1705 when he is just twenty, his first opera is on the stage. Almira is a success. In the following year Handel travels to the home of opera, Italy.
Here too he rapidly makes a name for himself, with sacred music in Rome (where the pope forbids the performance of opera) and with operas in Florence and Venice. His fame is now spreading through Europe. In 1710 he is appointed music director, or Kapellmeister, to the Elector of Hanover, the future George I of Great Britain. In 1711 he is given permission to visit London.
Handel's first opera in London (Rinaldo 1711) is a triumph (though Mocked by some ), and he has a warm reception at the English court. He settles in Britain, producing a long succession of Italian operas for the London theatres and many pieces for royal occasions. These public commissions include the anthems for the coronation of George II in 1727 (among them Zadok the Priest, which has been sung at every coronation since); and, on a lighter level, the Water Music is played for George I in about 1717 and the Music for the Royal Fireworks for George II in 1749.
By this time Handel has become a British subject (in 1726) and has pioneered a very British form of music - the English oratorio .
Gluck and the reform of opera:1762-1778
By the mid-18th century the conventions of Italian opera have settled into a pattern of stultifying unreality, with elaborately artificial plots regularly grinding to a halt to allow the famous castrato singers of the day to show their paces - or indeed to show them twice, for no aria ends until it has been repeated da capo (from the top). An Italian poet, Pietro Metastasio, has cornered the market for librettos in this style (known as opera seria). Every hack composer turns first to him. Some of Metastasio's texts are given forty or more different operatic settings.
Metastasio lives from 1730 in Vienna, where there is a great demand for Italian opera in the court theatre. But it is in Vienna, in 1762, that an opera revolution occurs.
The director of music at the court theatre is a German composer, Christoph Willibald Gluck. In partnership with Ranieri de' Calzabigi, a librettist critical of Metastio's conventions, Gluck devises a form of opera in which words and music work together to convey in the most direct form a musical drama.
The first fruit of their reform is Orfeo ed Eurydice, performed in Vienna in 1762. The piece is described in the programme as an azione teatrale per musica (theatrical action through music). Gluck later writes that opera should aim for 'simplicity, truth and naturalness' and should 'serve poetry by expressing the drama of the plot, without unnecessary interruption or superfluous ornament'.
Orfeo admirably fulfils these ideals. The story is simply and dramatically told, with arias which express the character's emotion rather than merely show off the singer's technique. The contributions of both chorus and ballet are fully integrated with the plot.
Gluck develops this new direction with another Italian opera for Vienna (Alceste 1767) and with operas written in French for Paris (Iphigénie en Aulide 1774, Armide 1777, Iphigénie en Tauride 1778). In these two decades Gluck has vividly reminded opera-goers of the potential of the medium as music drama, a lesson never again forgotten. Mozart is twenty-two when Iphigénie en Tauride is premiered. Three years later he writes Idomeneo.
Mozart and opera: 1781-1791
Mozart's first major opera, Idomeneo, is the result of his efforts to win employment from the court in Munich . In 1780 he is commissioned to write an opera seria - the conventional and solemn form of Italian opera, following strict rules perfected in the librettos of Metastasio. Idomeneo is premiered in Munich in January 1781.
In this work Mozart's genius adds an unprecedented charge of emotion and drama to the conventions of opera seria . The opera is well received in Munich. But then it is forgotten for the rest of Mozart's lifetime, remaining unappreciated until the 20th century. So the real beginning of Mozart's busy operatic career follows his move later in 1781 to Vienna, where he wins a commission from Joseph II.
Joseph II 's wish for a cheerful opera in German is admirably met by Mozart in Die Entführung aus dem Serail (The Abduction from the Seraglio), which has its premiere in Vienna in July 1782. It rapidly becomes popular in Prague and in cities throughout Germany.
Mozart's next venture is very much more ambitious. In the mid-1780s Joseph II gives up his insistence on the German language for opera. Mozart now collaborates with an Italian librettist, Lorenzo Da Ponte, in adapting the most controversial play of the decade - Beaumarchais ' Marriage of Figaro, subversive in its comedy at the expense of the aristocracy and sensationally successful when performed in Paris in 1784.
Joseph II has forbidden any performance of this Beaumarchais play in Vienna, but Da Ponte persuades him to allow the proposed opera to proceed. There is a slightly mixed reaction from the first audience in May 1786, perhaps due to lack of rehearsal, but a production later in the same year in Prague proves a runaway success.
When Mozart goes to Prague in January 1787, he is delighted to find everyone humming the tunes of Le Nozze di Figaro. The Czechs have no doubt that this is a masterpiece. It is indeed something new in opera, combining comedy and passion in a heightened intensity, through the genius of Mozart's music, while yet remaining in close touch with recognizable everyday reality.
Following this success, the Prague company commissions another opera from Mozart and Da Ponte. They respond with Don Giovanni, which opens to huge acclaim in October 1787 but is less successful in Vienna in the following year.
A third opera is commissioned in Vienna in 1789 from this eminently successful pair of composer and librettist. The result is Così fan tutte (So Do All Women), the most cynical and unromantic of stories which unfolds upon a stream of supremely beautiful and romantic music. The first run of performances, early in 1790, has to be interrupted because of the death of Joseph II.
Joseph II would no doubt have approved of the very German opera, Mozart's last work for the stage, which opens in Vienna in 1791. Die Zauberflöte (The Magic Flute) is a tale of strange rituals and rough comedy, commissioned by a commercial impresario, Emanuel Shikaneder, for his popular theatre, akin to a music hall. This anarchic and unconventional entertainment is as far as it is possible to be, within the field of opera, from Idomeneo just ten years earlier. Yet in both, as in the intervening masterpieces with Da Ponte, Mozart is supremely inventive. No other great composer of opera has so varied an output.
The Magic Flute makes Shikaneder rich but not Mozart. It opens less than three months before his death.
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John Huston scored a hit with his first film - what? | John Huston - Biography - IMDb
John Huston
Biography
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Overview (4)
6' 1" (1.85 m)
Mini Bio (1)
An eccentric rebel of epic proportions, this Hollywood titan reigned supreme as director, screenwriter and character actor in a career that endured over five decades. The ten-time Oscar-nominated legend was born John Marcellus Huston in Nevada, Missouri, on August 5, 1906. His ancestry included English, Scottish, and Scots-Irish. The age-old story goes that the small town of his birth was won by John's grandfather in a poker game. John's father was the equally magnanimous character actor Walter Huston , and his mother, Rhea Gore, was a newspaperwoman who traveled around the country looking for stories. The only child of the couple, John began performing on stage with his vaudevillian father at age 3. Upon his parents' divorce at age 7, the young boy would take turns traveling around the vaudeville circuit with his father and the country with his mother on reporting excursions. A frail and sickly child, he was once placed in a sanitarium due to both an enlarged heart and kidney ailment. Making a miraculous recovery, he quit school at age 14 to become a full-fledged boxer and eventually won the Amateur Lightweight Boxing Championship of California, winning 22 of 25 bouts. His trademark broken nose was the result of that robust activity.
John married his high school sweetheart, Dorothy Harvey, and also took his first professional stage bow with a leading role off-Broadway entitled "The Triumph of the Egg." He made his Broadway debut that same year with "Ruint" on April 7, 1925, and followed that with another Broadway show "Adam Solitaire" the following November. John soon grew restless with the confines of both his marriage and acting and abandoned both, taking a sojourn to Mexico where he became an officer in the cavalry and expert horseman while writing plays on the sly. Trying to control his wanderlust urges, he subsequently returned to America and attempted newspaper and magazine reporting work in New York by submitting short stories. He was even hired at one point by mogul Samuel Goldwyn Jr. as a screenwriter, but again he grew restless. During this time he also appeared unbilled in a few obligatory films. By 1932 John was on the move again and left for London and Paris where he studied painting and sketching. The promising artist became a homeless beggar during one harrowing point.
Returning again to America in 1933, he played the title role in a production of "Abraham Lincoln," only a few years after father Walter portrayed the part on film for D.W. Griffith . John made a new resolve to hone in on his obvious writing skills and began collaborating on a few scripts for Warner Brothers. He also married again. Warners was so impressed with his talents that he was signed on as both screenwriter and director for the Dashiell Hammett mystery yarn The Maltese Falcon (1941). The movie classic made a superstar out of Humphrey Bogart and is considered by critics and audiences alike--- 65 years after the fact--- to be the greatest detective film ever made. In the meantime John wrote/staged a couple of Broadway plays, and in the aftermath of his mammoth screen success directed bad-girl 'Bette Davis (I)' and good girl Olivia de Havilland in the film melodrama In This Our Life (1942), and three of his "Falcon" stars (Bogart, Mary Astor and Sydney Greenstreet ) in the romantic war picture Across the Pacific (1942). During WWII John served as a Signal Corps lieutenant and went on to helm a number of film documentaries for the U.S. government including the controversial Let There Be Light (1946), which father Walter narrated. The end of WWII also saw the end of his second marriage. He married third wife Evelyn Keyes , of "Gone With the Wind" fame, in 1946 but it too lasted a relatively short time. That same year the impulsive and always unpredictable Huston directed Jean-Paul Sartre 's experimental play "No Exit" on Broadway. The show was a box-office bust (running less than a month) but nevertheless earned the New York Drama Critics Award as "best foreign play."
Hollywood glory came to him again in association with Bogart and Warner Brothers'. The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (1948), a classic tale of gold, greed and man's inhumanity to man set in Mexico, won John Oscars for both director and screenplay and his father nabbed the "Best Supporting Actor" trophy. John can be glimpsed at the beginning of the movie in a cameo playing a tourist, but he wouldn't act again on film for a decade and a half. With the momentum in his favor, John hung around in Hollywood this time to write and/or direct some of the finest American cinema made including Key Largo (1948) and The African Queen (1951) (both with Bogart), The Asphalt Jungle (1950), The Red Badge of Courage (1951) and Moulin Rouge (1952). Later films, including Moby Dick (1956), The Unforgiven (1960), The Misfits (1961), Freud (1962), The Night of the Iguana (1964) and The Bible: In the Beginning... (1966) were, for the most part, well-regarded but certainly not close to the level of his earlier revered work. He also experimented behind-the-camera with color effects and approached topics that most others would not even broach, including homosexuality and psychoanalysis.
An ardent supporter of human rights, he, along with director William Wyler and others, dared to form the Committee for the First Amendment in 1947, which strove to undermine the House Un-American Activities Committee. Disgusted by the Hollywood blacklisting that was killing the careers of many talented folk, he moved to St. Clerans in Ireland and became a citizen there along with his fourth wife, ballet dancer Enrica (Ricki) Soma. The couple had two children, including daughter Anjelica Huston who went on to have an enviable Hollywood career of her own. Huston and wife Ricki split after a son (director Danny Huston ) was born to another actress in 1962. They did not divorce, however, and remained estranged until her sudden death in 1969 in a car accident. John subsequently adopted his late wife's child from another union. The ever-impulsive Huston would move yet again to Mexico where he married (1972) and divorced (1977) his fifth and final wife, Celeste Shane.
Huston returned to acting auspiciously with a major role in Otto Preminger 's epic film The Cardinal (1963) for which Huston received an Oscar nomination at age 57. From that time forward, he would be glimpsed here and there in a number of colorful, baggy-eyed character roles in both good and bad (some positively abysmal) films that, at the very least, helped finance his passion projects. The former list included outstanding roles in Chinatown (1974) and The Wind and the Lion (1975), while the latter comprised of hammy parts in such awful drek as Candy (1968) and Myra Breckinridge (1970).
Directing daughter Angelica in her inauspicious movie debut, the thoroughly mediocre A Walk with Love and Death (1969), John made up for it 15 years later by directing her to Oscar glory in the mob tale Prizzi's Honor (1985). In the 1970s Huston resurged as a director of quality films with Fat City (1972), The Man Who Would Be King (1975) and Wise Blood (1979). He ended his career on a high note with Under the Volcano (1984), the afore-mentioned Prizzi's Honor (1985) and The Dead (1987). His only certifiable misfire during that era was the elephantine musical version of Annie (1982), though it later became somewhat of a cult favorite among children.
Huston lived the macho, outdoors life, unencumbered by convention or restrictions, and is often compared in style or flamboyancy to an Ernest Hemingway or Orson Welles . He was, in fact, the source of inspiration for Clint Eastwood in the helming of the film White Hunter Black Heart (1990) which chronicled the making of "The African Queen." Illness robbed Huston of a good portion of his twilight years with chronic emphysema the main culprit. As always, however, he continued to work tirelessly while hooked up to an oxygen machine if need be. At the end, the living legend was shooting an acting cameo in the film Mr. North (1988) for his son Danny, making his directorial bow at the time. John became seriously ill with pneumonia and died while on location at the age of 81. This maverick of a man's man who was once called "the eccentric's eccentric" by Paul Newman , left an incredibly rich legacy of work to be enjoyed by film lovers for centuries to come.
- IMDb Mini Biography By: Gary Brumburgh / [email protected]
Spouse (5)
Interred at Hollywood Memorial Cemetery (now called Hollywood Forever), Hollywood, California, USA.
Became an Irish citizen in 1964.
He is the only person to have ever directed a parent ( Walter Huston ) and a child ( Anjelica Huston ) to Academy Award wins.
Father of Danny Huston , from his relationship with Zoe Sallis .
A licensed pilot . . . and a prankster. He once flew over a golf course and dropped 5,000 ping-pong balls while a celebrity golf tournament was in progress.
Was voted the 13th Greatest Director of all time by Entertainment Weekly.
Biography in: John Wakeman, editor. "World Film Directors, Volume One, 1890-1945." Pages 484-493. New York: The H.W. Wilson Company, 1987.
After he and wife Ricki separated, she became pregnant by another man. When she died, Huston brought her daughter, Allegra Huston , to live with him and adopted her.
Father of Tony Huston and Anjelica Huston , from his marriage to Ricki Soma.
While shooting The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (1948) in Mexico during his marriage to Evelyn Keyes , he befriended a boy named' Pablo Albarran'. Pablo came to spend the night at Huston's hotel one evening, and Huston discovered the next morning that the boy was a homeless orphan. Huston decided that he had no choice but to bring him back to the US and adopt him. He wrote in his autobiography that he met his wife Evelyn Keyes at the airport and surprised her by introducing her to their new son. She was in shock, but from then on did her best to be a good mother. He eventually married an Irish girl, had three children, then deserted his family and became a used-car dealer.
He and his father Walter Huston are the first Oscar-winning father-son couple. They are also the first father-son couple to be Oscar-nominated the same year (1941) and the first to win the same year (1949).
Once described Charles Bronson as "a grenade with the pin pulled".
Former father-in-law of Virginia Madsen .
Was known to have a mean streak when handling actors, and reportedly irritated John Wayne (who was slightly taller than Huston and much more massive) so much while filming The Barbarian and the Geisha (1958) that Wayne lost his temper and punched Huston, knocking him out cold.
Although Huston was often described as being 6' 4" tall, his actual measured height at his peak was 6' 2".
Appears in The Return of the King (1980), which was remade as The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003) with Sean Astin . Astin's father John Astin appeared in The Addams Family (1964) television series, playing Gomez Addams. The Addams Family films starred Anjelica Huston as Gomez' wife Morticia.
There are three generations of Oscar winners in the Huston family: John, his father Walter Huston and his daughter Anjelica Huston . They are the first family to do so, the second family were the Coppolas-- Francis Ford Coppola , Sofia Coppola , Nicolas Cage and Carmine Coppola .
His WW II documentary Let There Be Light (1946) was one of the first, if not the first, films to deal with the issue of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD; at the time called "shell shock") of soldiers returning from the war. Huston actually said that, "If I ever do a movie that glorifies war, somebody shoot me." This documentary was based on his front-line experiences covering the European war and what he saw soldiers go through during and returning from the war.
Born in Nevada, MO, but raised in Weatherford, TX, until his family moved to Los Angeles, CA.
Was amateur lightweight boxing champion of California.
Mother was newspaper reporter.
Maternal great-grandfather was Col. William P. Richardson who led the 25th Regiment, Ohio Volunteer Infantry in the Civil War.
He was first considered to star as the blind monk Jorge De Burgos in The Name of the Rose (1986). He accepted the part but had to leave due to his bad health.
Accidentally struck and killed a Hollywood dancer, Tosca Roulien, while driving on Sunset Boulevard on September 25, 1933. Walter Huston appealed to MGM studio boss Louis B. Mayer to use his influence with the LAPD regarding any questions of alcohol being involved. A subsequent inquest absolved Huston of any blame for the accident.
Although not diagnosed with emphysema until 1978, it is widely believed he was already developing the lung disease while directing The Misfits (1961), following decades of heavy smoking.
Clint Eastwood 's White Hunter Black Heart (1990) is about the making of Huston's movie The African Queen (1951). The movie is based upon a screenplay by Peter Viertel , Huston's assistant during the making of "The African Queen". The character Eastwood plays is based upon Huston.
Mike Nichols , in the director's commentary on the Catch-22 (1970) DVD, recalled that one day he was shooting street scenes at Rome's Studi di Cinecittà when he saw Huston at a pay phone. He was at Cinecittà helming The Kremlin Letter (1970), considered by many to be the nadir of his directorial career. Nichols says that Huston was on the phone placing bets with his bookie back in the US while the red light of the soundstage in which "Kremlin" was being shot was on. This meant that Huston's movie was being shot, but that it was not being directed by him. Such is the strange way by which movies were made, Nichols explains cryptically.
Biography in: "The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives." Volume Two, 1986-1990, pages 446-448. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1999.
Got the D.W. Griffith Career Achievement Award in 1985.
Became an Honorary Doctor of Literature at the Trinity University in Dublin, Ireland in 1964.
Was awarded the "One World Committee Award" in 1949.
Was originally supposed to direct Quo Vadis (1951), but walked out following arguments about the script. He was replaced by Mervyn LeRoy .
Producer Walter Mirisch complained that Huston acted unprofessionally in the post-production period after shooting Sinful Davey (1969). The initial preview of Huston's cut of the film in New York was disastrous, and Huston refused to cut the film after attending another preview, informing Mirisch via his agent that he "liked it just the way it is." Huston's agent informed Mirisch that his client "didn't see any reason to be present at previews." United Artists, which financed the film, was upset over the previews and demanded a re-edit. Huston refused to re-cut the picture, and the re-editing process was overseen by Mirisch. "Sinful Davey" was a failure at the box office after it was released. In his 2008 memoir, "I Thought We Were Making Movies, Not History," Mirisch writes that "John Huston, in his autobiography, said that he was aghast when he saw what I had done in the re-editing of his picture. Responding to preview criticism, I had tried to make it less draggy and more accessible to American audiences . . . I saw John Huston again on a couple of occasions, many years after the release of 'Sinful Davey', and he was very cold, as I was to him. I thought his behavior in abandoning the picture was unprofessional." The two, who had worked together on Huston's 1956 adaptation of Herman Melville 's Moby Dick (1956), never collaborated again.
In his 2008 memoir "I Thought We Were Making Movies, Not History," producer Walter Mirisch says that he vetoed Huston's desire to use his daughter Anjelica Huston as his leading lady opposite John Hurt in Sinful Davey (1969), the story of a Scottish rakehell. Mirisch was worried that the inexperienced Angelica, who had appeared in only one other film at the time, A Walk with Love and Death (1969), also directed by her father, would have to adopt a Scottish accent for the role. In addition, Mirisch felt that ". . . her appearance was rather more Italian than Scottish, and in stature she towered over John Hurt . John [Huston] and I then had a serious falling out about casting Angelica." (For the record, Angelica is officially listed as 5'10" tall and Hurt at 5'9".) The producer and his director butted heads over Huston's insistence that his daughter play the female lead, but Huston finally capitulated, and Pamela Franklin was cast instead (Angelica appears in the finished film in an uncredited bit part). The picture flopped, but Mirisch believed that the casting of the leading lady had nothing to do with it.
Is one of the few people to receive at least one Oscar nomination in five consecutive decades (1940s, 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, 1980s).
Daughter Anjelica Huston was born while he was shooting The African Queen (1951) in Africa. He received the news of her birth by telegram.
His best friend Humphrey Bogart nicknamed Huston "Double Ugly" and "The Monster.".
Has said that The MacKintosh Man (1973) (1973) is the worst movie he ever directed.
His character "Noah Cross" in Chinatown (1974) was ranked the #16 greatest screen villain of all time on the American Film Institute's 100 Heroes and Villains list.
When he married his fourth wife, Enrica "Ricki" Soma, he was 44 while she was only 20. They separated after ten years of marriage. They subsequently each had another child with other partners, but never divorced each other.
He and Orson Welles were good friends from the 1940s to Welles' death in 1985. Both men coincidentally made their spectacular debut as directors in 1941 (Welles with Citizen Kane (1941) and Huston with The Maltese Falcon (1941)). Both would eventually be directed by the other: Welles' had a cameo in Huston's adaptation of Moby Dick (1956) and Huston played the lead in Welles' unfinished The Other Side of the Wind (2017).
In February 1933 his car collided with one being driven by 'Zita Johann' (qv. He was fined $30.
Was scheduled to direct _A Terrible Beauty" in June of 1969 and had been granted permission to film at the General Post Office in O'Connell Street, in Dublin, Ireland. The project never went through.
Was scheduled to direct Peter O'Toole and Toshiro Mifune in "Will Adams" with a screenplay by Dalton Trumbo and produced by Eugene Frenke and Jules Buck . The project never went through.
Honored on a US Postage Stamp in May 2012 (along with Frank Capra , John Ford , and Billy Wilder ).
Was a Democrat.
Was hired as director on The Madwoman of Chaillot (1969) but walked off the set shortly before filming was due to start. He was replaced by Bryan Forbes .
He directed his daughter Anjelica Huston in five films: Casino Royale (1967), _A Walk with Love and Death (1969), Sinful Davey (1969), Prizzi's Honor (1985) and The Dead (1987).
Ava Gardner was quoted as saying that her three films with Huston were "the only joy and fun I've ever had working in motion pictures.".
Two of his films, Wise Blood (1979) and Under the Volcano (1984), are in the Criterion Collection.
Preferred to film his movies on location rather than in the studio.
Was awarded with the D.W. Griffith Career Achievement Award in 1985.
Was awarded with a lifetime achievement award for his extraordinary contribution to film art at the Cannes Film Festival in 1984.
Was an avid reader.
First of three Gandalfs to also play a role in a Sherlock Holmes film. He played Prof. Moriarty in Sherlock Holmes in New York (1976). Michael Hordern played the older Dr. Watson in Young Sherlock Holmes (1985), and Ian McKellen played Sherlock himself in Mr. Holmes (2015).
He usually spoke kindly about his ex-wives, with the notable exception of his fifth wife, Celeste Shane, who was over 30 years his junior. This marriage lasted only three years, and in his autobiography, published some five years after their divorce, he refused to mention her by name, referring to her only as "a crocodile". On talk shows he often said it was the only one of his marriages he regretted. Curiously, his devoted daughter Anjelica Huston has said many times that she really liked her stepmother.
Late in his life he was invited to the Ronald Reagan White House for lunch (along with 20 or more other people, well-known in a variety of fields). The hostess for the occasion was the First Lady herself, Nancy Davis , who had known Huston slightly many years earlier because her stepfather, Dr. Loyal Davis, was Huston's doctor. Although he was an outspoken Democrat, Huston attended the lunch and was the soul of tact and charm until Mrs. Reagan asked him if he didn't think that her husband had turned out to be an even better President than everyone had expected. Smiling sweetly and still exuding the utmost affability, Huston replied, "Worse, my dear--far, FAR worse!" Mrs. Reagan's response is not recorded, but it was Huston's last visit to the White House.
Was very saddened by the death of John F. Kennedy .
John Huston vowed that if Ronald Reagan ever became president, he would never return to the US to live as a citizen again.
Enjoyed fox hunting when he lived in Ireland.
He was originally cast in Mr. North (1988), but was hospitalized with pneumonia. He personally requested 'Robert Mitchum' (q) to play his part in the film. Mitchum did so on a break from filming War and Remembrance (1988).
By the last year of his life he could only breathe for 20 minutes at a time before needing an oxygen mask.
Intended to be a professional painter.
John Huston wanted to adapt Ernest Hemingway's Across the River and into the Trees.
Personal Quotes (29)
I've lived a number of lives. I'm inclined to envy the man who leads one life, with one job, and one wife, in one country, under one God. It may not be a very exciting existence, but at least by the time he's seventy-three he knows how old he is.
On remakes: "There is a wilful lemming-like persistance in remaking past successes time after time. They can't make them as good as they are in our memories, but they go on doing them and each time it's a disaster. Why don't we remake some of our bad pictures - I'd love another shot at 'Roots of Heaven' - and make them good?"
Half of directing is casting the right actors.
I prefer to think that God is not dead, just drunk.
The directing of a picture involves coming out of your individual loneliness and taking a controlling part in putting together a small world. A picture is made. You put a frame around it and move on. And one day you die. That is all there is to it.
I fail to see any continuity in my work from picture to picture.
I don't try to guess what a million people will like. It's hard enough to know what I like.
I completely storyboarded The Maltese Falcon (1941) because I didn't want to lose face with the crew: I wanted to give the impression that I knew what I was doing.
[from 1984] There is nothing more fascinating -- and more fun -- than making movies. Besides, I think I'm finally getting the hang of it.
I'm told there is a Huston style; if so I'm not aware of it. I just make the film to its own requirements.
[on George C. Scott ] One of the best actors alive. But my opinion of him as an actor is much higher than my opinion of him as a man.
[on Jack Nicholson ] I have great respect for him. Not only as an artist but as an individual. He has a fine eye for good paintings and a good ear for fine music. And he's a lovely man to drink with. A boon companion! I'd like to make more pictures with Jack Nicholson.
[on Paul Newman ] Paul Newman is full of innovation. He has wonderful immediate ideas. Very often supplements mine, or has something better than my notions. Some action perhaps.
[on Robert Mitchum ] I think Bob is one of the very great actors and that his resources as an actor have never been fully tapped. He could be a Shakespearean actor. In fact, I think that he could play King Lear.
[on Peter Lorre ] Peter Lorre was one of the finest and most subtle actors I have ever worked with. Beneath that air of innocence he used to such effect, one sensed a Faustian worldliness. I'd know he was giving a good performance as we put it on film but I wouldn't know how good until I saw him in the rushes.
[on Clark Gable ] Clark Gable was the only real he-man I've ever known, of all the actors I've met.
[on 'Humphrey Bogart' (qv] He was endowed with the greatest gift a man can have -- talent. The whole world came to recognize it. With the years he became increasingly aware of the dignity of his profession - Actor, not Star. Himself he never took seriously -- his work, most seriously. He regarded the somewhat gaudy figure of Bogart, the Star, with amused cynicism; Bogart the actor he held in great respect. He is quite irreplaceable.
[on his father Walter Huston ] I hate stars. They're not actors. I've been around actors all my life and I like them, but I never had an actor as a friend. Except Dad. And Dad never thought of himself as an actor. But the best actor I ever worked with was Dad. Dad was a man who never tried to sell anybody anything.
[on Susannah York ] Susannah was the personification of the uninformed arrogance of youth.
[on Elisha Cook Jr. ] Elisha Cook, Jr. lived alone up in the High Sierra, tied flies and caught golden trout between films. When he was wanted in Hollywood, they sent word up to his mountain cabin by courier. He would come down, do a picture and then withdraw again to his retreat.
[on Marlon Brando ] Brando was something else entirely. Brando had an explosive thing; you felt something smoldering, dangerous, about to ignite at times. Did you see Julius Caesar (1953)? Christ! I will never forget that; it was like a furnace door opening - the heat came off the screen. I don't know another actor who could do that.
I think the worst thing I ever saw Brando do was Apocalypse Now (1979), which was just dreadful - the finish of that picture. The model for it, Heart of Darkness, has no finish either, and the movie-makers just didn't find one either. It's very good for a picture to have an ending before you start shooting!
[on Marilyn Monroe ] Marilyn wasn't killed by Hollywood. The girl was an addict of sleeping tablets and she was made so by the goddamn doctors.
Hollywood doesn't like actors who are British classical actors. They like Michael Caine because he's a sort of English Everyman. But the Laurence Olivier s and the John Gielgud s and Richard Burton s are not and can't be an Everyman. They have some quality of aristocratic greatness that Hollywood finds threatening.
[on directing Marilyn Monroe in The Misfits (1961)] She went right down into her personal experience for everything, reached down and pulled something out of herself that was unique and extraordinary. She had no techniques. It was all truth, it was only Marilyn. But it was Marilyn plus. She found things, found things about womankind in herself.
[on Albert Finney in Under the Volcano (1984)] I think it's the finest performance I have ever witnessed, let alone directed.
[On Jack Nicholson] Jack's a virtuoso. He can do the acting scales on one hand.
[accepting the AFI Life Achievement Award in 1983] An avuncular figure in my youth passed on a piece of advice his father had given him: 'Don't work at anything simply for the money. Choose your profession as you would choose a wife, for love *and* for money.' I have faithfully abided by the first half of that dictum. Indeed, I have a confession to make: I have been so enamored with my work that I have always had a feeling of guilt about taking money for it. Maybe that's why I always got rid of it so quickly. It was like money you win at the races, not the rewards of honest toil.
On Mexico: It's one of the countries I like best in the world.
Salary (4)
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Stan laurel, Mickey Rooney, Lana Turner what in common? | View All Critic Reviews (19)
Audience Reviews for Moby Dick
John Huston's flair for the manly adventure story gladly pounds it's own drum throughout this work that showcases men drinking, working, fighting, and in mortal fear together - it's what this film is all about. The women can only watch dockside and wonder if their loves will return. It's all portrayed very heroically, like Viking myth. And then there's the whale. The best of the big fish stories by my reckoning, symbolism aside, and even though Peck might overdo the "mad captain" bit sometimes.
Kevin M. Williams
Super Reviewer
"A hwite hwale, as big as a mountain of hwite snow." Gregory Peck, after Moby Dick was made, admitted that he was embarrassed by his performance: and rightfully so! Peck has established himself as a paternal figure, and then all of a sudden he needs to play a cold hearted, revenge crazed whaling ship captain. I'm not at all saying that he's bad. Peck overacts to the point of embodying the character of Captain Ahab and conquers every scene he's in. Peck gives one of the definite Hollywood performances of all time. A major factor in me seeing this was because of Orson Welles, but he disappointingly had only about two to three minutes of actual screen time. Welles is near the beginning, and he sports a preposterously ragged beard and plays a priest who gives a sermon about Jonah and the Whale before the whalers go off to sea. His opening monologue was stupendous, but after that he wasn't there, which made me sad :(. This is the sixth film I've seen him in, others being Citizen Kane, Touch of Evil, The Third Man, The Stranger, and A Man for All Seasons, and I wanted to make a list of my five favorite, but both his performances in A Man for All Seasons and Moby Dick are extremely short, so I'll have to resume my search for other Welles films. Famous science-fiction author Ray Bradbury (Martian Chronicles/ Fahrenheit 451) wrote the screenplay with John Huston, and like many cinematic adaptations of classic novels, namely The Brothers Karamazov starring Yul Breynner, there's very quick pacing and they skimmed over details. I haven't read the book, but it seemed like they just took out major moments in the plot and used them in the script. What surprised me the most was how well this strategy worked. I was never bored, I never felt like they were insulting my intelligence, and though the dialogue consisted of ye olde english: both the characters and writing conveyed their points well. This is the fourth John Huston film I've seen, the others being The Maltese Falcon, The Treasure of the Sierra Madre, and The African Queen. I see some trends in his directorial style, but it's very difficult for me to put my finger on exactly what it is. I guess it's fair to say that he masterfully balances drama, entertainment, and intelligence, as well as creates great atmosphere. What stands out the most in this one is the stale visuals and a badass giant animatronic whale. John Huston's Moby Dick starts out introducing a main character, as the novel does, with the famous line "Call me Ishmael", and then doesn't touch on him any further and begins a tale about a whaling ship. I found that to be a bad idea on Huston's part because from the beginning you're expecting to follow Ishmael on his journey, but then you're spontaneously introduced to many different characters with much more depth and then thrown into the madness of Captain Ahab. Other than the storytelling flaw early in the film, I found little wrong with anything else. 98/100
Simeon Deutsch
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What is the most critical thing keeping bananas fresh transport Temperature not below 13 C 55F 16 What is the name of the Paris stock exchange Bourse 17 Whose music featured in The Clockwork Orange Beethoven 18 What was the Troggs most famous hit Wild Thing 19 In Japan what colour car is reserved for the royal family only Maroon 20 What city has Kogoshima as its airport Tokyo 21 What was gangsters George Nelsons nickname Baby Face 22 Whose first wife was actress Jayne Wyman Ronald Regan 23 In MASH what is Radars favourite drink Grape Knee High 24 What do you give on the third wedding anniversary Leather 25 What is a baby whale called Calf 26 In which film did the Rolls Royce have the number plate AU1 Goldfinger 27 Vladamere Ashkenazy plays what musical instrument Piano 28 With which organ does a snake hear Tongue 29 On what is the Mona Lisa painted Wood 30 What is the second most common international crime Art theft 31 Count de Grisly was the first to perform what trick in 1799 Saw woman in half 32 Who wrote Les Miserable Victor Hugo 33 Which bird turns it head upside down to eat Flamingo 34 The colossus of Rhodes was a statue of who
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What is the most critical thing keeping bananas fresh transport Temperature not below 13 C 55F 16 What is the name of the Paris stock exchange Bourse 17 Whose music featured in The Clockwork Orange Beethoven 18 What was the Troggs most famous hit Wild Thing 19 In Japan what colour car is reserved for the royal family only Maroon 20 What city has Kogoshima as its airport Tokyo 21 What was gangsters George Nelsons nickname Baby Face 22 Whose first wife was actress Jayne Wyman Ronald Regan 23 In MASH what is Radars favourite drink Grape Knee High 24 What do you give on the third wedding anniversary Leather 25 What is a baby whale called Calf 26 In which film did the Rolls Royce have the number plate AU1 Goldfinger 27 Vladamere Ashkenazy plays what musical instrument Piano 28 With which organ does a snake hear Tongue 29 On what is the Mona Lisa painted Wood 30 What is the second most common international crime Art theft 31 Count de Grisly was the first to perform what trick in 1799 Saw woman in half 32 Who wrote Les Miserable Victor Hugo 33 Which bird turns it head upside down to eat Flamingo 34 The colossus of Rhodes was a statue of who
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Whose music featured in The Clockwork Orange? | Wendy Carlos, WC's CO Notes
Liner Notes
(excerpts from the complete notes of the CD set)
Shortly after the success of her Switched-On Bach album, Wendy Carlos and her long-time producer Rachel Elkind began working with a spectrum follower--a device that converts sounds, such as speech, into electronic signals that mirror the overtones and rhythms of the original. The idea: To create the first electronic "vocal" piece. The piece selected for translation: the Choral Movement from Beethoven's Ninth Symphony. After much preliminary work, Rachel felt that the Beethoven selection needed some kind of an introduction, something to ease the listener into this new sound of a well-known piece. Wendy began work on what was later to develop into an original, self-sustaining composition entitled Timesteps.
Wendy was, by her own admission, "about three and a half minutes" into Timesteps when a friend gave her a paperback copy of A Clockwork Orange. Like so many other readers, Wendy fell under the spell of Anthony Burgess' vision of a world of tomorrow filled with ultra-violence. She was also struck by the fact that her Timesteps music seemed to capture the exact feeling of the opening scenes of Burgess' book. Further work, and Timesteps evolved, subconsciously, into a kind of musical poem based on Clockwork -- a work that, as Wendy says, was an "autonomous composition with an uncanny affinity for Clockwork."
Then, the same friend who had given her Clockwork sent a clipping from a London newspaper announcing that Stanley Kubrick had just begun production of a film based on Burgess' book. Wendy and Rachel, both admirers of Kubrick's previous work, began to share the same day-dream: "Wouldn't it be great if..." Then came an announcement in the New York Times that Kubrick had actually finished filming. Timesteps was also finished, so Rachel sprang into action. Through a friend, literary agent Lucy Kroll, she contacted Kubrick's United States representative.
Timesteps and Beethoven's Choral Movement were airmailed to Kubrick. Wendy and Rachel waited. Finally, came a request from Kubrick: Could they come to London and discuss the use of Wendy's music in the film?
They came. They saw. And not only did they agree to Kubrick's use of the Beethoven Movement and Timesteps for the movie, but also Wendy began to arrange / perform some of the music already contracted for by Kubrick, and they even set down original ideas for other background music.
In this album, Wendy Carlos and Rachel Elkind have brought together all the music that Wendy suggested, arranged and / or composed for this remarkable film. In addition to the selections from Beethoven's Ninth Symphony (including Wendy's scintillant version of the Scherzo), and Timesteps, here is The Thieving Magpie ("As we would have done it, had there been time") and a startling piece of original music, Country Lane. This latter piece, which depicts Alex's near drowning at the hands of his ex-Droogs, utilizes motifs from The Thieving Magpie plus the medieval religious theme of Dies Irae (Day of 'Wrath), which is also heard in the title music, plus authentic rain storm sounds (as in Wendy's Sonic Seasonings album) plus a suggestion of Singin' in the Rain. (In its few minutes, this Country Lane manages to sum up the mood of the entire film.)
Here, then, is the music that you heard--and did not hear--in Stanley Kubrick's A Clockwork Orange. Here is the only recording actually supervised by both persons responsible for this remarkable film score. Here is the only complete collection of Wendy Carlos's music for A Clockwork Orange.
--Chris Nelson
(Top of the Page)
Looking Back on Clockwork
Although Warner Brothers released their filmscore album shortly after the release of Kubrick's Clockwork Orange, Rachel Elkind and I were never completely satisfied with it. The tapes used for the transfers were those made for the film track, and were a couple of generations removed from the original master mixes. So these versions contained compromises, like a necessary added compression and EQ, to sound good on a mono Academy optical print (at least we pioneered the use of Dolby, used for the first time ever in a film!)
Clockwork included only a portion of my Timesteps, so the album contained the excerpt, too. The Scherzo from Beethoven's Ninth Symphony had been shortened and processed for the film's suicide attempt scene, which eliminated a good portion of our not quite complete realization of that movement. A few of our cues for the film were left out at the last minute. As these were among the best things we'd done for the project, that was frustrating. These materials might have been included on the Warner Brothers album, but because of several other music cues that had been used in the film, there wasn't the space on that LP for them.
Fortunately, we were able to release our own full score album three months after the "official" version was put out. We worked on assembling our music the best we could to give a fair account of all we'd done for Kubrick. We included all of Timesteps, and I worked to do a spirited synth version of Rossini's La Gazza Ladra.
Since we ran out of space for our original CBS LP, we could not include several cues but agreed that this was the best compromise at the time. Otherwise our CBS release contained most of the music we'd done on the project, and had a reasonable sound quality by the standards of those days. With this new remastered deluxe edition the missing tracks have been included. At the same time were never fond of the cover that CBS came up with, even though it was clever and well executed.
The day has finally come to return to the masters, and assemble this first CD release of all our music, and even to design a new cover. This one contains some gentle hints of the cover for Tales of Heaven & Hell , since that new album's roots can be partially found in this film's music. The cover art I drew for Tales is a visual pun on CO's poster art. This filmscore CD's cover combines a nod to that original poster art, plus another to the TH&H take-off. Something nicely recursive about all of that...
I'm particularly thrilled to get the complete Timesteps out via this maximum quality digital transfer. And the rest of the score is, I think, among some of the best work I did with Rachel in the early 70's. It deserves at least the chance to be heard again, and heard as optimally as possible. I'm grateful to ESD for observing this, and now doing something about it. And as suggested above, we are also including two bonus tracks: Biblical Daydreams and Orange Minuet, which have never been available before!
I'm often amazed how much music we were able to squeeze out of such meager, recalcitrant tools back then. I'd never wish to go back to those frustrating limitations. Often decent art can arise despite gross constraints. I'd like to think this is such an example. Since any music's value ultimately rises and falls on the composition and the performance, I don't think the hurdles the equipment imposed on us ought be considered very much, if at all, when you listen to this CD.
Nevertheless, we truly have "come a long way, baby!" You can't help but notice it by now. Here's to the next generation of electronic and computer media art which can be built on a much firmer foundation than existed back in 1971. Here's to the future of our still young medium!
--Wendy Carlos, New York City, 1998
(Top of the Page)
About The Studio
Here is a view of the Upper West Side (Manhattan) brownstone studio ( full size | medium size as it looked "in its heyday" in the mid '70's. The main studio, with console in the center (here we see its back only), tape machines behind it, and a small organ in front, sat lower than the ground floor. Rachel Elkind and I had dropped the rear half by several feet (into the basement space), to achieve a decent ceiling height for better audio monitoring purposes. This view is from the top of the stairs, where the room that contained the piano and mikes and live musicians was at the original floor height.
The stairs just below and in front of us in the photo were gently curved and carpeted. It was a nice, homey touch that Rachel though up. The room was quite narrow, as the foundation of the basement had thicker walls than the upper floors. So the sound absorbing walls were splayed, wider at the top, narrower below. I think the width below was somewhere between eleven and twelve feet -- the only real compromise we had to make.
Clockwork Orange was the second big project recorded in the studio ( Sonic Seasonings , the other rerelease of this first ESD grouping, was the first). All of the music was done in this narrow space. We would use the upper room for recording live performances and elements, to keep the monitors from feeding back into the microphones. But a few times we just turned the amps down and put the mikes right there where we were working.
The final masters were recorded onto the Ampex 8-track, since we had planned on a stereo release, which Kubrick later decided against, and still oddly avoids. This recorder, which I built from used parts to record the first S-OB master, sits to the right of the big picture window we installed, to keep the space non-claustrophobic, and to provide a glimpse of nature while working. Since this was in the days before SMPTE was popular, we used a 60 Hz tone, put on one track of the eight, so Kubrick's engineers could maintain synchronization, once the start "beep" had been located properly. It worked pretty well for a simple system. (That 60 Hz, by the way, was gotten most expediently: a couple of alligator clips on the VU meter lights, to a patch cord, and right into the Ampex...!)
The 16-track 3-M tape recorder (to the right) captured most of the master tracks and elements, again with a 60 Hz sync track. My original Moog synth beside the 3-M provided most of the instrumental lines, one note at a time. We borrowed a 35 mm mono audio dubber from our friend, the composer Eric Siday, to playback the dialog track in sync, and help us locate each sync point. Wherever there was a "cue to hit", we glued a teeny snip of loud sine tone on 1/4" tape onto that spot on the film's audio mag track, so the audio output provided a "blip" at these spots. We bought a used small Movieola to watch the scenes we were about to score. These latter two devices were not in the room when I took this slide, a few years later.
Nowadays the whole job could be done in a much smaller space, and with much greater convenience and speed. But somehow, it will be harder to duplicate the charm and atmosphere of this novel old studio. I still remember how many out of town visitors who saw it told us it was the "highlight of their whole NYC sightseeing trip!" But of course, back then, even the idea of a home or "project studio" was one whose time was yet to come...
(Top of the Page)
TimeSteps, the full score
Exclusive -- available at last, for the first time since the Hanson edition of music from A Clockwork Orange became out-of-print, we present pages from the actual score used in composing TimeSteps ! We've scanned the four-on-one-sheet printed pages at high res, and then carefully cleaned and edited the images for clarity, and converted them into JPEGs, for you to see here, or save for later to study. (They are much too large to see all at once on your monitor at 1:1 scale. Use the scroll bars as needed.)
Click HERE - pp. 1-4 to view the first four pages of Part One, the General Placement overview score.
(or click HERE - pp. 1-4 to download this file directly, in .sit format.)
Click HERE - pp. 17-20 to view the first four pages of Part Two, the Individual Component sections.
(or click HERE - pp. 17-20 to download this file directly, in .sit format.)
Note: I've uploaded these files again recently, as some of you have have reported problems downloading the Stuffed versions. They now seem to be just fine, and dowrload and open up normally on several machines here. But there are all sorts of Network problems, or your own computer's software configurations and available RAM, that can lead to corruption of moderately large files like these, loss of the EOF code and such. You'll have to try again if you experience trouble, or get a friend who's connection works out fine to grab it for you. Sorry that we must still experience the symptoms of a rather newish technology, folks!
If you can read music, you'll recognize the themes and layers and vocal parts (done with vocoder ) as they are heard in the newly remastered Hi-D ESD album. But even if you can't, the fascinating visual, graphic layout, in Wendy's own handwriting, is worth studying, especially while listening to the CD. While subtle, it's not as complex as it may first appear, and you may enjoy discovering other ways of composing for the synthesizer studio. TimeSteps has received a lot of attention for years, since Kubrick chose it for scenes in his 1971 film, as an important example of early Electronic Music.
(If there is enough interest, we'll add to these pages, until the complete score is available here. Each file is about 400k in size, at 200 dpi, and is the actual size of the printed pages in the original Clockwork Orange filmscore book, Hanson Publications D 151.)
(Top of the Page)
Credits and Thanks
Sundry benefactors: Earl Carter, Sue C. Clark, Jan Harlan, Ted Mann, Erica and Marshall Phillips, Phillip Ramey, R. Dennis Schwarz, Eric & Edith Siday.
With special thanks to Lewis Blau, Lucy Kroll, and Christiane and Stanley.
Original LP: first released 1972 as Columbia KC 31480. Album cover construction Karenlee Grant, photo David Vine.
Special Thanks, Remastered CD: John Romkey, Chris & Todd & Georges @ Arboretum Systems, Eric Klein @ Waves, Joe Winograd @ Aris , Matthew Davidson @ MotU, John Klett, and Clare Cooper. Graphic remix by Drew Miller @ SmartSet. Cover painting by Chelsea Louviere, additional graphics and assembly Wendy Carlos.
© 1972, 1998 Serendip.
What they're saying about it:
(Reviews, to be updated again. A big thanks to all who contributed!)
(East Side Digital's Blurb:)
Wendy Carlos - Clockwork Orange (Complete Original Score)
(ESD 81362 enhanced CD)
Got moloko?
This is the first-ever CD release of Wendy Carlos's memorable score to Stanley Kubrick's Clockwork Orange. Along with Carlos's classical realization of the Ode to Joy from Beethoven's Ninth Symphony, this was the recording which first introduced the world to Wendy's original compositions, including Timesteps, still considered one of the landmarks of electronic music.
For this release Wendy has restored and digitally remastered the original recordings, and added two pieces Orange Minuet and Biblical Daydreams which did not fit on the original 1972 CBS LP. This is one of the most sought-after recordings by both Wendy Carlos fans and film score enthusiasts.
February 1999 issue of Stereophile
Stereophile's "Records to Die For, 1999"
Wendy Carlos: "Clockwork Orange / Complete Original Score"
East Side Digital 81362; 1972/1998
produced by Rachel Elkind; remastered by Wendy Carlos
Performance: *****
Sonics: ****1/2
Within days of buying my first DAT machine in 1989, I transferred Wendy Carlos' "Clockwork Orange" score from the pristine second LP copy I'd kept locked away since the seventies.
Worlds away from the official Warner Brothers score, this 1972 release - just reissued on CD for the first time in extraordinarily detailed 20-bit remastered form - featured the "Switched On Bach" synthesizer pioneer at the peak of her artistry, realizing both featured classical standards (the second and fourth movement's of Beethoven's Symphony No. 9; Rossini's "La Gazza Ladra" overture and Purcell's "Music for the Funeral of Queen Mary) and some of the most tightly conceived and powerful originals of the day.
Snippets of the music found its way into the film, but only a fraction. The reissue also includes two substantial works that didn't fit on the LP - the Strawbs-like "Orange Minuet" and music to accompany Alex's fantasies of Christ's persecution - "Biblical Daydreams."
The focal point of the CD however is Carlos' 13:50 "Timesteps" - an organic, transfiguring electronic mini drama that captures both the book and film's insistent rhythms, menacing power and dark, schizophrenic undertow.
--Daniel Buckley
Wendy Carlos's Clockwork Orange: Complete Original Score
(CD, East Side Digital, Classical/electronic),
Sonic Seasonings / Land of the Midnight Sun
(Double CD, East Side Digital, Ambient/electronic),
Tales of Heaven and Hell
(CD, East Side Digital, Electronic)
Wendy Carlos is what you might call a true genius in the world of twentieth century music. She's always been ahead of her time...expanding boundaries and challenging listeners and herself. Hats off to East Side Digital for seeing fit to re-release earlier Carlos recordings as well as her latest work. Wendy's first major claim to fame was a recording called Switched On Bach, which literally changed the way the world listened to classical music (it also ended up being the first platinum classical album EVER). The re-releases of Clockwork Orange and Sonic Seasonings were remastered by Wendy herself, so you KNOW they sound dynamite...and both releases include extra tracks that weren't included on the vinyl releases. You'd think that an electronic recording from 1972 would sound dated and trite, but this is definitely not the case with the Clockwork soundtrack. It sounded futuristic and incredible then, and it sounds just as amazing now.
From the frightening "Timesteps" right on through "Country Lane," this represents state-of-the-art technology in the early seventies. The music has held up well, still sounding better than most current electronic discs released of late. Sonic Seasonings was Wendy's foray into ambient music (although at that time I doubt such a label existed). The music on Seasonings consists of four lengthy pieces divided up into "Spring," "Summer," "Winter," and "Fall." The music captures the essence of the seasons, with subtle electronics rounding out the sound. The real treat on this double CD, however, is the last track entitled "Midnight Sun." Unreleased until now, this hypnotic piece represents Wendy at her best. Layers upon layers of thick heady tones that sound like you've died and gone to heaven. But if you think that her past work overshadows her current endeavors, spinning Tales of Heaven and Hell will change your mind.
Possibly the most intensely orchestrated work she has yet to produce, this disc leaves other electronic musicians in a trail of dust (but then, Wendy always WAS ahead of her time...). The tunes on this disc sound like the soundtrack to my worst (and best) nightmares. Ms. Carlos throws so much at the listener that you can't help but feel overwhelmed...but in a very good way. Beautiful, frightening, surreal, psychedelic...there aren't enough adjectives to describe this music. Each tune is meticulously and painstakingly crafted. There's no telling how much time Wendy spent creating epics such as "Transitional," "Clockwork Black," or "Memories." Suffice to say, the lady who is largely responsible for the entire world of electronic music is still light years ahead of the rest. Easily one of the best CDs I've ever heard in my life, Tales is a rich and rewarding trip into unlimitless imagination. Wendy Carlos is in a category all her own. MIND BOGGLING.
(All three CDs get a rating of...6 out of 6)
LiveWire's Pitchfork CD reviews, week of January 10th:
Wendy Carlos's "Clockwork Orange Score"
(ESD, 530 North 3rd Street Minneapolis, MN 55401)
Rating: 8.0
Wendy Carlos' music from "A Clockwork Orange" has the best effect any film music can have: when you hear it, you remember exactly when in the film it was playing, and you can definitely remember whether or not you felt it all over again. I did with this disc. Although I haven't seen "A Clockwork Orange" in at least eight years, every creepy feeling came back to me. The milk bar, the rape, the Gene Kelly number, the prison, the torture... Jesus. I'm a happy guy.
Wendy Carlos got the job and pretty much just recycled the concept of her best- selling Switched on Bach album. Most of the music here is a Moog reading of such classic works as the "William Tell Overture" and "The Thieving Magpie." It's a kick to hear all of these "futuristic" fugues, but the real prize here may be the opening "Timesteps." When it originally appeared on the original "Clockwork Orange" soundtrack (this disc only compiles Carlos' tracks, thus Gene Kelly and that "Lighthouse Keeper" bullshit are Missing In Action), it was a slim four- minute piece. You may remember its hollow, lost- in- space- with- a- big- ass- gong sounds. But you've never heard the full- on fourteen minute epic, a shifting headscratcher that wanders around like Yanni's left nut. And yeah, I mean that in a good way.
Aside from a cut cue, "Biblical Daydreams," the rest of Carlos' stuff is here in its extended glory, tickling the ears and bringing back a whole lotta nightmares I thought I'd gotten over. Its retro- futuristic glow is a bit grating at times, but for folks who like this patch of backwater-- and I'm calling out to you, Synergy fans-- this disc has... a peel. (Groan now.)
--Jason Josephes
Wendy Carlos Clockwork Orange - Complete Original Score
Label: East Side Digital
Description: Reissue of dark, electronic, proto-new age
Wendy Carlos' dramatic score for the legendary "Clockwork Orange" motion picture is an interesting collection of solid, dark, electronic proto-new age music, long out of print and finally reissued. Part of the record is Carlos' original electronic compositions, like "Timesteps," a disconcerting musical poem written expressly to capture the ultra-violence of "Orange," and "Orange Minuet" and "Biblical Daydreams," which weren't included in the score's original release.
Other tunes on the album are electronically realized (and mindblowing, in historical context) interpretations of classics from composers like Beethoven and Rossini, and these follow-ups to "Switched-On Bach" are even more enjoyable than Carlos' originals. Although the score may not have the same impact that it had in 1972, this is a wonderfully- remastered and long-overdue reissue of a true classic, every bit as visionary as the movie it accompanies.
--Reviewed by: The Big Room
Wendy Carlos Clockwork Orange -
East Side Digital
(from Northern Ireland , December 21, 1998)
Best electronic album in the world ever. What can be said about this album that hasn't been said already? It quite simply contains some of the best electronic music ever composed; the most skilled manipulation of voltage controlled oscillators, filters and amplifiers ever to be used to change the pole orientation of a particle of magnetic tape oxide. Yes, I like this album lots.
Timesteps is the highlight of this album, IMO. It's dark, dank and spooky. It's complex interwoven morphing soundscapes overlaid with eerie chanting "Hosanna" (or at least, that's what it says on Wendy's own handwritten score) combined with strange vocoder singing parts. It has withstood the test of time and in 1998 remains an outstanding and forward looking piece of music. Every time I listen to it I hear something new in it.
If you're reading out there and you take electronic music - or indeed, any music - seriously then you *must* check out this album. In exchange for your 15 bucks you get taken on a rollercoaster ride through an intricately connected series of complex, intricate pieces of music. You've never had it so good.
--Brendan Heading ([email protected])
Mutant Renegade review by Mite (in Issue #10):
Wendy Carlos - "Clockwork Orange"
(East Side Digital 530 North 3rd Street Minneapolis, MN 55401)
You know the movie. This is the soundtrack. Moody and surreal. The hauntingly beautiful synth chants interwoven with classical music makes this one of the best movie scores ever done. Audio ultra-moody music for all of you little droogies can be found here. {Mite}
A featured Amazon.com CD review:
While the original Warner Bros. film soundtrack mixed up Carlos's electronic interpretations of classical greats with symphonic renditions, this score is all electronic. Featuring music from both the original soundtrack and a lesser-known alternate soundtrack, as well as some unreleased Carlos originals meant for the film, this Clockwork will please her fans.
Aside from famous classical renditions and reinterpretations like "A Theme from A Clockwork Orange (Beethoviana)," there are pieces that were scored but never used, including "Country Lane" (originally meant for the scene in which Alex is nearly drowned by his ex-gang-mates) and "Biblical Daydreams" (for the scene in which Alex dreams up perverse theological fantasies in prison).
On top of it all is "Timesteps," a creepy 14-minute suite inspired by the composer's initial exposure to the Anthony Burgess novel and excerpted in the final film. Carlos has a distinctive way of reinterpreting classical works onto the synthesizer, utilizing unusual tones and textures that give these renditions a unique stamp.
--Bryan Reesman
Mention by Chris Twomey of NewPower
(read his Dec 1998 interview with Wendy , from Excite Magazine):
I've been listening to Clockwork Orange quite often since getting it. "Orange Minuet" should have been a hit single! Sonic Seasonings sounds great too. Tangerine Dream must have been listening to it at the time Carlos made it.
Wendy Carlos's Complete Score to "Clockwork Orange"
* * * * * (5 out of 5 stars)
Yeah, I'm A Carlos Fan The third of the trilogy of great Carlos CDs ("Tales of Heaven & Hell" and "Sonic Seasonings"), this one bridges the gap between her classical renditions and her original compositions.
Loving tributes to Beethoven, Rossini and Purcell are interposed with stunning original compositions. "Country Lane" and "Timesteps" are Carlos' masterpieces, sparking with originality and sardonic wit. Kubrick's film was outstanding, but one has to bemoan how much better it would have been had he used Carlos' original score all the way through instead of the mishmash of classical, popular and nostalgia he settled on. *What* was he thinking???
The only way you can hear the way it should have been is to listen to this album.
--J.R.Carlberg <[email protected]>
One of the best original movie scores ever * * * * * (five stars)
Reviewer: Cap'n Dave from Phoenix, AZ
March 13, 2000
I've been a huge fan of both Carlos and Kubrick since the mid '70's. I was lucky enough to find a copy of Carlos's vinyl pressing of this album in '79. This CD blows it away, I've listened to it once a month since I bought it about a year ago. Timesteps is one of the best works Carlos has ever done and it really shows you what potential electronic music has or had. It's too bad Kubrick didn't use the whole score, I think it would have made the movie even stronger. The mechanical/electronic works would have heightened the dystopic feel of the film. If you buy one soundtrack this should be it.
Wendy Carlos's Complete Score to "Clockwork Orange"
* * * * * (5 out of 5 stars)
Wendy Carlos Clockwork Orange soundtrack is long overdue. I have waited years and years for this to be released on CD. This is her masterpiece. Timesteps is probably the best synthesizer piece of all time. Needless to say, I love this album. Don't think, just buy it!
--B. Benoit <[email protected]>
| Ludwig van Beethoven |
Which record did Scott McKenzie take to UK No.1 in July 1967? | SparkNotes: A Clockwork Orange: Themes, Motifs, & Symbols
Themes, Motifs, & Symbols
Themes are the fundamental and often universal ideas explored in a literary work.
The Inviolability of Free Will
More than anything, Burgess believed that “the freedom to choose is the big human attribute,” meaning that the presence of moral choice ultimately distinguishes human beings from machines or lower animals. This belief provides the central argument of A Clockwork Orange, where Alex asserts his free will by choosing a course of wickedness, only to be subsequently robbed of his self-determination by the government. In making Alex—a criminal guilty of violence, rape, and theft—the hero of the novel, Burgess argues that humanity must, at all costs, insist that individuals be allowed to make their own moral choices, even if that freedom results in depravity. When the State removes Alex’s power to choose his own moral course of action, Alex becomes nothing more than a thing. A human being’s legitimacy as a moral agent is predicated on the notion that good and evil exist as separate, equally valid choices. Without evil as a valid option, the choice to be good becomes nothing more than an empty, meaningless gesture.
The novel’s treatment of this theme includes, but is not limited to, the presentation of a Christian conception of morality. The chaplain, the novel’s clearest advocate for Christian morals, addresses the dangers of Alex’s “Reclamation Treatment” when he tells Alex that “goodness is something chosen. When a man cannot choose he ceases to be a man.” F. Alexander echoes this sentiment, albeit from a different philosophical standpoint, when he tells Alex that the treatment has “turned [him] into something other a human being. [He has] no power of choice any longer.” Burgess’s novel ultimately supports this conception of morality as a matter of choice and determination and argues that good behavior is meaningless if one does not actively choose goodness.
The Inherent Evil of Government
Just as A Clockwork Orange champions free will, it deplores the institution of government, which systematically seeks to suppress the individual in favor of the collective, or the state. Alex articulates this notion when he contends, in Part One, Chapter 4, that modern history is the story of individuals fighting against large, repressive government “machines.” As we see in A Clockwork Orange, the State is prepared to employ any means necessary to ensure its survival. Using technological innovation, mass-market culture, and the threat of violence, among other strategies, the State seeks to control Alex and his fellow citizens, who are least dangerous when they are most predictable. The State also does not tolerate dissent. Once technology helps to clear its prisons by making hardened criminals harmless, the State begins incarcerating dissidents, like F. Alexander, who aim to rouse public opinion against it and thus threaten its stability.
The Necessity of Commitment in Life
Burgess saw apathy and neutrality as two of the greatest sins of postwar England, and these qualities abound in A Clockwork Orange. Burgess satirizes them heavily, especially in his depiction of Alex’s parents. Fearful of going outside and content to be lulled to sleep by a worldcast program, Alex’s parents exemplify what Burgess saw as the essentially torpid nature of middle-class citizens. Conversely, Burgess makes Alex, whose proactive dedication to the pursuit of pleasure causes great suffering, the hero of his novel. Alex himself seems disgusted by neutrality, which he sees as a function of “thingness,” or inhumanity.
“Duality as the Ultimate Reality”
Coined by Burgess in an interview, this phrase reflects Burgess’s understanding of the world as a set of fundamental and coequal oppositions of forces. A Clockwork Orange abounds with dualities: good versus evil, commitment versus neutrality, man versus machine, man versus government, youth versus maturity, and intellect versus intuition, to name some of the most prominent ones. The important aspect of this theme is that, while one element of a given duality may be preferable to the other—such as good over evil—each force is equally essential in explaining the dynamics of the world. To know one of the opposing forces is to implicitly know the other. The notion of duality comes into play in A Clockwork Orange particularly during the debate over good and evil, where Alex at one point debunks the validity of a political institution that does not account for individual evil as a naturally occurring phenomenon.
Motifs
Motifs are recurring structures, contrasts, or literary devices that can help to develop and inform the text’s major themes.
Nadsat
Nadsat is the single most striking literary device that Burgess employs. An invented slang that incorporates mostly Russian and Cockney English, Alex uses nadsat to describe the world of A Clockwork Orange. Its initial effect is one of exclusion and alienation, as the reader actively deals with the foreignness of Alex’s speech. This effect is important because it keeps us removed from the intensely brutal violence that Alex perpetrates. Before we can evaluate Alex’s character, we must first come to identify with him on his terms: to “speak his language,” literally. In this way, Alex implicates us in the remorseless violence he commits throughout most of Part One, and we in turn develop sympathy for him as our narrator. In some sense, then, nadsat is a form of brainwashing—as we develop this new vocabulary, it subtly changes the ways we think about things. Nadsat shows the subtle, subliminal ways that language can control others. As the popular idiom of the teenager, nadsat seems to enter the collective consciousness on a subcultural level, a notion that hints at an undercurrent of burgeoning repression.
Nadsat’s origins also help to illuminate the world that Burgess chooses to depict in the novel. The combination of Russian and English indicates that Alex’s society is inspired by the two major superpowers of Burgess’s time, American capitalist democracy and Soviet Communism, suggesting that the two entities are not as far apart from one another as we might have thought.
Classical Music
Classical music enters A Clockwork Orange on a number of levels. On the formal level, the structure of the novel is patterned after musical forms. The novel, which is divided into three parts of seven chapters each, assumes an ABA form, analogous to an operatic aria. Accordingly, Parts 1 and 3 are mirror images of each other, while Part Two is substantially different. The A sections both take place on the streets near Alex’s home and in a country cottage, while the B section takes place in a jail. The A sections begin with Alex asking himself “What’s it going to be then, eh?” The B section begins with the same question, but this time, the prison chaplain asks the question to Alex. The A sections identify Alex by name, while the B section identifies him by number. Additionally, the A sections, as mirror images of each other, feature inversions of the same plot. Whereas, in Part One, Alex preys on unwitting and unwilling victims, in Part Three those same victims wittingly and willingly prey on him. These formal symmetries help us to make comparisons as the thematic material develops over the course of the novel.
On a textual level, Burgess studs the novel with repeated phrases, a very common feature of classical music. Alex supplies these linguistic motifs when he howls “out out out out” to his friends, or tells us that “it was a flip dark chill winter evening though dry,” or when he begins the book’s three parts—as well as the final chapter—with the question “What’s it going to be then, eh?” Burgess was unique as a writer, in that he aspired to adapt the forms of classical music in his writing. His novel Napoleon Symphony derives its structure from Beethoven’s Third Symphony, which was initially written for Napoleon.
Classical music also enters A Clockwork Orange on a narrative and thematic level. Though Burgess probably did not intend it to, Alex’s love of classical music within the confines of the novel’s repressive government invokes Plato, who argued that the enjoyment of music must be suppressed if social order is to be preserved. Plato identifies music with revolutionary pleasure, an association that may easily be applied to Alex in A Clockwork Orange. Alex’s love of classical music is inextricable from his love of violence, and he rarely thinks of one without the other. Both of these passions fly in the face of a government that, above all else, desires a Platonic order. It is thus no accident that Alex’s taste for Beethoven and Mozart sours once he undergoes Reclamation Treatment.
Christ
The repeated references to Christ serve two functions in the novel. First, they provide a structural and thematic analogy for Alex’s life. Alex is a martyr figure who gives up his individual identity for the citizens of his society. His attempted suicide in the last third of the book works as a sacrifice that exposes the repressive State’s evils. In addition, Alex’s narrative goes through a succession of three stages that invoke Christ’s three final days. As Jesus dies, is buried, and is resurrected on the third day, Alex gets caught, is buried in prison, and returns to his former self by the end of the novel. Alex occasionally alludes to Christ, such as when he refers to himself as a Christ figure in Part One, calling himself the “fruit of [his mother’s] womb,” and again in Part Two, when he mentions turning the other cheek after being punched in the face. Second, the repeated Christ references subtly insinuate that the State is using Alex’s violent impulses against him. Alex’s impulse toward violence twice leads him to identify with the Romans who torture and crucify Christ. In this way, Alex unwittingly aligns himself with the State, since the Romans who crucified Christ were, in effect, the “State” of biblical times.
Symbols
| i don't know |
'Fire' was a UK No.1 in June 1968 for who? | Top 100 1968 - UK Music Charts
1969
Top 100 1968
The top 100 1968 lists the 100 most popular hits in the UK singles music charts in 1968.
Position
What A Wonderful World / Cabaret
02
The Good, The Bad And The Ugly
05
I've Gotta Get A Message To You
13
Crazy World Of Arthur Brown
Fire
This Guy's In Love With You
23
Dave Dee Dozy Beaky Mick & Tich
Legend Of Xanadu
Son Of Hickory Holler's Tramp
28
If I Only Had Time
29
With A Little Help From My Friends
31
Ballad Of Bonnie And Clyde
33
Am I That Easy To Forget
34
Ain't Got No / I Got Life / Do What You Gotta Do
36
This Old Heart Of Mine
37
(Sittin' On) The Dock Of The Bay
39
Can't Take My Eyes Off You
40
I Say A Little Prayer
42
I Don't Want Our Loving To Die
46
Julie Driscoll & The Brian Auger Trinity
This Wheel's On Fire
John Fred & The Playboy Band
Judy In Disguise (With Glasses)
48
| The Crazy World of Arthur Brown (album) |
Who had a July 1968 UK No.1 with 'Do It Again'? | UK MUSIC CHARTS, No.1 Singles
1: Al Martino - Here In My Heart - 14/11/1952.
1953
2: Jo Stafford : You Belong To Me - 16/1/1953
3: Kay Starr : Comes A-Long A-Love - 23/1/1953.
4: Eddie Fisher: Outside Of Heaven - 30/1/1953.
Feb
5: Perry Como: Don't Let The Stars Get In Your Eyes - 6/2/1953
March
6: Guy Mitchell: She Wears Red Feathers - 13/3/1953
April
7: Stargazers: Broken Wings - 10/4/1953
8: Lita Roza: (How Much Is) That Doggie In The Window - 17/4/1953
9: Frankie Laine: I Believe - 24/4/1953
June
10: Eddie Fisher: I'm Walking Behind You - 26/6/1953
Aug
11: Mantovani Song: from 'The Moulin Rouge' - 14/8/1953
Sept
12: Guy Mitchell: Look At That Girl - 11/9/1953
Oct
13: Frankie Laine: Hey Joe - 23/10/1953
Nov
14: David Whitfield: Answer Me - 6/11/1953
15: Frankie Laine: Answer Me - 13/11/1953
1954
16: Eddie Calvert: Oh Mein Papa 8/1/1954
March
17: Stargazers: I See The Moon 12/3/1954.
April
18: Doris Day: Secret Love 16/4/1954
19: Johnnie Ray: Such A Night 30/4/1954
July
20: David Whitfield: Cara Mia 2/7/1954
Sept
21: Kitty Kallen: Little Things Mean A Lot 10/9/1954
22: Frank Sinatra: Three Coins In The Fountain 17/9/1954
Oct
23: Don Cornell: Hold My Hand 8/10/1954
Nov
24: Vera Lynn: My Son My Son 5/11/1954
25: Rosemary Clooney: This Ole House 26/11/1954
Dec
26: Winifred Atwell: Let's Have Another Party 3/12/1954
1955
27: Dickie Valentine: Finger Of Suspicion 7/1/1955.
28: Rosemary Clooney: Mambo Italiano 14/1/1955
Feb
29: Ruby Murray: Softly, Softly 18/2/1955
March
30: Tennessee Ernie Ford: Give Me Your Word, 11/3/1955
April
31: Perez Prez Prado & His Orchestra: Cherry Pink And Apple Blossom White 29/4/1955
May
32: Tony Bennett: Stranger In Paradise 13/5/1955
33: Eddie Calvert: Cherry Pink And Apple Blossom White 27/5/1955
June
34: Jimmy Young: Unchained Melody 24/6/1955
July
35: Alma Cogan: Dreamboat 15/7/1955
36: Slim Whitman: Rose Marie 29/7/1955
Oct
37: Jimmy Young: The Man From Laramie 14/10/1955
Nov
38: Johnston Brothers: Hernando's Hideaway 11/11/1955
39: Bill Haley & His Comets: Rock Around The Clock 25/11/1955
Dec
40: Dickie Valentine: Christmas Alphabet 16/12/1955
1956
41: Tennessee Ernie Ford: Sixteen Tons 20/1/1956.
Feb
42: Dean Martin: Memories Are Made Of This 17/2/1956
March
43: Dream Weavers: It's Almost Tomorrow 16/3/1956
44: Kay Starr: Rock And Roll Waltz 30/3/1956
April
45: Winifred Atwell: Poor People Of Paris 13/4/1956
May
46: Ronnie Hilton: No Other Love 4/5/1956
June
47: Pat Boone: I'll Be Home 15/6/1956
July
48: Frankie Lymon And The Teenagers - Why Do Fools Fall in Love 20/7/1956
Aug
49: Doris Day - Whatever Will Be Will Be (Que Sera, Sera) 10/8/1956
Sept
50: Anne Shelton - Lay Down Your Arms 21/9/1956
Oct
51: Frankie Laine - A Woman In Love 19/10/1956
Nov
52: Johnnie Ray - Just Walking In The Rain 16/11/1956
1957
53: Guy Mitchell.. Singing The Blues 4/1/1957
54: Tommy Steele.. Singing The Blues 11/1/1957
55: Frankie Vaughan.. The Garden Of Eden 25/1/1957
Feb
56: Tab Hunter.. Young Love 22/2/1957
April
57: Lonnie Donegan.. Cumberland Gap 12/4/1957
May
58: Guy Mitchell.. Rock-A-Billy 17/5/1957
59: Andy Williams.. Butterfly 24/5/1957
June
60: Johnnie Ray.. Yes Tonight Josephine 7/6/1957
61. Lonnie Donegan.. Puttin' On The Style / Gamblin' Man 28/6/1957
July
62. Elvis Presley.. All Shook Up 12/7/1957
Aug
63. Paul Anka.. Diana 30/8/1957
Nov
64. The Crickets.. That'll Be The Day 1/11/1957
65. Harry Belafonte.. Mary's Boy Child 22/11/1957
1958
66. Jerry Lee Lewis.. Great Balls Of Fire 10/1/1958
67. Elvis Presley.. Jailhouse Rock 24/1/1958
Feb
68. Michael Holliday.. The Story Of My Life 14/2/1958
69. Perry Como.. Magic Moments 28/2/1958
April
70. Marvin Rainwater.. Whole Lotta Woman 25/4/1958
May
71. Connie Francis.. Who's Sorry Now 16/5/1958
June
72. Vic Damone.. On The Street Where You Live 27/6/1958
July
73. Everly Brothers.. All I Have To Do Is Dream / Claudette 4/7/1958
Aug
74. Kalin Twins.. When 22/8/1958
Sept
75. Connie Francis.. Carolina Moon / Stupid Cupid 26/9/1958
Nov
76. Tommy Edwards.. All In The Game 7/11/1958
77. Lord Rockingham's XI.. Hoots Mon 28/11/1958
Dec
78. Conway Twitty.. It's Only Make Believe 19/12/1958
1959
79. Jane Morgan 'The Days The Rains Came' 23/1/1959
80. Elvis Presley 'I Got Stung / One Night' 30/1/1959
Feb
81. Shirley Bassey 'As I Love You' 20/2/1959
March
82. The Platters 'Smoke Gets In Your Eyes' 20/3/1959
83. Russ Conway 'Side Saddle' 27/3/1959
April
84. Buddy Holly 'It Doesn't Matter Anymore' 24/4/1959
May
85. Elvis Presley 'A Fool Such As I / I Need Your Love Tonight' 15/5/1959
June
86: Russ Conway 'Roulette' 19/6/1959
July
87: Bobby Darin 'Dream Lover' 3/7/1959
88: Cliff Richard 'Living Doll' 31/7/1959
Sept
89: Craig Douglas 'Only Sixteen' 11/9/1959
Oct
90: Jerry Keller 'Here Comes Summer' 9/10/1959
91: Bobby Darin 'Mack The Knife' 16/10/1959
92: Cliff Richard 'Travellin' Light' 30/10/1959
Dec
93: Adam Faith 'What Do You Want' 4/12/1959
94: Emile Ford & The Checkmates: What Do You Want To Make Those Eyes At Me For 18/12/1959
1960
95: Michael Holliday 'Starry Eyed' 29/1/1960
Feb
96: Anthony Newley 'Why' 5/2/1960
March
97: Adam Faith 'Poor Me' 10/3/1960
98: Johnny Preston 'Running Bear' 17/3/1960
99: Lonnie Donegan 'My Old Man's A Dustman' 31/3/1960
April
100: Anthony Newley 'Do You Mind' 28/4/1960
May
101: Everly Brothers 'Cathy's Clown' 5/5/1960
June
102: Eddie Cochran 'Three Steps To Heaven' 23/6/1960
July
103: Jimmy Jones 'Good Timin' 7/7/1960
104: Cliff Richard 'Please Don't Tease' 28/7/1960
Aug
105: Johnny Kidd & The Pirates 'Shakin' All Over' 4/8/1960
106: Shadows 'Apache' 25/8/1960
107: Ricky Valence 'Tell Laura I Love Her' 29/9/1960
Oct
108: Roy Orbison 'Only The Lonely' 20/10/1960
Nov
109: Elvis Presley 'It's Now Or Never' 3/11/1960
Dec
110: Cliff Richard 'I Love You' 29/12/1960
1961
111: Johnny Tillotson: Poetry In Motion, 12/1/1961
112: Elvis Presley: Are You Lonesome Tonight, 26/1/1961
Feb
113: Petula Clark: Sailor, 23/2/1961
March
114: Everly Brothers: Walk Right Back, 2/3/1961
115: Elvis Presley: Wooden Heart, 23/3/1961
May
116: The Marcels: Blue Moon, 4/5/1961
117: Floyd Cramer: On The Rebound, 18/5/1961
118: The Temperance Seven: You're Driving Me Crazy, 25/5/1961
June
119: Elvis Presley: Surrender, 1/6/1961
120: Del Shannon: Runaway, 29/6/1961
July
121: Everly Brothers: Temptation, 20/7/1961
Aug
122: Eden Kane: Well I Ask You, 3/8/1961
123: Helen Shapiro: You Don't Know, 10/8/1961
124: John Leyton: Johnny Remember Me, 31/8/196
Sept
125: Shirley Bassey: Reach For The Stars / Climb Ev'ry Mountain, 21/9/1961
Oct
126: Shadows: Kon Tiki - 5/10/1961
127: The Highwaymen: Michael - 12/10/1961
128: Helen Shapiro: Walkin' Back To Happiness - 19/10/1961
Nov
129: Elvis Presley: His Latest Flame - 9/11/1961
Dec
130: Frankie Vaughan: Tower Of Strength - 7/12/1961
131: Danny Williams: Moon River - 28/12/1961
1962
132. Cliff Richard 'The Young Ones' 11/1/1962
Feb
133. Elvis Presley 'Can't Help Falling In Love / Rock-A-Hula Baby' 22/2/1962
March
134. Shadows 'Wonderful Land' 22/3/1962
May
135. B.Bumble & The Stingers 'Nut Rocker' 17/5/1962
136. Elvis Presley 'Good Luck Charm' 24/5/1962
June
137. Mike Sarne with Wendy Richard 'Come Outside' 28/6/1962
jJuly
138. Ray Charles 'I Can't Stop Loving You' 12/7/1962
139. Frank Ifield 'I Remember You' 26/7/1962
Sept
140. Elvis Presley 'She's Not You' 13/9/1962
Oct
142. Frank Ifield 'Lovesick Blues' 8/11/1962
Dec
143. Elvis Presley 'Return To Sender' 13/12/1962
1963
144. Cliff Richard 'The Next Time / Bachelor Boy' 3/1/1963
145. Shadows 'Dance On' 24/1/1963
146. Jet Harris & Tony Meehan 'Diamonds' 31/1/1963
147. Frank Ifield 'Wayward Wind' 21/2/1963
March
148. Cliff Richard 'Summer Holiday' 14/3/1963
149. Shadows 'Foot Tapper' 29/3/1963
April
150. Gerry & The Pacemakers 'How Do You Do It?' 11/4/1963
May
151. Beatles' From Me To You' 2/5/1963
June
152. Gerry & The Pacemakers 'I Like It' 20/6/1963
July
153. Frank Ifield 'Confessin' (That I Love You)' 18/7/1963
Aug
154. Elvis Presley '(You're The) Devil In Disguise' 1/8/1963
155. Searchers 'Sweets For My Sweet' 8/8/1963
156. Billy J. Kramer & The Dakotas 'Bad To Me' 22/8/1963
Sept
157. Beatles 'She Loves You' 12/9/1963
Oct
158. Brian Poole & The Tremeloes 'Do You Love Me' 10/10/1963
159. Gerry & The Pacemakers 'You'll Never Walk Alone' 31/10/1963
Dec
160. Beatles 'I Want To Hold Your Hand' 12/12/1963
1964
161 Dave Clark Five.. Glad All Over 16/1/1964
162 Searchers.. Needles & Pins 30/1/1964
Feb
164 Cilla Black.. Anyone Who Had A Heart 27/2/1964
March
165 Billy J. Kramer & The Dakotas.. Little Children 19/3/1964
April
166. Beatles.. Can't Buy Me Love 2/4/1964
167. Peter & Gordon.. A World Without Love 23/4/1964
May
168. Searchers.. Don't Throw Your Love Away 7/5/1964
169. Four Pennies.. Juliet 21/5/1964
170. Cilla Black .. You're My World 28/5/1964
June
171. Roy Orbison.. It's Over 25/6/1964
July
172. Animals.. The House Of The Rising Sun 9/7/1964
173. Rolling Stones.. It's All Over now 16/7/1964
174. Beatles.. A Hard Day's Night 23/7/1964
Aug
175. Manfred Mann.. Do Wah Diddy Diddy 13/8/1964
176. Honeycombes.. Have I The Right 27/8/1964
Sept
177. Kinks.. You Really Got Me 10/9/1964
178. Herman's Hermits.. I'm Into Something Good 24/9/1964
Oct
179. Roy Orbison.. Oh Pretty Woman 8/10/1964
180. Sandie Shaw.. (There's) Always Something There To Remind Me 22/10/1964
Nov
181. Supremes.. Baby Love 19/11/1964
Dec
182. Rolling Stones.. Little Red Rooster 3/12/1964
183. Beatles.. I Feel Fine 10/12/1964
1965
184. Georgie Fame & The Blue Flames 'Yeh Yeh' 14/1/1965
185. Moody Blues 'Go Now!' 28/1/1965
Feb
186. Righteous Brothers 'You've Lost That Loving Feeling' 4/2/1965
187. Kinks 'Tired Of Waiting For You' 18/2/1965
188. Seekers 'I'll Never Find Another You' 25/2/1965
March
189. Tom Jones 'It's Not Unusual' 11/3/1965
190. Rolling Stones 'The Last Time' 18/3/1965
April
191. Unit Four Plus Two 'Concrete & Clay' 8/4/1965
192. Cliff Richard 'The Minute You're Gone' 15/4/1965
193. Beatles 'Ticket To Ride' 22/4/1965
May
194. Roger Miller 'King Of The Road' 13/5/1965
195. Jackie Trent 'Where Are You Now (My Love)' 20/5/1965
196. Sandie Shaw 'Long Live Love' 27/5/1965
197. Elvis Presley 'Crying In The Chapel' 17/6/1965
198. Hollies 'I'm Alive' 24/6/1965
July
199. Byrds 'Mr Tambourine Man' 22/7/1965
Aug
201. Sonny & Cher 'I Got You Babe' 26/8/1965
Sept
202. Rolling Stones '(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction' 9/9/1965
203. Walker Brothers 'Make It Easy On Yourself' 23/9/1965
204. Ken Dodd 'Tears' 30/9/1965
Nov
205. Rolling Stones 'Get Off Of My Cloud' 4/11/1965
206. Seekers 'The Carnival Is Over' 25/11/1965
Dec
207. Beatles 'Day Tripper / We Can Work It Out' 16/12/1965
1966
208. Spencer Davis Group 'Keep On Running' 20/1/1966
209. Overlanders 'Michelle' 27/1/1966
210. Nancy Sinatra 'These Boots Are Made For Walking' 17/2/1966
March
211. Walker Brothers 'The Sun Ain't Gonna Shine Anymore' 17/3/1966
April
212. Spencer Davis Group 'Somebody Help Me' 14/4/1966
213. Dusty Springfield You 'Don't Have To Say You Love Me' 28/4/1966
May
214. Manfred Mann 'Pretty Flamingo' 5/5/1966
215. Rolling Stones 'Paint It Black' 26/5/1966
June
216. Frank Sinatra 'Strangers In The Night' 2/6/1966
217. Beatles 'Paperback Writer' 23/6/1966
July
218. Kinks 'Sunny Afternoon' 7/7/1966
219. Georgie Fame & The Blue Flames 'Get Away' 21/7/1966
220. Chris Farlowe 'Out Of Time' 28/7/1966
Aug
221. Troggs 'With A Girl Like You' 4/8/1966
222. Beatles 'Yellow Submarine / Eleanor Rigby' 18/8/1966
Sept
223. Small Faces 'All Or Nothing' 15/9/1966
224. Jim Reeves 'Distant Drums' 22/9/1966
Oct
225. Four Tops 'Reach Out I'll Be There' 27/10/1966
Nov
226. Beach Boys 'Good Vibrations' 17/11/1966
Dec
227. Tom Jones 'Green Green Grass Of Home' 1/12/1966
1967
228. Monkees 'I'm A Believer' 19/1/1967
Feb
229. Petula Clark 'This Is My Song' 16/2/1967
March
230. Engelbert Humperdink 'Release Me (And Let Me Love Again)' 2/3/1967
April
231. Frank Sinatra & Nancy Sinatra 'Somethin' Stupid' 13/4/1967
232. Sandie Shaw 'Puppet On A String' 27/4/1967
May
233. Tremeloes 'Silence Is Golden' 18/5/1967
June
234. Procol Harum 'A Whiter Shade Of Pale' 8/6/1967
July
235. Beatles 'All You Need Is Love' 19/7/1967
Aug
236. Scott McKenzie 'San Francisco (Be Sure To Wear Some Flowers In Your Hair)' 9/8/1967
Sept
237. Engelbert Humperdink 'The Last Waltz' 6/9/1967
Oct
238. Bee Gees 'Massachusetts' 11/10/1967
Nov
239. Foundations - 'Baby Now That I've Found You' 8/11/1967
240. Long John Baldry - 'Let The Heartaches Begin' 22/11/1967
Dec
241. Beatles - 'Hello Goodbye' 6/12/1967
1968
242. Georgie Fame - 'The Ballad Of Bonnie & Clyde' 24/1/1968
243. Love Affair - 'Everlasting Love' 31/1/1968
Feb
244. Manfred Mann - 'The Mighty Quinn' 14/2/1968
245. Esther & Abi Ofarim - 'Cinderella Rockefella' 28/2/1968
March
246. Dave Dee, Dozy, Beaky, Mick & Tich - 'Legend Of Xanadu' 20/3/1968
247. Beatles - ''Lady Madonna' 27/3/1968
April
248. Cliff Richard - 'Congratulations' 10/4/1968
249. Louis Armstrong -'What A Wonderful World / Cabaret' 24/4/1968
May
250. Union Gap featuring Gary Puckett -'Young Girl' 22/5/1968
June
251. Rolling Stones- 'Jumpin' Jack Flash' 19/6/1968
July
252. Equals - 'Baby Come Back' 3/7/1968
253. Des O'Connor - 'I Pretend' 24/7/1968
254. Tommy James & The Shondells - 'Mony Mony 31/7/1968
Aug
255. Crazy World of Arthur Brown - 'Fire' 14/8/1968
256. Beach Boys - ''Do It Again' 28/8/1968
Sept
257. Bee Gees - 'I've Gotta Get A Message To You' 4/9/1968
258. Beatles -'Hey Jude' 11/9/1968
259. Mary Hopkin - 'Those Were The Days' 25/9/1968
Nov
260. Joe Cocker - 'With A Little Help From My Friends' 6/11/1968
261. Hugo Montenegro Orchestra - 'The Good The Bad And The Ugly' 13/11/1968
262. Scaffold - 'Lily The Pink' 11/12/1968
1969
263. Marmalade - 'Ob-La-Di Ob-La-Da' 1/1/1969
264. Fleetwood Mac - Albatross 29/1/69
Feb
265. Move - Blackberry Way 05/2/69
266. Amen Corner '(If Paradise Is) Half As Nice' 12/2/1969
267. Peter Sarstedt 'Where Do You Go To My Lovely?' 26/2/1969
March
268. Marvin Gaye 'I Heard It Through The Grapevine' 26/3/1969
April
269. Desmond Dekker & The Aces 'Israelites' 16/4/1969
270. Beatles 'Get Back' 23/4/1969
June
271. Tommy Roe 'Dizzy' 4/6/1969
272. Beatles 'The Ballad Of John & Yoko' 11/6/1969
July
273. Thunderclap Newman 'Something In The Air' 2/7/1969
274. Rolling Stones 'Honky Tonk Women' 23/7/1969
Aug
275. Zager & Evans 'In The Year 2525' (Exorium & Terminus) 30/8/1969
Sept
276. Creedence Clearwater Revival 'Bad Moon Rising' 20/9/1969
Oct
277. Jane Birkin & Serge Gainsbourg 'Je T'Aime... Moi Non Plus' 11/10/1969
278. Bobby Gentry 'I'll Never Fall In Love Again' 18/10/1969
279. Archies 'Sugar Sugar' 25/10/1969
Dec
280. Rolf Harris 'Two Little Boys' 20/12/1969
1970
281. Edison Lighthouse 'Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)' 31/1/1970
March
282. Lee Marvin - 'Wandrin' Star' 7/3/1970
283. Simon & Garfunkel - 'Bridge Over Troubled Water' 28/3/1970
April
284. Dana .. 'All Kinds Of Everything' 18/4/1970
May
285. Norman Greenbaum - 'Spirit In The Sky' 2/5/1970
286. England World Cup Squad -'Back Home' 16/5/1970
June
287. Christie - 'Yellow River' 6/6/1970
288. Mungo Jerry - 'In The Summertime' 13/6/1970
Aug
289. Elvis Presley - 'The Wonder Of You' 1/8/1970
Sept
290. Smokey Robinson & The Miracles 'Tears Of A Clown' 12/9/1970
291. Freda Payne 'Band Of Gold' 19/9/1970
Oct
292. Matthew's Southern Comfort 'Woodstock' 31/10/1970
Nov
293. Jimi Hendrix 'Voodoo Chile' 21/11/1970
294. Dave Edmunds 'I Hear You Knockin' 28/11/1970
1971
295. Clive Dunn - Grandad 9/1/1971
296. George Harrison - 'My Sweet Lord' 30/1/1971
March
297. Mungo Jerry - 'Baby Jump' 6/3/1971
298. T Rex - 'Hot Love' 20/3/1971
May
299. Dave & Ansil Collins - 'Double Barrel' 1/5/1971
300. Dawn - 'Knock Three Times' 15/5/1971
June
301. Middle Of The Road 'Chirpy Chirpy Cheep Cheep' 19/6/1971
July
302. T Rex 'Get It On' 24/7/1971
Aug
303. Diana Ross 'I'm Still Waiting' 21/8/1971
Sept
304. Tams 'Hey Girl Don't Bother Me' 18/9/1971
Oct
305. Rod Stewart 'Maggie May' 9/10/1971
Nov
306. Slade 'Coz I Luv You' 13/11/1971
Dec
307. Benny Hill 'Ernie (The Fastest Milkman In The West)' 11/12/1971
1972
308. New Seekers - 'I'd Like To Teach The World To Sing' 8/1/1972
Feb
309. T Rex 'Telegram Sam' 5/2/1972
310. Chicory Tip 'Son Of My Father' 19/2/1972
March
311. Nilsson' Without You' 11/3/1972
April
312. The Pipes & Drums & Military Band of The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards 'Amazing Grace' 15/4/1972
May
313. T Rex 'Metal Guru' 20/5/1972
June
314. Don McLean 'Vincent' 17/6/1972
July
315. Slade 'Take Me Back 'Ome' 1/7/1972
316. Donny Osmond 'Puppy Love' 8/7/1972
Aug
317. Alice Cooper 'School's Out' 12/8/1972
Sept
318. Rod Stewart 'You Wear It Well' 2/9/1972
319. Slade 'Mama Weer All Crazee Now' 9/9/1972
320. David Cassidy 'How Can I Be Sure' 30/9/1972
Oct
321. Lieutenant Pigeon 'Mouldy Old Dough' 14/10/1972
Nov
322. Gilbert O'Sullivan 'Clair' 11/11/1972
323. Chuck Berry 'My Ding-A-Ling' 25/11/1972
Dec
324. Little Jimmy Osmond 'Long Haired Lover From Liverpool' 23/12/1972
1973
326. Slade 'Cum On Feel The Noize' 3/3/1973
327. Donny Osmond 'The Twelfth Of Never' 31/3/1973
April
328. Gilbert O'Sullivan 'Get Down' 7/4/1973
329. Dawn featuring Tony Orlando 'Tie A Yellow Ribbon Round The Old Oak Tree' 21/4/1973
May
330. Wizzard 'See My Baby Jive' 19/5/1973
June
331. Suzi Quatro 'Can The Can' 16/6/1973
332. 10 CC 'Rubber Bullets' 23/6/1973
333. Slade 'Skweeze Me Pleeze Me' 30/6/1973
July
334. Peters & Lee 'Welcome Home' 21/7/1973
335. Gary Glitter 'I'm The Leader Of The Gang (I Am)' 28/7/1973
Aug
336. Donny Osmond 'Young Love' 25/8/1973
Sept
337. Wizzard 'Angel Fingers (A Teen Ballad)' 22/9/1973
338. Simon Park Orchestra 'Eye Level' 29/9/1973
Oct
339. David Cassidy 'Daydreamer / The Puppy Song' 27/10/1973
Nov
340. Gary Glitter 'I Love You Love Me Love' 17/11/1973
Dec
341. Slade 'Merry Xmas Everybody' 15/12/1973
1974
342. New Seekers 'You Won't Find Another Fool Like Me' 19/1/1974
343. Mud 'Tiger Feet' 26/1/1974
Feb
344. Suzi Quatro 'Devil Gate Drive' 23/2/1974
March
345. Alvin Stardust 'Jealous Mind' 9/3/1974
346. Paper Lace 'Billy Don't Be A Hero' 16/3/1974
April
347. Terry Jacks 'Seasons In The Sun' 6/4/1974
May
349. Rubettes 'Sugar Baby Love' 18/5/1974
June
350. Ray Stevens 'The Streak 15/6/1974
351. Gary Glitter 'Always Yours' 22/6/1974
352. Charles Aznavour 'She' 29/6/1974
July
353. George McCrae 'Rock Your Baby' 27/7/1974
Aug
354. Three Degrees 'When Will I See You Again' 17/8/1974
355. Osmonds 'Love Me For A Reason' 31/8/1974
Sept
356. Carl Douglas 'Kung Fu Fighting' 21/9/1974
Oct
357. John Denver 'Annie's Song' 12/10/1974
358. Sweet Sentation 'Sad Sweet Dreamer' 19/10/1974
359. Ken Boothe 'Everything I Own' 26/10/1974
Nov
360. David Essex 'Gonna Make You A Star' 16/11/1974
Dec
361. Barry White 'You're The First, The Last, My Everything' 7/12/1974
362. Mud 'Lonely This Christmas' 21/12/1974
1975
363. Status Quo 'Down Down' 18/1/1975
364. Tymes 'Ms Grace' 25/1/1975
Feb
366. Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel 'Make Me Smile (Come Up And See Me)' 22/2/1975
March
367. Telly Savalas ''If'' 8/3/1975
368. Bay City Rollers 'Bye Bye Baby 22/3/1975
May
369. Mud 'Oh Boy 3/5/1975
370. Tammy Wynette 'Stand By Your Man 17/5/1975
June
371. Windsor Davies & Don Estelle 'Whispering Grass' 7/6/1975
372. 10 CC 'I'm Not In Love' 28/6/1975
July
373. Johnny Nash 'Tears On My Pillow' 12/7/1975
374. Bay City Rollers 'Give A Little Love' 19/7/1975
Aug
375. Typically Tropical 'Barbados' 9/8/1975
376. Stylistics 'Can't Give You Anything (But My Love)' 16/8/1975
Sept
377. Rod Stewart 'Sailing' 6/9/1975
Oct
378. David Essex 'Hold Me Close' 4/10/1975
379. Art Garfunkel 'I Only Have Eyes For You' 25/10/1975
Nov
380. David Bowie 'Space Oddity' 8/11/1975
381. Billy Connolly 'D.I.V.O.R.C.E'. 22/11/1975
382. Queen 'Bohemian Rhapsody' 29/11/1975
1976
383. Abba 'Mamma Mia' 31/1/1976
Feb
384. Slik 'Forever And Ever' 14/2/1976
385. Four Seasons 'December '63' 21/2/1976
March
386. Tina Charles 'I Love To Love (But My Baby Loves To Dance)' 6/3/1976
387. Brotherhood Of Man ''Save Your Kisses For Me' 27/3/1976
May
396. Chicago 'If You Leave Me Now' 13/11/1976
Dec
397. Showaddywaddy 'Under The Moon Of Love'' 4/12/1976
398. Johnny Mathis 'When A Child Is Born' (Soleado) 25/12/1976
1977
399. David Soul ''Don't Give Up On Us 15/1/1977
Feb
400. Julie Covington 'Don't Cry For Me Argentina 12/2/1977
401. Leo Sayer 'When I Need You 19/2/1977
March
402. Manhattan Transfer 'Chanson D'Amour 12/3/1977
April
403. Abba 'Knowing Me Knowing You 2/4/1977
May
404. Deniece Williams 'Free 7/5/1977
405. Rod Stewart 'I Don't Want To Talk About It / First Cut Is The Deepest 21/5/1977
June
406. Kenny Rogers 'Lucille 18/6/1977
407. Jacksons Show 'You The Way To Go 25/6/1977
July
408. Hot Chocolate 'So You Win Again 2/7/1977
409. Donna Summer 'I Feel Love 23/7/1977
Aug
410. Brotherhood Of Man 'Angelo 20/8/1977
411. Floaters 'Float On 27/8/1977
Sept
412. Elvis Presley 'Way Down 3/9/1977
Oct
413. David Soul 'Silver Lady 8/10/1977
414. Baccara 'Yes Sir I Can Boogie 29/10/1977
Nov
415. Abba 'The Name Of The Game 5/11/1977
Dec
416. Wings 'Mull Of Kintyre / Girls' School 3/12/1977
1978
417. Althia & Donna 'Up Town Top Ranking 4/2/1978
418. Brotherhood Of Man 'Figaro 11/2/1978
419. Abba 'Take A Chance On Me 18/2/1978
March
420. Kate Bush 'Wuthering Heights 11/3/1978
April
421. Brian & Michael 'Matchstalk Men And Matchstalk Cats And Dogs 8/4/1978
422. Bee Gees 'Night Fever 29/4/1978
423. Boney M - 'Rivers Of Babylon / Brown 'Girl In The Ring 13/5/1978
June
424. John Travolta & Olivia Newton John 'You're The One That I Want 17/6/1978
Aug
425. Commodores 'Three Times A Lady 19/8/1978
Oct
426. 10 CC 'Dreadlock Holiday 23/9/1978
427. John Travolta & Olivia Newton 'John Summer Nights 30/9/1978
Nov
428. Boomtown Rats .. 'Rat Trap 18/11/1978
Dec
429. Rod Stewart.. 'Da Ya Think I'm Sexy 2/12/1978
430. Boney M .. 'Mary's Boy Child - Oh My Lord 9/12/1978
1979
431. Village People , Y.M.C.A. 6/1/1979
432. Ian Dury & The Blockheads , Hit Me With Your Rhythm Stick 27/1/1979
Feb
433. Blondie , Heart Of Glass 3/2/1979
March
434. Bee Gees , Tragedy 3/3/1979
435. Gloria Gaynor , I Will Survive 17/3/1979
April
436. Art Garfunkel , Bright Eyes 14/4/1979
May
437. Blondie, Sunday Girl 26/5/1979
June
438. Anita Ward , Ring My Bell 16/6/1979
439. Tubeway Army , Are 'Friends' Electric 30/6/1979
July
440. Boomtown Rats , I Don't Like Mondays 28/7/1979
Aug
441. Cliff Richard , We Don't Talk Anymore 25/8/1979
Sept
442. Gary Numan , Cars 22/9/1979
443. Police , Message In A Bottle 29/9/1979
Oct
444. Buggles - Video Killed The Radio Star 20/10/1979
445. Lena Martell , One Day At A Time 27/10/1979
Nov
446. Dr Hook , When You're In Love With A Beautiful Woman 17/11/1979
Dec
447. Police ,Walking On The Moon 8/12/1979
448. Pink Floyd , Another Brick In The Wall 15/12/1979
1980
449. Pretenders 'Brass In Pocket' 19/1/1980
Feb
450. The Special AKA (Specials) The Specials Live EP (main track: Too Much Too Young) 2/2/1980
451. Kenny Rogers 'Coward Of The County' 16/2/1980
March
453. Fern Kinney 'Together We Are Beautiful '15/3/1980
454. Jam 'Going Underground / Dreams Of Children' 22/3/1980
April
455. Detroit Spinners 'Working My Way Back To You - Forgive Me Girl' 12/4/1980
456. Blondie 'Call Me' 26/4/1980
May
457. Dexy's Midnight Runners 'Geno' 3/5/1980
458. Johnny Logan 'What's Another Year' 17/5/1980
459. Mash 'Suicide Is Painless (Theme from M*A*S*H)' 31/5/1980
June
460. Don McLean 'Crying' 21/6/1980
July
461. Olivia Newton John & Electric Light Orchestra 'Xanadu' 12/7/1980
462. Odyssey 'Use It Up And Wear It Out' 26/7/1980
Aug
463. Abba 'The Winner Takes It All' 9/8/1980
464. David Bowie 'Ashes To Ashes' 23/8/1980
Sept
466. Kelly Marie 'Feels Like I'm In Love' 13/9/1980
467. Police 'Don't Stand So Close To Me' 27/9/1980
Oct
468. Barbra Streisand 'Woman In Love' 25/10/1980
Nov
469. Blondie 'The Tide Is High' 15/11/1980
470. Abba 'Super Trouper' 29/11/1980
Dec
471. John Lennon '(Just Like) Starting Over' 20/12/1980
472. St Winifred's School Choir 'There's No One Quite Like Grandma' 27/12/1980
1981
473. John Lennon 'Imagine' 10/1/1981
Feb
474. John Lennon 'Woman' 7/2/1981
475. Joe Dolce Music Theatre 'Shaddup You Face' 21/2/1981
March
476. Roxy Music 'Jealous Guy' 14/3/1981
477. Shakin' Stevens 'This Ole House' 28/3/1981
April
478. Bucks Fizz 'Making Your Mind Up' 18/4/1981
May
479. Adam & The Ants 'Stand And Deliver' 9/5/1981
June
480. Smokey Robinson 'Being With You' 13/6/1981
481. Michael Jackson 'One Day In Your Life' 27/6/1981
July
482. Specials 'Ghost Town' 11/7/1981
Aug
483. Shakin' Stevens 'Green Door' 1/8/1981
484. Aneka 'Japanese Boy' 29/8/1981
Sept
485. Soft Cell 'Tainted Love' 5/9/1981
486. Adam & The Ants 'Prince Charming' 19/9/1981
Oct
487. Dave Stewart & Barbara Gaskin 'It's My Party' 17/10/1981
Nov
488. Police ''Every Little Thing She Does Is Magic' 14/11/1981
489. Queen & David Bowie ''Under Pressure' 21/11/1981
Dec
490. Julio Iglesias ''Begin The Beguine (Volver A Empezar) 5/12/1981
491. Human League ''Don't You Want Me' 12/12/1981
1982
492. Bucks Fizz - Land Of Make Believe 16/1/1982
493. Shakin' Stevens - Oh Julie 30/1/1982
Feb
494. Kraftwerk - The Model / Computer Love 6/2/1982
495. Jam - A Town Called Malice / Precious 13/2/1982
March
496. Tight Fit - The Lion Sleeps Tonight 6/3/1982
497. Goombay Dance Band Seven - Tears 27/3/1982
April
498. Bucks Fizz - My Camera Never Lies 17/4/1982
499. Paul McCartney & Stevie Wonder - Ebony And Ivory 24/4/1982
May
500. Nicole- A Little Peace 15/5/1982
501. Madness - House Of Fun 29/5/1982
June
502. Adam Ant - Goody Two Shoes 12/6/1982
503. Charlene - I 've Never Been To Me 26/6/1982
July
504. Captain Sensible - Happy Talk 3/7/1982
505. Irene Cara - Fame 17/7/1982
Aug
506. Dexy's Midnight Runners - Come On Eileen 7/8/1982
Sept
507. Survivor - Eye Of The Tiger 4/9/1982
Oct
508. Musical Youth - Pass The Dutchie 2/10/1982
509. Culture Club - Do You Really Want To Hurt Me 23/10/1982
Nov
510. Eddy Grant - I Don't Wanna Dance 13/11/1982
Dec
511. Jam - Beat Surrender 4/12/1982
512. Renee & Renato - Save Your Love 18/12/1982
1983
513. Phil Collins 'You Can't Hurry Love' 15/1/1983
514. Men At Work 'Down Under' 29/1/1983
Feb
515. Kajagoogoo 'Too Shy' 19/2/1983
March
516. Michael Jackson 'Billie Jean' 5/3/1983
517. Bonnie Tyler 'Total Eclipse Of The Heart' 12/3/1983
518. Duran Duran 'Is There Something I Should Know' 26/3/1983
April
519. David Bowie 'Let's Dance' 9/4/1983
520. Spandau Ballet 'True' 30/4/1983
May
521. New Edition 'Candy Girl' 28/5/1983
June
522. Police 'Every Breath You Take' 4/6/1983
July
523. Rod Stewart 'Baby Jane' 2/7/1983
524. Paul Young 'Wherever I Lay My Hat' 23/7/1983
Aug
525. K C & The Sunshine Band 'Give It Up' 13/8/1983
Sept
526. UB 40 'Red Red Wine' 3/9/1983
527. Culture Club 'Karma Chameleon' 24/9/1983
Nov
528 Billy Joel 'Uptown Girl 5/11/1983
Dec
529 Flying Pickets 'Only You 10/12/1983
1984
530. Paul McCartney - Pipes Of Peace 14/1/1984
531. Frankie Goes To Hollywood - Relax 28/1/1984
March
532. Nena - 99 Red Balloons 3/3/1984
533. Lionel Richie - Hello 24/3/1984
May
534. Duran Duran - The Reflex 5/5/1984
June
535. Wham! - Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go 2/6/1984
536. Frankie Goes To Hollywood - Two Tribes 16/6/1984
Aug
537. George Michael - Careless Whisper 18/8/1984
Sept
538. Stevie Wonder - I Just Called To Say I Love You 8/9/1984
Oct
540. Chaka Khan - I Feel For You 10/11/1984
Dec
541. Jim Diamond - I Should Have Known Better 1/12/1984
542. Frankie Goes To Hollywood - The Power Of Love 8/12/1984
543. Band Aid - Do They Know It's Christmas 15/12/1984
1985
544. Foreigner 'I Want To Know What Love Is 19/1/1985
Feb
545. Elaine Paige & Barbara Dickson 'I Know Him So Well 9/2/1985
March
546. Dead Or Alive 'You Spin Me Round (Like A Record) 9/3/1985
547. Philip Bailey & Phil Collins 'Easy Lover 23/3/1985
April
548. USA For Africa 'We Are The World 20/4/1985
May
549. Phyllis Nelson 'Move Closer 4/5/1985
550. Paul Hardcastle '19' 11/5/1985
June
551. Crowd ''You'll Never Walk Alone 15/6/1985
552. Sister Sledge ''Frankie 29/6/1985
July
553. Eurythmics 'There Must Be An Angel (Playing With My Heart) 27/7/1985
Aug
554. Madonna 'Into The Groove 3/8/1985
555. UB 40 & Chrissie Hynde 'I Got You Babe 31/8/1985
Sept
556. David Bowie & Mick Jagger 'Dancing in the Street 7/9/1985
Oct
557. Midge Ure 'If I Was 5/10/1985
558. Jennifer Rush 'The Power Of Love 12/10/1985
Nov
559. Feargal Sharkey 'A Good Heart 16/11/1985
560. Wham! 'I'm Your Man 30/11/1985
Dec
561. Whitney Houston 'Saving All My Love For You 14/12/1985
562. Shakin' Stevens 'Merry Christmas Everyone 28/12/1985
1986
563. Pet Shop Boys 'West End Girls 11/1/1986
564. A-Ha 'The Sun Always Shines On TV 25/1/1986
Feb
565. Billy Ocean 'When The Going Gets Tough, The Tough Get Going 8/2/1986
March
566. Diana Ross 'Chain Reaction 8/3/1986
567. Cliff Richard & The Young 'Ones Living Doll 29/3/1986 The first official Comic Relief single
April
568. George Michael 'A Different Corner 19/4/1986
May
569. Falco 'Rock Me Amadeus 10/5/1986
570. Spitting Image 'The Chicken Song 17/5/1986
June
571. Doctor & The Medics 'Spirit In The Sky 7/6/1986
572. Wham! 'The Edge Of Heaven 28/6/1986
July
573. Madonna 'Papa Don't Preach 12/7/1986
Aug
574. Chris de Burgh 'The Lady In Red 2/8/1986
575. Boris Gardiner 'I Want To Wake Up With You 23/8/1986
Sept
576. Communards 'Don't Leave Me This Way 13/9/1986
Oct
577. Madonna 'True Blue 11/10/1986
578. Nick Berry 'Every Loser Wins 18/10/1986
Nov
579. Berlin 'Take My Breath Away 8/11/1986
Dec
580. Europe 'The Final Countdown 6/12/1986
581. Housemartins 'Caravan Of Love 20/12/1986
582. Jackie Wilson 'Reet Petite 27/12/1986
1987
583. Steve 'Silk' Hurley 'Jack Your Body 24/1/1987
Feb
584. George Michael & Aretha Franklin 'I Knew You Were Waiting (For Me) 7/2/1987
585. Ben E King 'Stand By Me 21/2/1987
March
586. Boy George 'Everything I Own 14/3/1987
587. Mel & Kim 'Respectable 28/3/1987
April
588. Ferry Aid 'Let It Be 4/4/1987
589. Madonna 'La Isla Bonita 25/4/1987
May
590. Starship 'Nothing's Gonna Stop Us Now 9/5/1987
June
591. Whitney Houston 'I Wanna Dance With Somebody (Who Loves Me) 6/6/1987
592. The Firm 'Star Trekkin' 20/6/1987
July
593. Pet Shop Boys' It's A Sin 4/7/1987
594. Madonna 'Who's That Girl 25/7/1987
Aug
595. Los Lobos 'La Bamba 1/8/1987
596. Michael Jackson ''I Just Can't Stop Loving You 15/8/1987
597. Rick Astley 'Never Gonna Give You Up 29/8/1987
Oct
598. M/A/R/R/S ''Pump Up The Volume / Anitina (The First Time I See She Dance) 3/10/1987
599. Bee Gees 'You Win Again 17/10/1987
Nov
600. T'Pau 'China In Your Hand 14/11/1987
Dec
601. Pet Shop Boys 'Always On My Mind 19/12/1987
1988
602. Belinda Carlisle 'Heaven Is A Place On Earth 16/1/1988
603. Tiffany 'I Think We're Alone Now 30/1/1988
Feb
604. Kylie Minogue 'I Should Be So Lucky 20/2/1988
March
605. Aswad 'Don't Turn Around 26/3/1988
April
606. Pet Shop Boys 'Heart 9/4/1988
607. S'Express 'Theme from S'Express 30/4/1988
May
608. Fairground 'Attraction Perfect 14/5/1988
609. Wet Wet Wet 'With A Little Help From My Friends 21/5/1988
June
610. Timelords 'Doctorin The Tardis 18/6/1988
611. Bros 'I Owe You Nothing 25/6/1988
July
612. Glenn Medeiros 'Nothing's Gonna Change My Love For You 9/7/1988
Aug
613. Yazz & The Plastic Population 'The Only Way Is Up 6/8/1988
Sept
614. Phil Collins 'A Groovy Kind Of Love 10/9/1988
615. Hollies 'He Ain't Heavy He's My Brother 24/9/1988
Oct
617. Whitney Houston 'One Moment In Time 15/10/1988
618. Enya 'Orinoco Flow (Sail Away) 29/10/1988
Nov
619. Robin Beck 'The First Time 19/11/1988
Dec
620. Cliff Richard 'Mistletoe & Wine 10/12/1988
1989
621. Kylie Minogue & Jason Donovan - Especially For You 7/1/1989
622. Marc Almond with Gene Pitney - Somethings Gotten Hold Of My Heart 28/1/1989
Feb
623. Simple Minds - Belfast Child 25/2/1989
March
624. Jason Donovan - Too Many Broken Hearts 11/3/1989
625. Madonna - Like A Prayer 25/3/1989
April
626. Bangles - Eternal Flame 15/4/1989
May
627. Kylie Minogue - Hand On Your Heart 13/5/1989
628. Gerry Marsden, Paul McCartney, Holly Johnson & Christians - Ferry 'Cross The Mersey 20/5/1989
June
629. Jason Donovan - Sealed With A Kiss 10/6/1989
630. Soul II Soul featuring Caron Wheeler - Back To Life 24/6/1989
July
631. Sonia - You'll Never Stop Me Loving You 22/7/1989
Aug
632. Jive Bunny & The Mastermixers -Swing The Mood 5/8/1989
Sept
633. Black Box - Ride On Time 9/9/1989
Oct
634. Jive Bunny & The Mastermixers - That's What I Like 21/10/1989
Nov
635. Lisa Stansfield - All Around The World 11/11/1989
636. New Kids On The Block - You Got It (The Right Stuff) 25/11/1989
Dec
637. Jive Bunny & The Mastermixers - Let's Party 16/12/1989
638. Band Aid II - Do They Know It's Christmas 23/12/1989
1990
639. New Kids On The Block - Hangin' Tough 16/1/1990
640. Kylie Minogue - Tears On My Pillow 27/1/1990
Feb
641. Sinead O'Connor - Nothing Compares 2 U 3/2/1990
March
642. Beats International Dub Be Good To Me 3/3/1990
643. Snap - The Power 31/3/1990
April
646. England New Order - World In Motion 9/6/1990
647. Elton John - Sacrifice / Healing Hands 23/6/1990
July
648. Partners In Kryme Turtle Power 28/7/1990
Aug
649. Bombalurina - Itsy Bitsy Teeny Weeny Yellow Polka Dot Bikini 25/8/1990
Sept
650. Steve Miller - Band The Joker 15/9/1990
651. Maria McKee - Show Me Heaven 29/9/1990
Oct
652. Beautiful South - A Little Time 27/10/1990
Nov
653. Righteous Brothers - Unchained Melody 3/11/1990
Dec
654. Vanilla Ice - Ice Ice Baby 1/12/1990
655. Cliff Richard - Saviour's Day 22/12/1990
1991
656. Iron Maiden - Bring Your Daughter To The Slaughter 5/1/1991
657. Enigma - Sadness Part 1 19/1/1991
658. Queen - Innuendo 26/1/1991
659. KLF - 3 AM Eternal 2/2/1991
660. Simpsons - Do The Bartman 16/2/1991
March
661. Clash - Should I Stay Or Should I Go 9/3/1991
662. Hale & Pace - The Stonk 23/3/1991 The official Comic Relief single
663. Chesney Hawkes - The One And Only 30/3/1991 .
May
664. Cher - Shoop Shoop Song (It's In His Kiss) 4/5/1991
June
665. Color Me Badd - I Wanna Sex You Up 8/6/1991
666. Jason Donovan - Any Dream Will Do 29/6/1991 .
July
667 Bryan Adams - (Everything I Do) I Do It For You 13/7/1991
Nov
668. U2 - The Fly 2/11/1991
669. Vic Reeves & The Wonder Stuff - Dizzy 9/11/1991
670. Michael Jackson - Black Or White 23/11/1991
Dec
671. George Michael & Elton John - Don't Let The Sun Go Down On Me 7/12/1991
672. Queen - Bohemian Rhapsody / These Are The Days Of Our Lives 21/12/1991
1992
673. Wet Wet Wet.. Goodnight Girl 25/1/1992
Feb
674. Shakespears Sister.. Stay 22/2/1992
April
675. Right Said Fred.. Deeply Dippy 18/4/1992
May
676. KWS.. Please Don't Go / Game Boy 9/5/1992
June
677. Erasure Abba-esque EP 13/6/1992
July
678. Jimmy Nail.. Ain't No Doubt 18/7/1992
Aug
679. Snap.. Rhythm Is A Dancer 8/8/1992
Sept
680. Shamen.. Ebeneezer Goode 19/9/1992
Oct
681. Tasmin Archer.. Sleeping Satellite 17/10/1992
682. Boyz II Men .. End Of The Road 31/10/1992
Nov
683. Charles & Eddie.. Would I Lie To You 21/11/1992
Dec
684. Whitney Houston.. I Will Always Love You 5/12/1992 .
1993
685. 2 Unlimited.. No Limit 13/2/1993
March
686. Shaggy.. Oh Carolina 20/3/1993
April
687. Bluebells.. Young At Heart 3/4/1993
May
688. George Michael & Queen with Lisa Stansfield - Five Live (EP) 1/5/1993
689. Ace Of Base.... All That She Wants 22/5/1993
June
690. UB 40.. (I Can't Help) Falling In Love With You 12/6/1993 .
691. Gabrielle.. Dreams 26/6/1993 .
692. Take That.. Pray 17/7/1993
August
693. Freddie Mercury.. Living On My Own 14/8/1993
694. Culture Beat.. Mr Vain 28/8/1993
Sept
695. Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince (Will Smith).. Boom! Shake The Room 25/9/1993
Oct
696. Take That featuring Lulu.. Relight my Fire 9/10/1993
697. Meat Loaf.. I'd Do Anything For Love (But I Won't Do That) 23/10/1993 .
Dec
698. Mr Blobby.. Mr Blobby 11/12/1993
699. Take That.. Babe 18/12/1993
1994
700. Chaka Demus & Pliers - Twist & Shout 8/1/1994
701. D:Ream - Things Can Only Get Better 22/1/1994
Feb
702. Mariah Carey - Without You 19/2/1994
703. Doop - Doop 19/3/1994
704. Take That - Everything Changes 9/4/1994
705. Prince - The Most Beautiful Girl In The World 23/4/1994
May
706. Tony Di Bart - The Real Thing 7/5/1994
707. Stiltskin - Inside 14/5/1994
708. Manchester United 1994 Football Squad - Come On You Reds 21/5/1994
June
709. Wet Wet Wet - Love Is All Around 4/6/1994
Sept
710. Whigfield - Saturday Night 17/9/1994
Oct
711. Take That - Sure 15/10/1994
712. Pato Banton (with Robin & Ali Campbell) - Baby Come Back 29/10/1994
Nov
713. Baby D - Let Me Be Your Fantasy 26/11/1994
Dec
714. East 17 - Stay Another Day 10/12/1994
1995
715. Rednex.. Cotton Eye Joe 14/1/1995
Feb
716. Celine Dion.. Think Twice 4/2/1995
March
717. Cher,Chrissie Hynde,Neneh Cherry & Eric Clapton.. Love Can Build A Bridge 25/3/1995
April
718. Outhere Brothers.. Don't Stop (Wiggle Wiggle) 1/4/1995
719. Take That.. Back For Good 8/4/1995
May
720. Oasis Some.. Might Say 6/5/1995
721. Livin' Joy.. Dreamer 13/5/1995
722. Robson Green & Jerome Flynn.. Unchained Melody / White Cliffs Of Dover 20/5/1995
June
723. Outhere Brothers.. Boom Boom Boom 8/7/1995
Aug
724. Take That.. Never Forget 5/8/1995
725. Blur.. Country House 26/8/1995
Sept
726. Michael Jackson.. You Are Not Alone 9/9/1995
727. Shaggy - Boombastic 23/9/1995
728. Simply Red - Fairground 30/9/1995
Oct
729. Coolio featuring LV Gangsta's.. Paradise 28/10/1995
Nov
730. Robson & Jerome.. I Believe / Up On The Roof 11/11/1995
Dec
731. Michael Jackson.. Earth Song 9/12/1995
1996
732. George Michael - Jesus To A Child 20/1/1996
733. Babylon Zoo, Spaceman 27/1/1996
March
734. Oasis, Don't Look Back In Anger 2/3/1996
735. Take That, How Deep Is Your Love 9/3/1996 .
736. Prodigy, Firestarter 30/3/1996
737. Mark Morrison, Return Of The Mack 20/4/1996
May
738. George Michael, Fastlove 4/5/1996 .
739. Gina G Ooh Aah Just A Little Bit 25/5/1996
June
740. Baddiel, Skinner & Lightning Seeds.. Three Lions 1/6/1996 .
741. Fugees, Killing Me Softly 8/6/1996
July
742. Gary Barlow, Forever Love 20/7/1996 .
743. Spice Girls, Wannabe 27/7/1996
Sept
744. Peter Andre, Flava 14/9/1996
745. Fugees, Ready Or Not 21/9/1996
Oct
746. Deep Blue Something - Breakfast At Tiffany's 5/10/1996
747. Chemical Brothers, Setting Sun 12/10/1996
748. Boyzone, Words 19/10/1996
749. Spice Girls, Say You'll Be There 26/10/1996
Nov
750. Robson & Jerome, What Becomes Of The Broken Hearted / Saturday Night At The Movies / You'll Never Walk Alone 9/11/1996
751. Prodigy, Breathe 23/11/1996
752. Peter Andre, I Feel You 7/12/1996
753. Boyzone, A Different Beat 14/12/1996
754. Dunblane, Knockin' On Heaven's Door / Throw These Guns Away 21/12/1996
755. Spice Girls, 2 Become 1 28/12/1996
1997
756. Tori Amos, Professional Widow (It's Got To Be Big) 18/1/1997
757. White Town, Your Woman 25/1/1997
Feb
759. LL Cool J,, Ain't Nobody 8/2/1997
760. U2, Discotheque 15/2/1997
761. No Doubt, Don't Speak 22/2/1997
March
762. Spice Girls - Mama / Who Do You Think You Are 15/3/1997 "Who Do You Think You Are" was the official Comic Relief single and sold 672,577 copies.
April
763. Chemical Brothers - Block Rockin' Beats 5/4/1997
764. R Kelly - I Believe I Can Fly 12/4/1997
May
765. Michael Jackson, Blood On The Dance Floor 3/5/1997
766. Gary Barlow, Love Won't Wait 10/5/1997 .
767. Olive, You're Not Alone 17/5/1997
768. Eternal ft. Bebe Winans - I Wanna Be The One 31/5/1997 .
June
770. Puff Daddy & Faith Evans, I'll Be Missing You 28/6/1997
July
771. Oasis, D'you Know What I Mean 19/7/1997
Aug
772. Will Smith, Men In Black 16/8/1997
Sept
773. Verve, The Drugs Don't Work 13/9/1997
774. Elton John, Candle In The Wind 97 / Something About The Way You Look Tonight 20/9/1997
Oct
775. Spice Girls, Spice Up Your Life 25/10/1997
Nov
776. Aqua, Barbie Girl 1/11/1997
777. Various Artists, Perfect Day 29/11/1997
Dec
778. Teletubbies, Teletubbies Say Eh-oh! 13/12/1997
779. Spice Girls, Too Much 27/12/1997
1998
780. All Saints - Never Ever 17/1/1998
781. Oasis - All Around The World 24/1/1998
782. Usher - You Make Me Wanna... 31/1/1998
Feb
783. Aqua - Doctor Jones 7/2/1998
784. Celine Dion - My Heart Will Go On 21/2/1998
785. Cornershop - Brimful Of Asha 28/2/1998
March
787. Run DMC vs Jason Nevins- It's Like That 21/3/1998
May
788. Boyzone - All That I Need 2/5/1998
789. All Saints - Under The Bridge / Lady Marmalade 9/5/1998
790. Aqua - Turn Back Time 16/5/1998
791. Tamperer featuring Maya - Feel It 30/5/1998
June
792. B*Witched - C'est La Vie 6/6/1998
793. Baddiel, Skinner & Lightning Seeds - Three Lions '98 20/6/1998 .
July
794. Billie - Because We Want To 11/7/1998
795. Another Level - Freak Me 18/7/1998
796. Jamiroquai - Deeper Underground 25/7/1998
Aug
797. Spice Girls - Viva Forever 1/8/1998
798. Boyzone - No Matter What 15/8/1998
Sept
799. Manic Street Preachers - If You Tolerate This Your Children Will Be Next 5/9/1998
800. All Saints - Bootie Call 12/9/1998
801. Robbie Williams - Millennium 19/9/1998
802. Melanie B featuring Missy Elliott - I Want You Back 26/9/1998
Oct
803. B*Witched - Rollercoaster 3/10/1998
804. Billie - Girlfriend 17/10/1998
805. Spacedust - Gym & Tonic 24/10/1998
806. Cher - Believe 31/10/1998
807. B*Witched - To You I Belong 19/12/1998
808. Spice Girls - Goodbye 26/12/1998
1999
809. Chef - Chocolate Salty Balls (PS I Love You) 2/1/1999
810. Steps - Heartbeat / Tragedy 9/1/1999
811. Fatboy Slim - Praise You 16/1/1999
812. 911 - A Little Bit More 23/1/1999
813. Offspring Pretty Fly (For A White Guy) 30/1/1999
Feb
814. Armand Van Helden featuring Duane Haeden - You Don't Know Me 6/2/1999
815. Blondie - Maria 13/2/1999
816. Lenny Kravitz - Fly Away 20/2/1999
817. Britney Spears - Baby One More Time 27/2/1999 .
March
818. Boyzone - When The Going Gets Tough 13/3/1999 The official Comic Relief single
819. B*Witched - Blame It On The Weatherman 27/3/1999
April
820. Mr Oizo - Flat Beat 3/4/1999
821. Martine McCutcheon - Perfect Moment 17/4/1999
May
822. Westlife - Swear It Again 1/5/1999
823. Backstreet Boys - I Want It That Way 15/5/1999
824. Boyzone - You Needed Me 22/5/1999
825. Shanks & Bigfoot - Sweet Like Chocolate 29/5/1999
June
826. Baz Luhrmann - Everybody's Free (To Wear Sunscreen): The Sunscreen Song (Class of 99) 12/6/1999
827. S Club 7 - Bring It All Back 19/6/1999
828. Vengaboys - Boom Boom Boom Boom!! 26/6/1999
July
829. ATB - 9PM (Till I Come) 3/7/1999
830. Ricky Martin - Livin' La Vida Loca 17/7/1999
831. Ronan Keating - When You Say Nothing At All 7/8/1999
Aug
832. Westlife - If I Let You Go 21/8/1999
833. Geri Halliwell - Mi Chico Latino 28/8/1999
Sept
834. Lou Bega - Mambo No 5 4/9/1999
835. Vengaboys - We're Going To Ibiza 18/9/1999
836. Eiffel 65 Blue (Da Ba Dee) 25/9/1999
Oct
837. Christina Aguilera - Genie In A Bottle 16/10/1999
838. Westlife - Flying Without Wings 30/10/1999
Nov
839. Five - Keep On Movin' 6/11/1999
840. Geri Halliwell - Lift Me Up 13/11/1999
841. Robbie Williams - She's The One / It's Only Us 20/11/1999
842. Wamdue Project - King Of My Castle 27/11/1999
Dec
843. Cliff Richard - Millennium Prayer 4/12/1999
844. Westlife - I Have A Dream / Seasons In The Sun 25/12/1999
2000
845. Manic Street Preachers - The Masses Against The Classes 22/1/2000
846. Britney Spears - Born To Make You Happy 29/1/2000
Feb
848. Oasis - Go Let It Out 19/2/2000
849. All Saints - Pure Shores 26/2/2000
March
850. Madonna - American Pie 11/3/2000
851. Chicane featuring Bryan Adams - Don't Give Up 18/3/2000
852. Geri Halliwell - Bag It Up 25/3/2000
April
853. Melanie C with Lisa 'Left Eye' Lopes - Never Be The Same Again 1/4/2000
854. Westlife - Fool Again 8/4/2000
855. Craig David - Fill Me In 15/4/2000
856. Fragma Toca's Miracle 22/4/2000
May
857. Oxide & Neutrino - Bound 4 Da Reload (Casualty) 6/5/2000
858. Britney Spears - Oops!... I Did It Again 13/5/2000
859. Madison Avenue - Don't Call Me Baby 20/5/2000
860. Billie Piper - Day & Night 27/5/2000
June
861. Sonique - It Feels So Good 3/6/2000 (3 weeks)
862. Black Legend - You See The Trouble With Me 24/6/2000
July
863. Kylie Minogue - Spinning Around 1/7/2000
864. Eminem - Real Slim Shady 8/7/2000
865. Corrs - Breathless 15/7/2000
866. Ronan Keating - Life Is A Rollercoaster 22/7/2000
867. Five and Queen - We Will Rock You 29/7/2000
Aug
868. Craig David - 7 Days 5/8/2000
869. Robbie Williams - Rock DJ 12/8/2000
870. Melanie C- I Turn To You 19/8/2000
871. Spiller - Groovejet (If This Ain't Love) 26/8/2000
Sept
873. A1 - Take On Me 9/9/2000
874. Modjo - Lady (Hear Me Tonight) 16/9/2000
875. Mariah Carey & Westlife - Against All Odds 30/9/2000
Oct
876. All Saints - Black Coffee 14 Oct
877. U2 - Beautiful Day 21/10/2000
878. Steps - Stomp 28/10/2000
879. Spice Girls - Holler / Let Love Lead The Way 4/11/2000
880. Westlife - My Love 11/11/2000
881. A1 - Same Old Brand New You 18/11/2000
882. LeAnn Rimes - Can't Fight The Moonlight 25/11/2000
Dec
883. Destiny's Child - Independent Women Part 1 2/12/2000
884. S Club 7 - Never Had A Dream Come True 9/12/2000
885. Eminem Stan 16/12/2000
886. Bob The Builder - Can We Fix It 23/12/2000 (3 weeks)
2001
887. Rui Da Silva featuring Cassandra.. Touch Me 13/1/2001
888. Jennifer Lopez.. Love Don't Cost A Thing 20/1/2001
889. Limp Bizkit.. Rollin' 27/1/2001
Feb
890. Atomic Kitten.. Whole Again 10/2/2001 (4 weeks)
March
891. Shaggy featuring Rikrok.. It Wasn't Me 10/3/2001
892. Westlife.. Uptown Girl 17/3/2001
893. Hear'Say.. Pure And Simple 24/3/2001
April
894. Emma Bunton.. What Took You So Long 14/4/2001
895. Destiny's Child.. Survivor 28/4/2001
May
896. S Club 7.. Don't Stop Movin' 5/5/2001
897. Geri Halliwell.. It's Raining Men 12/5/2001
June
898. DJ Pied Piper Do You Really Like It 2/6/2001
899. Shaggy featuring Rayvon.. Angel 9/6/2001
900. Christina Aguilera / Lil' Kim, Mya & Pink.. Lady Marmalade 30/6/2001
July
901. Hear'Say.. The Way To Your Love 7/7/2001
902. Roger Sanchez .. Another Chance 14/7/2001
903. Robbie Williams.. Eternity/The Road To Mandalay 21/7/2001
Aug
904. Atomic Kitten.. Eternal Flame 4/8/2001
905. So Solid Crew.. 21 Seconds 18/8/2001
906. Five.. Let's Dance 25/8/2001
Sept
907. Blue.. Too Close 8/9/2001
908. Bob The Builder.. Mambo No 5 15/9/2001
909. DJ Otzi.. Hey Baby 22/9/2001
910. Kylie Minogue.. Can't Get You Out Of My Head 29/9/2001
Oct
911. Afroman.. Because I Got High 27/10/2001
Nov
912. Westlife.. Queen of My Heart 17/11/2001
913. Blue.. If You Come Back 24/11/2001
Dec
914. S Club 7.. Have You Ever 1/12/2001
915. Daniel Bedingfield.. Gotta Get Thru This 8/12/2001
916. Robbie Williams and Nicole Kidman.. Somethin' Stupid 22/12/2001
2002
917. Aaliyah.. More Than A Woman 19/1/2002
918. George Harrison.. My Sweet Lord 26/1/2002
Feb
919. Enrique Iglesias.. Hero 2/2/2002 (4 weeks)
March
920. Westlife.. World Of Our Own 2/3/2002
921. Will Young.. Anything Is Possible / Evergreen 9/3/2002
922. Gareth Gates.. Unchained Melody 30/3/2002 (4 weeks)
April
923. Oasis.. The Hindu Times 27/4/2002
May
924. Sugababes.. Freak Like Me 4/5/2002
925. Holly Valance.. Kiss Kiss 11/5/2002
926. Ronan Keating.. If Tomorrow Never Comes 18/5/2002
927. Liberty X.. Just a Little 25/5/2002
June
928. Eminem.. Without Me 1/6/2002
929. Will Young.. Light My Fire 8/6/2002
930. Elvis vs JXL.. A Little Less Conversation 22/6/2002 (4 weeks)
July
931. Gareth Gates.. Anyone Of Us (Stupid Mistake) 20/7/2002
Aug
933. Sugababes.. Round Round 24/8/2002
934. Blazin' Squad.. Crossroads 31/8/2002
Sept
935. Atomic Kitten.. The Tide Is High (Get The Feeling) 7/9/2002
936. Pink.. Just Like A Pill 28/9/2002
Oct
937. Will Young & Gareth Gates.. The Long And Winding Road / Suspicious Minds 5/10/2002
938. Las Ketchup.. The Ketchup Song (Asereje) 19/10/2002
939. Nelly feat. Kelly Rowland.. Dilemma 26/10/2002
Nov
940. DJ Sammy & Yanou feat. Do Heaven 9/11/2002
941. Westlife.. Unbreakable 16/11/2002
942. Christina Aguilera.. Dirty 23/11/2002
Dec
943. Daniel Bedingfield.. If You're Not The One 7/12/2002
944. Eminem.. Lose Yourself 14/12/2002
945. Blue feat. Elton John.. Sorry Seems To Be The Hardest Word 21/12/2002
946. Girls Aloud.. Sound Of The Underground 28/12/2002 (4 weeks)
2003
947: David Sneddon: Stop Living The Lie 25/1/2003
Feb
948: Tatu: All The Things She Said 8/2/2003
March
949: Christina Aguilera: Beautiful 8/3/2003
950: Gareth Gates: Spirit In The Sky 22/3/2003
April
951: Room 5 feat. Oliver Cheatham: Make Luv 5/4/2003
May
952: Busted: You Said No 3/5/2003
953: Tomcraft: Loneliness 10/5/2003
954: R Kelly: Ignition 17/5/2003
June
955: Evanescence: Bring Me To Life 14/6/2003
July
956: Beyonce: Crazy In Love 12/7/2003
Aug
957: Daniel Bedingfield: Never Gonna Leave Your Side 2/8/2003
958: Blu Cantrell Feat. Sean Paul: Breathe 9/8/2003
Sept
959: Elton John: Are You Ready For Love? 6/9/2003
960: Black Eyed Peas: Where Is The Love? 13/9/2003 (6 weeks)
Oct
961: Sugababes: Hole In The Head 25/10/2003
Nov
962: Fatman Scoop: Be Faithful 1/11/2003
963: Kylie Minogue: Slow 15/11/2003
964: Busted: Crashed The Wedding 22/11/2003
965: Westlife: Mandy 29/11/2003
966: Will Young: Leave Right Now 6/12/2003
967: Kelly & Ozzy Osbourne: Changes 20/12/2003
968: Michael Andrews feat. Gary Jules: Mad World 27/12/2003
2004
969: Michelle McManus: All This Time 17/1/2004
February
970: LMC V U2: Take Me To The Clouds Above 7/2/2004
971: Sam & Mark: With A Little Help From My Friends / Measure Of A Man 21/2/2004
972: Busted: Who's David 28/2/2004
March
973: Peter Andre: Mysterious Girl 6/3/2004
974: Britney Spears: Toxic 13/3/2004
975: DJ Casper Cha Cha Slide 20/3/2004
976: Usher: Yeah 27/3/2004
977: McFly: Five Colours In Her Hair 10/4/2004
978: Eamon: F**k It (I Don't Want You Back) 24/4/2004 (4 weeks)
May
979: Frankee: F.U.R.B (F U Right Back) 22/5/2004
June
980: Mario Winans feat. Enya & P.Diddy: I Don't Wanna Know 12/6/2004
981: Britney Spears: Everytime 26/6/2004
July
984: Shapeshifters: Lola's Theme 24/7/2004
985: The Streets: Dry Your Eyes 31/7/2004
August
986: Busted: Thunderbirds / 3AM 7/8/2004
987: 3 Of A Kind: Babycakes 21/8/2004
988: Natasha Bedingfield: These Words 28/8/2004
September
989: Nelly: My Place / Flap Your Wings 11/9/2004
990: Brian McFadden: Real To Me 18/9/2004
991: Eric Prydz: Call On Me 25/9/2004
October
992: Robbie Williams: Radio 16/10/2004
November
993: Ja Rule feat. R.Kelly & Ashanti: Wonderful 6/11/2004
994: Eminem: Just Lose It 13/11/2004
995: U2: Vertigo 20/11/2004
996: Girls Aloud: I'll Stand By You 27/11/2004
December
997: Band Aid 20: Do They Know It's Christmas 11/12/2004 (4 weeks)
2005
998: Steve Brookstein - Against All Odds ..8/1/2005 X Factor winner
999: Elvis Presley - Jailhouse Rock .. 15/1/2005 (No.1 Jan 24th 1958)
1000: Elvis Presley - One Night .. 22/1/2005 (No.1 Jan 30th 1959)
1001:Ciara feat. Petey Pablo - Goodies .. 29/1/2005
February
1002: Elvis Presley - It's Now Or Never .. 5/2/2005 (No.1 Nov 3rd 1960)
1003: Eminem - Like Toy Soldiers .. 12/2/2005
1004: U2 - Sometimes You Cant Make It On Your Own .. 19/2/2005
1005: Jennifer Lopez - Get Right .. 26/2/2005
March
1006: Nelly featuring Tim McGraw - Over and Over .. 5/3/2005
1007: Stereophonics - Dakota .. 12/3/2005
1008: McFly - All About You / You've Got A Friend 19/3/2005 Official Comic Relief single
1009: Tony Christie feat. Peter Kay (Is This The Way To) Amarillo .. 26/3/2005 (7) The 2nd Comic Relief single
May
1010: Akon - Lonely .. 14/5/05 (2)
1011: Oasis - Lyla .. 28/5/05 (1)
June
1012: Crazy Frog - Axel F .. 05/6/2005 (4) in@ No.1 (First RINGTONE to chart in UK)
July
1013: 2Pac feat. Elton John - Ghetto Gospel .. 2/7/2005
1014: James Blunt - You're Beautiful .. 23/7/2005
August
1015: McFly - I'll Be OK .. 27/8/2005
September
1016: Oasis - The Importance Of Being Idle .. 3/9/2005
1017: Gorillaz - Dare .. 10/9/2005
1018: Pussycat Dolls Ft Busta Rhymes - Don't Cha .. 17/9/2005
October
1019: Sugababes - Push The Button .. 8/10/2005 (3)
1020: Arctic Monkeys - I Bet You Look Good On The Dancefloor .. 29/10/2005 (1) ..
November
1021: Westlife - You Raise Me Up ..5/11/05 (2)
1022: Madonna - Hung Up .. 19/11/05 (3)
December
1023: Pussycat Dolls - Stickwitu ..10/12/05 (2)
1024: Nizlopi - JCB Song .. 24/12/05 (1)
1025: Shayne Ward - That's My Goal .. 31/12/05 (4) in@ No.1 X Factor winner
2006
1026: Arctic Monkeys - When The Sun Goes Down .. 28/1/06 (1) in@ No.1 ..
February
1027: Notorious BIG/ P Diddy/ Nelly - Nasty Girl .. 4/2/06 (2)
1028: Meck Ft Leo Sayer - Thunder In My Heart Again .. 18/2/06 (2) in@ No.1 ..
March
1029: Madonna - Sorry .. 4/3/06 (1) in@ No.1
1030: Chico - It's Chico Time .. 11/3/06 (2) in@ No.1
1031: Orson - No Tomorrow .. 25/3/06 (1) ..
April
1032: Ne*Yo - So Sick .. 1/4/06 (1)
1033: Gnarls Barkley - Crazy .. 8/4/06 (9) in@ No.1
June
1034: Sandi Thom - I Wish I A Punk Rocker .. 10/6/06 (1) ..
1035: Nelly Furtado - Maneater .. 17/6/06 (3)
July
1036: Shakira Ft Wyclef Jean - Hips Don't Lie .. 8/7/06 (1)
1037: Lily Allen - Smile .. 15/7/06 (2)
1038: McFly - Don't Stop Me Now/please Please .. 29/7/06 (1) in@ No.1 ..
August
r/e. : Shakira Ft Wyclef Jean - Hips Don't Lie .. 5/8/06 (4)
September
1039: Beyonce Ft Jay-z - Deja Vu .. 2/9/06 (1)
1040: Justin Timberlake - Sexyback .. 9/9/06 (1) in@ No.1..
1041: Scissor Sisters - I Don't Feel Like Dancin' .. 16/9/06 (4)
October
1042: Razorlight - America .. 14/10/06 (1)..
1043: My Chemical Romance - Welcome To The Black Parade .. 21/10/06 (2)..
November
1044: McFly - Star Girl .. 4/11/06 (1) in@ No.1 ..
1045: Fedde Le Grand - Put Your Hands Up For Detroit ..11/11/06 (1) ..
1046: Westlife - The Rose .. 18/11/06 (1) in@ No.1
1047: Akon Ft Eminem - Smack That .. 25/11/2006 (1)
December
1048: Take That - Patience .. 2/12/2006 (4)
1049: Leona Lewis - A Moment Like This .. 30/12/2006 (4) in@ No.1 .. X Factor winner
2007
1050: Mika - Grace Kelly .. 27/01/07 (5) ..
March
1051: Kaiser Chiefs - Ruby .. 03/03/07 (1) ..
1052: Take That - Shine .. 10/03/07 (2)
1053: Sugababes Vs Girls Aloud - Walk This Way .. 24/03/07 (2) The official Comic Relief single
1054: Proclaimers/B.Potter/A.Pipkin - I'm Gonna Be (500 Miles) .. 31/03/07 (3) in@ No.1 also released for the Comic Relief charity. Its sales were double that of the "official" Comic Relief single.
April
1055: Timbaland/Nelly Furtado/Justin Timberlake - Give It To Me .. 21/04/07 (1)
1056: Beyonce & Shakira - Beautiful Liar .. 28/04/07 (4) ..
May
1057: McFly - Baby's Coming Back/Transylvania .. 19/05/07 (1) in@ No.1
1058: Rihanna ft Jay.Z - Umbrella .. 26/05/07 (10) in@ No.1
August
1059: Timbaland Ft Keri Hilson - The Way I Are .. 4/08/07 (2)..
1060: Robyn With Kleerup - With Every Heartbeat .. 18/08/2007 (1)
1061: Kanye West - Stronger .. 25/08/2007 (2)
September
1062: Sean Kingston - Beautiful Girls .. 08/09/2007 (4)
October
1063: Sugababes - About You Now .. 06/10/2007 (4)
November
1064: Leona Lewis - Bleeding Love .. 03/11/2007 (7) in@ No.1 ..
December
1065: Eva Cassidy & Katie Melua - What A Wonderful World .. 22/12/2007 (1) in@ No.1 ..
1066: Leon Jackson - When You Believe .. 29/12/2007 (3) in@ No.1 X Factor winner
2008
1067: Basshunter Ft. Dj Mental Theo - Now You're Gone .. w/e 19/01/2008 (5)
February
1068: Duffy - Mercy .. w/e 23/02/2008 (5) in@ No.1
March
1069: Estelle Ft Kanye West - American Boy .. w/e 29/03/2008 (4) in@ No.1 ..
April
1070: Madonna Ft Justin Timberlake - 4 Minutes .. w/e 26/04/2008 (4)
May
1071: Ting Tings - That's Not My Name .. w/e 24/05/2008 (1) in@ No.1
1072: Rihanna - Take A Bow .. 31/05/2008 (2)
June
1073: Mint Royale - Singin' In The Rain .. 14/06/2008 (2) in@ No.1 ..
1074: Coldplay - Viva La Vida .. 28/06/2008 (1) in@ No.1
July
1075: Ne-Yo . - Closer .. 05/07/2008 (1)
1076: Dizzee Rascal /Calvin Harris /Chrome - Dance Wiv Me .. 12/07/2008 (4) in@ No.1
August
1077: Kid Rock - All Summer Long .. 09/08/2008 (1) ..
1078: Katy Perry - I Kissed A Girl .. 16/08/2008 (5)
September
1079: Kings Of Leon - Sex On Fire .. 20/09/2008 (3) in@ No.1 ..
October
1080: Pink - So What .. 11th Oct (3)
November
1081: Girls Aloud - The Promise .. 1st Nov (1) in@ No.1
1082: X Factor Finalists - Hero .. 7th Nov (3) in@ No.1
1083: Beyonce - If I Were A Boy .. 29 Nov (1)
December
1084: Take That - Greatest Day .. 06 Dec (1) in@ No.1 ..
1085: Leona Lewis - Run .. 13 Dec (2) in@ No.1
1086: Alexandra Burke - Hallelujah .. 27 Dec (3) [email protected] X Factor winner
2009
1087: Lady Gaga - Just Dance .. w/e Jan 17th (3)
February
1088: Lily Allen - The Fear.. w/e Feb 07th (4) in@ No.1
March
1089: Kelly Clarkson - My Life Would Suck Without You.. w/e March 07 (1) in@ No.1
1090: Flo Rida Ft Kesha - Right Round.. w/e March 14 (1) in@ No.1 ..
No.2 in the charts .. "Just Can't Get Enough" - The Saturdays .. the first official Comic Relief single not to reach No.1 in 14 years.
1091: Jenkins/West/Jones/Gibb - Islands In The Stream.. w/e March 21 (1) in@ No.1 ..The second Comic Relief 2009 single.
1092: Lady Gaga - Poker Face.. w/e March 28 (3)
April
1093: Calvin Harris - I'm Not Alone.. w/e April 18 (2) in@ No.1
May
1094: Tinchy Stryder Ft N-dubz - Number 1.. w/e May 02 (3) in@ No.1
1095: Black Eyed Peas - Boom Boom Pow.. w/e May 23 (1) in@ No.1
1096: Dizzee Rascal / Armand Van Helden - Bonkers.. w/e May 30 (2) in@ No.1
June
r/e.. : Black Eyed Peas - Boom Boom Pow.. w/e June 13 (1)
1097: Pixie Lott - Mama Do.. w/e June 20 (1) in@ No.1
1098: David Guetta Ft Kelly Rowland - When Love Takes Over.. w/e June 27 (1) ..
July
1099: La Roux - Bulletproof.. w/e July 4 (1) in@ No.1
1100: Cascada - Evacuate The Dancefloor.. w/e 11 July (2) in@ No.1
1101: JLS - Beat Again.. w/e 25 July (1) in@ No.1
August
1102: Black Eyed Peas - I Gotta Feeling.. w/e 08 Aug (1)
1103: Tinchy Stryder Ft Amelle - Never Leave You.. w/e 15 Aug (1) in@ No.1
r/e ..: Black Eyed Peas - I Gotta Feeling.. w/e 22 Aug (1)
1104: David Guetta Ft Akon - Sexy Chick.. w/e 29 Aug (1) in@ No.1 ..
September
1105: Dizzee Rascal - Holiday.. w/e 05 Sept (1) in@ No.1
1106: Jay-Z Ft Rihanna & Kanye West - Run This Town.. w/e 12 Sept (1) in@ No.1 ..
1107: Pixie Lott - Boys & Girls.. w/e 19 Sept (1)
1108: Taio Cruz - Break Your Heart.. w/e 26 Sept (3) in@ No.1
October
1109: Chipmunk - Oopsy Daisy.. w/e 17 Oct (1) in@ No.1 ..
1110: Alexandra Burke ft. Flo Rida - Bad Boys .. w/e 24 Oct (1) in@ No.1 ..
1111: Cheryl Cole - Fight For This Love.. w/e 31 Oct (2) in@ No.1 ..
November
1112: JLS - Everybody In Love.. w/e 14 Nov (1) in@ No.1 ..
1113: Black Eyed Peas - Meet Me Halfway.. w/e 21 Nov (1) ..
1114: X Factor Finalists 2009 - You Are Not Alone.. w/e 28 Nov (1) in@ No.1
December
1115: Peter Kay's Animated All Star Band - BBC Children In Need Medley.. w/e 05 Dec (2)
1116: Lady Gaga - Bad Romance.. w/e 19 Dec (1)
1117: Rage Against the Machine - Killing In The Name.. w/e 26 Dec (1) in@ No.1
2010
1118: Joe McElderry - The Climb.. w/e 02 Jan (1) X Factor winner
r/e....: Lady Gaga - Bad Romance.. w/e 09 Jan (1) ..
1119: Iyaz - Replay.. w/e 16 Jan (2) in@ No.1
1120: Owl City - Fireflies.. w/e 30 Jan (3) ..
February
1121: Helping Haiti - Everybody Hurts.. w/e 20 Feb (2) in@ No.1
March
1122: Jason Derulo - In My Head.. w/e 06 March (1) in@ No.1
1123: Tinie Tempah - Pass Out.. w/e 13 March (2) in@ No.1 ..
1124: Lady Gaga ft. Beyoncé - Telephone.. w/e 27 March (2)
April
1125: Scouting for Girls - This Ain't A Love Song.. w/e 10 April (2) in@ No.1 ..
1126: Usher ft. will.i.am - OMG.. w/e 24 April (1)
May
1127: Diana Vickers - Once.. w/e 01 May (1) in@ No.1
1128: Roll Deep - Good Times.. w/e 08 May (3) in@ No.1 ..
1129: B.o.B ft Bruno Mars - Nothin' On You.. w/e 29 May (1) in@ No.1
June
1130: Dizzee Rascal - Dirtee Disco.. w/e 05 June (1) in@ No.1 ..
1131: David Guetta ft. Chris Willis - Gettin' Over You.. w/e 12 June (1) in@ No.1 ..
1132: Shout ft. Dizzee & James Corden - Shout For England.. w/e 19 June (2) in@ No.1 ..
July
1133: Katy Perry ft.Snoop Dogg - California Gurls.. w/e 03 July (2) in@ No.1 ..
1134: JLS - The Club Is Alive.. w/e 17 July (1) in@ No.1 ..
1135: B.o.B ft. Hayley Williams - Airplanes.. w/e 24 July (1) ..
1136: Yolanda Be Cool Vs D Cup - We No Speak Americano.. w/e 31 July (1) ..
August
1137: Wanted - All Time Low.. w/e 07 Aug (1) in@ No.1 ..
1138: Ne-Yo - Beautiful Monster.. w/e 14 Aug (1) in@ No.1 ..
1139: Flo Rida Club ft. David Guetta - Can't Handle Me.. w/e 21 Aug (1)
1140: Roll Deep - Green Light.. w/e 28 Aug (1) in@ No.1 ..
September
1141: Taio Cruz - Dynamite.. w/e 04 Sept (1) in@ No.1
1142: Olly Murs - Please Don't Let Me Go.. w/e 11 Sept (1) in@ No.1
1143: Alexandra Burke ft. Laza Morgan - Start Without You.. w/e 18 Sept (2) in@ No.1 ..
October
1144: Bruno Mars - Just the Way You Are (Amazing).. w/e 02 Oct (1) in@ No.1 ..
1145: Tinie Tempah - Written In The Stars.. w/e 09 Oct (1) in@ No.1 ..
1146: Cee Lo Green - Forget You.. w/e 16 Oct (2) in@ No.1
r/e...: Bruno Mars - Just the Way You Are (Amazing).. w/e 30 Oct (1) ..
November
1147: Cheryl Cole - Promise This.. w/e 06 Nov (1) in@ No.1
1148: Rihanna - Only Girl (In The World).. w/e 13 Nov (2) ..
1149: JLS - Love You More.. w/e 27 Nov (1) in@ No.1 .
December
1150: The X Factor Finalists 2010 - Heroes.. w/e 04 Dec (2) in@ No.1 .
1151: The Black Eyed Peas - The Time (Dirty Bit).. w/e 18 Dec (1).
1152: Matt Cardle - When We Collide.. w/e 25 Dec (3) in@ No.1 X Factor winner
2011
1153: Rihanna ft. Drake - What's My Name.. w/e 15 Jan (1).
1154: Bruno Mars - Grenade.. w/e 22 Jan (2) in@ No.1.
February
1155: Kesha - We R Who We R.. w/e 05 Feb (1)
1156: Jessie J ft. B.o.B - Price Tag.. w/e 12 Feb (2) in@ No.1
1157: Adele - Someone Like You.. w/e 26 Feb (4)
March
1158: Nicole Scherzinger - Don't Hold Your Breath.. w/e 26 March (1) in@ No.1
April
r/e.,.: Adele - Someone Like You.. w/e 02 April (1)
1159: Jennifer Lopez ft. Pitbull - On The Floor.. w/e 09 April (2) in@ No.1
1160: LMFAO - Party Rock Anthem.. w/e 23 April (4).
May
1161: Bruno Mars - The Lazy Song.. w/e 21 May (1).
1162: Pitbull ft. Ne-Yo, Afrojack & Nayer - Give Me Everything.. w/e May 28 (3)
June
1163: Example - Changed The Way You Kiss Me.. w/e 18 June (2) in@ No.1.
July
1164: Jason Derulo - Don't Wanna Go Home.. w/e 02 July (2) in@ No.1.
1165: DJ Fresh ft. Sian Evans - Louder.. w/e 16 July (1) in@ No.1
1166: The Wanted - Glad You Came.. w/e 23 July (2) in@ No.1
August
1167: JLS ft. Dev - She Makes Me Wanna.. w/e 06 Aug (1) in@ No.1
1168: Cher Lloyd - Swagger Jagger.. w/e 13 Aug (1) in@ No.1
1169: Nero - Promises.. w/e 20 Aug (1) in@ No.1
1170: Wretch 32 ft.Josh Kumra - Don't Go.. w/e 27 Aug (1) in@ No.1
September
1171: Olly Murs ft. Rizzle Kicks - Heart Skips A Beat.. w/e 03 Sept (1) in@ No.1.
1172: Example - Stay Awake.. w/e 10 Sept (1) in@ No.1
1173: Pixie Lott - All About Tonight.. w/e 17 Sept (1) in@ No.1.
1174: One Direction - What Makes You Beautiful.. w/e 24 Sept (1) in@ No.1.
October
1175: Dappy - No Regrets.. w/e 01 Oct (1) in@ No.1
1176: Sak Noel - Loca People .. w/e 08 Oct (1) in@ No.1.
1177: Rihanna ft.Calvin Harris - We Found Love .. w/e 15 Oct (3) in@ No.1 .
November
1178: Professor Green ft.Emeli Sande - Read All About It .. w/e 05 Nov (2) [email protected] .
R / E: Rihanna ft.Calvin Harris - We Found Love .. w/e 26 Nov (3)
December
1179: The X Factor Finalists 2011 - Wishing On A Star .. w/e Dec 10 (1) [email protected]
1180: Olly Murs - Dance With Me Tonight .. w/e Dec 17 (1)
1181: Little Mix - Cannonball .. w/e Dec 24 (1) [email protected] X Factor winner
1182: Military Wives with Gareth Malone - Wherever You Are .. w/e Dec 31 (1) [email protected]
2012
1183: Coldplay - Paradise .. w/e Jan 7 (1)
1184: Flo Rida - Good Feeling .. w/e Jan 14 (1)
1185: Jessie J - Domino .. w/e Jan 21 (2)
February
1186: Cover Drive - Twilight .. Feb 04 (1) [email protected]
1187: David Guetta ft Sia - Titanium .. Feb 11 (1)
1188: Gotye Somebody ft Kimbra - That I Used To Know .. Feb 18 (1)
1189: DJ Fresh ft. Rita Ora - Hot Right Now .. Feb 25 (1)
March
R / E: Gotye ft Kimbra - SomebodyThat I Used To Know .. March 03 (4)
1190: Katy Perry - Part Of Me .. March 31 (1) in@ No.1
April
1191: Chris Brown - Turn Up The Music .. April 07 (1) [email protected]
1192: Carly Rae Jepsen - Call Me Maybe .. April 14 (4)
May
1193: Tulisa - Young .. w/e May 12 (1) [email protected]
1194: Rita Ora ft.Tinie Tempah - R.I.P .. w/e May 19 (2) [email protected]
June
1195: fun ft. Janelle Monae - We Are Young .. w/e June 2 (1)
1196: Rudimental ft. John Newman - Feel The Love .. w/e June 9 (1) [email protected]
1197: Gary Barlow & The Commonwealth Band - Sing .. w/e June 16 (1)
1198: Cheryl - Call My Name .. w/e June 23 (1) [email protected]
1199: Maroon 5 ft. Wiz Khalifa - Payphone .. w/e June 30 (1) [email protected]
July
1200: will.i.am ft. Eva Simons - This Is Love .. w/e July 7 (1) [email protected]
R / E: Maroon 5 ft.Wiz Khalifa - Payphone .. w/e July 14 (1)
1201: Florence + the Machine (Calvin Harris Mix) - Spectrum (Say My Name) .. w/e July 21 (3)
August
1202: Wiley ft. Rymez & Ms D - Heatwave .. w/e Aug 11 (2) [email protected]
1203: Rita Ora - How We Do (Party) .. w/e Aug 25 (1) [email protected]
September
1204: Sam and The Womp - Bom Bom .. w/e Sept 01 (1) [email protected]
1205: Little Mix - Wings .. w/e Sept 08 (1) [email protected]
1206: Ne-Yo - Let Me Love You (Until You Learn To Love Yourself) .. w/e Sept 15 (1) [email protected]
1207: The Script feat. will.i.am - Hall Of Fame .. w/e Sept 22 (2)
October
1208: PSY - Gangnam Style .. w/e Oct 06 (1)
1209: Rihanna - Diamonds .. w/e Oct 13 (1) [email protected]
1210: Swedish House Mafia ft.John Martin - Don't You Worry Child .. w/e Oct 20 (1) [email protected]
1211: Calvin Harris ft.Florence Welch - Sweet Nothing .. w/e Oct 27 (1) [email protected]
November
1212: Labrinth ft. Emeli Sande - Beneath Your Beautiful .. w/e Nov 03 (1)
1213: Robbie Williams - Candy .. w/e Nov 10 (2) [email protected]
1214: One Direction - Little Things .. Nov 24 (1) [email protected]
December
1215: Olly Murs ft. Flo Rida - Troublemaker .. Dec 01 (2) [email protected]
1216: Gabrielle Aplin - The Power Of Love .. Dec 15 (1)
1217: James Arthur - Impossible .. Dec 22 (1) [email protected] the fastest-selling X Factor single of all time (to date) reaching 255,000 downloads within 48 hours
1218: The Justice Collective - He Ain't Heavy He's My Brother .. Dec 29 (1) [email protected].
2013
R/E .: James Arthur - Impossible .. Jan 05 (2)
1219: will.i.am feat. Britney Spears - Scream & Shout .. Jan 19 (2)
February
1220: Bingo Players ft. Far East Movement - Get Up (Rattle) .. Feb 02 (2) [email protected]
1221: Macklemore - Thrift Shop .. w/e Feb 16 (1)
1222: Avicii vs Nicky Romero - I Could Be The One .. w/e Feb 23 (1) [email protected]
March
1223: One Way Or Another (Teenage Kicks) - One Direction .. w/e March 02 (1) [email protected] The official Comic Relief 2013 single.
1224: Justin Timberlake - Mirrors .. w/e March 09 (3)
1225: The Saturdays ft Sean Paul - What About Us .. March 30 (1) [email protected]
April
1226: PJ & Duncan - Let's Get Ready To Rhumble .. April 06 (1) first released July 11th 1994 peaking at No.9. ~ re-released in March 2013, with royalties from sales to be donated to the charity ChildLine.
1227: Duke Dumont ft. A*M*E - Need U (100%) .. April 13 (2) [email protected]
1228: Rudimental ft. Ella Eyre - Waiting All Night .. April 27 (1) [email protected]
May
1229: Daft Punk ft. Pharrell Williams - Get Lucky .. May 04 (4)
June
1230: Naughty Boy ft. Sam Smith - La La La .. June 01 (1) [email protected]
1231: Robin Thicke ft. Pharrell Williams & T.I. - Blurred Lines .. June 08 (4) [email protected]
July
1232: Icona Pop ft. Charli XCX - I Love It .. July 06 (1) [email protected]
1233: John Newman - Love Me Again .. July 13 (1) [email protected]
R/E .: Robin Thicke ft. Pharrell Williams & T.I. - Blurred Lines .. July 20 (1)
1234: Avicii - Wake Me Up .. July 27 (3) [email protected]
August
1235: Miley Cyrus - We Can't Stop .. Aug 17 (1) [email protected]
1236: Ellie Goulding - Burn .. Aug 24 (3) [email protected]
September
1237: Katy Perry - Roar .. Sept 14 (2) [email protected]
1238: Jason Derulo ft. 2 Chainz - Talk Dirty .. Sept 28 (2) [email protected]
October
1239: OneRepublic - Counting Stars .. Oct 12 (1)
1240: Miley Cyrus - Wrecking Ball .. Oct 19 (1) [email protected]
R/E .: OneRepublic - Counting Stars .. Oct 26 (1)
November
1241: Lorde - Royals .. Nov 02 (1) [email protected]
1242: Eminem ft Rihanna - The Monster .. Nov 09 (1) [email protected]
1243: Storm Queen - Look Right Through .. Nov 16 (1)
1244: Martin Garrix - Animals .. Nov 23 (1) [email protected]
1245: Lily Allen - Somewhere Only We Know .. Nov 30 (1)
December
1246: Calvin Harris/Alesso/Hurts - Under Control .. Dec 07 (1) [email protected]
R/E .:.Lily Allen - Somewhere Only We Know .. Dec 14 (2)
1247: Sam Bailey - Skyscaper .. Dec 28 (1) [email protected] Xmas No.1
2014
1248: Pharrell Williams - Happy .. Jan 04 (1).
1249: Pitbull ft Kesha - Timber .. Jan 11 (1) [email protected].
R/E .: Pharrell Williams - Happy .. Jan 18 (2).
February
1250: Clean Bandit ft. Jess Glynne - Rather Be .. Feb 01 (4) [email protected]
March
1251: Sam Smith - Money On My Mind .. March 01 (1) [email protected].
R/E .: Pharrell Williams - Happy .. March 08 (1).
1252: Route 94 ft. Jess Glynne - My Love .. March 15 (1) [email protected].
1253: DVBBS & Borgeous ft Tinie Tempah - Tsunami (Jump) .. March 22 (1) [email protected].
1254: Duke Dumont ft Jax Jones - I Got U .. March 29 (1) [email protected]
April
1255: 5 Seconds Of Summer - She Looks So Perfect .. April 05 (1) [email protected].
1256: Aloe Blacc - The Man .. April 12 (1) [email protected].
1257: Sigma - Nobody To Love .. April 19 (1) [email protected].
1258: Kiesza - Hidaway .. April 26 (1) [email protected]
May
1259: Mr Probz - Waves .. May 03 (1) [email protected].
1260: Calvin Harris - Summer .. May 10 (1) [email protected].
R/E .: Mr Probz - Waves .. May 17 (1).
1261: Rita Ora - I Will Never Let You Down .. May 24 (1) [email protected].
1262: Sam Smith - Stay With Me .. May 31 (1) [email protected]
June
1263: Secondcity - I Wanna Feel .. June 07 (1) [email protected]
1264: Ed Sheeran - Sing .. June 14 (1) [email protected]
1265: Ella Henderson - Ghost .. June 21 (2) [email protected]
July
1266: Oliver Heldens & Becky Hill - Gecko (Overdrive) .. July 05 (1) [email protected]
1267: Ariana Grande ft Iggy Azalea - Problem .. July 12 (1) [email protected]
1268: Will.i.am ft. Cody Wise - It's My Birthday .. July 19 (1) [email protected]
1269: Rixton - Me And My Broken Heart .. July 26 (1) [email protected]
August
1270: Cheryl Cole ft Tinie Tempah - Crazy Stupid Love .. Aug 02 (1) [email protected]
1271: Magic - Rude .. Aug 09 (1)
1272: Nico & Vinz - Am I Wrong .. Aug 16 (2)
1273: David Guetta ft. Sam Martin - Lovers On The Sun .. Aug 30 (1) [email protected]
September
1274: Lilly Wood & Robin Schulz - Prayer in C .. Sept 06 (2) .
1275: Calvin Harris ft. John Newman - Blame .. Sept 20 (1) [email protected]
1276: Sigma ft. Paloma Faith - Changing .. Sept 27 (1)
October
1277: Jesse J / Grande / Minaj - Bang Bang .. Oct 04 (1) [email protected] .
1278: Meghan Trainor - All About That Bass .. Oct 11 (4) .
November
1279: Ed Sheeran - Thinking Out Aloud .. Nov 08 (1)
1280: Cheryl - I Don't Care - Cheryl .. Nov 15 (1) [email protected]
1281: Gareth Malone's All Star Choir - Wake Me Up .. Nov 22 (1) [email protected]
1282: Band Aid 30 - Do They Know It's Christmas .. Nov 29 (1) [email protected]
December
1283: Take That - These Days .. Dec 06 (1) [email protected]
R/E:.: Ed Sheeran - Thinking Out Aloud .. Dec 13 (1)
1284: Mark Ronson ft. Bruno Mars - Uptown Funk .. Dec 20 (1) [email protected]
1285: Ben Haenow - Something I Need .. Dec 27 (1) [email protected]
2015
R/E:.: Mark Ronson ft. Bruno Mars - Uptown Funk .. Jan 03 (6)
February
1286: Ellie Goulding - Love Me Like You Do .. Feb 14 (4) [email protected]
March
1287: Years & Years - King .. March 14 (1) [email protected]
1288: Sam Smith ft.John Legend - Lay Me Down .. March 21 (2) [email protected]
April
1289: Jess Glynne - Hold My Hand .. April 04 (3) [email protected]
1290: Wiz Khalifa ft. Charlie Puth - See You Again .. April 25 (2)
May
1291: OMI - Cheerleader .. May 09 (4)
June
1292: Jason Derulo - Want To Want Me .. June 06 (4) [email protected]
July
1293: Tinie Tempah ft Jesse Glynne - Not Letting Go .. July 04 (1)
WEEK ENDING DATE CHANGES TO FRIDAYS
1294: Lost Frequences - Are You With Me .. July 09 (1)
1295: David Zowie - House Every Weekend .. July 16 (1)
1296: Little Mix - Black Magic .. July 23 (3) [email protected]
August
1297: One Direction - Drag Me Down .. Aug 13 (1) [email protected]
1298: Charlie Puth ft Meghan Trainor - Marvin Gaye .. Aug 20 (1)
1299: Jess Glynne - Don't Be So Hard on Yourself .. Aug 27 (1)
September
1300: Rachel Platten - Fight Song .. Sept 03 (1)
1301: Justin Bieber - What Do You Mean .. Sept 10 (1) [email protected]
1302: Sigala - Easy Love .. Sept 17 (1)
R/E:.: Justin Bieber - What Do You Mean .. Sept 24 (2)
October
1303: Sam Smith - Writing On The Wall .. Oct 08 (1) [email protected].
R/E:.: Justin Bieber - What Do You Mean .. Oct 15 (2)
1304: KDA ft Tinie Tempah & Katy B - Turn The Music Louder (Rumble) .. Oct 29 (1) [email protected]
November
1305: Adele - Hello .. Nov 05 (3) [email protected]
1306: Justin Bieber - Sorry .. Nov 26 (2)
December
1307: Justin Bieber - Love Yourself .. Dec 10 (3)
1308: Lewisham & Greenwich NHS Choir - A Bridge Over You .. Dec 31 (1) [email protected]
2016
January
R/E:.: Justin Bieber - Love Yourself .. Jan 07 (3)
Jan 8th - Jan 14th Justin Bieber holds the 1st, 2nd, 3rd position on the charts; a first in UK chart history
1309: Shawn Mendes - Stitches . . Jan 28 (2)
February
1310: Zayn - Pillowtalk . . Feb 11 (1) in@ No.1
1311: Lukas Graham - 7 Years . . Feb 18 (5)
March
1312: Mike Posner - I Tool A Pill In Ibiza .. March 24 (4)
April
1313: Drake ft. Wizkid & Kyla - One Dance .. April 21 (15)
August
1314: Major Lazer/Justin Beiber/Mo - Cold Water .. Aug 04 (5)
September
1315: Chainsmoker ft Halsey - Closer .. Sept 08 (4)
October
1316: James Arthur - Say You Won't Let Go .. Oct 06 (3)
1317: Little Mix - Shout Out To My Ex .. Oct 27 (3) [email protected]
November
1318: Clean Bandit - Rockabye .. Nov 17 (9) Christmas No.1
2017
January
1319: Ed Sheeran - Shape Of You .. w/e Jan 19 (1) [email protected] "Shape of You" and Ed Sheeran's "Castle on the Hill" debuted on UK Singles Chart at No1 & No.2, the first time in history an artist has taken the top two chart positions with new releases.
UPDATED: January 13th 2016.
A FEW FACTS (UK Singles charts)
Most Consecutive Weeks at No.1
16 weeks: Bryan Adams - (Everything I Do) I Do It For You .. 1991
Most Weeks at No.1
18 weeks: Frankie Laine's - I Believe
In 1953 it topped the chart on three separate occasions
Longest Time For A Track To Get To No.1
33 Years, 3 Months, and 27 Days.
Tony Christie "(Is This The Way To) Amarillo"
w/e November 27th 1971 - it reached No.18.
w/e March 26th 2005 - it reached No.1 with the re-release, after comedian Peter Kaye sung the song and made an amusing video with it, featuring many other celebrities. It was in aid of Comic Relief.
it beat the previous record of
29 Years, 1 Month, and 11 Days
Jackie Wilson -"Reet Petite (The Sweetest Girl in Town)" the original subtitle: (The Finest Girl You Ever Want To Meet)
w/e November 15th 1957 - it reached No.6 in the UK charts
w/e December 29th 1986 - it reached No.1 , two years after his death, when it was re-released after being used on an advert for Levi Jeans .
Until 1983, the chart was made available on Tuesdays.
Due to improved technology, from January 1983 it was released on the Sunday.
The convention of using Saturday as the 'week-ending' date
has remained constant throughout.
JULY 2015 .. WEEK-ENDING DATE CHANGES TO THURSDAYS AND RELEASED ON FRIDAYS
Information up to 2004 is from the
"Guinness Book of British Hit Singles & Albums"
2004 onwards from BBC Radio 1
*****************************************
| i don't know |
'Dizzy' was a UK No.1 in April 1969 for who? | UK No.1 Hit Singles: 1960 to 1969
95: Michael Holliday 'Starry Eyed' 29/1/1960
Feb
96: Anthony Newley 'Why' 5/2/1960
March
97: Adam Faith 'Poor Me' 10/3/1960
98: Johnny Preston 'Running Bear' 17/3/1960
99: Lonnie Donegan 'My Old Man's A Dustman' 31/3/1960
April
100: Anthony Newley 'Do You Mind' 28/4/1960
May
101: Everly Brothers 'Cathy's Clown' 5/5/1960
June
102: Eddie Cochran 'Three Steps To Heaven' 23/6/1960
July
103: Jimmy Jones 'Good Timin' 7/7/1960
104: Cliff Richard 'Please Don't Tease' 28/7/1960
Aug
105: Johnny Kidd & The Pirates 'Shakin' All Over' 4/8/1960
106: Shadows 'Apache' 25/8/1960
107: Ricky Valence 'Tell Laura I Love Her' 29/9/1960
Oct
108: Roy Orbison 'Only The Lonely' 20/10/1960
Nov
109: Elvis Presley 'It's Now Or Never' 3/11/1960
Dec
110: Cliff Richard 'I Love You' 29/12/1960
1961
111: Johnny Tillotson: Poetry In Motion, 12/1/1961
112: Elvis Presley: Are You Lonesome Tonight, 26/1/1961
Feb
113: Petula Clark: Sailor, 23/2/1961
March
114: Everly Brothers: Walk Right Back, 2/3/1961
115: Elvis Presley: Wooden Heart, 23/3/1961
May
116: The Marcels: Blue Moon, 4/5/1961
117: Floyd Cramer: On The Rebound, 18/5/1961
118: The Temperance Seven: You're Driving Me Crazy, 25/5/1961
June
119: Elvis Presley: Surrender, 1/6/1961
120: Del Shannon: Runaway, 29/6/1961
July
121: Everly Brothers: Temptation, 20/7/1961
Aug
122: Eden Kane: Well I Ask You, 3/8/1961
123: Helen Shapiro: You Don't Know, 10/8/1961
124: John Leyton: Johnny Remember Me, 31/8/196
Sept
125: Shirley Bassey: Reach For The Stars / Climb Ev'ry Mountain, 21/9/1961
Oct
126: Shadows: Kon Tiki - 5/10/1961
127: The Highwaymen: Michael - 12/10/1961
128: Helen Shapiro: Walkin' Back To Happiness - 19/10/1961
Nov
129: Elvis Presley: (Marie's the Name) His Latest Flame/Little Sister - 9/11/1961
Dec
130: Frankie Vaughan: Tower Of Strength - 7/12/1961
131: Danny Williams: Moon River - 28/12/1961
1962
132. Cliff Richard 'The Young Ones' 11/1/1962
Feb
133. Elvis Presley 'Can't Help Falling In Love / Rock-A-Hula Baby' 22/2/1962
March
134. Shadows 'Wonderful Land' 22/3/1962
May
135. B.Bumble & The Stingers 'Nut Rocker' 17/5/1962
136. Elvis Presley 'Good Luck Charm' 24/5/1962
June
137. Mike Sarne with Wendy Richard 'Come Outside' 28/6/1962
jJuly
138. Ray Charles 'I Can't Stop Loving You' 12/7/1962
139. Frank Ifield 'I Remember You' 26/7/1962
Sept
140. Elvis Presley 'She's Not You' 13/9/1962
Oct
142. Frank Ifield 'Lovesick Blues' 8/11/1962
Dec
143. Elvis Presley 'Return To Sender' 13/12/1962
1963
144. Cliff Richard 'The Next Time / Bachelor Boy' 3/1/1963
145. Shadows 'Dance On' 24/1/1963
146. Jet Harris & Tony Meehan 'Diamonds' 31/1/1963
147. Frank Ifield 'Wayward Wind' 21/2/1963
March
148. Cliff Richard 'Summer Holiday' 14/3/1963
149. Shadows 'Foot Tapper' 29/3/1963
April
150. Gerry & The Pacemakers 'How Do You Do It?' 11/4/1963
May
151. Beatles 'From Me To You' 2/5/1963
June
152. Gerry & The Pacemakers 'I Like It' 20/6/1963
July
153. Frank Ifield 'Confessin' (That I Love You)' 18/7/1963
Aug
154. Elvis Presley '(You're The) Devil In Disguise' 1/8/1963
155. Searchers 'Sweets For My Sweet' 8/8/1963
156. Billy J. Kramer & The Dakotas 'Bad To Me' 22/8/1963
Sept
157. Beatles 'She Loves You' 12/9/1963
Oct
158. Brian Poole & The Tremeloes 'Do You Love Me' 10/10/1963
159. Gerry & The Pacemakers 'You'll Never Walk Alone' 31/10/1963
Dec
160. Beatles 'I Want To Hold Your Hand' 12/12/1963
1964
161 Dave Clark Five.. Glad All Over 16/1/1964
162 Searchers.. Needles & Pins 30/1/1964
Feb
164 Cilla Black.. Anyone Who Had A Heart 27/2/1964
March
165 Billy J. Kramer & The Dakotas.. Little Children 19/3/1964
April
166. Beatles.. Can't Buy Me Love 2/4/1964
167. Peter & Gordon.. A World Without Love 23/4/1964
May
168. Searchers.. Don't Throw Your Love Away 7/5/1964
169. Four Pennies.. Juliet 21/5/1964
170. Cilla Black .. You're My World 28/5/1964
June
171. Roy Orbison.. It's Over 25/6/1964
July
172. Animals.. The House Of The Rising Sun 9/7/1964
173. Rolling Stones.. It's All Over Now 16/7/1964
174. Beatles.. A Hard Day's Night 23/7/1964
Aug
175. Manfred Mann.. Do Wah Diddy Diddy 13/8/1964
176. Honeycombs.. Have I The Right 27/8/1964
Sept
177. Kinks.. You Really Got Me 10/9/1964
178. Herman's Hermits.. I'm Into Something Good 24/9/1964
Oct
179. Roy Orbison.. Oh Pretty Woman 8/10/1964
180. Sandie Shaw.. (There's) Always Something There To Remind Me 22/10/1964
Nov
181. Supremes.. Baby Love 19/11/1964
Dec
182. Rolling Stones.. Little Red Rooster 3/12/1964
183. Beatles.. I Feel Fine 10/12/1964
1965
184. Georgie Fame & The Blue Flames 'Yeh Yeh' 14/1/1965
185. Moody Blues 'Go Now!' 28/1/1965
Feb
186. Righteous Brothers 'You've Lost That Loving Feeling' 4/2/1965
187. Kinks 'Tired Of Waiting For You' 18/2/1965
188. Seekers 'I'll Never Find Another You' 25/2/1965
March
189. Tom Jones 'It's Not Unusual' 11/3/1965
190. Rolling Stones 'The Last Time' 18/3/1965
April
191. Unit Four Plus Two 'Concrete & Clay' 8/4/1965
192. Cliff Richard 'The Minute You're Gone' 15/4/1965
193. Beatles 'Ticket To Ride' 22/4/1965
May
194. Roger Miller 'King Of The Road' 13/5/1965
195. Jackie Trent 'Where Are You Now (My Love)' 20/5/1965
196. Sandie Shaw 'Long Live Love' 27/5/1965
197. Elvis Presley 'Crying In The Chapel' 17/6/1965
198. Hollies 'I'm Alive' 24/6/1965
July
199. Byrds 'Mr Tambourine Man' 22/7/1965
Aug
201. Sonny & Cher 'I Got You Babe' 26/8/1965
Sept
202. Rolling Stones '(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction' 9/9/1965
203. Walker Brothers 'Make It Easy On Yourself' 23/9/1965
204. Ken Dodd 'Tears' 30/9/1965
Nov
205. Rolling Stones 'Get Off Of My Cloud' 4/11/1965
206. Seekers 'The Carnival Is Over' 25/11/1965
Dec
207. Beatles 'Day Tripper / We Can Work It Out' 16/12/1965
1966
208. Spencer Davis Group 'Keep On Running' 20/1/1966
209. Overlanders 'Michelle' 27/1/1966
210. Nancy Sinatra 'These Boots Are Made For Walking' 17/2/1966
March
211. Walker Brothers 'The Sun Ain't Gonna Shine (Anymore)' 17/3/1966
April
212. Spencer Davis Group 'Somebody Help Me' 14/4/1966
213. Dusty Springfield 'You Don't Have To Say You Love Me' 28/4/1966
May
214. Manfred Mann 'Pretty Flamingo' 5/5/1966
215. Rolling Stones 'Paint It Black' 26/5/1966
June
216. Frank Sinatra 'Strangers In The Night' 2/6/1966
217. Beatles 'Paperback Writer' 23/6/1966
July
218. Kinks 'Sunny Afternoon' 7/7/1966
219. Georgie Fame & The Blue Flames 'Get Away' 21/7/1966
220. Chris Farlowe 'Out Of Time' 28/7/1966
Aug
221. Troggs 'With A Girl Like You' 4/8/1966
222. Beatles 'Yellow Submarine / Eleanor Rigby' 18/8/1966
Sept
223. Small Faces 'All Or Nothing' 15/9/1966
224. Jim Reeves 'Distant Drums' 22/9/1966
Oct
225. Four Tops 'Reach Out I'll Be There' 27/10/1966
Nov
226. Beach Boys 'Good Vibrations' 17/11/1966
Dec
227. Tom Jones 'Green Green Grass Of Home' 1/12/1966
1967
228. Monkees 'I'm A Believer' 19/1/1967
Feb
229. Petula Clark 'This Is My Song' 16/2/1967
March
230. Engelbert Humperdink 'Release Me (And Let Me Love Again)' 2/3/1967
April
231. Frank Sinatra & Nancy Sinatra 'Somethin' Stupid' 13/4/1967
232. Sandie Shaw 'Puppet On A String' 27/4/1967
May
233. Tremeloes 'Silence Is Golden' 18/5/1967
June
234. Procol Harum 'A Whiter Shade Of Pale' 8/6/1967
July
235. Beatles 'All You Need Is Love' 19/7/1967
Aug
236. Scott McKenzie 'San Francisco (Be Sure To Wear Some Flowers In Your Hair)' 9/8/1967
Sept
237. Engelbert Humperdink 'The Last Waltz' 6/9/1967
Oct
238. Bee Gees 'Massachusetts' 11/10/1967
Nov
239. Foundations - 'Baby Now That I've Found You' 8/11/1967
240. Long John Baldry - 'Let The Heartaches Begin' 22/11/1967
Dec
241. Beatles - 'Hello Goodbye' 6/12/1967
1968
242. Georgie Fame - 'The Ballad Of Bonnie & Clyde' 24/1/1968
243. Love Affair - 'Everlasting Love' 31/1/1968
Feb
244. Manfred Mann - 'The Mighty Quinn' 14/2/1968
245. Esther & Abi Ofarim - 'Cinderella Rockefella' 28/2/1968
March
246. Dave Dee, Dozy, Beaky, Mick & Tich - 'Legend Of Xanadu' 20/3/1968
247. Beatles - ''Lady Madonna' 27/3/1968
April
248. Cliff Richard - 'Congratulations' 10/4/1968
249. Louis Armstrong -'What A Wonderful World / Cabaret' 24/4/1968
May
250. Union Gap featuring Gary Puckett -'Young Girl' 22/5/1968
June
251. Rolling Stones- 'Jumpin' Jack Flash' 19/6/1968
July
252. Equals - 'Baby Come Back' 3/7/1968
253. Des O'Connor - 'I Pretend' 24/7/1968
254. Tommy James & The Shondells - 'Mony Mony 31/7/1968
Aug
255. Crazy World of Arthur Brown - 'Fire' 14/8/1968
256. Beach Boys - ''Do It Again' 28/8/1968
Sept
257. Bee Gees - 'I've Gotta Get A Message To You' 4/9/1968
258. Beatles -'Hey Jude' 11/9/1968
259. Mary Hopkin - 'Those Were The Days' 25/9/1968
Nov
260. Joe Cocker - 'With A Little Help From My Friends' 6/11/1968
261. Hugo Montenegro Orchestra - 'The Good The Bad And The Ugly' 13/11/1968
262. Scaffold - 'Lily The Pink' 11/12/1968
1969
263. Marmalade - 'Ob-La-Di Ob-La-Da' 1/1/1969
264. Fleetwood Mac - Albatross 29/1/69
Feb
265. Move - Blackberry Way 05/2/69
266. Amen Corner '(If Paradise Is) Half As Nice' 12/2/1969
267. Peter Sarstedt 'Where Do You Go To (My Lovely)?' 26/2/1969
March
268. Marvin Gaye 'I Heard It Through The Grapevine' 26/3/1969
April
269. Desmond Dekker & The Aces 'Israelites' 16/4/1969
270. Beatles 'Get Back' 23/4/1969
June
271. Tommy Roe 'Dizzy' 4/6/1969
272. Beatles 'The Ballad Of John & Yoko' 11/6/1969
July
273. Thunderclap Newman 'Something In The Air' 2/7/1969
274. Rolling Stones 'Honky Tonk Women' 23/7/1969
Aug
275. Zager & Evans 'In The Year 2525' (Exorium & Terminus) 30/8/1969
Sept
276. Creedence Clearwater Revival 'Bad Moon Rising' 20/9/1969
Oct
277. Jane Birkin & Serge Gainsbourg 'Je T'Aime... Moi Non Plus' 11/10/1969
278. Bobby Gentry 'I'll Never Fall In Love Again' 18/10/1969
279. Archies 'Sugar Sugar' 25/10/1969
Dec
| Tommy Roe |
Who took 'The Tears Of A Clown' to the UK No.1 spot in August 1970? | The UK Number Ones : 1965-1969
Famous for being performed live on the roof of
the Beatles' Apple Corps in Savile Row, London W1.
4 Jun 1969 Tommy Roe Dizzy 1
Only No 1
This came seven years after his first hit, but it did not lengthen his career.
11 Jun 1969 Beatles The Ballad Of John & Yoko 3
17th & last No 1
Last No 1 from the Fab Four. Now disintegrating, George & Ringo did not play on this recording. They broke up the following year.
2 Jul 1969 Thunderclap Newman Something In The Air 3
Only No 1
Produced by Pete Townshend of group " The Who ", which never had a No 1 record.
23 Jul 1969 Rolling Stones Honky Tonk Women 5
8th & last No 1
Their last, following the Beatles' last. They remained a global concert draw into the 21st century.
30 Aug 1969 Zager & Evans In The Year 2525 3
Only No 1
One-hit Wonders who wrote this song, predicting our way of life in the future.
20 Sep 1969 Creedence Clearwater Revival Bad Moon Rising 3
Only No 1
Led by John Fogerty , they provided great songs based on southern US rhythms.
11 Oct 1969 Jane Birkin & Serge Gainsbourg Je T'Aime... Moi Non Plus 1
Only No 1
Orgasmic song that was banned by the BBC, and switched labels mid-way due to company embarrassment!
18 Oct 1969 Bobby Gentry I'll Never Fall In Love Again 1
Only No 1
Another Burt Bacharach song, this time from a US country music songstress.
25 Oct 1969 Archies Sugar Sugar 8
Only No 1
First No 1 performed by US tv cartoon characters. The series was never shown in UK. Created by Ron Dante .
20 Dec 1969
Xmas No 1 Rolf Harris Two Little Boys 6
Only No 1
Aussie entertainer who specialised in novelty songs. This tear-jerker from 1903 ended the decade in a melancholy mood.
NOTES:
"One-hit Wonders" are acts that achieved just one number one, and had no other hits at all.
The dates and total weeks at No 1 shown may not always appear to line up. This is because some number ones fell from the top and returned a week or so later. The "weeks" shows the total of all periods at number one.
No link to your favourite artist's web site? Please e-mail me with details of your recommended sites.
Other Decades
| i don't know |
'Amazing Grace' was an April 1972 No.1 for which band? | Dragoon Guards Amazing Grace No1 First Week April 1972 UK - YouTube
Dragoon Guards Amazing Grace No1 First Week April 1972 UK
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Published on Feb 28, 2016
The Pipes & Drums & Military Band of the Royal Scots Dragoon Guards - Amazing Grace (Vinyl)(RadioSpeed) Got to No1 in the first week of April 1972 in the United Kingdom. And was in the charts at the same time as Judy Collins's Song with words of the same title. Uploaded by former Radio DJ John Magnetron
Category
| pipes drums military band of royal scots dragoon guards |
Who had a UK No.1 hit in May 1972 with 'Vincent'? | Dragoon Guards Amazing Grace No1 First Week April 1972 UK - YouTube
Dragoon Guards Amazing Grace No1 First Week April 1972 UK
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This feature is not available right now. Please try again later.
Published on Feb 28, 2016
The Pipes & Drums & Military Band of the Royal Scots Dragoon Guards - Amazing Grace (Vinyl)(RadioSpeed) Got to No1 in the first week of April 1972 in the United Kingdom. And was in the charts at the same time as Judy Collins's Song with words of the same title. Uploaded by former Radio DJ John Magnetron
Category
| i don't know |
Dallol Ethiopia has what claim to fame? | No Questions Quiz 31 Answers - Shareware Notice
Shareware Notice
No Questions Quiz 31 Answers
1 The lack of calcium in the diet causes what condition Rickets
2 Where would you find Lunate Triquetral and Hamate Bones in Wrist
3 What are Jean Bernard, Pierre St-Martin and Berger in France Worlds deep caves
4 Dallol Ethiopia has what claim to fame Worlds hottest
average place 94
5 Where are Bay of Heats and Bay of Dew Sinus Aestuum - Roris Near side of Moon
6 The star constellation Lepus has what English name The Hare
7 Lauris Nobilis is the Latin name of what common herb Bay
8 If you suffered from varicella what have you got Chickenpox
9 Chi is the Chinese year of what Cock
10 A Comte France Landgraf Germany Conde Italy what England Earl
11 In heraldry what is a vertical line dividing a shield called Pale
12 The Templeton prize is awarded annually for progress in what Religion
13 International car registration letters what country is ZA South Africa
14 In England what is the most popular girls name of the 90s Rebecca
15 Rosencrantz and Guilderstern are dead - name playwright Tom Stoppard
16 Lucy Johnson became famous under what name Ava Gardner
17 What is a Tam Tam Orchestral Gong
18 FITA are the governing body of what sport Archery
19 Denzil Washington's first film as director was what Finding Fish
20 What is Canada's oldest city founded in 1608 Quebec
21 In the Jewish religion what's banned during The three weeks Marriage or Haircut
22 Who wrote the hymn Hear my Prayer Mendlesson
23 38 million Americans one in five don’t like what Sex
24 Alan Ginsberg is credited with inventing what 60s phrase Flower Power
25 Where would you find a pintle Hinge - it’s the pin
holding it
26 Who created Woody Woodpecker Walter Lantz
27 Winston Churchill had a dog - what type Miniature Poodle
28 Who was born in Chicago 5th December 1901 died 1966 Walt Disney
29 What is the name of Paul McCartney's official fan club Club Sandwich
30 By US government figures people have tried 28000 ways of what Losing Weight
31 If you suffer from Tinea Pedis what have you got Athletes foot
32 What colour is Llamas milk Yellow
33 In Alberta its illegal to play craps if you are using what Dice
34 Narcotics comes from the Greek - what it literally mean Electric eels - put on
foreheads
35 What did Pope John XX1 use as effective eyewash Babies Urine
36 Rhodopsis original Egyptian Cinderella had what job Prostitute - bird stole
her shoe
37 Whose attendance compulsory at priests banquets in Egypt Mummies – dead
reminded short life
38 Siddhartha Gautama became better known as who Buddha
39 In ancient Greece young brides had to sacrifice what Their Dolls – show
they were grown up
40 Caer-Lud was the former name of what capitol city London
41 4% of women never do what according to survey Wear Underwear
42 In superstition if you marry on Saturday you will have what No luck at all
43 What was the first million dollar seller paperback I the Jury – Mickey
Spillane
44 Who founded Methodism in 1738 John Wesley
45 What was the ancient Egyptian cure for haemorrhoids Beer - lots of beer
46 Middle ages Monks denied meat on fast days ate what Rabbit Foetuses –
Said were eggs
47 Where was Ice Cream invented China
48 Brittany Spears - what is her favourite drink Sprite
49 What job does Charlie Browns father do Barber
50 International direct dialling codes what country has 353 Republic of Ireland
^
No Questions Quiz 31 Answers
51 What is the main food of walruses Clams
52 30% of people quit this job in USA each year - what job School Bus Driver
53 Napoleons life was saved by a dog what breed – and he hated dogs Newfoundland –
saved from drowning
54 In 1821 Jacob Fusel worlds fist commercial factory making what Ice Cream
55 The star constellation Grus has what English name The Crane
56 International aircraft registration letters what country is PP or PT Brazil
57 What was the first 30 minute animated Disney show Duck Tales
58 A renaissance doctor - what treatment excluding bleeding Enemas
59 You could be executed for drinking what in ancient Turkey Coffee
60 Where did the ancient Egyptians paint pictures of their enemies Foot of Sandals
61 What is found in one third of American homes Scrabble
62 Bowling for lizards was whose favourite TV program Fred Flintstone
63 The name Jesse means what in Hebrew Wealth
64 According to strain theory crime is mainly committed by who The lower classes
65 In what country was the longbow invented Wales
66 Who makes Pringles Proctor and Gamble
67 What airline started 24th September 1946 single DC3 - Betsy Cathay Pacific
68 What are a swallowtail and a burgee Flags
69 What is the most common sexually transmitted disease in USA Herpes
70 Who was the Angel in Milton's Paradise Lost Beelzebub
71 300000 American teenagers get what every year Venereal disease
72 Francesco Seraglio invented what in Australia in early 1960s The Woolmark logo
73 What was Socrates wife's name Xanthippe
74 Who "Loved not to wisely but too well" Shakespeare play Othello
75 What did Anna Sage "The lady in Red do" Betray John Dillinger
76 Who makes Kleenex tissues Kimberly Clark
77 Poon Lim holds the record of 133 days doing what Surviving on a raft
78 Holden Caulfield - Catcher in the Rye - where JD Sal get name Movie marquee W
Holden J Caulfield
79 Marcus Garvey founded what Rastafarians
80 Ancient Roman brides wore a wedding dress - what colour Yellow
81 64% of American teenagers have what in their bedrooms Television
82 Charles Stratton became famous as what circus act Tom Thumb
83 What is the most common sexual complaint of females over 50 Vaginal Dryness
84 Who makes Miller Lite beer Philip Morris
85 The name Calvin has what unfortunate Latin meaning Bald
86 What author was the first published by Bantam paperbacks Mark Twain Life on
the Mississippi
87 In ancient India what was cut off adulterers Noses - and they tried
to hide it
88 In British Columbia is illegal to kill what Sasquatch
89 The Spear Leek was the original name of what food item Garlic
90 What was the name of the first Wings album Wild Life
91 Who started Laugh O Gram productions Walt Disney
92 Sigmund Freud used a dog to help his psychoanalysis what breed Jo-Fi a Chow
93 In a 1988 survey 12 million Americans don’t know what Washington DC was
capitol
94 Lobster Newberg was invented at what famous restaurant Delmonicos
95 In 18th century England what would you do with whim wham Eat it Cream sponge
96 The FIC govern what sport Canoeing
97 In England what is the most popular boys name of the 90s Daniel
98 International car registration letters what country is IS Iceland
99 In heraldry what is a horizontal line dividing a shield called Fess
100 The star constellation Ara has what English name The Alter
| worlds hottest average place 94 |
Where are Bay of Heats and Bay of Dew Sinus Aestuum - Roris? | No Questions Quiz 31 Answers - No Questions Quiz 1 Answers
No Questions Quiz 1 Answers
Similar
No Questions Quiz 31 Answers
1 The lack of calcium in the diet causes what condition Rickets
2 Where would you find Lunate Triquetral and Hamate Bones in Wrist
3 What are Jean Bernard, Pierre St-Martin and Berger in France Worlds deep caves
4 Dallol Ethiopia has what claim to fame Worlds hottest
average place 94
5 Where are Bay of Heats and Bay of Dew Sinus Aestuum - Roris Near side of Moon
6 The star constellation Lepus has what English name The Hare
7 Lauris Nobilis is the Latin name of what common herb Bay
8 If you suffered from varicella what have you got Chickenpox
9 Chi is the Chinese year of what Cock
10 A Comte France Landgraf Germany Conde Italy what England Earl
11 In heraldry what is a vertical line dividing a shield called Pale
12 The Templeton prize is awarded annually for progress in what Religion
13 International car registration letters what country is ZA South Africa
14 In England what is the most popular girls name of the 90s Rebecca
15 Rosencrantz and Guilderstern are dead - name playwright Tom Stoppard
16 Lucy Johnson became famous under what name Ava Gardner
17 What is a Tam Tam Orchestral Gong
18 FITA are the governing body of what sport Archery
19 Denzil Washington's first film as director was what Finding Fish
20 What is Canada's oldest city founded in 1608 Quebec
21 In the Jewish religion what's banned during The three weeks Marriage or Haircut
22 Who wrote the hymn Hear my Prayer Mendlesson
23 38 million Americans one in five don’t like what Sex
24 Alan Ginsberg is credited with inventing what 60s phrase Flower Power
25 Where would you find a pintle Hinge - it’s the pin
holding it
26 Who created Woody Woodpecker Walter Lantz
27 Winston Churchill had a dog - what type Miniature Poodle
28 Who was born in Chicago 5th December 1901 died 1966 Walt Disney
29 What is the name of Paul McCartney's official fan club Club Sandwich
30 By US government figures people have tried 28000 ways of what Losing Weight
31 If you suffer from Tinea Pedis what have you got Athletes foot
32 What colour is Llamas milk Yellow
33 In Alberta its illegal to play craps if you are using what Dice
34 Narcotics comes from the Greek - what it literally mean Electric eels - put on
foreheads
35 What did Pope John XX1 use as effective eyewash Babies Urine
36 Rhodopsis original Egyptian Cinderella had what job Prostitute - bird stole
her shoe
37 Whose attendance compulsory at priests banquets in Egypt Mummies - dead
reminded short life
38 Siddhartha Gautama became better known as who Buddha
39 In ancient Greece young brides had to sacrifice what Their Dolls - show
they were grown up
40 Caer-Lud was the former name of what capitol city London
41 4% of women never do what according to survey Wear Underwear
42 In superstition if you marry on Saturday you will have what No luck at all
43 What was the first million dollar seller paperback I the Jury - Mickey
Spillane
44 Who founded Methodism in 1738 John Wesley
45 What was the ancient Egyptian cure for haemorrhoids Beer - lots of beer
46 Middle ages Monks denied meat on fast days ate what Rabbit Foetuses -
Said were eggs
47 Where was Ice Cream invented China
48 Brittany Spears - what is her favourite drink Sprite
49 What job does Charlie Browns father do Barber
50 International direct dialling codes what country has 353 Republic of Ireland
^
No Questions Quiz 31 Answers
51 What is the main food of walruses Clams
52 30% of people quit this job in USA each year - what job School Bus Driver
53 Napoleons life was saved by a dog what breed - and he hated dogs Newfoundland -
saved from drowning
54 In 1821 Jacob Fusel worlds fist commercial factory making what Ice Cream
55 The star constellation Grus has what English name The Crane
56 International aircraft registration letters what country is PP or PT Brazil
57 What was the first 30 minute animated Disney show Duck Tales
58 A renaissance doctor - what treatment excluding bleeding Enemas
59 You could be executed for drinking what in ancient Turkey Coffee
60 Where did the ancient Egyptians paint pictures of their enemies Foot of Sandals
61 What is found in one third of American homes Scrabble
62 Bowling for lizards was whose favourite TV program Fred Flintstone
63 The name Jesse means what in Hebrew Wealth
64 According to strain theory crime is mainly committed by who The lower classes
65 In what country was the longbow invented Wales
66 Who makes Pringles Proctor and Gamble
67 What airline started 24th September 1946 single DC3 - Betsy Cathay Pacific
68 What are a swallowtail and a burgee Flags
69 What is the most common sexually transmitted disease in USA Herpes
70 Who was the Angel in Milton's Paradise Lost Beelzebub
71 300000 American teenagers get what every year Venereal disease
72 Francesco Seraglio invented what in Australia in early 1960s The Woolmark logo
73 What was Socrates wife's name Xanthippe
74 Who "Loved not to wisely but too well" Shakespeare play Othello
75 What did Anna Sage "The lady in Red do" Betray John Dillinger
76 Who makes Kleenex tissues Kimberly Clark
77 Poon Lim holds the record of 133 days doing what Surviving on a raft
78 Holden Caulfield - Catcher in the Rye - where JD Sal get name Movie marquee W
Holden J Caulfield
79 Marcus Garvey founded what Rastafarians
80 Ancient Roman brides wore a wedding dress - what colour Yellow
81 64% of American teenagers have what in their bedrooms Television
82 Charles Stratton became famous as what circus act Tom Thumb
83 What is the most common sexual complaint of females over 50 Vaginal Dryness
84 Who makes Miller Lite beer Philip Morris
85 The name Calvin has what unfortunate Latin meaning Bald
86 What author was the first published by Bantam paperbacks Mark Twain Life on
the Mississippi
87 In ancient India what was cut off adulterers Noses - and they tried
to hide it
88 In British Columbia is illegal to kill what Sasquatch
89 The Spear Leek was the original name of what food item Garlic
90 What was the name of the first Wings album Wild Life
91 Who started Laugh O Gram productions Walt Disney
92 Sigmund Freud used a dog to help his psychoanalysis what breed Jo-Fi a Chow
93 In a 1988 survey 12 million Americans don’t know what Washington DC was
capitol
94 Lobster Newberg was invented at what famous restaurant Delmonicos
95 In 18th century England what would you do with whim wham Eat it Cream sponge
96 The FIC govern what sport Canoeing
97 In England what is the most popular boys name of the 90s Daniel
98 International car registration letters what country is IS Iceland
99 In heraldry what is a horizontal line dividing a shield called Fess
100 The star constellation Ara has what English name The Alter
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The star constellation Lepus has what English name? | Lepus Constellation: Facts, Myth, Brightest Stars, Deep Sky Objects | Constellation Guide
Constellation Guide
Constellations: A Guide to the Night Sky
Lepus Constellation
Lepus constellation lies in the northern sky, just under the feet of Orion . The constellation’s name means “the hare” in Latin.
Lepus is not associated with any particular myth, but is sometimes depicted as a hare being chased by the mythical hunter Orion or by his hunting dogs, represented by the constellations Canis Major and Canis Minor . Lepus was first catalogued by the Greek astronomer Ptolemy in the 2nd century. The constellation is home to the famous variable star R Leporis, better known as Hind’s Crimson Star, and it contains several notable deep sky objects: Messier 79 (NGC 1904), the irregular galaxy NGC 1821, and the Spirograph Nebula (IC 418).
FACTS, LOCATION & MAP
Lepus Constellation Map, by IAU and Sky&Telescope magazine
Lepus is the 51st constellation in size, occupying an area of 290 square degrees.
It is located in the second quadrant of the northern hemisphere (NQ2) and can be seen at latitudes between +63° and -90°.
The neighboring constellations are Caelum , Canis Major , Columba , Eridanus , Monoceros and Orion .
Lepus contains a Messier object – Messier 79 (M79, NGC 1904) – and has one star with known planets. The brightest star in the constellation is Arneb, Alpa Leporis, with an apparent visual magnitude of 2.58. There are no meteor showers associated with Lepus.
Lepus belongs to the Orion family of constellations, along with Canis Major , Canis Minor , Monoceros and Orion .
MYTH
Lepus is usually depicted as a hare being hunted by Orion or by his hunting dogs. The constellation is located under Orion’s feet. It is not associated with any particular myth. Sometimes it is also represented as a rabbit, also chased by Orion and his dogs.
Alpha Leporis, the brightest star in the constellation, has the name Arneb, which means “the hare” in Arabic. The hare’s ears are delineated by the stars Kappa, Iota, Lambda and Nu Leporis.
MAJOR STARS IN LEPUS
Arneb – α Leporis (Alpha Leporis)
Alpha Leporis, the brightest star in Lepus, is a lower luminosity yellow-white supergiant star with an apparent visual magnitude of 2.589. It is approximately 2,200 light years distant from the solar system. It has the stellar classification F0 Ib.
The star’s proper name, Arneb, comes from the Arabic arnab, which means “the hare.”
Arneb has a mass about 14 times that of the Sun, 129 times the solar radius, and it is 32,000 times more luminous. It is believed to be about 13 million years old.
Alpha Leporis is a very old, dying star which is either still expanding or has passed through the supergiant stage and is in the process of contracting and heating up. It is expected to end its life in a supernova explosion.
Nihal – β Leporis (Beta Leporis)
Beta Leporis has the stellar classification G5 II. It is a yellow bright giant with an apparent magnitude of 2.84, approximately 160 light years distant from the Sun. Its traditional name, Nihal, means “quenching their thirst.”
The star has 3.5 solar masses and 16 times the solar radius. It is believed to be about 240 million years old.
Beta Leporis is a double star system and possibly a binary star. It is composed of two stars separated by 2.58 arcseconds. The companion star is a suspected variable.
ε Leporis (Epsilon Leporis)
Epsilon Leporis is an orange giant star with the stellar classification K4 III. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 3.166 and is approximately 213 light years distant.
The star has 40 times the Sun’s radius and 1.70 times the mass. It is believed to be about 1.72 billion years old. It is 372 times more luminous than the Sun.
μ Leporis (Mu Leporis)
Mu Leporis is a blue-white subgiant star with the stellar classification of B9 IV:HgMn. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 3.259 and is approximately 186 light years distant from the solar system.
The star has 3.4 times the Sun’s radius. It a suspected variable star of the Alpha-2 Canum Venaticorum type, with a period of about two days. The star’s spectrum has overabundances of manganese and mercury.
An X-ray source has been detected at an angular separation of 0.93 arcseconds from the star. This might be a star that is not yet on the main sequence, or a small low-temperature star.
ζ Leporis (Zeta Leporis)
Zeta Leporis has the stellar classification of A2 IV-V(n). The (n) indicates that the absorption lines in the star’s spectrum look nebulous because the star is a rapid spinner, which causes the absorption lines to broaden as a result of the Doppler effect. The star has a rotational velocity of 245 km/s.
Zeta Leporis is a white main sequence star which is evolving into a subgiant. The star has an apparent magnitude of 3.524 and is approximately 70.5 light years distant from the solar system. A massive asteroid belt was confirmed in the star’s orbit in 2001. This was the first extra-solar asteroid belt ever discovered.
The star has 1.46 times the Sun’s mass and 1.5 times the solar radius. It is 14 times more luminous than the Sun. It is believed to be about 231 million years old.
γ Leporis (Gamma Leporis)
Gamma Leporis is a yellow-white main sequence star belonging to the stellar class F6V. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 3.59 and is 29.3 light years distant. It is a member of the Ursa Major Moving Group.
Gamma Leporis is slightly larger than the Sun, with 1.2 times the Sun’s radius and 1.3 times the solar mass. It is a high-priority target for the Terrestrial Planet Finder mission.
This wide-field image of the sky around the unusual double star SS Leporis is a colour composite made from exposures from the Digitized Sky Survey 2 (DSS2). The field of view is approximately 2.7 degrees. SS Leporis is the bright star at the centre. The coloured rings and the four spikes around the star are artifacts of the photographic process and the optics of the telescope used, and are not real. Image: ESO, Digitized Sky Survey 2. Acknowledgment: Davide De Martin.
17 Leporis (SS Leporis)
17 Leporis is a spectroscopic binary with a combined visual magnitude that varies between 4.82 and 5.06.
The components belong to the spectral classes A1 and M3-4.5 and have a period of 260.34 days.
17 Leporis is approximately 1,100 light years distant from the solar system.
η Leporis (Eta Leporis)
Eta Leporis has the stellar classification of F2V. It is a yellow-white dwarf with an apparent magnitude of 3.719, about 49.1 light years distant from the Sun. Excess infrared emission has been detected coming from the star, indicating that it has a dust disk.
Eta Leporis has 1.5 times the Sun’s radius and 1.42 times the mass.
δ Leporis (Delta Leporis)
Delta Leporis is an orange subgiant star with the stellar classification K1IVFe-0.5. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 3.81 and is approximately 114 light years distant from the solar system.
Position of red giant RX Leporis relative to Rigel.
RX Leporis
RX Leporis is a semi-regular pulsating star with the stellar classification M6.2III. It is a red giant with an apparent visual magnitude that varies between 5 and 7.4.
The star is approximately 490 light years distant from Earth. It can be found next to Iota Leporis, four degrees south of the bright star Rigel in Orion constellation .
Hind’s Crimson Star – R Leporis
R Leporis is a carbon star with the stellar classification of C7,6e(N6e). It is a well known variable, showing variations in magnitude that range from 5.5 to 11.7.
It is classified as a long-period Mira variable. It has a period of 418-441 days, and a secondary period of about 40 years.
Hind’s Crimson Star, image: Wikisky
The star was discovered by the British astronomer J. R. Hind in 1845, and named Hind’s Crimson Star after him. He described the star as appearing “like a drop of blood on a black field.”
R Leporis is a distinctly red star located near the border with Eridanus constellation . It appears reddest when it is dimmest, and during these periods, which occur every 14.5 months, it may be the most visible reddest star in the sky. The intense redness may be the result of the carbon in the star’s outer atmosphere removing the blue part of its visible light spectrum.
Hind’s Crimson Star is approximately 1,300 light years distant. It has a radius about 500 times that of the Sun, and is between 5,200 and 7,000 times more luminous.
Gliese 229
Gliese 229 is a red dwarf belonging to the spectral class M1Ve, only 18.8 light years distant from the Sun. The star has 69 percent of the Sun’s radius and 58 percent of its mass. It is a slow rotator, with a projected rotational velocity of 1 km/s at the equator.
Gliese 229 is a low activity flare star, with magnetic activity on its surface causing random increases in brightness. The star’s corona is a source of X-ray emission.
A substellar companion, a brown dwarf of the spectral type T7, was discovered orbiting the star in 1994 and confirmed in 1995. It was the first confirmed substellar-mass object, with a mass of 20 to 50 times that of Jupiter.
T Leporis
T Leporis is another Mira variable in Lepus constellation. It is a red giant star belonging to the stellar class M6II. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 9.94 and it pulsates with a period of 380 days. With each pulsation, it loses approximately the mass of Earth. The star is about 500 light years distant and has a mass 100 times that of the Sun.
ASTERISM
Lepus contains an asterism known as the Throne of Jawza. Sometimes, it is also called the Camels, from the Arabic phrase meaning “camels quenching their thirst.” The stars that form the asterism, quadrilateral in shape, are α, β, γ and δ Leporis.
DEEP SKY OBJECTS IN LEPUS
Messier 79 – Based on observations made with the NASA, ESA Hubble Space Telescope, and obtained from the Hubble Legacy Archive, which is a collaboration between the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI, NASA), the Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility (ST-ECF, ESA) and the Canadian Astronomy Data Centre (CADC, NRC, CSA).
Messier 79 (M79, NGC 1904)
Messier 79 is a globular cluster in Lepus. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 8.56 and is approximately 41,000 light years distant from Earth.
The cluster was discovered by the French astronomer Pierre Méchain in 1780 and subsequently included in Charles’ Messier’s catalogue.
Like Messier 54 in Sagittarius constellation , the other extragalactic globular cluster in Messier’s catalogue, M79 is believed to have originated outside the Milky Way, in the Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy. The Canis Major Dwarf, located in Canis Major constellation , is currently interacting with the Milky Way and is unlikely to remain intact after the encounter.
The Spirograph Nebula (IC 418), photographed by the Hubble Space Telescope’s Wide Field Planetary Camera 2. Image: NASA and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI, AURA)
Spirograph Nebula – IC 418
IC 418 is a planetary nebula in Lepus. It was named the Spirograph Nebula because it has an intricate pattern, similar to those that can be created with a Spirograph.
The nebula has an apparent visual magnitude of 9.6 and is approximately 1,100 light years distant from the solar system.
NGC 1821
NGC 1821 is type IB(s)m irregular galaxy in Lepus. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 14.5. The galaxy was discovered by the American astronomer Frank Leavenworth in 1886.
A supernova, SN 2002bj, was observed in the galaxy in 2002. At first it had an apparent magnitude of 14.7 and was classified as a Type IIn supernova, but in 2008, it was determined that the spectrum resembled that of a Type Ia supernova more closely.
The progenitor star system is believed to have been composed of two white dwarfs, with helium being transferred from one to the other. Once the helium accreted, it exploded in a thermonuclear reaction on the surface of the more massive star, which resulted in the outburst.
Astronomy
| Hare |
Lauris Nobilis is the Latin name of what common herb? | Star Names
Star Names
Have you ever heard the name of a star or constellation and wondered what it meant? Of course you have!
I've compiled a table of commonly known star names and their definitions in the Western tradition, grouped by constellation. The Latin constellation names are given along with their 3-letter abbreviation, genetive form, and translation. Following each constellation entry are any named stars found therein (in order from brightest to faintest), listing the Bayer (Greek letter) or other common designation, the star name, and English translation. You can search the document for a specific name, designation, or constellation using your Web browser tools, or just read along leisurely. A plain-text version is available for those who can't parse HTML tables.
Disclaimer: This table was created merely for recreational use, and should not be considered authoritative. It contains data taken from a number of sources, with no attempt made to evaluate their veracity; I'm not a linguist! Furthermore, the table is not complete. At some point it would be nice to add information from the second set of references listed below. Unfortunately, the time I can devote to this anymore is essentially zero, so the odds of anything happening are remote.
Additional information on constellations and the stars listed in each can be accessed by clicking on the appropriate links in the table, which connect to other resources on the web.
Note: the star links in the table point to data which may not be accessible to all users! For access details, please consult the SIMBAD website .
A partial list of useful related sites is given at the bottom of this page.
Enjoy!
Where do these names come from?
Human fascination with the night sky long predates the dawn of history. Many stars and constellations bear labels from old mythologies -- for example, the prominent figure of Orion is loaded down with the lore of the ancient Greeks, Sumerians, and many others.
While constellations usually form pictures of people or animals in various myths, star names are more of a mixed bag. The majority are related to their constellation, e.g., the star Deneb means ``tail'' and labels that part of Cygnus the Swan. Others describe the star itself, such as Sirius, which translates literally as ``scorching,'' apt enough for the brightest star in the sky. Then there are a handful that seem utterly out of place: Lepus the Hare includes a star named Nihal, which means ``camels quenching their thirst'' -- a holdover from a previous and unrelated constellation?
Quite a few star names are Arabic, in which al means ``the'' and often appears in front, e.g., Algol, ``The Ghoul.'' Its inclusion has become somewhat arbitrary over time; several of these names are given elsewhere with or without the Al- prefix. Most other names in the Western tradition have Greek or Latin origins. The table also includes a few non-Western names (e.g., Chinese).
But regardless of origin, almost all star names are old -- hundreds or even thousands of years old. They are a part of our collective cultural heritage. Modern astronomers study many stars too faint to see without a telescope, and these are so numerous they are known only by catalog numbers and coordinates. As a result, official star names are essentially limited to the old names. Be wary of any service that offers to ``sell'' stars for you to name.
References
Information was gathered from the following sources. I heartily recommend reading them all for much more astronomical and mythological lore than I can provide here.
The Astronomical Companion (1979) by Guy Ottewell, Universal Workshop
Burnham's Celestial Handbook (1976) by Robert Burhham Jr., Dover Publications, Inc.
Star Tales (1988) by Ian Ridpath , Universe Books
The Greek Myths (1960) by Robert Graves, Pelican Books
The following people have generously provided additions and corrections to the table, most via email:
Peter Booth
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If you suffered from varicella what have you got? | Chickenpox (Varicella)-Topic Overview
Chickenpox (Varicella)
Credits
What is chickenpox?
Chickenpox (varicella) is a contagious illness that causes an itchy rash and red spots or blisters (pox) all over the body. Chickenpox can cause problems for pregnant women, newborns, teens and adults, and people who have immune system problems that make it hard for the body to fight infection.
Chickenpox usually isn't a serious health problem in healthy children. But a child with chickenpox needs to stay home from school. And you may need to miss work in order to care for your child.
After you have had chickenpox, you aren't likely to get it again. But the virus stays in your body long after you get over the illness. If the virus becomes active again, it can cause a painful viral infection called shingles .
What causes chickenpox, and how is it spread?
Chickenpox is caused by the varicella- zoster virus . It can spread easily. You can get it from an infected person who sneezes, coughs , or shares food or drinks. You can also get it if you touch the fluid from a chickenpox blister.
A person who has chickenpox can spread the virus even before he or she has any symptoms. Chickenpox is most easily spread from 2 to 3 days before the rash appears until all the blisters have crusted over.
You are at risk for chickenpox if you have never had the illness and haven't had the chickenpox vaccine . If someone you live with gets chickenpox, your risk is even higher because of the close contact.
What are the symptoms?
The first symptoms of chickenpox usually develop about 14 to 16 days after contact with a person infected with the virus. Most people feel sick and have a fever, a decreased appetite, a headache , a cough , and a sore throat . The itchy chickenpox rash usually appears about 1 or 2 days after the first symptoms start.
After a chickenpox red spot appears, it usually takes about 1 or 2 days for the spot to go through all its stages. This includes blistering, bursting, drying, and crusting over. New red spots will appear every day for up to 5 to 7 days.
It usually takes about 10 days after the first symptoms before all blisters have crusted over. This is when the person with chickenpox can return to day care , school, or work.
Continued
How is chickenpox diagnosed?
Your doctor will ask you about your symptoms and will examine you. This usually gives your doctor enough information to find out if you have chickenpox.
A healthy child with chickenpox symptoms may not need to visit a doctor. You may be able to describe your child's symptoms to the doctor over the phone.
Teenagers, adults, pregnant women, and people with health problems need to see a doctor for chickenpox. This is especially important for pregnant women, since chickenpox during pregnancy can cause birth defects or serious newborn infection.
How is it treated?
Most healthy children and adults need only home treatment for chickenpox. Home treatment includes resting and taking medicines to reduce fever and itching . You also can soak in oatmeal baths to help with itching .
People with long-term diseases or other health problems may need more treatment for chickenpox. They may need immunoglobulin treatment (IG) or antiviral medicine. Your doctor can give you these soon after you are exposed to the virus to help you feel better sooner.
How can you prevent chickenpox?
You can prevent chickenpox with the chickenpox vaccine . Children get the chickenpox vaccine as part of their routine immunizations .
If you have been around a person who has the virus and you have not had chickenpox or the vaccine , you still may be able to prevent the illness. Get a shot of chickenpox antibodies (immunoglobulin) or the vaccine right away.
Frequently Asked Questions
| Chickenpox |
A Comte France Landgraf Germany Conde Italy what England? | Varicella - National Library of Medicine - PubMed Health
Post‐exposure prophylaxis vaccine to prevent varicella (chickenpox)
This review assessed how useful the varicella (also known as chickenpox) vaccine is in preventing chickenpox when given to children or adults who have never been immunised or previously had chickenpox, but who receive the vaccine within a short time following exposure to a person infectious with chickenpox. Varicella is a highly contagious viral infection characterised by a widespread pustular rash, fever and generally feeling unwell. We identified three trials involving 110 healthy children who were siblings of household contacts.
Acyclovir can reduce the number of days with fever in otherwise healthy children with chickenpox, but its effect on sores and itching is not yet certain
Chickenpox (varicella) is caused by a virus. It begins with a fever, followed by a rash of red pimples which become itchy sores that form scabs. Chickenpox usually affects children from one to 14 years. In young babies, adults or people with impaired immune system, chickenpox is more severe. Treatments include lotions to relieve itchiness, paracetamol (acetaminophen) for fever and the antiviral drug acyclovir. The review of trials found that acyclovir reduces the number of days of fever from chickenpox in otherwise healthy children, usually without adverse effects. It is not clear whether it improves sores and itching.
Varicella and influenza vaccines may reduce morbidity in patients with blood cancers
Viral infections cause significant disease and even death in patients with blood cancers. In the current systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) we aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of viral vaccines in these patients. The pre‐defined primary outcome was incidence of the infection concerned. Secondary outcomes were mortality due to the viral infection, all‐cause mortality, incidence of complications, incidence of severe viral infection, hospitalization rate, in vitro immune response and frequency of adverse effects. Eight RCTs were included. They evaluated heat‐inactivated varicella zoster virus (VZV) vaccine (two trials), influenza vaccines (five trials) and inactivated poliovirus vaccine (one trial). There were no RCTs on other viral vaccines (hepatitis A, hepatitis B, measles, mumps, rubella). Only the two trials on VZV vaccine reported our pre‐defined primary outcome. All trials reported some of the pre‐defined secondary outcomes. We found that inactivated VZV vaccine might reduce the severity of herpes zoster when given before and after stem cell transplant in adults with lymphoma or leukemia. Inactivated influenza vaccine might reduce upper and lower respiratory infections and hospitalization in adults with multiple myeloma who are undergoing chemotherapy, or children with leukemia or lymphoma within two years post‐chemotherapy. However, the quality of evidence is not high. Local adverse effects occur frequently with the vaccines, although serious adverse effects appear uncommon. Further high‐quality RCTs are needed to clarify the benefits and optimal regimens of viral vaccines for patients with blood cancers.
Post‐exposure prophylaxis vaccine to prevent varicella (chickenpox)
This review assessed how useful the varicella (also known as chickenpox) vaccine is in preventing chickenpox when given to children or adults who have never been immunised or previously had chickenpox, but who receive the vaccine within a short time following exposure to a person infectious with chickenpox. Varicella is a highly contagious viral infection characterised by a widespread pustular rash, fever and generally feeling unwell. We identified three trials involving 110 healthy children who were siblings of household contacts.
How can you avoid getting chickenpox?
Chickenpox is highly contagious. If you are not immunized and have never had chicken pox, contact with someone who has it will almost always leave you infected. Early vaccination and being careful around those who already have chickenpox are the most important precautions you can take.Chickenpox is caused by the varicella-zoster virus, one of the herpes viruses. The German Standing Committee on Vaccination (STIKO) at the Robert Koch Institute recommends being vaccinated to lower your chances of infection. If you or someone in your family gets chickenpox there are several things you can do to avoid getting it yourself.Most importantly, people who have chickenpox should avoid contact with anyone who has not had it and who also may be more likely to develop more severe symptoms. This especially includes people with a weakened immune system, newborn babies, and non-vaccinated adults. The virus can harm the unborn child during pregnancy, and can be life-threatening for newborns. But although chickenpox is very unpleasant, it only rarely has serious consequences for otherwise healthy children.
Acyclovir can reduce the number of days with fever in otherwise healthy children with chickenpox, but its effect on sores and itching is not yet certain
Chickenpox (varicella) is caused by a virus. It begins with a fever, followed by a rash of red pimples which become itchy sores that form scabs. Chickenpox usually affects children from one to 14 years. In young babies, adults or people with impaired immune system, chickenpox is more severe. Treatments include lotions to relieve itchiness, paracetamol (acetaminophen) for fever and the antiviral drug acyclovir. The review of trials found that acyclovir reduces the number of days of fever from chickenpox in otherwise healthy children, usually without adverse effects. It is not clear whether it improves sores and itching.
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In heraldry what is a vertical line dividing a shield called? | Coats of Arms in Ireland and from around the world
Heraldic Symbolism and Convention - Back to Main Site
My aim in putting together this section to help you to understand some of the rules and terms of heraldry. There is a lot of material to be added before this page is complete, so please be patient while I build it up as time permits.
The precise origins of heraldry are cloudy at best. What is almost certain is that painting patterns on shields and / or armour has a military origin, born out of the need for a leader to be recognisable. It is said that the crusaders painted crosses on their shields and it is also said that the Romans did something similar. Indeed I have seen it claimed that Noah himself had a coat of arms. In Ireland there are many references to the battle standards of the first millennium Gaelic chieftains whose symbolism later appears on coats of arms. So some kind of visual symbolism, designed to identify individuals and groups existed before the emergence of formal heraldry.
It was the Normans who formalised heraldry and by the twelfth century many Norman lords had a "recognized" coat of arms. The first recorded heraldic debate broke out in 1385 when Sir Richard Le Scrope and Sir Robert Grosvenor, fought over the right to bear "Azure a bend Or". Le Scrope won, by the way. It was in the reign of Henry V of England (1413-22) that a royal proclamation is issued, prohibiting the use of heraldic ensigns except by those who could show an original a valid right. The proclamation was largely ignored. In the sixteenth century the first official Kings of Arms were set up, with authority (indeed duty) to appoint deputies to record and adjudicate on the coats of arms in use all over England and its territories. In these islands, coat of arms are now granted under the authority of the Earl Marshall, by Garter and one of the provincial Kings (of Arms) such as Clarenceux or Norroy (England and Wales), Lyon King of Arms (Scotland) and Ulster King of Arms (Ireland - now superceded by the Chief Herald of Ireland). This situation has pertained since at least the seventeenth century. Of course the rules of heraldry, not having the force of law, depend on us all behaving like gentlemen. The exception here is Scotland where heraldry has the force of law - the implication being, it seems to me, that the Scots don't know how to behave like gentlemen. I'm curious to know when the Scottish courts last heard a case of misuse of arms.
Over the centuries, the use of coats of arms became less a matter of need and more one of status. In class-conscious societies, the use of heraldic devices became linked with systems of nobility, to the point that what you could display on your arms depended on your rank within the noble pecking order (see the section on helms, below, for example). On the bottom rung of the ladder was the esquire or gentleman and at the top the king with multiple ranks in between. Below the bottom rung were the masses, regarded by the upper echelons as something less than real people. Of course, this whole system was swept away in most countries as the concept of democracy swept across the western world and many countries, including the U.S.A. and Ireland have constitutional bans on title of nobility, on the basis that "all men are equal". Even in Britain, where hereditary titles of nobility have survived and even retained powers, the reformation of the House of Lords, will result in the hereditary peers losing their vote.
Recent decades have seen a major rise in interest in coats of arms, mainly as a result of an increase in the numbers of people, especially descendants of emigrants, studying their genealogy and family history. Almost inevitably, at some point in the study of a family history, the question pops up, "is my family coat of arms?" This questions can generate two extremes of response.
The traditionalists, bound up in the conventions of an outdated class system, will respond by saying that you probably do not have a "family coat of arms" and even if you did, you would have to present volumes of pedigree information to prove that you are descended from an armiger (someone entitled to bear arms). At the other extreme, there are several merchants operating from stores, stalls, mail order outlets and the Internet, more than willing, for a modest sum, after "painstaking research", provide you with a beautiful reproduction of your "authentic" coat of arms "officially documented" or the history of your family name.
I have problems with both of these attitudes.
While it is true that in England grants of arms were made to individuals and therefore only inheritable through the senior male line, the reality is that among related families, there is usually a clear pattern of symbolism, from which, without a huge amount of difficulty, an experienced researcher can deduce a template design from which all the variant forms have been derived. And if a client has assembled sufficiently detailed genealogical information, the researcher may even by able to pin down the precise branch of the family in question. If that doesn't represent what most people today would regard as a "family coat of arms", then I don't know what would. Apart from which, the English tradition of heraldry is not the only one. In keeping with the family / sept / clan structure known to have pertained in historical Ireland, the Office of the the Chief Herald takes the view that the concept of sept arms (or family coats of arms) is perfectly acceptable. I am given to believe that similar attitudes also apply in other countries. Besides which, it is not likely that John Doe, having bought a copy of a heraldic bearing, is going to march into the House of Lords and demand his seat.
On the other hand, I find the merchants a little too free and easy. It is almost certain that if you order "the" Smith coat of arms you will be given something that is of no historical significance to you personally. Of course, this may be perfectly acceptable to you, in which case, good luck to you. But you may be sufficiently interested to know that there are thousands of unrelated Smith families, in several countries, many of whose members bore distinct coats of arms. If you are remotely interested in historical accuracy, you would do well to try to match these arms to your personal family history. On top of this, there are many family surnames whose coats of arms, if they ever had any, are unrecorded. There is not exactly a huge selection of easily accessible reference material to be had these days and most of the ancient rolls of arms have no doubt crumbled to dust in damp basements. Heraldic merchants don't go sniffing around in long abandoned castles for records. They use books, like I do, or more likely these days, they use a computer database, which I don't. Faced with an order for a coat of arms for a name that doesn't appear in the books, they move into "best fit" mode (or the computer program does). I happened to be personally interested in the name Singley and submitted a search request into one on the on-line merchants. Despite the fact that I new the name (or at least the family in which I was interested) is from continental Europe, I got back a history that insisted it is English and a description of the coat of arms that turned out to be one belonging to Synge. The only genuine coat of arms I could find in my own references for Singley was for a family in Piemont.
Which brings me to a third category of heraldists - the "traditionalist-merchant". This is a fairly new group which holds fast to the notion that arms are personal, but that the "chief" has graciously permitted the clan members to wear the badge, flower or tartan, then provides handy links where the members can pick up these lovely items at "special" prices. Let's get something straight. There are no "chiefs" - we live in democracies (most of us) and we don't need self proclaimed leaders to tell what we may or may not display. I myself am a member of a family society ( The MacGeoghegan Family Society ) and each five years we elect a "chieftain" in the time honoured way (we all drink pints of Guinness until only one is left standing and he gets the job). The day that chieftain tells me I can't display the Geoghegan coat of arms is the day I'll quit the society.
So, where do I fit into all this? Well, if you have read all of the above, I hope you will see me as someone who respects the art / science of heraldry but views it with a 21st century eye. I try to structure my services to allow the customer to make an informed choice before deciding to display a particular coat of arms. So, in the first instance, you can order a preliminary search, which will give you basic information on the number of coats of arms (if any) exists for a particular name. If you then wish for more detailed search on all or a subset of these, you can proceed to that step. And if you don't like or want any of the arms on record, you can always commission a new one for yourself. I don't want to give the impression that I am the only one providing an "educated merchant" service - there are several of us around as well as a number of "amateur heralds". In general we are all individuals or small groups, passionately interested in the subject of heraldry and coats of arms, but not bogged down in centuries-old, outdated convention or prepared to sacrifice accuracy in order to make a sale.
It may happen that someone will read the above and feel compelled to write to me in an attempt to debate these issues. I ask you now to save your energy. I have visited all the traditional heraldry websites and read all the material there. Similarly I have been to many of the merchant sites and, to any of them that offer the service, have submitted my standard list of surnames, invariably with the same inaccurate results (my useful list of test names remains a secret). I have neither the desire not the time to enter into a debate with any party on this subject. My views are expressed above and are not likely to change.
Achievement
of
Arms
What is a coat of arms? Let me start at the beginning (a very good place to start, as Julie Andrews once said). You may have read this information on the very first page. Coats of arms are complicated things. The complete design ensemble is called an achievement of arms and consists of several parts.
The escutcheon or shield is the most important and displays the primary heraldic symbolism of the arms. Indeed, the escutcheon may be the only component of many coats of arms. The shape of the shield is not defined exactly and provided that it generally resembles a shield in appearance, just about any shape is acceptable. In English heraldry women bear arms, not on a shield, but on a lozenge. Positions on the shield have their own descriptors. Right and left are referred to as "dexter" and "sinister" and always relate to the shield as if you were standing behind it. In other words the dexter side is the right side as you stand behind or the left as you look at the shield. The top of the shield is called the "chief", the middle the "fess point" and the bottom the "base". Combining these gives you terms like "dexter chief", sinister base", and so on. Shields are often divided into quarters referred to as 1st (dexter chief), 2nd (sinister chief), 3rd (dexter base) and 4th (sinister base). In any blazon (heraldic description), the first descriptor always refers to the colour or division of the shield, so a coat of arms that is simply described as "sable" consists of a simple black shield with no adornment. We will look at colours, divisions and symbols later.
The helm was added to arms before the beginning of the 14th century and in the 16th century, its form and position were modified in English heraldry to indicate the rank of the bearer. Generally, nowadays, the helm represents mere decoration.
There are four kinds of helm in English heraldry, though others are also used in heraldic practice in other countries, according to style.
1) Kings and Princes of royal blood. The helm is full faced, composed of gold, with the beauvoit divided by six projecting bars and lined with crimson.
2) Nobility. Made of steel, with five gold bars covering the face. It is shown inclining to profile.
3) Knights and Baronets. Full faced steel helmet with the visor open and no bars.
4) Esquires and Gentlemen (basically all others). A helmet of steel with the visor closed. It is always shown in profile (either full profile or partial) facing to the dexter (the helm's right the viewer's left).
The style in which each of these helms is displayed varies from artist to artist, however, the key features are the colour and the attitude (full faced or in profile).
The crest is the oldest of armorial bearings having its origins in ancient Greece and Rome. In heraldry it is represented attached to the top of the helmet or above the shield. Certain families have several crests. In English heraldry in is not usual for a coat of arms to include more than one crest. However, a person with two surnames may display two coats of arms. In some continental European countries multiple crest are often displayed. The crest was often shown on cutlery, dishes, etc. which was often passed on from one generation to the next. This probably gave rise to the phrase "family crest" which has somehow come to erroneously mean the same thing as coat of arms. In a knight's full regalia, the crest would have literally been attached to the top of his helmet, so it is often a much more three dimensional object than the shield.
The wreath or torse represent twisted ribbons tinctured of the principal metal and colour of the shield and are sited above the shield (or helm if shown) and below the crest. The torse is generally coloured of principal colours (metal and colour - see below) of the shield. In some continental European coats of arms, the colour of the mantling (see below) is specified. In such cases, the torse should be coloured to match the mantling.
The motto is a phrase or sentence alluding to the family, the arms, or the crest or sometimes a traditional war cry, especially among the Celts. It is placed in a scroll above the crest or below the shield. It is not infrequently found that a coat of arms will include two mottoes, one above the crest and one below the shield. Sometimes mottoes are even incorporated into the coat of arms proper - especially the crest. Mottoes are often not recorded with a grant of arms. Mottoes are often written in Latin, French and English. In Celtic countries it is not unusual to find mottoes in the native Gaelic language.
The mantle originally was a representation of the piece of cloth that protected the helmet from the heat of the sun. It became more decorative and was usually shown in the principal colours (usually a metal and a colour) of the shield, however in some grants of arms the colours are actually specified. There are many ways of displaying the mantling, from the simplest to the really complex and there is no set rules as to exactly how they should be drawn
The supporters date from the fourteenth century and are figures, usually people or animals, placed either side of the shield. It is said that they owe their origin to the practice of knights armour bearers dressing up in all sort of fancy and grotesque regalia at tournaments. In English (and Irish) heraldry, only certain nobility and royalty are permitted supporters and so most arms do not include them. The supporters shown left are those of the civic arms of Jamaica and consist of a male and female native Indian.
Tinctures
The colours used on coats of arms are called "tinctures" and are subdivided into "metals", "colours" and "furs".
There are two metals which really represent the natural colours found on coats of armour. These are "argent" and "or" representing silver and gold respectively. Because of the difficulty of representing the metals properly in normal coloured drawings, white and yellow are usually used.
The colours are "sable" (black), "gules" (red), "azure" (blue), "vert" (green) and "purpure" (purple). There are also two other colours "tawney" or "tenné" (orange) and "sanguine" or "murrey" (maroon) which are only rarely encountered. There is no strict rule regarding what shade of colour should be used to portray tinctures. The only real rule is that the colour be clearly identifiable as the specified tincture. For the metals, many artist use shades or grey and darker brownish yellows to try to simulate their metallic origins and this is acceptable practice.
People often ask if these colours have any significance. The answer is most likely "no", but here are some "meanings" that have been associated with them (believe it if your wish).
Or (yellow or gold): Generosity and elevation of the mind
Argent (white or silver): Peace and sincerity
Gules (Red): Warrior or martyr; Military strength and magnanimity
Azure (Blue): Truth and loyalty
Vert (Green): Hope, joy, and loyalty in love
Sable (Black): Constancy or grief
Pupure (Purple): Royal majesty, sovereignty, and justice
Tawny or Tenne (Orange): Worthy ambition
Sanguine or Murray (Maroon): Patience in battle, and yet victorious
Furs are represented by patterns of two (rarely more) colours. The most common is "ermine" which consists of a black symbol on a white background. The symbol is said to represent the tail of the ermine (a weasel-like creature). With the colours reversed it is known as "ermines", black spots on a gold background is erminois and reversed is called "pean". Other colour combinations within the ermine pattern are not unknown, but are rare and practically unheard of in English heraldry.
"Vair", unless otherwise noted, is a pattern of argent and azure shapes supposed to resemble the flower of the campanula. When different colours are used the term "vairé" is applied followed by the names of the colours. In the red and gold example to the left left the pattern is called "vairé or and gules". There are also several variations on the vair pattern based on the configuration of the bell shapes. Two, "counter vair" and "vair in pale" are shown left.
A less common fur is "potent" which employs shapes resembling crutch heads. "Potent" itself is rarely found in heraldry but "potent counter potent" is seen from time to time.
Those who assign meanings to heraldic symbols say that furs represent dignity.
The term "counterchanged" refers to a shield of two tinctures, a metal and a colour, the objects (or parts thereof) which lie on the metal part taking the tincture of the colour and vice-versa.
There are other patterns that are based on object. For example a cross-hatched pattern is called "crusily" i.e. of crosses, a diamond shaped patter is called "fretty", a background covered with teardrop shapes is called "guttée" (for example "guttée du sang" mean covered in drops of blood and the term "semée" just means covered with, for example, "semée de lis" mean covered with fleurs-de-lis. Other patterns include lozengy (alternately coloured diamond shapes), chequy (alternately coloured squares) and so on and so forth.
There is one final colour descriptor that is commonly found and that is "proper". This signifies that the symbol should be shown in its natural colour and is usually used in reference to animals, weapons, tools, etc. What is "proper" for particular symbols often varies greatly from artist to artist.
Before we leave the subject, there is a "rule" of heraldry relating to tinctures that I should mention. This says that you must never place metal on metal, colour on colour or fur on fur. In other words, if your shield is "argent" or "or", then the symbols directly on the shield should consist of a colour or fur and not a metal. The rule continues down the levels so that the symbols, if "charged" with yet another symbol, must comply with the same rule. Now this rule is often violated and there are some famous instances of it being broken. But if designing a new coat of arms with a view to registering it with a heraldic authority, I would suggest that you follow the "rule of tincture" for the easiest passage through the registration process.
Dividing the shield - "partitioning"
In many coats of arms the shield is plain, but in many more it is divided into segments and this is called "partitioning". See the examples on the left. The lines of partition are not necessarily straight or "right", as in the examples. The following lines of partition are often found.
Engrailed
| Pale |
The Templeton prize is awarded annually for progress in what? | Coat of arms | English Heraldry | Page 2
English Heraldry
August 22, 2009 at 2:35 pm ( Essentials , Medium ) ( Coat of arms , Heraldry , Regulation )
Yes, I know it’s a little long, but I can assure whole books (!) have been written on this.
The College of Arms (or Heralds’ College) has the sole right to grant arms in the UK.
In order to be granted arms by the College, a person must show that they are related by a purely male line from a person granted arms (an armigerous person), or that they are sufficiently well-respected to be able to apply for one themselves. An exception to this rule is made if the only breaks in the line of male descent are heraldic heiresses, meaning they are women, daughters of armigerous people, who have no brothers, or only brothers who have died without children (‘without issue’). The line may continue through them as required.
The College may advise on the use of differencing, through the use of cadency or otherwise, and enforce it where necessary. Cadency itself will be covered in future posts.
It holds many family trees of armigerous people, which are held in its buildings. They are considered factual and have official status and may only be changed at the head of the College’s discretion if the claim is backed up a relatively large amount of reliable evidence. Although they are not open to the public, the College of Arms may still be able to advise on a person’s pedigree with reference to their right to bear a coat of arms.
The most senior king of arms is the Garter King of Arms, in reference to the Order of the Garter. Although knowledge of the system beyond this is largely unnecessary in the current conditions, it is important to recognise that the College of Arms is almost completely self-financed (the members of the College receive nominal salaries from the government) and this grants it a level of autonomy not otherwise achieved. Furthermore, the rest of the funding is secured by a charge raised against applicants, which as of the start of the year 2009 was £3,950 for private individual applicants (the cost being approximately double for charitable organisations and triple for commercial companies).
Name changes, often particular sources of difficulty for genealogists where they are involved, are meticulously kept by the College and the declaration by use of a deed poll is also mentioned in its records. They are far more common within the land-owning families that tended to have coat of arms, and in particular a fairly common practise was to make an inheritance depended on the adoption of the name of the deceased.
August 15, 2009 at 11:50 am ( Cases in point , Medium ) ( Coat of arms , Heraldry )
Counterchanging is the practice of reversing the colours of a particular section. It is clear in this flag, which serves as our second case-in-point.
This is the flag of the State of Maryland, in the United States of America. It is derived from a coat of arms.
What can we tell about it? Well,
It is parted quarterly
The first and fourth quarters have a base of paly, Or and sable
These quarters also have a bend counterchanged
The second and third quarters are quarterly argent and gules
The cross is a cross bottony (we’ve not met them yet, but you’re looking at all you need to know about it)
It appears to be counterchanged. (I say appears to be because it’s subtely different in character to the bend).
The state law officially defining it says thus (slightly edited, original here ):
The State flag is quartered. The 1st and 4th quarters are paly of 6 pieces, or and sable, a bend [dexter (no difference)] counterchanged. Thus, the 1st and 4th quarters consist of 6 vertical bars alternately gold and black with a diagonal band on which the colours are reversed. The 2nd and 3rd, quarterly, are argent and gules, a cross bottony countersigned.
Looks like we got that one sussed, eh?
August 15, 2009 at 11:37 am ( Jargon , Medium ) ( Coat of arms , Heraldry )
A shield that is paly has a series of around 6 vertical stripes of two alternating colours, a colour and a metal. Similarly, barry has horizontal stripes. If there aren’t six, it is specified, almost always even. (On a more advanced note, an odd number would be created using a field colour with a number of pallets (thinner pales) on top of it.) The two tinctures are defined after the term, with the left-most, or top-most stripe defined first. This is the simple version, there are other terms for similar effects with different ordinaries. Wikipedia has some useful illustrations, which I won’t bother with here (they can be found here ).
August 5, 2009 at 10:23 am ( Jargon , Medium ) ( Coat of arms , Heraldry )
Types of division (click to enlarge)
The field divisions and ordinary can be modified with an extra word after the type of division or ordinary. For example, these are both correct blazons:
Per pale nebuly, argent and azure
Argent, a pale nebuly azure.
This post’s one for the reference material, I think – the division types are fairly easy to identify, in the sense that a particular word falls into this category, but not easy to remember them all.
This particular post covers wavy, engrailed, invected, nebuly, indented, dancetty, embattled, dove-tailed potenty, raguly, urdy and rayonné. They do come up in other places, other than heraldry – such as architecture. There have been a couple more recent inventions, but their use is largely limited to the Scandinavian countries where they were conceived. History may give them proper names in English, but for now they are “fir-twig” and “tree-top lined” (or similar).
July 31, 2009 at 3:14 pm ( Introductory , Jargon ) ( Coat of arms , Heraldry )
Right, so the previous post outline extra things to add to a shield, but what about the field itself? The truth is, it can be parted (or party) in several ways. The most simple is parted per fess, which is halved to form two horizontal parts, one on top of the other. One example is the flag of Lübeck, in Germany, which is:
Parted per fess, argent and gules
This means it formed from two sections, white on red. Note the top tincture (in this case argent) is first. If horizontal, it’s left-to-right.
The equivalent term for three stripes is tierced.
All the terms either resemble or are derived from the ordinaries in the previous post.
Per…
July 30, 2009 at 5:08 pm ( Essentials , Introductory , Jargon ) ( Coat of arms , Heraldry )
Up to this point, all we know about is the shield, which has a background (the field). The field can have a tincture. Now comes another layer of detail, which, while basic, is slightly more complicated. Anything else that has a colour, that one can put on a shield, is an ordinary. This is the short definition. For example, one could put a white horizontal stripe on a red background. This stripe is called a fess. There are other words to cover similar things, but they are treated in the same way: they are followed by a tincture.
The arms of Austria are:
Gules, a fess argent
To be honest, the comma is optional. What this is telling us is that the shield is red (Gules) with a white horizontal stripe (a fess argent). In this case, the fess takes up about 1/3 of the height of the shield. The “about” is important: just like shades of a tincture, it is a matter of preference. All ordinaries are geometric in nature; they are mathmatical constructs. However, this type of “ordinary” is not moveable. There is only one position for the stripe, and that’s central. To take an extract directly from my book:
A cross is a cross (+) whose vertical stripe covers between about one-fifth and one-third of the shield width and vice-versa.
A saltire is a diagonal cross as in St. Andrew’s cross.
A pale is a central vertical stripe of about a third of the shield’s width.
A fess is a central horizontal stripe of about a third of the shield’s height.
A bar is a narrower fess of around one-fifth of the shield’s height.
A bend is a diagonal band from the viewer’s upper-right to lower-left, a bend sinister the opposite.
A chevron is a band in the shape of a chevron (^).
A chief is a band across the top of a shield.
A bordure is a border.
A pile is a triangle pointing down from the top corners of the shield.
A pall is a Y-shape.
One of my favorite coats of arms is that of de Clare. If I told you a chevronel was a thinner chevron, maybe you can visualise “Or, three chevronels gules”. If you can’t, or want to show off to yourself how correct you are, click here .
July 28, 2009 at 4:51 pm ( Essentials , Introductory , Jargon ) ( Coat of arms , Heraldry )
What a blazon is is described here , but this is how they are made up. The words in bold are jargon, and will be explained more fully later, but I hope the gist is clear enough.
The blazon begins with a definition of the field. This is the background of the shield. In the case of many coats of arms this is single tincture , for example ‘Or’ (gold). It then includes the principal charges, along with their tinctures, starting with the ordinaries. These come, in the French style, after the charges they describe, for example ‘a bend azure’. The charges of the shield are then described, followed by the supporters and other surrounding elements .
The blazon of the shield of Libya is “Vert”. This means it has a green background, with nothing on. If it were “Vert, an eagle Or”, it would be green with an eagle on (more on this charge later). It’s then built up from there.
July 28, 2009 at 4:40 pm ( Essentials , Introductory , Jargon ) ( Coat of arms , Heraldry )
Tinctures describe things, and refer to their appearance. The English language rather lacks the correct language to accurately describe the scope of the word “tincture”, but it encompasses three categories: colours, metals, and furs. The most simple are the first two, which are explained here. This short list is not comprehensive, since I’ll leave the most rare to more advanced posts. Or and argent are metals; the others here are colours.
If something as proper, it is shown in its normal colours in nature.
The term Or represents Gold, related with heraldry and royalty from the start. It is usually capitalised to avoid confusion with the conjunction. In line drawing or engravings, a pattern of light dots is used in its place. It normally represents the Sun and the life it brings and the virtues of courage and honour.
The term argent literally means ‘silver’ but it is almost always represented as white (and for this reason an argent field is never shown on a white background). In line drawing or engravings, the area is left blank, sometimes with the abbreviation Ar. written in them.
Sable represents the colour black, and is shown in line drawings and engravings as a hatch of vertical and horizontal lines.
The term gules denotes red, and symbolises martyrdom in particular. In engravings it is depicted with vertical lines or the abbreviation Gu., and is normally illustrated with a pure red.
Azure is used to describe blue. It is a dark, rich blue, and the only type of blue to be regularly described in heraldic language . It may be represented in a lighter or darker shade, however. In line drawing or engravings, horizontal lines are used to signify its presence, or the abbreviation Az. or B.
The term purpure refers to the colour purple. In engravings it is depicted with diagonal lines, running from the observer’s bottom-left to top-right, or the abbreviation Purp.
Vert, coming from the French for green, is used to describe it in English heraldry (the French use the term sinople). It is depicted in black-and-white by diagonal lines, running from the observer’s top-left to bottom-right, or the abbreviation Vt. It is associated with abundance and life.
July 23, 2009 at 8:04 pm ( Cases in point ) ( Coat of arms , Heraldry )
The first of many example pieces designed to ensure the topics are well understood, and may help people who are unsure. This build on what on previous posts, using the arms of Moravia as the example. It’s not going to be in much detail at this stage, but that’s not the point: everyone’s got to start somewhere. It’s also a useful test for jumping in at the “Case in point” you understand, and work from there. Here it is:
The coat of arms of Moravia, in the public domain (author unknown).
Right, we can see that:
The shield is blue with an eagle on it;
The helm is a mediaeval helmet;
The crest is a coronet and another eagle;
The mantling is red and white;
There are no supporters.
That should be enough to summarise what you know about this particular coat of arms already, using the right jargon. A pat on the back for those who started at the beginning, methinks. There’s more to do yet, though!
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Heraldry in useful snippets
A guide that starts at the beginning and works from there. If you want to jump in, I suggest you use the cases in point and start with the last one you don't understand. If there is any jargon you don't fully appreciate, it may be linked or you can search for it. You can always comment with queries.
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International car registration letters what country is ZA? | Letter of authority in respect of a motor vehicle | South African Government
Home » Services » Services for Residents » Driving » Register Motor Vehicle
Letter of authority in respect of a motor vehicle
About applying for a letter of authority in respect of a motor vehicle
If you intend to import a new or used vehicle, goods vehicle or trailer, or a built (manufactured) or modified vehicle, you must first obtain a letter of authority.
You must have the letter of authority irrespective of whether the vehicle was built in South Africa or in a foreign country. Types of vehicle for which you require a letter of authority are:
cars, buses and motorcycles
goods vehicles (trucks or vans)
trailers
special vehicles such as mobile cranes, tractors and harvesters.
All motor vehicles, whether manufactured in South Africa or imported, must conform to the requirements as set out in the National Road Traffic Act, 1996 (Act 93 of 1996 ). Importers must also submit proof of conformity.
Only the person in whose name the vehicle will be registered may complete the application form.
Download the Application for letter of authority form or obtain it from the National Regulator for Compulsory Specifications (NRCS).
Complete the form and attach the following:
certified identity document (ID) of applicant, or ID of proxy if the applicant is a company
affidavit for the built-up motor vehicle from the South African Police Service (SAPS). This should include the engine and chassis numbers, full details of the work carried out and source of major (especially safety-critical) components(SOA-Form)
SAPS clearance certificate
two photographs of the motor vehicle.
Pay the required fee.
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In England what is the most popular girls name of the 90s? | Letter of authority in respect of a motor vehicle | South African Government
Home » Services » Services for Residents » Driving » Register Motor Vehicle
Letter of authority in respect of a motor vehicle
About applying for a letter of authority in respect of a motor vehicle
If you intend to import a new or used vehicle, goods vehicle or trailer, or a built (manufactured) or modified vehicle, you must first obtain a letter of authority.
You must have the letter of authority irrespective of whether the vehicle was built in South Africa or in a foreign country. Types of vehicle for which you require a letter of authority are:
cars, buses and motorcycles
goods vehicles (trucks or vans)
trailers
special vehicles such as mobile cranes, tractors and harvesters.
All motor vehicles, whether manufactured in South Africa or imported, must conform to the requirements as set out in the National Road Traffic Act, 1996 (Act 93 of 1996 ). Importers must also submit proof of conformity.
Only the person in whose name the vehicle will be registered may complete the application form.
Download the Application for letter of authority form or obtain it from the National Regulator for Compulsory Specifications (NRCS).
Complete the form and attach the following:
certified identity document (ID) of applicant, or ID of proxy if the applicant is a company
affidavit for the built-up motor vehicle from the South African Police Service (SAPS). This should include the engine and chassis numbers, full details of the work carried out and source of major (especially safety-critical) components(SOA-Form)
SAPS clearance certificate
two photographs of the motor vehicle.
Pay the required fee.
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Rosencrantz and Guilderstern are dead - name playwright? | SparkNotes: Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead: Themes, Motifs & Symbols
Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead
Tom Stoppard
Act I: Beginning of Play to Entrance of Tragedians
Themes
The Incomprehensibility of the World
Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead highlights the fundamental mystery of the world. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern spend the entirety of the play in total confusion, lacking such basic information as their own identities. From the play’s opening, which depicts them as unable to remember where they are headed and how they began their journey, to their very last moments, in which they are bewildered by their imminent deaths, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern cannot understand the world around them. Their confusion stems from both the sheer randomness of the universe, illustrated by the bizarre coin-tossing episode, and the ambiguous and unclear motives of the other characters, who pop onstage and deliver brief, perplexing speeches before quickly exiting. While Stoppard frequently uses their confusion for comic effect, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern occasionally become so frustrated by the world’s incomprehensibility that they fall into despair. The play ultimately suggests that the prominent role of chance in our lives, coupled with the difficulty of discerning the true intentions and desires of other people, leads to almost paralyzing confusion. Although this experience may sometimes be amusing or seem funny when it happens to others, in the end it is one of the most dreadful aspects of existence.
The Difficulty of Making Meaningful Choices
The constant confusion in which they find themselves leaves Rosencrantz and Guildenstern feeling unable to make any significant choices in their lives. They are pushed along toward their deaths by what appear to be random forces, and they fail to respond to their circumstances with anything but total passivity. Their lack of agency is underscored by Stoppard’s decision to transport them from scene to scene without any choice on their part. One minute Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are in the woods with the Tragedians, and the next they are in Elsinore being asked to probe Hamlet’s distressed mind, a request they accept without even understanding what they have been asked to do. Even at the end of Act II, when they ask each other if they should go to England, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern do not make a choice but instead merely continue on the path that has been laid out for them. Since they have already come this far, Rosencrantz says, they may as well keep going. Their passive approach to their lives reflects how difficult it is to make decisions in a world that we do not fully understand, in which any choice can seem meaningless and therefore not worth making.
Stoppard demonstrates the danger of this passivity by giving Rosencrantz and Guildenstern the opportunity to make a very meaningful choice, which they fail to do. This moment occurs when they discover that they have a letter ordering Hamlet’s death upon their arrival in England: if they destroy it, Hamlet lives, but if they do nothing, he dies. While Rosencrantz hesitates about what to do, Guildenstern argues that they should not take any action, since they might not understand what is at stake. Although this decision may seem like an unfeeling rationalization for moral laziness, it is in fact simply an extension of the passivity that has marked Rosencrantz and Guildenstern throughout the play. By failing to make a significant choice when they have the opportunity to do so, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern incur terrible consequences, as Hamlet discovers the letter and switches it with one ordering their deaths rather than his own. Even though deciding which actions we should take in life is at times so difficult that we might be tempted to succumb to total passivity, failing to act is itself a decision, one that the play presents as not merely immoral but self-destructive.
The Relationship Between Life and the Stage
Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead emphasizes the close connection between real life and the world of theatrical performance. Numerous features of the play work to underscore this connection, not least of which is the fact that the play asks its audience to assume that the characters from Shakespeare’s Hamlet are real and deserve to have their story told from another perspective. Within the play, the connection between life and the stage is revealed to Rosencrantz and Guildenstern by the presence of the Tragedians, who perform a play that depicts parallel events to those in which the two men find themselves. This play shows that the characters most similar to Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are ultimately killed, which is precisely the fate that befalls Stoppard’s main characters. As they watch the play, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern see that the two actors playing the roles parallel their own are dressed exactly as they are. This confuses Rosencrantz so much that he wonders why he recognizes the actor dressed as himself but then tells the actor that he is not who the actor believed he was. In other words, theater reflects life so well that Rosencrantz cannot tell which is which.
Guildenstern criticizes the Player for assuming that theatrical performance can depict real feelings, especially the terror of death. The Player’s response is twofold—he claims that theatrical death is the only kind people believe in because it is what they expect, and then he demonstrates that point to Rosencrantz and Guildenstern by convincingly performing his own death when Guildenstern stabs him with a stage knife. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are completely persuaded by the Player’s performance, which lends credence to his claim that people really do believe in the things that theater has led them to expect. Indeed, the characters only believe in death when it looks theatrical, as Rosencrantz and Guildenstern cannot quite bring themselves to believe in their own impending deaths, for which they are unable to form any expectations. The audience cannot believe in their deaths either, at least according to the logic of the play and the Player, since the audience’s expectation that Rosencrantz and Guildenstern will die is never fulfilled. By refusing to depict their deaths and refusing to give the audience what it knows is coming, Stoppard keeps Rosencrantz and Guildenstern from dying and instead turns them into living literary characters.
Motifs
Shakespeare’s Hamlet
Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead actively engages with Shakespeare’s Hamlet through quotation and visual cues. Stoppard includes many of Hamlet’s most notable scenes in a way that casts them in a new light. For instance, the most famous portion of Hamlet is the “To be or not to be” soliloquy, Hamlet’s monologue about mortality and whether he should kill himself. Stoppard includes this scene, but it occurs in the background, while Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, in the foreground, wonder whether to approach Hamlet. As Hamlet mulls over his death, they decide that the time is perfect for a casual chat. This belief is deeply at odds with Hamlet’s actual state of mind, which the audience knows but the characters do not. Such dramatic irony is funny, but it serves a larger purpose. Hamlet is regarded as one the greatest works of world literature, but Stoppard’s comic treatment of it shows the importance of viewing Hamlet on its own terms rather than as the apex of literary tradition. By presenting Hamlet not as a great artifact but as a play that depicts real feelings and complex characters, Stoppard reminds his audience of the power of Shakespeare’s play to speak to us on an individual, human level.
The Lord’s Prayer
Throughout the play, Guildenstern performs punning riffs on a segment of the Lord’s Prayer, uttered by Jesus in the Gospels of Matthew and Luke and known to many people as the “Our Father” prayer. Guildenstern usually replaces the final word of the phrase give us this day our daily bread with a word that both rhymes with Rosencrantz’s most recent remark and forms a pun on their situation. For instance, after Claudius and Gertrude greet Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, mix up their identities, and ask them to probe Hamlet’s mind, the two become so confused that they can hardly speak straight. Rosencrantz cries out, “Consistency is all I ask!” to which Guildenstern responds, “Give us this day our daily mask.” Guildenstern’s substitution of the word mask for bread is deeply ironic. In the prayer, Jesus asks God to provide something people need on a daily basis—bread—while Guildenstern asks for something that the two men have too much of—masks, or shields, that prevent their identity from being known. Since even they cannot keep themselves straight, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern would have little need for masks, and thus Guildenstern’s remark is a bleak, almost resigned response to their situation.
This ironic reuse of a sacred text parallels Stoppard’s irreverent use of another hallowed literary work, Shakespeare’s Hamlet. Stoppard wants to emphasize the lure of literary works—be they prayers or plays—but he also wants to show the danger of relying on them exclusively to help us solve our problems. People often look to literature in times of need, but Stoppard reminds us that although such works as the Lord’s Prayer or Hamlet may seem universally appealing, they are grounded in specific circumstances and are about specific people, and thus they cannot be applied to any situation indiscriminately. Guildenstern calls on the Lord’s Prayer when placed in trying situations, but it does him no good, and his punning substitutions point out that there is no piece of literature that can help them through their particular situation. Thus Stoppard reminds his audience that great literature—be it religious or secular—is not a blueprint for how to lead our lives. Rather, literature itself struggles to make sense of the complex business of living in a confusing, often frustrating world.
Gambling
Scenes of gambling occur repeatedly in Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead and underscore the central role that chance plays in the lives of the characters. The play opens with Guildenstern losing bet after bet to Rosencrantz as the flipped coins keep coming up heads. Later, Guildenstern tricks the Player into accepting a bet that the year of the Player’s birth doubled is an even number, and Rosencrantz tries to cheer up Guildenstern on the ship to England by giving his friend a chance to win the same bet. All this gambling, this reliance on chance rather than individual actions, highlights how much chance drives the lives of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern and how little they do to counteract it. Although they are frustrated that chance puts them in unmanageable situations, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern take no action to help themselves and instead surrender to chance by relying on gambling. Confronted with the troubling randomness of reality, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern do not try to resist it. Instead, they embrace the very thing that is tormenting them, finding it easier to give in to chance than take the difficult step of actively deciding how best to lead their lives.
Symbols
The Coins
The coins that Rosencrantz and Guildenstern flip at the beginning of the play symbolize both the randomness of the world and the play’s exploration of oppositional forces. The pattern of coin after coin landing heads up defies the expectation that the laws of probability actually do work and that the world makes clear sense. Instead, the coins suggest that the world is ruled by randomness and the occurrence of highly improbable events. The point made by the coins is reiterated by the way that Rosencrantz and Guildenstern get caught up in a string of improbable situations that, from their perspective at least, occur entirely at random and make no sense whatsoever. Randomness is often contrasted to determinism, the notion that events happen according to some unbreakable plan. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead combines randomness with determinism to suggest that chance seems deterministic. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern feel that they can do nothing to counteract the chance’s determinist force, just as they can do nothing to stop the coins from landing heads up.
The coins also stand in for the play’s exploration of oppositional forces. Although the coins land heads up so many times that they may seem one-sided, coins are actually two-sided, a fact the audience is reminded of when a coin lands tails up. This two-sidedness reflects the many sets of opposites in the play, from the division between Guildenstern’s philosophical pessimism and Rosencrantz’s pragmatic optimism to the dual nature of language, which is a source of both pleasurable wit and painful confusion. Imagining the world as a set of opposites is somewhat at odds with the coins’ symbolism of a world dominated by chance, since oppositions impose order on the world. Stoppard resolves this tension by having the oppositions in the play break down. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern reveal themselves to be more complex and less oppositional than they initially seem, for instance. This breakdown of oppositional forces is reflected in the coins in that the laws of probability suggest that flipped coins should split evenly between heads and tails, but Stoppard shows that such a simple model does not account for the sheer randomness of the world.
The Boat
Almost the entirety of Act III takes place onboard a boat to England, and Stoppard uses the boat to reflect the experience of living in a universe that is beyond our control. Guildenstern initially responds quite positively to being on the boat, noting that it is pleasurable to give up responsibility and allow oneself to simply be carried along through life. This resignation to life’s randomness is freeing, Guildenstern believes, because it means that we no longer have to worry about whether we are making the right decisions—we can just relax and see where life takes us. The play suggests that this is a naïve and dangerous attitude, however, as Rosencrantz and Guildenstern’s refusal to take any action for themselves will end up getting them killed. Guildenstern realizes that getting on the boat was a mistake, since giving up their freedom meant that they lost all control over their lives. Simply giving in to the randomness of the world, as well as believing that giving in leads to freedom, are self-destructive gestures. These gestures make us like men on a boat they cannot steer, unable to do anything about our experiences.
| Tom Stoppard |
Lucy Johnson became famous under what name? | SparkNotes: Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead: Act I: Entrance of Tragedians to First Change of Lights (page 2)
Act I: Entrance of Tragedians to First Change of Lights (page 2)
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Act I: Entrance of Tragedians to First Change of Lights, page 1
Act I: Change of Lights to End of Act
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The Player seems much smarter than both Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, and he even appears to be aware of himself as a character within a play. He refers to the two men as “fellow artists,” even though Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are neither actors nor prostitutes. This label implies that the Player somehow realizes that Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are actually two minor characters from Shakespeare’s Hamlet, which Stoppard has borrowed and transformed into the heroes of his play Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead. This knowledge gives the Player a powerful aura of mystery and omnipotence. Later in the scene, the Player mentions that he never steps out of character: he is always on stage, and he is always acting. These references to plays, acting, and performance let Stoppard comment on his play as a play, a literary technique known as self-reference, or metafiction. Rather than letting readers or viewers lose themselves in a fantastical entertainment, Stoppard forces them to constantly be aware of his play as a literary work being read or performed. His play refers to itself as a play. As a result, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead requires a high level of intellectual engagement on the part of its readers or viewers.
Through the character of the Player, Stoppard wryly comments on plays as a unique form of entertainment. When Guildenstern asks for a play as payment for the lost bet, the Player cannot name a play that his troupe knows how to perform. Instead, the Player claims that the Tragedians belong to the “blood, love and rhetoric school,” implying that the actors know how to perform violence and romance, as well as how to communicate. Although the Player seems to be earnestly and honestly assessing the actors’ range, he is also being somewhat ironic. All plays rely on rhetoric, because by their very nature plays consist of actors reciting lines. By speaking their lines, actors verbally communicate. In other words, all actors employ rhetoric. As the Player explains, however, for a few coins, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern may watch a play, but, for just a few more coins, they may participate in sex play with the actors. The Tragedians are thus both actors and prostitutes, which adds yet another level of commentary. Prostitutes perform sexual acts for money, but actors also perform for money. Stoppard implies that the difference between prostitutes and actors might be as small as types of things performed—and the fee received for such performances.
| i don't know |
FITA are the governing body of what sport? | Homepage : Archery GB
Shortlisted for award!
16 December 2016, 4:49pm
Archery in Notts, the legacy project created as part of the European Archery Championship held in Nottingham in May, has been shortlisted for the Nottinghamshire Sports Awards Sporting Project of the Year.
Roland Mercer
Euros campaign hits target
16 December 2016, 4:42pm
Work done to promote the European Archery Championship in Nottingham has won a gold award at the CIPR PRide Awards for the South of England and Channel Islands.
Roland Mercer
Judges in demand!
15 December 2016, 11:28am
Britain's archery judges have an impressive and growing international reputation - and they are going to be busy during 2017!
Roland Mercer
Archery GB is seeking to appoint a Marketing Manager to cover maternity leave.
Archery GB
18 Nov 16
Archery GB are pleased to announce that the 2016 final Junior Rankings are now available to view.
Junior Committee
The final Archery GB National Target Archery Rankings 2016 are now available.
Membership Services
Do you want to help shape the future of sport in Northern Ireland?
Archery GB
The Draft Archery GB National Target Archery Rankings 2016 are now available.
Membership Services
Grants available for Boost Archery
17 Oct 16
Archery GB is pleased to announce the launch of the latest round of its funding scheme to help clubs to deliver Boost Archery - a new course for improvers to receive dedicated coaching and support at their club. Grants of £350 are available to successful applicants.
Development
Innovative new recurve selection policy for 2017 World Archery Youth Championships revealed
28 Sep 16
Old hands of the Great British recurve junior and cadet scene will be more than familiar with the process of submitting their season's best scores in order to earn the chance to win a place on an international squad by triumphing at a one-day "selection shoot".
Performance
What's your view on coaching in clubs?
08 Sep 16
Can you give us your view about coaching at your club? We would like to hear the views of archers, coaches, and club committees to provide us with greater understanding about coaching in clubs!
Development
| Archery |
What is Canada's oldest city founded in 1608? | Para Archery
Para Archery
More
Paralympic Sport Clubs
Paralympic Sport Clubs are community-based programs developed to involve youth and adults with physical and visual disabilities in sports and physical activity, regardless of skill level. All programs and activities will be based in the community and are run by the local organization. For more information follow this link: http://www.teamusa.org/US-
Here’s a quick summary of Paralympic Archery - courtesy of American Disabled Archers:
Getting Started
If you’ve never shot a bow before, keep the above information in mind, but don’t worry about it. Find someone who can help you shoot and do whatever you can to get shooting. You may start out with a 10 pound bow at 10 yards. That’s okay – that’s how lots of people get started. Try to find someone who knows about archery. You know about you and what you can do. Working together, you can find a way to make it work. If you have questions, contact the coaches listed above and they should be able to answer them.
After you’ve figured out how to shoot, you can think about local competitions. You might not start out in World Archery competitions, but shooting with other people is important. Eventually you can start shooting in World Archery tournaments – if you decide that’s what you want to do.
Rules
Paralympic archery follows World Archery rules with a couple of minor modifications. World Archery rules are the same rules that govern the Olympics. They are available at http://www.archery.org . International Paralympic competition is governed by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) - online at http://www.paralympic.org .
In the United States, the National Governing Body (NGB) of Paralympic Archery is now USA Archery, which is also the NGB for the Olympics.
Events
There are two major international events in Paralympic Archery – the Paralympics and the World Championships.
The World Championships are held every odd numbered year. In 2009, they were in the Czech Republic. They were in Torino, Italy in 2011. They will be in Bangkok in 2013. The round usually shot is a FITA (see below) followed by an Olympic round (sometimes called an elimination round). A team event is also held.
The Summer Paralympics are held every four years, after the Summer Olympics. The round shot is a 70 meter round followed by an Olympic round. A team event is held for some classes. The 2008 Games were in Beijing; the 2012 Games will be in London.
Rounds
A FITA round is 4 distances. 36 arrows are shot at each distance. The two longest distances use a 122 cm target (about 48”); the two shorter distances use an 80 cm target (about 36”). Distances are 90, 70, 50, and 30 meters for men; 70, 60, 50, and 30 meters for women and W1 shooters (see classes).
All 70 meter rounds, Olympic rounds, and team rounds are held at 70 meters.
Classes
There are four classes in Paralympic Archery with divisions for men and women. Sometimes two divisions may be combined. The divisions are based on physical classifications. Athletes have to be officially classified before they shoot internationally. The classification is done by physical therapists and other professionals. This is a very basic description; more information is available at http://www.paralympic.org/release/Summer_Sports/Archery/About_the_sport/Rules/index.html
W1 Archers – Have some sort of disability that effects both their upper and lower body. They use a wheelchair for mobility, and have some sort of function loss in their hands and/or arms. Most W1 archers shoot compound bows, but they cannot have peep sights or magnifying sights. There is a maximum weight of 45 pounds for men; 35 pounds for women.
W2 Archers – Use a wheelchair for mobility but have good hand and arm function. W2 archers shoot recurve bows from wheelchairs, following FITA rules.
Standing Archers – Archers with a physical disability who shoot from a standing position. Many of the archers use a stool or some sort of support, but their feet are on the ground. They shoot recurve bows, following FITA rules.
Open Compound – Archers who classify into one of the above categories, but choose to shoot a compound bow following FITA rules. FITA rules allow a peep sight in the string, a magnifying sight, a mechanical release, and a maximum weight of 60 pounds.
All of the above classes also have a restriction on arrow size of 9.3 mm, but this is seldom relevant when shooting outdoor FITA rounds.
For more information, including information on Team USA Paralympic and World Archery Para Championships Team Members, visit http://www.americandisabledarchers.com .
Information
| i don't know |
Alan Ginsberg is credited with inventing what 60s phrase? | No Questions Quiz 31 Answers - No Questions Quiz 1 Answers
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| Flower power |
Winston Churchill had a dog - what type? | December | 2008 | General Knowledge Current Affairs Quizzes everything in one stop.... | Page 2
Posted in QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS on December 31, 2008 | Leave a Comment »
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50 Collective nouns – A Chatter of what? Budgerigars
51 What word from the Persian means perfumed? Attar
52 What is a collection of penguins known as? Rookery
53 A place name including worth e.g. Tamworth what’s worth mean? Homestead
54 Cum Granlo Salis is Latin for what phrase? With a grain of salt
55 What does a crapulent person suffer from? Drunkenness
56 We have used a cassette but what does it literally mean? Small Box
57 Reykjavik translates into what? Smoky Bay
58 Chambre means what when referring to wine? Serve at room temperature
59 What is a SR N4? Hovercraft
60 What is Christmas Disease? Mild Haemophilia
61 Who wrote the 1994 biography “Princess in Love”? Anna Pasternak
62 Clemantine Campbell became famous under what name? Cleo Lane
63 An Ortaline is a cross between what two items? Tangerine – Orange
64 What US state is the magnolia state? Mississippi
65 The Glis Glis was fattened and eaten by the Romans what is it? Edible Dormouse
66 72% of what country is covered by forest? Finland
67 What was Woody Allen’s first film as writer/actor? What’s New Pussycat
68 On what are the worlds smallest paintings painted? Pin Heads
69 What city used to be known as Bytown? Ottawa
70 Mare Nostrum was the Roman name for what? Mediterranean Sea (Our Sea)
71 Kong Zi is better known as who? Confucius
72 The Romans called it Cambria – what do we call it? Wales
73 The Red Rose City has what more common name in Jordan? Petra
74 The Pirate Khair-ed-Din had what Italian name meaning redbeard? Barberossa
75 Chopin played what instrument as a child? Piano
76 In what Shakespeare play does the character Caliban appear? The Tempest
77 Cerumen is the technical name for what body part? Earwax
78 If a dish is served Florentine what will it contain? Spinach
79 Frank Gorshin played what role in a 60s series films? The Riddler
80 Which Puccini opera featured Nessun Dorma? Turendot
81 British Standard BS2724 might protect what body part? Eyes – Sunglasses
82 If you saw Cave Canem written what would you know? Beware of the Dog
83 Who was the minstrel that found Richard I imprisoned? Blondel (De Nesle)
84 What is a negus – named after inventor? Port Lemon hot sweet spiced
85 Stingray Bay named by Cook is now known as what? Botany Bay
86 Sextilis was the original name for what? August
87 What does a copoclephist collect? Key Rings
88 Who is the Patron Saint of florists and gardeners? Saint Dorothy
89 Jobs from names – what did a Wayne do? Wagon Maker
90 What countries highest award is The Order of the Elephant? Denmark
91 What is Thalassophobia a fear of? The Sea
92 Who does a Filicide kill? Son or Daughter
93 From the Greek meaning apple what do we call this fruit? Melon
94 What creature gets its name for the Spanish for slowly? Remora
95 Name Def Leopards one armed drummer? Rick Allen
96 Mr Mybug was only interested in sex with Flora in what book? Cold Comfort Farm
97 Where would you find your Coxa? Hip Joint
98 Bad before a German town name means what? It’s a Spa Town
99 What name from the French to quibble means a no trump hand? Chicane
100 Collective nouns – what is a group of swans? Herd or Bevy
Posted in QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS on December 31, 2008 | Leave a Comment »
1 Which Roman Emperors name means little boats? Caligula
2 In England what can you not hang out of your window? A Bed
3 The constellation Norma has what English name? Level
4 Chu is the Chinese year of what animal? Boar
5 Vor was the Norse Goddess of what? Truth
6 OB is the international aircraft reg letters what country? Peru
7 Who composed the classical piece Peter and the Wolf? Sergei Prokofiev
8 In what sport do women compete for the Uber cup? Badminton
9 What was the last sequel to win best picture award? Silence of the Lambs to Manhunter
10 How did Stonewall Jackson die? Shot by own troops by mistake
11 What are The Chiuhauhan Nubian and Alaskan? Deserts
12 International dialling codes what country is 86? China
13 Thieves Liars Magicians and who were in Dantes 8th circle Hell? Politicians
14 Alphabetically what is the first element in the periodic table? Actinium
15 What order of insects contains the most species? Beetles
16 What famous battle was fought at Pancenoit? Waterloo – (four miles away)
17 What colour is natural cheddar cheese? White it’s dyed red
18 Where was the first Pony Express set up? Outer Mongolia
19 What animal originated Groundhog Day? Badgers – in Germany
20 Abraham Zapruder made the most scrutinised film all time what? Kennedy Assassination
21 Aesculus is the Latin name of what type of tree? Horse Chestnut
22 Where were bagpipes invented? Iran then called Persia
23 What is Rice Paper made from? A Tree – The Rice Paper Tree pith
24 Jorn Utzon of Denmark designed what landmark? Sydney Opera House
25 What is the most popular pizza topping in South Korea? Tuna
26 Which people used to settle legal disputes by head butting? Inuit – Eskimo
27 Hitihita is a character in what book and film? Mutiny on the Bounty – Tahiti chief
28 How does a male koala attract a mate? Belching
29 Bohemian Rhapsody was on what Queen album? A Night at the Opera
30 What is a Boodie? A Marsupial related kangaroo rat
31 What character on TV and film must have sex every 7 years? Mr Spock
32 What was the name of Hamlets father? Hamlet
33 Bugs Bunny was a caricature of what actor? Clark Gable
34 Sherlock Holmes lived in Baker St – What other Detective did? Sexton Blake 1893
35 Spumador was whose horse? King Arthur
36 In what American state do most fail to graduate? Georgia
37 Names from Jobs – what in the middle ages did a walker do? Clean Cloth
38 Alfred Butta invented what in 1941 – marketed 1948? Scrabble
39 Phobos and Deimos are moons of Mars – what do names mean? Fear and Terror
40 What colour is a giraffes tongue? Black
41 Erica is the Latin name for what shrub? Heather
42 What is the capitol of Fiji? Suva
43 Disney’s Sleeping Beauty what is the name of the Queen witch? Maleficent
44 What is the name of Shakespeare’s first play? Titus Andronicus
45 Regnat Populus – The people rule – motto of what US state? Arkansas
46 A Cow Moos – A Cock Crows – What does an Ape do? Jibber
47 The IHF govern what sport? International Handball Federation
48 Levi Stubbs Renaldo Benson Abdul Fakir Laurence Payton Who? The Four Tops
49 The constellation Lacerta has what English name? Lizard
50 Collective nouns – An Army of what? Frogs
51 What US state has no motto? Alaska
52 Babs Gorden is better know as what heroine? Batgirl
53 Jim Thorpe won Olympic pentathlon 1912 who was fifth? General George S Patton
54 First Impressions was the original title of what classic novel? Pride and Prejudice
55 What country spends the most per capita in casinos? Australia
56 In India in 1994 who were finally allowed to vote? Eunuchs
57 In what language was the first complete bible in US printed? Algonquin Indian
58 John Wayne called what film “The most un-American thing ever”? High Noon
59 What country produces the most tobacco in the world? China
60 Collective nouns – A Business of what? Flies and Ferrets
61 If you were eating Olea Europea what would it be? Olive
62 What is Jane Fonda’s middle name? Seymour
63 Who is the Roman Goddess of flocks and herds? Pales
64 Where were the first winter Olympics held in 1924? Charmonix France
65 Which album is on the Billboard top 200 the longest since 1973? Pink Floyd Dark side of the Moon
66 David John Moore Cornwell became famous as who? John Le Carre
67 In The Hobbit what colour is Bilbo’s door? Green
68 In what game might you use a flat stick called a kip? Two Up
69 Where was Holmes pal Dr Watson wounded during the war? Shoulder
70 Collective nouns – A Husk of what? Jackrabbits
71 Black and Blue play Red and Yellow at what game? Croquet
72 What rank was George Armstrong Custer when he was killed? Lieutenant Colonel
73 Old superstitions – it is bad luck to do what in the morning? Sing
74 Who said “Bigamy is one husband too many like Monogamy”? Erica Jong – Fear of Flying 1973
75 What colour were ETs eyes? Blue
76 What is the smallest species of penguin? The Fairy Penguin
77 What do Fromologists collect? Cheese labels
78 In the original Wizard of Oz what colour were the slippers? Silver
79 The Beverley Hillbillies came from what Ozarks town? Hooterville
80 Collective nouns – A leap of what? Leopards
81 International dialling codes what county is 20? Egypt
82 What US states name means long river in Indian? Connecticut
83 What country has the most elephants? Tanzania
84 In WW2 the Graf Spee was forced into what harbour? Montevideo
85 Who were the first Australian group to sell a million records? The Seekers Ill never find another you
86 What was James Deans middle name? Byron
87 Collective nouns – A Float of what? Crocodiles
88 In Romeo and Juliet what day is Juliet’s Birthday? 31st June
89 George C Scott – what does the C stand for? Campbell
90 In Italy a man can be arrested if found wearing what? A Skirt
91 The Arcocarpus altilis was involved in a mutiny – what is it? Breadfruit
92 In what European country have most land battles been fought? Belgium
93 Gwizador in Poland is who in English? Santa Claus
94 In what sport is The Lugano Trophy awarded every 2 years? Men’s National Team Walking
95 Who composed the ballets – The Firebird and The Rite of Spring? Igor Stravinsky
96 OD international aircraft registration letters of what country? Lebanon
97 Bragi was the Norse God of what? Poetry
98 Myrastica fragrens is what common spice? Nutmeg
99 The constellation Mensa has what English name? Table
100 Collective nouns – A family of what? Sardines
Posted in QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS on December 31, 2008 | Leave a Comment »
1 The lack of calcium in the diet causes what condition? Rickets
2 Where would you find Lunate Triquetral and Hamate? Bones in Wrist
3 What are Jean Bernard, Pierre St-Martin and Berger in France? Worlds deepest caves
4 Dallol Ethiopia has what claim to fame? Worlds hottest average place 94
5 Where are Bay of Heats and Bay of Dew Sinus Aestuum – Roris? Near side of Moon
6 The star constellation Lepus has what English name? The Hare
7 Lauris Nobilis is the Latin name of what common herb? Bay
8 If you suffered from varicella what have you got? Chickenpox
9 Chi is the Chinese year of what? Cock
10 A Comte France Landgraf Germany Conde Italy what England? Earl
11 In heraldry what is a vertical line dividing a shield called? Pale
12 The Templeton prize is awarded annually for progress in what? Religion
13 International car registration letters what country is ZA? South Africa
14 In England what is the most popular girls name of the 90s? Rebecca
15 Rosencrantz and Guilderstern are dead – name playwright? Tom Stoppard
16 Lucy Johnson became famous under what name? Ava Gardner
17 What is a Tam Tam? Orchestral Gong
18 FITA are the governing body of what sport? Archery
19 Denzil Washington’s first film as director was what? Finding Fish
20 What is Canada’s oldest city founded in 1608? Quebec
21 In the Jewish religion what’s banned during The three weeks? Marriage or Haircut
22 Who wrote the hymn Hear my Prayer? Mendlesson
23 38 million Americans one in five don’t like what? Sex
24 Alan Ginsberg is credited with inventing what 60s phrase? Flower Power
25 Where would you find a pintle? Hinge – it’s the pin holding it
26 Who created Woody Woodpecker? Walter Lantz
27 Winston Churchill had a dog – what type? Miniature Poodle
28 Who was born in Chicago 5th December 1901 died 1966? Walt Disney
29 What is the name of Paul McCartney’s official fan club? Club Sandwich
30 By US government figures people have tried 28000 ways of what? Losing Weight
31 If you suffer from Tinea Pedis what have you got? Athletes foot
32 What colour is Llamas milk? Yellow
33 In Alberta its illegal to play craps if you are using what? Dice
34 Narcotics comes from the Greek – what it literally mean? Electric eels – put on foreheads
35 What did Pope John XX1 use as effective eyewash? Babies Urine
36 Rhodopsis original Egyptian Cinderella had what job? Prostitute – bird stole her shoe
37 Whose attendance compulsory at priests banquets in Egypt? Mummies so the dead reminded short life
38 Siddhartha Gautama became better known as who? Buddha
39 In ancient Greece young brides had to sacrifice what? Their Dolls to show they were grown up
40 Caer-Lud was the former name of what capitol city? London
41 4% of women never do what according to survey? Wear Underwear
42 In superstition if you marry on Saturday you will have what? No luck at all
43 What was the first million dollar seller paperback? I the Jury by Mickey Spillane
44 Who founded Methodism in 1738? John Wesley
45 What was the ancient Egyptian cure for haemorrhoids? Beer – lots of beer
46 Middle ages Monks denied meat on fast days ate what? Rabbit Foetuses they said they were eggs
47 Where was Ice Cream invented? China
48 Brittany Spears – what is her favourite drink? Sprite
49 What job does Charlie Browns father do? Barber
50 International direct dialling codes what country has 353? Republic of Ireland
51 What is the main food of walruses? Clams
52 30% of people quit this job in USA each year – what job? School Bus Driver
53 Napoleons life was saved by a dog what breed and he hated dogs? Newfoundland saved him from drowning
54 In 1821 Jacob Fusel worlds fist commercial factory making what? Ice Cream
55 The star constellation Grus has what English name? The Crane
56 International aircraft reg letters what country is PP or PT? Brazil
57 What was the first 30 minute animated Disney show? Duck Tales
58 A renaissance doctor – what treatment excluding bleeding? Enemas
59 You could be executed for drinking what in ancient Turkey? Coffee
60 Where did the ancient Egyptians paint pictures of their enemies? Foot of Sandals
61 What is found in one third of American homes? Scrabble
62 Bowling for lizards was whose favourite TV program? Fred Flintstone
63 The name Jesse means what in Hebrew? Wealth
64 According to strain theory crime is mainly committed by who? The lower classes
65 In what country was the longbow invented? Wales
66 Who makes Pringles? Proctor and Gamble
67 What airline started 24th September 1946 single DC3 – Betsy? Cathay Pacific
68 What are a swallowtail and a burgee? Flags
69 What is the most common sexually transmitted disease in USA? Herpes
70 Who was the Angel in Milton’s Paradise Lost? Beelzebub
71 300000 American teenagers get what every year? Venereal disease
72 Francesco Seraglio invented what in Australia in early 1960s? The Woolmark logo
73 What was Socrates wife’s name? Xanthippe
74 Who “Loved not to wisely but too well” Shakespeare play? Othello
75 What did Anna Sage “The lady in Red do”? Betray John Dillinger
76 Who makes Kleenex tissues? Kimberly Clark
77 Poon Lim holds the record of 133 days doing what? Surviving on a raft
78 Holden Caulfield – Catcher in the Rye – where JD Sal get name? Movie marquee W Holden J Caulfield
79 Marcus Garvey founded what? Rastafarians
80 Ancient Roman brides wore a wedding dress – what colour? Yellow
81 64% of American teenagers have what in their bedrooms? Television
82 Charles Stratton became famous as what circus act? Tom Thumb
83 What is the most common sexual complaint of females over 50? Vaginal Dryness
84 Who makes Miller Lite beer? Philip Morris
85 The name Calvin has what unfortunate Latin meaning? Bald
86 What author was the first published by Bantam paperbacks? Mark Twain Life on the Mississippi
87 In ancient India what was cut off adulterers? Noses – and they tried to hide it
88 In British Columbia is illegal to kill what? Sasquatch
89 The Spear Leek was the original name of what food item? Garlic
90 What was the name of the first Wings album? Wild Life
91 Who started Laugh O Gram productions? Walt Disney
92 Sigmund Freud used a dog to help his psychoanalysis what breed? Jo-Fi a Chow
93 In a 1988 survey 12 million Americans don’t know what? Washington DC was capitol
94 Lobster Newberg was invented at what famous restaurant? Delmonicos
95 In 18th century England what would you do with whim wham? Eat it Cream sponge
96 The FIC govern what sport? Canoeing
97 In England what is the most popular boys name of the 90s? Daniel
98 International car registration letters what country is IS? Iceland
99 In heraldry what is a horizontal line dividing a shield called? Fess
100 The star constellation Ara has what English name? The Alter
Posted in CURRENT AFFAIRS on December 30, 2008 | Leave a Comment »
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Current Affairs
Which opinionated TV presenter had a meringue shoved in his face by a protestor whilst visiting Oxford Brookes University?
Which high street fashion chain topped a recent list of retailers for selling childrenswear, accounting for 11.3 per cent of national sales?
Who is the Northern Ireland Secretary, now under pressure following a number of consecutive nights of violent disorder in Belfast?
England’s win in The Ashes series has dominated the cricket news, but which commentator has hung up his microphone after 42 years service?
ITV are celebrating an anniversary at the moment – in which year did the network begin broadcasting?
Britney Spears has given birth to a baby boy, but where in California was she admitted to hospital – Santa Barbara, Santa Cruz, or Santa Monica?
Bolton Wanderers kicked off their first match in European competition with a 2-1 first-leg win over Lokomotiv Plovdiv – which country do their opponents come from?
Who is the leader of the People’s Fuel Lobby, whose recent planned refinery protests largely failed to materialise?
The Walt Disney Company and the government of which Asian special administrative region have officially opened the world’s eleventh Disney theme park?
Which all-girl group have scored their first UK No.1 with the recent hit ‘Don’t Cha’?
Posted in QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS on December 29, 2008 | Leave a Comment »
1 Lycopersicum esculentum is what common food? Tomato
2 International Airline Registrations N is what country? America
3 20s Robert 50s Robert 70s Michael what US top boys name 90s? Michael
4 What is Top Kanal in Poland? Commercial TV station
5 Rice-Kellogg invented what in 1924? Loudspeakers
6 Breakfast at Tiffanies – famous film – who wrote the book? Truman Capote
7 Cecil B De Mille the film director had what middle name? Blount
8 If music was played leggiero how should it be done? Lightly
9 Who sculpted Rima, Genisis and Ecco Homo? Jacob Epstein
10 The Fool in French and the Runner in German what in English? Chess Bishop – Fou Laufer
11 In what game/sport is the McRobinson shield played for? Croquet
12 53 is the international dialling code for what country? Cuba
13 Nut – Neuth – Nuit alterative names Egyptian goddess of what? Sky
14 In heraldry animals addorsed are in what position? Back to Back
15 The locals call it Al-Magrib what do we call this country? Morocco
16 Traditionally what should be given on an 11th anniversary? Steel
17 Barbara, Carignan, Cinsaut, and Nebbilo are verities of what? Italian wine grapes
18 If you landed at Balice airport where would you be? Cracow Poland
19 Galt MacDermot wrote what 1967 musical stage show? Hair
20 What planet in our system is not named after a god? Earth
21 By US Congress law 1832 citizens should do what annually? Fasting and prayer
22 What book was banned in Ireland in 1932? Brave New World by Aldus Huxley
23 In Breton Alabama there’s a law against riding what down street? Motorboat
24 Who would use a claque? Actor – Paid audience clappers
25 18% of USA coins 7% of notes have what on them? Dangerous Bacteria
26 Oryza sativa is what staple food item? Rice
27 Catherine the Great kept who in an iron cage in her bedroom? Wigmaker
28 The Selenas Valley was the rejected title what Steinbeck book? East of Eden
29 Azote was the original name of what element? Nitrogen
30 What animals cannot swim? Gorillas
31 Riverside Cal its illegal to kiss less both wipe lips with what? Rose Water
32 What USA city is also a slang name for a pineapple? Chicago
33 What was banned in US movie theatres in the 1920s? Popcorn – too noisy
34 If you were performing a fillip what are you doing? Snapping Fingers
35 What unusual flavour did the Jell-O company try in 1942? Cola
36 The interior of what is called the paste? Cheese round
37 What was Robin Williams paid for Disney’s Aladdin in 1982? Scale $485 day + Picasso Painting
38 More than 40% of USA women were once what? Girl Scouts
39 What uses 28 calories if done for one minute? Kiss
40 In 1820 what was taxed in Missouri? Bachelors
41 What is the official drink of the state of Ohio? Tomato Juice
42 The Russian composer Alexander Borodin had what other job? Chemistry Professor St Petersburg
43 18% of animal owners do what with their pets? Share beds
44 The UIT govern what sport? International shooting union
45 90% of Americans consider themselves what? Shy
46 In Minnesota it is illegal to tease what animal? Skunk
47 She is the Chinese name of what year (animal)? Serpent
48 Who wrote The Deceiver 1991 and The Fist of God 1993? Frederick Forsyth
49 What does the name Stephen mean – from the Greek? Crown
50 International Airline Registrations SX is what country? Greece
51 Sport variable ground size 120x150yd min 170×200 max? Aussie rules football
52 50% of Dutch men have never done what? Flown in a plane 28% fear it
53 If you Absterse something what do you do? Clean it
54 Musa acuminata is what favourite food item? Banana
55 In a year the average person walks four miles doing what? Making their bed
56 What was the first film to use stereophonic sound? Disney’s Fantasia
57 The letter B comes from Egyptian hieroglyphics meaning what? House
58 in 1995 13 books every minute sold in US were on what subject? Star Trek
59 There are more telephones than people in what city? Washington USA
60 In the middle ages you could be fined four pence murdering who? Travelling Musician
61 What food Scots once refuse to eat cos it was not in the Bible? Potato
62 33% of what are fake in the USA? Blondes
63 What holiday islands have no rivers or lakes – rain water only? Bermuda
64 If you suffered from Chirospasm what have you got? Writers Cramp
65 What links Bob Hope John Huston Ryon O’Neil Bo Diddley? Boxers early in life
66 Little Jumping Flea literal trans of what Hawaiian instrument? Ukulele
67 In Alaska it is illegal to look at a moose from where? Window of any aircraft
68 More that I/3 adults do what average 3 time each morning? Hit Snooze button on alarm clock
69 A furfy is Australian slang for what? False story or rumour
70 Who said China is a big country inhabited by many Chinese? Charles de Gaulle
71 In a recent survey women disliked what part of male body most? Feet
72 The US had 5% world population and 70% of worlds what? Lawyers
73 In 1902 What did Mary Anderson invent? Windscreen Wipers
74 If you landed at Arlanda airport where would you be? Stockholm Sweden
75 The FEI govern what sport? Equestrian
76 Traditionally what should be given on a 20th anniversary? China
77 In Somalia its illegal to carry old chewing gum where? Stuck on your nose
78 What food did the Romans call Pointed Stick? Broccoli – from Brocca
79 Name the pet alligator in Miami Vice? Elvis
80 In California 22 ” is the minimum legal length of saleable what? Halibut
81 On any given day half of Americans are on what? A special Diet
82 Gondolas in Venice are traditionally what colour? Black
83 Benjamin who was the first Lord Mayor of Dublin? Guinness
84 What country declared itself first atheist state in 1967? Albania it banned religion
85 Where was Bacardi originally made? Cuba
86 What is six inches in height and no bigger by the rules? Table Tennis Net
87 Until 1862 there was a tax in England for those who used what? Soap
88 a Paralian always lives near what? The Sea
89 The US uses up 7000 tons of what annually? Currency – it is shredded
90 Allium cepa – one of the lilicaea – world most used food item? Onion
91 International Airline Registrations OO is what country? Belgium
92 What vegetable was considered a cure for sex probs in old Egypt? Radish
93 In Milan citizens fined $100 if they don’t always do what? Smile – Not Hospital and Funerals
94 What does the name Barbara mean – from Greek? Strange or Foreign
95 The locals call it Misi what do we call this country? Egypt
96 Sport is played on a variable ground 50x100yd min 100×130 max? Association Football (soccer)
97 Cavalier in French Springer in German what in English? Chess Knight
98 Woodwind Instrument size between Clarinet and Bassoon? Cor-anglais
99 Who wrote Of Human Bondage and The Moon and Sixpence? Somerset Maugham
100 What is the Roman numerals for 3000? MMM
Posted in QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS on December 29, 2008 | Leave a Comment »
1 What does the girls name Amy mean? Fit to be loved from French
2 Rabbit 32 – Cat 62 – Ferret 42 – Squirrel 44 – Hedgehog 40 what? Gestation days
3 The Tilia is the Latin name for what type of tree? Lime
4 What grape variety is used to make champagne? Chardonnay
5 What is the traditional gift for a sixth wedding anniversary? Sugar
6 In heraldry what shape is a pile? Inverted Pyramid
7 International Aircraft Registration what country is SU? Egypt
8 What word is spelled out in Morse by – .. – dash dot dot dash? TIT
9 What author was born in Petrovichi USSR in 1920? Isaac Asimov
10 In 1964 Jett Bock composed the music for what hit show? Fiddler on the Roof
11 USA courts spend half their time with cases involving what? Cars
12 In Greek what does the word climax mean? Ladder
13 In Australia what is the no 1 topping for pizzas? Eggs
14 What is the derivation of the word vanilla? From Latin Vagina resembled pod
15 Smell of lavender liquorice chocolate doughnuts increase what? Blood flow to penis
16 Bamboo harvester was the real name of what TV character? Mr Ed
17 What animal has a prehensile penis? Dolphin
18 According to a survey what is Americans favourite smell? Bananas
19 Dismus and Gestas were who? Robbers next to Jesus
20 Collective nouns – a streak of what? Tigers
21 Women do it 4 times to a mans once – what? Shoplift
22 74% of American women say what is biggest dating turn off? Swearing or Foul Language
23 In Disney’s Fantasia what is the Sorcerers name? Yensid its Disney reversed
24 What is the major export of Liechtenstein? False Teeth
25 What does the girls name Deborah mean? Bee – from Hebrew
26 What bird has the longest fledging period 360 days? King Penguin
27 If you were eating a Malus Pumila what would it be? Apple
28 In Hazledon Pen a lecturer can’t legally do what while working? Sip Carbonated Drinks
29 Daysypgal people suffer from what? Hairy Arse
30 What creatures sex act lasts exactly two seconds? Mosquito
31 99% of India’s Truck Drivers can’t do what? Read Road Signs
32 What was the subject of the first book printed in England? Chess
33 Who once had a job as a coffin polisher? Sean Connery
34 What has 12000 eyes? A Butterfly
35 What does Scotland export to Saudi Arabia? Sand
36 What’s the most unusual official sporting event in China? Granade Throwing
37 What is opened somewhere every 4 seconds? Can of Spam
38 A spat is a baby what? Oyster
39 Only 55% of men do what? Wash hands after toilet visit
40 What country is the worlds largest exporter of Frogs Legs? Japan
41 In Idaho you cant give a citizen something more than 50lb what? Gift of candy
42 On average what contains 5 – 7 calories? Single ejaculation
43 Brasco is Australian slang for what? Toilet
44 Queen Victoria said it’s saddest place in all Christendom where? Mearsyside
45 What is India’s National Flower? Lotus
46 What is The Daily Planet in Australia? Biggest Brothel and a Listed company
47 What is Kimogayo in Japan? National Anthem
48 Penis comes from the Latin meaning what? Tail
49 45 is the International Telephone dialling code what country? Denmark
50 What does the girls name Donna mean? Lady – From Latin
51 There are over 130000 species of what on earth? Butterflies
52 Quercus is the Latin name of what Tree? Oak
53 What is the most common plastic surgery performed USA men? Breast Reduction
54 What river did the Pied Piper drown the rats in? Weser
55 What did the first issue of Playboy in 1953 not have? Date – unsure if it would continue
56 Every citizen of Kentucky must do what by law annually? Take a bath
57 Why do lawyers traditionally wear black? Mourning Queen Mary Scotland
58 What gives piggy banks their name? Pygg – type of clay their made from
59 What was the name of the Monkeys only film made in 1969? Head
60 What snake builds a nest? King Cobra
61 what musical play – find a character called Magnolia Hawks? Showboat
62 The fable The Hare and the Tortoise – what animal judges race? The Fox
63 What happened July 15 1815 on HMS Bellerophon? Napoleon surrendered
64 Who was Humphry Bogart’s first wife? Helen Mencken
65 Herb Caen is credited with inventing what word? Beatnik
66 Collective nouns – a knot of what? Toads
67 In England it is illegal to drive a car without doing what? Sitting on front seat
68 RCA released the first LP in 1959 without artists name – who? Elvis Presley
69 What was James Bonds fathers name? Andrew
70 ET drank which brand of beer? Coors
71 Vladivostok stands on what body of water? Sea of Japan
72 Who wrote the poem Kubla Khan? Samuel Taylor Coleridge
73 What is Little Red Riding Hoods name? Blanchette
74 If you were eating a Prunis Domesticia what would it be? Plum
75 What does the girls name Zoe mean? Life
76 What is the traditional gift for a 13th wedding anniversary? Lace
77 Who live in Frostbite falls Minnesota? Rocky and Bullwinkle
78 The French call it L’ Herbe Royal what do we call it? Basil
79 Who was the star of The Sixth Sense? Bruce Willis
80 In North Dakota if you are in a covered wagon you can do what? Shoot mounted Indians
81 Ismene and Antigone are whose daughters? Oedipus
82 Ben Veeren played what character in Arthur Hailey’s roots? Chicken George
83 Where would you have found Binky Inky Pinky and Clyde? Pac Man Ghosts
84 What type of food is Otak Otak in Malaysia? Grilled Fish Pate
85 What was the first film Paul Newman directed? Rachel Rachel
86 Bentlet Drummle appears in which Dickens novel? Great Expectations
87 Who is The Incredible Hulks girlfriend? Betty Ross
88 At Woodstock 1969 5550 what happened? Births
89 Who appeared for the first time in Beetons Christmas Annual? Sherlock Holmes
90 Who wrote the novel Heidi? Johannes Spyri
91 Gulyas soup is a delicacy in what country? Hungary
92 What is the correct name for a Hawaiian Goose? Nene
93 In 1845 Boston it was illegal to do what without a doctors note? Bathe
94 In James Bonds books what was Dr No’s first name? Julius
95 Collective nouns – A bale of what? Turtles
96 Who wrote the play Waiting for Godot in 1954? Samuel Beckett
97 90 is the International Telephone dialling code what country? Turkey
98 In heraldry an animal reguardant is doing what? Looking backwards
99 What is the more common name for the Buddleia? Butterfly Bush
100 What does the boys name Paul mean? Small – from Latin
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Who was born in Chicago 5th December 1901 died 1966? | Walt Disney Lesson Plan, Mickey Mouse, History, Biography, Worksheet, Teaching Activity
5th Grade
Excerpt
Walter Elias Disney was born on December 5, 1901, in Chicago, Illinois, and he died on December 15, 1966. He was an Academy Award-winning film producer, screenwriter, animator, director, and philanthropist. Along with his brother, Roy O. Disney, he co-founded Walt Disney Productions. Walt Disney became one of the best-known producers of motion pictures in the world.
Walt Disney and his staff created several of the most famous fictional characters in the world. One of these characters was Mickey Mouse. In addition, Disney was nominated for Academy Awards 59 times. He also won 26 Oscars. He holds the record for the individual with the most nominations and awards. In addition to Academy Awards and Oscars, he also won seven Emmy Awards.
Continued...
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If you suffer from Tinea Pedis what have you got? | Walt Disney | Disney Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
―Walt Disney [src]
Walter Elias "Walt" Disney was an American entrepreneur, business magnate, animator, voice actor, producer, director, writer, and the eponymous founder of the Walt Disney Company . One of the most famous and well-known motion picture producers in the world, Disney was also the creator of the American theme parks Walt Disney World , and Disneyland , and is the co-founder with his brother Roy O. Disney of Walt Disney Productions, the profitable corporation now known as the Walt Disney Company .
Walt Disney is in particular noted for being a successful storyteller, a hands-on film producer, and a popular showman. He and his staff created a number of the world’s most popular animated properties; including the one creation many consider Disney’s alter-ego, Mickey Mouse .
He was also the original voice of Mickey Mouse from 1928 to 1947 and the original voice of Minnie Mouse as well.
Contents
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1901-1919: Childhood
Walt Disney was born in Chicago, Illinois to Elias Disney and Flora Call. He was named after his father and after his father's close friend Walter Parr, the minister at St. Paul Congregational Church. In 1906, his family moved to a farm near Marceline, Missouri. The family sold the farm in 1909 and lived in a rented house until 1910, when they moved to Kansas City. Disney was nine years old at the time.
According to the Kansas City Public School District records, Disney began attending the Benton Grammar School in 1911, and graduated on June 8, 1917 . During this time, Disney also enrolled in classes at the Chicago Art Institute. He left school at the age of sixteen and became a volunteer ambulance driver in World War I, after he changed his birth certificate to show his year of birth as 1900 in order to be able to enlist in the service. He served as a member of the American Red Cross Ambulance Force in France until 1919.
1920-1936: Early years in animation
Kansas City animation studios
Disney returned to the USA, moved to Kansas City and, with Ub Iwerks , formed a company called "Iwerks-Disney Commercial Artists" in January 1920. The company faltered and Disney and Iwerks soon gained employment at the Kansas City Film Ad Corporation, working on primitive animated advertisements for local movie houses.
In 1922 , Disney started Laugh-O-Grams, Inc., which produced short cartoons based on popular fairy tales and children’s stories. Among his employees were Iwerks, Hugh Harman, Rudolph Ising, Carmen Maxwell, and Friz Freleng. The shorts were popular in the local Kansas City area, but their costs exceeded their returns. After creating one last short, the live-action/animation Alice’s Wonderland, the studio declared bankruptcy in July 1923 . Disney's brother Roy invited him to move to Hollywood, California, and Disney earned enough money for a one-way train ticket to California, leaving his staff behind, but taking the finished reel of Alice’s Wonderland with him.
Alice Comedies: Contract and new California studio
Disney set up shop with his brother Roy, started the Disney Brothers Studio in their Uncle Robert’s garage, and got a distribution deal with New York City states-rights distributors Margaret Winkler and her fiancé Charles Mintz. Virginia Davis , the live-action star of Alice’s Wonderland, was sequestered from Kansas, as was Ub Iwerks. By 1926, the Disney Brothers Studio had been renamed as the Walt Disney Studio; the name Walt Disney Productions would be adopted in 1928 . One of the studio’s employees, Lillian Bounds, became Walt Disney’s wife; they were married on July 13 1925 .
The Alice Comedies were reasonably successful, and featured both Dawn O'Day and Margie Gay as Alice after Virginia Davis’ parents pulled her out of the series because of a pay cut. Lois Hardwick also briefly assumed the role. By the time the series ended in 1927 , the focus was more on the animated characters, in particular a cat named Julius who recalled Felix the Cat, rather than the live-action Alice.
Oswald the Lucky Rabbit
By 1927, Charles Mintz had married Margaret Winkler and assumed control of her business, and ordered a new all-animated series to be put into production for distribution through Universal Pictures. The new series, Oswald the Lucky Rabbit , was an almost instant success, and the Oswald character became a popular property. The Disney studio expanded, and Walt hired Harman, Ising, Maxwell, and Freleng from Kansas City.
In February of 1928 , Disney went to New York to negotiate a higher fee per short from Mintz, but was shocked when Mintz announced that not only did he want to reduce the fee he paid Disney per short, but that he had most of his main animators, including Harman, Ising, Maxwell, and Freleng, but notably excepting Ub Iwerks, under contract and would start his own studio if Disney did not accept the reduced production budgets. Universal, not Disney, owned the Oswald trademark, and could make the films without Disney. Disney declined, lost most of his animation staff, and he, Iwerks, and the few non-defecting animators secretly began work on a new mouse character to take Oswald’s place. The defectors became the nucleus of the Winkler Studio, run by
Mintz and his brother-in-law George Winkler. When that studio went under after Universal assigned production of the Oswald shorts to an in-house division run by Walter Lantz, Mintz focused his attentions on the studio making the Krazy Kat shorts, which later became Screen Gems, and Harman, Ising, Maxwell, and Freleng marketed an Oswald-like character named Bosko to Leon Schlesinger and Warner Bros., and began work on the first entries in the Looney Tunes series.
The Creation of Mickey Mouse
Walt Disney and Mickey Mouse
Christened by Lillian Disney, Mickey Mouse made his film debut in a short called Plane Crazy , which was, like all of Disney’s previous works, a silent film. After failing to find distributor interest in Plane Crazy or its follow-up, The Gallopin' Gaucho , Disney created a Mickey cartoon with sound called Steamboat Willie . A businessman named Pat Powers provided Disney with both distribution and the Cinephone, a bootlegged sound-synchronization process. Steamboat Willie became a success, and Plane Crazy, The Galloping Gaucho, and all future Mickey cartoons were released with soundtracks. Disney himself provided the vocal effects for the earliest cartoons and performed as the voice of Mickey Mouse until 1947 and replaced by sound effects guy James MacDonald .
Joining the Mickey Mouse series in 1929 were a series of musical shorts called Silly Symphonies , which began with The Skeleton Dance . Although both series were successful, the Disney studio was not seeing its rightful share of profits from Pat Powers, and in 1930, Disney signed a new distribution deal with Sony/Columbia Pictures, leaving behind Powers and Ub Iwerks, who had been lured into an exclusive contract with Powers. After heading the only mildly successful Ub Iwerks Studio, Iwerks would return to Disney in 1940 and, in the studio's research and development department, pioneer a number of film processes and specialized animation technologies.
By 1932 , Mickey Mouse became the most popular cartoon character on the screen, and many competing studios such as Van Beuren and Screen Gems created Mickey Mouse clones in hopes of cashing in on Disney’s success. After moving from Sony/Columbia to MGM/United Artists in 1932, Walt began producing the Silly Symphonies in the new three-strip Technicolor process, making them the first commercial films presented in a true-color process. The first color Symphony was Flowers and Trees , which won the first Academy Award for Best Short Subject: Cartoons in 1932. The same year, Disney received a special Academy Award for the creation of Mickey Mouse, whose series was moved into color in 1935 and soon launched spin-off series for supporting characters such as Donald Duck , Goofy , and Pluto .
Disney's daughters
As Mickey’s co-creator and producer, Disney was almost as famous as his mouse cartoon character, but remained a largely private individual. His greatest hope was to give birth to a child — preferably a son — but he and Lillian tried with no luck. Lillian finally gave birth to a daughter, Diane Marie Disney , on December 18, 1933 ; and the couple would adopt a second, Sharon Mae Disney , who was born December 21 , 1936 . Walt loved both of his children.
1937-1954: Animated feature films
Disney's Folly: Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs
Walt Disney introduces each of the seven dwarfs
Although his studio produced the two most successful cartoon series in the industry, the returns were still dissatisfying to Disney, and he began plans for a full-length feature in 1934 . When the rest of the film industry learned of Disney’s plans to produce an animated feature-length version of Snow White , they dubbed the project "Disney’s Folly" and were certain that the project would destroy the Disney studio. Both Lillian and Roy tried to talk Disney out of the project, but he continued plans for the feature. He employed Chouinard Art Institute professor Don Graham to start a training operation for the studio staff, and used the Silly Symphonies as a platform for experiments in realistic human animation, distinctive character animation, special effects, and the use of specialized processes and apparatus such as the multiplane camera .
Walt Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. This film was his first full length feature production and the first animated film of all time.
All of this development and training was used to elevate the quality of the studio so that it would be able to give the feature the quality Disney desired. Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , as the feature was named, was in full production from 1935 until mid- 1937 , when the studio ran out of money. To acquire the funding to complete Snow White, Disney had to show a rough cut of the motion picture to loan officers at the Bank of America, who gave the studio the money to finish the picture. The finished film premiered at the Carthay Circle Theater on December 21 , 1937 ; at the conclusion of the film the audience gave Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs a standing ovation. The first animated feature in English and Technicolor, Snow White was released in February 1938 under a new distribution deal with RKO Radio Pictures. The film became the most successful motion picture of 1938 and earned over US$8 million (today US$98 million) in its original theatrical release. The success of Snow White allowed Disney to build a new campus for the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank , which opened for business on December 24 1939 . The feature animation staff, having just completed Pinocchio , continued work on Fantasia and Bambi , while the shorts staff continued work on the Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, Goofy, and Pluto cartoon series, ending the Silly Symphonies at this time.
Wartime troubles
Pinocchio and Fantasia followed Snow White into movie theaters in 1940 , but both were financial disappointments. The inexpensive Dumbo was planned as an income generator, but during production of the new film, most of the animation staff went on strike, permanently straining the relationship between Disney and his artists.
Shortly after Dumbo was released in October 1941 and became a successful moneymaker, the United States entered World War II. The U.S. Army took over most of the Disney studio’s facilities and had the staff create training and instructional films for the military, as well as home-front propaganda such as Der Fuehrer's Face and the feature film Victory Through Air Power in 1943 . The military films did not generate income, however, and Bambi underperformed when it was released in April 1942 . Disney successfully re-issued Snow White in 1944 , establishing the seven-year re-release tradition for Disney features.
Inexpensive package films, containing collections of cartoon shorts, were created and issued to theaters during this period as well. The most notable and successful of these were Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ), its sequel The Three Caballeros ( 1945 ), Song of the South (the first Disney feature to feature dramatic actors, 1946 ), Fun and Fancy Free (1947), and The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad (1949). The later had only two sections: the first based on The Legend of Sleepy Hollow by Washington Irving and the second based on The Wind in the Willows by Kenneth Grahame.
By the late 1940s, the studio had recovered enough to continue production on the full-length features Alice in Wonderland and Peter Pan , which had been shelved during the war years and began work on Cinderella . The studio also began a series of live-action nature films, entitled True-Life Adventures, in 1948 with On Seal Island.
A dark chapter
In 1947, during the dark early years of the Cold War, Walt Disney testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee, and he named several of his employees as Communist sympathizers. Some historians believe that the animosity from the 1941 strike of Disney Studio employees caused him to bear a grudge. His dislike and distrust of labor unions may have also led to his testimony.
1955-1966: Theme Parks and Beyond
Carolwood Pacific Railroad
In 1949, when Disney and his family moved to a new home on large piece of property in the in the Holmby Hills district of Los Angeles, California, with the help of his friends Ward and Betty Kimball , owners of their own backyard railroad, Disney developed the blueprints and immediately set to work creating his own miniature railroad in his backyard. The name of the railroad, Carolwood Pacific Railroad, originated from the address of his home which was located on Carolwood Drive. The railroad's half-mile long layout included a 46-foot-long trestle, loops, overpasses, gradients, an elevated dirt berm, and a 90-foot tunnel underneath Mrs. Disney's flower bed. He even named the miniature working steam locomotive built by Roger E. Broggie of the Disney Studios Lilly Belle in his wife's honor.
Planning Disneyland
Walt and his Animated Family
On a business trip to Chicago in the late 1940s, Disney drew sketches of his ideas for an amusement park where he envisioned his employees spending time with their children. These ideas developed into a concept for a larger enterprise which was to become Disneyland . Disney spent five years of his life developing Disneyland and created a new subsidiary of his company, called WED Enterprises, to carry out the planning and production of the park. A small group of Disney studio employees joined the Disneyland development project as engineers and planners, and were dubbed Imagineers.
Walt Disney's Mickey Mouse Universe characters in Disneyland with Sleeping Beauty Castle in the background.
When presenting his plan to the Imagineers, Disney said "I want Disneyland to be the most amazing place on Earth, and I want a train circling it". Entertaining his daughters and their friends in his backyard and taking them for rides on his Carolwood Pacific Railroad had inspired Disney to include a railroad in the plans for Disneyland.
Expanding into new areas
As Walt Disney Productions began work on Disneyland, it also began expanding its other entertainment operations. 1950 's Treasure Island became the studio's first all-live-action feature, and was soon followed by such successes as 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (in CinemaScope, 1954 ), The Shaggy Dog ( 1959 ), and The Parent Trap (1960). The Walt Disney Studio was one of the first to take full advantage of the then-new medium of television, producing its first TV special, One Hour in Wonderland, in 1950. Walt Disney began hosting a weekly anthology series on ABC named Disneyland after the park, where he showed clips of past Disney productions, gave tours of his studio, and familiarized the public with Disneyland as it was being constructed in Anaheim, California . In 1955 , he debuted the studio's first daily television show, the popular Mickey Mouse Club , which would continue in many various incarnations into the 1990s.
As the studio expanded and diversified into other media, Disney devoted less of his attention to the animation department, entrusting most of its operations to his key animators, whom he dubbed the Nine Old Men. During Disney’s life time, the animation department created the successful Lady and the Tramp (in CinemaScope, 1955 ) and One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) and the financially disappointing Sleeping Beauty (in Super Technirama 70mm, 1959 ) and The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ).
Production on the short cartoons had kept pace until 1956, when Disney shut down the shorts division. Special shorts projects would continue to be made for the rest of the studio's duration on an irregular basis.
These productions were all distributed by Disney’s new subsidiary Buena Vista Distribution , which had assumed all distribution duties for Disney films from RKO by 1955 .
The Disneyland Plaque
Disneyland , one of the world's first theme parks, finally opened on July 17 , 1955 , and was immediately successful. Visitors from around the world came to visit Disneyland, which contained attractions based upon a number of successful Disney properties and films. After 1955, the Disneyland TV show became known as Walt Disney Presents, went from black-and-white to color in 1961—changing its name to Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color—and eventually evolved into what is today known as The Wonderful World of Disney, which continues to air on ABC as of 2005.
During the mid-1950s, Disney produced a number of educational films on the space program in collaboration with NASA rocket designer Wernher von Braun: Man in Space and Man and the Moon in 1955 , and Mars and Beyond in 1957. The films attracted the attention of not only the general public, but also the Soviet space program.
Early 1960s successes
By the early 1960s, the Disney Empire was a major success, and Walt Disney Productions had established itself as the world’s leading producer of family entertainment. After decades of trying, Disney finally procured the rights to P.L. Travers ’ books about a magical nanny . Mary Poppins , released in 1964, was the most successful Disney film of the 1960s, and many hailed the live-action/animation combination feature as his greatest achievement. The same year, Disney debuted a number of exhibits at the 1964 New York World's Fair , including Audio-Animatronic figures, all of which later were integrated into attractions at Disneyland and a new theme park project, to be established on the east coast, which Disney had been planning since Disneyland opened.
"The Florida Project"
In 1964 , Walt Disney Productions began quietly purchasing land in central Florida west of Orlando in a largely rural area of marginal orange groves for Disney's "Florida Project." The company acquired over 27,000 acres (109 square kilometers) of land, and arranged favorable state legislation which would provide unprecedented quasi-governmental control over the area to be developed in 1966 , founding the Reedy Creek Improvement District. Disney and his brother Roy then announced plans for what they called "Disney World."
Plans for Disney World and EPCOT
Disney World was to include a larger, more elaborate version of Disneyland to be called the Magic Kingdom, and would also feature a number of golf courses and resort hotels. The heart of Disney World, however, was to be the Experimental Prototype City (or Community) of Tomorrow, or EPCOT for short. EPCOT was designed to be an operational city where residents would live, work, and interact using advanced and experimental technology, while scientists would develop and test new technologies to improve human life and health.
Death
However, Disney’s involvement in Disney World ended in late 1966, when he was diagnosed with lung cancer in his left lung, after a lifelong habit of chain smoking (where his dreams of advancements in the improvement of human health would have come in handy). He was checked into the St. Joseph's Hospital across the street from the Disney Studio lot and his health eventually deteriorated. His dedication to his projects was still visible while lying in his death bed. On the evening of December 14, Roy came to visit him. Here, Walt pointed up to the ceiling using the tiles as a grip map. He then signaled Roy about the roads and major places in EPCOT and Disney World. Even sick and near death, Walt's mind was clear, his imagination fully engaged and his voice enthusiastic.
It came as a complete shock to the Disney Family and to the whole world when Walt passed away the next morning. He was pronounced dead at 9:35 AM PST on December 15, 1966 having just celebrated his sixty-fifth birthday two weeks earlier. The official cause of death was "acute circulatory collapse." His heart simply stopped beating.
He was then cremated and his ashes were scattered at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California.
Impact
It was truly unthinkable. Walt Disney was dead. Roy, who had always been supportive to Walt, looking for and helping him, had lost his reason for living. After an hour or so, Walt's foot was sticking out from under the blanket. Roy was by the bed, gently rubbing Walt's foot and said "Well kid, it looks like the end of the road." Roy was still the older brother to the end.
Roy Disney carried out the Florida project, insisting that the name become Walt Disney World in honor of his brother. Roy O. Disney died three months after that resort's opening in 1971.
Walt Disney's Obituary
1967-present: Legacy
The Epcot theme park
When the second phase of the Walt Disney World theme park was built, EPCOT was translated by Walt Disney's successors into the Epcot theme park, which opened in 1982 . The Epcot Park that currently exists is essentially a living world's fair, a far cry from the actual functional city that Disney had envisioned. However, the Celebration, Florida town built by the Walt Disney Company adjacent to Walt Disney World harkens back to the EPCOT vision that Walt would have wanted.
The Disney entertainment empire
The famous "Partners" featuring Walt and Mickey at the Magic Kingdom park
Today, Walt Disney's animation/motion picture studios and theme park have developed into a multi-billion dollar television, motion picture, vacation destination and media corporation that carries his name. The Walt Disney Company today owns, among other assets, four vacation resorts, nine theme parks, two water parks, thirty-two hotels, eight motion picture studios, six record labels, eleven cable television networks, and one terrestrial television network.
Disney theme parks today
Today, what was known as the Florida Project is now the largest and most popular private-run tourist destination on the planet, but Walt Disney's spirit and shine is still there. From the 'Partners' statue at the Magic Kingdom to the Tree of Life at Animal Kingdom , Walt Disney is still remembered and loved by guests, Theme Park Characters and Cast Members alike, and his vision is still continued. His fascination with mass transportation lives in the Walt Disney World Monorail which runs through two theme parks and four hotels, and his dreams of the future live on at Epcot in ahead-of-their-time attractions and technological breakthroughs.
Disneyland has developed from a cramped theme park to an open resort of two theme parks, three hotels and a large shopping complex. Walt Disney World is a popular destination for vacations by tourists worldwide, and Tokyo Disneyland is the most visited theme park in the world (its sister park Tokyo Disneysea is the second). In September 2005 , The Walt Disney Company opened Hong Kong Disneyland Resort in China, with another Chinese theme park to follow.
On May 5 2005 , The Walt Disney Company opened the Happiest Homecoming on Earth celebration in front of Walt's Sleeping Beauty Castle at Disneyland , celebrating fifty years of the world's most famous theme park. Walt Disney Parks and Resorts are renowned over the world for their attentions to detail, hygiene and standards, all set by Walt Disney at Disneyland.
Disney animation today
Traditional hand-drawn animation , with which Walt Disney started his company, was, for a time, no longer produced at the Walt Disney Animation Studios . After a stream of financially unsuccessful traditionally animated features in the early 2000s, the two satellite studios in Paris and Orlando were closed, and the main studio in Burbank was converted to a computer animation production facility. In 2004, Disney released what was announced as their final "traditionally animated" feature film, Home on the Range . However, since the 2006 acquisition of Pixar , and the resulting rise of John Lasseter to Chief Creative Officer, that position has changed, and the largely successful 2009 film The Princess and the Frog has marked Disney's return to traditional hand-drawn animation.
CalArts
Disney devoted substantial time in his later years funding The California Institute of the Arts (CalArts), which was formed in 1961 through a merger of the Los Angeles Conservatory of Music and the Chouinard Art Institute, which had helped in the training of the animation staff during the 1930s. When he died, one fourth of his estate went towards CalArts, which greatly helped the building of its campus. Walt also donated 38 acres (154,000 m²) of the Golden Oaks ranch in Valencia for the school to be built on. CalArts moved onto the Valencia campus in 1971 .
Lillian Disney devoted a lot of her time after Walt died to pursuing CalArts and organized hundreds of fund raising events for the university in her late husband's honor (as well as funding the Walt Disney Symphony Hall). After Lillian's passing, the legacy continued with daughter Diane and husband Ron continuing the tradition. CalArts is today one of the largest independent universities in California today, mostly because of the contributions of the Disneys.
Roles
The Disney Wiki has a collection of images and media related to Walt Disney .
Trivia
The King of Arendelle bears a striking resemblance visually and vocally to a younger Disney. This is seen by fans as a loving allusion and tribute to Disney. Also, like the King, Disney has two daughters, Diane Marie Disney and Sharon Mae Disney .
In the ABC television series Once Upon a Time , August Booth reveals to them that the fairy tale story book was created by a series of Authors, and names one past Author as "Walt". The implication that Disney himself is an Author is further proved in a flashback to 1966 when the Sorcerer 's Apprentice approaches Isaac Heller and offers him the position of Author, citing that the previous Author had passed away; 1966 is the year the Disney passed away and his death date of December 15th was written on a letter from the Apprentice to Isaac.
In the fifth grade, Walt memorized the Gettysburg Address (for fun) and surprised everyone by arriving at school dressed as Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States. His costume consisted of his father's old coat and a homemade beard. He even pasted a putty wart to his cheek. His teacher was delighted. Little wonder that years later, when his studio created the first fully functioning audio-animatronic human figure for the 1964 New York World's Fair , it was Abraham Lincoln!
Disney had very simple tastes in food. According to his daughter Diane , "He liked fried potatoes, hamburgers, western omelets, hotcakes, canned peas, hash, stew, roast beef sandwiches. He doesn't go for vegetables, but loves chicken livers or macaroni and cheese." Lillian Disney would complain, "Why should I plan a meal when all Disney really wants is a can of chili or a can of spaghetti?" [1]
Although a baptized Christian, Walt Disney was not a frequent visitor to churches. Religious people would occasionally ask him to make religious films but Walt declined. However, a number of his Silly Symphonies featured figures from the Bible. Including:
Hell's Bells (first released November 11, 1929 ), featuring Satan.
Father Noah's Ark (April 8, 1933 ), featuring Noah, Ham, Japheth, Shem and their respective wives.
The Goddess of Spring (November 3, 1934 ). Featuring Persephone and a version of her uncle/husband Hades / Pluto identified here with Satan.
Noah's Ark (November 10, 1959 ). Featuring Noah, Ham, Japheth, Shem and their respective wives. Not officially released as a Silly Symphony but very similar to them.
In 1940 , the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation recruited Disney as an Official Informant. He was later designated as a Special Agent in Charge contact.
'Uncle Walt' could be seen around 1950s Disneyland doing menial chores, like getting strollers for people, tinkering under the hood of a car on Main Street U.S.A., fishing in Rivers of America, or piloting the Mark Twain Riverboat.
In the fall of 1963, while seeking the site for Disney's new "Florida Project", Walt and Roy Disney first flew over a coastal area of Florida, and then the forest and swamps near Orlando which were selected as the site to become Walt Disney World . Shortly later, their plane landed in New Orleans on the way back to California. There the Disney brothers learned of the assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy, 35th President of the United States. He had been assassinated earlier that same afternoon in Dallas, Texas on November 22, 1963 .
One of the audio animatronic pirates on the Pirates of the Caribbean ride introduced in 1967 has Walt Disney's face. It was taken from the same life cast mold that was used to make the statue of Disney that adorns the central square. Sadly, that same life cast mold was never used, to date, to create an AA of Walt himself.
According to Richard Sherman , Walt would ask him how his progress on a week was then ask him to play the song Feed the Birds , his favorite song from Mary Poppins . After Walt passed away in 1966, Richard still plays the song for Walt to this day.
Walt would be 115 years old today if he had survived his battle with lung cancer; his visions of improvements in human health would have kept him alive had they existed the year of his passing.
In the Michael Crichton novel and Steven Spielberg film Jurassic Park, the character of John Hammond was inspired by Walt; some of John's lines in the movie were based on things that Walt even said about his own theme parks. Also, Disneyland and the Pirates of the Caribbean attraction are both mentioned in the movie.
Tom Hanks portrayed Walt in the 2013 live-action film, Saving Mr. Banks . Tom Hanks is not only a Distant Cousin of Walt’s, but this marks the first time that Walt is portrayed by someone else in Film.
Walt Disney had a cameo in the Mickey Mouse cartoon Tokyo Go .
A cameo also appears in " Ferdinand the Bull ", wherein the bullring workers are based on Disney staffers, while the Matador is based on Walt.
Walt Disney's name can be seen in Nickelodeon's The Fairly OddParents episode Escape from Unwish Island. It appears that Walt had fairy godparent(s) of his own. He is also given a loving tribute in the form of the character Walt Kidney.
When he was working on The Happiest Millionaire , one day he was walking by the Sherman Brothers ' office; they were practicing one of the songs for the movie and he thought he heard the acronym "S.O.B.", so he walked into the office and asked them what that acronym was. They had "uh oh" expressions on their faces.
Oswald 's line in Epic Mickey ("I'm starting to see why he liked you more.") is a clear reference to Walt.
He played polo when he was younger.
Walt lied about his age to enter World War I (by writing his year of birth as 1900 instead of 1901).
Began smoking cigarettes during World War I.
Contributed a number of drawings to his high school newspaper.
Played Peter Pan in a school play.
Built a railroad in his backyard.
Ironically, Walt Disney was afraid of mice in his younger years.
Gallery
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What colour is Llamas milk? | The Llama Q & A Page Nine
Llamas as sheep guards
Q. Do Llamas naturally guard sheep or do you need to train them to do that?
A. Training a llama to be a sheep guard is not done. Not every llama is suitable as a sheep guard, but usually they take to it just naturally. A few years ago we had a very alert gelding who would alarm call as soon as he saw anything unusual and he was always the first to spot a coyote in the fields behind us. We decided that he would make a great sheep guard, so we went to the livestock auction and bought three sheep that we could put in with him. The idea was that he would learn to guard them and we could advertise him as a trained guard llama.
The three sheep didn’t look that big when they were in the auction ring, but were much larger when we tried to load them in the truck. Anyway, we got them home and we put the truck in the llama’s field and opened the tailgate. The three sheep jumped out into the tall grass and decided this was heaven and just started eating. The llama took one look at these strange animals and left for the far side of the pasture. We waited about fifteen minutes for him to settle down and went inside.
A few minutes later there was a great deal of screaming so we rushed outside and found that the gelding had jumped the fence to get away from those awful sheep and was in with the moms and babies. The male in the next field was going nuts at the gelding being in the wrong field (male llamas are very territorial) so we had to round up the gelding and get things quieted down.
We moved the sheep into an adjoining field at the back where they were quite content but the gelding would not go near that fence. We moved his feeder gradually down the fence and it took about a month before he would even eat his grain if it was on the back fence.
After a month and a half we decided to test it again and let the sheep back into the gelding’s field. Within a few minutes he was over the fence again.
We sold him as a pack animal and told the people not to let him near sheep. He settled down amazingly and had geese, goats, horses, other llamas around with no problems whatsoever. He even met a mother bear with a couple of cubs on the road and didn’t panic.
Since then we have learned not to introduce them so quickly. We have sold a number of geldings that were introduced slowly to the sheep by being in a nearby pasture or pen for a couple of days and when they finally were put in with the sheep, started looking after them within a day or so. The sheep were nervous at first, but soon realized that this was a protector not a predator.
The answer to your question is that we don’t have trained sheep guards but we judge the ability and attitude of the animals and so far have been extremely satisfied with their performance, as have the new owners.
Most male llamas seem to adapt very quickly to guarding as it seems to be a natural ability. The key seems to be to introduce them slowly, putting the llama into an area near the sheep and then putting maybe one or two in with him first. (Not just dumping the sheep into his field as we did.) The sheep may be nervous at first, but will soon realize that the llama is going to look after them. We have found that the llamas are very gentle and protective, particularly with the new lambs.
Salvador Dali is a gelding that we recently sold as a sheep guard. The photo below shows him with part of his flock. Here is a note from his new owners:
Have not lost any sheep since Salvador was hired. He not only guards the flock from coyotes and dogs but he also makes sure they all stay together and none of the lambs get left behind. Yesterday, two lambs got left in the barn and were bawling because they did not know where the rest of the flock went. We watched Sal come in from the field and then drive the two lambs out to where the rest of the flock were. Now all we have to do is get him to start throwing down hay from the loft and give the sheep grain every night.
Q. I have 30 sheep and have had problems with coyotes, so I was told to get a llama. I use a basic electric fence, with the white poles and black and yellow wire that runs across to keep my sheep in my front pasture, and is about 3 feet tall. It works great for my sheep but will it work for the llama? Or should I invest in a better type of fence?
A. Once a llama has touched an electric fence with his nose, he will not likely go near it again. We had a couple of males that got into a great fight a few years ago and roared out into the neighbour’s acreage which had a low electric fence. They were so fixated on chasing each other that they went through the electric fence, even breaking a three inch wooden post. One of the llamas got the wire around his neck and lay there screaming every time he got zapped. Once I got it off of him, he wouldn’t even step over the electric fence wire that was lying on the ground.
A three foot high fence is not really high enough to keep a llama in, ours are about four feet, but they are wooden rails. They can jump that but don’t normally.
If your llama turns out to be a good sheep guard, there is no way he will go over the fence and leave the sheep.
Grooming brushes
Q. What type of brush is best to use on llamas? We have done a lot of reading and nothing says what is best. Our llama is getting several matted spots on his back.
A. A pin brush or a slicker brush work best. Some of the dog grooming brushes will work fine and are easily obtained. There are a number of llama suppliers on our links page if you are unable to find brushes locally.
Don’t overdo brushing out matted areas as they are going to pull the fibre and your llama may get fed up. You don’t want to make it an uncomfortable process for the llama. Sometimes it is better to cut off some of the matted areas
Loads
Q. How much weight can a llama carry?
A. It depends on how heavy the load is. They can easily carry about a quarter of their body weight so if you figured that the animal weighed about 350 pounds then he could easily carry about 80 pounds if he was in good shape.
If you put too much weight on a llama, most of them are smart enough to just lie down and refuse to get up. Obviously you wouldn’t put this much weight on an animal the first time. You would want to start with a light pack and gradually add a little more weight each time you did a training session until he is comfortable with a full pack.
Chungara in this photo has a comfortable load in his pack. We were only going out for a few days so we didn’t need a whole big load of gear.
For more information see:
Do llamas swim?
A. Llamas can swim, but they don’t do it normally. The countries where they are native do not have a lot of water, the high areas of the Andes are very desert-like actually.
I remember seeing photos a few years ago of someone taking their llamas swimming in a pond on their property, but he had trained them to go into the water. Most often the llamas will jump over a creek rather than go through the water until they are trained to walk through the water.
The photo on the right was taken in Patagonia and shows two guanacos standing in a pond and a couple more on the shore. They are not very large in the photo as I didn’t want to get too close and scare them off. These small ponds are usually not very deep, maybe a foot and a half so the guanacos don’t swim in them but they sometimes stand in the water for quite a while and I assume they are grazing on water plants as well as drinking.
We have never seen any of our llamas swim, but I am sure they could if they had to.
We have some photos of llamas splashing through a fairly deep creek on one of our hiking pages .
What colour are llamas?
A. Llamas come in quite a variety of colours from pure white to solid black, with a wonderful variety or browns, from light to dark. The browns seem to be the most common colours. Some llamas will be all one colour while others will have patches of two or three different colours. Occasionally you will see an appaloosa with lots of spots.
The samples below show just some of the varieties of colours gathered from a few of the llamas on our farm. These are by no means the only colours that llamas come in, we didn’t have a sample of a lighter gray for example.
What colour is llama milk?
A. This question seems to going around as a trivia question lately. Llama milk is white, just like any other milk. The first milk, or colostrum, is very thick and is a creamy colour, but the normal milk looks exactly like any other milk.
Occasionally people ask if you can drink llama milk. It is possible but most female llamas do not have an excess amount of milk, they have enough for their offspring and that is all. Their udders are fairly small and the nipples are sometimes tiny, looking not much bigger than raisins on some animals. If a female has too much milk, perhaps the cria is small, or the female just has a lot of milk, we will milk off her excess and freeze the milk in one ounce lots. This milk is extremely valuable when someone has a problem with a female with little or no milk. A number of crias in our area have been saved this way as a few members of our local llama club have reserves of milk which they will share.
If a female has too much milk for the cria to keep up with, it is important to milk off the excess as there is a possibility that she could get mastitis and then the problem can become extremely serious.
For more information see:
Are there shows about llamas?
A. Animal Planet (part of the Discovery Network) has done two TV shows about llamas one about Diane White-Crane, the Llama Lady, and her llamas Dudley and Sammy, and another about Sandy Stillwell and her llama Charlie. Both have been shown eight times in late 2000 and early 2001, and may be shown again. Both shows are really well done and are worth watching.
A Day in the Life of a Llama (about Dudley, Sammy and Diane the Llama Lady).
Llama Love Story (about Charlie the Llama).
Walt Disney has a movie featuring a llama, called The Emperor’s New Groove about a young, wise-guy know-it all emperor who gets turned into a llama with an attitude, and learns all about the value of friendship and loyalty, etc.
How do they get along with new dogs?
A. Llamas usually don’t like dogs much until they are familiar with them. Once they are used to a family dog, they mostly tolerated it, but we have some that will always try and stomp the dog, no matter how many years the dog has been around.
We recently acquired a new dog. Sebastian is really good around other animals and has ignored the llamas pretty well since he arrived. We got him used to some of the llamas who were in smaller groups and after about five days I decided to let him visit the larger groups. In the photo on the left he is running for his life with a whole herd of two-year-old females after him. Actually they were just trying to sniff him, but there were several of the older females who tried to stomp him when he was in their field.
Even Pizarro who is a gelding that we take hiking and is used to various dogs has chased poor Sebsastian and tried to stomp him. I think that Sebastian still thinks that the llamas just want to play with him, but he will soon learn to keep his distance once he gets kicked.
Herd combinations and ages
Q. What is the best age and gender to get for a pet llama (used for occasional hiking and companionship for smaller livestock). I suppose a better inquiry would be, what are the variations between male and female temperament? What is the best combination for two companion llamas I'm assuming two females?
A. There is no best age but you would want to make sure that the llama is weaned. We usually wean between six and eight months of age and unless mom does it herself it is sometimes a little stressful for some of them. After they have been weaned a month or so they usually are a little more confident and would adapt to different surroundings more easily.
As far as temperament, females are usually calmer than males, as males tend to fight more to establish dominance, particularly if there are some females around. A male by himself has no reason to fight.
For two companion animals, a couple of females get along with no problems at all normally. A couple of males would get along but they would wrestle and chase each other around which is typical male behaviour. In fact, right now we have a visiting gelding that jumped the fence and got in with three other geldings and they have been chasing around all afternoon and there is still the occasional screaming match going on, but they will settle down in a day or so. Otherwise he will be back in a field by himself again.
Costwise, you would be best to get a couple of males and then when they are about two years old, get them gelded. When they are about three, have their fighting teeth removed and you should have two good, and safe, animals.
Just be very careful if you buy males to make sure that they haven’t been handled too much when they were babies as they can imprint on humans and this can cause problems later on. Also, if you were to purchase a couple of young males, no hugging and cuddling them, no matter how cute and cuddly they seem.
Follow-up Q. Also, is it best to buy an adult pre-trained llama or to train it yourself?
A. Llamas are very smart and willing to learn so if you wanted to train them yourself, I would suggest that you look into clicker training. This is a system where you first have to have the animal trust you enough to eat a little grain out of your hand. Then you ask the animal to do something, such as touch a target with their nose. As soon as they touch it, you click the clicker and give them a little grain. You would be amazed at how quickly they learn that the click means that they have done what you wanted them to do. After a while, you change the target to a halter and it is not long until they will stick their nose into it for you. Getting them to load into a trailer using this method is a non-event as opposed to dragging and shoving a scared animal into a trailer.
There is lots of information on clicker training on the internet, much of it having to do with dogs, but the methods are the same. Jim and Amy Logan have some wonderful videos which are available from their web site. There is a link on our links page under Llama Training.
Training them yourself gives you confidence and the llama learns to trust you, whereas buying a trained animal may be easy but the animal doesn’t know who you are and you don’t know what signals the llama may be looking for when you want it do do something. I am not saying to go and buy an animal that has never been handled, it should be used to a halter and lead easily.
Follow-up Q. Do llamas ever have a tendency to be aggressive towards humans?
A. Not normally, that is why you don’t want one that has been handled too much when it was young. Humans will cause a male llama to be aggressive by cuddling it and babying it when it is small and when it becomes mature, it may be confused as it identifies too much with humans. All of a sudden the human is competition and male llamas at that age fight pretty roughly, their fighting fangs are designed to try and castrate the competition. 'Nuff said?
Follow-up Q. I understand llamas are usually standoffish, however, do they show affection or really trust their owner to the point of listening to commands?
A. I have often said that you don’t own llamas, they own you. They don’t show affection like a cat or a dog will, but in actual fact, you don’t want them to show too much affection. You want them to be a llama. they are very gentle and will come up to you and sniff your hair or sniff your face. This is known as a llama kiss and when you are visiting a farm and one does this to you, you are hooked, so be warned. If this happens (or maybe when this happens) and you decide that you just have to have this one, you might be wise to buy one of its buddies as it makes the separation from the herd a little easier.
They don’t normally want to be touched, especially around the eyes and ears. Once they learn to trust you, and this can take some time, you can run your hand over them and they will tolerate it. Using a clicker can really accelerate this process. You can train them for voice commands as well as hand signals. The videos I mentioned will astound you if you have never seen anything on this method.
Being gentle with the animals and getting them to trust you can take a long time, particularly if they have learned not to trust humans earlier or if they have had some bad experiences with humans. We bought an older female at an auction many years ago and she was so miserable that we renamed her Bitch Cassidy as she would spit at anyone that came anywhere near her. We just left her alone, never forcing her to do anything and being really kind to her. She must have been really mistreated somewhere down the line as it took years to gain her trust. Then one year she got a bad cut on her eyelid and the vet had to give her a shot of anethsetic in her eyelid and then sewed it up and then had to give her a antibiotic shot. You could hear the spit gurgling up and when the vet was finished she walked calmly out of the barn and spat out into the field.
After that we had to lift the eyelid every day for about three weeks and put some ointment in her eye. She would just lie in the barn and let us do it without even putting a halter on her. We would leave and she wouldn’t even get up. Now that is trust. By then we had changed her name back to Laura, her original name.
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What did Pope John XX1 use as effective eyewash? | Feeding Camelids
While the following is particularly directed at the Llama, most is applicable to the alpaca and other members of the genus Lama. In their native environs, the alpaca shows a grazing preference toward moist lush forages, while Llamas will tend to prefer more coarse dry vegetation, being more of "cafeteria style" eaters.
Llamas are much easier to feed and care for than most livestock. Because they are grazers of both grass and forbs and browsers of shrubs and trees, they are much more flexible in their choice of diet. Llamas, like other South American camelids (SAC), are more efficient at converting plant material into usable protein and energy than sheep and cattle, and are less prone to medical problems associated with feeding, such as bloat and grain overload (acidosis).
As a practicing/teaching veterinarian, the author's nutritional recommendations are aimed at the overall long-term health of Llamas. Because they are more efficient at converting plant material to usable energy, Llamas may easily become over-conditioned through excessive feeding. Llamas in their natural environment do not routinely carry the abundance of fat that many North American Llamas are currently doing, a situation which should be avoided. Over-fed Llamas are often difficult to breed, having more problems in conception, delivery and lactation. In addition, their total life span is likely compromised.
Basic SAC Digestive Anatomy and Physiology
All living creatures ingest their food, digest it by various means, absorb the majority and excrete the balance. The Llama is a modified ruminant herbivore that ingests plant material and digests it in a unique, three-compartment stomach. The llama's stomach is functionally similar but anatomically different from that of true ruminants (cattle, sheep and goats). The first compartment is essentially a huge fermentation vat which, through enzymatic and microbial processes, enables separation of plant material into readily digestible basic nutrients and semi-digestible cellulose.
The basic nutrients (proteins, fats and carbohydrates) are either absorbed directly or further broken down into simple sugars, amino acids or fatty acids. Cellulose is utilized by bacteria and protozoa in the fermentation vat to replicate their vast numbers. The resultant microbial protein is then digested.
Beyond the stomach, Llamas are not notably unique in their digestive anatomy and physiology, however the relatively slow gastrointestinal transit time, efficient water absorption and pelleted feces all contribute to digestive superiority.
General Llama Nutrition
All feedstuffs yield variable amounts of carbohydrates (energy), proteins, fats, minerals and vitamins. The Llama's requirement for these is influenced by age, demands for resting body maintenance, anticipated growth, activity, workload, state of pregnancy, lactation and environmental temperature. Providing optimum energy and protein is the basis for any llama feeding program. Like most herbivores, Llamas are limited to an absolute maximum daily dry matter intake. For the llama, this figure appears to be 1.8-2.0% of body weight.
Energy
Forage (pasture and hay or browse) should be a major contributor of energy to the diet. For certain circumstances, cereal grains (corn, oats, barley, etc) may be used as supplemental high energy sources.
Energy requirements vary according to body size. In general, feeding efficiency for body maintenance increases with animal size. Metabolism studies at Colorado State University have determined that the maintenance energy requirement for Llamas is 84.5 Kcal/BW.75 (kg). Energy content of common feedstuffs have been or can be readily determined by analysis. Table I lists caloric energy values of some common forages. Using examples of animals weighing 110 lb (55 kg), 220 lb (100 kg) and 330 lb (150 kg) one can appreciate that efficiency of body energy maintenance increases with body size. Of particular note is the fact that springtime pastures are extremely high in energy content. Unless animals are growing, in late gestation, early lactation, extremely athletic, or exposed to prolonged cold temperatures, they should not be allowed free choice access to quality forages, or be supplemented with concentrates.
Protein
The Llama's protein requirement is relatively low. Protein in adequate quantity and quality is necessary to replace aging body proteins and produce new protein for muscle, fiber and milk. Because Llamas have an exceptional ability to recycle and utilize urea (the major by-product of normal protein breakdown in the body), they can do extremely well on a maintenance diet of 8 to 10% crude protein. Growing weanlings, advanced pregnant and nursing mothers require a 10 to 12% protein ration. A baby who must be weaned early for some reason will benefit from a 16% protein ration, gradually reduced to 12% by six months of age to maturity.
Table 2 lists several commonly used feedstuffs and their important macro-nutrient contents on a dry matter basis. Notice the wide variation of protein content. In most cases, quality grass hays will suffice to provide adequate protein intake. When protein supplementation is deemed necessary, incorporation of alfalfa hay (up to 1/3 of the forage ration) will be adequate. The advantage of staying with an all-forage diet lies principally in that crude fiber in the total diet will not be markedly reduced. It is important not to exceed 1/3 of the total diet in alfalfa so as to not be feeding excessive protein as well as to prevent excessive intake of calcium relative to phosphorus.
Bear in mind that protein content of pasture and browse vary with the season. In spring, when plants are actively growing, protein content and quality is greater than at maturity. Again, be cautious about overfeeding protein as it is wasteful for the owner and a metabolic burden to the animal. While no feeding trials have to date been performed, it is the author's opinion that using nonprotein nitrogen sources (urea or biuret) should not be considered.
Fiber
As with conventional ruminants, the SAC have an important need for adequate fiber in their diet. At this point, it would appear that the total diet should be approximately 25% or more of crude fiber. Based on observations from conventional ruminant species, lack of adequate fiber reduces gastric performance and seems to have a correlation with gastric or duodenal ulcers. Forages in general are the principle source of fiber, with grains generally being deficient for providing the level deemed important in Ilamas.
Water
Ideally, fresh and clean water should be made available free choice at all times, however Ilamas are relatively tolerant to a degree of water deprivation. On the trail, one good drink a day will suffice. Depending on activity, environmental temperature and feed (i.e. green pasture vs dry hay), daily intake varies from 5 to 8% of body weight (i.e. 2 to 3 gallons for a 300 lb Ilama). Llamas may be reluctant to drink from unclean containers, including automatic watering cups.
Salt
In most all management circumstances, loose salt should be offered free choice in a container sheltered from weather. Salt should be iodized except in areas where iodine deficiency is not known to occur. Trace mineralized salt is better than plain salt but should not to be considered as a mineral supplement. Combining salt with minerals (Table 3) has worked well to both encourage consumption as well as minimize over-consumption.
Calcium and Phosphorus
A balanced daily intake of calcium and phosphorus is important, particularly to maximize growth of youngsters and for adult reproductive performance. The desired dietary balance of calcium:phosphorus normally is 1.2-2.0: 1, which is commonly found in many grass hays/pastures. Because need for mineral supplements varies with forage diet, forage analysis is ideal on which to base any specific mineral incorporation. A relatively simple, inexpensive mineral mix that meets the needs of most Llamas on grass pasture is found in Table 3. This mix is meant to be offered free choice, with no other supplements (mineral or salt) being available. While consumption of mineral mixes may initially be limited, most Llamas will generally consume up to I oz/animal/day. Modifications of the basic mineral mix are outlined in Table 4.
Grass hay, cereal grain hays and cereal grains provide significant amounts of phosphorus unless they originate from phosphorus-deficient soils.
Some notes of caution
Abnormal bone growth can result from deficiencies of calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D as well as imbalances of calcium to phosphorus. Excessive phosphorus intake may predispose animals, especially males, to urinary tract stones.
Vitamins
Properly cured hay normally contains sufficient vitamins A, D and K but supplemental vitamin-mineral mixes can be offered to cover potential deficiencies. Research indicates that vitamin E is quickly lost in cured forages, making it necessary to supplement. It is believed that normal healthy Ilamas synthesize adequate B vitamins during digestion.
Trace Minerals
Whether deficient or excessive, selenium, zinc, magnesium, cobalt and copper are significant diet factors. It is imperative that you consult a local nutritionist, county agent or veterinarian to learn if specific supplementation or reduction of these nutrients is required in your area. For example, too much selenium in the diet can cause alkali disease and "blind staggers", while too little can cause white muscle disease or interference with growth, reproduction and lactation.
Feeding Recommendations
There are unlimited feeding options and combinations. Cost, local availability, and nutrient balance must all be considered in designing your own program. Forage analysis is the backbone of your feeding program.
Although Ilamas appear to be quite adaptable to a wide range of feeding schedules, including free choice and once-a-day feedings, regularity is important. The following are some thoughts on the major options and considerations.
Hay
Because of its high protein content and relative availability, alfalfa hay is a popular food consideration for Llamas. Keep in mind, however, that it is not the panacea forage for all Llamas. Cost may be excessive, and protein content certainly is, especially if it is overfed. For example, if the analysis of your alfalfa hay indicates a 16% protein content but your Llamas eat only the leaves because you are feeding too generously, in all likelihood their protein intake actually exceeds 24%. Reduce the portion so they will eat the less protein-rich stem as well. Better yet, consider feeding alfalfa as a supplement rather than the total forage intake. Quality oat hay, pea hay, fescue, brome, timothy, orchard grass, clover hay and even some straw are viable options. When buying hay, look for the following:
Color - An interior bale color of pure green (most vitamin A, D and E have been destroyed in pale green to yellow hay).
Leafiness - Lots of leaves (that's where the protein is).
Moisture - Softness, palatability and digestibility are greatly influenced by moisture content. Improper curing results in excess moisture causing hay to mold within three weeks after baling. Ideal hay moisture content is 12% or less.
Smell - Look for that good "fresh" smell. Musty or moldy odors can spell problems.
Mold - Never feed moldy hay.
Dust - Avoid dusty hay but if there is no alternative, sprinkle flakes with water. Nutrient testing of your hay supplies is a good investment.
Pasture
Pasture varies greatly from one area to the next, depending on climate and soil conditions. In addition, unless irrigated and fertilized it will vary tremendously during the growing season. Pastures and hay fields need to be fertilized occasionally.
Your county extension agent can advise you on how to do a soil analysis and fertilize your pasture. Timothy, brome or orchard grass with a little bluegrass, white clover, and/or alfalfa, makes a good Llama pasture. Free choice pasture allowing maximum dry matter intake may well be excessive nutrition for most of your Llamas.
Complete Rations
Some Ilama owners choose to feed commercially prepared, completely formulated pelleted rations.
Although expensive, it is simple and convenient. If not fed in combination with hay or pasture, be sure the complete ration contains at least 25% roughage (e.g. alfalfa pellets). Although these rations may be nutritionally sufficient, they still lack bulk and will leave your Ilamas looking for more. Don't be tempted to overfeed the ration. Because these rations will generally be pelleted, Ilamas may occasionally choke-a very undesirable consequence.
Special Feeding Situations
Changing Feed
Any change in your feeding program should be implemented gradually. When switching from one hay to another, or even from the bales of one cutting to the bales of another, it is advisable to mix the two together, gradually increasing the amount of new hay.
Late Gestation and Lactation
In the last 2.5-3 months of pregnancy, a gradual introduction of cereal grain (oats, corn, etc) could be given to a maximum of one pound daily with a simultaneous reduction of forage. Continue this level of nutrition for the first three months of lactation with a gradual reduction until weaning. If your Ilama is already fat, by no means offer her a grain supplement!
The Bottle Fed Baby
Premature, weak or orphaned babies must be monitored closely so that individual needs, which can vary greatly, are met. Bottle feeding should be minimized because of the bottlefed Ilama's strong tendency to imprint on and become aggressive toward people. If bottle feeding is necessary, the author recommends the baby receive 10% of its body weight in colostrum (ex. 25# cria gets 40 ounces) in 2 to 3 feedings within the first 6 to 8 hours, but certainly before 18 hours of life.
Colostrum is the new mother's sweet, thick, first milk secretion. The baby's survival is dependent upon receiving colostrum for immunological protection against disease, and for important nutritional starters (lactose for energy, vitamin A and some fat). Goat or cow colostrum may be substituted if Ilama colostrum is not available, but it is imperative that only first milking colostrum from any species source be used. Beginning the second day, the baby Ilama should receive no less than 10% of its body weight per day in goat milk if Ilama milk is unavailable. A second choice is "Land O'Lakes" lamb-milk replacer, preferably non-medicated, (diluted 1:6 parts water), or a comparably constituted product. Extreme caution should be taken regarding cleanliness of equipment associated with bottle and tube feeding.
The Growing Baby
Llama babies just two to three weeks old will nibble at forages. It appears they are not effective consumers of feedstuffs, however, until two months of age. Young Ilamas generally eat with their moms, but creep feeders with limit fed 16% protein grain and hay mixes may be used effectively from three months of age to weaning.
Watch the baby's calcium:phosphorus balance as crooked legs may result from inadequate phosphorus intake caused by excess calcium in the diet, especially in alfalfa hay. A free-choice mineral supplement with phosphorus is crucial during this rapid growth period.
The Weaned Mother
Young Ilamas are usually weaned at 4 to 6 months of age when the mother is well beyond peak milk production and is approximately 3 to 5 months pregnant. She should be on a maintenance diet only, which is nicely satisfied by grass or oat hay. Tapering off any grain feeding and stopping it completely at the time of weaning will aid in reducing milk flow.
The Malnutritioned Llama
Classically it is assumed that malnutrition means underfeeding. However, in Ilamas there are two extremes as overfeeding, unfortunately, is becoming more common. Overfeeding can cause animals to overheat in hot weather and have fertility or birthing problems.
The "underfed" Ilama may not be simply underfed, but rather undernourished because some anatomical, physiological or disease condition causes poor utilization of food. If the principle problem is that they are being fed nutritionally inadequate food, a careful and gradual increase of dietary intake should take place under supervision of a veterinarian or nutritionist to bring feeding up to optimum levels.
The Fat Llama
A target weight is to be established for the fat individual. Total control of dietary intake is assumed. One percent of target body weight in dry matter forage is offered along with free choice minerals (Table 3). If more than one individual is being dieted, be sure to provide adequate bunk space so as to minimize competition. Prevention of fat Ilamas is easier than the treatment.
Cold Weather Considerations
Normally most Ilamas are not on full rations (i.e. 1.8% of body weight) of dry matter forage year around. When truly cold weather (below freezing) settles in, then a switch to free choice consumption will generally be adequate. For the truly unique situation requiring increased caloric density plus free choice forage, up to I lb/animal of cereal grains (corn/oats/ barley) could be offered.
Heat Stress Prevention
Since the heat increment production from forage digestion is greater than for concentrates, careful use of grains during hot humid weather along with reduction of hay consumption should have a favorable effect. However, crude fiber intake still needs to approach 25% of diet.
The state of the art of Ilama nutrition is currently based on extrapolation from work in South America, nutritional trials using North American feedstuffs, and opinion based on observations and experiences here in North America. The foregoing will hopefully serve as a guide to keep your Ilama's nutrition in a middle-of-theroad path. Good common sense and attentive daily care goes a long way in raising a well-fed (not overfed) and content Ilama.
Table 1.
Feedstuff caloric values (dry matter basis) amount (lb DM) and % BW to meet daily maintenance energy requirements of 110 lb, 220 lb, and 330 lb Ilamas
FEEDSTUFF
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Rhodopsis the original Egyptian Cinderella had what job? | What did Pope John XX1 use as effective eyewash Babies Urine 36 - IT - 402
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10000 general knowledge questions and answers www.cartiaz.ro No Questions Quiz 31 Answers 51 What is the main food of walruses Clams 52 30% of people quit this job in USA each year - what job School Bus Driver 53 Napoleons life was saved by a dog what breed – and he hated dogs Newfoundland – saved from drowning 54 In 1821 Jacob Fusel worlds fist commercial factory making what Ice Cream 55 The star constellation Grus has what English name The Crane 56 International aircraft registration letters what country is PP or PT Brazil 57 What was the first 30 minute animated Disney show Duck Tales 58 A renaissance doctor - what treatment excluding bleeding Enemas 59 You could be executed for drinking what in ancient Turkey Coffee 60 Where did the ancient Egyptians paint pictures of their enemies Foot of Sandals 61 What is found in one third of American homes Scrabble 62 Bowling for lizards was whose favourite TV program Fred Flintstone 63 The name Jesse means what in Hebrew Wealth 64 According to strain theory crime is mainly committed by who The lower classes 65 In what country was the longbow invented Wales 66 Who makes Pringles Proctor and Gamble 67 What airline started 24th September 1946 single DC3 - Betsy Cathay Pacific 68 What are a swallowtail and a burgee Flags 69 What is the most common sexually transmitted disease in USA Herpes 70 Who was the Angel in Milton's Paradise Lost Beelzebub 71 300000 American teenagers get what every year Venereal disease 72 Francesco Seraglio invented what in Australia in early 1960s The Woolmark logo 73 What was Socrates wife's name Xanthippe 74 Who "Loved not to wisely but too well" Shakespeare play Othello 75 What did Anna Sage "The lady in Red do" Betray John Dillinger 76 Who makes Kleenex tissues Kimberly Clark 77 Poon Lim holds the record of 133 days doing what Surviving on a raft 78 Holden Caulfield - Catcher in the Rye - where JD Sal get name Movie marquee W Holden J Caulfield 79
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10000 general knowledge questions and answers www.cartiaz.ro No Questions Quiz 31 Answers 51 What is the main food of walruses Clams 52 30% of people quit this job in USA each year - what job School Bus Driver 53 Napoleons life was saved by a dog what breed – and he hated dogs Newfoundland – saved from drowning 54 In 1821 Jacob Fusel worlds fist commercial factory making what Ice Cream 55 The star constellation Grus has what English name The Crane 56 International aircraft registration letters what country is PP or PT Brazil 57 What was the first 30 minute animated Disney show Duck Tales 58 A renaissance doctor - what treatment excluding bleeding Enemas 59 You could be executed for drinking what in ancient Turkey Coffee 60 Where did the ancient Egyptians paint pictures of their enemies Foot of Sandals 61 What is found in one third of American homes Scrabble 62 Bowling for lizards was whose favourite TV program Fred Flintstone 63 The name Jesse means what in Hebrew Wealth 64 According to strain theory crime is mainly committed by who The lower classes 65 In what country was the longbow invented Wales 66 Who makes Pringles Proctor and Gamble 67 What airline started 24th September 1946 single DC3 - Betsy Cathay Pacific 68 What are a swallowtail and a burgee Flags 69 What is the most common sexually transmitted disease in USA Herpes 70 Who was the Angel in Milton's Paradise Lost Beelzebub 71 300000 American teenagers get what every year Venereal disease 72 Francesco Seraglio invented what in Australia in early 1960s The Woolmark logo 73 What was Socrates wife's name Xanthippe 74 Who "Loved not to wisely but too well" Shakespeare play Othello 75 What did Anna Sage "The lady in Red do" Betray John Dillinger 76 Who makes Kleenex tissues Kimberly Clark 77 Poon Lim holds the record of 133 days doing what Surviving on a raft 78 Holden Caulfield - Catcher in the Rye - where JD Sal get name Movie marquee W Holden J Caulfield 79
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Caer-Lud was the former name of what capitol city? | Government - State Capitol - GeorgiaInfo
State Capitol
State Capitol Complex
Introduction
When Georgia declared its independence from Great Britain in 1776, Atlanta did not exist. At that time, Indians occupied most of the state, and the Atlanta vicinity fell on the boundary line between the Creek and Cherokee Indians—the two principal Indian tribes in Georgia.
The story of how Atlanta came to be Georgia’s capital city—and of the gold-domed capitol building—is a fascinating one. But first, a distinction should be made in two similar words—“capital” and “capitol.” These two words—sometimes used incorrectly—derive from the Latin word “caput,” meaning “head.” Although the word “capital” now has a number of different meanings, within government it refers to the city where the government of a state or nation is located. Thus, Atlanta is the capital of Georgia, as Washington, D.C., is the capital of the United States. (Incidentally, the term “capital” is not used to designate the city where a county’s government is located. Historically, such a city was termed the “county site,” but today is referred to as the “county seat.”)
“Capitol,” on the other hand, refers to the large, often domed, building that serves as the main center of government. For example, Georgia’s State Capitol currently houses the two chambers of the General Assembly, House and Senate officers, and legislative support staff; Georgia’s Governor, Lieutenant Governor, and Secretary of State (and many of their staff); and the State Museum of Science and Industry.
It is said that when the founders of Rome dug the foundations for the first temple, they unearthed a human head, which was interpreted as an omen that Rome would be the head of all Italy. This temple became known as the “Capitolium,” from “caput” (head) and “Tollii” (meaning “of Tollius,” a mythical hero of these early Romans.) This building became a military and religious center of the Roman world, and the name was to be later given to the main governmental building in each Roman colony.
The term “capitol” was first used in America in 1699, when the Virginia House of Burgesses provided that the governmental building that would be constructed to house that body be called the “Capitol.” The more commonly used term in referring to the governmental building (at that time all state government could be housed in one building) until the 1800s, however, was “statehouse.” Even today, 11 states continue the traditional term “statehouse” instead of “capitol.”
Georgia’s First Capital
For more on Georgia’s state capitol, see the New Georgia Encyclopedia.
Atlanta is the fifth city to be designated capital of Georgia. Several other cities have also served as temporary seats of government, as seen in the following table.
HISTORY OF GEORGIA CAPITALS
1868-present Atlanta
* Temporary meeting sites of state government
To trace the history of these capitals, we must go back over 200 years, beginning with the founding of Georgia. In February 1733, James Oglethorpe landed at Yamacraw Bluff, which was so named after the Yamacraw Indians—a tribe of the Creek Indians. Tomochichi, chief of the Yamacraws, gave Oglethorpe approval for a settlement, which Oglethorpe named Savannah, after the river of that name on which the new settlement was located.
In May 1733, Oglethorpe and Tomochichi signed a treaty, the first of a long number that would eventually involve all Indian lands in Georgia, which ceded Creek lands to the Trustees from the Savannah to the Altamaha rivers, inland from the coast as far as the tide flowed.
It is probably incorrect to designate Savannah as “capital” or “seat of government” of the colony at this point. Actual governmental power resided with the trustees back in London, subject to the king’s assent. By virtue of their 1732 charter, the trustees were given control of the new colony for 21 years, after which Georgia would become the responsibility of the Crown. During this time, the trustees never designated a governor for the colony, instead retaining much of the control themselves.
Oglethorpe, himself a trustee, led the founding of the colony, but by the terms of the charter was forbidden from holding office in Georgia. And although given only limited authority, he soon assumed leadership in the colony.
Concern with the Spanish forces at St. Augustine led Oglethorpe to return to England to plead for a British military presence south of Savannah. In 1736, Oglethorpe was given the rank of colonel and a regiment of 600 British soldiers to defend Georgia. He then returned to Georgia with the regiment and new colonists, establishing a new settlement on St. Simons Island. Here, they laid out the town of Frederica (named in honor of Frederick, King George II’s only son), additionally building Fort Frederica on the inland edge of the island.
From this point, Colonel Oglethorpe spent all of his presence in Georgia at Frederica (or to the south in military campaigns against the Spanish), leading some historians to credit Frederica as Georgia’s de facto capital from 1736 to 1743, when Oglethorpe (now a general) returned to England. However, in 1736, the trustees had designated William Stephens of Savannah as secretary of the colony of Georgia, meaning that for the following seven years, Savannah could also make a claim to seat of government for the colony.
In 1743, the confusion ended when Oglethorpe returned to England and the trustees designated William Stephens as “president” of the colony of Georgia. From this point, Savannah clearly served as the center of the colony’s government (such as was authorized or allowed).
With Georgia’s transition from a trustee to royal colony in 1754, the Board of Trade designated Savannah as Georgia’s capital city (or more correctly the “seat of government”)—and it was here that the Royal Governor, new legislative assembly, and courts were headquartered.
Two decades later, as the Revolutionary War approached, Savannah also became the center for the movement that would lead to independence from Britain. During 1775, in fact, both the newly convened provincial Congress and the royal Commons House of Assembly met in Savannah. By the end of 1775, however, the Royal Government no longer controlled the colony.
Georgia’s revolutionary government operated from Savannah at the time of statehood in 1776, though again no document or election formally designated Savannah as capital city. As the largest city of the new state, and by virtue of the tradition of the past three decades, Savannah was the seat of government.
Just after Christmas of 1778, however, Savannah fell to British forces, and Georgia’s government fled the city, attempting to reorganize in Augusta, 127 miles to the north. After the capture of Savannah, British and Tory sympathizers attempted to reinstitute Royal Government in the city.
In January 1779, an attempt was made to convene the revolutionary, or Whig, legislature in Augusta, but representatives from only three counties were present, and thus no quorum could be assembled. A temporary governing executive council was named, but it had to flee later that month as the British arrived, only to return when the British abandoned Augusta in February. Other attempts to organize a government were made that year in Augusta, though the revolutionary forces were split into two factions.
Finally, in January 1780, a new assembly was convened in Augusta, while a resolution was passed designating Heard’s Fort—a site to the northeast in Wilkes County—as the meeting place for the legislature in case of attack. Soon the British recaptured Augusta, and Georgia’s government convened at Heard’s Fort in May, 1780.
This fortification, named after Stephen Heard, president of the Executive Council, was located eight miles from the present-day city of Washington, Georgia. Heard’s Fort disappeared after the Revolutionary War, and no trace remains today of the village that served as a temporary seat of Georgia government during the American Revolution.
During the next year, little is known about the location of Georgia’s state government. Likely, it kept on the move in Wilkes County and possibly even in South Carolina. By April 1781, a new offensive was under way by Continental forces against the British, and Augusta was soon recaptured. Here, an effort was made to reassemble a state government for Georgia, and in August a newly elected legislature was convened. This body elected a new governor and other state officials and proceeded with enactment of a variety of laws.
Augusta served as the capital from August 17, 1781, until May 4, 1782. By this time, the tide of war had changed in favor of American forces, and by July 1782, the British had evacuated Savannah.
As Georgia state officials prepared to return to Savannah, one other city was to serve as temporary seat of government until the British evacuated. Ebenezer (named after the German word for “the stone of help”), a small German settlement 25 miles northwest of Savannah, served as the meeting site for Georgia’s Executive Council on July 3 and 4, 1782. On July 4, the legislature also convened at Ebenezer, but adjourned to meet in Savannah. Ebenezer, once the center of Georgia’s hoped-for silk industry, would later fade from existence, as did Frederica and Heard’s Fort.
Savannah and Augusta as Rotating Capitals
Following the recapture of Savannah, Georgia’s legislative assembly convened in the coastal city on July 13, 1782. However, a split between coastal and upland Georgia which had been building before the Revolutionary War resurfaced. The growing importance of Augusta led the Executive Council to spend part of the year in that city, and a period began when the capital rotated between Savannah and Augusta.
In January 1783, the General Assembly met in Savannah, but in May the Council resolved to move the capital to Augusta so that it would be nearer the growing backcountry. On May 15th of that year, the lawmakers attempted to convene in Augusta, but no quorum was present until July 8, 1783. Once the session began, however, it remained under way for three months.
On January 6, 1784, the General Assembly returned to Savannah, adjourning that session in February with a motion to meet in Augusta the following July. On July 5, 1784, lawmakers attempted to convene in Augusta, but for a week no quorum could be assembled, and the members present asked the governor to call the Assembly at a time and place when a meeting of the legislature should become necessary.
Such a meeting was called for October 6, 1784, in Savannah. Here, too, a quorum could not be assembled, and the session adjourned on October 14. On January 4, 1785, the General Assembly convened a session in Savannah, marking the last episode of that city’s history as the capital of Georgia. Where precisely the legislature met in Savannah is uncertain. During the period immediately preceding the Revolution, it is known that the various revolutionary assemblies met in taverns (such as that of Peter Tondee), private homes, and perhaps other meeting halls. There was no statehouse building, however, and presumably the names and locations of meeting halls are lost to history.
Augusta Becomes State Capital
Important events had been taking place in Georgia in addition to the Revolutionary War. Large areas of Indian lands neighboring the coastal area of the state had been obtained from the Indians and opened to new settlers, and the center of population began shifting away from Savannah and the coast. During the Revolution, people in Georgia frontier settlements had discovered how convenient it was to have the capital in Augusta, for in those days, many matters handled by courts today—such as divorces and name changes—had to be enacted by the legislature. Additionally, the legislature approved land grants, bridges and ferries, pardons, excusals from paying taxes, authorizations to practice law, and a number of other things, which made it important to live near the meeting site of the legislature. This was especially true since there were no trains at this time, and other forms of transportation were slow and primitive.
Therefore, by 1784, there was growing concern among the new settlers that the capital not revert to Savannah. The agitation for a new capital became so great that when the General Assembly adjourned its last meeting in Savannah on February 22, 1785, it resolved that “all future meetings of the Legislature shall be and continue at that place (Augusta) until otherwise ordered by the General Assembly.”
Augusta was thus now the official capital, and the first session of the legislature convened there on January 3, 1786. However, for many, even Augusta was too far east, and on January 26, 1786, the legislature appointed a commission to find a “proper and convenient place” for a new capital—one that would be centrally located and accessible to all residents of the occupied sections of Georgia.
For the 1786 session, lawmakers rented the house of Abraham Jones, located on the southwestern corner of Broad Street and Lincoln (today Third) Street. Out of need for a larger facility, the General Assembly negotiated with the trustees of Richmond Academy for rental of its building on the eastern corner of Lincoln and Elbert Streets (today Third and Fourth Streets). The trustees thereafter purchased the two adjacent lots (lots 9 and 10) and built a new academy adjacent to the building occupied by the General Assembly.
Georgia’s Third Capital, Louisville
The commission appointed by the legislature in 1786 to find a new site for the capital was not entirely unbridled in its task, for the legislature’s mandate also stipulated that the commission select a location within 20 miles of an Indian trading post known as “Galphin’s Old Town” or “Galphinton” on the Ogeechee River in what is now Jefferson County. It was here that George Galphin established a trading post two decades earlier.
The commission was authorized to purchase 1,000 acres for the new city, which would be patterned after Philadelphia, the first capital of the United States. The legislature also directed that the new capital site be called “Louisville,” in honor of Louis XVI of France in appreciation for French help during the Revolutionary War.
The actual site selected for the capital was the intersection of three roads—those to Savannah, Augusta, and now-forgotten Georgetown, where a market, built in 1758 and still standing today, stood. Plans approved for the new capital city called for five streets on each of the four sides of the market, with a statehouse and governor’s mansion equal distances on either side.
Despite the designation of the new capital city, Augusta continued to serve as state capital for 10 more years, until 1796. The building of the capital at Louisville was delayed because of lack of funds, the death of the contractor, and the rush to obtain and disburse Creek and Cherokee lands.
Vast amounts of newly acquired Indian lands were being given away free or at nominal cost, and a great migration of settlers was pushing into Georgia, ultimately pressing for more and more land. In the midst of this sometimes tragic period of Georgia’s history, a number of state government officials became involved in dishonest land speculation and other illegal activities, the most notable or infamous being the Yazoo Land Fraud.
Finally in 1795, a special constitutional convention was held, in part to correct the land speculation and fraud. Here a new amendment to the Constitution of 1789 was adopted, officially designating Louisville as the “permanent seat of government” and also directing that the governor and other state officials be in the new capitol at Louisville before the next meeting of the legislature.
By March 1796, a new capitol building in the 18th century red brick Georgian architectural style was completed, and Georgia’s state government soon occupied the new capital city. There are no known paintings or sketches of this capitol building, except for a celebrated drawing of the burning of the Yazoo Act on the grounds of the Louisville capitol (though little of the design of the building can be determined from the sketch, except that it was a brick, two-story building).
John Melish, a Scotch merchant visiting Louisville in 1806, recorded in his diary the following description of Georgia’s capitol city and statehouse:
Louisville is the present capital of the state of Georgia, and is situated on the north-east bank of the Ogechee [sic] river, 70 miles from its outlet, and 100 miles from Savannah. It consists of about 100 dwelling houses, and contains about 550 inhabitants, of whom nearly one half are slaves. It is built on an elevated situation, and there is a pretty extensive view to the westward; but considerable marsh effluvia is generated on the banks of the river, which renders the place rather unhealthy. The country in the neighborhood is well cultivated; and Louisville contains a civil, well-bred society. There are ten dry-good and grocery stores in the place, and they have a considerable inland trade.
The state-house is a good building of brick, about 50 feet square, and consists of two stories, having three apartments each, and a large lobby. The house of representatives meet in an apartment on the lower floor, and the other two are occupied as the secretary’s office, and the land office. The upper story consists of the senate chamber, the executive office, and the treasury. The offices were all shut, except the land office. I went into it, and saw a map of the newly acquired territory, or purchase, as it is called; concerning which the legislature had recently passed an act that was the subject of considerable animadversion in the state.
The press for new lands, however, continued unabated, and Louisville, Georgia’s first planned capital city, would serve as seat of government for only 10 years. Interestingly, it seems that a desire to move the capital also came from the malarial symptoms which developed in Louisville during this period.
In 1802, Indian lands west of Louisville were added to the state. No sooner had this territory been divided into counties than a drive to move the seat of government again was initiated. On December 2, 1804, lawmakers passed an act to build a new capital in Baldwin County. Some 3,240 acres of land were appropriated for the new town, which would be named Milledgeville, in honor of then Governor John Milledge.
It is not precisely known when state officials left Louisville for the new capital, though it is known that in December 1806, the legislature at Louisville passed an act appointing commissioners of the town of Milledgeville.
By an act of September 1807, the legislature made the Louisville statehouse into a public arsenal. Then, in 1813, the building was placed for sale, at which time it was purchased by St. Patrick’s Lodge No. 2. In December 1824, Jefferson County purchased the building from the Lodge for use as an inferior court for $1,500. Soon, however, a crack developed in the capitol building. Despite all efforts to prevent the crack from enlarging, it gradually widened and the building was condemned as unsafe and thereafter torn down. As much of the original material was salvaged as possible and used in a new courthouse built in 1843. This building was torn down around the turn of the century, and replaced by the courthouse currently standing. On the grounds of this courthouse, a plaque marks the site of Georgia’s first capitol building.
Milledgeville as State Capital
The story of the Milledgeville era as Georgia’s state capital began after only seven years in the Louisville capital. On May 11, 1803, a joint session of the General Assembly appointed a commission to select a site at the head of navigation of the Oconee River which would be suitable for a permanent capital to be named Milledgeville.
The site selected had been occupied in 1795 by Fort Defiance, built by General Elijah Clarke, who planned to set up a new republic in Creek Indian lands. His plans were soon thwarted, and the fort was later destroyed.
In December 1804, the General Assembly accepted the plans presented by the commissioners. Lots were sold, the money from which was to be used to construct the new statehouse. In the city, Government Square occupied almost 20 acres.
Construction of the new capitol took two years, but by the fall of 1807 the building was ready for occupation (although finishing touches would not be completed for 30 more years). In October 1807, 15 wagons left for Milledgeville from Louisville carrying the treasury and public records of the state.
The new Gothic Revival brick building was a parallelogram, with walls four feet thick, located about three-quarters of a mile from the Oconee River. Though a magnificent statehouse for the time, it did not have the dome commonly associated with capitol buildings, looking more like a castle or fortress. Although $60,000 had been authorized for the capitol’s construction, records indicate that the state ended up paying $79,976 for the original building. Later additions in 1828 and 1837 pushed the total cost for the capitol to some $200,000.
For 60 years, Milledgeville served as Georgia’s capital city. However, the pressures for more Indian lands continued, and, particularly after the Cherokees were removed from the state in 1834, it was to be expected that a desire to move the capital would soon be heard. Adding to the pressures came the era of the railroad.
The new candidate for capital city was a small settlement 90 miles northwest of Milledgeville on the Chattahoochee River. Originally an Indian village named Standing Peachtree, the area was part of an 1821 Creek territory ceded to Georgia. White settlers soon inhabited this area; in December 1836, the Georgia legislature chartered the Western and Atlantic railroad to connect the Chattahoochee and Tennessee Rivers. By 1838, construction on the railroad had begun, and soon the collection of stores and shacks supplying the railroad builders from the southern end of the line was properly known as “Terminus.”
In December 1843, the legislature incorporated Terminus but changed its name to Marthasville, in honor of former Governor Wilson Lumpkin’s youngest daughter, Martha. However, some residents and workers objected to a frontier railroad town bearing such a feminine name, so the new name of “Atlanta” (based on the Western and Atlantic Railroad) was proposed. Despite Lumpkin’s disapproval of what he considered a slight to his daughter, the General Assembly formally approved legislation in December 1847 renaming Marthasville as Atlanta.
Atlanta was soon to vie for selection as state capital, in part due to its rapid growth and its status as rail center of Georgia. By 1845, the Georgia Railroad linked Atlanta to Augusta, and the following year the Macon and Western (now the Central of Georgia) tied Atlanta to Macon. Soon Charleston, Memphis, and other cities would link with Atlanta, prompting certain Atlanta officials to begin a movement to attract state lawmakers into considering it as the site for state government.
The first legislative proposal to make Atlanta the capital came in December 1847, but the General Assembly defeated the measure by a 68-55 vote. Seven years later, however, Atlanta succeeded in getting lawmakers to place the question before the electorate in a general election. In that election, the statewide tally was
move to Atlanta 29,337; and
move to Macon 3,802.
Rebuffed in its efforts to become capital of Georgia, Atlanta launched a bid to become capital of the new Confederacy with the coming of the Civil War. Atlanta’s Gate City Guardian printed the following toward the end:
This city has good railroad connections, is free from yellow fever, can supply the most wholesome foods, and as for ‘goobers,’ an indispensable article for a Southern Legislator, we have them all the time.
Though correct in its assessment of important qualities for a capital city, the editorial was unsuccessful in its objectives.
In November 1864, however, the Milledgeville capitol was evacuatedbecause it lay in the path of Sherman’s March to the Sea. Many of the state’s official records were loaded on trains, which pulled out just before Sherman reached the city. Sherman spared the capitol from burning, though the building was ransacked by federal troops, with books and papers scattered everywhere. Also a mock session of the Georgia legislature was held by these troops, at which they “repealed” Georgia’s secession ordinance.
With Sherman in control of Milledgeville, the state government fled, with the legislature convening in Macon. Here, a special session was held February 15 through March 11, 1865, at Macon’s old city hall. While Macon served as the meeting site for the legislature, it is reported that Governor Brown took refuge in Cordele, Georgia, at the home of Captain Hiram Williams. Although it is somewhat academic, it can be argued that for a brief while, Cordele served as temporary seat of government—at least for the governor.
In May 1865, following General Lee’s surrender, Georgia Governor Brown called the legislature to convene later that month in Milledgeville at the capitol, but he was arrested by federal troops and the legislature did not meet. Subsequently, federal troops took charge of state government in Georgia. A new constitution was subsequently adopted, elections held, and, in December 1865, the legislature met at the capitol in Milledgeville.
The end of Milledgeville’s era as state capital came in 1867. Briefly in 1867, Congress assumed control of Reconstruction in the South, with Georgia and other Southern states placed again under military authority. Major General John Pope was placed in command of Georgia on April 1, 1867, and shortly afterwards took up his duties in Atlanta. A new constitutional convention was called for the state, and General Pope ordered the convention to assemble in Atlanta, reportedly because of reports that Milledgeville innkeepers had proclaimed that black delegates to the convention would not be welcome in their inns. That convention met in Atlanta from January to March, 1868.
During this session, Atlanta city officials again made a bid for designation as Georgia’s capital—especially in light of Atlanta’s recent population growth and better rail accessibility. In February 1868, the Atlanta City Council held a special meeting to frame a formal proposal to the constitutional convention. Essentially, the council’s offer was that if Atlanta was designated state capital, the city would provide suitable buildings for the legislature, the governor, other state officials, and the supreme court at no charge for 10 years. Additionally, city officials offered the 25-acre fairground or the choice of any unoccupied 10 acres in the city for a state capitol. The constitutional convention accepted the offer and included in the Constitution of 1868 a formal provision:
The seat of Government of this State, from and after the date of the ratification of this Constitution, shall be in the City of Atlanta, and the General Assembly shall provide for the erection of a new Capitol, and such other buildings as the public welfare may require.
By a vote of 89,007 for, to 71,309 against, the new constitution was ratified in April 1868. Georgia now had a new capital—the fifth in fewer years than a century. Subsequently, the Milledgeville capitol building served as Baldwin County’s courthouse for several years. In 1879, it was converted into the Middle Georgia Military and Agriculture College, later renamed Georgia Military College. Though severely damaged by fire in 1941, the building was rebuilt in its former design and continues today as part of that school.
Atlanta Becomes State Capital
On June 30, 1868, a train of 16 cars left Atlanta for Milledgeville with an order from the provisional governor to bring back statehouse furniture and furnishings. Included in this inventory were five full-length paintings—Jefferson, Washington, Oglethorpe, Franklin, and Lafayette—painted by C.R. Parker in 1826. Oglethorpe and Lafayette had hung in the House chamber, while Washington and Jefferson had adorned the Senate chamber in Milledgeville. Today, these paintings hang in the capitol rotunda and represent some of the few surviving artifacts from the Milledgeville capitol.
Five days later, on July 4, the first meeting of the legislature took place in Atlanta on the very site of today’s capitol. However, in 1868 this site marked the location of the combination Atlanta City Hall and Fulton County Courthouse, which for a brief period served as Georgia’s first statehouse in Atlanta.
Through the early 1850s, Atlanta had no city hall to conduct public business. In 1853, however, Colonel Richard Peters sold the city four acres for the construction of a city hall. It is reported that the site was so far from the rest of town that one member of the city council resigned over the purchase. However, construction of the city hall began in 1853.
On December 30, 1853, the legislature incorporated Fulton County, with Atlanta designated county seat. Because Atlanta citizens were already being taxed for the construction of the city hall, they were apparently anxious to avoid additional taxation for a courthouse for the new county government, and thus Atlanta city officials drew up an agreement with Fulton County in May 1854 whereby Fulton County could use the city hall for a courthouse as long as it desired, at no rent to the county.
Though some had complained that the new building was too far from town, the slightly elevated hill chosen overlooked the Atlanta community and, in fact, was the identical location of today’s capitol.
Completed in October 1854, the city hall building, designed and constructed under the supervision of Columbus A. Hughes, was a pride to the city. Costing $35,000, the two-story brick building, measuring 50’ x 70’, boasted a wooden, two-tiered tower topped by a cupola (a small dome usually topping a tower) and bronze eagle.
Later, in September 1864 after the capture of Atlanta, this site was used by troops of the 2d Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry to bivouac, although the city hall building was spared from destruction.
After the capital was moved to Atlanta, this building served as Georgia’s statehouse from July 1868 to January 1869. The shortness of its use in this fashion came from the overcrowded conditions in the structure. In fact, from the first it was obvious that the building would either have to be enlarged or the state legislature provided other facilities.
On August 4, 1868, Atlanta’s city council met with a committee of the House of Representatives on this matter, with the city offering to either construct an addition to city hall or to complete an unfinished opera house in Atlanta for use by legislators. The legislature chose the latter.
Kimball Opera House
The story of what would become Atlanta’s second capitol traces to 1867, when the Atlanta Opera House and Building Association acquired the southwest corner of Marietta and Forsyth Streets and initiated construction of a five-story opera house. By 1868, the outside walls had been erected, but the Association’s funds by now were depleted, and construction was halted with only a brick exterior standing. At a receiver’s sale on June 2, 1868, the unfinished opera house and the land on which it stood were purchased by Edwin N. Kimball for $31,750.
Within two months, Kimball and his brother were pushing the idea of completing this building and outfitting it for use by the legislature, with the Kimballs promising to have it ready by January 1, 1869. Their proposal also stipulated that Atlanta would rent a portion of the building for five years at $6,000 per year and turn over the rented portion to the state. At the end of the five years, they assumed that the legislature would purchase the building or authorize the erection of a new statehouse at another location.
During the following year, a number of controversies arose out of the financial arrangements for the new capitol. First, the proposal by Kimball had not mentioned heating, lighting, carpets, and furniture. Therefore, between October and December 1868, Governor Bullock arranged for payments of $54,000 of state funds to the Kimballs to provide for these necessities. However, Bullock did not report these payments to the state treasurer, defending his action by the fact that they were necessary for the legislature to have a place to meet.
By January 1869, the new building—which would serve as state capitol for the next two decades—was ready for occupation by the state legislature. However, in August 1869, E.N. Kimball conveyed the property to his brother, H.I. Kimball, with the deed noting that the property was unencumbered except for a $60,000 mortgage held by the Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Company. A year later, H.I. Kimball sold the land and building to the state for $250,000 in state bonds. The state, however, was unaware of the outstanding $60,000 mortgage, and when this came to light, legislators were so angered that many advocated returning the capital to Milledgeville. At this point, Atlanta city officials, fearful that Atlanta might lose its new position as state capital, stepped in and paid off the $60,000 mortgage, with the mortgage transferred to the city and later canceled.
Despite the controversy surrounding the financial aspects of the Kimball Opera House, its opening to the public on the evening of January 12, 1869, was a gala event. As the Atlanta Constitution reported the opening in its morning edition:
Last evening presented a scene long to be remembered by our citizens who had the pleasure of being present at the opening of the “so-called” Opera House, which, from dome to basement, was brilliantly illuminated with gas. The exterior of the edifice presents a perfect blaze of light that arrested the attention of every passerby, and the immense throng of people who were hurrying toward the building gave evidence that everybody, and his wife, if not invited, were quite sure to be present on the night of opening this beautiful establishment.
Entering the House of Representatives, the ear was delighted with the sweetest music produced by the military band of this post; who, we venture to assert, have no superior in the Army of the United States. Immediately above their head was the full length portrait of that brave old military chieftain and peerless gentleman, “Old Hickory,” a man whose name will never, never die.
The house is brilliantly lighted by a circular of gas jets some thirty feet from the floor, and at least fifteen feet in its diameter. All around these jets was placed a fluted glass mirror, that threw the bright rays of light completely over the room, rendering all side lights completely unnecessary. The fresco work on the ceiling, and indeed all over the room, was really magnificent, and elicited loud marks of approval from all who visited the building.
The Senate Chamber is very beautiful, though not so imposing as the House of Representatives. Over the seat of the President of the Senate is a full length portrait of George Washington, the first rebel known in American history, from the celebrated painting of Gilbert Stuart. It is very beautiful, and an ornament to the Senate Chamber.
The Supreme Court Library contains two full length portraits: the one on the left of the Hall representing Benjamin Franklin, the Printer, Philosopher and Statesman, and the other, on the right, of the gallant Lafayette.
The Committee rooms deserve special notice for the extreme good taste in which they have been arranged, but the apartments upstairs, the doors of which were all marked: “Sleeping Room—For Rent,” were in bad taste to say the least of it. They might very properly have been reserved for the use of the attaches of the building, but the idea of making a cheap lodging house out of the top of so elegant a building seems really absurd.
In October 1870, the General Assembly approved state purchase of the Kimball Opera House, with records indicating the Governor Bullock paid $250,000 in Georgia bonds for the building. Twenty years later, the state would sell this building for $132,241.56, with the furniture bringing in a further $2,051. Later the Western Union Building was constructed on this site.
Georgia’s Current Capitol
To view the cornerstone of Georgia’s state capitol, see the Digital Library of Georgia.
With the end of Reconstruction, some political figures advocated redesignating Milledgeville as Georgia’s capital city. Also under way was a movement to replace the “Reconstruction” Constitution of 1868 with a new document.
A constitutional convention met in Atlanta in 1877, and once again the question of where Georgia’s capital city would be located was brought before the body. Seven days after the convention assembled, Atlanta’s city council brought a resolution before the convention stipulating the following:
If Atlanta is selected by the Convention as the permanent Capital of the State, and if such selection is submitted to and the same is ratified by the people, the City of Atlanta will convey to the State of Georgia any ten acres of land in or near the City of Atlanta, now unoccupied, or the square in the heart of the City, known as the City Hall Lot, containing five acres of land, and bounded by a street on every side, on which to locate and build a Capitol for the state.
Second, The City of Atlanta will build for the State of Georgia on the location selected a Capitol Building as good as the old Capitol building in Milledgeville.
The convention, however, decided that the question of the location of the capital be kept out of the new constitution, but passed an ordinance declaring that at the next general election, voters of the state would decide between Atlanta and Milledgeville, with such election “to operate and take effect as an amendment to the present Constitution.” Soon a spirited competition developed between the two cities over which should be the site of the state capital. More than a million circulars were sent out in 1877 over the Milledgeville-Atlanta battle, with nearly every Georgia newspaper taking a position on the issue.
Speeches were made across the state, with Milledgeville supporters associating Atlanta with the abuses of Reconstruction, also arguing that the temptations of the big city were too great for members of the legislature. Additionally, Milledgeville supporters pointed to the capitol building awaiting the return of the state government, whereas new facilities would have to be constructed if the capital remained in Atlanta. On the other side, Atlanta supporters pointed to the growing importance of Atlanta within the state, especially pointing to the superior rail facilities of the city.
On December 5, 1877, voters across Georgia reaffirmed Atlanta as the capital city of Georgia by a vote of 99,147 to 55,201. Two years later, in 1879, the legislature accepted Atlanta’s proposal and selected the city hall as the site for the new capitol. However, rather than having Atlanta build the capitol—as the offer originally stipulated that Atlanta would build for the state a capitol “as good as the old Capitol building in Milledgeville”—the legislature set a value of the old capitol building in Milledgeville at $55,625 and agreed that should Atlanta pay this amount to the state, plus pay off a $60,000 mortgage on the Kimball Opera House, the state would assume the cost and responsibility of constructing a new capitol. Atlanta agreed to this condition, and the way was now paved for building a new capitol.
Unfortunately, the state’s financial condition prevented immediate construction of a new statehouse. Not until September 1883 did lawmakers appropriate $1,000000 for the construction of a new capitol, to be raised by a special capitol tax of $250,000 a year for four years.
The act had a number of stipulations concerning the task ahead:
The cost of construction could not exceed $1 million.
Construction should be finished by January 1, 1889.
The capitol “shall be built of granite, rock and marble, as far as practicable, and all the materials used in the construction of said building shall be those found and procured within the State of Georgia; provided that same can be procured in said state as cheaply as other materials of like quality in other states.”
The construction would be under the supervision of a board of commissioners, joined by the Governor as ex officio chairman of the board.
The board advertised for bids from across the nation on October 6, 1883, and the following February awarded the competition to the Chicago architectural firm of Edbrooke and Burnham. Judging the competition for the board was a famous New York architect, George B. Post. Post selected the Edbrooke and Burnham design, explaining that it was more academic than the others, simple while still elegant, and monumental in its appearance. The classic Renaissance style was one of “beauty, strength and harmony.”
Although a design for the capitol had been approved, bids for actual construction disappointed the board. Of the three received, one proposed using marble at a cost of $1,014,960.41, while another proposed a capitol of granite for $1,141,784.07.
Everyone had assumed that the capitol would be built of Georgia marble or granite. Actually, a legislative committee visited the marble area in Pickens County to determine if there was an adequate supply of marble to build the capitol. The committee reported uncertainty about the supply, that there were few quarries, tools, and machinery, and that likely it would be prohibitively expensive to use Georgia stone. Soon after that report, the Georgia Marble Company was organized and soon would supply a great deal of marble used in the interior of the capitol. Also, since that time, it has been discovered that Georgia has enough marble to build every capitol in America without really affecting the marble deposits. In fact, Georgia marble was later used to build the state capitols in Minnesota and Rhode Island, the Lincoln Monument in Washington, D.C., and many of the office buildings in Georgia’s state capital complex.
To view drawings of Georgia’s state capitol, see the Digital Library of Georgia.
The next assumption was that granite from nearby Stone Mountain or from Elbert County would be the material used to construct the capitol, but here too it was discovered that Georgia quarries were insufficiently developed and the costs would be excessive.
Thus, all three initial bids were rejected, and the board advertised for new bids. This time, 10 bids were submitted, and the Toledo, Ohio construction firm of Miles and Horn was selected on the basis of its $862,756.75 bid. Miles and Horn, however, proposed the use of Indiana oolithic limestone as the chief building material.
The board justified the use of Indiana limestone on the basis of the impracticality and the expense of using Georgia marble or granite and that competitors possessed superior facilities for the quarrying and dressing of the stone.
It should be noted, however, that the cornerstone, all interior floors and steps, and many walls of the capitol were constructed of Georgia marble. Along the sides of walls on the second floor is Etowah marble, noted for its pink hue. In all, the marble used in the interior would cover almost 1 1/2 acres, and ironically cost $12,000 more than all of the Indiana limestone used in constructing the entire capitol. And, if some pride was salvaged by using marble in the interior of the capitol, additional pride came from the fact that Georgia granite was used for the foundation of the building.
The old city hall-county courthouse, which had served as the first statehouse in Atlanta, was put for sale at auction on October 15, 1884. The winning bid to tear it down was for $975, and on October 27th the building was razed. However, salvaged from the old city hall were about 500,000 bricks that would be used in the new state capitol.
On November 13, 1884, construction on the new capitol began, although it was 10 months before the cornerstone was laid. On September 2, 1885, an estimated 10,000 people were present to watch the setting of the marble cornerstone.
Construction of the capitol took nearly four and a half years, with approximately 250 workmen involved. During this time, large steam-powered derricks, pulleys, and rock polishing machines were set up. One reporter for the Atlanta Constitution observed the following:
“The visitor to the grounds will be amazed at the size and weight of the huge blocks of stone used in the material, and surprised at the ease and facility with which they are moved and placed in position by the steam derricks, pulleys, and every modern appliance for handling the heavy materials.
In the basement are found a number of workmen engaged in laying cement, polishing stone, making ornamental cornices, and plastering. Huge engines were furnishing steam for the listing apparatus; fires all aglow, managed by soot-begrimed firemen, reminded one of a blast furnace in Tallapoosa.”
Although the original act authorizing construction of the capitol had stipulated a completion date of January 1, 1889, it was not until March 20, 1889, that construction was formally completed and the keys delivered to Governor John B. Gordon.
The Kimball Opera House had continued to serve as Georgia’s statehouse, but on July 3, 1889, the members of the General Assembly marched as a body from the Kimball building to the new capitol. On that next day, July 4, formal dedication of the capitol occurred. In thanking the members of the commission that had overseen the construction, Governor Gordon concluded with these remarks:
“Built upon the crowning hill of her capital city, whose transformation from desolation and ashes to life, thrift and beauty, so aptly symbolizes the State’s resurrection, this proud structure will stand through the coming centuries a fit memorial of the indomitable will of this people.”
The capitol commissioners took no small amount of pride in the fact that the task had been accomplished without exceeding the original appropriation. In their final report, the commissioners listed the expenditures as follows:
Aggregate amount for work and materials, $897,210.48
Salaries of five commissioners, five and one-half years, $27,500.00
Architects’ salaries, drawings, etc., $25,000.00
Salaries of superintendents, $10,626.00
Additional land bought to “square” lot, $20,000.00
Frescoing halls and offices, $10,645.00
Miscellaneous, $8,900.09
Appropriated for capitol, $1,000,000.00
Balance left in treasury, $118.40
This amount was returned to the state treasury—a remarkable feat—supplemented by $135,292 from the sale of the Kimball statehouse the following year.
Housed in the new capitol were the Offices of Governor, Treasurer, Comptroller General, Agricultural Commissioner, Attorney General, Adjutant General, School Commissioner, State Chemist, Geology Department, Railroad Commission, Secretary of State, State Library, Principal Keeper of the Penitentiary, and the State Physician. Additionally located here were the Supreme Court and the General Assembly. For the latter, in addition to the House and Senate chambers, offices for the speaker and clerk of the House and the president and secretary of the Senate were provided, as well as 23 committee rooms.
Essentially, as of 1889, this was most of Georgia’s state government, except for the field offices and employees. In any event, it was said that there were as many vacant rooms in the capitol as occupied at this time. In fact, some of the rooms on the top floor were used as bedrooms for the family of the Adjutant General, who served as Keeper of Public Buildings. It is reported that one assistant Adjutant General who lived there with his family of seven children had the misfortune to lose one who fell out the window from these quarters.
If the capitol was only half filled in 1889, the growth of government was such that the Keeper of Public Buildings, in his 1910 report to the legislature, was calling for the need to build an annex, which he predicted would be “an absolute necessity” within a few years. Indeed, state agencies soon began branching out to offices in downtown Atlanta. Usually, the main office of a state agency would retain headquarters within the capitol, with records and subordinate offices moving into rented office space away from the capitol.
During the 1930s and 1940s, the state erected several buildings for use by state agencies, also purchasing several existing structures for conversion into state office space. A major problem, however, prohibiting more positive action by the state to build sufficient office space was a constitutional prohibition against the state incurring debt. It was difficult for the state to finance the cost of constructing major office buildings within a single appropriation act, and the constitution prohibited carrying the debt over several years.
In the early 1950s, the state created its first public authority as a means of circumventing the constitutional provision against debt. An “authority” is a public corporation created by the legislature to perform a particular function. Legally, an authority is not an official state agency—though it is created to serve the state—and can thus incur debt, where state agencies in the 1950s could not. Therefore, an authority was created to borrow money to finance construction of state office buildings. The state then “rented” these facilities from the authorities at an annual rate to pay off this debt as each year’s installment became due.
The authority responsible for financing and building state office buildings in the capitol complex was the Georgia Building Authority, which continues today with general authority for construction and maintenance of state office buildings in Atlanta.
Architectural Style of the Capitol
In contrast to the 18th century Georgian-styled Louisville statehouse and the Gothic-inspired capitol at Milledgeville, Georgia’s current capitol is depicted as Classic Renaissance in architectural style. Classic Renaissance arose during the 1400s and 1500s in Italy, originating out of an era when interest was renewed in the culture of ancient Greece and Rome.
The genealogy of the Georgia capitol traces to the ancient Roman Pantheon, built around 120 A.D. This edifice, still standing today, bears a striking resemblance to many capitol buildings of American states, as well as to several notable churches of the world.
In the early 1,400s, the Cathedral of Florence revived the dome in architectural popularity, followed shortly by St. Peter’s Church in Rome, whose dome was designed by Michelangelo. St. Peter’s architectural style unmistakably serves as a pattern for capitols in many states, with the dome of the Minnesota capitol an almost identical replica.
Sir Christopher Wren, who designed Saint Paul’s Church in London in the late 1600s, continued the Classic Renaissance style, and from the front entrance, excluding towers on the extreme left and right, Saint Paul’s bears a striking resemblance to the Georgia capitol as seen from its main entrance.
During the 1780s, prior to the end of the Revolutionary War, Maryland’s legislature authorized the remodeling of Maryland’s statehouse, including the addition of a dome, the first in America.
By the end of the Revolutionary War, there were at least nine statehouses in use, all of Georgian architectural style. Following the war, however, designers of governmental buildings in this country looked to the classical forms of ancient Greece and Rome. Prominent in this new direction was Thomas Jefferson, who felt the new American states embodied the spirit of the ancient republics of Greece and Rome, and that their ancient temples embodied a dignity that should befit public buildings in this new country.
Jefferson, who had the most complete architectural library in America, was particularly interested in the revival of Greek classical architecture in Italy, and encouraged a young architect, Charles Bulfinch, to study the style in France and Rome. Subsequently, in 1785, Bulfinch designed a new capitol for Massachusetts, completed 10 years later as a domed statehouse. In later years, he would also be involved in construction of the U.S. capitol, serving from 1817 to 1830 as capitol architect.
To many Americans, the dome soon became a symbol of democratic government. Not only would the national capitol and many state capitols adopt this architectural feature, but the dome also became a prominent feature of numerous county courthouses and city halls across America.
Pennsylvania’s old capitol (no longer standing), completed in 1821, became the general pattern for state capitol buildings in this country. The addition of a dome on the nation’s capitol during the Civil War further solidified the role of the dome on statehouse buildings during the next four decades. It was during this period that Georgia authorized its first domed state capitol.
Interestingly, the era of the dome ended with World War I, and of all state capitols constructed since that time, only one, West Virginia’s, has included a dome. Still, 39 state capitols have the characteristic dome, and undoubtedly this survives as one of the symbols of democracy in this nation. While professional architects often criticized the style of these capitols at the time of their construction, popular opinion generally was weighed in favor of the dome and the other features we so commonly associate with what a capitol building should look like.
At the time of its construction, Georgia’s capitol was the tallest building in Atlanta, rising 272’ 4 1/2” from the ground floor. At its greatest length, it is 347’ 9”. In contrast, our nation’s capitol is 287’ 5 1/2” in total height, and 350’ in width. Among state capitol buildings, Georgia’s ranks 12th in height. In the South, only the 34-story, 450-foot-high Louisiana capitol (built as a modern skyscraper) and the 311-foot-high Texas capitol are taller than Georgia’s capitol.
Until the early 1980s, Georgia’s capitol was the tallest of all buildings in the capitol complex. Many people assumed that state law or tradition prevented any other building in the complex from exceeding the height of the capitol. In the U.S. capitol complex, such a tradition apparently is in effect, precluding construction of any office building in the immediate vicinity of the national capitol which would exceed its height. However, in Georgia no such rule exists. In fact, the Twin Towers office building across the street from the capitol well exceeds the height of the capitol.
For a number of years, an observation room atop the capitol dome was a popular site for residents of Atlanta and visitors to the city. There, a panoramic view of the city and countryside was available, including a view of both Stone Mountain and Kennesaw Mountain. It is even reported that earlier in this century, at least one couple chose to be married in this room, even though it was a grueling climb of several hundred steps in winding stairways for the wedding party. Because of safety reasons, this observation area has been closed to the public.
The outer dimensions of the dome are estimated to be approximately 75’ in diameter. Above this dome is the observation area, topped by a smaller dome, called a cupola, with a statue atop that.
Mystery of the Capitol Statue
Atop Georgia’s capitol is a statue of a woman with a torch in one hand and a sword in the other. Several legends have arisen over this statue as to who she is, what she represents, and how she came to adorn Georgia’s capitol.
A popular tradition has been that the statue was originally created for the Ohio capitol, but when that state could not afford her, she was bought by Georgia for its capitol, then under construction. During the 1950s, then State Librarian Ella Mae Thornton attempted to clear up the mystery. First, she demonstrated evidence that a statue was called for in the architect’s original plans for the Georgia capitol. She also found that the statue was built in Salem, Ohio, by the Mullins Manufacturing Corporation, although no records could be traced to the original order for the statue.
More recently, Ohio officials have researched the question of whether original plans for the Ohio capitol called for a statue. They found that a great deal of controversy accompanied construction of that capitol, with five separate architects employed. It is known that Ohio ran out of money for construction at one point, and it took a total of 23 years for its completion.
It is plausible that with the controversy over the Ohio capitol, the different architects responsible for its design, and the lack of funds for its construction a statue may have been authorized at one point, with the state later unable to afford it or deciding not to use a statue. At this point, the state of Georgia, needing a statue for its capitol, could have purchased the statue. More likely, however, the statue was built specifically for Georgia’s capitol. But we may never know.
Another aspect of the statue’s mystery is her name. State researchers have long sought to find if she was ever given an official name. In recent decades, she has been unofficially designated “Miss Freedom.” It is not known whether she was ever given an official name, though there is the suggestion that if she was, that name in fact was “Goddess of Liberty.” An Atlanta Constitution reporter accompanying Captain W.H. Harrison, secretary of the board of capitol commissioners, on a tour of the capitol while still under construction reported Captain Harrison’s commen:
“It will be a grand sight when the interior of the dome is lighted with electric lights, the lantern brilliantly illuminated by electricity, and there is a flaming torch in the hand of the Goddess of Liberty that will be visible at night for miles and miles around.”
The statue stands between 15 and 20 feet high, depending on how she is measured, weighs about 1,800 pounds, and is made of copper. The fact that she is painted white leads many visitors viewing from the capitol grounds to assume the statue has been carved from stone.
At night, the torch in her hand is lighted. Although it was planned from the first that a light would be placed within the torch, it was not until 1959 that this was actually achieved. A five-inch tube was placed through her arm, with a retractable trolley so that the light bulb can be changed from the inside.
Renovating the Capitol
By the capitol’s 40th birthday, the wear and tear on the building was beginning to show, and Governor L.G. Hardman was pushing for legislative support for renovating the structure. In 1929, the General Assembly appropriated $250,000 for this purpose, though $55,000 of the amount was used to buy two pieces of land adjacent to the capitol for future construction of an annex.
A major need was for additional office space within the capitol. The ground floor had been left essentially unfinished and served as a basement for the building, with portions also serving as stables for the horses and carriages of state officials. Though some of the basement had been converted to office space during the years following the capitol’s construction, the 1929 renovation was used to complete the first floor as office space.
The paint on the capitol’s interior had begun to flake and peel and in 1929 was repainted using brighter colors. Autographs were removed from the walls leading to the dome, while the building was rewired, pipes replaced, and new elevators installed.
Six years later, in 1935, additional renovation was undertaken on the dome. In 1938, the state and federal government’s Public Works Administration spent $50,000 for additional renovation. And, in 1947, a small amount of money was further expended for repairs.
By the 1950s, several critical problems had surfaced, and state officials were faced with the need for major renovation. Of all problems, the dome needed the greatest attention. The dome and surrounding areas were originally intended to be constructed of limestone, as was the rest of the capitol. But, to keep costs within the limit set by the legislature in 1883, wood and pressed tin were used in many places, particularly on the upper portions. In the end, not only the dome was covered with tin, but the balustrades, large columns below the dome, and various other ornamental portions were made from tin.
Although the board of capitol commissioners had been particularly proud of the fact they had completed their project without exceeding the $1,000,000 limit, it had now become apparent how that accomplishment had been achieved. By the 1950s, portions of the tin on the dome had almost blown off, and the area became so dangerous that Secretary of State Fortson closed the dome to the general public around 1954. Water seepage was so bad through the dome and roof that the fourth floor ceiling had begun to disintegrate, with paint and plaster curling and peeling off. In many places, the tin had rusted through and the wood underneath rotted out. The deterioration was so great that the legislature finally appointed a committee to examine the capitol, particularly after the urging of Secretary of State Fortson and Governor Marvin Griffin.
Initially, it was estimated that the cost of repair would be $600,000, of which almost one-third of the cost, $200,000, would go to setting up the scaffold. In 1957, the General Assembly authorized funds for renovating the capitol, with the project to be under the responsibility of the secretary of state. During this undertaking, some 2,000,000 pounds of Indiana limestone would be hauled up the scaffolds to replace the rotting tin and wood areas beneath and above the dome. Under the cupola, stainless steel walls were added, and new metal roofing topped the fourth floor.
During this project, 16 tin columns beneath the dome were replaced by columns of limestone. Each of these columns is estimated to weigh 10 tons. The columns were cut into four pieces, hauled up the scaffold’s elevator, rolled like logs onto small hydraulic trolleys, and carried across plywood walkways on the scaffolding.
Adding the Gold to the Capitol Dome
During a 1957 renovation of Georgia’s capitol, the idea was proposed that the deteriorated tin-covered dome be replaced by a more attractive and durable surface, to then be covered by a gilding of Georgia gold. Credit for this idea goes to two people: Thomas Bradbury, the architect in charge of renovating the capitol, and Gordon Price, a Dahlonega-born engineer living in Atlanta.
Bradbury, in his original plans for remodeling the capitol, suggested gilding the dome with gold, but to gild only the 16 ribs on the dome and the cupola or smaller dome on which the statue rests. Governor Griffin had initially turned this idea down because of the extra cost for the gold. Price, however, met with Bradbury, state officials, and the Dahlonega Chamber of Commerce, suggesting the possibility that citizens from Dahlonega and Lumpkin County might donate the gold to the state. On April 25, 1958, the chamber voted to make the gold collection a local project, and the state accepted the proposal.
Within a week, 20 ounces of gold had been pledged from citizens of an area which 131 years earlier had been the site of the nation’s first gold rush. Dahlonega Jaycees set May 25 as “Panning Day” to take to the hills and streams to search for gold. Not only was new gold being sought, but a campaign was initiated to seek donations of Dahlonega gold from people who had collected souvenirs of north Georgia gold in earlier days. In addition to the pride of contributing gold for the capitol dome that they would feel, the name of each person who gave gold would be placed on a plaque to be located within the capitol.
Secretary of State Fortson accepted the chairmanship of the gold dome project, which by the end of July had collected the 43 ounces of gold estimated as necessary to cover the dome.
On August 4, 1958, a caravan of seven mule-drawn covered wagons left Dahlonega with the gold contained in a chest that reportedly had belonged to William Few, a Georgia signer of the United States Constitution in 1787. The three-day trip to Atlanta, during which time the wagon train averaged about three miles an hour, reached Atlanta on August 6, 1958. The next day, in ceremonies on the steps of the state capitol, the gold was presented to Governor Griffin. Thereafter the gold was sent to Philadelphia, where it was milled into gold leaf 1/5,000th of an inch thick, or about the thickness of the tinfoil when peeled from a chewing gum wrapper.
Before the gold could be applied to the dome, the dome had to be covered with several coats of asphalt and cement because of the uneven surface of the terra cotta tiles that had been located under the original tin. Then the dome was covered with shingles of monel metal, a gray colored alloy of copper and nickel. These 18-inch square shingles were attached by means of barbed nails, with each shingle secured to the one below it. Finely milled gold leaf was then attached after a coat of sizing was applied to the monel shingles.
Regilding the Capitol Dome
At the time the gold was applied, it was thought it would last 30 or 40 years. Unfortunately, the gold was applied during the winter months. At the time, the engineers thought it would be best to apply the gold during cold weather because there aren’t any bugs to fly into the sizing then. However, since that time it has been discovered that the gold leaf won’t bond properly when it is applied during cold weather.
Another problem with a gold dome, however, is that because of the thinness of the leaf, it is susceptible to wearing away due to oxidation and weather. For instance, officials in one state with a gold dome report that after every hail storm a number of people can be observed at the base of the capitol looking for flakes of gold knocked off by the hail stones.
As of 1977, only 19 years after application, almost half of the gold was gone from the dome. Concern over the disappearing gold and the dome’s appearance led a number of Georgians and state officials to explore how the dome might be regilded. Rather than rely on the state legislature to appropriate the money, it was decided to seek public support for the project. The Dahlonega-Lumpkin County Jaycees again committed their organization to raising the gold for the project, with overall responsibility for regilding to be assumed by the Georgia Building Authority, which has responsibility for the capitol and other government buildings.
Using the theme “Make Georgia a Shining Example,” a fund-raising campaign was initiated to sell bumper stickers, booklets, buttons, and T-shirts. Additionally, citizens or groups could make a donation to cover the cost of placing one 18” x 18” square of gold leaf on the dome.
An important part of the fund-raising campaign was also conceived: a wagon train to cross the state, visiting each of the state’s former capitals. This wagon train, under wagonmaster Frank Rickman of Clayton, assembled on the beaches of Jekyll Island in May 1979, with a total of 30 wagons. After a journey of almost six weeks, the wagon train pulled up to the city limits of Dahlonega in June 1979, where Governor George Busbee boarded the lead Conestoga wagon to drive the wagon for the final few miles.
When school started that fall, many schools and classes undertook raising funds for the gold dome as a special project, and contributions were received from thousands of students.
By Thanksgiving weekend, enough gold for the dome had been collected, and the wagon train reassembled for the final leg of the journey. This time, about 75 wagons plus hundreds of riders joined the train. Despite a steady rain throughout the three-day trip, spirits were not dampened, and on the afternoon of November 25, the wagon train, after following the same journey of its predecessor in 1958, pulled into Piedmont Park. The next morning, a bright sun greeted the wagon train for the final two miles of the trip, and on the steps of the capitol at noon the governor in brief remarks accepted the gold destined for the dome, carried in the same chest of William Few’s that was used in 1958.
This time, a great deal of care had gone into the preparation of the dome for proper bonding of the gold leaf. Under the watchful eye of Manos Tsitsilianos and his family of Greek artisans, the gold was applied in a special process which should keep the dome brilliant well into the 21st century.
Visitors to the capitol may wonder how unique Georgia is in having a gold-domed capitol. In addition to Georgia, nine other states have capitol domes covered with gold leaf: Colorado, Connecticut, Iowa, Massachusetts, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, and Wyoming. Of these, those of Iowa and Georgia are the two largest gilded domes.
State Museum
Georgia’s state capitol is one of the few capitols in the United States that also houses the state museum. The story of this museum is interesting, as it came into being by accident. In 1896, some of the items displayed by Georgia at the Cotton States and International Exposition held in Atlanta the previous year were placed in the corridors of the 4th floor of the capitol, with other items located in the basement (actually the first floor).
Popularity of these exhibits led to the addition of other exhibits, and, in time, the 4th floor evolved into a museum. In 1955, the legislature formally designated the exhibits as the State Museum of Science and Industry and placed the museum under the direction of the Office of the Secretary of State.
In time, the “State Museum” was an eclectic assortment of rocks, guns, prehistoric artifacts, animals (whether native to Georgia or not), displays, diorams, and numerous other items. Several studies of the future of the museum were conducted. Some called on a new state museum to be created in a new or existing building in the state capitol complex—though funding was always a problem. As the 1996 Summer Olympics approached, efforts were made to update the collections and displays on the 4th floor of the capitol. By 1998, work was under way for a new concept for a state museum—one focusing on the importance of the capitol to the people of Georgia.
State Capitol Complex
At the time of its dedication, the Georgia capitol was only half filled with occupants. In fact, some of the rooms on the top floor were reportedly used as bedrooms for the family of the Adjutant General, who served as Keeper of Public Buildings. Twenty years later, however, state government had grown to the point that the Adjutant General declared the need for a capitol annex.
In the 1930s and 1940s, the state erected several new buildings for use by state agencies, also purchasing some existing structures adjacent to the capitol for office space. In the early 1950s, the Georgia Building Authority was created by the legislature and empowered to borrow money to finance construction of new state office buildings.
Today, most agencies of Georgia state government have their headquarters in an area known as the “State Capitol Complex,” which consists of all or parts of 10 square blocks surrounding the state capitol.
The latest addition to the complex is the 20 story Twin Towers Office Building, officially designated the James “Sloppy” Floyd Veteran Memorial Building. Constructed in the early 1980s, this is the first office building in the complex to rise over the capitol in height. Its high-rise style was part of a capitol complex master plan for future state office buildings. However, since completion of Twin Towers, no new state office buildings have been constructed in the capitol complex, with the governor and General Assembly instead preferring that state agencies rent or lease private-sector office space in downtown Atlanta. However, the old Health Building across the street from the state capitol was converted into the Legislative Office Building in the late 1980s, and, in the 1990s, a new state parking deck was built to the east of Twin Towers.
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In what country would you find the Imola motor racing circuit? | Capital Cities of the Confederacy
Capital Cities of the Confederacy
First Capital: Montgomery, Alabama
The Capitol Building in Richmond, Virginia (Library of Congress)
Founded in 1819, on the high bluffs above the Alabama River and 330 miles from the Gulf of Mexico, Montgomery, Alabama quickly became the heart of the state's plantation economy. By 1846 Montgomery was named Alabama's capital. In 1861, 9,000 people lived in the city, considered the richest for its size in the nation. Montgomery was a transportation center, with steamboats traveling to Mobile, stagecoaches traveling east, and a railroad running northeast and southwest.
On January 11, 1861, the State of Alabama seceded from the Union. Less than one month later, in early February, the Alabama secession convention invited delegates of the other seceded states to meet in Montgomery to form the new Confederate nation. Delegates from six of the seven seceded states (the Texans arrived late) wrote a constitution for the Confederate States of America in only four days; the next day they elected Jefferson Davis the Confederacy's president. In late February, Davis took the oath of office while standing on the portico of the state capitol in Montgomery.
Montgomery's three hotels and numerous boarding houses were crowded with government officials, politicians, soldiers, and newspapermen. It became more of a metropolis than a quiet village, with its streets crowded with carriages and horses, and people on the prowl for gossip, argument, and discussion. Everyone admired the town's beauty.
But by May the summer's humid heat and the mosquitoes changed many people's minds about Montgomery. So when the newly seceded Virginians offered their own state and their own capital as the seat of the Confederacy, many were eager to accept the offer. Mary Boykin Chesnut noted in her diary that her husband, a former U.S. Senator, was against the move. However, she remarked, "I think these uncomfortable hotels will move the Congress. Our statesmen love their ease."
Jefferson Davis was at first opposed, believing the capital should reside in the Deep South, where the feelings for secession were most fervent. However, the Confederate Congress approved the move and adjourned May 21, and scheduled to meet in Richmond two months later. As Dr. James McPherson writes in Battle Cry of Freedom, "Virginia brought crucial resources to the Confederacy. Her population was the South's largest. Her industrial capacity was nearly as great as that of the seven original Confederate states combined. The Tredegar Iron Works in Richmond was the only plant in the South capable of manufacturing heavy ordnance. Virginia's heritage from the generation of Washington, Jefferson, and Madison gave her immense prestige..."
The Confederacy's Most Permanent Capital:
Richmond, Virginia
Davis left Montgomery May 26 at the climax of the fervor following the fall of Fort Sumter and Lincoln 's call for 75,000 troops. Arriving in Richmond, the capital of Virginia, on May 29, he was met by crowds at the railroad station and throngs along the streets to the Spotswood Hotel.
Richmond was a much larger metropolis than Montgomery. The heart of the South's industry, Richmond was also a market town specializing in flour and slaves. It was a beautiful town located at the foot of the Great Falls of the James River and on seven hills. Its citizens compared it to Rome. Between 1861 and 1865, its population swelled to 100,000 and more. Much to its citizens' dismay, many of the new residents were rowdy, noisy, and troublesome. In addition, because the city was the Confederate capital, it became the focus of Union attention. The threat of capture by Federal forces was constant.
Richmond at first thrived as the capital of the Confederacy. Then starved. Then burned when, at last, Robert E. Lee 's forces were forced to retreat, leaving the city defenseless.
The Last Capital: Danville, Virginia
Located in south central Virginia, not far from the North Carolina border, Danville was the western terminus of the Richmond and Danville Railroad and a major Confederate supply base. Jefferson Davis and his government traveled to Danville as Richmond fell to the Federal army. The city was the seat of the Confederate government for only eight days, April 3-10, 1865.
Danville's quartermaster, Major William T. Sutherlin, offered his home to Davis and the Confederate government. Davis occupied an upstairs bedroom, and the Confederate cabinet met in the Sutherlin dining room. Davis delivered his final proclamation to the Confederate nation from the home on April 4.
Davis believed that Danville was only a temporary location for the government. He believed that the Confederacy had "entered upon a new phase of the struggle" in which the fight would not be tied to the defense of cities, but taken to the mountains in guerrilla warfare.
But Lee's decimated army could not hold out. The cabinet was sitting at dinner when word of Lee's surrender at Appomattox reached Danville. The Confederate government would have to move immediately. They had originally intended to move to Lynchburg, but with no army operating in Virginia, the government would have to move south, toward Joseph Johnston's army. Davis still had hope the Confederacy could survive the recent series of disasters. He left Danville, Virginia for Greensboro, North Carolina, in the rain.
________________________________________
Sources:
• Chesnut, Mary Boykin. A Diary From Dixie. Edited by Ben Ames Williams. Harvard University Press, 1980.
• McPherson, James. Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. Oxford University Press, 1988.
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Who was the England football manager prior to Alf Ramsay? | England's Managers - Index
England's Managers
P 4 W 2 D 2 L 0 F 7: A 2
The Coaches/Managers
BME Players
Not until 1946 did the England national team have a manager or coach. From 1870, when England played their first match, a friendly not recognised as official, until the Second World War, the team was selected by International Select Committee functionaries, at first the F.A. Secretary and later the F.A.'s International Committee. Although most of the national teams of Continental Europe and South America had coaches from their beginnings, England's footballing establishment viewed coaching with suspicion in general and as unnecessary at this level in particular. The selected players simply showed up, took the pitch and played their own game. Match preparation, if there was time for it, was limited to training runs, conditioning exercises and perhaps a kickabout or two.
The International Federation of Football History & Statistics (IFFHS), a scholarly enterprise based in Wiesbaden, Germany, claims in its book on England's matches before the Second World War that Herbert Chapman was the team "trainer"--a term it uses in the Continental European sense of manager or coach--for the 1-1 draw with Italy in Rome on 13 May 1933 and that Thomas Whittaker was the "trainer" for six matches, the 5-2 win against Scotland at Wembley Stadium on 5 April 1930, the 2-1 loss to Austria in Vienna on 6 May 1936, the 3-2 loss to Belgium in Brussels on 9 May 1936, and the last three pre-war matches in 1939, the 2-2 draw with Italy in Milan on 13 May, the 2-1 loss to Yugoslavia in Belgrade on 18 May, and the 2-0 victory over Romania in Bucharest on 24 May. IFFHS, England (1872 - 1940), Eire (1924 - 1940), England/Amateurs (1906 - 1940): Full Internationals, pp. 116, 126, 134-35, 147-49 (IFFHS, Wiesbaden, Germany, 2000).
Chapman, the famed Huddersfield Town and Arsenal manager of the 1920's and 1930's, did indeed play an advisory role in England's two-match Continental European tour of 1933, which also included the 4-0 win against Switzerland in Berne on 20 May as well as the draw with Italy a week earlier, but he never received an official appointment with the England team and acted in an entirely informal capacity. Another historian has the proper perspective: "in 1933, despite objections from selectors, he acted as unofficial manager to the England team in Italy and Switzerland with considerable success. His tactical pre-match team talks helped effect a 4-0 victory over a strong Swiss team, and a 1-1 draw against Italy, in Rome." Tony Say, "Herbert Chapman: Football Revolutionary?", The Sports Historian, vol 16, pp. 81-98 (May, 1996).
Whittaker, too, accompanied the England team on occasion. But at the time he was the physical trainer for Arsenal, under Chapman at first and, following Chapman's death in early 1934, George Allison. It was almost certainly that role he filled with England; he certainly never received an appointment making him coach or manager of the England team. Whittaker did not become a manager himself until 1947, when he succeeded Allison at Arsenal. The IFFHS itself seems uncertain about Whittaker's role. While its book names him as trainer in the summaries of six matches taking place in 1930, 1936 and 1939, it inconsistently has him as trainer for only the three 1939 matches in the tabular record that follows the match summaries.
The role Chapman or Whittaker filled with the England team was purely on an ad hoc basis. The F.A. did not give either of them official appointments putting them in charge of the team, and neither ever had anything resembling the authority of a manager or coach over the England team. For these reasons, it would be inaccurate to include them in the list of England managers/coaches.
When international play resumed in 1946 following World War II's seven-year disruption, Walter Winterbottom was named England's first coach and manager. For the first few months of his tenure, he had responsibility for the national team as national director of coaching, but in May, 1947, immediately after England's 1-0 loss to Switzerland in Zurich, he was appointed England team manager. Under neither title did Winterbottom have the final authority to select the England team, which still rested with the International Committee. While Winterbottom played an advisory role in team selection, he had to negotiate for the inclusion of players he wanted and he usually ended up accepting players who were not his first choice as part of the bargaining process.
The International Committee yielded the selection power only in 1963, after Winterbottom's successor, Alf Ramsey, accepted the manager's post on the condition that he alone would hold authority over team selection. The ISC disbanded in mid-63, only to be reorganised for Ramsey's first three matches in charge, whilst he still took care of his club, Ipswich Town FC. Since his fourth match, that power has remained with England's manager or head coach ever since.
Over the 45 years from Winterbottom's appointment in 1946 to the World Cup finals of 1990, England had only five permanent managers, which works out to an average tenure of nine years. Another 22 years on, England have had another eight permanent managers or coaches. Terry Venables, Sven-Göran Eriksson, Steve McClaren, Fabio Capello and Roy Hodgson were given the title national team coach rather than manager when they were retained. The diminution in title came in Venables' case because the F.A. wished to minimise his managerial role in view of his business and legal disputes. In Eriksson's case, it presumably was the result of his foreign origins. McClaren, Capello and Hodgson continued on the position.
Four managers/coaches--Joe Mercer, Howard Wilkinson, Peter Taylor and Stuart Pearce--were appointed as caretakers. Mercer served for seven matches in May and June, 1974 after the F.A. sacked England's second and most successful manager, Alf Ramsey. Wilkinson twice served for single matches, the first following Glenn Hoddle's brokered resignation in February, 1999 and the second after Kevin Keegan's resignation in October, 2000. Peter Taylor, while continuing as manager of Leicester City in the English Premiership, succeeded Wilkinson under an appointment encompassing only the friendly match against Italy on 15 November 2000. He was reappointed to take charge of the friendly match against Spain on 28 February 2001, but that reappointment became moot with Eriksson's early assumption of the coaching reigns. Eriksson retained Taylor as a member of his coaching staff, but club pressure forced Taylor to relinquish his England role after the season ended. Stuart Pearce, the under-21 and Olympic team manager, stepped in after Capello resigned, and was even prepared to take England in the European Championship 2012 finals, before Roy Hodgson was appointed.
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| Walter Winterbottom |
What British golfer became the youngest Ryder Cup player in 1977? | My Football Facts & Stats | Legendary Football Players | Alf Ramsey
Legendary Football Players - Alf Ramsey
137. Alf Ramsey
Although he came to football relatively late, Alf Ramsey's intelligent understanding of the game helped him to go on to an extremely successful managerial career. A championship-winning right-back with Tottenham in his playing days, he took Ipswich Town from the Third Division South to the Football League title before being appointed England manager and leading his country to their only international title to date at the 1966 World Cup.
Born in Dagenham in east London on 22 January 1920, Ramsey did not initially pursue football as seriously as many other future stars of the game. When he left school he worked as a grocer's boy, playing amateur football in his spare time. In all likelihood he would have remained in the grocery business but for the outbreak of the Second World War, when he joined the Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry in 1940.
Playing as a right-back for his regiment team, Ramsey impressed Portsmouth in a friendly match and signed for them in 1942, moving on to Second Division Southampton a year later. It was with Southampton that he finally made his professional debut in October 1946 but Ramsey's time at the club was frustrating, narrowly missing out on promotion in two consecutive seasons. He did however win international recognition in December 1948, in a 6-0 win over Switzerland.
In 1949 he moved on to Second Division rivals Tottenham Hotspur, helping the team to win promotion as champions in his first season. Becoming an England regular, Ramsey captained his country three times when regular skipper Billy Wright was unavailable. In 1950 he was selected for the World Cup in Brazil, playing all three group games as England crashed out after an embarrassing defeat to the USA.
A dependable full-back whose passing ability enabled him to begin attacks from deep in his own half, Ramsey helped Tottenham win the league title in their first season after promotion before finishing second the following season. That league title was his only major honour as a player and after a total of 316 league appearances he retired from playing in 1955, aged 35. His final England cap had come in the infamous 6-3 defeat to Hungary at Wembley in 1953, a match in which he he scored one of England's goals.
On his retirement Ramsey was appointed manager of Division Three South side Ipswich Town. He had always taken a keen interest in tactics during his playing career and that served him well as a manager. After narrowly missing promotion in his first season he led Ipswich into Division Two in 1957, claiming the title on goal average ahead of Torquay United. After three season hovering around mid-table, Ramsey's team stormed to another promotion in 1961, reaching the First Division for the first time in their history.
In their first season, Ipswich sensationally mounted a successful challenge for the title. They took top spot for the first time at the end of March and finished three points clear of Burnley at the top of the table. It was there that Ramsey first experimented with his revolutionary 4-4-2 system, whereby he dropped conventional wingers in favour of a more recognisable 'midfield', encouraging his team to attack more through the middle of the pitch than on the wings - much to the confusion of opposing teams.
When Walter Winterbottom left the England job in the aftermath of the 1962 World Cup, Ramsey was a leading contender to replace him. First choice for the job was Burnley's Jimmy Adamson, but when he turned it down the post was offered to Ramsey, who accepted. The first manager to take total control of team affairs, he would remain in the job for more than a decade, often being seen as an aloof figure by the media but nevertheless earning great respect from his players, who knew him as firm but fair.
Although Ramsey's first competitive outing with England was a qualifying game for the 1964 European Nations' Cup, which the team lost to France, his main objective was to prepare for the 1966 World Cup on home soil. As early as 1963 Ramsey confidently predicted that his team would win that tournament, although few in the media shared his belief. As part of his preparations for the tournament, he introduced his wingless formation with England to great effect.
When the tournament came round, Ramsey's team were in fine form having won their last seven games, but opened with a frustrating 0-0 draw with Uruguay. He had begun the tournament playing 4-3-3, with one recognisable winger, but despite back-to-back 2-0 wins over Mexico and France which took the team through to the quarter-finals Ramsey was not happy with his formation. For the next match he reverted to 4-4-2 and stuck with that system for the rest of the tournament.
England beat Argentina 1-0 in a bad tempered quarter-final, after which Ramsey famously prevented his players from swapping shirts with their opponents, before edging past Portugal 2-1 to reach the World Cup final for the first time. For the final Ramsey made the brave decision to continue leaving out prolific strilker Jimmy Greaves, who had been injured earlier in the tournament, preferring to continue with Geoff Hurst up front.
After England had come from 1-0 down against West Germany to lead late on, the Germans found a last-gasp equaliser leading to Ramsey's famous pre-extra-time team talk where he told his players "You've won it once. Now you must win it again." Helped by a controversial goal which appeared not to have crossed the line, Hurst completed a hat-trick in extra-time to give England a 4-2 win and their first world title. In honour of his achievement, Ramsey was knighted the following year.
England followed up their World Cup win by reaching the European Championship semi-final in 1968, but lost 1-0 to Yugoslavia and eventually finished third. They would however defend their world title in Mexico in 1970 with a team that many felt was better than the one which had won in 1966. Ramsey's preparation for the tournament was meticulous and although defeat to Brazil left England only second in their group, they were well fancied to win a rematch against West Germany in the quarter-final.
Despite the late withdrawal of goalkeeper Gordon Banks from the team with illness, England surged into a 2-0 lead in that match but things went dramatically wrong late on. West Germany pulled a goal back and Ramsey changed his team by taking off Bobby Charlton, a move which backfired. The Germans equalised and with England faltering in the heat, went on to win after extra-time and end England's reign as World Champions.
In the early 1970s Ramsey's team was in decline. Another defeat to West Germany ended hopes of reaching the last four of the European Championship in 1972 and a disappointing home draw against Poland in the last qualifying game ended England's hopes of reaching the 1974 World Cup. After that match Ramsey, who had often had a tense relationship with his bosses at the FA, was sacked. In all he managed England 113 times, winning 69 of those games.
Although he had a brief spell as caretaker-manager of Birmingham City and as an advisor at Greek club Panathinaikos, the England job was his last high profile involvement in football. In his later years he suffered from Alzheimer's Disease and in 1998 suffered a massive stroke. Living in a nursing home, Ramsey died of a heart attack on 28 April 1999, aged 79. Always inclined to stay out of the limelight, his achievements with Ipswich and England nevertheless make him one of his country's most famous footballing figures.
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In golf, what is the amateur equivalent of the Ryder Cup? | Teeing up ahead of amateur Ryder Cup - Blackpool Gazette
Teeing up ahead of amateur Ryder Cup
Europe's Rory McIlroy
Have your say
The eyes of the sporting world will be focused on the start of the Ryder Cup today – but on the Fylde coast, preparations are already underway for its amateur equivalent.
As Europe tee off against the United States in the popular golf event at Gleneagles, Scotland, Royal Lytham and St Annes is making plans ahead of the Walker Cup, where Great Britain and Ireland will play their American counterparts.
Club secretary Charles Grimley
The event will be held in 12 months’ time at the Fylde coast course and in the past has featured the likes of Tiger Woods, Colin Montgomerie and two of this year’s Ryder Cup stars – world number one Rory McIlroy and US star Rickie Fowler.
Club secretary Charles Grimley said next year’s event “meant a lot” to the club and would complete the list of golf competitions it has hosted.
He added: “We have had the Ryder Cup, the Open, the Women’s Open and the Senior Open.
“This is the last piece of the jigsaw. We are really ecstatic about having it here.
“We are big supporters of amateur golf, in particular hosting the Lytham Trophy.
“We are hoping to have 7,000 people a day for the two day competition.”
The event starts on September 12, featuring four foursomes matches and eight singles matches, followed by four foursomes matches on September 13 and 10 singles matches.
Mr Grimley said discussions have started about preparations with the organisers of the event, the Royal and Ancient (R & A), and felt the support of the Fylde coast golf community would be key to a successful event.
He added: “I went to my first Walker Cup in 2011 at Royal Aberdeen. It is a really good spectator experience.
“The beauty of it is the spectators who walk with the players can follow behind them, rather than being held back by roping alongside the hole.
“If you look back through the history of the competition all the players are the next big thing. To watch these players so closely, who are super talented, is a great experience.
“Hopefully we will get a good spectator presence.”
David Hill, the R & A’s director of championships said: “As one of Great Britain and Ireland’s premier links courses, Royal Lytham will undoubtedly provide a stern test befitting a contest that has come to represent the pinnacle of amateur achievement.
“The golfing public in the north-west of England are extremely knowledgeable and have always shown a keen interest in the amateur game.
“We look forward to welcoming them to Lytham in 2015 for what will be a fantastic celebration of golf.”
Tickets will be free on practice days before the competition starts, with prices to be confirmed on match days.
For more information go to www.randa.org
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| Walker Cup |
In Show Jumping, how many points are lost if a horse knocks down both parts of a double fence? | Championship Golf Course | Ryder Cup | Walker Cup | Curtis Cup
Championship Archive
Championship Archive
Ganton has for over a century been the venue for championships and important matches – and is one of only three British courses to host the Ryder Cup, Walker Cup and Curtis Cup. When playing Ganton, you are indeed walking in the footsteps of the game’s great Champions.
The earliest competition was in 1895 when Yorkshire held its second Championship at the Club. It has been hosted here a further 24 times. The Yorkshire Ladies Championship followed in 1899, and this title has also been contested many times.
The first English Ladies' Championship at Ganton was in 1923 when the famous Miss Joyce Wethered won. The competition has been played a further 4 times at the Club; the latest winner being Miss Hannah Barwood in 2007.
The equivalent Gentlemen's event has been played 5 times. Perhaps the most dramatic was when Michael Bonallack won in 1968. He had a most amazing round in the morning taking only 61 shots. His unfortunate opponent David Kelley set out to play par golf, thinking that if he did he would not be too many down and might in fact finish the round 1 or 2 up. Kelley succeeded admirably in his aim, but went into lunch 11 down! Bonallack`s round was made up of 32 out and 29 in. Unfortunately, the score could not be considered official as a number of short putts were conceded. However, it is an historic round still remembered with admiration.
The Ladies' British Open Amateur Championship has been played at Ganton on 4 occasions; the latest being in 2010 when Kelly Tidy captured the title.
Ganton has also hosted the Amateur Championship 3 times and is the only inland Club to have been honoured with this event. The quality of the winners speak for themselves - Gordon Clark, Peter McEvoy and Gary Wolstenholme.
Many other prestigious amateur events and International Matches have been hosted including the Vagliano Trophy in 1995, the Curtis Cup in 2000, in 2001 the Boys' Championship and in 2003 the Walker Cup.
Various professional events and matches have been played at Ganton. In 1895 Harry Vardon beat JH Taylor by 8 and 6. This victory set Vardon on the path to a famous career starting with his first Open Championship win later that year at Muirfield.
In 1899 Willie Park Junior lost a challenge match to Vardon and two days later Mr John Ball Junior and Vardon beat Mr Freddie Tait and Park 5 & 4 over 36 holes in an International Foursomes. The next significant event was the exciting 1949 Ryder Cup that was won so dramatically on the 2nd day by the United States, having trailed 3 to 1 after the foursomes. Match score 7 - 5.
In 1951 Babe Zaharias led 5 other lady professionals from the United States in an International Mixed Foursomes partnered by British gentlemen professionals. The unique format was 6 rounds of 18 - hole Foursome Strokeplay, the ladies playing with a different male partner in each round.
In 1953 the Club hosted the News of the World PGA Matchplay Championship. An exciting 36 hole final was won by Max Faulkner from Dai Rees on the last hole. Two other prestigious professional events have taken place at Ganton. In 1975 the Dunlop Masters was won by Bernard Gallacher and in 1981 Nick Faldo won the Sun Alliance PGA Championship.
In September 2003 Ganton hosted the 39th Walker Cup Match and joined Royal Birkdale and The Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers in having hosted the premier team event cups ie. Ryder, Curtis and Walker. Royal Lytham & St Annes has become the 4th member of this elite group having hosted the 2015 Walker Cup.
In regard to the Walker Cup, it is interesting to note the connections with the Club, six Ganton members have played in Great Britain and Ireland teams. A study of the winners and runners up of major competitions played at Ganton reveals that no less than sixteen of these persons have played in Walker Cup matches.
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In which sport might you come across a 'googly or a chinaman'? | How to Bowl (with Pictures) - wikiHow
Learning the Basics of Bowling
1
Understand the bowling lane. Before you begin to bowl, you have to understand the function of the bowling lane. A bowling lane is 60 feet (18.3 m) long from the foul line, the line closest to the bowler, to the head pin, the pin closest to the bowler. There are gutters on either side of the bowling lane. If a ball veers off the lane, it goes into the gutters and is out of play.
The approach area is 15 feet (4.6 m) long and ends at the foul line. The bowler cannot overstep the foul line during their approach or their shot won't count.
If a ball goes into the gutters and then bounces out and hits the pins, it won't count.
2
Understand the bowling pins. Ten pins are arranged at the end of the bowling lane at the beginning of every frame. They are arranged in a triangle formation, with the point of the triangle facing the bowler. There is one pin in the first row, which is the head pin, two pins in the second row, three in the third, and four in the fourth. [1]
The locations of the pins are assigned numbers 1-10. The pins in the back row have the numbers 7-10, the pins in the row above the back row are numbered 4-6, the pins in the second row are numbered 2-3, and the head pin is pin 1.
All pins will earn the bowler one point if they are hit. The numbers are based on location, not value.
3
Learn the lingo. Before you can call yourself a true bowler, you should be aware of a few different bowling terms. Knowing these terms will also make it much easier for you to understand the rules. Here they are:
A strike is when you knock down all the pins with the ball on your first try.
A spare is when you knock down all the pins on your second try.
A split is when the first ball of a frame knocks down the headpin (the pin closest to you) but leaves two or more pins that are non-adjacent. It's tough to hit a spare in this situation, especially if you have a 7-10 split, which is the hardest split to hit.
A turkey is three strikes in a row.
If any pins remain after the bowler's turn, it's called an "open frame."
4
Understand how a game of bowling works. One bowling game consists of 10 frames. Each frame is equal to one turn for the bowler. The bowler's objective is to knock down as many pins as possible in a frame, ideally all of them.
A bowler can roll the ball twice in each frame, provided that they do not hit a strike.
5
Learn the scoring. If a bowler has an open frame, then they simply get credit for the number of pins they knocked down. If a bowler knocked down 6 pins after two turns, they simply get two turns. However, if a bowler hits a spare or a strike, the rules get slightly more complicated. [2]
If a bowler hits a spare, then they should place a slash mark on their score sheet. After their next turn, they will receive 10 points plus the number of pins they knock down with that turn. So if they knock down 3 pins after their first turn, then they will get 13 points before their second turn. If they then knock down 2 pins in their second turn, they get a total of 15 points for that round.
If a bowler hits a strike, they should record an X on their scoresheet. The strike will earn the bowler ten points plus the number of pins knocked down on the player's next two turns in the following round.
The most a bowler can score in one game is 300 points. This represents 12 strikes in a row, or 120 pins that were knocked down in 12 frames. A perfect game has 12 strikes and not ten, because if the bowler gets a strike on the last frame, then they can take two more turns. If those two turns are also strikes, they will have 300 points.
If a player rolls a spare in the last frame, then they can take one more turn.
Part 2
Preparing to Bowl
1
Find a bowling alley. Go online to find a local bowling alley that suits your needs. Try to find a place that offers bowling lessons or has beginner bowling leagues.
If you want to go bowling with friends, find a place that's rated for having a fun environment and maybe some food and snacks as well.
2
Go to the bowling alley you've chosen. Talk to the fellow bowlers and staff, and see if you can even join a game. Alternately, you can go to an alley with a group of friends. If you ask a crowd if you can join their game, make sure it isn't too competitive. You may even make new friends at the alley.
3
Get some bowling shoes. If you're a beginner, you can just rent shoes at the alley. If you want to kick up your game, you can buy a pair of your own shoes. Street shoes won't work for bowling because they'll either make you stick to the floor instead of sliding naturally, or they'll make you slip too much and injure yourself.
If you don't wear bowling shoes, you can also damage or leave scuff marks on the alley floor. Rent a pair of shoes unless you want to get in trouble before you even start bowling.
Don't forget to wear socks or bring socks to the alley. Some alleys sell socks, but they will be expensive.
4
Choose the right ball. Before you can begin to bowl, you need to find a ball that is the right weight for you and which is the right size for your fingers. The balls will be labeled based on their weight, so a ball with "8" written on it will weigh 8 pounds. Here's how to find a ball of the right size and weight: [3]
Weight. A 14-16 lb ball would work for most adults with bigger hands, and a 10-14 lb ball would work for most adults with smaller hands. Generally, it's better to have a ball that is a little heavier because it will help you gain momentum. A general rule is that a ball should weigh 10% as much as your body, so if you weigh 140 pounds, you should bowl with a 14 lb ball.
Size of the thumb hole. Your thumb should fit snugly into the single thumb hole. You should be able to take it out of the hole without it snagging or getting stuck, but the hole shouldn't be so large that you have to squeeze your thumb in the hole to hang on.
Size of the middle finger holes. Once you've inserted your thumb, you should lay your middle and ring finger across the other two holes. If the span is correct, your two fingers should easily and comfortably lay over the two holes so the middle joint lines up with the side of the hole closest to your thumb. Curl your two fingers into the holes to make sure they fit snugly in the hole like your thumb.
5
Find your bowling lane. Once you've signed up at the alley and put on your shoes, you will be directed to a bowling lane. If you get to choose your lane, pick a lane that is away from loud or noisy people. But it's your choice: you may be able to bowl better if you're surrounded by other bowlers.
Part 3
Starting Bowling
1
Hold the ball correctly. First, pick up your ball and head to the right spot in front of the bowling lane. Place your middle and ring finger in the top 2 holes and place your thumb into the bottom hole.
Hold the ball slightly to your side with your bowling hand underneath the ball and your other hand resting on the bottom side of the ball for extra support.
Keep your thumb on top of the ball at 10:00 position if you're right-handed. Use the 2:00 position if you're a lefty.
2
Approach the foul line. The standard approach consists of standing with your back straight, your shoulders centered squarely towards your target, and your knees slightly bent. Your ball arm should hand straight down by your side. Your back should be tilted slightly forward.
Your feet should be slightly apart and your "slide foot" should be placed slightly in front of the other foot. Your slide foot will be the opposite of the hand you use to bowl (a right handed bowler will slide with their left foot).
3
Work on aiming the ball. Your bowling lane should have a series of dots 7 feet (2.1 m) down the lane, and black arrows about fifteen feet down the lane. If you're a beginning bowler, you should aim to roll the ball in the center of these marks. Once you develop your bowling skills, you can aim to the left or the right of the marks when you hook the ball.
Even if you aim your ball through the center of the marks, you may not be able to hit the pins because the ball can slow down or roll off toward the gutters. Just notice where the ball rolls when you do and don't bowl a solid frame and adjust your aim accordingly.
Focus on aiming at the marks, not the pins.
4
Release the ball. Maintain a straight forward, non-twisting approach of your body, as your ball and hand position should be held relatively the same -- underneath and behind the ball during the swing. Swing your ball arm smoothly back and then forward to release the ball. Release the ball when your arm has moved as far forward as it can go.
When released properly, your thumb should come out first, followed by the fingers. This should help get rotation on the ball, which should help the ball hook and carry once it gets down the lane.
Keep your eye on the target you're aiming towards as you release the ball. If you look down at your feet or the ball, you will lose balance and won't be able to aim your ball correctly.
5
Wipe your hands after your turn is over. Make sure your hands are completely dry before you pick up the ball to start bowl each time. Use a cloth to wipe your hands, or at least wipe your hands on your pants if you don't have one. If your hands are still sweaty, the ball can slip out of your hands.
You can also use rosin, which can be found in most pro bowling shops, to make your fingers and thumb slightly tacky and less slippery.
6
Keep score throughout the game. Most bowling alleys will have a computer near the sitting area that allows you to keep score. If an alley doesn't have a computer, then you will be given a score sheet to record your scores. Either way, the process is the same. Here's how to keep score:
The area in the upper left of each frame is to record the first ball, and the box to the left is for the second ball and if you have a strike. A strike is marked with a "X" and a spare with a "/".
7
Finish close to the foul line. The distance between the delivery line and you should be of about 6 inches if you want to have an optimal release. This means that the ball is lofted a small distance over the foul line before it makes contact with the lane. Thus, the ball gets further down the lane and it preserves energy when hitting the pins. Finishing too far from the foul line means you’ll have to move closer to it when you start in the stance.
Remember that a strike is 10 plus the next two balls, whereas a spare is 10 plus the next ball. If you strike in the first ball in the 10th frame, you get two more balls to determine your final score. 300 is the highest score you can get.
Part 4
Improving Your Bowling Game
1
Watch bowling on TV. Carefully observe the professionals and see what techniques they use. You can also watch video clips of expert bowlers online.
Try to imitate the bowler's stances in your own home. Just remember that you're watching experts, and that your bowling technique will be much simpler than theirs.
2
Ask for advice. If you want to really improve your game, seek out help from other, more advanced bowlers and from coaches. It will always help to have a critical eye watching you and you will gain new insight.
3
Join a bowling league. This is a great way to keep up a regular practice and to make new friends.
Part 5
Bowling etiquette
Just like any other game, bowling is supposed to be fun! While browsing through the following rules of etiquette, keep in mind that they have been established to help the game run smoothly.
1
Read carefully and follow all the specific rules that are posted at the alley.
2
While on the lanes, wear only bowling shoes.
3
Don’t start bowling until the pin-setting machine has finished its cycle.
4
Allow the bowler in an adjacent lane to play first if you both approach the runway at the same time. Otherwise, the player who arrives first goes first.
5
Don’t step or go beyond the foul line, even in casual play. Bowling is a sport so play fair.
6
The ball should be bowled down the lane. Avoid any throwing or tossing of the, as it may damage the lane.
7
Don’t play your game on another lane, you should have enough space on your own.
8
Always ask for permission first when using someone else’s ball.
9
Avoid distracting other players while they are bowling. Check your language and limit swearing as much as you can.
10
Be ready when it's your turn to bowl.
11
If this question (or a similar one) is answered twice in this section, please click here to let us know.
Tips
Keep your eye on your target as you are about to bowl.
Follow-through is important... for example, if you finish your swing with your hand turned like you are going to give a handshake, it will hook the ball.
Bend your knees when you do your approach. This will help you get a straight ball or a little curvy.
Ideally, you want the ball to hook into the pocket (1-3 for right handers) to get the best carry for strike, and straighter is usually better for spares, especially single pin.
A ball that is drilled for you by a professional experienced driller will help you not strain yourself trying to hold onto the ball, as well as getting a clean release-which is key to consistently scoring well.
Stepping is a very important part in bowling. When you start your turn, have the ball at your waist in both hands with your left foot on the center marker. If you are right handed, step out with your right foot, and move the ball outward too. Then next step, you start tossing the ball backwards. Then your third step, the ball is behind you with a swinging motion in progress. Then your final, fourth step, should be your left leg, about three to eight inches away from the foul line, as you quickly swing the ball outward in front of you in however way you are aiming at the pins.
To make your ball go left, turn your hand a little to the left, same with the right hand if you want it to go right.
Warnings
Continue your swing through after releasing the ball to help in preventing injury.
Don't lose your grip on the ball or it may go flying.
Don't swing your shoulder too far back or it may get hurt.
Things You'll Need
| Cricket |
Which river is used for the annual Oxford v Cambridge boat race? | PitchVision
Menno Gazendam is author of Spin Bowling Project. Get your free 8 week spin bowling course here
It seems these days that there are a million and one variations with spin bowlers mixing it up in all sort of ways.
So, let us take a look at the glossary of deliveries for leg spinners:
Stock ball
A stock ball simply refers to the main delivery used by a bowler. It's not always what you think. For example, Anil Kumble's stock ball was, in fact, the top spinner.
For most leg spin bowlers your stock ball will be your leg break .
Leg break
Breaks from leg to the offside , after drifting from off to the leg side. Seam is angled towards slip. The ball ideally will be hitting the top of off stump.
The main dismissal forms are caught (slips or keeper) bowled and LBW.
Top spinner
Although it looks like a leg break, the ball continues straight on after pitching, with a lot of dip in the air beforehand. Seam is angled towards the batsman.
The greater bounce brings catches from close fielders. It can be used as a stock ball or as a surprise variation.
Googly
The opposite of a leg break because the googly spins from off to the leg side . Your action appears to the batsman a leg break. Seam is angled towards leg slip and the ball come out of the back of the hand.
The key is deception off the pitch and so the googly should be used as a variation to bowl batters though the gate who are playing for spin the other way. Some spinners get stuck bowling the googly as a stock ball and if this happens you will probably need to do some repair work .
A little-know bit of history about this ball is that Bernard Bosanquet did not invent the googly. Other players have dabbled with this delivery years before he did. Although the ball will go down in history as the "Bosie".
Slider / back spinner / zooter
This ball is almost the opposite of the top spinner. The seam is angled towards extra cover and spins along its own axis. This delivery is refer to as a slider or back spinner and you will hear this name used in equal amounts. The zooter is what Shane Warne called his slider.
Whatever you call it, the variation skids on trapping the batsman LBW. It's great for strong back foot players who will get caught on the crease.
Flipper
There is no one flipper. In fact, the flipper should really be the family of flippers. There are a variety of ways to bowl this delivery, but the main idea of a flipper is a variation that skids through quick and low after bouncing.
There are versions bowled by WG Grace, Grimmet, Benaud, Warne and a few more obscure historical cricketing characters.
It's tough to learn, but used as a skilful variation will get you wickets.
Quicker ball
This ball is as it sounds: simply pushed through quicker that the stock delivery. The more you can disguise it the better because a common error is to make it obvious with a big change of run up and action.
I can think of no better example than the one delivered by Shaid Afridi, which has brought him tons of wickets. The variation in pace is huge but it's hard to pick.
Remember...
I realise that's a lot of deliveries and variations to think about, try and use. You can speed up the process of untangling the mess and come up with your own way of bowling successful spin with my Spin Bowling Tips guide .
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In horse racing, who was nicknamed 'The Long Fella'? | The O’Briens and the Derby: 1972 – Roberto, Weary Willie and the Long Fella – UK Horse Racing: Race Cards, Form Tools and Tips
/in Horse Racing Blog - News & Info | geegeez.co.uk , News /by IanS
Roberto (right) heads off Rheingold
In 1969 American John Galbreath was owner of the Pittsburgh Pirates baseball team. Alongside this he bred horses at his stud farm in Lexington, Kentucky, and named one of that season’s foals after the Pirates’ star player, Roberto Clemente.
Roberto was sent to Ireland to be trained by Vincent O’Brien, and became champion Irish two-year-old following three first season victories ridden by Johnny Roe, including a win in the Group 1 National Stakes. Lester Piggott took over at Longchamp and the partnership came in fourth in the Grand Criterium. And in the end it was to be Piggott who rode Roberto in the Derby the following year.
For the 1972 Classics Piggott chose to ride Crowned Prince in preference to Roberto. It was a poor choice, and Crowned Prince flopped in the Craven Stakes, his prep race for the 2000 Guineas. Australian Bill Williamson came in for the ride on Roberto, and the two finished second at Newmarket. Sleepy-eyed and laconic, Williamson was known to racegoers as 'Weary Willie' because of his impassive appearance, whether his races ended in victory, defeat or controversy. Roberto’s owner had expressed concerns that he was not the right jockey, citing his age (49) and injuries as handicaps to victory.
When just a couple of weeks before the Derby Williamson had a bad fall at Kempton it gave Galbreath the opportunity to demonstrate that as he was paying the piper he was going to call the tune as well. He asked Bill Williamson to ride a trial gallop on Roberto but the jockey did not turn up as a result of oversleeping. He then took the jockey for an examination at the London clinic of Bill Tucker where he was passed as fit but still Galbreath was dissatisfied. At a meeting in London Claridges hotel he told Bill and Vincent that Lester would be riding Roberto and made the condition that if Roberto won Williamson would be given an equal percentage with Lester of the Prize money.
That was controversial enough, although it was one occasion where Lester was unfairly blamed by both press and public for what happened. There was more controversy in the race, this time for Piggott’s aggrieve use of the whip.
As the field approach the last two furlongs, Roberto became the meat in a sandwich between Pentland Firth in his inner, and Rheingold outside him. Pentland Firth had led the race and was falling back, and Rheingold was starting to lean in to Roberto.
If you can watch the race, you’ll see that it was only once they were inside the final furlong that Piggott was able to get Roberto balanced. Then he let loose, Roberto responded and the pair were home by a head.
Many years later in an interview for The Observer newspaper, Piggott reflected on the race. “The Minstrel had a hard race in the Derby, when he just got up to beat Willie (Carson) on Hot Grove, but I was harder on Roberto,” he said. “I had to win, you know, and he wasn't doing much for me. I felt he could go faster if only he would. When we passed the post I thought I was beat, but I wasn't worried because I was sure I would get the race in the Stewards' Room.”
The result did go to the stewards, but they confirmed the victory. Vincent O’Brien was convinced that only Piggott would have won on the horse that day, and to the jockey, Roberto's reluctance justified the ferocity of his ride, one of those occasions where the will of the jockey was crucial in the final outcome.
In a way, everyone involved was a winner that day. Piggott notched up his sixth win in the Derby, Vincent O’Brien his fourth. Roberto’s owner John Galbreath became the first person to own Epsom and Kentucky Derby winners. And Weary Willie was paid for winning the Derby on horse he didn’t ride.
| Lester Piggott |
In Athletics, what distance was Miruts Yifter undefeated between 1972 and 1981? | The O’Briens and the Derby: 1972 – Roberto, Weary Willie and the Long Fella – UK Horse Racing: Race Cards, Form Tools and Tips
/in Horse Racing Blog - News & Info | geegeez.co.uk , News /by IanS
Roberto (right) heads off Rheingold
In 1969 American John Galbreath was owner of the Pittsburgh Pirates baseball team. Alongside this he bred horses at his stud farm in Lexington, Kentucky, and named one of that season’s foals after the Pirates’ star player, Roberto Clemente.
Roberto was sent to Ireland to be trained by Vincent O’Brien, and became champion Irish two-year-old following three first season victories ridden by Johnny Roe, including a win in the Group 1 National Stakes. Lester Piggott took over at Longchamp and the partnership came in fourth in the Grand Criterium. And in the end it was to be Piggott who rode Roberto in the Derby the following year.
For the 1972 Classics Piggott chose to ride Crowned Prince in preference to Roberto. It was a poor choice, and Crowned Prince flopped in the Craven Stakes, his prep race for the 2000 Guineas. Australian Bill Williamson came in for the ride on Roberto, and the two finished second at Newmarket. Sleepy-eyed and laconic, Williamson was known to racegoers as 'Weary Willie' because of his impassive appearance, whether his races ended in victory, defeat or controversy. Roberto’s owner had expressed concerns that he was not the right jockey, citing his age (49) and injuries as handicaps to victory.
When just a couple of weeks before the Derby Williamson had a bad fall at Kempton it gave Galbreath the opportunity to demonstrate that as he was paying the piper he was going to call the tune as well. He asked Bill Williamson to ride a trial gallop on Roberto but the jockey did not turn up as a result of oversleeping. He then took the jockey for an examination at the London clinic of Bill Tucker where he was passed as fit but still Galbreath was dissatisfied. At a meeting in London Claridges hotel he told Bill and Vincent that Lester would be riding Roberto and made the condition that if Roberto won Williamson would be given an equal percentage with Lester of the Prize money.
That was controversial enough, although it was one occasion where Lester was unfairly blamed by both press and public for what happened. There was more controversy in the race, this time for Piggott’s aggrieve use of the whip.
As the field approach the last two furlongs, Roberto became the meat in a sandwich between Pentland Firth in his inner, and Rheingold outside him. Pentland Firth had led the race and was falling back, and Rheingold was starting to lean in to Roberto.
If you can watch the race, you’ll see that it was only once they were inside the final furlong that Piggott was able to get Roberto balanced. Then he let loose, Roberto responded and the pair were home by a head.
Many years later in an interview for The Observer newspaper, Piggott reflected on the race. “The Minstrel had a hard race in the Derby, when he just got up to beat Willie (Carson) on Hot Grove, but I was harder on Roberto,” he said. “I had to win, you know, and he wasn't doing much for me. I felt he could go faster if only he would. When we passed the post I thought I was beat, but I wasn't worried because I was sure I would get the race in the Stewards' Room.”
The result did go to the stewards, but they confirmed the victory. Vincent O’Brien was convinced that only Piggott would have won on the horse that day, and to the jockey, Roberto's reluctance justified the ferocity of his ride, one of those occasions where the will of the jockey was crucial in the final outcome.
In a way, everyone involved was a winner that day. Piggott notched up his sixth win in the Derby, Vincent O’Brien his fourth. Roberto’s owner John Galbreath became the first person to own Epsom and Kentucky Derby winners. And Weary Willie was paid for winning the Derby on horse he didn’t ride.
| i don't know |
Whose autobiography was titled 'The Sport of Queens'? | The sport of queens : an autobiography (Book, 1999) [WorldCat.org]
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I thought you might be interested in this item at http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/59577179 Title: The sport of queens : an autobiography Author: Dick Francis Publisher: London : M. Joseph, 1999. ISBN/ISSN: 0718130413 9780718130411 OCLC:59577179
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| Dick Francis |
The Trotters is the nickname for which football club? | 9780445403314: The Sport of Queens: The Autobiography of Dick Francis - AbeBooks - Francis, Dick: 0445403314
About this title
This is the biography of thriller-writer Dick Francis. Francis is known for setting his novels against the background of horseracing. This revised edition tells how he became one of Britain's leading National Hunt jockeys and a champion steeplechaser, riding as jockey to the Queen Mother. The story of Francis is traced from life in the saddle to life as a bestselling novelist.
"synopsis" may belong to another edition of this title.
Product Description:
The author of more than thirty best-selling mystery and suspense novels describes the exciting story of his journey from champion steeplechase jockey to successful writer.
About the Author:
Dick Francis has written forty-one international bestsellers and is widely acclaimed as one of the world's finest thriller writers. His awards include the Crime Writer's Association's Cartier Diamond Dagger for his outstanding contribution to the crime genre, and an honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from Tufts University of Boston. In 1996 Dick Francis was made a Mystery Writers of America Grand Master for a lifetime's achievement and in 2000 he recieved a CBE in the Queen's Birthday Honours list.
"About this title" may belong to another edition of this title.
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