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What was the subject of Bob Hope's book 'Confessions of a Hooker'?
Bob Hope's Confessions of a Hooker by Bob., as told to Dwayne Netland. Hope (9780385188968) Hope shares his memories of Golf with great humor, as always A Customer on Feb 23, 2001 In this book, Bob Hope chronicles many of his experiences on the Golf Course, with such people as Gerald Ford, Bing Crosby, etc. Although Hope's marvelous sense of humor comes through in the book, there are many other works by Hope that are far more personal and fascinating pertaining to Bob Hope himself. I would recommend that you purchase this book only if you love Golf as well as Bob Hope. Great book By Amazon Customer on Jan 22, 2013 This was purchased used, and to my delight it is actually a signed copy....by Bob Hope himself.... nice little bonus Great, Great Memories By Mr. Mike Taylor on Jul 26, 2008 I probably should have posted this review here instead of commenting on the previous review. ________________ I definitely agree that if you love Bob Hope and golf as I do then this book is for you. There are many, many wonderful black and white pictures too numerous for me to name. A few that comes to mind is Sam Snead, Joe Louis on the golf course, Jackie Gleason, Gerald Ford, Jack Nicklaus, Dean Martin, Jerry Lewis, Bob Hope at different ages, Bing Crosby, Dwight Eisenhower, Forrest Tucker, Dorthy Lamour and many, many others. Just the pictures of these famous people is a treasure. Now the bonus is that there is an index of ALL of the people whose picture is in the book at some point. So I guess the real value of this book would be to someone about 40 years or older who know of the celebrities that are in the book and can appreciate history and nostalgia. However, I am referring to the hardcopy and not the paperback. I haven't seen a copy of the paper back and the paper may not be as crisp as the ones in the hardcopy which may affect how the photos appear. Name dropper By Al Best on Aug 19, 2009 I knew, as everyone knows, that Bob Hope was famous and also knew, as everyone knows, that he knew a lot of famous people but this book is like Golf Digest's "Top 100 Golf Courses You'll Never Play". Apparently Bob didn't know anyone unimportant. Great stories about the famous and not so famous in ... By Chuck Kraus on Sep 03, 2015 Great stories about the famous and not so famous in their efforts to enjoy the grand old game. Brings back fond memories of Hope and the times.
Golf
How many 'G' letters are there in a Scrabble game?
Bob Hope's Confessions of a Hooker : Bob Hope : 9780385188968 Bob Hope's Confessions of a Hooker : My Lifelong Love Affair With Golf Paperback By (author)  Bob Hope , By (author)  Dwayne Netland Share 177.8 x 254 x 20.32mm | 544.31g Publication date
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Who directed the movie 'Four Weddings and a Funeral'?
Four Weddings and a Funeral | Academy of American Poets Academy of American Poets The Academy of American Poets is the largest membership-based nonprofit organization fostering an appreciation for contemporary poetry and supporting American poets. For over three generations, the Academy has connected millions of people to great poetry through programs such as National Poetry Month, the largest literary celebration in the world; Poets.org, the Academy’s popular website; American Poets, a biannual literary journal; and an annual series of poetry readings and special events. Since its founding, the Academy has awarded more money to poets than any other organization. browse poems & poets Four Weddings and a Funeral Posted Slam: The Movie Released in 1994, and nominated for Best Picture and Best Screenplay Oscars, Mike Newell's endearing film Four Weddings and a Funeral is a wonderful romantic comedy. British funnyman Hugh Grant plays the commitment-phobic bachelor Charles who is sure he'll never fall in love, but suddenly finds himself captivated by the demure Carrie, played by Andi MacDowell. Although only one scene contains poetry, the recitation of "Funeral Blues" by W. H. Auden is one of the film's most memorable moments. A moving elegy to a dead lover, the poem begins "Stop all the clocks, cut off the telephone" and can be found in Auden's Collected Poems. Numerous moviegoers who had never read Auden's work before were inspired to seek out his writings after seeing Four Weddings and a Funeral. Directed by Mike Newell (1994). Rated R. more texts
Mike Newell
Which motor car company produced the first front wheel drive car in 1934?
Four Weddings And A Funeral - Movies & TV on Google Play Four Weddings And A Funeral March 1994 Item added to wishlist. Item removed from wishlist. You will receive an email when your movie becomes available. You will not be charged until it is released. ( 188) Synopsis A reserved Englishman meets attractive American Carrie at a wedding and falls in love with her, but his inability to express his feelings seems to forestall any possibility of relationship - until they meet again and again. My review 1 12 Gene Siskel Although the film is basically a light romantic comedy, it couldn't be more psychologically astute in its portrait of a man who defines himself by his bachelorhood, which empowers him to get past... Kenneth Turan Deftly written by Richard Curtis and directed by the versatile Mike Newell, Four Weddings is as good as its word, breezily following a small circle of friends through every one of the events the... Steven Rea Four Weddings and a Funeral is one of those rare films that have you smiling from the get-go, and keep you that way -- with a few well-earned poignant interludes (including, of all things, a... Jay Boyar Hugh Grant's body English captures every nuance of his character's confusion precisely and hilariously. Michael Sragow The setup is too arch to support the movie's detour into poignance, though John Hannah does give a moving reading of W. H. Auden's "Funeral Blues." Lisa Schwarzbaum The infectious charm and sunny goodwill of Four Weddings and a Funeral can so immediately buoy a soul ravaged by winter weather and winter movies. Critic reviews Gene Siskel Although the film is basically a light romantic comedy, it couldn't be more psychologically astute in its portrait of a man who defines himself by his bachelorhood, which empowers him to get past... Full Review Kenneth Turan Deftly written by Richard Curtis and directed by the versatile Mike Newell, Four Weddings is as good as its word, breezily following a small circle of friends through every one of the events the... Full Review Steven Rea Four Weddings and a Funeral is one of those rare films that have you smiling from the get-go, and keep you that way -- with a few well-earned poignant interludes (including, of all things, a... Full Review Michael Sragow The setup is too arch to support the movie's detour into poignance, though John Hannah does give a moving reading of W. H. Auden's "Funeral Blues." Full Review Lisa Schwarzbaum The infectious charm and sunny goodwill of Four Weddings and a Funeral can so immediately buoy a soul ravaged by winter weather and winter movies. User reviews Lisa Yacky October 6, 2016 Classic British Rom-Com Loved this movie when it first came out and I love it still, over 20yrs later. This movie has stood the test of time very well. Sure, bridesmaids & wedding dress styles have changed but the hilarious dialogue & familiar issues with family and friends dealing with both weddings and funerals are exactly the same. Definitely worth watching over and over as the laughs never get old. Gerard Hoey April 3, 2016 A Rom Com classic One you keep smiling with. As good a laugh as ever. Stefan Lafon February 15, 2015 Yuck Mildly funny, definitely boring. Cheryl Eileen Hart October 25, 2014 Four Weddings And A Funeral Andie McDowell is one of the finest actresses this century has known. ryan brophy January 19, 2016 Gt out out out tough out tu out out you you ut tu y2k hmmm คมกฤษณ์ ชัยสิริธรรมโชติ July 25, 2015 Pleaseeeee Helpppp Please make this movie available in Thailand I really love this movie Thanks Maghan Wilson June 28, 2014 Hugh Grant in the floppy hair stage Classic, forgot how good it was. Catherine Life is a gift treasure sunsets May 17, 2016 Four weddings and a funeral Trust .me on this one pleasant surprise Joan Fohtung June 13, 2014 Marvelous movie. A sure mood changer for the best.. jamie bohan December 24, 2015 Luv luv luv 😊 So funny , cheeky &geeky 😆
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Which soul singer was 'Sittin on the Dock of the Bay'?
(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay - Otis Redding | Song Info | AllMusic (Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay google+ Song Review by Ed Hogan Though soul music great Otis Redding had several R&B hits and two Top 20 pop hits ("I've Been Loving You Too Long (To Stop Now)," "Try a Little Tenderness"), the singer's biggest hit wouldn't happen during his lifetime. "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay," a song written by Redding and frequent collaborator Steve Cropper, would prove to be Redding's sole certified million-seller. The gentleness and quiet introspection of the track signaled a new direction for Redding: more contemplative, even more folksy than his previous efforts. The genesis of the song was created as Redding relaxed on a boat in Sausalito, CA, after his spectacular performance at the Monterey Pop Festival during the summer of 1967. The concert is captured in the 1968 movie documentary Monterey Pop. Redding and Cropper began recording the song in Stax Records' Memphis, TN, studio around the first week of December 1967 with the MG's, including Isaac Hayes on piano. The singer's crisp vocals are due in part to his recovery from throat surgery for removal of polyps from his vocal cords. It's interesting to listen to the creative process used in the making of the record from the outtakes found on the 1992 Stax/Fantasy CD Remember Me. It must have been emotionally upheaving for producer/guitarist Cropper to finish production on the track in lieu of his friend's sudden demise. Recorded just three days before his death in a fatal plane crash, Otis Redding's "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay" went gold, holding down the number one R&B spot for two weeks and the number one pop position for four weeks in early 1968. Appears On
Otis Redding
Who wrote the best selling book 'The Thorn Birds'?
OTIS REDDING - Sittin on the Dock of the Bay & Other Hits - Amazon.com Music Sittin on the Dock of the Bay & Other Hits Audio CD, September 18, 2007 "Please retry" Sittin on the Dock of the Bay & Other Hits $5.90 Free Shipping for Prime Members | Fast, FREE Shipping with Amazon Prime Only 2 left in stock. Sold by cdgiveaways and Fulfilled by Amazon . Fulfillment by Amazon (FBA) is a service we offer sellers that lets them store their products in Amazon's fulfillment centers, and we directly pack, ship, and provide customer service for these products. Something we hope you'll especially enjoy: FBA items qualify for FREE Shipping and . If you're a seller, Fulfillment by Amazon can help you increase your sales. We invite you to learn more about Fulfillment by Amazon . What Other Items Do Customers Buy After Viewing This Item? $23.74 Prime Editorial Reviews Every one of these tracks by this soul icon hit the pop or R&B charts: the immortal title smash; I've Got Dreams to Remember; A Lover's Question; I Can't Turn You Loose; That's What My Heart Needs; Love Man; Free Me , and more spine-tingling performances. Track Listings   1. (Sittin' On) the Dock Of the Bay   2. I've Got Dreams To Remember   3. Papas Got a Brand New Bag   4. a Lovers Question   7. I Love You More Than Words Can Say   8. I Can't Turn You Loose   9. That's What My Heart Needs   10. Just One More Day Product Details Audio CD (September 18, 2007) Number of Discs: 1 By shonna sine on May 26, 2015 Format: Audio CD|Verified Purchase I just love this new cd. Can't believe I have not bought it before now. By Stephanie De Pue VINE VOICE on April 21, 2010 Format: Audio CD The single "(Sittin' on) the Dock of the Bay" was recorded by the late, great Otis Redding three days before his death. (The version released includes his famous whistled last verse; he hadn't written the words yet, but intended to soon). The Georgia-born Redding, who left us, tragically, way too young at 26, in a crash of his private plane, was an influential singer/songwriter. He was a practitioner of gospel-derived, deepest fried southern soul, and a producer of the best music Memphis-based Stax/Volt could offer, with its wailing horns, and strong, pounding house band, Steve Cropper's Booker T and the MGs, ("Green Onions"). Redding's instrument, his voice, was an exemplar of soul: hoarse, passionate and gritty, yet he could produce aching ballads, and party tunes that still carried emotional content. Now, Memphis has produced many great musicians. Sam Phillips' Sun Studio, launched in February 1952, boasted Elvis Presley, Jerry Lee Lewis, Johnny Cash, Carl Perkins and Roy Orbison. Beale Street started BB King's career. And then there was Stax/Volt, home to Otis Redding, Sam and Dave, Johnnie Taylor and Rufus Thomas. Otis, of course, wrote the album's title tune, and it was his biggest hit, although it was posthumously released. He also wrote "Respect," a big hit for Aretha Franklin. However, Redding's biggest, mainstream hit while alive was "Tramp," a duet with Carla Thomas. Otis, of course, was a man of many talents, and broad range (he co-wrote many songs with Steve Cropper), but he didn't have much of a sense of humor: Carla Thomas (daughter of Rufus) brings hers to that exuberant, exultant, corn pone flavored call and response number. "Respect" and "Tramp" are not on this album. Be that as it may, on this record, you get several more wonderful songs including the yearning "I Love You More than Words can Say," and "Just One More Day," and some great rockers: "I Can't Turn You Loose," "Love Man," (Sam and Dave's biggest hit), and "Papa's Got a Brand New Bag," the James Brown hit. Funny, many years ago now, when I lived in England, a pompous young man in the music business, who lived next door, came wandering into the cottage and found me lying on the floor, listening to this record. He announced that the floor was for walking upon or standing upon, not for lying on, and I was dating myself listening to Otis Redding: the musical smart set was now listening to Al Green. Now I respect and honor Al Green's music, but I will always listen to this record by Otis, and I don't care if it does date me. If you feel the same about Otis's music, you need it. And if you're not familiar with the man and his music, just take a listen, and you, too, will be a fan.
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Which county's flag is the only square flag in the world?
Which two countries have square flags? | Reference.com Which two countries have square flags? A: Quick Answer The two countries with square flags are Switzerland and the Vatican. However, the Swiss flag can be seen at the Olympic games with a 2:3 rectangular proportion that matches the other country's flags. Full Answer The Swiss flag is square and red in color with a white cross. At sea, however, the Swiss Naval Ensign is used; it has 2:3 rectangular proportions instead of the 1:1 square proportions. The flag is kept in standard square proportions when it is flown outside of the U.N. headquarters in both New York and Geneva. The flag for the Vatican is divided vertically with yellow on the left side and white on the right side. Within the white right side, there is an emblem that has two crossed keys with a papal tiara. The emblem is a reference to the keys that are mentioned in the New Testament of the Bible and symbolizes either: St. Peter's access to the kingdom of heaven or the dominion of the papacy over temporal and spiritual matters. The Vatican flag used to be red and gold but was switched to the yellow and white stripes during the early 19th century. It also used to have representations of Saint Peter and Saint Paul.
Switzerland
In China, in a restaurant, what are you ordering if you ask for 'fragrant meat'?
World Flags: Interesting Information for Kids on the Flags of the World World Flags Interesting Facts for Kids about the Flags of the World Why are there so many different world flags? What are the most common symbols on flags? What does the colours on the flags mean? So many questions... we will show you the answers here. Well, first let's see why people started using flags. Antique Shield and Spear In earlier centuries certain groups of people had decorated spears and decorated staff which showed their cultural symbols. Later people also used ribbons, leather or silk decorations on the spears to distinguish their group from another group. The early explorers always put crosses or sculptures up when they landed on unknown land, but later they used flags to proclaim their presence or show the sovereignty. Why do countries have flags? Flags in front of the United Nations building Flags a show that we belong to a community, organisation or nation and that we share beliefs, goals, rules and regulations. Flags are national symbols. Every country has got a specific flag as their national symbol. The first flags were flown in the 18th century to tell others that we own a piece of land ('proclaim a possession') and that we rule over the people and land ('proclaim sovereignty'). Neil Armstrong, the first man on the moon When Neil Armstrong was the first man to land on the moon and made the first steps on the moon in 1969, he erected an American flag on the moon. Above you can see a picture of this historic event. Tenzing Norgay on Mount Everest 1953 Sir Edmund Hillary and the sherpa Tenzing Norgay, the first men to climb and reach the top of the world's highest mountain, Mount Everest, put up the British 'Union Jack' when they reached the summit of Mount Everest in May 1953. Hillary was in fact from New Zealand and Norgay from Nepal, but as they went on an expedition financed and organised by Britain, they put up the Union flag of the United Kingdom. Important Flags to know EU Flags at the European Union Commission building What's in a Flag? Universal Symbols in World Flags Now which symbols are most used in flags? All cultures use certain symbols which are meaningful to them, some of the symbols are even universal, that is they have the same meaning all over the world. • Sun: The circle of the sun symbolizes unity and energy. Japan is referred to be the "land of the rising sun" and uses the sun (simplified as a circle) in its national flag. Another country using this powerful symbol: Argentina . • Moon: The moon is usually displayed in crescent shape to distinguish it from the symbol of the sun. In combination with a star, the moon represents divinity and especially the Islam. Tunisia has got three powerful symbols in its national flag: the red crescent moon and one red star rest in a white circle representing the sun, which you will see in the picture to the right. Other countries using this symbol: Turkey, Singapore. • Stars: Constellations of stars often represent energy, especially when depicting the night sky or star constellation The flag of the USA is called "Stars and Stripes"Other countries using the stars as symbol: Australia, New Zealand, Brazil. • Cross: In ancient times the cross only symbolized the different points of the compass, in the 4th century however the cross was also taken as the symbol of faith. Countries using this symbol: England (see the flag to the right), Sweden,  Norway  , Switzerland • Triangle: The three points of a triangle represent the Trinity (Father, Son and Holy Spirit) in Christianity. The triangle often also symbolizes strenght and power. Countries using this symbol: Bahamas, Eritrea, Sudan, American Samoa and others • Square: The four even lengths of the square symbolize balance and equal opposites. The Swiss flag is the only square flag in the world. Did you know that the flag of the international humanitarian organization "Red Cross" uses the reverse flag? It has got a red cross on white background. World Flags: Symbols, Shapes and Colours World Flags show different sets of color and symbols, like the sun or the moon, some cultural symbols, like the national bird or flower and sometimes even have got some writing in it, like the green flag of Saudi Arabia (see in the image). You can distinguish country flags by colors and symbols and some countries even use other shapes than the usual rectangular shape for their national flags. Did you know that the flag of Nepal, which is pictured on the right, is the only one world flag which is not rectangular or square shaped?  There are also many other symbols used in world flags.  Canada  uses a maple leave in its flag which shows that the country is caring for its nature and environment. The maple tree is Canada's national tree. Use of Colours in Flags As you can see above, red and white are dominant colors in most of the world’s flags.  Most flags contain primary colours, which are red, blue, green and some countries also use yellow or secondary colors. Gold is also used in many flags as the colour is associated with the sun and is considered as colour of kings as well. Colours can have different meanings in different cultures.
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Who compiled the first complete version of the Bible to be printed in English in 1535?
English Bible History: Timeline of how we got the English Bible   English Bible History The fascinating story of how we got the Bible in its present form actually starts thousands of years ago, as briefly outlined in our Timeline of Bible Translation History . As a background study, we recommend that you first review our discussion of the Pre-Reformation History of the Bible from 1,400 B.C. to 1,400 A.D. , which covers the transmission of the scripture through the original languages of Hebrew and Greek, and the 1,000 years of the Dark & Middle Ages when the Word was trapped in only Latin. Our starting point in this discussion of Bible history, however, is the advent of the scripture in the English language with the “Morning Star of the Reformation”, John Wycliffe. John Wycliffe The first hand-written English language Bible manuscripts were produced in the 1380's AD by John Wycliffe , an Oxford professor, scholar, and theologian. Wycliffe, (also spelled “Wycliff” & “Wyclif”), was well-known throughout Europe for his opposition to the teaching of the organized Church, which he believed to be contrary to the Bible. With the help of his followers, called the Lollards, and his assistant Purvey, and many other faithful scribes, Wycliffe produced dozens of English language manuscript copies of the scriptures. They were translated out of the Latin Vulgate, which was the only source text available to Wycliffe. The Pope was so infuriated by his teachings and his translation of the Bible into English, that 44 years after Wycliffe had died, he ordered the bones to be dug-up, crushed, and scattered in the river! John Hus One of Wycliffe’s followers, John Hus , actively promoted Wycliffe’s ideas: that people should be permitted to read the Bible in their own language, and they should oppose the tyranny of the Roman church that threatened anyone possessing a non-Latin Bible with execution. Hus was burned at the stake in 1415, with Wycliffe’s manuscript Bibles used as kindling for the fire. The last words of John Hus were that, “in 100 years, God will raise up a man whose calls for reform cannot be suppressed.” Almost exactly 100 years later, in 1517, Martin Luther nailed his famous 95 Theses of Contention (a list of 95 issues of heretical theology and crimes of the Roman Catholic Church) into the church door at Wittenberg. The prophecy of Hus had come true! Martin Luther went on to be the first person to translate and publish the Bible in the commonly-spoken dialect of the German people; a translation more appealing than previous German Biblical translations. Foxe’s Book of Martyrs records that in that same year, 1517, seven people were burned at the stake by the Roman Catholic Church for the crime of teaching their children to say the Lord’s Prayer in English rather than Latin. Johann Gutenberg Johann Gutenberg invented the printing press in the 1450's, and the first book to ever be printed was a Latin language Bible, printed in Mainz, Germany. Gutenberg’s Bibles were surprisingly beautiful, as each leaf Gutenberg printed was later colorfully hand-illuminated. Born as “Johann Gensfleisch” (John Gooseflesh), he preferred to be known as “Johann Gutenberg” (John Beautiful Mountain). Ironically, though he had created what many believe to be the most important invention in history, Gutenberg was a victim of unscrupulous business associates who took control of his business and left him in poverty. Nevertheless, the invention of the movable-type printing press meant that Bibles and books could finally be effectively produced in large quantities in a short period of time. This was essential to the success of the Reformation. Thomas Linacre In the 1490’s another Oxford professor, and the personal physician to King Henry the 7th and 8th, Thomas Linacre , decided to learn Greek. After reading the Gospels in Greek, and comparing it to the Latin Vulgate, he wrote in his diary, “Either this (the original Greek) is not the Gospel… or we are not Christians.” The Latin had become so corrupt that it no longer even preserved the message of the Gospel… yet the Church still threatened to kill anyone who read the scripture in any language other than Latin… though Latin was not an original language of the scriptures. John Colet In 1496, John Colet , another Oxford professor and the son of the Mayor of London, started reading the New Testament in Greek and translating it into English for his students at Oxford, and later for the public at Saint Paul’s Cathedral in London. The people were so hungry to hear the Word of God in a language they could understand, that within six months there were 20,000 people packed in the church and at least that many outside trying to get in! (Sadly, while the enormous and beautiful Saint Paul’s Cathedral remains the main church in London today, as of 2003, typical Sunday morning worship attendance is only around 200 people… and most of them are tourists). Fortunately for Colet, he was a powerful man with friends in high places, so he amazingly managed to avoid execution. Erasmus In considering the experiences of Linacre and Colet, the great scholar Erasmus was so moved to correct the corrupt Latin Vulgate, that in 1516, with the help of printer John Froben, he published a Greek-Latin Parallel New Testament. The Latin part was not the corrupt Vulgate, but his own fresh rendering of the text from the more accurate and reliable Greek, which he had managed to collate from a half-dozen partial old Greek New Testament manuscripts he had acquired. This milestone was the first non-Latin Vulgate text of the scripture to be produced in a millennium… and the first ever to come off a printing press. The 1516 Greek-Latin New Testament of Erasmus further focused attention on just how corrupt and inaccurate the Latin Vulgate had become, and how important it was to go back and use the original Greek (New Testament) and original Hebrew (Old Testament) languages to maintain accuracy… and to translate them faithfully into the languages of the common people, whether that be English, German, or any other tongue. No sympathy for this “illegal activity” was to be found from Rome, with the curious exception of the famous 1522 Complutensian Polyglot Bible , even as the words of Pope Leo X's declaration that "the fable of Christ was quite profitable to him" continued through the years to infuriate the people of God. William Tyndale William Tyndale was the Captain of the Army of Reformers, and was their spiritual leader. Tyndale holds the distinction of being the first man to ever print the New Testament in the English language. Tyndale was a true scholar and a genius, so fluent in eight languages that it was said one would think any one of them to be his native tongue. He is frequently referred to as the “Architect of the English Language”, (even more so than William Shakespeare) as so many of the phrases Tyndale coined are still in our language today. Martin Luther Martin Luther had a small head-start on Tyndale, as Luther declared his intolerance for the Roman Church’s corruption on Halloween in 1517, by nailing his 95 Theses of Contention to the Wittenberg Church door. Luther, who would be exiled in the months following the Diet of Worms Council in 1521 that was designed to martyr him, would translate the New Testament into German for the first time from the 1516 Greek-Latin New Testament of Erasmus, and publish it in September of 1522. Luther also published a German Pentateuch in 1523 , and another edition of the German New Testament in 1529 . In the 1530’s he would go on to publish the entire Bible in German. William Tyndale wanted to use the same 1516 Erasmus text as a source to translate and print the New Testament in English for the first time in history. Tyndale showed up on Luther's doorstep in Germany in 1525, and by year's end had translated the New Testament into English. Tyndale had been forced to flee England, because of the wide-spread rumor that his English New Testament project was underway, causing inquisitors and bounty hunters to be constantly on Tyndale's trail to arrest him and prevent his project. God foiled their plans, and in 1525-1526 the Tyndale New Testament became the first printed edition of the scripture in the English language. Subsequent printings of the Tyndale New Testament in the 1530's were often elaborately illustrated. They were burned as soon as the Bishop could confiscate them, but copies trickled through and actually ended up in the bedroom of King Henry VIII. The more the King and Bishop resisted its distribution, the more fascinated the public at large became. The church declared it contained thousands of errors as they torched hundreds of New Testaments confiscated by the clergy, while in fact, they burned them because they could find no errors at all. One risked death by burning if caught in mere possession of Tyndale's forbidden books. Having God's Word available to the public in the language of the common man, English, would have meant disaster to the church. No longer would they control access to the scriptures. If people were able to read the Bible in their own tongue, the church's income and power would crumble. They could not possibly continue to get away with selling indulgences (the forgiveness of sins) or selling the release of loved ones from a church-manufactured "Purgatory". People would begin to challenge the church's authority if the church were exposed as frauds and thieves. The contradictions between what God's Word said, and what the priests taught, would open the public's eyes and the truth would set them free from the grip of fear that the institutional church held. Salvation through faith, not works or donations, would be understood. The need for priests would vanish through the priesthood of all believers. The veneration of church-canonized Saints and Mary would be called into question. The availability of the scriptures in English was the biggest threat imaginable to the wicked church. Neither side would give up without a fight. Today, there are only two known copies left of Tyndale’s 1525-26 First Edition. Any copies printed prior to 1570 are extremely valuable. Tyndale's flight was an inspiration to freedom-loving Englishmen who drew courage from the 11 years that he was hunted. Books and Bibles flowed into England in bales of cotton and sacks of flour. Ironically, Tyndale’s biggest customer was the King’s men, who would buy up every copy available to burn them… and Tyndale used their money to print even more! In the end, Tyndale was caught: betrayed by an Englishman that he had befriended. Tyndale was incarcerated for 500 days before he was strangled and burned at the stake in 1536. Tyndale’s last words were, "Oh Lord, open the King of England’s eyes". This prayer would be answered just three years later in 1539, when King Henry VIII finally allowed, and even funded, the printing of an English Bible known as the “Great Bible”. But before that could happen… Myles Coverdale Myles Coverdale and John “Thomas Matthew” Rogers had remained loyal disciples the last six years of Tyndale's life, and they carried the English Bible project forward and even accelerated it. Coverdale finished translating the Old Testament, and in 1535 he printed the first complete Bible in the English language , making use of Luther's German text and the Latin as sources. Thus, the first complete English Bible was printed on October 4, 1535, and is known as the Coverdale Bible. John Rogers John Rogers went on to print the second complete English Bible in 1537. It was, however, the first English Bible translated from the original Biblical languages of Hebrew & Greek. He printed it under the pseudonym "Thomas Matthew", (an assumed name that had actually been used by Tyndale at one time) as a considerable part of this Bible was the translation of Tyndale, whose writings had been condemned by the English authorities. It is a composite made up of Tyndale's Pentateuch and New Testament (1534-1535 edition) and Coverdale's Bible and some of Roger's own translation of the text. It remains known most commonly as the Matthew-Tyndale Bible . It went through a nearly identical second-edition printing in 1549 . Thomas Cranmer In 1539, Thomas Cranmer , the Archbishop of Canterbury, hired Myles Coverdale at the bequest of King Henry VIII to publish the "Great Bible". It became the first English Bible authorized for public use, as it was distributed to every church, chained to the pulpit, and a reader was even provided so that the illiterate could hear the Word of God in plain English. It would seem that William Tyndale's last wish had been granted...just three years after his martyrdom. Cranmer's Bible, published by Coverdale, was known as the Great Bible due to its great size: a large pulpit folio measuring over 14 inches tall. Seven editions of this version were printed between April of 1539 and December of 1541. King Henry VIII It was not that King Henry VIII had a change of conscience regarding publishing the Bible in English. His motives were more sinister… but the Lord sometimes uses the evil intentions of men to bring about His glory. King Henry VIII had in fact, requested that the Pope permit him to divorce his wife and marry his mistress. The Pope refused. King Henry responded by marrying his mistress anyway, (later having two of his many wives executed), and thumbing his nose at the Pope by renouncing Roman Catholicism, taking England out from under Rome’s religious control, and declaring himself as the reigning head of State to also be the new head of the Church. This new branch of the Christian Church, neither Roman Catholic nor truly Protestant, became known as the Anglican Church or the Church of England. King Henry acted essentially as its “Pope”. His first act was to further defy the wishes of Rome by funding the printing of the scriptures in English… the first legal English Bible… just for spite. Queen Mary The ebb and flow of freedom continued through the 1540's...and into the 1550's. After King Henry VIII, King Edward VI took the throne, and after his death, the reign of Queen “Bloody” Mary was the next obstacle to the printing of the Bible in English. She was possessed in her quest to return England to the Roman Church. In 1555, John "Thomas Matthew" Rogers and Thomas Cranmer were both burned at the stake. Mary went on to burn reformers at the stake by the hundreds for the "crime" of being a Protestant. This era was known as the Marian Exile, and the refugees fled from England with little hope of ever seeing their home or friends again. John Foxe In the 1550's, the Church at Geneva, Switzerland, was very sympathetic to the reformer refugees and was one of only a few safe havens for a desperate people. Many of them met in Geneva, led by Myles Coverdale and John Foxe (publisher of the famous Foxe's Book of Martyrs , which is to this day the only exhaustive reference work on the persecution and martyrdom of Early Christians and Protestants from the first century up to the mid-16th century), as well as Thomas Sampson and William Whittingham. There, with the protection of the great theologian John Calvin (author of the most famous theological book ever published, Calvin’s Institutes of the Christian Religion)and John Knox , the great Reformer of the Scottish Church, the Church of Geneva determined to produce a Bible that would educate their families while they continued in exile. John Calvin The New Testament was completed in 1557, and the complete Bible was first published in 1560. It became known as the Geneva Bible . Due to a passage in Genesis describing the clothing that God fashioned for Adam and Eve upon expulsion from the Garden of Eden as "Breeches" (an antiquated form of "Britches"), some people referred to the Geneva Bible as the Breeches Bible. John Knox The Geneva Bible was the first Bible to add numbered verses to the chapters, so that referencing specific passages would be easier. Every chapter was also accompanied by extensive marginal notes and references so thorough and complete that the Geneva Bible is also considered the first English "Study Bible". William Shakespeare quotes hundreds of times in his plays from the Geneva translation of the Bible. The Geneva Bible became the Bible of choice for over 100 years of English speaking Christians. Between 1560 and 1644 at least 144 editions of this Bible were published. Examination of the 1611 King James Bible shows clearly that its translators were influenced much more by the Geneva Bible, than by any other source. The Geneva Bible itself retains over 90% of William Tyndale's original English translation. The Geneva in fact, remained more popular than the King James Version until decades after its original release in 1611! The Geneva holds the honor of being the first Bible taken to America, and the Bible of the Puritans and Pilgrims. It is truly the “Bible of the Protestant Reformation.” Strangely, the famous Geneva Bible has been out-of-print since 1644, so the only way to obtain one is to either purchase an original printing of the Geneva Bible , or a less costly facsimile reproduction of the original 1560 Geneva Bible . With the end of Queen Mary's bloody reign, the reformers could safely return to England. The Anglican Church, now under Queen Elizabeth I, reluctantly tolerated the printing and distribution of Geneva version Bibles in England. The marginal notes, which were vehemently against the institutional Church of the day, did not rest well with the rulers of the day. Another version, one with a less inflammatory tone was desired, and the copies of the Great Bible were getting to be decades old. In 1568, a revision of the Great Bible known as the Bishop's Bible was introduced. Despite 19 editions being printed between 1568 and 1606, this Bible, referred to as the “rough draft of the King James Version”, never gained much of a foothold of popularity among the people. The Geneva may have simply been too much to compete with. By the 1580's, the Roman Catholic Church saw that it had lost the battle to suppress the will of God: that His Holy Word be available in the English language. In 1582, the Church of Rome surrendered their fight for "Latin only" and decided that if the Bible was to be available in English, they would at least have an official Roman Catholic English translation. And so, using the corrupt and inaccurate Latin Vulgate as the only source text, they went on to publish an English Bible with all the distortions and corruptions that Erasmus had revealed and warned of 75 years earlier. Because it was translated at the Roman Catholic College in the city of Rheims, it was known as the Rheims New Testament (also spelled Rhemes). The Douay Old Testament was translated by the Church of Rome in 1609 at the College in the city of Douay (also spelled Doway & Douai). The combined product is commonly referred to as the "Doway/Rheims" Version. In 1589, Dr. William Fulke of Cambridge published the "Fulke's Refutation", in which he printed in parallel columns the Bishops Version along side the Rheims Version, attempting to show the error and distortion of the Roman Church's corrupt compromise of an English version of the Bible. King James I With the death of Queen Elizabeth I, Prince James VI of Scotland became King James I of England . The Protestant clergy approached the new King in 1604 and announced their desire for a new translation to replace the Bishop's Bible first printed in 1568. They knew that the Geneva Version had won the hearts of the people because of its excellent scholarship, accuracy, and exhaustive commentary. However, they did not want the controversial marginal notes (proclaiming the Pope an Anti-Christ, etc.) Essentially, the leaders of the church desired a Bible for the people, with scriptural references only for word clarification or cross-references. This "translation to end all translations" (for a while at least) was the result of the combined effort of about fifty scholars. They took into consideration: The Tyndale New Testament, The Coverdale Bible, The Matthews Bible, The Great Bible, The Geneva Bible, and even the Rheims New Testament. The great revision of the Bishop's Bible had begun. From 1605 to 1606 the scholars engaged in private research. From 1607 to 1609 the work was assembled. In 1610 the work went to press, and in 1611 the first of the huge (16 inch tall) pulpit folios known today as "The 1611 King James Bible" came off the printing press. A typographical discrepancy in Ruth 3:15 rendered a pronoun "He" instead of "She" in that verse in some printings. This caused some of the 1611 First Editions to be known by collectors as "He" Bibles, and others as "She" Bibles. Starting just one year after the huge 1611 pulpit-size King James Bibles were printed and chained to every church pulpit in England; printing then began on the earliest normal-size printings of the King James Bible . These were produced so individuals could have their own personal copy of the Bible. John Bunyan The Anglican Church’s King James Bible took decades to overcome the more popular Protestant Church’s Geneva Bible. One of the greatest ironies of history, is that many Protestant Christian churches today embrace the King James Bible exclusively as the “only” legitimate English language translation… yet it is not even a Protestant translation! It was printed to compete with the Protestant Geneva Bible, by authorities who throughout most of history were hostile to Protestants… and killed them. While many Protestants are quick to assign the full blame of persecution to the Roman Catholic Church, it should be noted that even after England broke from Roman Catholicism in the 1500’s, the Church of England (The Anglican Church) continued to persecute Protestants throughout the 1600’s. One famous example of this is John Bunyan , who while in prison for the crime of preaching the Gospel, wrote one of Christian history’s greatest books, Pilgrim’s Progress. Throughout the 1600’s, as the Puritans and the Pilgrims fled the religious persecution of England to cross the Atlantic and start a new free nation in America, they took with them their precious Geneva Bible, and rejected the King’s Bible. America was founded upon the Geneva Bible, not the King James Bible. Protestants today are largely unaware of their own history, and unaware of the Geneva Bible (which is textually 95% the same as the King James Version, but 50 years older than the King James Version, and not influenced by the Roman Catholic Rheims New Testament that the King James translators admittedly took into consideration). Nevertheless, the King James Bible turned out to be an excellent and accurate translation, and it became the most printed book in the history of the world, and the only book with one billion copies in print. In fact, for over 250 years...until the appearance of the English Revised Version of 1881-1885...the King James Version reigned without much of a rival. One little-known fact, is that for the past 200 years, all King James Bibles published in America are actually the 1769 Baskerville spelling and wording revision of the 1611. The original “1611” preface is deceivingly included by the publishers, and no mention of the fact that it is really the 1769 version is to be found, because that might hurt sales. The only way to obtain a true, unaltered, 1611 version is to either purchase an original pre-1769 printing of the King James Bible , or a less costly facsimile reproduction of the original 1611 King James Bible . John Eliot Although the first Bible printed in America was done in the native Algonquin Indian Language by John Eliot in 1663; the first English language Bible to be printed in America by Robert Aitken in 1782 was a King James Version. Robert Aitken’s 1782 Bible was also the only Bible ever authorized by the United States Congress. He was commended by President George Washington for providing Americans with Bibles during the embargo of imported English goods due to the Revolutionary War. In 1808, Robert’s daughter, Jane Aitken, would become the first woman to ever print a Bible… and to do so in America, of course. In 1791, Isaac Collins vastly improved upon the quality and size of the typesetting of American Bibles and produced the first "Family Bible" printed in America ... also a King James Version. Also in 1791, Isaiah Thomas published the first Illustrated Bible printed in America...in the King James Version. For more information on the earliest Bibles printed in America from the 1600’s through the early 1800’s, you may wish to review our more detailed discussion of The Bibles of Colonial America . Noah Webster While Noah Webster , just a few years after producing his famous Dictionary of the English Language, would produce his own modern translation of the English Bible in 1833; the public remained too loyal to the King James Version for Webster’s version to have much impact. It was not really until the 1880’s that England’s own planned replacement for their King James Bible, the English Revised Version(E.R.V.) would become the first English language Bible to gain popular acceptance as a post-King James Version modern-English Bible. The widespread popularity of this modern-English translation brought with it another curious characteristic: the absence of the 14 Apocryphal books. Up until the 1880’s every Protestant Bible (not just Catholic Bibles) had 80 books, not 66! The inter-testamental books written hundreds of years before Christ called “The Apocrypha” were part of virtually every printing of the Tyndale-Matthews Bible, the Great Bible, the Bishops Bible, the Protestant Geneva Bible, and the King James Bible until their removal in the 1880’s! The original 1611 King James contained the Apocrypha, and King James threatened anyone who dared to print the Bible without the Apocrypha with heavy fines and a year in jail. Only for the last 120 years has the Protestant Church rejected these books, and removed them from their Bibles. This has left most modern-day Christians believing the popular myth that there is something “Roman Catholic” about the Apocrypha. There is, however, no truth in that myth, and no widely-accepted reason for the removal of the Apocrypha in the 1880’s has ever been officially issued by a mainline Protestant denomination. The Americans responded to England’s E.R.V. Bible by publishing the nearly-identical American Standard Version (A.S.V.) in 1901. It was also widely-accepted and embraced by churches throughout America for many decades as the leading modern-English version of the Bible. In the 1971, it was again revised and called New American Standard Version Bible (often referred to as the N.A.S.V. or N.A.S.B. or N.A.S.). This New American Standard Bible is considered by nearly all evangelical Christian scholars and translators today, to be the most accurate, word-for-word translation of the original Greek and Hebrew scriptures into the modern English language that has ever been produced. It remains the most popular version among theologians, professors, scholars, and seminary students today. Some, however, have taken issue with it because it is so direct and literal a translation (focused on accuracy), that it does not flow as easily in conversational English. For this reason, in 1973, the New International Version (N.I.V.) was produced, which was offered as a “dynamic equivalent” translation into modern English. The N.I.V. was designed not for “word-for-word” accuracy, but rather, for “phrase-for-phrase” accuracy, and ease of reading even at a Junior High-School reading level. It was meant to appeal to a broader (and in some instances less-educated) cross-section of the general public. Critics of the N.I.V. often jokingly refer to it as the “Nearly Inspired Version”, but that has not stopped it from becoming the best-selling modern-English translation of the Bible ever published. In 1982, Thomas Nelson Publishers produced what they called the “New King James Version”. Their original intent was to keep the basic wording of the King James to appeal to King James Version loyalists, while only changing the most obscure words and the Elizabethan “thee, thy, thou” pronouns. This was an interesting marketing ploy, however, upon discovering that this was not enough of a change for them to be able to legally copyright the result, they had to make more significant revisions, which defeated their purpose in the first place. It was never taken seriously by scholars, but it has enjoyed some degree of public acceptance, simply because of its clever “New King James Version” marketing name. In 2002, a major attempt was made to bridge the gap between the simple readability of the N.I.V., and the extremely precise accuracy of the N.A.S.B. This translation is called the English Standard Version (E.S.V.) and is rapidly gaining popularity for its readability and accuracy. The 21st Century will certainly continue to bring new translations of God’s Word in the modern English language. As Christians, we must be very careful to make intelligent and informed decisions about what translations of the Bible we choose to read. On the liberal extreme, we have people who would give us heretical new translations that attempt to change God’s Word to make it politically correct. One example of this, which has made headlines recently is the Today’s New International Version (T.N.I.V.) which seeks to remove all gender-specific references in the Bible whenever possible! Not all new translations are good… and some are very bad. But equally dangerous, is the other extreme… of blindly rejecting ANY English translation that was produced in the four centuries that have come after the 1611 King James. We must remember that the main purpose of the Protestant Reformation was to get the Bible out of the chains of being trapped in an ancient language that few could understand, and into the modern, spoken, conversational language of the present day. William Tyndale fought and died for the right to print the Bible in the common, spoken, modern English tongue of his day… as he boldly told one official who criticized his efforts, “If God spare my life, I will see to it that the boy who drives the plowshare knows more of the scripture than you, Sir!” Will we now go backwards, and seek to imprison God’s Word once again exclusively in ancient translations? Clearly it is not God’s will that we over-react to SOME of the bad modern translations, by rejecting ALL new translations and “throwing the baby out with the bathwater”. The Word of God is unchanging from generation to generation, but language is a dynamic and ever-changing form of communication. We therefore have a responsibility before God as Christians to make sure that each generation has a modern translation that they can easily understand, yet that does not sacrifice accuracy in any way. Let’s be ever mindful that we are not called to worship the Bible. That is called idolatry. We are called to worship the God who gave us the Bible, and who preserved it through the centuries of people who sought to destroy it. We are also called to preserve the ancient, original English translations of the Bible… and that is what we do here at WWW.GREATSITE.COM Consider the following textual comparison of the earliest English translations of John 3:16, as shown in the English Hexapla Parallel New Testament : 1st Ed. King James (1611): "For God so loued the world, that he gaue his only begotten Sonne: that whosoeuer beleeueth in him, should not perish, but haue euerlasting life." Rheims (1582): "For so God loued the vvorld, that he gaue his only-begotten sonne: that euery one that beleeueth in him, perish not, but may haue life euerlasting" Geneva (1560): "For God so loueth the world, that he hath geuen his only begotten Sonne: that none that beleue in him, should peryshe, but haue euerlasting lyfe." Great Bible (1539): "For God so loued the worlde, that he gaue his only begotten sonne, that whosoeuer beleueth in him, shulde not perisshe, but haue euerlasting lyfe." Tyndale (1534): "For God so loveth the worlde, that he hath geven his only sonne, that none that beleve in him, shuld perisshe: but shuld have everlastinge lyfe." Wycliff (1380): "for god loued so the world; that he gaf his oon bigetun sone, that eche man that bileueth in him perisch not: but haue euerlastynge liif," Anglo-Saxon Proto-English Manuscripts (995 AD): “God lufode middan-eard swa, dat he seade his an-cennedan sunu, dat nan ne forweorde de on hine gely ac habbe dat ece lif." Timeline of Bible Translation History 1,400 BC: The first written Word of God: The Ten Commandments delivered to Moses. 500 BC: Completion of All Original Hebrew Manuscripts which make up The 39 Books of the Old Testament. 200 BC: Completion of the Septuagint Greek Manuscripts which contain The 39 Old Testament Books AND 14 Apocrypha Books. 1st Century AD: Completion of All Original Greek Manuscripts which make up The 27 Books of the New Testament. 315 AD: Athenasius, the Bishop of Alexandria, identifies the 27 books of the New Testament which are today recognized as the canon of scripture. 382 AD: Jerome's Latin Vulgate Manuscripts Produced which contain All 80 Books (39 Old Test. + 14 Apocrypha + 27 New Test). 500 AD: Scriptures have been Translated into Over 500 Languages. 600 AD: LATIN was the Only Language Allowed for Scripture. 995 AD: Anglo-Saxon (Early Roots of English Language) Translations of The New Testament Produced. 1384 AD: Wycliffe is the First Person to Produce a (Hand-Written) manuscript Copy of the Complete Bible; All 80 Books. 1455 AD: Gutenberg Invents the Printing Press; Books May Now be mass-Produced Instead of Individually Hand-Written. The First Book Ever Printed is Gutenberg's Bible in Latin. 1516 AD: Erasmus Produces a Greek/Latin Parallel New Testament. 1522 AD: Martin Luther's German New Testament. 1526 AD: William Tyndale's New Testament; The First New Testament printed in the English Language. 1535 AD: Myles Coverdale's Bible; The First Complete Bible printed in the English Language (80 Books: O.T. & N.T. & Apocrypha). 1537 AD: Tyndale-Matthews Bible; The Second Complete Bible printed in English. Done by John "Thomas Matthew" Rogers (80 Books). 1539 AD: The "Great Bible" Printed; The First English Language Bible Authorized for Public Use (80 Books). 1560 AD: The Geneva Bible Printed; The First English Language Bible to add Numbered Verses to Each Chapter (80 Books). 1568 AD: The Bishops Bible Printed; The Bible of which the King James was a Revision (80 Books). 1609 AD: The Douay Old Testament is added to the Rheims New Testament (of 1582) Making the First Complete English Catholic Bible; Translated from the Latin Vulgate (80 Books). 1611 AD: The King James Bible Printed; Originally with All 80 Books. The Apocrypha was Officially Removed in 1885 Leaving Only 66 Books. 1782 AD: Robert Aitken's Bible; The First English Language Bible (KJV) Printed in America. 1791 AD: Isaac Collins and Isaiah Thomas Respectively Produce the First Family Bible and First Illustrated Bible Printed in America. Both were King James Versions, with All 80 Books. 1808 AD: Jane Aitken's Bible (Daughter of Robert Aitken); The First Bible to be Printed by a Woman. 1833 AD: Noah Webster's Bible; After Producing his Famous Dictionary, Webster Printed his Own Revision of the King James Bible. 1841 AD: English Hexapla New Testament; an Early Textual Comparison showing the Greek and 6 Famous English Translations in Parallel Columns. 1846 AD: The Illuminated Bible; The Most Lavishly Illustrated Bible printed in America. A King James Version, with All 80 Books. 1863 AD: Robert Young's "Literal" Translation; often criticized for being so literal that it sometimes obscures the contextual English meaning. 1885 AD: The "English Revised Version" Bible; The First Major English Revision of the KJV. 1901 AD: The "American Standard Version"; The First Major American Revision of the KJV. 1952 AD: The "Revised Standard Version" (RSV); said to be a Revision of the 1901 American Standard Version, though more highly criticized.  1971 AD: The "New American Standard Bible" (NASB) is Published as a "Modern and Accurate Word for Word English Translation" of the Bible. 1973 AD: The "New International Version" (NIV) is Published as a "Modern and Accurate Phrase for Phrase English Translation" of the Bible. 1982 AD: The "New King James Version" (NKJV) is Published as a "Modern English Version Maintaining the Original Style of the King James." 1990 AD: The "New Revised Standard Version" (NRSV); further revision of 1952 RSV, (itself a revision of 1901 ASV), criticized for "gender inclusiveness". 2002 AD: The English Standard Version (ESV) is Published as a translation to bridge the gap between the accuracy of the NASB and the readability of the NIV. This English Bible History Article & Timeline is ©2013 by author & editor: John L. Jeffcoat III. Special thanks is also given to Dr. Craig H. Lampe for his valuable contributions to the text. This page may be freely reproduced or quoted, in whole or in part, in print or electronically, under the one condition that prominent credit must be given to “WWW.GREATSITE.COM” as the source. Follow Us on Social Media...  
Myles Coverdale
Who wrote the following books: 'Peter Pan, The Little Minister and Window in Thrums'?
The English Translation of the Bible From The Alpha and the Omega - Volume III by Jim A. Cornwell, Copyright © 12/26/1998, all rights reserved "The English Translation of the Bible"     Although there were earlier attempts of an English translation of the Bible, the first whole translation of the Bible into the English language is ascribed to John Wycliffe (1384), who was an English theologian and religious reformer.    Wycliffe born in 1320 grew up when the prestige of the Roman Catholic church was low, with the rival of two popes, one at Avignon (1309-1378) and one at Rome.    His rejection of the biblical basis of papal power and dispute with the doctrine of the transubstantiation of the host anticipated the Protestant Reformation.    All he tried to do is "put the Bible into the hands of the common people."     He organized a religious order of poor preachers, called Lollards, whom he sent throughout England to preach his doctrines and to read Scriptures to all who wished to hear.    He died in 1384, and was unable to attain support from the church and was labeled a heretic in 1408 with a decree known as the "Constitutions of Oxford."    His translation was from the Latin version of the New Testament, released in 1380 and the OT version came out two years later.    His manuscript circulated illegally for almost 150 years before the first printed English Bible appeared.    Today, about 170 manuscript copies (hand written) of Wycliffe's Bible have survived.    For more than a century, The Wycliffe Bible was the only vernacular edition available, it was never printed until 1850.     In other parts of the continent, significant events were shaping the world and the spread of Christianity.    Such men as Columbus, Galileo, Francis Bacon, Kepler and Marco Polo were involved with human history.    The capture of Constantinople occurred in 1453, and led to a revival of interest in biblical studies and a new look at various Greek manuscripts, now being introduced in the universities of Oxford and Cambridge.     About 1455, Johan Gutenberg's printing press in Maine produced the first printed Bible.    It was a copy of the Vulgate, Jerome's translation of the Bible (about A.D. 400) into the common language (Latin) of the time.    The Gutenberg Bible is printed in Gothic type, which was based on a popular handwriting style of the time.    It was printed in two columns of 42 lines of type on each of the 1,282 pages.    For this reason, it is sometimes referred to as the 42-line Bible.    Today, there are 47 existing copies of the original 200 that were printed.     By 1500, vernacular editions of the Bible were being published in French, Italian, Spanish, and German.    With only scattered copies of the Wycliffe manuscript, with a language that had become obsolete, England found themselves without a new translation of the Bible, from the original languages.     The German Protestant reformer Martin Luther translated the New Testament into German in 1522 and the rest of the Bible in 1534.    Martin Luther based his German translation of the New Testament (1522) on Erasmus's Greek text (1516).    This marked the first significant departure from the sole use of the Vulgate as a basis for translation.    Twelve years later, Luther completed his work with a translation of the Old Testament from a Hebrew edition that had been published in 1495.    It marked a milestone by giving people who could read vernacular, but not the classical languages, access to an accurate rendering of the ancient texts.    It was the first complete version of the Bible in any modern language.     The best translation was by William Tyndale (1536), who was an English religious reformer and martyr whose translation of the New Testament was the basis of the King James Bible.    Tyndale based some of his translation on Luther's German version.     As the reformation movement continued through the European continent, he tried to convince the church authorities of the need for a printed English Bible.    Having failed, he took his translation overseas.    Tyndale's New Testament translation marks the second milestone in the English Bible's history.    His work was greatly influenced by Erasmus's modern Latin translations of the New Testament (1516), and he resolved to base his version on the Greek text.    He issued the Pentateuch and the book of Jonah before being denounced a heretic.    He died a martyr in 1536.    The remainder of his Old Testament appeared separately a year later.    In 1525, three thousand copies of the first printed English NT were published.    By 1530 six editions, numbering about 15,000 copies, were published.    They were all smuggled into England, hidden in bales of cotton, sacks of flour, and bundles of flax.    Bishops were buying up whole editions to be burned.    His work created an appetite for the Bible in English, before Tyndale was condemned to death, strangled and burned at the stake for his efforts.     The break with the papacy in 1534 helped change the government to begin providing the Bible in English for common use.     While Tyndale was imprisoned in Belgium in 1535, Miles Coverdale published the first complete printed Bible in English.    It was not translated from the Hebrew and Greek.    His translation work depended heavily upon the Latin Vulgate and Luther's German Bible, but mostly upon Tyndale's English version.    He also helped produce the Great Bible (1539).     In 1537, another Bible appeared in England, this one by Thomas Matthew (a pen name for John Rogers, a former associate of Tyndale�s), who was burned at the stake by Queen Mary in 1555.     The Great Bible, called such because of its great size, and was a revision of the Matthew Bible, done by Coverdale, completed in England in 1539.    It made use of the Hebrew and Greek texts available, and was by order to have a copy to be place in every church in the land.     The later years of Henry VIII were marked by a serious reaction against the Reform movement.    In 1543 Parliament passed an act to ban the use of Tyndale�s NT, and a crime for reading it publicly to others.    This situation did not improve with the brief reign of Edward VI.     In 1553, the accession of Mary Tudor, resulted in hundreds of Protestants loosing their lives, including John Rogers and Thomas Cranmer.    Coverdale escaped to the Continent, while English Reformers escaped to Geneva, one being John Calvin.    In 1557 William Wittingham, thus produced the first English NT printed in roman type and with text divided into verses.    By 1560 with his associates they undertook the revision of the whole Bible in 1560, known as the Genevan Bible, or as the Breeches Bible, which endured during the reign of Queen Elizabeth.     Queen Elizabeth restored the Great Bible, but it could not compete with the Genevan Bible.    The clergy and Archbishop Parker, eight bishops and other scholars made a revision of the Great Bible, which was completed in 1568 and came to be known as the Bishops� Bible.    It still did not exceed the popularity of the Genevan Bible.     Gregory Martin, left England at the beginning of Elizabeth�s reign and settled in NE France.    Thus this came from the Church of Rome, the Rheims and Douai Version, named originally for Rheims college in 1582, before it moved to Douai in 1609-10.    It warns readers against the profane translations and blames Protestants for casting what was holy to dogs.    Between 1749 and 1763 Bishop Richard Challoner revised the Rheims-Douay Bible in use today, which conforms to Roman Catholic teaching, but is not the same as the one made by Gregory Martin.    It was first authorized for use by American Roman Catholics in 1810. King James (or Authorized) Version     After Elizabeth died in 1603, the crown passed to James I, the king of Scotland.    In 1604, King James I of England authorized a committee of about 50 scholars to prepare a revision of earlier English translations of the Bible (Bishop and Geneva).    The scholars were divided into six committees of nine members each.    The members were laymen as well as Anglican (Church of England) and Puritan clergy and included ranking Oriental and Greek scholars of the time.    Two of the committees were at Oxford, two at Cambridge, and two at Westminster.    They drew on all of the previously published English translations, some Latin versions, and even on Luther's German translation and consulted Hebrew and Greek texts available to them.    The work was greatly influenced by William Tyndale's New Testament.    One third of the text was carried over from Tyndale's translation.    The King James Bible took seven years to complete and was published in 1611.    It was known as the King James (or Authorized) Version (KJV), and it became the most widely used translation in the English-speaking world.    It was never officially sanctioned by king, Parliament, or the church.    It has had many revisions and alterations since its creation. Other items of interest:     Although around 1515 a book entitled The Polyglot of Paris was published by Cardinal Ximenes, with permission of the Vatican, this book was printed in three languages, each page had three columns with the first column in the original Hebrew text, the second the Latin Vulgate and the third the Greek Septuagint.    After three thousand years someone finally showed the Mosaic Hebrew text to the world.     In 1810 a French scholar named Fabre d'Olivet, after several years of study found a copy of the Cardinals book, he wrote his book La Langue Hebraique Restituee (The Hebraic Tongue Restored).    This allowed the European scholars for the first time to delve into the mysteries of the secret doctrine of the Hebrews, the true Torah.    This is where the modern Kabbalists have made it possible to reinterpret the Book of Genesis to see its mystical content. English Revised Version     During the course of two and a half centuries, only authorized revisions of the King James Version were made (these were mainly to modernize or colloquialize the original).    By the mid-1800's, scholars and religious leaders were calling for fresh translations of the Bible.    Scholars had more accurate knowledge of the original Hebrew and Greek Biblical texts and so uncovered many errors in the texts used by the King James revisers.    These same Scholars had also gained more knowledge of other ancient Near Eastern languages, which added to their understanding of the Biblical languages. The reasons for the revisions were: Some words in the KJV had become obsolete. A Number of Greek manuscripts were discovered that were older than those available to the KJV translators. Scholars� knowledge of the Hebrew language had improved.     By 1870 at the Convocation of Canterbury of the Church of England, it was decided to revise the King James Version, because there had been advances in scholarship that could affect some readings, so a Revised Edition (ERV) was commissioned.    A Revision committee was formed with scholars in England and the United States to work together to produce a version based on more accurate text and aiming at a word for word rendering of the original.    It was hoped that the scholars could work together, as the original 54 had, and a revision could be adapted on both sides of the Atlantic.    However, strong differences of judgment developed between the groups, which led to the publication of the American preferences in appendixes to the British edition of the New Testament, which was completed in 1881, and the Old Testament, which was completed in 1885.     Though not part of the original project but published in 1895, click here to see the books of the Apocrypha .     Most individuals and churches still preferred the King James Version. Other Twentieth-Century Versions     There has been many translations in the 1900's:     An American edition of both text, American Standard Version (ASV) was published in 1901, and regarded as superior to the ERV.    It was released by the American scholars who cooperated with the English revisers.    One error that occurred in it is the substitution of "Jehovah" for "Lord."     The result of the revision was not good from the point of modern idiom and led to the production of other texts, such as the Revised Standard Version (RSV, a revision of the American Standard Version completed in 1946 and revised in 1952).    It was sponsored by the International Council of Religious Education.    Its language is modernized.     New English Bible (NEB, a completely new translation completed in 1961 and revised in 1970, and included the Apocrypha).    C. H. Dodd, directed this behind the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, and a joint effort of all the major religious denominations (with the main Bible Societies) in the British Isles, apart from the Roman Catholic church. The other translations are: The Living Bible (completed 1971) a paraphrase into simple English, by Kenneth N. Taylor. The Jerusalem Bible (completed 1966) The New American (Standard) Bible (NASB, completed 1971) was revision of ASV. Good News Bible (GNB, completed 1976) another paraphrase version. New International Version (NIV, 1970-1978) it is a direct translation of the original languages, not a revision of any existing version. New King James Version (completed 1982) a modernization of the KJV. The Common Bible .
i don't know
Which English county lies to the west of Devon?
Devon | county, England, United Kingdom | Britannica.com county, England, United Kingdom county Devon, administrative, geographic, and historic county of England . It forms part of the South West (or Cornish) Peninsula of Great Britain and is bounded to the west by Cornwall and to the east by Dorset and Somerset . The Bristol Channel lies to the north, and the English Channel abuts it to the south. The shoreline of Lyme Bay at Sidmouth, Devon, England, looking west toward Peak Hill. A.F. Kersting The administrative, geographic, and historic counties cover slightly different areas. The administrative county comprises the districts of East Devon , Mid Devon , North Devon , South Hams , Teignbridge , and Torridge ; the borough of West Devon ; and the city of Exeter , the county seat. The geographic county of Devon is the third largest of that type in England. It encompasses the administrative county and the unitary authorities of Plymouth and Torbay . The historic county comprises the entire geographic county, as well as a small area along the border of the district of West Dorset in the administrative county of Dorset and a larger area extending west from Werrington along the River Otter within the historic district of North Cornwall in the Cornwall unitary authority. Within Devon’s boundaries is a wide variety of scenery, including Dartmoor National Park and, in the north, part of Exmoor National Park . Dartmoor , with shallow marshy valleys, thin infertile soils, and a vegetation of coarse grasses, heather, and bracken, is a granite plateau rising to above 2,000 feet (600 metres), the crests capped by granite tors (isolated weathered rocks); the moor is used for rough grazing, reforestation, reservoirs, and military training and is a popular area for tourists. Exmoor , reaching elevations above 1,575 feet (480 metres), is another plateau where rough grazing and tourism are important, but it has more farmland than Dartmoor. Those two areas of moorland contain the main sources of rivers for the county. From Dartmoor the rivers flow in a radial pattern to the north and south coasts and to the River Tamar (the Cornish boundary); from Exmoor they flow seaward via the River Exe and northward to the Bristol Channel. Much of central and northwestern Devon is given over to grassland. The soils in South Hams, south of Dartmoor, often produce good farmland. The most fertile soil is in southeastern Devon. The county’s generally mild climate becomes more extreme with elevation and distance from the sea, and rainfall increases from about 30 inches (760 mm) on the south coast to more than 60 inches (1,500 mm) on Exmoor and 80 inches (2,000 mm) on Dartmoor. Tor at Sharpitor, near Lustleigh in Dartmoor, Devon, England. © Martin Fowler/Shutterstock.com Wiltshire Prehistoric remains abound; they include the limestone caves near Torquay (including Kent’s Cavern , one of the two oldest human dwellings in Britain), numerous high-altitude Bronze Age remains on Dartmoor, and later Iron Age hill forts and earthworks fringing the moor and guarding river routes. The largest, Hembury Fort, was probably the capital of the Dumnonii, a British tribe, until the foundation of Exeter as a Roman frontier station at the termination of Fosse Way . The Dumnonii survived the 7th-century Saxon conquests, but both Saxon and Briton became subjects of Wessex . Devon was recognized as a shire in the late 8th century and suffered subsequently from Danish raids (851–1003). The Saxons created four strongholds, called burhs, at Exeter, Barnstaple , Totnes , and Lydford. Exeter was taken by the Norman William I the Conqueror in 1068, and a castle was built there in 1348. The Normans also built castles at Totnes, Okehampton , and Plympton; those, like the burhs, acted as nuclei for the growth of towns. Cist near Yelverton, Devon, England. Herbythyme Tin mining on Dartmoor was important from the 12th to the 17th century, and the miners formed a separate community with its own courts. The ports of Exeter, Plymouth, Barnstaple, and Dartmouth thrived from medieval times on the export of tin and cloth (a staple industry) until these both declined in the 19th century, causing rural depopulation that was alleviated only by the rise of tourism, which rapidly increased during the railway era. By the 19th century lead, silver, iron ore, copper, and manganese had all been worked. In 2006 the mine areas in West Devon and nearby Cornwall were designated a UNESCO World Heritage site . Britannica Stories EU Considers Rules For Robots Agriculture is Devon’s most valuable single economic activity; about 30 percent of the working population is dependent on agriculture and related industries. It is based on livestock (supported by permanent grassland and ley), cereals (especially barley), potatoes, market gardening, horticulture, fruit, and fodder crops. About 25 percent of the country is heath or moorland, providing rough grazing mainly on Exmoor and Dartmoor. Dairy cattle are most important in eastern, northwestern, and southern Devon, and Devonshire clotted cream is still produced. Beef cattle are raised throughout, especially in the south and west. Sheep are important throughout the county, including Dartmoor and Exmoor, with the exception of eastern Devon. Between 1964 and 1980 the number of farm holdings fell by 25 percent, but the average size increased. Soft fruit and flowers are grown in sheltered areas, but traditional cider orchards are declining in acreage, and the cider is now produced in factories. Farm in the Blackdown Hills, near Newcott, Devon, England. Derek Harper British Culture and Politics Tourism dominates the coastal areas and is also significant in the rural interior. The main resorts, apart from Ilfracombe on the north coast, lie on the south coast and include Torbay (one of the country’s leading holiday resorts), Paignton, and Brixham . Both coasts abound with picturesque small towns and villages, such as Salcombe, Lynmouth, and Clovelly. Service trades employ two-thirds of the working population, more than the national average, reflecting the importance of tourism and the large retired population that is attracted by the mild winter climate and scenery. The coastal areas of East Devon, as well as those of neighbouring Dorset, were named a World Heritage site (2001). Ilfracombe (district of North Devon), Devon, England. Adrian Pingstone Fishing is still important, especially at Brixham and Plymouth, which also has a naval base. Kaolin (china clay) from Dartmoor and ball clay from the Bovey basin are the chief mineral exports. Local industries include textiles (Tiverton), dairy produce (Totnes), glass (Dartington), woolens (Axminster), lace (Honiton), and the complex industries of the Devonport dockyard. Plymouth and Exeter are the main industrial centres, followed by Torbay, Barnstaple, and Newton Abbot . Connect with Britannica Devon - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up) The English county of Devon lies on the southwestern peninsula of the island of Great Britain. It is bounded to the west by Cornwall and to the east by Dorset and Somerset. The Bristol Channel lies to the north, and the English Channel is to the south. Devon is an administrative, geographic, and historic county. The administrative county comprises the districts of East Devon, Mid Devon, North Devon, South Hams, Teignbridge, and Torridge; the borough of West Devon; and the city of Exeter, the county seat. The geographic and historic counties of Devon cover slightly different areas. Article History
Cornwall
Who wrote the children's book 'George's Marvellous Medicine'?
Back to top Rainfall Rainfall is caused by the condensation of the water in air that is being lifted and cooled below its dew point. Rainfall tends to be associated with Atlantic depressions or with convection. The Atlantic depressions are more vigorous in autumn and winter and most of the rain which falls in those seasons in the south west is from this source. In summer, convection caused by solar surface heating sometimes forms shower clouds and a large proportion of rainfall falls from showers and thunderstorms at this time of year. The air humidity is an important factor determining rainfall and the sea temperature largely controls this. The sea temperature off SW England is at its maximum in late summer and autumn and is coolest in late winter and spring and as a result rainfall tends to be most in autumn and least in spring. A final factor which greatly affects the rainfall distribution is altitude. Moist air which is forced to ascend hills may be cooled below the dewpoint to produce cloud and rain. A map of rainfall looks very like a topographic map. Annual rainfall totals are about 850-900 mm in the Scilly Isles. Most coastal areas of Cornwall and Devon have 900-1000 mm, but up to double this amount falls on upland such as Dartmoor, Bodmin Moor and Exmoor. Areas to the lee of high ground have lower totals e.g. 800 mm near Exeter and even 700 mm in the low-lying parts of central Somerset. Further east the Mendip Hills have annual totals exceeding 1100 mm, while the Bath-Bristol area has totals around 800-900 mm. These figures can be compared to annual totals around 500 mm typical of the driest parts of Eastern England and over 4000 mm in the western Scottish mountains. The course of mean monthly rainfall for 1981 - 2010 for 4 sites is shown below. The highest rainfall is in December and January when the sea is relatively warm still and the Atlantic depressions are most vigorous. The months from April to July are the driest when the sea is relatively cool and the Azores high pressure system exerts more influence. August shows an increase of rainfall over July and starts the inexorable rise in rainfall into the autumn and early winter. The effect of altitude is seen by comparing the records for Plymouth and Princetown which are about 23 km apart, but differ by 403 metres in altitude. The Princetown rainfall is twice the Plymouth rain on average. Monthly rainfall is also very variable. Most months of the year have recorded totals below 20 mm in coastal districts and many below 10 mm. Even at Princetown one May recorded only 7 mm. The highest monthly totals tend to be in the autumn and winter months. At Plymouth for example every month in the year has had more than 100 mm, but totals in excess of 200 mm have only been recorded from December to February. The numbers of days with rainfall totals of 1 mm or more ('wet days') tend to follow a similar pattern to the monthly rainfall totals. In coastal areas in winter about 15 or 16 days is the norm, but this decreases to 9 or 10 in late spring and summer. In Somerset and the Bristol area there are fewer days having 1 mm or more throughout the year. In winter about 12 or 13 days is normal with about 7 to 9 in summer. The numbers of days increase with altitude and at Princetown for example there are over 18 days in the winter months and 12 to 13 days in summer. The south west peninsula is prone to rare, but very heavy rainfall events lasting from about 5 to 15 hours. The famous storm which devastated Lynmouth in north Devon on 15 August 1952 was one of these, when one place on Exmoor had 228 mm in 12 hours. Other similar events are the 200 mm at Otterham near Boscastle in Cornwall on 16 August 2004, 203 mm at Camelford in Cornwall on 8 June 1957 and 243 mm in 13 hours at Bruton in Somerset in June 1917. The highest recorded daily rainfall total in UK was at Martinstown in Dorset when 279 mm was recorded on 18 July 1955. Back to top Snowfall The occurrence of snowfall is linked closely with temperature with falls rarely occurring if the temperature is higher than 4 °C. For snow to lie for any length of time then the temperature normally has to be lower than this. In the south west snowfall is normally confined to the months from November to April, though upland areas may have brief falls in October and May. Snow rarely lies outside of the period from December to March. On average, the number of days with snow falling is less than 10 per winter in the islands and coastal districts of Devon and Cornwall, though slightly higher near to the upper Severn Estuary. About 8-15 days is typical of inland areas with the higher figure in the north east near to the border with Wiltshire. In upland areas such as Exmoor and Dartmoor more than 25 days per year are possible. A rough average increase of about 5 days of snow falling per year per 100 metres increase in elevation has been found typical in the south west. Lying snow is not a frequent occurrence in the south west, and in lowland areas about a third of years do not record any snow lying. In the Scillies and coastal Cornwall and Devon less than 3 days per year is a typical average. This increases to 5-10 days per year inland with the higher figure applying to north eastern areas. Altitude is significant and a rough guide is an increase of about 5 days per year with snow lying per 100 metres increase in elevation. Dartmoor and Exmoor have more than 20 days per year. Compare this with Balmoral, Grampian which has about 60 days with snow lying on average. The monthly averages of days with sleet/snow falling and lying at St. Mawgan and Yeovilton are shown below (a day of lying snow is counted if the ground is more than 50 % covered at 0900). The graphs show that the coastal site at St Mawgan has a similar incidence of falling snow to Yeovilton which is inland and considerably further east. This demonstrates the effect of altitude since St Mawgan is the higher site. Despite being the mildest region of the British Isles, the south west peninsula has experienced some of the most severe blizzards to affect the country. This is because of a set of circumstances that affect the UK only rarely. If bitterly cold easterly winds from Europe meet a slow moving Atlantic depression situated off south west England then a prolonged snowstorm accompanied by high winds is possible. An example is 18/19 February 1978 when fine snow accompanied by 25 knot easterly winds at temperatures as low as -2 °C deposited around 50 cm of snow in inland Devon. On 8/9 January 1982 conditions were especially severe in the Bristol area where drifts were locally 1 m deep. Another event, this time from convective showers, on 12 January 1987 produced snow depths of 35 cm (Falmouth), 39 cm (Penzance) and even 23 cm on the Scillies.  Also, persistent bands of heavy showers across Cornwall and west Devon from northerly winds occasionally produce substantial snowfalls, such as on 25 November 2005, which resulted in traffic disruption on the A30 across Bodmin Moor.
i don't know
to which group of Scottish islands do 'Auskerry, Burray and Cava' belong?
SARDINIA SAN MARINO, SARDINIA,  SCOTLAND, SENEGAL, SERBIA, SINGAPORE Updated 5/14/2016 SAN MARINO San Marino Castles Award This award may be earned by all hams or SWLs which have contacted/heard at least four station of San Marino Republic residents in the nine Castles on or after 1 Jan 2001. All modes and bands. No use of repeaters. A contact with T70A, is a wild card and may be used to substitute for any one needed station.  All that is needed is a log extract. Cards not needed. Apply to: Award Manager "Diploma of San Marino Castles", P.O. Box 77, 47890 San Marino City _ Republic of San Marino. The cost of the award is 8� or $US15.  Endorsements are 3� or $US5.  Following Castles are valid for Award ACQUAVIVA, BORGO MAGGIORE, DOMAGNANO, CHIESANUOVA, FAETANO, FIORENTINO, MONTEGIARDINO, SERRAVALLE, SAN MARINO CITY. Internet: www.arrsm.org/award-castelli-san-marino/   Chg 1/2016  SARDINIA            5/14/16 - From information received from N7DR, award sponsor IS0OMH is Silent Key and award no longer is offered.  Sardinia Award Contact Sardinia (IS0 IM0 IW0) after 1 Jan 1993. Requirements: District 3 2 Same station may be contacted during same day on different bands at least one hour apart. SWL OK. All bands and modes, except repeaters. GCR list and fee of 18 IRCs, 8� or $US10 to: Gabriele Mischi IS0OMH, PO Box 139, I-07046 Porto Torres (SS), Sardinia Isl., Italy.  (Chg 6/03) Sardinia In the World Award Sponsored by Team Sardinia Radioamateurs in the World for contacting combinations of Sardinian provinces, Administrative Towns and Minor Islands on or after 1 April 2012. The award is available in the form of 3 separate paper certificates and one plaque. SWL OK. All bands OK and all modes including satellite and EME. However no use of repeaters or Echolink may be used. Award SCOTLAND          The Celtic Knot Award Sponsored by the GMDX Group for working stations in lands generally agreed to be those associated with the Celtic peoples, namely Scotland GM, Northern Ireland GI, Republic of Ireland EI, Isle of Man GD, Wales GW, Cornwall G, Brittany F, Galicia and Asturias EA1 and to celebrate its Scottish heritage, Nova Scotia VE1. Contacts made on or after 1 January 2000. Some specific areas which are valid include:  France - Province of Brittany - 22 Cotes du Nord, 29 Finistere, 35 Ille et Vilaine, 56 Morbihan.  Spain - Calicia Provinces (EA1) - La Coruna, Pontevedra, Lugo, Orense.  Spain - Asturias Province - Oviedo.  (Tks OH3GZ for above info).  Available in four classes: 400 20 All bands and modes OK. Cost of the certificates is �5GBP, 10euros or US$10. Fee for special plaque for the 300 level is �35GBP, 70 euros or $70.00. Those achieving Honour Roll will be also be eligible for an engraved Quaich (Scottish Drinking Cup) which also costs �35GBP, 70 euros or US$70. Please make cheques out to "GMDX Group" - only cheques made payable in �GBP accepted. An activity weekend called "Celtic Connections", will be held on the third full weekend in April starting in 2002. Those applying for awards should send the application form available on the GMDX website with the appropriate fee to: Celtic Knot Award, Colin Brown GM0RLZ, 9 Newton Crescent, Rosyth Fife KY11 2QW Scotland, U.K. SCOTLAND             Council Areas of Scotland Award (CAOSA) Submit proof of having contacted each of the 32 Council Areas of Scotland. The CAOSA program includes 20 separately numbered awards as listed below. Endorsements available for band and/or mode. All bands and modes may be used. Contacts must be made from the same location, or from locations no ten of which are more than 100 miles apart which is affirmed by signature of the applicant on the application. Club station applicants should include clearly the club name and call sign of the club station. Contacts since April 1, 1996. Written cards must be submitted (no photocopies) and must show your call sign and indicate that two-way communications was established. Applications for specialty awards must submit confirmations that clearly confirm two-way contact on the specialty mode/band. Specialty awards are available for 160 m, 80 m, 40 m, 30 m, 20 m, 17 m, 15 m, 12 m, 10 m, 6 m, 2 m, Satellite, CW, SSB, FM, RTTY, SSTV, PSK31 and QRP. Any or all modes/bands may be used for QRP award. QRP is defined as 10 watts input (or 5 watts output) of the applicant only and is affirmed by signature of the applicant on the application. No use of "repeater" contacts. All stations contacted must be ""land stations"". Contact with ships, anchored or otherwise, and aircraft, cannot be counted. Permanently docked exhibition or historic ships will be considered land based. The sponsor reserves the right to spot check call signs for inspection of QSL cards of applications verified by an Award Manager. QSL cards, Application Form (SRARS-A-001) and Record Sheet (SRARS-S-001) should be submitted to an Award Manager: GM3EDZ Tom Hughes, 8 Ossian Avenue, Ralston, Paisley, PA1 3AY, Scotland, U.K. Be sure that when QSL cards are presented for verification to sort them alphabetically by Council Area, as listed on the Record Sheet. All QSL cards sent to Award Manager must be accompanied by sufficient postage for their safe return (registered mail is recommended because it is traceable). All applications sent to Award Manager must include the appropriate fee: �6, $10, 10� or 12 IRCs plus return postage for each CAOSA certificate. The Gazetteer for Scotland is a vast geographical database, featuring details of towns, villages, bens and glens from the Scottish Borders to the Northern Isles. The Gazetteer is already the largest Scottish resource available on the web. If you do not know station�s Council Area, it is advisable to use Any Word Search on the Gazetteer web site. Just enter exact station�s location! SCOTTISH COUNCIL AREAS LIST MM0 4 A contact with the Aberdeen ARS club station GM3BSQ or with any of the old prefix stations, such as GM1, GM2, GM5, GM6, GM7 or GM8 may be used as a substitute for any required prefix in the above groups.  All bands and modes.  Contacts after October 1, 1946.  You must possess the cards.  GCR list by Radio Club Secretary or Chairman of your local radio club and fee of �1, 2� or 3 IRCs to Stanley Sutherland GM4BKV, 67 Greenfern Road, Mastrick, Aberdeen, AB2 6TP, Scotland.  (Rewrite 6/2004) GM Flora and Fauna Award Available to any amateur and SWL for contacting/listening to stations operating from the national parks and special protected areas in Scotland. Valid contacts for the award must be land stations operating from such areas which are on the official list on or after 1 January 2010. The awards are FREE of charge and are provided in a high quality PDF file which you may print in your shack. In addition, all the awards are also available as full color metal plated wooden plaques. (Contact sponsor for prices on the plaques.) Award Levels: Contact GMFF expeditions from 10, 20, 30, 40 or 50 different parks. All claims for the GMFF awards should be made using the GMFF Award Management Software as written by DK5UR. Cards or ADIF logs are not required. General: 200 islands in 10 groups 135 islands in 10 groups Chasers must submit proof of contact (i.e., QSL card). Activators must show log evidence that they have made a minimum of 100 contacts from each island claimed. Those interested in the award should send for the Scottish Islands Directory which gives full details of the award and lists all valid islands and groups. It is available from GM4UZY, address shown below; cost is $US10, 16 IRCs or �6 and ALSO covers the cost of the Basic certificate. (Island list also on DXAWARDS.COM) (Chg 03) Fees for the other levels of the award are �5, $US10 or 12 IRCs plus return postage. Apply for the award to: Charlie Wilson GM4UZY, Golden Acre, 1 Borrowfield Crescent, Montrose, Angus, Scotland, UK DD10 9BR.. Islands of Scotland Millennium Award A variation of the above award - same sponsor, but rules as follows: This is an annual award, which can be worked for in each calendar year starting in 2001. The period runs for the entire calendar year. The purpose is to encourage island chasers, activators and SWLs to remain active in the program in addition to working for the normal award above. Make contact with 35 Scottish islands, any band or mode. Activators are required to activate 10 islands. Any islands on the lists qualify. The cost shall be �3, 7 IRC or $US5. No cost, however, to activators. (Chg 03) SCOTLAND                     --Orkney A.R.C. Series --- General Requirements: Contacts may be made on all authorized bands and modes. If contacts are made with stations that are not members of the Orkney ARC, then their card must be submitted with your application. If contact is with a club member, no card is needed. List of members shown below. SWL OK. For both awards, an Orkney amateur may be counted more than once if they are worked from different Orkney locations. No use of repeaters or other relays. All bands and modes OK. Application form is found on their website and it�s use is requested. Endorsements available for any band, mode or QRP. Fees-each certificate is $US10, �6, 20E or 12 IRC. Subsequent endorsements are $US6, �4, 6E or 9 IRC. Apply to: David Wishart, Awards Manager, Orkney ARC, Curcum, Swannay by Evie, Orkney Islands, KW27 2NS, United Kingdom. Website: http://www.eu009.com/   Club members:  GM0HQG GM0HTH GM0HTT GM0IFM GM0WED GM3POI GM4SLL GM4WMM GM8FWS MM0DGI MM0EAX MM0GKB MM0RDD MM0SJH MM1APX MM3POI MM3SWW MM5DWW Tks: OH3GZ 6/2004            WORKED ALL ORKNEY PARISHES AWARD European stations contact with four Orkney parishes. The parishes must be on the official list as shown below. All others need 2 parishes. Endorsements: EU for each additional 3 parishes, others for 2 additional parishes. Please try to establish the parish name during the QSO. This is especially important if the Orkney station is mobile / portable. List of parishes: Birsay  Evie  Sandwick  Harray  Rendall  Stromness  Stenness  Firth  Orphir  Kirkwall & St Ola   St Andrews Holm  Deerness           WORKED ALL ORKNEY ISLANDS AWARD Only islands officially endorsed by I.O.S.A. are eligible for this award. See list below. Europeans must contact five Orkney islands. All others need 3. A QSL card (or certified list) will be required for any contacts made with amateurs who are not members of Orkney Amateur Radio Club. Endorsements: EU for each 3 additional islands, and all others for 3 additional islands. Please try to establish the island name / reference during the QSO. This is especially important if the Orkney station is mobile / portable. Official List of Orkney Islands: Auskerry Burray  Calf-of-Eday  Cava  Copinsay  Eday  Egilsay  Eynhallow  Fara   Faray  Flotta  Gairsay  Glims-Holm Graemsay  Grimbister  Hellier-Holm  Holm-of-Scockness  Hoy  Hunda  Lamb-Holm  Linga-Holm  Mainland Muckle-Green-Holm  North Ronaldsay  Papa  Papa-Stronsay  Westray  Rousay  Sanday  Shapinsay  South  Ronalday  Stronsay Swona  Switha  Westray  Wyre SCOTLAND                 Phase Shift Keying Award (EUPSKA)  The European Phase Shift Keying Award Programm (EUPSKA) was devised by the Scottish-Russian ARS in 2004. This was to promote an interest in Amateur Radio in Europe and to sponsor a series of awards and badges based on the administrative geography of European countries by using the PSK31 mode.  Award Levels: 150 200 There are 1194 current entities in the European Areas list. The two letter and two numbers abbreviations are given to EU Areas by the Award Committee. These are used along with the full name in the list. The official list of the entities is found at: http://www.eudx.srars.org/eulist.pdf .  You will need the Adobe Acrobat reader - widely available free - to use the list.  Care must be taken in the interpretation of EU Areas from small-scale maps. The addresses of European stations given in various callbooks can be misleading. Administrative geography concerns itself with the hierarchy of areas relating to national governments in Europe. This hierarchy is complicated for not only are there several layers but the structure is different in each European country. In addition the boundaries of many of the layers in the hierarchy are subject to periodic or occasional change. Unless otherwise stated contacts made to claim European Areas must have been made after the date from which the area was valid. Old European Areas that no longer exist are not shown in the list and not valid for the Award Program.  Any award or badge under this program may be claimed by any licensed radio amateur eligible under these rules who can produce evidence of having contacted amateur radio stations in Europe by using the PSK31 mode. All claims must be submitted in a standard form acceptable to the Award Committee. QSL-cards are not required. However, the Award Committee reserves the right to ask to see some or all of the QSL-cards. Awards and badges are issued to the person or club. The person or club can use any legal callsign. Contacts made from club stations or special event stations count to the credit of both the club and the operator. All stations must be operated in accordance with their licensing conditions. Contacts may be made from any location in the same DXCC country. Credit will be given for contacts made on any of the amateur bands below 30 MHz. Each claim must be accompanied by a fee of 5.00 GBP or $US10 per award or badge. The default payment method is via PayPal to [email protected]   or by a credit card, UK personal cheques, postal money orders, bank transfers, bank deposit, cash and other methods. Some payment options offer more protection than others, so be sure to select a method of payment that makes you feel comfortable. If you have any additional questions about how to pay, please do not hesitate to contact the Award Committee. Applications and enquiries should be sent to the Award Committee by e-mail [email protected] or at the address: Scottish-Russian ARS, P.O. Box 7469, Glasgow, G42 0YD, Scotland, UK. SCOTLAND              SCOTIA (Scottish Islands Award) Contact or operate from Scottish islands on or after 1 January 1996. QSL cards are required but should not be submitted at any point _ see the relevant application forms for details of the independent certification process.   There are 3 basic requirements: i) The hunter must have scored the appropriate number of points for the level claimed. ii) Island hunters need not submit QSL cards, but the official application form (which can be downloaded free from this web_site) must be signed by one independent person (who need not be a radio amateur) certifying that he/she has seen the QSL cards relating to the QSOs/SWL reports claimed. iii) The appropriate fee (see below) should be enclosed. Only �Sterling, $U.S., Euros or I.R.C.s may be accepted. COST OF THE ISLAND HUNTERS CERTIFICATE : Award or Endorsement 20 20 THE ACTIVATOR CERTIFICATE awarded for island activation is free of charge as are all of the endorsements. In addition, any visitor from outside of the UK, but including Eire, activating their first SCOTIA Island, will be qualified for, and may therefore apply for, the basic SCOTIA Activator Certificate, which will again be issued free of charge. Any activator applying for a free certificate 'upgrade' should enclose 1 IRC (or equivalent) to cover the postage for the upgrade stickers. VARIOUS LEVELS of the AWARD : The basic entry level requires the applicant to have scored a minimum of 30 points. The applicant is then entitled to the basic certificate (which would be issued without stickers). The minimum score of 30 points can be achieved in a number of ways. Refer to website for many variations, but basically it works like this: If your QTH is UK/Eire, each different island = 2 points, for Europeans 3 and all others 4 points. All applicants may claim 2 bonus points the first time each of the 6 SCOTIA island groups is worked. And you may claim an additional bonus of 5 points once ALL 6 SCOTIA island groups have been worked or heard. There are special bonus points for working GM3VLB from various islands. NUMBER OF ISLANDS : There will be 200 qualifying islands. Old hands will recognize most from other island lists such as IOTA and IOSA. This total will NOT be exceeded in any circumstances but we reserve the right to DELETE and REPLACE any island on the list, an action which will only be considered in exceptional circumstances. ISLAND GROUPS : The 200 islands are divided into 6 geographical "groups": 35 DISTANT ISLANDS ("DI")      33 ORKNEY ISLANDS ("OI") 26 SHETLAND ISLES ("SI")        28 HEBRIDEAN ISLES ("HI") 40 COASTAL - South ("CS")        38 COASTAL - North ("CN") Points for various levels of the award: Basic Award - 30 points with at least 2 islands from each of any 3 island groups. 40 sticker - 40 points with at least 3 islands from each of any 3 island groups. 50 sticker - 50 points with at least 4 islands from each of any 3 island groups. 60 sticker - 60 points with at least 2 islands from each of any 4 island groups. 70 sticker - 70 points with at least 3 islands from each of any 4 island groups. 80 sticker - 80 points with at least 4 islands from each of any 4 island groups. 90 sticker - 90 points with at least 2 islands from each of any 5 island groups. 100 sticker - 100 points with at least 3 islands from each of any 5 island groups or at least 2 islands from any of the 6 islands groups. OPERATING BANDS, MODES etc. : QSOs or reports may be on either CW or SSB, and on any of the "WARC" HF bands, from 10m (28MHz) to 160m (1.8MHz) but to encourage and recognise the increasing use of the 6m (50MHz) band, QSOs on this band, after 1st January 1996 (as for the HF bands) will now also be accepted. Cross_band and cross_mode QSOs are allowed but repeater or satellite assisted QSOs are not. CONTACT ADDRESSES :All correspondence regarding the award program, including applications Andre SAUNDERS GM3VLB, 6, Douglas Crescent, KELSO, Scotland TD5 8BB Highly recommend you visit the WWW site: http://www.iosa.co.uk/index.htm Tks W3BM 5/02 SCOTLAND        Worked All Scottish Prefixes Award Available to all radio amateurs and SWLs for contacts with stations located in Scotland on or after 1 Jan 2000. Each prefix may be worked in CW, phone and digital modes on each band, giving a possible of three per band.  Available in 4 levels: Tks Dragan Ivanovic -facebook 8/15 SERBIA LAJKOVAC AWARD Sponsored by the Radio Club "Zeleznicar" YU1GTU on the 90th anniversary of the Railway in Lajkovac.  SWL OK.  Contact Lajkovac stations on or after 1 Sept 1998, all bands or modes.  No use of cross0-mode, digitpeaters, satellites or repeaters.  Each station may be worked one time.  YU's need 3 QSO's, other EU 2 and all others just 1 QSO with members of RC "Zeleznicar" YU1GTU.  YU and EU's must work the club station YU1GTU or special call YT1L.  The award is free, but YU stations must send 2 IRCs, EU 3 and all others 4 IRCs for postage.  Send GCR list and fee for postage to: Radio Club "Zeleznicar" - YU1GTU, PO Box 5, YU-14224 Lajkovac, Yugoslavia. List of members: YU1GTU (special call YT1L), YU1AB (YU4A), YU1CM, YU1SL, YU5B, YT1DL, YT1DOS, YT1GSM, YT1MIT, YT1MBZ, YU2MAX, YT1SEN, YT1SMC, YT1VBR, YT1VVK and YT1WIN. Tks S50LEA Radioamaterski forum 10/14 SERBIA              VALVA AWARD On the occasion of archaelogical discoveries tracing the origin of the town of Valva back to the 6th century, amateurs from this area offer the Valva Award. Contact 16 different stations should be made in such a way that the first letters in their call sign suffixes result in the following phrase: VALJEVO MOUNTAINS. Contacts after September 1, 2002. All bands and modes OK. Cross-mode and cross-band contacts may not be used, nor are those made through repeators and other translators. GCR list and fee of 5� for Europeans and $US10 for all others. Apply to: Zoran Milasinovic, YZ1VAZ, Bobovceva 3/2, 14000 Valjevo, Serbia.  SERBIA                     WYUCWK AWARD ( Worked YUCW Club Members) WYUCWK Award is issued by CW Club of Serbia and Montenegro. This award is available to licensed Amateur Radio operators and SWLs throughout the world for having worked/heard YUCWK members. Contacts/receptions after 1st January 2005. will be acceptable. All HF bands (1,8-3,5-7-10-14-18-21-24-28MHz) and modes are valid. YUCWK members predominiatly operate CW. To qualify for Award the following should be met. EU stations must have 7 contacts (SWL). Alaskan stations need 2, and all others 3. As part of its 35th anniversary celebrations, YUCWK is pleased to announce that members will be using number "35" in the prefix during the year 2005. The list of YUCWK members and their callsigns as at 1st January 2005. is following (other callsigns in use by YUCWK members- such as contest or special event callsigns, are also valid for this award: YT1AA 1AD YT5A 5 II YT6A 6T YT7AA YU1AA 1BM 1CY 1DX 1GG 1HC 1MM 1MV 1NW 1RJ 1SB 1UB 1VT 1VV 1WR 1XW 1ZZ. YU6AW YU7EV YU8YL YZ1AA 1AU YZ2A 4N1GM . Each member may be contacted on multiple bands for QSO credit. Send a log book extract of all contacts including: date, time, call sign, band, mode, sent/received report (as well as correspondents call sign for SWLs). You must also enclose your QSL card for each of the stations which were contacted plus fee of 5 EUR or 10 USD and sent to: YUCWK Secretary:.LJUBOMIR TRAJKOVIC, YU1BM, Luja Adamica 12/22, 11070 Novi Beograd, Serbia and Montenegro. Tks YZ1EW (YZ5W) 1/2005 SINGAPORE LION CITY Award The Singapore Amateur Radio Transmitting Society offers the Lion City Award to any radio amateur radio station outside CQ Zone 28 who submits an application for FIVE confirmed contacts with 9V1's. For CQ Zone 28 stations, the requirement is TEN confirmed contacts. GCR list including dates, modes and signal reports sent and received. Award fee of $US2 or 3 IRC�s should be sent to: Awards Manager, Singapore Amateur Radio Transmitting Society, Robinson Road, PO Box 2728, Singapore 904728.
Orkney
General Elections are traditionally held on which day of the week in Britain?
Orkney : definition of Orkney and synonyms of Orkney (English) Liam McArthur Orkney ( Scottish Gaelic : Arcaibh [1] [2] ) also known as the Orkney Islands (and sometimes "the Orkneys", a name which locals disparage), [Notes 1] is an archipelago in northern Scotland , 16 kilometres (10 mi) north of the coast of Caithness . Orkney comprises approximately 70 islands of which 20 are inhabited. [4] [5] The largest island, known as the " Mainland " has an area of 523.25 square kilometres (202.03 sq mi) making it the sixth largest Scottish island [6] and the tenth-largest island in the British Isles . The largest settlement and administrative centre is Kirkwall . [7] The name "Orkney" dates back to the 1st century BC or earlier, and the islands have been inhabited for at least 8,500 years. Originally occupied by Mesolithic and Neolithic tribes and then by the Picts , Orkney was invaded and forcibly annexed by Norway in 875 and settled by the Norse. It was subsequently annexed to the Scottish Crown in 1472, following the failed payment of a dowry for James III 's bride, Margaret of Denmark . [8] Orkney contains some of the oldest and best-preserved Neolithic sites in Europe, and the " Heart of Neolithic Orkney " is a designated UNESCO World Heritage Site . Orkney is one of the 32 council areas of Scotland, a constituency of the Scottish Parliament , a lieutenancy area , and a former county . The local council is Orkney Islands Council, one of only three Councils in Scotland with a majority of elected members who are independents . [Notes 2] In addition to the Mainland, most of the islands are in two groups, the North and South Isles, all of which have an underlying geological base of Old Red Sandstone . The climate is mild and the soils are extremely fertile, most of the land being farmed. Agriculture is the most important sector of the economy and the significant wind and marine energy resources are of growing importance. The local people are known as Orcadians and have a distinctive dialect and a rich inheritance of folklore. There is an abundance of marine and avian wildlife. Contents 15 External links   Origin of the name   Blaeu's 1654 map of Orkney and Shetland. The original Latin name "Orcades" was still in use by map makers at this time. Pytheas of Massilia visited Britain probably sometime between 322 and 285 BC and described it as being triangular in shape, with a northern tip called Orcas. [11] This may have referred to Dunnet Head , from which Orkney is visible. [12] Writing in the 1st century AD, the Roman geographer Pomponius Mela called the islands Orcades, as did Tacitus in AD 98, claiming that his father-in-law Agricola had "discovered and subjugated the Orcades hitherto unknown" [12] [13] although both Mela and Pliny had previously referred to the islands. [11] The element Orc- is usually interpreted as a Pictish tribal name meaning "young pig" or "young boar ". [Notes 3] [15] The Old Irish name for the islands was Insi Orc ("island of the pigs"). [16] [17] The archipelago is known as Arcaibh in modern Scottish Gaelic , the -aibh representing a fossilized prepositional case ending. With the arrival of Norwegian settlers from the late 9th century, orc was re-interpreted as Old Norse as orkn " seal ", with the added suffix ey "island". [18] Thus the name became Orkneyjar (meaning "seal islands"), which was later shortened to Orkney in English.   History   Ring of Brodgar , on the island of Mainland, Orkney A charred hazelnut shell, recovered in 2007 during excavations in Tankerness on the Mainland has been dated to 6820-6660 BC indicating the presence of Mesolithic nomadic tribes. [19] The earliest known permanent settlement is at Knap of Howar , a Neolithic farmstead on the island of Papa Westray , which dates from 3500 BC. The village of Skara Brae , Europe's best-preserved Neolithic settlement, is believed to have been inhabited from around 3100 BC. [20] Other remains from that era include the Standing Stones of Stenness , the Maeshowe passage grave , the Ring of Brodgar and other standing stones. Many of the Neolithic settlements were abandoned around 2500 BC, possibly due to changes in the climate. [21] [22] [23] During the Bronze Age fewer large stone structures were built although the great ceremonial circles continued in use [24] as metalworking was slowly introduced to Scotland from Europe over a lengthy period. [25] [26] There are relatively few Orcadian sites dating from this era although there is the impressive Plumcake Mound near the Ring of Brodgar and various islands sites such as Tofts Ness on Sanday and the remains of two houses on Holm of Faray . [27] [28]   Iron Age   Midhowe Broch on the west coast of Rousay Excavations at Quanterness on the Mainland have revealed an Atlantic roundhouse built about 700 BC and similar finds have been made at Bu on the Mainland and Pierowall Quarry on Westray. [29] The most impressive Iron Age structures of Orkney are the ruins of later round towers called " brochs " and their associated settlements such as the Broch of Burroughston [30] and Broch of Gurness . The nature and origin of these buildings is a subject of ongoing debate. Other structures from this period include underground storehouses , and aisled roundhouses , the latter usually in association with earlier broch sites. [31] [32] During the Roman invasion of Britain the "King of Orkney" was one of 11 British leaders who is said to have submitted to the Emperor Claudius in AD 43 at Colchester . [33] [Notes 4] After the Agricolan fleet had come and gone, possibly anchoring at Shapinsay , direct Roman influence seems to have been limited to trade rather than conquest. [36] By the late Iron Age, Orkney was part of the Pictish kingdom, and although the archaeological remains from this period are less impressive there is every reason to suppose the fertile soils and rich seas of Orkney provided the Picts with a comfortable living. [36] [Notes 5] The Dalriadic Gaels began to influence the islands towards the close of the Pictish era, perhaps principally through the role of Celtic missionaries , as evidenced by several islands bearing the epithet "Papa" in commemoration of these preachers. [38] However, before the Gaelic presence could establish itself the Picts were gradually dispossessed by the Norsemen from the late 8th century onwards. The nature of this transition is controversial, and theories range from peaceful integration to enslavement and genocide . [39]   Norwegian rule   According to the Orkneyinga Saga , Harald Hårfagre (on the left) took control of Orkney in 875. Both Orkney and Shetland saw a significant influx of Norwegian settlers during the late 8th and early 9th centuries. Vikings made the islands the headquarters of their pirate expeditions carried out against Norway and the coasts of mainland Scotland. In response, Norwegian king Harald Hårfagre ("Harald Fair Hair") annexed the Northern Isles (comprising Orkney and Shetland) in 875. [Notes 6] Rognvald Eysteinsson received Orkney and Shetland from Harald as an earldom as reparation for the death of his son in battle in Scotland, and then passed the earldom on to his brother Sigurd the Mighty . [41] However, Sigurd's line barely survived him and it was Torf-Einarr , Rognvald's son by a slave, who founded a dynasty that controlled the islands for centuries after his death. [42] [Notes 7] He was succeeded by his son Thorfinn Skull-splitter and during this time the deposed Norwegian King Eric Bloodaxe often used Orkney as a raiding base before being killed in 954. Thorfinn's death and presumed burial at the broch of Hoxa, on South Ronaldsay , led to a long period of dynastic strife. [44] [45]   King Olav Tryggvason of Norway, who forcibly Christianised Orkney. [46] Painting by Peter Nicolai Arbo . Initially a pagan culture, detailed information about the return of the Christian religion to the islands of Scotland during the Norse-era is elusive. [47] The Orkneyinga Saga suggests the islands were Christianised by Olav Tryggvasson in 995 when he stopped at South Walls on his way from Ireland to Norway. The King summoned the jarl Sigurd the Stout [Notes 8] and said "I order you and all your subjects to be baptised. If you refuse, I'll have you killed on the spot and I swear I will ravage every island with fire and steel." Unsurprisingly, Sigurd agreed and the islands became Christian at a stroke, [46] receiving their own bishop in the early 11th century. [Notes 9] Thorfinn the Mighty was a son of Sigurd and a grandson of King Máel Coluim mac Cináeda (Malcolm II of Scotland). Along with Sigurd's other sons he ruled Orkney during the first half of the 11th century and extended his authority over a small maritime empire stretching from Dublin to Shetland . Thorfinn died around 1065 and his sons Paul and Erlend succeeded him, fighting at the Battle of Stamford Bridge in 1066. [50] Paul and Erlend quarreled as adults and this dispute carried on to the next generation. The martyrdom of Magnus Erlendsson , who was killed in April 1116 by his cousin Haakon Paulsson , resulted in the building of St. Magnus Cathedral , still today a dominating feature of Kirkwall. [Notes 10] [Notes 11]   St Magnus Cathedral in Kirkwall Unusually, from c. 1100 onwards the Norse jarls owed allegiance both to Norway for Orkney and to the Scottish crown through their holdings as Earls of Caithness . [53] In 1231 the line of Norse earls, unbroken since Rognvald, ended with Jon Haraldsson 's murder in Thurso . [54] The Earldom of Caithness was granted to Magnus , second son of the Earl of Angus , whom Haakon IV of Norway confirmed as Earl of Orkney in 1236. [55] In 1290, the death of the child princess Margaret, Maid of Norway in Orkney, en route to mainland Scotland, created a disputed succession that led to the Wars of Scottish Independence . [56] [Notes 12] In 1379 the earldom passed to the Sinclair family, who were also barons of Roslin near Edinburgh . [57] [Notes 13] Evidence of the Viking presence is widespread, and includes the settlement at the Brough of Birsay , [61] the vast majority of place names , [62] and the runic inscriptions at Maeshowe. [Notes 14]   Scottish rule   James III and Margaret , whose betrothal led to Orkney passing from Norway to Scotland. In 1468 Orkney was pledged by Christian I , in his capacity as king of Norway, as security against the payment of the dowry of his daughter Margaret , betrothed to James III of Scotland . As the money was never paid, the connection with the crown of Scotland has become perpetual. [Notes 15] The history of Orkney prior to this time is largely the history of the ruling aristocracy. From now on the ordinary people emerge with greater clarity. An influx of Scottish entrepreneurs helped to create a diverse and independent community that included farmers, fishermen and merchants that called themselves comunitas Orcadie and who proved themselves increasingly able to defend their rights against their feudal overlords. [66] [67] From at least the 16th century, boats from mainland Scotland and the Netherlands dominated the local herring fishery. There is little evidence of an Orcadian fleet until the 19th century but it grew rapidly and 700 boats were involved by the 1840s with Stronsay and then later Stromness becoming leading centres of development. White fish never became as dominant as in other Scottish ports. [68] In the 17th century, Orcadians formed the overwhelming majority of employees of the Hudson's Bay Company in Canada . The harsh climate of Orkney and the Orcadian reputation for sobriety and their boat handling skills made them ideal candidates for the rigours of the Canadian north. [69] During this period, burning kelp briefly became a mainstay of the islands' economy. For example on Shapinsay over 3,048 tonnes (3,000  long tons ) of burned seaweed were produced per annum to make soda ash , bringing in £20,000 to the local economy. [70] Agricultural improvements beginning in the 17th century resulted in the enclosure of the commons and ultimately in the Victoria era the emergence of large and well-managed farms using a five-shift rotation system and producing high quality beef cattle. [71]   20th century   The Italian Chapel on Lamb Holm was built and decorated by Italian prisoners of war working on the Churchill Barriers . [72] Orkney was the site of a Royal Navy base at Scapa Flow , which played a major role in World War I and II . After the Armistice in 1918, the German High Seas Fleet was transferred in its entirety to Scapa Flow to await a decision on its future. The German sailors opened the sea-cocks and scuttled all the ships. Most ships were salvaged, but the remaining wrecks are now a favoured haunt of recreational divers. One month into World War II , a German U-boat sank the Royal Navy battleship HMS Royal Oak in Scapa Flow. As a result, barriers were built to close most of the access channels; these had the additional advantage of creating causeways enabling travellers to go from island to island by road instead of being obliged to rely on ferries. The causeways were constructed by Italian prisoners of war, who also constructed the ornate Italian Chapel . [72] The navy base became run down after the war, eventually closing in 1957. The problem of a declining population was significant in the post-war years, though in the last decades of the 20th century there was a recovery and life in Orkney focused on growing prosperity and the emergence of a relatively classless society. [73]   Overview of population trends In the modern era, population peaked in the mid 19th century at just over 26,000 and declined for a century thereafter to a low of less than 17,000 in the 1970s. Declines were particularly significant in the outlying islands, some of which remain vulnerable to ongoing losses. Although Orkney is in many ways very distinct from the other islands and archipelagos of Scotland this trend is very similar to those experienced elsewhere. [74] [75] Year   Geography   Map of Orkney showing main transport routes The Pentland Firth is a seaway between Orkney and the mainland of Scotland. It is 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) wide between Brough Ness on the island of South Ronaldsay and Duncansby Head in Caithness . Orkney lies between 58°41′and 59°24′North, and 2°22′and 3°26′West, measuring 80 kilometres (50 mi) from northeast to southwest and 47 kilometres (29 mi) from east to west, and covers 975 square kilometres (376 sq mi). [76] [77] The islands are mainly low-lying except for some sharply rising sandstone hills on Hoy , Mainland and Rousay and rugged cliffs on some western coasts. Nearly all of the islands have lochs , but the watercourses are merely streams draining the high land. The coastlines are indented, and the islands themselves are divided from each other by straits generally called "sounds" or "firths". [76] [78] The tidal currents , or "roosts" as some of them are called locally, [79] off many of the isles are swift, with frequent whirlpools. [Notes 16] The islands are notable for the absence of trees, which is partly accounted for by the amount of wind. [81]   Islands Main article: Mainland, Orkney   Stromness on the Mainland is the second largest settlement on Orkney. The Mainland is the largest island of Orkney. Both of Orkney's burghs , Kirkwall and Stromness , are on this island, which is also the heart of Orkney's transportation system, with ferry and air connections to the other islands and to the outside world. The island is more densely populated (75% of Orkney's population) than the other islands and has much fertile farmland . The island is mostly low-lying (especially East Mainland) but with coastal cliffs to the north and west and two sizeable lochs: the Loch of Harray and the Loch of Stenness . The Mainland contains the remnants of numerous Neolithic , Pictish and Viking constructions. Four of the main Neolithic sites are included in the Heart of Neolithic Orkney World Heritage Site , inscribed in 1999. The other islands in the group are classified as north or south of the Mainland. Exceptions are the remote islets of Sule Skerry and Sule Stack , which lie 60 kilometres (37 mi) west of the archipelago, but form part of Orkney for local government purposes. In island names, the suffix "a" or "ay" represents the Norse ey, meaning "island". Those described as " holms " are very small.   The North Isles The northern group of islands is the most extensive and consists of a large number of moderately sized islands, linked to the Mainland by ferries and by air services. Farming, fishing and tourism are the main sources of income for most of the islands.   North Ronaldsay sheep are a semi-feral breed that has evolved to eat seaweed. [82] The most northerly is North Ronaldsay , which lies 4 kilometres (2 mi) beyond its nearest neighbour, Sanday. To the west is Westray has a population of 550. It is connected by ferry and air to Papa Westray , also known as "Papay". Eday is at the centre of the North Isles . The centre of the island is moorland and the island's main industries have been peat extraction and limestone quarrying . Rousay , Egilsay and Gairsay lie north of the west Mainland across the Eynhallow Sound . Rousay is well-known for its ancient monuments, including the Quoyness chambered cairn and Egilsay has the ruins of the only round-towered church in Orkney. Wyre to the south east contains the site of Cubbie Roo's castle. Stronsay and Papa Stronsay lie much further to the east across the Stronsay Firth. Auskerry is south of Stronsay and has a population of only five. Shapinsay and its Balfour Castle are a short distance north of Kirkwall.   Hoy Lighthouse on Graemsay The southern group of islands surrounds Scapa Flow . Hoy is the second largest of the Orkney Isles and Ward Hill at its northern end is the highest elevation in the archipelago. The Old Man of Hoy is a well-known seastack . Burray lies to the east of Scapa Flow and is linked by causeway to South Ronaldsay, which hosts the cultural events, the Festival of the Horse and the Boys' Ploughing Match on the third Saturday in August. [83] It is also the location of the Neolithic Tomb of the Eagles . Graemsay and Flotta are both linked by ferry to the Mainland and Hoy, and the latter is known for its large oil terminal. South Walls has a 19th century Martello tower and is connected to Hoy by the Ayre. South Ronaldsay, Burray, Glims Holm , and Lamb Holm are connected by road to the Mainland by the Churchill Barriers .   The Old Man of Hoy The superficial rock of Orkney is almost entirely Old Red Sandstone , mostly of Middle Devonian age. [84] As in the neighbouring mainland county of Caithness , this sandstone rests upon the metamorphic rocks of the Moine series, as may be seen on the Mainland, where a narrow strip is exposed between Stromness and Inganess, and again in the small island of Graemsay ; they are represented by grey gneiss and granite . [85] The Middle Devonian is divided into three main groups. The lower part of the sequence, mostly Eifelian in age, is dominated by lacustrine beds of the lower and upper Stromness Flagstones that were deposited in Lake Orcadie . [86] The later Rousay flagstone formation is found throughout much of the North and South Isles and East Mainland. [87]   Geology of Orkney The Old Man of Hoy is formed from sandstone of the uppermost Eday group that is up to 800 metres (870 yd) thick in places. It lies unconformably upon steeply inclined flagstones, the interpretation of which is a matter of continuing debate. [87] [88] The Devonian and older rocks of Orkney are cut by a series of WSW-ENE to N-S trending faults, many of which were active during deposition of the Devonian sequences. [89] A strong synclinal fold traverses Eday and Shapinsay, the axis trending north-south. Middle Devonian basaltic volcanic rocks are found on western Hoy, on Deerness in eastern Mainland and on Shapinsay. Correlation between the Hoy volcanics and the other two exposures has been proposed, but differences in chemistry means this remains uncertain. [90] Lamprophyre dykes of Late Permian age are found throughout Orkney. [91] Glacial striation and the presence of chalk and flint erratics that originated from the bed of the North Sea demonstrate the influence of ice action on the geomorphology of the islands. Boulder clay is also abundant and moraines cover substantial areas. [92]   Climate Orkney has a cool temperate climate that is remarkably mild and steady for such a northerly latitude , due to the influence of the Gulf Stream . [93] The average temperature for the year is 8 °C (46 °F); for winter 4 °C (39 °F) and for summer 12 °C (54 °F). [94] The average annual rainfall varies from 850 millimetres (33 in) to 940 millimetres (37 in). [94] Winds are a key feature of the climate and even in summer there are almost constant breezes. In winter, there are frequent strong winds, with an average of 52 hours of gales being recorded annually. [95] To tourists, one of the fascinations of the islands is their "nightless" summers. On the longest day , the sun rises at 03:00 and sets at 21:29 GMT and complete darkness is unknown. This long twilight is known in the Northern Isles as the "simmer dim". [96] Winter nights are long. On the shortest day the sun rises at 09:05 and sets at 15:16. [97] At this time of year the aurora borealis can occasionally be seen on the northern horizon during moderate auroral activity. [98]   Politics Orkney is represented in the House of Commons as part of the Orkney and Shetland constituency , which elects one Member of Parliament (MP), the current incumbent being Alistair Carmichael . This seat has been held by the Liberal Democrats or their predecessors the Liberal Party since 1950, longer than any other they represent in the UK. [99] [100] [101] In the Scottish Parliament the Orkney constituency elects one Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) by the first past the post system. The current MSP is Liam McArthur of the Liberal Democrats. [102] Before McArthur the MSP was Jim Wallace , who was previously Deputy First Minister . [103] Orkney is within the Highlands and Islands electoral region . Orkney Islands Council consists of 21 members, all of whom are independent , that is they do not stand as representatives of a political party. [104] The Orkney Movement, a political party that supported devolution for Orkney from the rest of Scotland, contested the 1987 general election as the Orkney and Shetland Movement (a coalition of the Orkney movement and its equivalent for Shetland). The Scottish National Party chose not to contest the seat to give the movement a "free run". Their candidate, John Goodlad, came 4th with 3,095 votes, 14.5% of those cast, but the experiment has not been repeated. [105]   Economy The soil of Orkney is generally very fertile and most of the land is taken up by farms, agriculture being by far the most important sector of the economy and providing employment for a quarter of the workforce. [106] More than 90% of agricultural land is used for grazing for sheep and cattle, with cereal production utilising about 4% (4,200 hectares (10,000 acres)) and woodland occupying only 134 hectares (330 acres). [107] Fishing has declined in importance, but still employed 345 individuals in 2001, about 3.5% of the islands' economically active population, the modern industry concentrating on herring, white fish, lobsters , crabs and other shellfish, and salmon fish farming. [Notes 17] Today, the traditional sectors of the economy export beef , cheese , whisky , beer , fish and other seafood . In recent years there has been growth in other areas including tourism, food and beverage manufacture, jewellery, knitwear, and other crafts production, construction and oil transportation through the Flotta oil terminal. [108] Retailing accounts for 17.5% of total employment, [107] and public services also play a significant role, employing a third of the islands' workforce. [109] In 2007, of the 1,420 VAT registered enterprises 55% were in agriculture, forestry and fishing, 12% in manufacturing and construction, 12% in wholesale, retail and repairs, and 5% in hotels and restaurants. A further 5% were public service related. [107] 55% of these businesses employ between 5 and 49 people. [109]   Pelamis on site at EMEC's wave testing site off Billia Croo Orkney has significant wind and marine energy resources, and renewable energy has recently come into prominence. The European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) is a Scottish Government -backed research facility that has installed a wave testing system at Billia Croo on the Orkney Mainland and a tidal power testing station on the island of Eday. [110] At the official opening of the Eday project the site was described as "the first of its kind in the world set up to provide developers of wave and tidal energy devices with a purpose-built performance testing facility." [Notes 18] Funding for the UK's first wave farm was announced by the Scottish Government in 2007. It will be the world's largest, with a capacity of 3 MW generated by four Pelamis machines at a cost of over £4 million. [112] During 2007 Scottish and Southern Energy plc in conjunction with the University of Strathclyde began the implementation of a Regional Power Zone in the Orkney archipelago. This scheme (that may be the first of its kind in the world) involves "active network management" that will make better use of the existing infrastructure and allow a further 15MW of new "non-firm generation" output from renewables onto the network. [113] [114]   Transport   Air Highland and Islands Airports operates the main airport in Orkney, Kirkwall Airport . Loganair , a franchise of Flybe , provides services to the Scottish mainland ( Aberdeen , Edinburgh , Glasgow-International and Inverness ), as well as to Sumburgh Airport in Shetland. [115] Within Orkney, the council operates airfields on most of the larger islands including Stronsay , Eday , North Ronaldsay , Westray , Papa Westray , and Sanday . [116] Reputedly the shortest scheduled air service in the world, between the islands of Westray and Papa Westray, is scheduled at two minutes duration [117] but can take less than one minute if the wind is in the right direction.   Ferry   MV Earl Thorfinn arrives at Westray . Orkney Ferries operate a fleet of inter-island ferries. [118] Ferries serve both to link Orkney to the rest of Scotland, and also to link together the various islands of the Orkney archipelago. Ferry services operate between Orkney and the Scottish mainland and Shetland on the following routes: Scrabster Harbour , Thurso to Stromness (operated by Northlink Ferries) Inter-island ferry services connect all the inhabited islands to Orkney Mainland, and are operated by Orkney Ferries , a company owned by Orkney Islands Council. [115]   Media Orkney is served by a weekly local newspaper, The Orcadian . A local BBC radio station, BBC Radio Orkney , the local opt-out of BBC Radio Scotland , broadcasts twice daily, with local news and entertainment. [119] Orkney also has a commercial radio station, The Superstation Orkney , which broadcasts to Kirkwall and parts of the mainland and also broadcasts to most of Caithness . [120] Moray Firth Radio broadcasts throughout Orkney on AM and from an FM transmitter just outside Thurso. The community radio station Caithness FM also broadcasts to Orkney. [121]   Language, literature and folklore   The Odin Stone At the beginning of recorded history the islands were inhabited by the Picts , whose language was Brythonic. [Notes 19] The Ogham script on the Buckquoy spindle-whorl is cited as evidence for the pre-Norse existence of Old Irish in Orkney. [124] [Notes 20] After the Norse occupation the toponymy of Orkney became almost wholly West Norse . [126] The Norse language evolved into the local Norn , which lingered until the end of the 18th century, when it finally died out. [125] Norn was replaced by the Orcadian dialect of Insular Scots . This dialect is at a low ebb due to the pervasive influences of television, education and the large number of incomers. However attempts are being made by some writers and radio presenters to revitalise its use [127] and the distinctive sing-song accent and many dialect words of Norse origin remain in use. [Notes 21] The Orcadian word most frequently encountered by visitors is "peedie", meaning "small", which may be derived from the French petit. [129] [Notes 22] Orkney has a rich folklore and many of the former tales concern trows , an Orcadian form of troll that draws on the islands' Scandinavian connections. [131] Local customs in the past included marriage ceremonies at the Odin Stone that formed part of the Stones of Stenness. [132] The best known literary figures from modern Orkney are the poet Edwin Muir , the poet and novelist George Mackay Brown and the novelist Eric Linklater . [133]   Orcadians Main article: Orcadians An Orcadian is a native of Orkney, a term that reflects a strongly held identity with a tradition of understatement. [134] Although the annexation of the earldom by Scotland took place over five centuries ago in 1472, most Orcadians regard themselves as Orcadians first and Scots second. [135] When an Orcadian speaks of "Scotland", they are talking about the land to the immediate south of the Pentland Firth . When an Orcadian speaks of "the mainland", they mean Mainland, Orkney . [136] Tartan , clans , bagpipes and the like are traditions of the Scottish Highlands and are not a part of the islands' indigenous culture. [137] However, at least two tartans with Orkney connections have been registered and a tartan has been designed for Sanday by one of the island's residents, [138] [139] [140] and there are pipe bands in Orkney. [141] [142] Native Orcadians refer to the non-native residents of the islands as "ferry loupers", a term that has been in use for nearly two centuries at least. [143] [Notes 23] This designation is celebrated in the Orkney Trout Fishing Association's "Ferryloupers Trophy", suggesting that although it can be used in a derogatory manner, it is more often a light-hearted expression. [144]   Natural history   Seals hauled out at Lyrie Geo on Hoy . Orkney has an abundance of wildlife. Orkney has an abundance of wildlife especially of Grey and Common Seals and seabirds such as Puffins , Kittiwakes , Tysties , Ravens , and Bonxies . Whales, dolphins, Otters are also seen around the coasts. Inland the Orkney Vole , a distinct subspecies of the Common Vole is an endemic . [145] [146] There are five distinct varieties, found on the islands of Sanday, Westray, Rousay, South Ronaldsay, and the Mainland, all the more remarkable as the species is absent on mainland Britain . [147] The coastline is well-known for its colourful flowers including Sea Aster , Sea Squill , Sea Thrift , Common Sea-lavender , Bell and Common Heather . The Scottish Primrose is found only on the coasts of Orkney and nearby Caithness and Sutherland . [78] [145] Although stands of trees are generally rare, a small forest named Happy Valley with 700 trees and lush gardens was created from a boggy hillside near Stenness during the second half of the 20th century. [148] The North Ronaldsay Sheep is an unusual breed of domesticated animal, subsisting largely on a diet of seaweed , since they are confined to the foreshore for most of the year to conserve the limited grazing inland. [82]   See also Armit, Ian (2006) Scotland's Hidden History. Stroud. Tempus. ISBN 0-7524-3764-X Benvie, Neil (2004) Scotland's Wildlife. London. Aurum Press. ISBN 1-85410-978-2 Ballin Smith, B. and Banks, I. (eds) (2002) In the Shadow of the Brochs, the Iron Age in Scotland. Stroud. Tempus. ISBN 0-7524-2517-X Ballin Smith, Beverley; Taylor, Simon; and Williams, Gareth (eds) (2007) West Over Sea: Studies in Scandinavian Sea-borne Expansion and Settlement Before 1300. Brill. ISBN 90-04-15893-6 Clarkson, Tim (2008) The Picts: A History. Stroud. The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-4392-8 Haswell-Smith, Hamish (2004). The Scottish Islands. Edinburgh: Canongate. ISBN   978-1-84195-454-7 .  Moffat, Alistair (2005) Before Scotland: The Story of Scotland Before History. London. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-05133-7 Omand, Donald (ed.) (2003) The Orkney Book. Edinburgh. Birlinn. ISBN 1-84158-254-9 Thomson, William P. L. (2008) The New History of Orkney. Edinburgh. Birlinn. ISBN 978-1-84158-696-0 Whitaker's Almanack 1991 (1990). London. J. Whitaker & Sons. ISBN 0-85021-205-7 Wickham-Jones, Caroline (2007) Orkney: A Historical Guide. Edinburgh. Birlinn. ISBN 1-84158-596-3  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.    Further reading Margot Livesey , The Flight of Gemma Hardy (a novel). HarperCollins, 2012. ISBN 978-0-06-206422-6 Fresson, Captain E. E. Air Road to the Isles. (2008) Kea Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9518958-9-4 Lo Bao, Phil and Hutchison, Iain (2002) BEAline to the Islands. Kea Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9518958-4-9 Warner, Guy (2005) Orkney by Air. Kea Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9518958-7-0 Batey, C.E. et al (eds.) (1995) The Viking Age in Caithness, Orkney and the North Atlantic. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-0632-0   External links
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Dupion, Habotai and Noil are three types of what fabric?
Silk Habotai/Habutai - AUSILK Silk Habotai/Habutai 1. Art.11206/11117 8mm 44"/54" silk habotai. 2. Art.11216/11118 10mm 44"/54" silk habotai. 3. Art.11160/11386 12mm 44"/54" silk habotai. 4. Art.11218/11185 15mm 44"/54" silk habotai. 5. Art.11224 19mm 54" silk habotai. 6. Art.2004-5 29mm 54" silk habotai. Habutai or Habotai is one of the most basic plain weaves . While it was traditionally woven in Japan , most Habutai is today woven in China . It is normally a lining silk but can also be used for T-shirts , lampshades , summer blouses or very light lingerie . Plain weave (also called tabby weave or taffeta weave) is the most basic of three fundamental types of  textile weaves . It is strong and hard-wearing, used for fashion and furnishing fabrics. In plain weave, the warp and weft are aligned so they form a simple criss-cross pattern. Each weft thread crosses the warp threads by going over one, then under the next, and so on. The next weft thread goes under the warp threads that its neighbor went over, and vice versa. Balanced plain weaves are fabrics in which the warp and weft are made of threads of the same weight (size) and the same number of ends per inch as picks per inch .  
Silk
Who was the author of the novel 'Doctor Zhivago'?
The Silk Route > A unique selection of coloured silk suited for the experimental and traditional stitcher. Many of our products are seldom found elsewhere, giving you the opportunity to produce a stunning piece of work and be the envy of your friends Coloured silks stocked include: Silk Dupion, Silk Jacquard, Silk Brocades, Silk Stripes, etc. Speciality Items We have sourced and selected many additional products to complement our wonderful ranges of Natural Silks and Coloured Silks. Speciality items stocked include: Pure Silk Wadding, Silk Ribbons, Silk Threads, Silk Throwsters Waste, Silk Scarves, Silk Necklace Scarves, Fabric Markers, Gift Tokens, etc.
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Who's famous (reputed) last words were 'I told you I was ill'?
Last words - Wikiquote Last words Jump to: navigation , search NOTICE: This article needs additional citations for verification . See also Sorted alphabetically by last name (with some monarchs and leaders sorted by their first names, e.g. William the Silent ). This article refers only to last words of persons who actually lived or are believed to have actually lived. Last words of fictional characters can be found in Fictional last words . Who: Peter Abelard , a medieval French scholastic philosopher, theologian and preeminent logician. No comment. I did what I could. Who: Edward Abbey , an American author and essayist. Note: The first quote was a response as to whether he had any last words. (The epitaph on his memorial stone was "No Comment".) The second is an alternative as noted in the reference work Last Words of Notable People citing Epitaph for a Desert Anarchist: The Life and Legacy of Edward Abbey by James Bishop. Brahms, William B. (2010). Last Words of Notable People: Final Words of More than 3500 Noteworthy People Throughout History. Haddonfield, NJ: Reference Desk Press, Inc . p. 1. ISBN 978-09765325-2-1 .  ; Bishop, James. (2010). Epitaph for a Desert Anarchist: The Life and Legacy of Edward Abbey. New York: Atheneuem . ISBN 978-06891219-5-1 .  . Van Halen! Who: Darrell Abbott A.K.A Dimebag Darrel, former guitarist of Pantera and Damageplan. Note: Said while playing with Damageplan at a club minutes before he was shot and killed onstage. Come Lord Jesus, come quickly, finish in me the work that Thou hast begun; into Thy hands, O Lord, I commend my spirit, for Thou hast redeemed me. O God of truth, save me Thy servant, who hopes and confides in Thee alone; let Thy mercy, O Lord, be shewn unto me; in Thee have I trusted, O Lord, let me not be confounded for ever. Who: Robert Abbott , English prelate. Note: Last Words of Notable People citing The life of Dr. George Abbot, Lord Archbishop of Canterbury by Arthur Onslow (Guildford, England, 1777). Brahms, William B. (2010). Last Words of Notable People: Final Words of More than 3500 Noteworthy People Throughout History. Haddonfield, NJ: Reference Desk Press, Inc . p. 1. ISBN 978-09765325-2-1 .  . May the Most High God preserve thee from destruction, and from all the paths of error may He deliver thee. Who: Abraham , first of the three patriarchs of Judaism. It's okay! Gun's not loaded… see? Who: Johnny Ace , 1950s rhythm and blues singer. Note: Ace was playing Russian roulette (or something similar; exact accounts vary) with his revolver on Christmas Day 1954, during a backstage break in his concert that day. Contrary to Ace's assertion, there was a bullet in the chamber, which, when he pulled the trigger with the barrel of the gun to his face, killed him instantly. Ja, maar niet te veel. Translation: Yes, but not too much. Who: Gerrit Achterberg , Dutch poet. Note: Achterberg had just parked his car, when his wife asked: "Shall I bake some fried potatoes?" After answering the question he suffered a fatal heart attack. Note: Last Words of Notable People citing Het refrein is hein: Leven en sterven in een verpleeghuis by B. Keizer Brahms, William B. (2010). Last Words of Notable People: Final Words of More than 3500 Noteworthy People Throughout History. Haddonfield, NJ: Reference Desk Press, Inc . p. 3. ISBN 978-09765325-2-1 .  ; Keizer, Bert (1997). Het refrein is hein: Leven en sterven in een verpleeghuis. Amsterdam: Nijmegen . ISBN 978-90616862-1-7 .  . Oh, yes; it is the glorious Fourth of July. It is a great day. It is a good day. God bless it. God bless you all. [He then lapsed into unconsciousness; he awakened later, and mumbled,] Thomas Jefferson… Who: John Adams , 2nd President of the United States. John Adams died on July 4, 1826. He is often quoted as having said " Thomas Jefferson still survives." with some depictions indicating he might have not expressed the entire statement before dying, i.e.: "Thomas Jefferson… still survi—", but some research indicates that only the words "Thomas Jefferson" were clearly intelligible among his last. Adams did not know that Jefferson, his great political rival—and later friend and correspondent—had died a few hours earlier that same 4th of July, 1826, exactly fifty years after the signing of the Declaration of Independence. This is the last of Earth! I am content! Who: John Quincy Adams , 6th President of the United States. Note: John Quincy Adams suffered a cerebral hemorrhage on the floor of the U.S Capitol Building, as he had become a U.S. Representative from the 11th District of Massachusetts after his presidency. He died several days later. As quoted in The Truly Great: A Discourse Appropriate to the Life and Character of John Quincy Adams (1848) by Edwin Hubbell Chapin and "Illness and Death of John Quincy Adams" (Little's Living Age, No. 201, March 18, 1848), citing an account published in The New York Courier and Enquirer, February 25, 1848 and other sources. Brahms, William B. (2010). Last Words of Notable People: Final Words of More than 3500 Noteworthy People Throughout History. Haddonfield, NJ: Reference Desk Press, Inc . p. 6. ISBN 978-09765325-2-1 .  . See in what peace a Christian can die. Who: Joseph Addison , writer, d. June 17, 1719. Note: Spoken to his stepson, the Earl of Warwick. As quoted in Conjectures on Original Composition: In a Letter to the Author of Sir Charles Grandison (1759) by Edward Young and Samuel Richardson. Variation: I have sent for you to see how a Christian can die. As quoted in A New Biographical Dictionary: Containing a Brief Account of the Lives and Writings of the Most Eminent Persons and Remarkable Characters in Every Age and Nation (1805) by Stephen Jones. Variations of Addison's last words compared and discussed. Brahms, William B. (2010). Last Words of Notable People: Final Words of More than 3500 Noteworthy People Throughout History. Haddonfield, NJ: Reference Desk Press, Inc . p. 7. ISBN 978-09765325-2-1 .  . The bastards tried to come over me last night. I guess they didn't know I was a Marine. Who: Private First Class Edward H. Ahrens Note: During the Battle of Tulagi , Private Ahrens was mortally wounded while single-handedly fighting back a group of Japanese soldiers attempting to infiltrate Allied lines. After his superior officer discovered Ahrens the next morning surrounded by dead Japanese troops, he whispered these words and died. שמע ישראל ה' אלקינו ה' אחד (Shema Yisrael Adona-i Elokaynu Adona-i Echad) Translation: Hear, O Israel! The Lord is our God! The Lord is One! Who: Rabbi Akiba ben Joseph (Akiva) Note: These words (the Shema, from Deuteronomy 6:4) were stated as R. Akiba was being flayed by a Roman executioner for his continuing to teaching the Torah, despite the Roman prohibition on doing so (Talmud Berachot 61b). Because of R. Akiba, it is customary for Jews to recite the Shema as their last words. Is it not meningitis? Who: Louisa May Alcott , an American novelist and poet best known as the author of the novel Little Women. Note: Alcott had been in ill health for many years and took a turn for the worse after she visited her father. She did not have meningitis. She may have died of mercury poisoning, the after-effect of an earlier treatment for typhoid fever. Brahms, William B. (2010). Last Words of Notable People: Final Words of More than 3500 Noteworthy People Throughout History. Haddonfield, NJ: Reference Desk Press, Inc . p. 12. ISBN 978-09765325-2-1 .  . As quoted in Louisa May Alcott: Her Life, Letters and Journals (1805) by Ednah D. Cheney. You be good. See you tomorrow. I love you. Who: Alex , African Grey Parrot used in comparative psychology research at Brandeis University. Note: Spoken to his handler, Dr. Irene Pepperberg, when she put him in his cage for the night; he was found dead the next morning. This wasn't said due to Alex's knowledge of his impending death, but simply because that was what Alex said to Pepperberg every night before being locked in his cage. " Milestones ". Time : p. 24. 24 September 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-22.   To the strongest! Who: Alexander III of Macedon , King of the Ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon and a member of the Argead dynasty. In response to his generals asking the heirless Alexander which one of them would get control of the empire. Note: When asked on his deathbed who was to succeed him, his voice may have been indistinct. Alexander may have said "Krateros" (the name of one of his generals), but he was not around, and the others may have chosen to hear "Kratistos— the strongest". Home to the palace to die… Who: Alexander II of Russia Note: His guards heard him utter this phrase when they found his maimed body under a seat from his carriage after he was attacked with bombs by anarchists in an assassination attempt. He lost his left leg and was taken home where he died hours after his wound. Wait a minute… Note: His last words have also reported to have been: Va bene, va bene, arrivo. Aspettate un momento. (Ok, ok, I'll come. Just give it a moment.) Clasp my hand, dear friend, I am dying. Who: Vittorio Alfieri , was an Italian dramatist and poet, considered the "founder of Italian tragedy." I'm in no pain. No pain. Don't cry for me, Rahaman. I'm going to be with Allah. I made peace with God, I'm okay… Rahaman, how do I look? Who: Muhammad Ali Note: Rahaman Ali, a former heavyweight boxer, was Muhammad Ali's younger brother. As quoted in "Muhammad Ali told family he was 'in no pain and going to Allah'" by Nick Allen, The Telegraph (4 June 2016) I'm sorry, boys, I'm all wet. Who: Gracie Allen , wife and comedy partner of George Burns . Sooner rather than later, the great avenues will open again and free men will walk through them to construct a better society. Long live Chile! Long live the people! Long live the workers! These are my last words, and I am certain that my sacrifice will not be in vain, I am certain that, at the very least, it will be a moral lesson that will punish felony, cowardice, and treason. Who: Salvador Allende , was a Chilean physician and politician. d. September 11, 1973. Note: Last speech given before he committed suicide before the military forces entered the La Moneda palace when the 1973 coup d'etat took place. June 3. Cold Harbor. I was killed. Who: Union Soldier Note: Found in a blood-spattered diary on the body of a Union soldier on June 3rd, 1864. [1] Don't ask me how I am! I understand nothing more. Who: Hans Christian Andersen , Danish author of The Ugly Duckling, The Little Mermaid, The Emperor's New Clothes, The Snow Queen, and The Princess and the Pea. I pray you to bear me witness that I meet my fate like a brave man. Who: Major John André , a British Army officer. Note: According to James Thatcher's book The American Revolution, André raised the handkerchief from his eyes and said these words when given an opportunity to speak, moments before he was hanged as a British spy. Pardonnez-moi, monsieur. Je ne l'ai pas fait exprès. Translation: Pardon me, sir. I did not do it on purpose. Who: Marie Antoinette , Queen of France and Archduchess of Austria. Note: As she approached the guillotine, convicted of treason and about to be beheaded, she accidentally stepped on the foot of her executioner. Aequanimitas. Note: When tribune of the night watch came to ask for the password. Well, gentlemen, you are about to see a baked Appel. Who: George Appel , executed by electric chair in 1928. Mennyi az idő? Különben mindegy… Translation: What is the time? Never mind, it's not important… Who: János Arany , Hungarian poet. Μη μου τους κύκλους τάραττε (Mè mou tous kuklous taratte) Translation: Don't disturb my circles! Alternate: Don't disturb my equation. Who: Archimedes , an Ancient Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, inventor, and astronomer. Note: In response to a Roman soldier who was forcing him to report to the Roman general after the capture of Syracuse, while he was busy sitting on the ground proving geometry theorems. The soldier killed him, despite specific instructions not to, resulting in his execution. Let it be known that homosexuals are not cowards. Who: Willem Arondeus , Dutch artist and writer, member of the Anti-Nazi resistance. Note: He led a group in bombing the Amsterdam Public Records Office, destroying thousands of files to prevent the Nazis from identifying Jews. Within a week, Arondeus and the other members of the group were arrested. Twelve, including Arondeus, were executed by firing squad. Such secrets have been revealed to me that all I have written now appears as so much straw. Who: Thomas Aquinas , an immensely influential philosopher, theologian and jurist in the tradition of scholasticism. Let me die in the old uniform in which I fought my battles for freedom, May God forgive me for putting on another. Who: Benedict Arnold , a general during the American Revolutionary War. Note: He wanted to wear his old Continental Army uniform. I love you too, honey. Good luck with your show. Who: Desi Arnaz , an American musician, actor, television producer, writer and director. Note: He was speaking on the telephone to his former wife Lucille Ball, regarding her upcoming (and ultimately final) TV series, Life with Lucy . The ladies have to go first. Goodbye, dearie. I'll see you later. Who: John Jacob Astor IV , an American businessman, real estate builder, investor, inventor, writer, lieutenant colonel in the Spanish–American War, and a prominent member of the Astor family. Note: The accuracy of this report is disputed. Astor and his wife were traveling on the Titanic when it struck an iceberg and began to sink. As Astor prepared to enter a lifeboat with his wife, a group of female passengers appeared on deck. He gave up his seat and spoke his final words to his wife; he was later found floating in the ocean, dead. Am I dying, or is this my birthday? Who: Lady Nancy Astor , an American-born English socialite. Note: In her final illness, she awoke on her deathbed to see her family at her bedside. Saat kaç? Translation: What time is it? Who: Mustafa Kemal Atatürk , a Turkish army officer, revolutionary, and the first President of Turkey. Note: Before he fell into a coma on November 6th, he had asked his friends "What time is it?". Nostri coniugii memor vive, ac vale. Translation: Live mindful of our marriage, and farewell. Who: Emperor Augustus , founder of the Roman Empire and its first Emperor. Note: His last words in public as reported by Suetonius were the more famous "Behold, I found Rome of clay, and leave her to you of marble." I want nothing but death. Who: Jane Austen , an English novelist known principally for her five major novels which interpret, critique and comment upon the life of the British landed gentry at the end of the 18th century. Note: In response to her sister Cassandra who had asked her if she wanted something. As quoted in Last Words of Notable People: Final Words of More than 3500 Noteworthy People Throughout History (2010) by William B. Brahms which discusses a letter from Cassandra to her niece Fannie Knight after the death of Jane Austen on July 18, 1817. Brahms notes the letter is reprinted in Letters of Jane Austen (1884) by Jane Austen. I ask you all to forgive me. I ask the people of Samford to forgive me. I ask my mother to forgive me. May you all live long and die happy. God save the King! God save the King! God be with you all! Send a wire to my mother and tell her I died happy, won’t you. Yes tell her I died happy with no fear. Goodbye all! Goodbye all! B[ edit ] Had you believed in Me, O wayward generation, every one of you would have followed the example of this youth, who stood in rank above most of you, and willingly would have sacrificed himself in My path. The day will come when you will have recognized Me; that day I shall have ceased to be with you. Who: The Báb , founder of Bábism, and one of three central figures of the Bahá'í Faith. Note: His final words were shouted at the spectating crowd during His execution by a firing squad. The words "this youth" refer to the young Mirza Muhammad-'Ali, who was being executed along with Him. My name and memory I leave to man's charitable speeches, to foreign nations, and to the next age. Who: Francis Bacon , Renaissance scientist. Oh God, here I go! Who: Max Baer , American boxer. Note: Spoken after a fatal heart attack. My Florida water. Who: Lucille Ball , an American actress, comedian, model, film studio executive and producer. Note: Her response when asked if she wanted anything. Oh, you young people act like old men. You have no fun. Who: Josephine Baker , an American-born French dancer, jazz and pop music singer, and actress. Note: The famed starlet was reportedly attempting to seduce a man several decades younger than she was. She died of a stroke later that night. I'm in the hands of Jesus… Who: Tammy Faye Messner , a American Christian singer, evangelist, entrepreneur, author, talk show host, and television personality. Note: As told by her husband Roe Messner on CNN's Larry King Live. Roe was with Tammy Faye at the moment of her death. Codeine…bourbon… Who: Tallulah Bankhead , an American actress of the stage and screen, and a reputed libertine. Note: Her response when asked if she wanted anything. I would rather be a servant in the House of the Lord than to sit in the seats of the mighty. Who: Alben W. Barkley , former Vice President of the United States, who suffered a fatal heart attack. How were the receipts today at Madison Square Garden? Who: P. T. Barnum , circus entrepreneur. I can't sleep. Who: J.M. Barrie , author of works including Peter Pan. Is everybody happy? I want everybody to be happy. I know I'm happy. Who: Ethel Barrymore , an American actress regarded as the "First Lady of the American Theater." Note: Spoken to her housekeeper before her passing. Die, I should say not, dear fellow. No Barrymore would allow such a conventional thing to happen to him. Who: John Barrymore , an American actor on stage, screen and radio. Now I can cross the Shifting Sands. Note: Baum was referring to the Shifting Sands, the impassable desert surrounding the Land of Oz. Are you guys ready? Let's roll. Who: Todd Beamer , passenger on United Flight 93, September 11, 2001. Note: These are his last recorded words, coming at the end of a cell phone call before Beamer and others attempted to storm the airliner's cockpit to retake it from hijackers who were part of the 9/11 terrorist attacks . The plane crashed near Shanksville, Pennsylvania. Rain had always been a harbinger of tragedy for me. Who: George Beard, an American neurologist who popularized the term neurasthenia. Note: His death occurred during a rainstorm. Who: Joséphine de Beauharnais , first wife of Napoleon Bonaparte . I am thinking of earlier times. Who: Ludwig Beck , German general, committing suicide after the failed attempt to kill Hitler, 20 July 1944. [to his killers] If all the swords in England were pointed against my head, your threats would not move me. I am ready to die for my Lord, that in my blood the Church may obtain liberty and peace. Who: Thomas Becket , Archbishop of Canterbury, d. 1170. Now comes the mystery. Who: Henry Ward Beecher , evangelist, d. March 8, 1887. Plaudite, amici, comedia finita est. Translation: Applaud, my friends, the comedy is finished.; the formula traditionally used to end a performance of commedia dell'arte. Who: Ludwig van Beethoven , German composer. Note: His final words are subject to historical debate, and vary with many biographies. Among those that have been reported to be his last words are: I shall hear in Heaven. I feel as if up to now I had written no more than a few notes. [To his friend Johann Hummel, who was at his bedside] Is it not true, Hummel, that I have some talent after all? There, do you hear the bell? Don't you hear it ringing? The curtain must drop. Yes! My curtain is falling. [Upon the arrival from his publisher of 12 bottles of wine] Pity, pity. Too late. Another biographer has him saying nothing; simply shaking his fists defiantly at the heavens as a thunderstorm raged outside his window. Maybe they only had one rocket? Who: Lawrence Beeter , WWII British soldier. Note: He was taking cover in a bunker after they were hit by a rocket. A second volley destroyed the bunker and Beeter was killed. Todo mortal… Translation: All mortal… Who: Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer , a Spanish post-romanticist poet and writer, also a playwright, literary columnist, and talented in drawing. Note: He was delirious because of high fever and illness. No. Who: Alexander Graham Bell , a Scottish-born scientist, inventor, engineer and innovator who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. Note: While Alexander Graham Bell was dying, his deaf wife whispered to him, "Don't leave me." Bell responded by signing the word, "No." Just don't leave me alone. Who: John Belushi , an American comedian, actor, and musician. And where do you come from? Who: Isaiah Berlin , a Latvian-British social and political theorist, philosopher and historian of ideas. Note: To the nurse caring for him. Hardy, Henry (2001). "Review of The Legacy of Isaiah Berlin" . The Isaiah Berlin Virtual Library. I'll need it. Who: Count Folke Bernadotte of Wisborg , Swedish diplomat and nobleman. Note: In response as he drove away after he inspected a bullet in his vehicle's wheel and a newspaper man shouted "Good luck!" This time it will serve me for the voyage from which there is no return, the voyage of eternity. Who: Claude Bernard , a French physiologist. Note: Spoken when he began to feel cold and a cover was placed on his feet. Never fear; if you will but have patience I don't doubt we shall get through; but take care how you ever get in such a scrape again. Who: Sir Francis Bernard, 1st Baronet , a British colonial administrator who served as governor of the provinces of New Jersey and Massachusetts Bay. Don't die like I did. Who: George Best, a Northern Irish professional footballer who played as a winger for Manchester United and the Northern Ireland national team. Note: Best died as a result of a lung infection and multiple organ failure caused by years of alcoholism. Dear God. Dear God. Why is this happening? I just want to go home. Who: Cassie Bernall , victim of the Columbine High School massacre . Note: According to Emily Wyant, a close friend of Cassie's, she was heard praying in these last words before Eric Harris yelled "Peek-a-boo!" and fatally shot her in the face. This account disproves the myth that Bernall said "yes" to Dylan Klebold before he shot her dead (it was actually Valeen Schnurr who got terribly shot before being asked by Klebold if she believed in God and surviving the whole ordeal). [2] How slow my death agony is. Who: Sarah Bernhardt , a French stage and early film actress. O Lord, help me… for I am innocent. Who: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto , Prime Minister of Pakistan. Note: Said shortly before his hanging. Dêem-me café, vou escrever! Who: Olavo Bilac , Brazilian poet. ¿Quién es? ¿Quién es? Translation: Who is it? Who is it? Who: Billy the Kid, an American Old West gunfighter who participated in New Mexico's Lincoln County War. I'm sorry from the bottom of my heart. I want to thank all of my family and friends for my prayers and who supported and believed in me. My Father, I'm being paroled to heaven. I will now spend all my holidays with my Lord and Savior, Jesus Christ. Peace be with you all. Amen. Who: Kenneth Biros , first person executed by a one-drug lethal injection in Ohio on December 8, 2009. Haus. Translation: Home.; Literally: House. Who: Otto von Bismarck, German statesmen, and Chancellor of Germany. Note: Scrawled on a piece of paper; there is debate as to whether Bismarck meant to convey that he was returning to the afterlife or was simply delerious or intoxicated. À moi! Translation: Help!; Literally: To me! Who: Sophie Blanchard , a French aeronaut and the wife of ballooning pioneer Jean-Pierre Blanchard . Note: Blanchard, a balloonist, said these words when her balloon crashed, killing her. D-Von, get the tables! Who: "Classy" Freddie Blassie , a American professional wrestling villain and manager. Note: In a guest appearance on WWE RAW, a wheelchair-bound Blassie, after being threatened, summoned wrestler D-Von Dudley to set up a table for a match against 3 Minute Warning. It was Blassie's final public appearance before dying three weeks later. Although these are technically not his last words, they are the last words the public heard him say. Goodbye, kid. Hurry back. Who: Humphrey Bogart , an American screen actor who performed in iconic 1940s films noir such as The Maltese Falcon, Casablanca, and The Big Sleep. Note: The line was spoken to his wife, Lauren Bacall, as she left his bedside to pick up her children. She returned to find Bogart in a coma, from which he never regained consciousness. Damn it! How will I ever get out of this labyrinth? Who: Simon Bolivar , a Venezuelan military and political leader. Note: His last words are also Recorded as "Fetch The Luggage, They do not want us here" France, armée, tête d'armée, Joséphine. Translation: France, Army, Head of the Army, Joséphine. Who: Napoleon Bonaparte , French military leader and emperor who conquered much of Europe in the early 19th century. … and of Islam … Who: Mohamed Boudiaf , President of Algeria d. 1992. Note: He was conducting a televised speech in Arabic to an audience at a newly-opened cultural centre in Annaba, when his assassin struck. [3] Ah, that tastes nice. Thank you. Who: Johannes Brahms , a German composer and pianist. Note: Spoken after he had a small glass of wine. Surgite! Who: General Sir Isaac Brock , British Army officer and administrator. Note: Said after being shot by American sharpshooters during the Battle Of Queenston Heights . Useless … useless … Who: John Wilkes Booth , an American stage actor who assassinated President Abraham Lincoln. Je vais ou je vas mourir, l'un et l'autre se dit ou se disent. Translation : I am about to – or I am going to – die: either expression is correct. Who: Dominique Bouhours , French grammarian. I didn't murder the Hodges family. I've never murdered anybody. I'm going to my death with a clear conscience. I am going to my death having had a great life because of my two great sons, Mike and Doug. Who: Earl Bramblett Note: Spoken prior to his death in the state of Virginia's electric chair. Contrary to his claim, overwhelming evidence proved that he did indeed kill William Hodges, his wife Teresa and their two children Winter and Anah, ages 11 and 4. No. I have no final statement. Who: Lawrence Russell Brewer Note: Executed for the murder of James Byrd, Jr. Not bloody likely! Who: Unknown British Sergeant Note: Reportedly said during the last stand of the 44th Regiment of Foot, in response to an offer of surrender, shortly before their massacre by Afghan fighters at the Battle of Gandamak. Sarah I miss and need you. Who: Bobbi Kristina Brown , an American reality television and media personality, singer, and actress. Note: Last known tweet to her friend Bess Beckmann before she went into a coma and died months later. I'm going away tonight. Who: Cliff Burton , bassist of Metallica Note: After winning a game of cards that would determine who would get the first pick of bunks on the band's tour bus, Burton pointed at fellow band member Kirk Hammett and said the line above. Later, while he was sleeping, the bus flipped over and Burton was flown out of its window before it crushed him to death. The corruption of the state shall fall. Governor Taft, you will not be re-elected. The rest of you, you know where you can go. Note: Byrd told his family he loved them and that they should keep fighting the death penalty. [4] Now I shall go to sleep. Goodnight. Who: Lord Byron , British poet. I went the distance. Who: Steve Byrnes , an American television announcer and producer. Note: Final words sent from a tweet. By the Lord of the Ka'bah, I have been successful. Who: Ali ibn Abi Talib , cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, ruling over the Islamic caliphate from 656 to 661. Note: This was spoken after being hit on the head with a poisoned sword, while leading the Morning Prayer, by Ibn Maljam, a fundamentalist. Acta est fabula, plaudite! [Attributed] Translation: The play is over, applaud! Note: This is the phrase said at the end of Roman plays. και συ τεκνον; (kai su, teknon?) Translation: You too, my child? Who: Julius Caesar Note: Et tu, Brute is attributed to him by Shakespeare's famous play; his last words according to claims reported by Suetonius , were και συ τεκνον; (pronounced "Kai su, teknon?") which means "You too, my child?" in Greek, though his native tongue was Latin [De Vita Caesarum Liber I Divus Iulius, LXXXII]). Suetonius himself, however, actually discounts these claims, and asserts that Caesar said nothing as he died, apart from a groan. His definite last words according to Suetonius were instead, Ista, quidem vis est! (Why, this is violence!). In Shakespeare's play, there is a little more to the quote. The full quote is: "Et tu, Brute? Then fall, Caesar." The entire quote means "Even [And] you, Brutus? Then all hope is lost and I shall fall." He thought Brutus would be on his side, but, discovering Brutus has stabbed him, gave up all hope of salvation. Vivo! Translation: I live! Who: Caligula (Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus), Roman Emperor, as he was being murdered by his own soldiers (as reported by Roman historian Tacitus ). I can't see anything. I've got the bows up… I'm going! Uh– Who: Donald Campbell , British speed record breaker who broke eight absolute world speed records. Context: Final radio transmission from Bluebird K7 as she lifted from the surface of Conniston Water, flipped bow over stern and smashed to pieces on the lake surface in January 1967. Campbell was attempting to set a new world water speed record exceeding 300mph. His first run was 297mph. The crash occurred on the return run. Had he completed it, it would have been fast enough to set a record exceeding 300mph. This is not the end of me. Who: Henry Campbell-Bannerman , Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. Badly mishandled. Nose broken at last interrogation. My time is up. Was not a traitor. Did my duty as a German. If you survive, please tell my wife… Who: Wilhelm Canaris , member of the July 20 plot , his last note before execution to the man in the cell next to him. It's me, it's Buddy… I'm cold. Who: Truman Capote , writer. Note: 'Buddy' was Capote's aunt's nickname for him. 26th October last year, not 10 meters from where these men are now entombed, you had a 400-tonne rock fall. Why is it, is it the strength of the seam, or the wealth of the seam, that you continue to send men into work in such a dangerous environment? Who: Richard Carleton , reporter for National Nine News . Note: During a media conference that was held at Beaconsfield, Tasmania on 7 May 2006, Richard Carleton asked this question to Matthew Gill (mine manager of the Beaconsfield mine), in light of the Beaconsfield mine collapse . When Gill declined to answer the question, Carleton walked away and suffered a heart attack; he was pronounced dead on the way to the hospital. So, this is death. Well! Who: Thomas Carlyle , Scottish philosopher, satirical writer, essayist, historian and teacher. I hope so. Who: Andrew Carnegie , steel magnate and philanthropist. Note: Spoken to his wife whom had bid him goodnight. Milan: What a beautiful place to die. Who: John Carradine , an American actor, best known for his roles in horror films, Westerns and Shakespearean theatre. Note: He died from multiple organ failure at Fatebenefratelli Hospital in Milan, Italy at age 82. Hours before he was stricken, he had climbed the 328 steep steps of Milan's Gothic cathedral, the Duomo. ¡No abandonéis a mis indios! Translation: Don't abandon my Indians! Who: Felipe Carrillo Puerto , Mexican revolutionary, governor of Yucatán (executed) I just wish I had time for one more bowl of chili. Who: Kit Carson , American frontiersman. Note: His final words have also been reported as "Adios, compadres." I think I'll sleep now. Who: George Washington Carver , an American botanist and inventor. I have lived as a philosopher, and die as a Christian. Who: Giacomo Casanova , an Italian adventurer and author from the Republic of Venice. We got a bad fire! Let's get out - we're burning up… Who: An Apollo 1 astronaut, probably Roger Chaffee . All three crew members perished in a launchpad fire, 1967. You see, this is how you die. Who: Coco Chanel , French fashion designer of women's clothes and founder of the Chanel brand. Approaching dissolution brings relief. Who: Neville Chamberlain , British prime minister. Hello. Who: Graham Chapman , Monty Python's comedian. Note: Spoken to his adopted son who had just arrived at the hospital. I go from a corruptible to an incorruptible Crown, where no disturbance can be, no disturbance in the world. Remember! Who: Charles I , King of England, on the executioner's block, 30 January 1649. You must pardon me, gentlemen, for being a most unconscionable time a-dying. Who: Charles II , son of the above, 1685. Ay Jesus. Who: Charles V , Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and King of Spain , d. 1558. Why not? After all, it belongs to him. Who: Comedian Charlie Chaplin , d. 1977, said this after a priest was reading him his last rites and said "May the lord have mercy on your soul". Yo no quiero morir, por favor no me dejen morir. Translation: I don't want to die. Please don't let me die. Who: Hugo Chávez , President of Venezuela. Note: Due to a severe respiratory infection, he was unable to speak for several days before his death. According to Venezuelan general Jose Ornella, he mouthed these words before suffering a massive heart attack and dying. I haven't had champagne for a long time. Who: Anton Chekhov , playwright, 1904. Note: His doctor had given him champagne after all other attempts to ease the symptoms of death from tuberculosis failed. Take a step forward lads - it'll be easier that way. Who: Robert Erskine Childers , last words, to his firing squad, Irish Civil War, 1922. As this earth will suffocate me, I implore you to have my body opened so that I will not be buried alive. Not any more. Who: Montgomery Clift , actor. Note: He was asked if he wanted to watch the movie "The Misfits" (in which he appeared) on TV. Thank God. I'm tired of being the funniest person in the room. Who: Del Close , improviser, teacher and comedian, d. 1999. …it's better to burn out than to fade away. Who: Kurt Cobain , an American musician who was best known as the lead singer, guitarist, and primary songwriter for Nirvana Note: Cobain was quoting Neil Young lyrics when he wrote this line in his suicide note.  The full context of the note is available online . Since the day of my birth, my death began its walk. It is walking towards me, without hurrying. Who: Jean Cocteau , French writer, designer, playwright, artist and filmmaker. I love you all. Who: Natalie Cole , an American singer-songwriter, and actress. Note: Spoken to her younger twin sisters. I love you and my head hurts. Who: Gary Coleman , an American actor, voice artist, and comedian. Can you get a shot of this gun? Who: Harry Collinson , Chief Planning Officer for Derwentside District Council. Note: On 20 June 1991, Collinson was supervising the demolition of a bungalow that had been built by Albert Dryden without planning permission. Dryden produced an unlicensed pistol, and Collinson invited a BBC camera crew that were present to focus on it. Seconds later, Dryden opened fire, killing Collinson and injuring BBC reporter Tony Belmont and PC Stephen Campbell. Dryden was arrested after a stand-off, found guilty of murder and attempted murder and sentenced to life imprisonment with a tariff of 13 years. More Weight. I curse you Corwin and all of Salem! Who: Giles Corey , while being crushed during the Salem witch trials because he would not answer the court. Note: The first line was said while being crushed during the Salem Witch Trials for refusing to answer the court. After long hours of pain, Corey then uttered the second quote and died. Lady, you shot me! Who: Sam Cooke , after being shot to death at the Hacienda Motel (now the Star motel). Good morning, Robert. Who: Calvin Coolidge , 30th President of the United States, to a carpenter working on his home. Coolidge is also said to have been quoted near his death: "I feel I no longer fit in with these times." Coolidge, a staunch fiscal conservative and small-government federalist, was at odds with incoming President Franklin Delano Roosevelt , whose New Deal marked a major expansion of the federal budget. I am guilty. My sentence is just: I deserve my fate. And may God have mercy on my soul. Who: William Corder , moments before he was hanged on August 11, 1828, for the murder of Maria Marten at the Red Barn. Wie bent u? Note: After being stabbed in the chest near the heart-area by unknown assassins, the old count asked who did it; on which the assassin replied: "Death." Goodnight, my darlings, I'll see you tomorrow. Who: Noel Coward , playwright. Died of natural causes. Hello. We're looking in… we're overlooking the Financial Center. Three of us. Two broken windows. OH, GOD! OH- Who: Kevin Cosgrove , a victim of the September 11 terrorist attacks . He was connected to a 9-1-1 dispatcher, and he said the above phrase when the South Tower collapsed after it'd been hit by one of the airplanes used in the attacks. No, my pain is too much, Fazila. I can't make it, I'm in too much pain. Who: Jo Cox , British Labour Party politician Note: Either one was spoken to her assistant, Fazila Aswat, after she tried to encourage Cox to stand after an attack. She later died of her injuries. It don't matter; I figure I licked the Rock anyway. Who: Bernard Coy , convicted criminal, shot while trying to escape Alcatraz prison (known as "The Rock") Dammit! Don't you dare ask God to help me! Note: This comment was directed towards her housekeeper who began to pray aloud. That was a great game of golf, fellers. Who: Bing Crosby , American singer and actor. Note: He was playing the whole 18 holes of golf, even when his doctor said to only do nine. 20 minutes after the game, he suffered a fatal heart attack. What is life? It is the flash of a firefly in the night. It is the breath of a buffalo in the wintertime. It is the little shadow which runs across the grass and loses itself in the sunset. Who: Crowfoot , chief of the Siksika First Nation. I am confound. (also quoted as I am perplexed.) Who: Aleister Crowley . British occultist, mystic, poet, mountain climber. This is open to debate, because some sources report Crowley dying alone, and others claim that he said Sometimes I hate myself. [6] [7] You sons of bitches, give my love to Mother! Who: Francis "Two Gun" Crowley , an American murderer and career criminal. That was the best ice-cream soda I ever tasted. Who: Louis Francis Cristillo , an American actor and comedian. Note: Published newspapers reporting his death have him asking the nurse to move him onto his side, and report last words as being "I think I'll be more comfortable." It's not real. Note: Spoken regarding a toy gun he was holding, in the toy section of a Wal-Mart in Beavercreek, Ohio. I don't want it. Who: Marie Curie , Polish and naturalized-French physicist and chemist. Note: She had been offered an injection to ease her pain. Hurrah Boys! Let's get these last few reds then head on back to camp. Hurrah! [Attributed] We've caught them napping! [Attributed] Who: George Armstrong Custer , a United States Army officer and cavalry commander in the American Civil War. I killed the President because he was the enemy of the good people, the good working people. I am not sorry for my crime. (through clenched teeth) I am sorry I could not see my father. Who: Leon Czolgosz , assassin of US President William McKinley, electrocuted in 1901. Note: He said the second line as he was being strapped on the electric chair. You got me. Who: John Dillinger , infamous American bank robber. This may be an apocryphal quote. Dillinger died when a bullet passed through his brain, leaving him little opportunity for final speeches. You know, I'm not frightened. It's just that I'll miss you all so much. Ow, fuck! Who: Roald Dahl , British novelist, short story writer, poet, screenwriter, and fighter pilot. Note: First line said to his family. He then appeared to have lost consciousness, and the nurse decided to inject him with a lethal dose of morphine to ease his passing. After she did, Dahl said the second line right before dying. I don't care if I live or die. Go ahead and kill me. Who: Jeffrey Dahmer , serial Killer. Note: According to fellow prisoner Christopher Scarver, who admitted to beating Dahmer to death with a "preacher bar" (part of a weight machine), these were his last words. Where is my clock? Who: Salvador Dalí , a prominent Spanish surrealist painter One last drink, please. Who: Jack Daniel , an American distiller and businessman, the founder of the Jack Daniel's Tennessee whiskey distillery. My only regret is that I'm going before that rat, Robespierre! [to his executioner] Don't forget to show my head to the people; it's well worth seeing. Who: Georges Danton , a leading figure in the early stages of the French Revolution and the first President of the Committee of Public Safety. I am not the least afraid to die. Who: Charles Darwin , an English naturalist and geologist, best known for his contributions to evolutionary theory. Well, first of all I'd like to address the MacPhail family. I'd like to let you all know, despite the situation -- I know all of you are still convinced that I'm the person that killed your father, your son and your brother, but I am innocent. The incident that happened that night was not my fault. I did not have a gun that night. I did not shoot your family member. But I am so sorry for your loss. I really am -- sincerely. All I can ask is that each of you look deeper into this case, so that you really will finally see the truth. I ask my family and friends that you all continue to pray, that you all continue to forgive. Continue to fight this fight. For those about to take my life, may God have mercy on all of your souls. God bless you all. Who: Troy Anthony Davis , high-profile death row inmate. Notes: Davis was executed for the murder of Officer Mark Allen MacPhail by lethal injection in Georgia on September 21, 2011, despite serious doubts about his guilt that lingered on prior to his death. [8] Damn! Who: First Officer James Dillard Note: During take-off of American Airlines Flight 191 , the Engine separated. Prior to the Black Box failing, Dillard was heard saying these words. Shortly afterward, the Plane crashed into the ground, killing all onboard including Dillard. That guy's got to stop… He'll see us. Who: James Dean , American actor. Note: Words said before dying in a car accident. Miss, I got what I really went for. Who: Jeremy Wade Delle Note: After this troubled teenager left his Texas classroom under the pretenses of obtaining a late pass, he returned with a gun, uttered these words, and committed suicide in front of his classmates. The incident was later immortalized in the Pearl Jam song "Jeremy." Do you have it now? Note: Spoken via cockpit radio after transmitting a four digit code. On October 12, 1997, Denver was killed when his Experimental Rutan Long-EZ plane crashed into the Pacific Ocean near Pacific Grove, California. On the ground! Note: He suffered a stroke on a walk near his home, and asked to be laid down on the ground. But how the devil do you think this could harm me? Who: Denis Diderot , French encyclopedist, upon being warned by his wife not to eat too much. Little Cousins, Called back. Who: Emily Dickinson . Letter to Louise and Frances Norcross, May 1886. Source: Johnson, Thomas H., ed. Emily Dickinson Selected Letters. Cambridge: Belknap, 1971. I'm going to heaven. Who: Bo Diddley as he lay dying on his deathbed with his family surrounding him. I'll finally get to see Marilyn. Who: Joe DiMaggio , talking about his former wife, Marilyn Monroe . Kurt Russell. Note: Scrawled on a piece of paper. To this day, nobody knows what he meant by it, not even Kurt Russell, who was 15 at the time. This is the fish of my dreams. Who: Dan Dodds Note: Dodds had caught a 20-lb. salmon, the biggest fish of his life. He turned to a stranger, said this quote, then fell into the river and died of a heart attack. The salmon was barbecued and eaten at his wake. But John forbad him, saying, I have need to be baptised of thee, and comest thou to me? And Jesus answering said unto him, Suffer it to be so now: for thus it becometh us to fulfil all righteousness. Hear now—permit it. Do not restrain me! Don't let them put me in one of those bags, I might suffocate. Who: Darragh Doyle spoken before dropping a live grenade at Omaha Beach. Hit the water, hit the water, hit the water! Who: Jane Dornacker as she was giving a traffic report for radio station WNBC via helicopter. The helicopter stalled and plummeted into the Hudson River while Jane was still on the air, unintentionally broadcasting her final moments all across the metropolitan New York City area. The helicopter's other occupant was seriously injured, but survived. Shakespeare, I come! Who: Theodore Dreiser . 28 December 1945 (Stolen from Matthew Arnold.) I don’t know why Marta Glass wasn’t allowed in here. I love you all. Keep the faith. Remember the death penalty is murder. They are taking the life of an innocent man. My attorney, Ron Kuley, will read my letter at a press conference after this is over. That is all I have to say. I love you all. Who: Robert Drew, d. August 2, 1994. Note: Executed by injection, Texas. You are going to hurt me, please don't hurt me, just one more moment, I beg you! Who: Madame du Barry Do you hear the rain? Do you hear the rain? Who: Jessica Dubroff , seven-year-old pilot speaking to her mother by telephone as the engines revved for takeoff, she (and her flight instructor) crashed minutes later in rough weather, April 11, 1996. Adieu, mes amis, Je vais à la gloire! Translation: Farewell my friends, I go to glory! Note: Said before she got in her car to go home. Her scarf got caught around the wheel and strangled her instantly as the driver took off. Stopping for a beer, be there when I can. Note: Final text sent to Jackass co-worker Bam Margera, before getting involved in a car crash that would claim his life. Don't, don't, don't! This… this will hurt someone! Do not… Who: R. Budd Dwyer , Treasurer of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, before he placed the barrel of a .357 Magnum revolver into his mouth and pulled the trigger in front of TV news cameras that were videotaping what was originally presumed to be a press conference (Dwyer had been found guilty of accepting bribes, and professed his innocence to the literal last moments of his life. The press conference was held on what was to be the day before his sentencing). William Smith (the witness whose testimony was critical to Dwyer's conviction) said he lied under oath to get a lighter sentence. Who: George Eastman Note: Written in his suicide letter. So on this day of reflection I say again, thank you for going on this journey with me. I'll see you at the movies. Note: Final paragraph of his last public blog post, written two days before his passing. It's very beautiful over there. Who: Thomas Edison Note: Spoken to his wife as he lapsed in and out of consciousness. There is debate over if he meant the afterlife, or the view from his window. In einem kurzen Weilchen, meine Herren, sehen wir uns ohnehin alle wieder. Das ist das Los aller Menschen. Es lebe Deutschland. Es lebe Argentinien. Es lebe Österreich. […] Ich werde sie nicht vergessen. Translation: In a short while, gentlemen, we'll meet each other, anyway. That's every human's fortune. Long live Germany! Long live Argentina! Long live Austria! […] I won't forget them. Note: Before his execution on the 1st of June 1962 in Jerusalem. Citater fra… Who: Albert Einstein Note: When Einstein died on April 18, 1955 he left a piece of writing ending in an unfinished sentence. These were his last words: In essence, the conflict that exists today is no more than an old-style struggle for power, once again presented to mankind in semireligious trappings. The difference is that, this time, the development of atomic power has imbued the struggle with a ghostly character; for both parties know and admit that, should the quarrel deteriorate into actual war, mankind is doomed. Despite this knowledge, statesmen in responsible positions on both sides continue to employ the well-known technique of seeking to intimidate and demoralize the opponent by marshaling superior military strength. They do so even though such a policy entails the risk of war and doom. Not one statesman in a position of responsibility has dared to pursue the only course that holds out any promise of peace, the course of supranational security, since for a statesman to follow such a course would be tantamount to political suicide. Political passions, once they have been fanned into flame, exact their victims … Citater fra… I've always loved my wife, my children, and my grandchildren, and I've always loved my country. I want to go. God, take me. Who: Dwight D. Eisenhower , 34th President of the United States. Valerie. Note: Valerie was the name of his wife at the time of his death. Papa, I hate you. Who: Carmen Ellis, a three-year-old girl, beaten to death by her mother's boyfriend. Was ist mit mir geschehen? Translation: What has happened to me? Who: Elisabeth, Empress of Austria , stabbed to death on September 10, 1898. All my possessions for a moment of time. Who: Douglas Fairbanks, Sr. , actor, d. December 12, 1939 We've reached one of our phase lines after the fire fight and it smells bad – meaning it's a little bit suspicious…Could be an amb– Notes: Dictated into his tape recorder before stepping on a landmine in Vietnam [Being asked: "Have you ever pondered by yourself what will be your occupation in the next world?".] I shall be with Christ, and that is enough. [Robbie Farah: "Mum, do you love me?"] I love you all. Who: Sonia Farah, mother of Australian rugby football player Robbie Farah Please don't leave me. Please don't leave me. Said to a prostitute as she left his hotel room following a weekend-long drug and sex binge. When she turned around, Chris Farley had collapsed. Why aren't you filming this? This is what cancer is. Note: Spoken to her friend Alana Stewart, who was filming a documentary about her struggles with cancer. Es ist gar nichts… es ist gar nichts… Translation: It is nothing… it is nothing… Who: Franz Ferdinand Archduke of Austria-Hungary Whispered to Count Harrach as the Archduke fell unconscious after being shot; he died shortly without ever regaining consciousness. His death in Sarajevo in 1914 triggered the outbreak of World War I. Who: Millard Fillmore , 13th President of the United States. Note: This was his response when his physician inquired about his food. Nothing soothes pain like human touch. Who: Chess Grandmaster Bobby Fischer Note: Said while dying of kidney failure. If any of you have a message for the Devil, give it to me, for I am about to meet him! Who: Lavinia Fisher , hanged for murder on February 18, 1820, while wearing her white wedding dress gown. [9] Good enough. They'll be fine. Who: F. Scott Fitzgerald Note: His response when asked if he wanted anything besides Hershey bars. Hey, Jimmie! The Chimney Sweeps. Talk to the Sword. Shut up, you got a big mouth! Please come help me up, Henny. Max come over here… French Canadian bean soup… I want to pay, let them leave me alone… Who: Arthur Flegenheimer, mobster, also known as Dutch Schultz . Note: Flegenheimer had been fatally shot by another mobster and taken to the hospital. As police officers interrogated him on his deathbed, he gave them long and frequently incoherent answers, perhaps the most known of which is "A boy has never wept…nor dashed a thousand kin" before finally dying. I am sorry to trouble you chaps. I don't know how you get along so fast with the traffic on the roads these days. Note: Spoken to the ambulance drivers. I've had a hell of a lot of fun and I've enjoyed every minute of it. Note: At the gallows, Frank, one of the only two war criminals to show true remorse for his crimes during the Nuremberg trials and sentencing, quietly answered to his name and calmly said these words before he was hanged. A dying man can do nothing easily. Note: As he lay dying, his daughter suggested that if he lay on his side, he could breathe easier. Throw a quilt over her. Who: Frederick II of Prussia , who noticed his greyhound shivering and issued this order to his valet. Das ist nicht wahr! Ich werde in der Montur sterben? Translation: That's not true! I'm gonna die in this suit? Who: Fredrik I of Sweden Note: He probably meant the Holy Communion although one of the king's favourite activities was to eat. Hey, fellas! How about this for a headline for tomorrow's paper? 'French Fries'! Note: French, a convicted murderer, was sentenced to the electric chair. He shouted these words to members of the press who were to witness his execution. Tell Anna of our talk. Note: Anna was Freud's daughter. Freud had been in agony for some months due to oral cancer and had previously discussed with his physician that he wished to be euthanized rather than endure prolonged suffering. Please leave it. Who: Werner von Fritsch Why fear death? It's life's greatest adventure. Who: Charles Frohman , As he stood on the deck of the sinking liner RMS Lusitania with French actress Rita Jolivet , he quoted this line from his friend, J.M. Barrie 's "Peter Pan" on the 7th May 1915 at 14:28pm. Note: Charles Frohman was standing on deck when the torpedo struck the RMS Lusitania, and 18 minutes later, he was dragged under with the ship by the suction. During then, he saw Rita Jolivet on deck and asked her to hold on to the rail until they knew what to do. His friends escaped and so did Rita, but Charles was among the 1198 people who perished in the disaster. She is squeezing my hand! Who: Buckminster Fuller Note: In the period leading up to his death, his wife had been lying comatose in a Los Angeles hospital, dying of cancer. It was while visiting her there that he exclaimed, at a certain point: "She is squeezing my hand!" He then stood up, suffered a heart attack and died an hour later. His wife died 36 hours after he did. Note: Gacy's last words before being executed by lethal injection. The "rest" refers to the bodies of his other victims. Don't shoot me! Don't shoot me! Don't kill me, my sons! What did I do to you? Do you know right from wrong? What are you doing? It's haraam [forbidden]. It's not allowed in Islamic law. Haraam. What you are doing is forbidden in Islam! Who: Muammar Gaddafi Note: All of the above were allegedly heard as Gaddafi was dragged through the streets. As of the 23rd of October 2011, there is no officially accepted version of the death of Muammar Gaddafi I'd like to thank my family for loving me and taking care of me. And the rest of the world can kiss my ass. Who: Johnny Frank Garrett, Sr., d. February 11, 1992 Note: Executed by injection, Texas. Hero! A real hero! Let not my end disarm you, and on no account weep or keen for me, let the enemy be warned of my death. Note: The first set of words were presumably Genghis Khan's last words according to legend, while the second set were supposed to have been spoken after he fell ill as his forces approached the Tangut capital of Ningxia. Ne pleure pas, Alfred ! J'ai besoin de tout mon courage pour mourir à vingt ans ! Translation: Don't cry, Alfred! I need all my courage to die at twenty! Note: Spoken to his brother Alfred after being fatally wounded in a duel. Don't worry, relax! Who: Rajiv Gandhi , Indian Prime Minister. Note: To his security staff, allowing the suicide bomber to go near him as if to give flowers. Hé Ram! Translation: This is an exclamation to Ram (or Rama) , who in Hindu traditions is one of the manifestations of Vishnu . Hé Ram means "O! lord Ram!". (This is invoking the name of Rama, rather than an expression of surprise) Who: Mohandas Gandhi . Note: These words were reportedly spoken after Gandhi had been shot. According to his assassin Godse, Gandhi just made a "Uh …" kind of sound and slid down and the above words were inserted by the Congress. [To his chief of staff, David G. Swaim ] Oh Swaim, there is a pain here. Swaim, can't you stop this? Oh, oh, Swaim! Who: James A. Garfield , 20th President of the United States. As quoted in "The Last Hours" , Life of President Garfield: The Complete Record of a Wonderful Career (1881), by William Ralston Balch, p. 573. I can't breathe! Who: Eric Garner Note: Said while officer Daniel Pantaleo put him in a chokehold and slammed onto the ground. After a few seconds, Pantaleo uses his hands to push Garner's head down on the sidewalk. As Pantaleo removed his arm from Garner's neck, he said the above line eleven times before going unconscious. Ça fait mal là or Ça fait mal ici Translation: I feel pain here. Who: Charles de Gaulle , French leader. Mother, I'm going to get my things and get out of this house. Father hates me and I'm never coming back. Note: Moments later, Gaye was fatally shot by his father, Marvin Gaye, Sr. Fifty-fifty. Note: Mouthed these words to his wife Eleanor. Goddamn you! Alleged last words, after his nurse administered a sedative. There'll always be a Meersman. Who: Gary Gilmore Before his execution by firing squad in Utah on January 17, 1977. This was first execution in the United States after 10-years moratorium After being asked for any last words, Gilmore simply replied, "Let's do it." The Rev. Thomas Meersman, the Roman Catholic prison chaplain, imparted Gilmore's last rites. After the prison physician cloaked him in a black hood, Gilmore uttered his last words to the Father Meersman: Gary: Dominus vobiscum (Latin translation: "The Lord be with you.") Meersman: Et cum spiritu tuo ("And with your spirit") Gary (grinning): There'll always be a Meersman. TIME Magazine, ed. " After Gilmore, Who's Next to Die ", Time Magazine 31 Jan. 1977. Time.com. TIME Magazine Publisher: Time Inc. Web. 23 July 2009. I say "Honey", you say "G". Note: Said while executing one of her assailants, before being taken by surprise by her killer. Take her down! It is also reported that "Come my little one, and give me your hand." were the last words he declared to his daughter-in-law Ottilie. Another version reported is "Nichts mehr" (nothing more) No! I didn't come here to make a speech. I came here to die. Who: Crawford Goldsby, aka Cherokee Bill, when asked if he had anything to say before he was hanged. 馬鹿者！馬鹿者！ (Bakamono! Bakamono!!) (also quoted as Bakayaro! Bakayaro!) Translation: Idiots! Idiots! Who: Admiral Aritomo Gotō 's last words to his staff, believing to have been hit by friendly fire, October 11, 1942 I really need a therapist Who: Christopher Grace, an actor who killed himself during a matinee performance of Grease. I created a flag from the sport’s dignity. I oversee the name of my family with affection, steady nerves and blood. Who: Hélio Gracie , co-founder of Gracie Jiu-Jitsu, or modern-day Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu. Water. Who: Ulysses S. Grant , 18th President of the United States Well, if it must be so. I did not get my Spaghetti-O's, I got spaghetti. I want the press to know this. Who: Thomas J. Grasso, d. March 20, 1995 Note: Executed by injection, Oklahoma. It's stopped. Who: Joseph Henry Green , upon checking his own pulse. Schnell. Who: Che Guevara . "Know this now, you are killing a man." These reportedly were his last words, spoken to Sergeant Jaime Terán, who in different accounts had either volunteered to be his executioner, or been selected by lot. Because of the many different reports that have arisen, much confusion and uncertainty exists about his actual last words. His last words to Colonel Arnaldo Saucedo Parada, head of intelligence of the Eighth Division who delivered the official report on Che's final moments were reported as: "I knew you were going to shoot me; I should never have been taken alive. Tell Fidel that this failure does not mean the end of the revolution, that it will triumph elsewhere. Tell Aleida to forget this, remarry and be happy, and keep the children studying. Ask the soldiers to aim well." Some also report his final words as those he reportedly declared when he surrendered: "Don't shoot, I am Che Guevara and I am worth more to you alive than dead." At one point early in the confusions General Ovando, Chief of Bolivian Armed Forces, declared that he had died in battle, and that just before dying he had declared: "I am Che Guevara and I have failed" these are sometimes accepted as his last words, though subsequent reports have generally discredited that initial account. Summary of various accounts of Che Guevara's Death at George Washington University Apparently, this news is meant to mislead us. These are actually his last written words: They are the last paragraph of Che's last writing, "Bolivian Diary", which is the log Che kept during the Bolivian operations. Che is referring to information that he had about the ambush that the Bolivian army had prepared, and during which Che was arrested. Au moins, je meurs célèbre Translation: At least I die famous. Note: Before being executed for bombing a passenger flight. Glory hallelujah! I am with the Lord, Glory, ready, go! Who: Charles Guiteau , assassin of US President James A. Garfield, hanged in 1882 Nobody shot me. Who: Frank "Tight Lips" Gusenberg , American mobster murdered as part of the Saint Valentine's Day massacre . Note: In response to a police officer who asked "Who shot you?" …and now for a final word from our sponsor… Who: Charles Gussman , a television writer who wrote for the soap opera Days of Our Lives. Ich bin der König von Schweden - gewesen. Translation: I have been the king of Sweden. Note: The German perfect of "be," "I have been," is constructed with a finite form of "be" (here "bin") and its participle ("gewesen"). Without "gewesen" at the end, one would translate "I am the king of Sweden." Thus the weight of the sentence rests on an untranslatable bit of grammatical cleverness. A roughly equivalent English phrasing would be "I am the king of Sweden… no more". Who: Gustavus II Adolphus of Sweden Note: Said to an imperial soldier at the battle of Lützen. Jag känner mig sömnig, ett kort ögonblicks vila skulle göra mig gott. Translation: I feel sleepy, a short time of rest would do me good. Who: Gustavus III of Sweden . He had been shot at a masquerade ball two weeks earlier. You can get anything you want at Alice's restaurant Who: Woody Guthrie Note: This quote is a best guess. Woody's son, Arlo , had delivered a demonstration copy of his song " Alice's Restaurant Massacree " to his father on his deathbed. According to a Guthrie family "joke," Guthrie was listening to the recording when he died. Yes, it's tough, but not as tough as doing comedy. Who: Edmund Gwenn , actor, d. September 6, 1959 Note: When asked if he thought dying was tough. Lat det være, Marie – jeg dør nu. Translation: Leave it be, Marie – I'm dying now. Note: To his wife, Marie, when she attempts to correct his pillow. Knut Hamsun slept the last two days of his life, with his wife by his side. I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country. Who: Nathan Hale , American spy, hanged in 1776, according to the account by William Hull based on reports by John Montresor . This has also been quoted as: I only regret that I have but one life to give for my country. Some speculation exists that he might have been repeating or paraphrasing lines from Joseph Addison 's play Cato: What pity is it that we can die but once to serve our country. Southerly gales, squalls, lee rail under water, wet bunks, hard tack, bully beef, wish you were here — instead of me! Who: Richard Halliburton , last known communication from the Chinese junk Sea Dragon at sea, March 23 1939 This is a mortal wound, doctor. [And then, to his wife] Remember, my Eliza, you are a Christian. Notes: Spoken after being shot by Aaron Burr in a duel . Sleep well, my sweetheart. Please don't worry too much. Who: Rob Hall , lead guide of the disastrous 1996 Mount Everest expedition . Said to his wife via satellite phone as he lay dying from exposure. Liberemus diuturna cura populum Romanum, quando mortem senis exspectare longum censent. Translation: Let us ease the Roman people of their continual care, who think it long to await the death of an old man. Who: Hannibal That's good. Go on, read some more. Who: Warren G. Harding , 29th President of the United States, to his wife, who was reading him flattering newspaper accounts. He died of a heart attack moments later. I love you. Note: Spoken to his wife. Everything is an illusion. Note: Spoken to a visitor before she faced a firing squad. The words reflect the Eastern mysticism which had long fascinated her. Where is Aunt Jetty? Hope she didn't run out on me… Who: Jean Harlow , who died on June 6, 1937 One! Two! Three! Who: Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold , perpetrators of the Columbine High School massacre , just before committing suicide by gunshot It was the food! Don't touch the food! Who: Richard Harris , actor. Note: Spoken to fellow hotel guests, as he was wheeled through the foyer by paramedics. You can be a king or a street sweeper, but everyone dances with the Grim Reaper. Who: Robert Alton Harris , d. April 21, 1992 Doctor, my lungs. Who: Benjamin Harrison , 23rd president of the United States Love one another. Do you want me to come with you? Who: George Harrison , who died from cancer on November 29, 2001. The first set of words were the last he said to his wife and son, the second were the last he said to his Beatles band mate Ringo Starr , jokingly in response to Ringo stating he would go to visit his sick daughter. Sir, I wish you to understand the true principles of the government. I wish them carried out. I ask nothing more. Who: William Henry Harrison , 9th President of the United States and the first to die in office. Note: He spoke those words to his doctor, which were intended for John Tyler. Ooh, the Godfather! Just saying his name makes my blue blood boil! Ooh, the Godfather, my arch-nemesis! He represents everything that's wrong with the WWF! But fear not, because I, the Blue Blazer, will always triumph over evil-doers! And you know why? Because I always take my vitamins, say my prayers, and drink my milk! WHOOOO! Who: Owen Hart , Canadian professional wrestler. Note: Spoken before a match as the Blue Blazer, versus the Godfather, where during his entrance he suffered his fatal fall. Although these may not be technically his last words, they are the last words the public heard him say. Gentlemen, I bid you farewell… Who: Wallace Hartley , to his fellow band mates before the Titanic sank, April 15, 1912. Note: One survivor who clambered aboard Collapsible A distinctly heard Hartley say these words before he and the band were swept off the deck by the sea. Children be comforted, I am well. Note: Haydn's last words, as Napoleon's troops lay siege upon Vienna. I know that I am going where Lucy is. Who: Rutherford B. Hayes , 19th President of the United States, speaking of his late wife Critter five-ninety-two, we need the, uh, closest airport available. Who: First Officer Richard Hazen , ValuJet 592, last recorded words before crashing into the Everglades due to in-flight fire on May 11, 1996. Well, I've had a happy life. Who: Ernest Hemingway Note: Spoken to his wife before committing suicide. The story of life is quicker than the blink of an eye, the story of love is hello and goodbye, until we meet again. Note: Said in a poem found next to him on his deathbed. The following was the final sentence in the poem. Turn up the lights— I don't want to go home in the dark. Who: O. Henry (William Sydney Porter), June 5, 1910 I trust in the merits of Christ. All is lost! Monks, Monks, Monks! So, now all is gone - Empire, Body, and Soul! Note: Perhaps in reference to the monks he caused to be evicted during the dissolution of the monasteries. Maybe I'm dying. I am innocent, innocent, innocent. Make no mistake about this. I owe society nothing. I am an innocent man and something very wrong is taking place tonight. Who: Lionel Herrera d. May 12, 1993 Note: Executed by injection, Texas. Enough already. Who: William Herrick , writer And now, I am officially dead. Who: Abram S. Hewitt , industrialist. He had just removed the oxygen tube from his mouth in the hospital. Can you believe this crap? Who: John-Erik Hexum Note: Hexum was napping on the set of Cover Up during a delay in the filming of an episode. When told that there was going to be more delays, he jokingly said the line above before shooting himself with a gun filled with blanks that was meant for a scene in the episode. The blast fractured his skull and caused a massive brain hemorrhage. He was declared brain dead six days later. I've said all that I've had to say. Note: Hicks didn't die until 11 days later, but he quit speaking after saying this. Goodbye Bill. I die like a true blue rebel. Don't waste any time in mourning. Organize. Who: Joe Hill , in a letter to Bill Haywood, leader of the Industrial Workers of the World, before he was led to his execution by firing squad. It should be noted, however, that after he heard the words of the executioner, "Ready… aim…" Hill shouted out his actual final word as a command: Fire! [11] Leave the shower curtain on the inside of the tub. Who: Conrad Hilton when asked if he had any last words of wisdom. Ich bin Heinrich Himmler. Who: Christopher Hitchens , author. I myself and my wife - in order to escape the disgrace of deposition or capitulation - choose death. It is our wish to be burnt immediately on the spot where I have carried out the greatest part of my daily work in the course of a twelve years' service to my people. Above all, I charge the leadership of the nation and their followers with the strict observance of the racial laws and with merciless resistance against the universal poisoners of all peoples, international Jewry. Who: Adolf Hitler Note: These are the last sentences in Adolf Hitler's last will and political testament respectively. They were issued on 29 April 1945, 4:00 AM. Hitler committed suicide with his long-time girlfriend and recently married wife Eva Braun the next day. These texts serve as his last confirmed words. http://www.auschwitz.dk/Will.htm . I am about to take my last voyage, a great leap in the dark. You've got to stop this war in Afghanistan . Who: Richard Holbrooke (d. 2010), American diplomat. Words to his Pakistani surgeon, as reported in The Washington Post (December 14, 2010). Don't be in such a hurry. Who: Doc Holliday Doc Holliday was a consumptive gunfighter. He always thought, and perhaps hoped, that he would die in a fight or "with his boots on". He died in a hotel bed from tuberculosis. These last words were uttered after seeing his feet with boots off. Lewis Strauss is one of my best friends. Who: Herbert Hoover , 31st President of the United States Surprise me. Note: Spoken to his wife when asked where he wanted to be buried. I'm tired of fighting! I guess this thing is going to get me. Who: Harry Houdini Houdini is often said to have died after being punched in the stomach before having a chance to tighten his abdominal muscles. This is a fabrication. Houdini was punched in the stomach, however doctors agree such a blow could not have caused his appendix to burst, which is what happened and is the cause of his death. Texas, Margaret! Texas! Note: Spoken to Tom Clark, who asked if he wanted another cup of coffee. C'est ici le combat du jour et de la nuit. Je vois de la lumière noire. Translation: This is the fight of day and night. I see black light. Roger, uh, b- Who: Colonel Rick Husband , commander of the doomed space shuttle mission STS-107 . Note: The transmission from the Columbia cut out mid-sentence shortly before the shuttle disintegrated during earth interface. Ashhadu an la ilaha ill-Allah, wa Muhammadu… Translation: I swear that there is no God but God and Muhammad [is his prophet]…) which is the Shahadah , the Muslim affirmation of faith. Who: Saddam Hussein Saddam's last words at gallows when the trap door was released. He was hanged before he could finish the prayer. [12] Apart from this prayer, his last words were Heya hay il marjala…? (Is this your manhood…?) responding to the shoutings of the hooded hangmen, “Muqtada, Muqtada, Muqtada,” in reference to Muqtada al-Sadr , the powerful and radical Shi'ite cleric who is a major power behind Shi’ite Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki [13] Others have accounted his last words were "Go to hell!" and "Palestine is Arab!" LSD, 100 micrograms I.M. Who: Aldous Huxley in a note to his wife. She obliged and he was injected twice before his death. Who: Washington Irving - American author Context: said to his niece as he readied himself for bed, whereupon he suffered a stroke and collapsed at the age of 70. Don't worry, they usually don't swim backwards. I'm dying. Who: Steve Irwin A.K.A. The Crocodile Hunter Context: Said when he was examining a Stingray in the Great Barrier Reef. It did, however, swim backwards and the tail pierced his chest. He died of bloodloss later. During an interview on Australian TV show Studio 10 , cameraman Justin Lyons said the second of these quotes were Irwin's final words; while Lyons tried to reassure him, Irwin "sort of calmly looked up [at Lyons] and said, ‘I’m dying’. And that was the last thing he said". May a blessing rest upon you, my sons, and upon your seed this day, for ye have given me rest, and my heart is not pained concerning the birthright, lest thou shouldest work wickedness on account of it. May the Most High God bless the man that worketh righteousness, him and his seed for ever. Who: Isaac Note: Jackson was accidentally shot by his own men and later died from pneumonia. More milk. Who: Michael Jackson Note: Spoken to his doctor, Conrad Murray. The "milk" in question is the nickname he gave the drug propofol, which he was asking Murray for before he died from an overdose. I am to be gathered to my people; bury me with my fathers in the cave that is in the field of Ephron the Hittite, in the cave that is in the field of Machpelah, which is before Mamre in the land of Canaan, which Abraham bought with the field of Ephron the Hittite as a possession for a burial place. There they buried Abraham and Sarah his wife, there they buried Isaac and Rebekah his wife, and there I buried Leah. The field and the cave that is there were purchased from the sons of Heth Who: Billy Ji , Chinese psychoanalyst. Note: Died of liver cirrhosis. Oh wow. Oh wow. Oh wow. Who: Steve Jobs , Apple CEO. His last statement was recorded by his sister on his death bed. NewYorkTimes . I greet you, my eternal Germany. Sometimes reported as: My greetings to you, my Germany. Who: Alfred Jodl , Nazi military officer Note: Jodl made this statement before he was executed by hanging. I will see you tomorrow, if God wills it. Who: Pope John Paul I , an hour before he died of a heart attack. Amen. Pozwólcie mi pójść do domu Ojca (Polish for "Let me go to the house of the Father") Who: Pope John Paul II , uttered in his papal apartments, seconds before he died. Never by God will that be that a King of Bohemia flees from the battle. My right side is paralyzed. I need no doctor. I can overcome my own troubles. Who: Andrew Johnson , 17th President of the United States Note: Spoken to his granddaughter, who was about to send for a doctor. Send Mike immediately! Who: Lyndon Johnson , 36th President of the United States Note: said to a Secret Service agent over an in-house telephone. God Bless you, my dear! Who: Samuel Johnson Vancouver! Vancouver! This is it! This is — Who: David A. Johnston , volcanologist with the United States Geological Survey . Last radio transmission before being killed in the May 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens . I want to sleep. As quoted in Dictionary of Last Words (1955) by Edward S. LeComte. LeComte cites Budapest Daily Szabad Ifjusag May 4, 1954, on authority of Mr. Istan Csicsery-Ronay. LeComte, Edward S. (1954). Dictionary of Last Words. New York, NY: Philosophical Library..  . Who: Al Jolson HMO's are in it for the money. Live free, love safe or die. Who: Daniel V. Jones , on a banner he presented on a Los Angeles freeway shortly before shooting himself on live television in May 1998. Jones had previously expressed resentment at his HMO for their inadequate treatment of his cancer and HIV-infection. …take our life from us, we laid it down, we got tired. We didn't commit suicide. We committed an act of revolutionary suicide protesting the conditions of an inhumane world. Who: Reverend James Warren "Jim" Jones , founder and leader of the Peoples Temple . Note: These words were part of a recording on an audiocassette found at the People's Temple compound in Guyana after the mass suicide of 1978. While he may have shot himself after the tape ran out, these were his last recorded words. The Jonestown Death Tape (FBI No. Q 042) at the Internet Archive . "So Lord, won't you buy me a Mercedes Benz..." that's it! Haha! The last line from Joplin's last recorded track, " Mercedes Benz ." Joplin died three days later. Does nobody understand? Who: James Joyce In death as in life, I defy the Jews who caused this last war, and I defy the power of darkness which they represent. I warn the British people against the crushing imperialism of the Soviet Union. May Britain be great once again and the hour of the greatest danger in the West may the standard be raised from the dust, crowned with the words – you have conquered nevertheless. I am proud to die for my ideals and I am sorry for the sons of Britain who have died without knowing why. Who: William Joyce , Irish-American fascist, Nazi collaborationist and propaganda broadcaster known as " Lord Haw-Haw " Note: Joyce made this statement prior to his execution by hanging for treason. Jesus, Jesus, Jesus!… Ηρακλής! Πώς κρύο λουτρό σας! Translation: Hercules! How cold your bath is! Who: Jugurtha , King of Numidia. Note: He spoke this as he was thrown into a Roman dungeon to starve to death. Vicisti, Galilæ or νενίκηκάς με, Γαλιλαῖε (neníkikás me, Galilaíe) Translation: You have won, Galilean Who: Emperor Julian , having attempted to reverse the official endorsement of Christianity by the Roman Empire. ["Is the man in the bathroom wit u"] "He's a terror. Yes." Who: Eddie Jamoldroy Justice, a victim of the Orlando nightclub shooting Note: Justice send these as a text message to his mother before he was shot by the gunman. He died from his injuries. Note: Said to his officers when they expressed concern about him being in the trenches under the siege of Fredriksten. Minutes later he was killed. Oscar, Oscar, nous nous défendrons. Translation: Oscar, Oscar, we shall defend ourselves. Who: Karl XIV Johan of Sweden-Norway Note: Said to his son, crown prince Oscar. Kommer jag att plågas mycket? Translation: Will I be in much pain? Who: Karl XV of Sweden-Norway Walter Pidgeon. Who: English actor Boris Karloff These were the final words he was heard to speak as he drifted in and out of sleep on his final day. It confused and distressed his wife Evie, since Karloff hadn't mentioned Pidgeon in years. Ah well I suppose it has come to this… Such is life. Who: Australian bush ranger Ned Kelly as he was hanged in the Melbourne Jail on November 11th 1880. I wish I could go with you. Who: Walt Kelly , Cartoonist Spoken to his wife, Selby Kelly, as she visited him in the hospital. According to her, he was lapsing in and out of consciousness. She told him she was going for coffee, unaware if he could hear her, and he said those words. She stayed by his side until he died from diabetes complications. [ Nellie Connally : You certainly can't say Dallas doesn't love you, Mr. President.] No, you certainly can't. Who: John F. Kennedy , 35th President of the United States. Don't lift me. Note: Spoken to medical attendants when lifted onto a stretcher and seconds before he fell into a coma. He died in the early morning hours of the next day. These last few days are among the happiest I've ever ignored. Who: Douglas Kenney , founder of National Lampoon magazine Note: Written on the back of a hotel receipt, with a bunch of random thoughts and the reasons he loved his girlfriend. Solely by the merits of Jesus Christ, Our Saviour. He suffered a fatal heart attack in public, and as people gathered round the spot someone said 'Get a doctor.' I am going to the inevitable. I wish I was skiing. [Nurse: "Oh, Mr. Laurel, do you ski?"] No, but I'd rather be skiing than doing what I'm doing. Who: Stan Laurel , before dying of a heart attack. Love y'all. Peace. Note: The last known words that were spoken at the end of a video blog posted on her YouTube account. Tell the men to fire faster! Don't give up the ship! Fight her till she sinks! Who: James Lawrence , later used as naval ensign by his friend Commodore Perry . According to Respectfully Quoted: A Dictionary of Quotations (1989), the only documented source is the blue battle-flag inscribed with these words ordered and used by Oliver Hazard Perry as a signal during the battle of Lake Erie, September 10, 1813. Although popularly attributed to Captain James Lawrence as his dying words during a battle with a British frigate off the coast of Boston on June 1, 1813, there remains the possibility these words were not his, but those of someone reporting the battle. For other attributed sources and theories, see Burton Stevenson, ed., Macmillan Book of Proverbs, Maxims, and Famous Phrases (1965), p. 2091; Charles C. Bombaugh, Facts and Fancies for the Curious (1905), p. 388–89; William S. Walsh, Hand-Book of Literary Curiosities (1929), p. 1004–5; Dictionary of American History (1976), rev. ed., vol. 2, p. 364; and Motor Boating (October 1965), p. 72. Don't worry, wasps probably aren't good flyers. Who: Jack Lawrence, esq. Said when using a dolly in an attempt to knock down a wasp nest. Beautiful. Who: Timothy Leary He also is known to have repeatedly said "Why Not" with various inflections prior to this, and these are often reported as his final words. Katie, Katie, look… it'll be fine, you know, I just need to get some sleep. Note: According to his father, Ledger's sister was on the phone with the actor, telling him it's a bad idea to mix sleeping pills with prescriptions. He died shortly after he did just that. Strike the tent. Who: John Lennon Note: Whilst sitting in the back of a police car on the way to the hospital after the officers had asked him if he was John Lennon. While widely reported highly likely doubtful. "Yes, I am," in response to, "Are you John Lennon?" is frequently cited as Lennon's "Last Words." The myth is based on the story that the police officer did not recognize someone as famous as John Lennon (and Yoko would have been present too). This is actually a restatement or twisting of the question the officer did likely ask: "Do you know who you are" which would have been an attempt to determine Lennon's level of consciousness. Different versions have him answering or not in different manners, some state he said he was John Lennon. That is doubtful, Lennon's mouth was bleeding profusely at this point. More likely, the alternative version is accurate, that Lennon slightly nodded (or appeared to nod) and could only manage a gurgling sound from his throat before he lost consciousness totally. This concurs with reports of levels of severity of his injuries. Lennon's blood loss was so great, before the police arrived that the concierge at The Dakota realizing the severity of the injuries, simply covered Lennon with his uniform's jacket and removed his blood covered glasses then summoned police. Also, Lennon's last words of "I'm shot" were spoken seconds after he was shot as he staggered a number of steps toward the lobby of the Dakota. Sources for this include discussion in the Last Words reference book, Last Words of Notable People -- Final Words of More than 3500 Noteworthy People Throughout History by William B. Brahms which also cites the Lennon biography, John Ono Lennon Volume 2, 1967-1980 by Ray Coleman ). Brahms, William B. (2010). Last Words of Notable People: Final Words of More than 3500 Noteworthy People Throughout History. Haddonfield, NJ: Reference Desk Press, Inc . p. 399. ISBN 978-09765325-2-1 .  ; Coleman, Ray (1984). John Ono Lennon Volume 2, 1967-1980. London: Sidgwick & Jackson . ISBN 978-07088274-0-6 .  . Note: Linaker was calling his father from the Labor Youth Party camp in Norway on July 22, 2011 when he noticed a gunman shooting before he hung up. Linaker was among the 69 victims in the shooting. Opfer müssen gebracht werden! Translation: Sacrifices must be made! Who: Otto Lilienthal pioneer of human aviation, after on 9 August 1896 a gust of wind fractured his wing and he fell from a height of 17 m (56 ft), breaking his spine. These were his last words to his brother before he succumbed to the injury. She won't think anything about it. Who: Abraham Lincoln , 16th President of the United States, as quoted in Famous Last Words‎ (1961) by Barnaby Conrad Note: Stated after Mary Lincoln had asked him what Clara Harris sitting next to them might think of them holding hands. Keep up the fire! Who: U.S. Army Colonel Emerson H. Liscum , commander of the 9th Infantry Regiment , directing his troops after being fatally wounded during the Battle of Tientsin in China, 1900 Note: Liscum's last words became the official motto of the 9th Infantry Regiment. The bastards got me, but they won't get everybody. Who: Alexander Litvinenko , whistleblowing former Russian spy, who was poisoned in a London sushi bar. Said in an interview on November 23 , 2006, hours before his death. (The Times, November 24 , 2006) I think I'm going to make it! Who: Richard Loeb , half of the famous murderers Leopold and Loeb; said after being slashed ninety times with a razor by a fellow inmate. Hey - what's happening here? Who: Captain Robert Loft of Eastern Air Lines flight 401 Note: The December 29, 1972 crash of Eastern Air Lines flight 401 was a result of the flight crew's failure to recognize a deactivation of the autopilot during their attempt to troubleshoot a malfunction of the landing gear position indicator system. As a result, the flight gradually lost altitude while the flight crew was preoccupied and eventually crashed. It was the first crash of a wide-body aircraft and, at the time, the deadliest in the United States. Muero con mi patria! Died during the Battle of Cerro Cora on March 1, 1870. Does my face look strange? Note: Spoken to his wife before collapsing from a cerebral hemorrhage. Allah, save this country! Pakistan zindabad! Who: Liaquat Ali Khan , first Prime Minister of Pakistan, spoke to the nation before being shot. Translation: "Pakistan zindabad" means "Long live Pakistan." Don't let me die, I have got so much to do. Who: Huey Long , "The Kingfish", American politician, Governor of and Senator from Louisiana Je m'en vais, mais l'État demeurera toujours. Translation: I am going, but the State shall always remain. Who: Louis XIV of France Note: Another biographer has him saying "Why do you weep? Did you think I was immortal?". I die innocent of all the crimes laid to my charge; I Pardon those who have occasioned my death; and I pray to God that the blood you are going to shed may never be visited on France. Who: Louis XVI of France, d. January 21, 1793 Note: Executed by guillotine A King should die standing. Who: Louis XVIII , King of France, d. 1824 Note: Louis XVIII suffered from a severe case of gout, which worsened over the years. At the end of his life, the King was wheelchair-bound most of the time. Sometimes the pain is unbearable. Who: Howard Phillips Lovecraft , American author considered to be one of the most significant 20th-century authors in his genre. Note: He spent the last few years of his life dying of malnourishment and cancer of the small intestine. Tell them, I died game. Who: Fred Lowry , Australian bushranger d. 1863 Note: Lowry died from his wounds after shootout with Police near Crookwell, New South Wales. Never drive at night. Who: Joseph Lucas , "The Prince of Darkness", Founder of Lucas Industries , manufacturer of automotive electrical components such as alternators, headlights, etc. which were notorious for unreliability in the early days of automotive engineering. Know that no one can have indulged in the Holy Writers sufficiently, unless he has governed churches for a hundred years with the prophets, such as Elijah and Elisha, John the Baptist, Christ and the apostles… We are beggars: this is true. Take away those pillows. I shall need them no more. Who: Charles Lutwidge Dodgson , an English writer, mathematician, logician, Anglican deacon, and photographer. Quoted in Stuart Dodgson Collingwood , The Life and Letters of Lewis Carroll (1898), pp.347-8 Life! Who: Robert Roy MacGregor , Scottish folk hero and outlaw. Aidez-moi, ma chère amie! Translation: Help me, my dear friend! Who: Jean-Paul Marat , Jacobin publisher of L'Ami du Peuple (The People's Friend), just after being stabbed by Charlotte Corday I feel great. Who: Pete Maravich , American basketball player Note: Said seconds before his death at a pickup basketball game. I'm okay! Who: Field Marshal Sam Hormusji Framji Jamshedji Manekshaw , the first of only two Indian military officers to hold the highest rank of Field Marshal in the Indian Army Money can't buy life. On your way up, please take me up, on your way down, don't let me down. Who: Bob Marley , Jamaican musician. Spoken to his sons Stephen & Ziggy. Jesus Christ was put to death on the false testimony of those who received money in exchange for the lies they told. Just the same, the state of Ohio has succeeded in its quest for my life by way of perjured testimony and false witnesses who were paid to tell the lies they did. However, there has never been any hate nor desire of revenge in my heart for them, for I know God will repay those for each and every one of their sins that have gone forgotten. Who: Ernest Martin , American murderer executed June 18, 2003 for the murder of Cleveland -area store owner Robert Robinson. Note: In the death chamber, Martin spoke about three minutes in what prison officials said was the longest final statement by a condemned inmate since Ohio resumed executions in 1999. The statements were not recorded. Here are some excerpts as transcribed by prison officials: "I know that God is in control and those who are here are not responsible. Just as Jesus Christ was lied on and slandered, so I have been treated the same way. I have no hatred. I know God is in control and I pray that he will forgive us of our sins, forgive the media people watching of their sins and all that they have done. As the Bible says, let those without sin cast the first stone. God forgave us all. To my family, I love you all. I know I did not live a good life. Thank God for allowing my sister and nephew to be here and brother Morgan for his support. Hug Momma for me. Take care family. Take care media. God bless you all." [17] I forgive everyone, beg that everyone forgives me as well, and wish that my blood, that is going to be shed now, will benefit the country. Long live Mexico! Long live Independence. Who: Emperor Maximilian of Mexico (executed) It wasn't worth it. Who: Louis B. Mayer , film producer, d. October 29, 1957 Goodbye to all my dear friends and family that I love. Today is the day I have chosen to pass away with dignity in the face of my terminal illness, this terrible brain cancer that has taken so much from me… but would have taken so much more. The world is a beautiful place, travel has been my greatest teacher, my close friends and folks are the greatest givers. I even have a ring of support around my bed as I type… Goodbye world. Spread good energy. Pay it forward! Note: Maynard, who advocated for the legalization of aid in dying, wrote this as her final post on Facebook before she took her own life. I have had a happy life and thank the Lord. Goodbye and may God bless all! Who: Chris McCandless , American wanderer and subject of the book Into the Wild . He wrote a final note on a page from Louis L'Amour's book, Education of a Wandering Man, before dying of starvation on August 18th, 1992. Daddy flight, save your auxiliary tanks. Who: Fighter ace Thomas McGuire Note: he attempted to dogfight a Japanese Nakajima Ki-43 fighter aircraft on low altitude having failed to dump his aircraft's auxiliary tanks, with disastrous results - his aircraft stalled and crashed due to extra weight of the tanks. Good-bye, good-bye all. It's God's way. His will, not ours, be done. Who: William McKinley , 25th President of the United States, assassinated in 1901 We are holding our own. Who: Ernest M. McSorley Note: McSorley was captain of the 729-foot Great Lakes freighter Edmund Fitzgerald , which was in a storm on Lake Superior. Soon after he said these words, the ship sank and all twenty-nine men aboard were killed. [Niece: "What is the matter, Uncle James?"] Nothing more than a change of mind, my dear. I always talk better lying down. Who: James Madison , 4th President of the United States. Mozart! Mozart! Who: Gustav Mahler , according to his wife, Alma. In this way that the God of Israel reveals to me from the highest skies! Who: Francisco Maldonado, a Jewish surgeon and writer killed during the Peruvian Inquisition. Note: On the day of his execution, a great storm devastated Lima. The Jewish Encyclopedia gives his last words as, This is the will of the Lord. I shall see the God of Israel face to face. [18] Cheerio! Who: Gangster Antonio Mancini when Albert Pierrepoint had put the noose on his neck. Gentlemen, the uh, camper and the car sitting over to the south of me is covered. It's gonna get me, too. I can't get out of here… Who: HAM radio operator Jerry Martin. Note: The final transmission of Jerry Martin, reporting on the eruption of Mount St. Helens Andre Stepankowsky, Memories, lessons from mountain's fury, The Daily News , 17 May 2005. Die, my dear? Why, that's the last thing I'll do! Go on, get out! Last words are for fools who haven't said enough! Who: Karl Marx , asked by his housekeeper what his last words were When I am dead, you will find Philip and Calais engraved on my heart. Who: Mary I of England , related to her husband and the loss of Calais to France All right. Who: William Barclay "Bat" Masterson , former Wild West gunfighter; he was asked by a fellow reporter of the New York Morning Telegraph about his health after he had been ill with a cold. Note: His last written words, on his note pad for the column he was writing, were, No wonder these birds are flying high when they get that kind of money for an hour's work. Just think of an honest, hard-working farmer laboring from daylight to dark for forty years of his life, and lucky if he finishes with as much as one of these birds gets in an hour. Yet there are those who argue that everything breaks even in this old dump of a world of ours. I suppose these ginks who argue that way hold that because the rich man gets ice in the summer and the poor man gets it in the winter things are breaking even for both. Maybe so, but I'll swear I can't see it that way. Never again. Never again. Who: Bill Masterton Note: Said after he fell backwards and hit his head on the ice after being checked and lost consciousness, and died two days later. He wasn't wearing a helmet at the time; it would be 11 years before the NHL made helmets mandatory. He is currently the only NHL player to die from injuries sustained on the ice. God bless Captain Vere! Who: Herman Melville , author of Moby-Dick Note: A reference from his then-unpublished novel Billy Budd, which was discovered on his desk after he died. Pee pee. Who: Freddie Mercury , lead singer of the British rock group Queen . Spoken as Mercury was dying of AIDS, asking to be helped to the restroom. It's all been rather lovely. Who: John Le Mesurier , before slipping into a final coma. I give my soul to God, my body to the earth, and my worldly possessions to my nearest of kin, charging them to remember the sufferings of Jesus Christ. Who: Van Miller Note: Miller had been rendered unable to speak due to a stroke a week prior to his death and had been suffering from declining function for several months. That single word, a signature call of his from the 1990s, was reportedly the only thing he said after the stroke and before his death, as reported by a former co-worker of Miller's, WIVB-TV 's Jacquie Walker. Come on out. Who: Spike Milligan , British comedian. 動けない… (Ugokenai…) Who: Mitsuharu Misawa , Japanese professional wrestler Note: Misawa had taken a belly-to-back suplex from Akitoshi Saito . When the referee asked whether or not he could move, Misawa replied with the above response. Afterwards, he lost consciousness and was later taken to the hospital, where he died. The official cause of death was listed as a cervical spinal cord injury. I don't think they even heard me. Who: Yukio Mishima (pseudonym of Kimitake Hiraoka), moments before committing ritual suicide ( seppuku ) Note: He had addressed the garrison at the Ichigaya Camp, the Tokyo headquarters of the Eastern Command of Japan's Self-Defense Forces, while his followers, the Tatenokai or "Shield Society", held the Commander hostage. Mishima encouraged the soldiers to launch a military coup and restore the traditional powers of the Emperor. They responded with mocking jeers. Mishima shouted "Long Live the Emperor!" three times, went back inside, and spoke his last words under his breath before performing the ritual self-disembowelment. One of Mishima's followers, a 25-year-old named Masakatsu Morita, tried three times to ritually behead Mishima but failed; his head was finally severed by Hiroyasu Koga. It tastes bad. Margaret Mitchell , upon being given a drink of orange juice while convalescing in a hospital. Why should I talk to you? I've just been talking with your boss. Wilson Mizner after talking to a priest. I regret that I should leave this world without again beholding him. Who: James Monroe , 5th President of the United States. Note: Spoken to a friend about James Madison. Say good-bye to Pat , say good-bye to Jack and say good-bye to yourself , because you're a nice guy. Who: Marilyn Monroe to actor Peter Lawford. It has all been very interesting. Who: Lady Mary Wortley Montagu Source: Clifton Fadiman , Some Passing Remarks on Some Passing Remarks Well, now I must go to meet God and try to explain all those men I killed at Alamein. Who: Bernard Montgomery If you don't like it, you can fuck off! Who: Keith Moon , drummer for the British rock group The Who . He asked his girlfriend to cook him breakfast, but she complained and that made him angry. He died approximately six hours later. I can hear the music all around me. Who: Dudley Moore , British actor. This hath not offended the king. Who: Thomas More at the execution block, moving his beard out of the way. I'm glad that's over. Who: Eric Morecambe , after going off stage after a solo performance at Stan Stennett's theatre, Tewkesbury, May 28, 1984. Lord, if I have done well, You know it; and if badly, I take refuge in Your infinite mercy. Who: José María Morelos , Mexican independence fighter (executed) Dios no muere! Who: Gabriel García Moreno , President of Ecuador Context: He had been attacked by assassins and had spoken these words after his attack. He reportedly had a favorite saying: "I am only a man who can be killed and replaced, but God does not die." You take me back to Eagle Bridge and you'll get back your stethoscope. Who: Grandma Moses , spoken to the physician whose stethoscope she took. Sparami nel petto! Translate: Shoot me in the chest! Who: Benito Mussolini just as he was shot by a partisan leader. Well, this is certainly a pleasant surprise. Who: Andrew Mutton . (A mobster whose car was riddled with starter motor problems, remarked to his associate when the car started successfully first go. Moments later a bomb rigged to the ignition exploded, killing Andrew and wounding his associate) Shoot straight, you bastards! Don't make a mess of it. Who: Harry Morant Note: Morant was court-martialed and executed by the British, charged with killing Boer prisoners. To the end he claimed to have been following orders. We all get the same amount of ice. The rich get it in the summer. The poor get it in the winter. In manus tuas domine confido spiritum meum. Translation: Into your hands, O Lord, I commend my spirit V-1 Who: Klaas Meurs Note: Klaas Meurs was the First Officer of KLM Flight 4805 , which crashed on take-off on March 27th 1977, killing 583 people when it collided with a Pan Am Boeing 747, killing all 248 on Flight 4805 {Inlcuding Meurs} and 335 on the Pan Am Aircraft. His last words of "V-1" where the Aviation terminology used when an Aircraft is going too fast to cancel the take-off and must take-off. Eight seconds later, both planes collided. Pam, are you still there? Who: Jim Morrison , American poet and lead singer of the Doors Spoken to his girlfriend Pamela Courson from the bathtub of his Paris apartment. He died there shortly thereafter. I should have asked for a stunt double! Who: Vic Morrow , American actor Morrow said this before filming a challenging scene for "Twilight Zone: The Movie" with a helicopter. During filming, the helicopter lost control, and fell on the actors. He and one of the two children were decapitated while the other was crushed by the falling helicopter. Blessed are you, O Israel! Who is like you, a people saved by Yahweh? He is your shield and helper and your glorious sword. Your enemies will cower before you, and you will trample down their high places. See also: Moses The taste of death is upon my lips…I feel something, that is not of this earth. Who: Mozart In the company of the blessed: from the prophets, the truthful, the martyrs and the righteous. O Allah, the highest companions. O Allah, the highest companions. O Allah, the highest companions. Who: Vladimir Nabokov , poet. Thank God I have done my duty…Drink drink, fan fan, rub rub. Who: British Vice Admiral Horatio Nelson ; This is recorded definitively in an account by Nelson's ship surgeon, Dr. William Beatty. That Nelson said "Kiss me, Hardy", often believed to be "Kismet, Hardy" in his last hours, after being mortally wounded is extensively documented in contemporary accounts, including that of people actually present. That they were not his actual last words is also extensively documented, though not as clearly in many popular accounts, and they have commonly been mistaken as being his last words. (for more on this see: Talk:Horatio Nelson ) The latter clause mentions how hot and thirsty he was when dying. I don't know what I may seem to the world. But as to myself I seem to have been only a boy playing on the seashore and diverting myself in now and then finding a smoother pebble or prettier shell than ordinary, whilst the great ocean of truth lay all undiscovered before me. Who: Isaac Newton , british physicist, mathematician and astronomer. I am in the land of the dying, and I am soon going to the land of the living. Who: John Newton , Anglican preacher, abolitionist, and writer of "Amazing Grace." Nei myn Hear ta. Translation: To my Lord . Who: Pier Gerlofs Donia , legendary Frisian freedom fighter and giant folk hero Note: After an old enemy of Pier Gerlofs asked him where he'd want to go in afterlife, he answered in Frisian that he wanted to go to his Lord in Heaven. After he'd said this, his condition got worse and he passed away. Sero. Haec est fides. Translation: It is too late. This is fidelity. Who: Nero , Roman emperor. Some accounts also have his last words as being "What an artist that dies in me" Note: This was said when after he committed suicide he saw a guard, who may have been part of the assassination, running toward him thinking he was coming to rescue him. Soldiers, when I give the command to fire, fire straight at my heart. Wait for the order. It will be my last to you. I protest against my condemnation. I have fought a hundred battles for France, and not one against her… Soldiers! Fire! Note: Said before being executed by firing squad following the defeat of his supreme leader, Napoleon Bonaparte . He had been offered a last request, and had asked for the right to give the firing squad the order to fire. What?! What?! Who: Nicholas II of Russia Note: In the early morning of July 17, 1918, Tsar Nicholas II and his family were led by the Bolsheviks to the half-basement room at the back of the Ipatiev house in hopes that they would be safe from the anti-Bolsheviks' attack on the house. When they were informed that they were condemned to death by the Ural Soviet of Workers' Deputies, his stunning reaction was his final word before he turned to the family and got shot to death in the chest; the rest of the family soon followed him in death. I love you so much. Who: Harry Nilsson Note: Said to his wife before going to sleep and dying from heart failure. A life is like a garden. Perfect moments can be had, but not preserved, except in memory. LLAP Note: Final public words, sent in the form of a tweet. The abbreviation LLAP at the end of the quotation stands for " Live long and prosper ", a phrase popularized by Nimoy's character Spock on Star Trek . Help. Who: Richard Nixon , 37th President of the United States Note: Said to a housekeeper as he had a stroke. Though he remained alert for a period of time after he was taken to the hospital, he was unable to speak. Tomorrow, I shall no longer be here. Lenger og lenger mot nord… Translation: Further and further to the north… Who: Fridtjof Nansen, Norwegian explorer, scientist, diplomat, humanitarian and Nobel Peace Prize laureate. Note: The first sentence is commonly acknowledged version. The second one is according to his daughter. What do I tell the pilot to do? Who: Barbara Olson Olson spoke her last words to her husband into her cell phone from inside a locked airplane lavatory I am just going outside. I may be some time. Who: Captain Lawrence Oates , on Robert Falcon Scott 's ill-fated Antarctic expedition, while suffering from frostbite and sheltering from a blizzard, Oates felt he was decreasing his companions' chances of survival. Oates voluntarily left the tent; it was his 32nd birthday. He was never seen again. Quoted in R. F. Scott's diary, published as Scott's Last Expedition, ch.20 Más totopos. Who: Álvaro Obregón , Mexican politician. Obregón was sitting in a restaurant, and is said to have asked for more totopos (tortilla chips) a few seconds before being shot. ¿Para qué? Estoy bien al nivel de los fusiles. Translation: Why? I'm right at the height of the rifles. Who: Melchor Ocampo , Mexican politician, known for his anticlerical ideas Note: Ocampo was rounded up by conservative rebels and sentenced to death. He spoke these words after his executioner ordered him to kneel. I'd like to thank the Academy for my lifetime achievement award that I will eventually get. Who: Agnieszka Osiecka , Polish poet and writer. To her children on her deathbed. http://www.niniwa2.cba.pl/warszawka-osieckaagnieszka.html . Going down, 1862, going down, going down, copied, going down? Who: El Al Airlines first officer Arnon Onhad. Note: Ohad was aboard El Al Flight 1862 , which crashed into a Dutch apartment complex on October 4, 1992. Ohad spoke these words while communicating with air traffic control. This isn't Hamlet, you know. It's not meant to go into the bloody ear. Note: Supposedly said this when a nurse, attempting to moisten his lips, mis-aimed. In Shakespeare 's play Hamlet, the title character's father is killed when poison is dripped into his ear while asleep. I am in some pain… my hearing and speech are very poor. Who: J. Robert Oppenheimer , American theoretical physicist. Note: Written in a note a few days before he died. I knew it! I knew it! Born in a hotel room, and goddamn it, dying in a hotel room! Who: Eugene O'Neill , American Nobel-prize winning playwright I love you. Note: Executed by injection, South Dakota Let me have none of your popish stuff. Get away with you. Good morning. Who: Thomas Paine , pamphleteer, revolutionary, radical and intellectual. Author of Common Sense, The Rights of Man and The American Crisis. Note: Spoken to two clergymen who were trying to lead the famous Deist in a deathbed conversion. [ citation needed ] Also quoted as: I have no wish to believe on that subject. [before stepping on the gallows trap] Is it safe? Hurry it up, you Hoosier bastard! I could kill a dozen men while you're screwing around! Who: Carl Panzram , serial killer, shortly before he was executed by hanging on September 5, 1930. And you all are trying to get more and more people and more business leaders involved in this, and talk about, uh, why it's important to get these business leaders involved. Who: Alison Parker Note: Parker was conducting a live interview about upcoming events for the 50th anniversary of Smith Mountain Lake when she was shot several times a couple of seconds after she said the above line. She was pronounced dead at the scene. I wasn't done. Who will take care of me now? Who: Jack Parsons , rocket scientist and occultist. May God never abandon me. Who: Fernando Pessoa , Portuguese poet Note: Fernando Pessoa, who was bilingual, wrote his words in English, after losing the ability to speak. Eva se va. Who: Eva Perón , Argentinian First Lady I am curious to see what happens in the next world to one who dies unshriven. Giving his reasons for refusing to see a priest as he lay dying. Who: Pietro Perugino, Italian painter, d. 1523 Larry! We're going down, Larry! Who: First Officer Roger Pettit to Captain Larry Wheaton of Air Florida Flight 90 , January 13, 1982. Note: The plane lost altitude after a failed takeoff attempt and struck the 14th Street Bridge over the Potomac River in Washington D.C., killing all but four passengers and one flight attendant. A subsequent investigation determined that the pilots failed to switch on the engines' internal ice protection systems, used reverse thrust in a snow storm prior to takeoff, and failed to abort the takeoff even after detecting a power problem while taxiing and visually identifying ice and snow buildup on the wings. And will you rule better? Who: Phocas , Byzantine Emperor, 602 - 610 Phocas was defeated by Heraclius in a civil war, and had been abandoned by his supporters as Heraclius and his army arrived at Constantinople. He was captured and brought before the new emperor, who asked him, "Is this how you have ruled, wretch?" When Phocas gave this reply, an enraged Heraclius killed and beheaded him on the spot. No paparazzi, I want anonymity. Note: Piaf spoke these words to her sister, standing at her deathbed. Drink to me, drink to my health, you know I can’t drink any more. Note: Paul McCartney paid homage to Picasso in the song Picasso's Last Words (Drink to Me) , which can be found on the Band on the Run album. Запрягайте сани, хочу ехать к сестре. (Zapryagayte sani, khochu ekhat k sestre.) Translation: Get the sledge ready, I want to go to my sister. Note: His sister, Natalia, had died 14 months before him. God, I'm bored. Harry St. John Philby , Arabist and writer, father of spy Kim Philby. Lucy… Who: Augusto Pinochet , dictator of Chile. Note: He was referring to his wife, Lucia Hiriart . Oh, my country! How I leave my country! Who: Sylvia Plath , American poet, novelist, and short-story writer. Lord help my poor soul. I love you Sarah. For all eternity, I love you. Who: James K. Polk , 11th President of the United States Note: He was speaking to his wife on his deathbed. I have not told half of what I saw. Marco Polo , Venetian traveller and writer Good-bye boys; I die a true American. Note: Poole was a member of the New York City gang the Bowery Boys, a bare-knuckle boxer, and a leader of the Know Nothing political movement in the mid nineteenth century. Okay, I won't. Note: Those were his last words to fiancée Ginger Alden. She had told him, when he was on the way to the bathroom, "Don't fall asleep in there." Wait a few days before you waste your prayers on me. Who: Prince Note: The last statement he made on stage five days before his death, which was made to address a recent trip he'd made to the hospital. Viva Cristo Rey! Note: Said directly before he was executed by firing squad during the Cristero rebellion in Mexico. Me l'aspettavo. Translation: I expected it to happen Who: Pino Puglisi , Italian priest shot by a Mafia assassin Note: Pino Puglisi was reported to have smiled to his killer. I love you, Kathy. I love the baby , but I need to find peace. I can't go on. Who: Freddie Prinze , stand-up comedian and actor , who left a suicide note and made a series of phone calls to his friends and family. The last statement was a phone call to his wife. After the call, Prinze pulled out a gun from the sofa and shot himself in the head. The city is fallen and I am still alive. Who : Constantine XI Palaiologos , final Byzantine emperor, before charging into the final battle at the fall of Constantinople to the Turks in 1453. Are you all right? Who: Ernie Pyle Note: Said to Lieutenant Colonel Joseph B. Coolidge after the two jumped into a ditch following a burst of Japanese machine gun fire on the island of Iejima. A round from a second burst entered Pyle's left temple, killing him instantly. Adesso (or ora) vi faccio vedere come muore un italiano! Translation: Now I will show you how an Italian dies! Who: Fabrizio Quattrocchi , Italian security officer taken hostage in Iraq early in the Iraq War. When his captors came to execute him he rose from his knees, refused to kneel back down, and said these words. I'm convicted unfairly, and I die innocent. Who: Vidkun Quisling , before being executed by firing squad. Note: Rizal mentioned it moments before being shot by a firing squad. These are the last words spoken by Jesus (John 19:30). I miss her so much, I want to be with Carrie. Who: Debbie Reynolds Note: Her daughter, actress Carrie Fisher , had died of heart failure the day before. and both Debbie and her son Todd Fisher were planning Carrie's funeral. According to Todd, she had made the comment, and 15 minutes later, suffered a stroke that she later died from. Forward! For God's sake, forward! Who: John Reynolds , Union General at Gettysburg , seconds before he was shot by a Confederate sharpshooter. Why do you drink that stuff, Ozzy? One of these days it's gonna kill you. Note: Referring to Ozzy Osbourne's alcohol addiction. Died in a plane crash later that night. Sourced from autobiography of Ozzy Osbourne, "I Am Ozzy." Now I'm going to tell you a story from the Bible about spiritual courage… Who: Baseball impressario Branch Rickey Note: He was in the middle of an acceptance speech at Missouri's Sports Hall of Fame when he collapsed in mid-sentence and never regained consciousness. No words can express just how sorry I am for taking the lives of my babies. No way I can make up for or take away the pain I have caused everyone who knew and loved them. I love you, my babies. Who: Christina Marie Riggs , first woman executed in Arkansas on May 2, 2000. In 1997 she killed her two small children and then failed in her attempt to commit suicide. My God, Ned, help me! I'm on fire! Who: Edward "Fireball" Roberts, 1962 Daytona 500 winner Note: Last recorded words said to Ned Jarrett in an attempt to save him, and recorded by many of the witnesses just moments after his fatal wreck during the 1964 World 600. In an attempt to avoid a wreck in front of him, Roberts swerved right to avoid, and spun out. His car hit an open patch in the wall, ripped the fuel tank, and was subsequently engulfed in fire. He slipped into a coma as a result of the accident, and died of third-degree burns three months later. Yes, a bullet-proof vest. Note: Asked if he has any last requests before facing a firing squad. I forgot something. Who: George Lincoln Rockwell , founder of the American Nazi Party Note: He was in the Econowash laundromat at the Dominion Hills Shopping Center in Arlington, Virginia, and spoke those words to no one in particular as he left the laundromat to get something from his car. Moments later, John Palter , a former member of Rockwell’s group, fatally shot Rockwell from the roof of the shopping center. If I am to be killed, let Adolf do it himself. Who: Ernst Röhm Note: He was co-founder of the ("Storm Battalion"; SA) and was among a number of Nazi officials who were suspected of conspiring against Adolf Hitler. He was executed during the 1934 Night of Long Knives . Hitler was hesitant in ordering his execution and gave Röhm the opportunity to commit suicide. On July 2, he was given a pistol by 2 SS officers and was told he had 10 minutes to use it. He refused and stated what were to be his last words. He was later shot in the chest by SS-Obersturmbannführer Michael Lippert. We are innocent. That is the whole truth. To forsake this truth is to pay too high a price even for the priceless gift of life. For life thus purchased we could not live out in dignity. Note: Said before his execution May God have mercy on the assassins. Who: Salvadoran Archbishop Óscar Romero Note: He was fatally shot while saying Mass in San Salvador by a death squad assassin who fired from the entrance of the Church, whom Romero presumably saw. Utter nonsense. Note: Spoken to the nurse who told her she would die when the reason God put her on earth was fulfilled. I have a terrific headache. Who: Franklin Delano Roosevelt , 32nd President of the United States, who died of a massive cerebral hemorrhage Note: According to Conrad Black in his biography Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Champion of Freedom, page 1110, FDR was sitting for a portrait when he put his left hand to the back of his head and said: "I have a terrific pain in the back of my head." He then was carried to his bed by several people, as they were doing this "he was understood by Laura Delano to say, only semiconsciously, 'Be careful.' These were his last words. Please put out the light. Who: Theodore Roosevelt , 26th President of the United States (January 6, 1919) No. Who: Alfred Rosenberg , Nazi ideologist and minister Note: when asked if he had any last words before being executed by hanging. We are the first victims of American fascism! Who: Ethel Rosenberg Note: She and her husband Julius were executed in 1953 in the electric chair at Sing Sing prison for treason, having been convicted of passing information to the Soviet Union concerning the construction of the atomic bomb. The judge who condemned them to death said that he did so to prevent the Rosenbergs from ever being released from prison. Their two young children were eventually adopted by songwriter Abel Meeropol. We are innocent. That is the whole truth. To forsake this truth is to pay too high a price even for the priceless gift of life. For life thus purchased we could not live out in dignity. Note: He and his wife Ethel were executed in the electric chair in 1953 for treason (passing in blueprints of the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union; see above.) No thank you. Who: Michael Bruce Ross , executed in Connecticut on May 13, 2005 Note: When asked if he had any last words. Don’t go away. I don’t want to be alone. I can’t stand being alone. Who: Arnold Rothstein , a.k.a. Mr. Big. Said to his wife Carolyn as he tried to raise himself he fell back and into unconsciousness. Rothstein would not regain consciousness and died the following morning. I here declare my unmitigated hatred to Yankee rule -- to all political, social and business connection with the Yankees and to the Yankee race. Would that I could impress these sentiments, in their full force, on every living Southerner and bequeath them to every one yet to be born! May such sentiments be held universally in the outraged and down-trodden South, though in silence and stillness, until the now far-distant day shall arrive for just retribution for Yankee usurpation, oppression and atrocious outrages, and for deliverance and vengeance for the now ruined, subjugated and enslaved Southern States!…And now with my latest writing and utterance, and with what will be near my latest breath, I here repeat and would willingly proclaim my unmitigated hatred to Yankee rule--to all political, social and business connections with Yankees, and the perfidious, malignant and vile Yankee race. Who: Edmund Ruffin (Diary entry, 17 June 1865) Note: Ruffin was an ardent supporter of the Confederacy during the Civil War and fired one of the first shots of the war at Fort Sumter in 1861. He wrote his final diary entry on the occasion of General Robert E. Lee's surrender, and after completing his entry, shot himself in the head. Hurry it up! I want to be in hell in time for dinner. Who: Edward H. Ruloff , a convicted serial killer and last person to be executed by hanging in the State of New York. What's happening? Who: Tim Russert , longtime host of Meet the Press on NBC Spoken as a greeting, shortly before he collapsed, to NBC Washington bureau editing supervisor Candace Harrington [19] Goodbye, cobber. God bless you. Note: His last words before joining his attack wave during the Battle of The Nek . "Cobber" is an Australian colloquialism that means "friend". I'm going over the valley. Who: Babe Ruth , baseball player. Note: His doctor had asked him where he was going when he got up to wander around his hospital room. God bless you, please make it quick. Who: Ronald Ryan , the last man to hanged in Australia on 3 February 1967. Put out the bloody cigarette! Who: Saki (British author Hugh Hector Munro) Note: Spoken to a fellow officer while in a trench during World War I , for fear the smoke would give away their positions; he was then shot by a German sniper who had heard the remark. "yea...usually @ north camarillo" Who: Robert M. Sanchez Note: Texted one minute before Sanchez, a Los Angeles Metrolink engineer, collided his commuter train with a Union Pacific freight train in the Chatsworth train collision . Oh no! Who: J.D. Salinger , American author of The Catcher In The Rye Note: Although not his final words, it was Salinger's last spoken word to the media a year before his death. Salinger lived an extremely reclusive life. Thank you Palestrina. It’s a wonderful evening, it’s great to be here and I wanna dedicate you a super sexy song. Who: Mark Sandman (American jazz singer) Note: Sandman collapsed on stage at the Giardini del Principe in Palestrina, Italy while performing with his band Morphine, just after saying this to the audience. A party! Let's have a party. Note: Santa Anna was known to spend many long hours trying to decide what his last words would be; one can only speculate if this is what he had intended to say. Yolanda, in Room 158. Who: Selena Note: Selena had been shot in the back by Yolanda Saldívar during an argument over missing financial records. Before losing consciousness, Selena named Saldivar as her assailant and the room number she was staying at to a Days Inn motel employee. Fuck you. Note: Spoken to a police officer who had asked who shot him (Shakur). Let's be wild tonight. Who: Sirkka Sari Note: Sari was a Finnish actress who died by falling down a chimney during a party. These are her last recorded words, by which she convinced the crew and her castmates to have a party at the Aulanko hotel, where they were shooting; during the party, Sari and one of the men in the group (she was engaged, but the man was not her fiancee) went up to the roof of the hotel. On the flat roof, there was a several-feet high chimney, with a ladder leading up to the top; Sari mistook this chimney for a scenery balcony , climbed up, and fell into a heating boiler , where she died instantly. It's good. Who: Sadako Sasaki , Hiroshima atomic bomb victim, after tasting her tea before dying of leukemia at age 12. Faisal, Saud is your brother. Saud, Faisal is your brother. There is no power and no strength save in God. Who: The last words of Ibn Saud ; quoted in Ibn Saud, by Leslie McLoughlin Ik schiet beter! Note: Spoken to a German soldier after having been shot in her execution; the soldier subsequently emptied his machine gun into her. Hier, hier ist das deutsche Herz! Translation: Here, here is the German heart! Who: The last of the "Schillschen officers" - a group of eleven Prussian officers executed on the Schillschen Field in Wesel, Germany, by Napoleon's troops. Reportedly said after his ten fellow-officers were shot by the firing squad, leaving him alive unintentionally. He was promptly shot. I have a problem — I have a real problem. Note: Said as his plane entered a flat spin and subsequently crashed. Es lebe die Freiheit! Who: Hans Scholl , leader of The White Rose , German anti-Hitler resistance movement. His last words from the guillotine before sentence of death for high treason was executed (22 February 1943) Charlie Brown, Snoopy, Linus, Lucy…how can I ever forget them… Note: From the final Peanuts comic strip released on February 13, 2000 (one day after his death). Roger, go at throttle-up. Note: These were his last recorded words before the Space Shuttle Challenger disintegrated , killing him and six other astronauts. Shazbot. Nanu nanu. Bon Scott , lead vocalist of rock band AC/DC. Note: His last words as heard on the last track of Highway to Hell, Night Prowler. This phrase is taken from the show "Mork & Mindy." It was used by the aliens to say "goodbye." He died later by alcohol poison. Although these may not be technically his last words, they were the last words heard by the public. For God's sake look after our people. Who: Robert Falcon Scott . Note: These were the last words he wrote in his diary, before he froze to death. My dear, be a good man — be virtuous — be religious — be a good man. Nothing else will give you any comfort when you come to lie here. …God bless you all. As quoted in John Gibson Lockhart Memoirs of the life of Sir Walter Scott, Bart, Vol. VII (1838), p. 294 Just leaving for God's own country. Who Richard Seddon , Prime Minister of New Zealand. Note: Final telegram sent to the Premier of Victoria, Sir Thomas Bent, from on board the Oswestry Grange heading back to New Zealand, 10 June 1906. He died later that evening of heart failure. " God's Own Country " has long been a nickname for New Zealand. They couldn't hit an elephant at this distance! Who: John Sedgwick Note: Sedgwick was a Union Civil War general who was hit by sniper fire a few minutes after saying these, at the battle of Spotsylvania, on May 9, 1864. They are often portrayed as if they were his absolute final statement, the sentence often being presented as if he did not even finish it, and altered into the form: "They couldn't hit an elephant at this dist…". Though this may be a slightly more striking version of events, his actual last words are believed to be "All right, my man; go to your place", in response to a soldier telling him that he preferred to duck when being shot at, even from a great distance. - (External link: Death of General John Sedgwick ) The car seems OK… Who: Ayrton Senna , three time Formula One World Racing champion Note: He said these last words over his team radio before his steering column broke and he subsequently crashed into a wall, killing him instantly. My boys, I'm going down. Who: Alexandru Şerbănescu , World War II flying ace. Note: Said as his aircraft was shot down. Days betray me when I am not working. None of my guests nor I mentioned it was Saturday, so, for me, it was a Sunday dinner. Perhaps I'll have another tomorrow! Note: Actor; died on a Saturday. Dying is easy, comedy is hard. Note: Said on his death bed. Braćo, spasavaj se ko hoće i ko može! Translation: Brothers, save yourself those of you who want and who can! Who: Stevan Sinđelić , Serbian military commander. Note: Sinđelić uttered it during Battle of Čegar , before igniting the gunpowder kegs in the powder cave, creating an enormous explosion that killed him, all of the Serb rebels and Ottoman soldiers. Up…up… Who: Tom Simpson Note: Tom Simpson was a cyclist who died on the Mont Ventoux, probably because of a combination of amphetamines, alcohol and the heat. His last words are often erroneously quoted as "Put me back on my bike"; Simpson's soigneur told reporters that he wanted to be "put back on his bike", and this was reported as such. I'm losing. Who: Frank Sinatra (May 14, 1998) Note: According to his daughter Nancy Sinatra , as told to Variety magazine senior columnist, Army Archerd . Other sources quote him as saying, "I'm losin' it." I am not going. Do with me what you like. I am not going. Come on! Come on! Take action! Let's go! Who: Chief Sitting Bull , famous for leading the Sioux tribe against General Custer's troops at the Battle of Little Bighorn Note: About 43 members of the Indian police decided to arrest him. Sitting Bull refused to leave with the police and a crowd of angry supporters gathered around him. A fight broke out and Sitting Bull wound up getting shot in the head. This is the first time authorities helped me escape prison. Who: George Sitts , convicted murderer before his electrocution in 1947 in South Dakota They're not shooting me for deserting the United States Army - thousands of guys have done that. They're shooting me for that brass I stole when I was 12 years old. Who: Eddie Slovik , the only US soldier shot for desertion during World War II. Said shortly before his execution by firing squad at 10:04 a.m. on January 31, 1945, near the village of Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines, France. Która godzina? Who: Juliusz Słowacki , Polish romantic poet. My wife is very good at putting me to sleep just by rubbing my hands… Be strong my darling… Who: Peter Smedley, English Hotelier Note: Smedley had an assisted death at a Dignitas euthanasia clinic after suffering from motor neurone disease for much of his life. His assisted death was televised as part of Terry Pratchett 's documentary Choosing To Die. He died holding his wife's hand, calmly and of his own choice. I believe we should adjourn this meeting to another place. I'm a dead man! Who: Hyrum Smith upon being shot in the face, just before his brother Joseph was as well. Oh Lord, my God… Who: Joseph Smith, Jr. crying out while being shot by a mob inside Carthage Jail and then falling out of a window. Uh-oh… Who: Michael J. Smith , crew member of the ill-fated Space Shuttle Challenger 51-L mission, 28 January 1986. Last statement recorded on the spacecraft's cockpit voice recorder, less than half a second before the shuttle disintegrated. My God, don't shoot! Note: Said during the Shootout on Juneau Wharf My God, what's happened? Who: Lady Diana Spencer , 31 August 1997 (after being mortally wounded in a car accident) My vocabulary did this to me. Your love will let you go on… Who: Jack Spicer , Poet. Spoken to fellow poet Robin Blaser in a near-coma brought on by Spicer's Alcoholism. [21] Crito, we ought to offer a cock to Asclepius. See to it, and don't forget. Who: Socrates , quoted by Plato in Phaedo Note: Asclepius was a Greek god of healing (his shrine is on the side of the Acropolis). It seems to many that Socrates considered death to be a relief, and thus was thanking the god for the service of killing him. It must have been the coffee. Who: Jack Soo , Actor and Comic, quoted by Hal Linden Note: This was a reference to the running gag of his character Nick Yemana from the TV show Barney Miller having the reputation for making horrible coffee. According to friend and fellow cast-member Hal Linden, these were Soo's last words before being taken to surgery for cancer of the esophagus. Not bad. I can't feel a thing. Before his electrocution in Florida in 1979. He was the first person executed involuntarily after moratorium was lifted Dan liever de lucht in! Translation: Rather to blow up, then! Who: Jan van Speyjk Dutch naval lieutenant; on February 5, 1831, a gale caused his boat to drift into the quay at the port of Antwerp. Belgians stormed the boat and demanded Van Speyjk take the Dutch flag down. Rather than doing so, he fired a pistol (some versions say he threw a lit cigar — few firsthand witness accounts survive) into a barrel of gunpowder while saying "Dan liever de lucht in" (which translates as, "Rather to blow up, then"). There will be a time when our silence will be more powerful than the voices you strangle today! Who: August Spies , anarchist Haymarket martyr , prior to his hanging. I'm tired. Going southbound, sir. Who: Andrew Joseph (Joe) Stack II, software engineer and tax protestor . As he was preparing to fly his Piper Cherokee PA-28-236 into Building I of the Echelon office complex in Austin, Texas, United States , killing himself and Internal Revenue Service manager Vernon Hunter and injuring 13 others, he radioed the control tower he was flying southbound. The tower operator replied, "Have a great day." [22] Prior to his suicide, Stack posted an anti-government manifesto on his business website. [23] Not like this. Don't leave me like this. Who: Layne Staley , lead singer of Alice in Chains Note: Staley was calling after friend and former bandmate Mike Starr , who angrily stormed out of Staley's apartment following an argument. Staley is believed to have passed away a day later, on April 5, 2002, of a drug overdose. Staley's body wasn't found by police until two weeks after his death. Es lebe unser heiliges Deutschland! Translation Long live our holy Germany! Who: Claus von Stauffenberg , seconds before being executed by a Nazi firing squad for his role in an attempt on the life of Adolf Hitler. What is the answer? [no response] In that case, what is the question? Do not walk quite so fast and do hold your head up Marietta. Who: Adlai Stevenson II , speaking to his girlfriend while walking. He then collapsed and died. Does my face look strange? . . . My head! My head! Note: Stevenson collapsed from cerebral hemorrhage and died shortly after. I'm going to go be with Gloria now. Who: Jimmy Stewart , speaking of his late wife Make the world better. Who: Ida Straus , wife of Isidor Straus , co-owner of Macy's , and victim aboard the Titanic . Note: She refused to take a lifeboat, which would have meant seperating from her husband. Heil Hitler! Dies ist mein Purimfest 1946. Ich gehe zu Gott. Die Bolschewisten werden eines Tages Euch auch hängen. Translation Heil Hitler! This is my Purim celebration 1946. I go to God. The Bolshevists will one day hang you, too. Who: Julius Streicher , publisher of the infamous Nazi tabloid Der Stürmer and one-time Gauleiter of Franconia, moments before being hanged for crimes against humanity. Note: Of all the condemned Nazis, he was the only one to salute Hitler before his own execution. ¡Carajo, un balazo! Translation: Damn, a bullet! Who: Antonio José de Sucre , after being shot while riding his horse in the jungle in Colombia on his way home. He was said to be a fine gentleman who had never cursed until that day, according to Ricardo Palma's "Tradiciones en Salsa Verde". Please don't let me fall. Who: Mary Surratt , before being hanged for her part in the conspiracy to assassinate President Lincoln. She was the first woman executed by the United States federal government. I'm not afraid of death. I'm going home. Who: Patrick Swayze , American actor. Note: As quoted by his family, prior to his death from pancreatic cancer. While many of my health issues are clearing up and I'm feeling a bit better. My docs are concerned that my heart has shown no improvement. So tomorrow morning I'm being transferred to Hopkins for further evaluation and testing. Scary, to be sure, but a good thing overall. Note: This was Swers' last pre-mortem Facebook entry via iPhone on October 28, 2010. She died of peripartum cardiomyopathy on October 31, over a month after her son Isaac Lawrence Swers was born. I'm going to kill you! Who: William Howard Taft , 27th President of the United States It is time for a new direction… Who: Andrei Tarkovsky , as reported by his wife. Please — please don't kill me — I don't want to die. I just want to have my baby. Who: Sharon Tate , victim of confessed murderer Susan Atkins (aka Sadie Mae Glutz) of the Manson family, as reported in the court testimony of Virginia Graham. Atkins told Graham she responded to Tate's plea with: "Look, bitch, you might as well face it right now, you're going to die, and I don't feel a thing behind it." I am about to die. I expect the summons very soon. I have tried to discharge my duties faithfully. I regret nothing, but I am sorry I am about to leave my friends. Who: Zachary Taylor , 12th President of the United States Die, my dear doctor, that's the last thing I shall do! Who: Mother Teresa (Sept 5, 1997) Note: Sister Nirmala Joshi recalled, "Just hours before her death, Mother Teresa spoke about the Little Flower, St. Therese. She has just been declared a ‘Doctor of the Church’ by Pope John Paul II. Her last words are: "Can you imagine, for doing little things with great love, the Church is making her a Doctor, like St. Augustine and the big St. Teresa! It is just like Jesus said in the Gospel to the one who was seated in the lowest place: "Friend, come up higher." St. Therese's last words were quite similar, "Oh, I love him; my God, I love you". Pity me not. I die as a man of honour ought, in discharge of my duty. They indeed are objects of pity who fight against their king, their country, and their oath. Who: Pierre Terrail , seigneur de Bayard (April 30, 1524) Note: Le chevalier sans peur et sans reproche, died of an arquebus shot to the back in battle with the Spaniards. He was propped up against a tree and, for want of a crucifix, he was confessed with his sword. Even the enemy commander attended him at his death. 頼むから仕事をさせてくれ！ (Tanomu kara shigoto wo sasete kure!) Translation: I'm begging you, let me work! Who: Osamu Tezuka , legendary Japanese cartoonist and animator He spoke these words as a nurse took his drawing board from his hospital bed and encouraged him to get some sleep. Roses plural or Rose's roses with an apostrophe? Note: Spoke those words to his girlfriend Liz, who told him that her friend had seen white mice and roses. He lapsed into a coma from excessive drinking and died. Is the mic still on? Note: Thomas, a death row inmate executed by the state of Texas in 2005 for murder, had made a lengthy final statement before the lethal injection started. After the drugs began to take effect he asked this final question. Pretty weak, but I'll be all right in a little while, don't worry, darling. Who: Olive Thomas Note: Thomas had accidentally ingested a lethal dose of her husband's syphilis medicine, composed of the poisonous compound mercuric bichloride. She died three days later, and her husband, Jack, said that these were her last words, a response to his asking how she felt, before she died later that day. No more games. No more bombs. No more walking. No more fun. No more swimming. 67. That is 17 years past 50. 17 more than I needed or wanted. Boring. I am always bitchy. No fun - for anybody. 67. You are getting greedy. Act your old age. Relax - This won't hurt. Note: Said on a suicide note written four days before his death. He was 67 when he took his own life. Moose … Indian. Note: These words he had said in a delirium before expiring. When urged earlier to make his peace with God his last coherent response was, "I did not know that we had ever quarreled." God bless… God damn. Who: James Thurber , humorist, d. 1961 No, I'm not! Who: American musician, music historian and ukulele player Tiny Tim (Real name: Herbert Khaury) Tiny Tim suffered a heart attack while playing "Tiptoe Through the Tulips" at a Gala Benefit. His wife asked him if he was okay and he said, "No, I'm not!" After that he collapsed and died at a hospital in Minnesota. Mihi vita immerenti eripitur; neque enim extat ullum meum factum paenitendum expecto dumtaxat uno. Translation: I deserve not death, but I repent nothing else in my life except for one thing. Who: Titus , Roman Emperor Get out here. I'm getting killed. Timothy Treadwell to his girlfriend, Amie Huguenard, as he was being mauled to death by a bear. Huguenard was also killed. Medred, Craig ( October 9 , 2003 ). " Treadwell: 'Get out here. I'm getting killed' ". Anchorage Daily News. Retrieved on 2010-06-02.   I am very sorry it is taking me so long to die. The Greater East Asia War was justified and righteous. I am very sorry for the nation and all the races of the Greater Asiatic powers. I wait for the righteous judgment of history. I wished to commit suicide but sometimes that fails. After unsuccessfully trying to shoot himself in the heart. Yes. Note: Her response when asked if she wanted to die. But the peasants…how do the peasants die? Note: Last words before being executed by lethal injection Ha. You're out. Who: Patrick Tuler Tuler, a World War I soldier, who was bleeding to death from bullet wounds, said this to an enemy soldier. אין דבר, טוב למות בעד ארצנו (Ein davar, tov lamut be'ad arzenu) Translation: Never mind; it is good to die for our country Who: Joseph Trumpeldor (1880-1920) Trumpeldor was a soldier and early pioneer/settler in Israel, he died defending the Tel-Hai settlment from an Arab attack. Variant Translation: It is all right; It is better to die for our country Note: Modern Israeli jocular rumor claims Trumpeldor's true last words were merely a juicy Russian curse. The sun is God. It's in God's hands now. Who: Nat Turner , immediately before he was hanged. Good bye. If we meet- Note: Spoken to his daughter Clara. Doctor, I'm dying. [Doctor: "I hope not, sir."] Perhaps it is best. Who: John Tyler , 10th President of the United States Who: Wilbur Underhill , bank robber. No WWE talent becomes a legend on their own. Every man's heart one day beats its final beat. His lungs breathe their final breath. And if what that man did in his life makes the blood pulse through the body of others and makes them believe deeper in something larger than life then his essence, his spirit, will be immortalized. By the story tellers, by the loyalty, by the memory of those who honor him and make the running the man did live forever. You, you, you, you, you, you are the legend makers of Ultimate Warrior. In the back I see many potential legends. Some of them with warrior spirits. And you will do the same for them. You will decide if they lived with the passion and intensity. So much so that you will tell your stories and you will make them legends, as well. I am Ultimate Warrior. You are the Ultimate Warrior fans. And the spirit of the Ultimate Warrior will run forever! Who: Ultimate Warrior , American professional wrestler. Note: Spoken on the April 7, 2014 edition of WWE Monday Night Raw , addressing the live audience in what would be his final live appearance. The next day, he would die of a heart attack. Although these are not technically his last words, they are the last words the public heard him say. Don't pull down the blinds. I feel fine. I want the sunlight to greet me! Who: Rudolph Valentino , Italo-American actor and Latin Lover. There is but one reliance. Who: Martin Van Buren , 8th President of the United States Genade, genade! We kunnen er toch over praten? Translation: Mercy, mercy! Can't we talk this over? Who: Theo van Gogh , Dutch film director and publicist. Note: Van Gogh said this to his murderer Mohammed Bouyeri, just before the latter stabbed him in his throat. I wish I could pass away like this. Who: Vincent van Gogh , Dutch painter. Note: The famous line "La tristesse durera toujours" ("The sadness will last forever") was spoken on his deathbed, but these were not actually his last words according to his brother, who was with him. It is hovering and it's not an aircraft. Note: These were the last recorded words of Valentich, an Australian pilot, who disappeared after contacting air traffic control claiming to be pursued by a purported UFO. […] e saio da vida, para entrar na história. Translation: […] and I leave life so that I can walk into history. Who: Getulio Vargas , Brazilian President. Note: These were the last words written in his suicide letter. Please leave the window open. Note: These words were said to Varney's companion before dying from lung cancer. Mantua me genuit, Calabri rapuere, tenet nunc Parthenope; cecini pascua rura duces. Translation: Mantua bore me, Calabria snatched me away, now Naples holds me; I sang of pastures, fields, and kings. Who: Virgil , Roman Poet, he wrote the Eclogues (pastoral poetry), the Georgics (ostensibly a didactic guide to farming), and the Aeneid (the foundation myth of Rome), hence "pastures, fields and kings." All right then, I'll say it: Dante makes me sick. Who: Lope de Vega , famous playwright, on being assured that the end was very near. La Révolution est comme Saturne : elle dévore ses propres enfants. Translation: The revolution is like Saturn: It devours its own children. Who: Pierre Vergniaud , French revolutionary Vae, puto deus fio. (when he thought he was dying) Translation: Dear me! I think I'm turning into a god… Who: Vespasian , Roman emperor Source: Suetonius Note: And indeed, Vespasian was deified after his death. This comment is thought to be sarcastic, expressing Vespasian's disdain for apotheosis. We made a death pact, and I have to accomplish my part of the deal. Please bury me next to my baby. Please bury me with my leather jacket, jeans and motorcycle boots. Goodbye. With love, Sid. Who: Sid Vicious , bassist of the Sex Pistols Note: Talking about his girlfriend, Nancy, who had died a month earlier. Don't let it end like this. Tell them I said something. Who: Francisco "Pancho" Villa Note: This quote is apocryphal. A hail of dumdum bullets, normally used for hunting big game like elephants and prohibited in warfare, was fired into Villa's car from ambush, and he was struck in the heart and the head. If these wounds occurred in the initial burst of fire it is unlikely Villa could have said anything. Indeed, Villa's biographer Katz stated that Villa died instantly. I have offended God and mankind because my work did not reach the quality it should have. Who: Booker T. Washington I am just going. Have me decently buried and do not let my body be into a vault in less than two days after I am dead. Do you understand me? ["Yes," replied Tobias Lear, his secretary.] ‍'‍Tis well. I die hard, but I am not afraid to go. Who: George Washington , first President of the United States (he had a fear of being buried alive) Ain't that a bitch. I am very sensible of the attatchment you show me, and I hasten to thank you for it, as I feel I am now come to my last illness. Who: James Watt , Scottish inventor, mechanical engineer, and chemist. Note: He was speaking to his friends, whom were at his bedside. I'm out of here, man. I'm gone. Keep me in your hearts. Who: Kevin Watts Note: Last words before being executed by lethal injection for a triple murder. Carry me to the fort, boys. Let's go forward. Note: The "fort" might be Fort Presque Isle, which is now Erie, PA. Of course I know who you are. You're my girl. I love you. Who: John Wayne , spoken to his wife. Valhalla. Odin. Slay the beast! Valhalla. Odin. Slay the beast! Valhalla. Odin. Slay… the… beast. Valhalla. O… Who: Gary Roland Welch, murderer executed in Oklahoma in 2012. He began repeatedly chanting this phrase as soon as the lethal injection drugs were pumped into his system; in the middle of his fourth repetition, he fell unconscious, dying soon after. [24] This is your friend. Don't forget to tell me how your mother is. Note: Message left on a friend's answering machine before he died. Go away. I'm all right. Note: Wells did not realize he was dying. The best of all is: God is with us. Get 'em all out of here! Who: Roy Westerfield, Company Comptroller for Pacific Engineering Production Company of Nevada ( PEPCON ) of Henderson, Nevada Note: Moments before the plant was engulfed in a massive explosion on 4 May 1988, he was talking to a fire department dispatcher over the telephone, when he shouted those words to fellow employee Bruce Halker, who was guiding other employees out of the building. They were both killed in the explosion. [25] I know it! Who: Captain Larry Wheaton to First Officer Roger Pettit of Air Florida Flight 90 , January 13, 1982. Spoken in response to Pettit's comment, "Larry! We're going down, Larry!" Let's go, I'm ready to go for this thing, we can win this thing! Who: Dan Wheldon , two time Indianapolis 500 winner and 2005 IndyCar Champion Note: According to his team owner at the time, Sam Schmidt, these were his last words over his team radio during the early stages of the 2011 IndyCar IZOD World Championships at Las Vegas Motor Speedway. Eleven laps into the event, a fifteen-car accident in Turn 3 launched his car into the air, and up against the catchfence, killing him instantly. Leave me alone - I'm fine. Who: William III of England , when his doctor told him that he was ill. Mon Dieu, mon Dieu, ayez pitié de mon âme et de ce pauvre peuple. Translation: My Lord, my Lord, have pity upon my soul and these poor people. Who: William the Silent , Father of the Netherlands. He was shot and died soon after. Oh, what's the bloody point? Who: Kenneth Williams , British actor and raconteur. This was the final entry in his diary. You guys doin' that right? Who: Stanley 'Tookie' Williams , gangster and co-founder of The Crips , d. December 13, 2005. Said to his executioners who appeared to be having trouble operating the machinery. The act of taking my own life is not something I am doing without a lot of thought. I don't believe that people should take their own lives without deep and thoughtful reflection over a considerable period of time. I do believe strongly, however, that the right to do so is one of the most fundamental rights that anyone in a free society should have. For me much of the world makes no sense, but my feelings about what I am doing ring loud and clear to an inner ear and a place where there is no self, only calm. Love always, Wendy. Who: Wendy O. Williams , punk rock performer (Suicide note - April 6, 1998) My heart is crying, crying… Who: Jackie Wilson , American singer and performer Note: On 29 September 1975, he was singing his hit song "Lonely Teardrops" when he suffered a massive heart attack on stage at the Latin Casino in Cherry Hill, NJ. The lack of oxygen to his brain left him comatose for the remainder of his life. He died nine years later on 21 January 1984. Brahms, William B. (2005). Notable Last Facts: A Compendium of Endings, Conclusions, Terminations and Final Events Throughout History. Haddonfield, NJ: Reference Desk Press, Inc . p. 354. ISBN 978-09765325-0-6 .  . Various medical authorities swarm in and out of here predicting I have between two days and two months to live. I think they are guessing. I remain cheerful and unimpressed. I look forward without dogmatic optimism but without dread. I love you all and I deeply implore you to keep the lasagna flying. Please pardon my levity, I don't see how to take death seriously. It seems absurd. Who: Robert Anton Wilson , Philosopher, Playwright, Science Fiction Author. Final blog entry, five days before his death (6 January 2007) I'm not going to waste no time talking about my lifestyle, my case, my punishment. Mom, you've been there for me from the beginning. I love you. To my nieces, nephew and uncle I love you very much. Y'all stick together. Don't worry about me. I'm OK. Who: William James "Flip" Williams, Jr. , executed by the State of Ohio for murder. He was pronounced dead at 10:20 a.m. EDT on October 25, 2005 after the lethal injection at the Southern Ohio Correctional Facility in Lucasville, Ohio. He did not have a last meal request, though did have a cup of coffee. His final statement is recorded above. I am a broken piece of machinery. When the machine is broken… I am ready. Who: Woodrow Wilson , 28th President of the United States I don't want to die. Note: Spoken to her doctor over the phone two hours prior to her death. Tell them I've had a wonderful life. Note: This came as a surprise to the friends that heard this, as he was considered not to have lived an easy life. Six one going down. Who: Chief Warrant Officer Cliff "Elvis" Wolcott, pilot of black hawk helicopter Super Six One. Note: Wolcott's helicopter was shot down by an RPG during the Battle of Mogadishu . This was his last recorded radio transmission; he and copilot CWO Donovan "Bull" Briley were killed in the crash. Gents, this is an educational project. You are about to witness the damaging effect electricity has on Wood. Who: Frederick Charles Wood, convicted murderer. Dearest, I feel certain that I am going mad again. I feel we can't go through another of those terrible times. And I shan't recover this time. I begin to hear voices, and I can't concentrate. So I am doing what seems the best thing to do. You have given me the greatest possible happiness. You have been in every way all that anyone could be. I don't think two people could have been happier 'til this terrible disease came. I can't fight any longer. I know that I am spoiling your life, that without me you could work. And you will I know. You see I can't even write this properly. I can't read. What I want to say is I owe all the happiness of my life to you. You have been entirely patient with me and incredibly good. I want to say that – everybody knows it. If anybody could have saved me it would have been you. Everything has gone from me but the certainty of your goodness. I can't go on spoiling your life any longer. I don't think two people could have been happier than we have been. V. Who: Virginia Woolf , author, in her suicide note to her husband. d. March 28, 1941 Yes, I would just like to say I'm sailing with the rock, and I'll be back, like Independence Day with Jesus. June 6, like the movie. Big mother ship and all, I'll be back, I'll be back. Who: Aileen Wuornos , convicted and executed serial killer. Spoken to his son shortly before his disappearance in Mexico. His son surmises that Zeta angered the drug cartels with whom he was dealing, who in turn killed him and hid or disposed of the body. Well, we fooled 'em for a long time, didn't we? Who: William Henry "Zip the Pinhead" Johnson , spoken to his sister, Sarah van Duyne Also known as "What-Is-It?", he was a circus sideshow performer, known for his oddly tapered head. While he was presented as a microcephalic (or "pin-head'), he was not one in reality, nor did he have any mental retardation as do authentic microcephalics. Curtain! Fast music! Light! Ready for the last finale! Great! The show looks good, the show looks good!
Spike Milligan
In which hemisphere does the majority of the land area of Africa lie?
Spike Milligan's gravestone returned after family feud - Telegraph TV and Radio Spike Milligan's gravestone returned after family feud Spike Milligan's headstone - with the epitaph 'I told you I was ill' - is returned to an East Sussex churchyard with the name of his third wife added. Spike Milligan with Shelagh, his third wife, in 1986. They are buried alongside one another Photo: REX By Anita Singh, Showbusiness Editor 7:00AM GMT 12 Nov 2012 Spike Milligan’s gravestone has been altered to bear the name of his third wife after a family feud over the comedian’s famous epitaph. The stone features the Milligan quip: “I told you I was ill.” The comedian died in 2002, aged 83, and was buried at St Thomas’s Church in Winchelsea, East Sussex. His grave became a place of pilgrimage for fans of The Goon Show creator. However, the headstone became the subject of a bitter wrangle when Milligan’s third wife, Shelagh Sinclair, died in 2011. She was buried in the same plot and her family asked that her name be added to the inscription. But James Milligan, one of the comedian’s six children, objected and threatened legal action. Related Articles Prince sees funny side of Spike's knighthood 02 Mar 2001 Mr Milligan, 36, said earlier this year: “It has always been abundantly clear what my father wanted written on his headstone. To find out Shelagh’s family are trying to add an inscription is infuriating and totally unacceptable. “My family feels my father’s wishes are not being respected and it is absolutely outrageous. I have spoken to the vicar and he has told me the wording cannot be changed if there’s a dispute, so I’m hopeful it won’t be allowed.” The stone was removed for several months but has now been returned with Shelagh’s name added along with the words: "May they rest together in perpetual light." A church member said: “The wording has been agreed with both sides of the family. We believe one family member was unhappy but he was not part of the decision-making process.” Milligan has six children, including four from his marriages to June Marlowe and Patricia Ridgeway. While married to Ridgeway he had an affair with a young art student called Margaret Maughan, resulting in the birth of James. The comedian had another daughter in the 1970s by a Canadian journalist. He married Sinclair, a former BBC production assistant, in 1983 and left his entire estate to her upon his death . Several of his children launched an unsuccessful High Court bid to have the will revoked.  
i don't know
The oil of which spice is traditionally used to ease the pain of toothache?
Home Remedies for Toothache - 7 Natural Toothache Treatments | Natural Society Tweet While dentistry has come a long way over the decades, many people still fear a visit to the dentist – especially for issues outside of a general cleaning. Among these unwanted reasons for a visit is a toothache , which generally occurs due to infection, decay, injury, a cracked tooth, or loss of a tooth. The pain can be excruciating and seemingly everlasting, but thankfully there are a number of natural toothache treatments that don’t involve a visit to the dentist. Below are some effective home remedies for toothache that may also help to treat tooth abscess and tooth infection. 7 Home Remedies for Toothache – Natural Toothache Treatment Garlic Among the most popular of home remedies for toothache, the use of garlic has been passed down for years to treat a toothache. Garlic contains a powerful compound called allicin, which helps to makeup garlic’s antibiotic properties. When garlic is crushed, this compound is released, helping to slow bacterial activity upon application and ingestion. Try applying a crushed garlic clove or garlic powder to the area. It may burn, but the pain could vanish within minutes, although it could take hours. Repeat this over a few days, and you all should be well. Needless to say, this is only one of many benefits of garlic . Cloves One of the most potent anti-inflammatories with anti-bacterial and antioxidant properties, cloves also make up an extremely popular remedy for toothache, tooth infection, or tooth abscess. Cloves are so effective against toothaches and sore throats due containing eugenol , a phenylpropene that makes up cloves’ anesthetic, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties. The simplest way to utilize cloves is with clove oil, which can be dabbed on the area with a cotton ball or swished around in your mouth after mixing 2-4 drops in 1/4 glass of water. Oil Pulling Used in ancient Ayurvedic medicine, oil pulling is the act of swishing around some type of oil in your mouth – typically sunflower oil or sesame oil. Simply put a tablespoon of one of these oils in your mouth, swish it around slowly for 15-20 minutes, and the problem could vanish within days. Not only is this activity one of the most interesting toothache remedies, but  oil pulling benefits are especially recognized for promoting oral health. Turmeric In addition to many other turmeric benefits, this spice is also used by many as a natural toothache treatment. Turmeric is an herb known for its pain relieving abilities, and possesses anti-bacterial and antiseptic properties. Just a teaspoon of turmeric powder in a small amount of purified water is enough to make a healing paste, which can be applied to the area or applied on a cotton ball, to be placed in your mouth. The turmeric can also be mixed with honey or cayenne. Ingesting turmeric or a turmeric supplement would also be beneficial. Oregano Oil, Colloidal Silver, and Warm Salt Water If the toothache is the result of an abscess or another infection, try this . Start with several drops of oregano oil under the tongue, and hold for a few minutes. Then, swish around colloidal silver as many times as once per hour. After a few hours, ingest additional colloidal silver, but not more than a total of  8 ounces in one day. In between the colloidal silver swishes, perform a warm salt water swish using preferably sea sat and rub more oregano oil into your gums. Hydrogen Peroxide If nothing seems to work, you could try one toothache remedy that many individuals swear by – hydrogen peroxide. A popular remedy on Earthclinic , all you have to do is hold a half-tablespoon of 3% hydrogen peroxide in your mouth and on the infected tooth for a few minutes. Alternatively, you could soak a cotton ball in the liquid and apply it to the tooth. Repeat the treatment twice a day. Nutmeg Oil A less popular solution for toothaches, nutmeg oil may still prove useful for natural toothache treatment. Place 1 drop of nutmeg oil on a cotton swab and apply it to the gum area around the tooth; repeat this process several times a day. Enjoy these home remedies for toothache, and don’t forget to share what has worked and what hasn’t worked for you! Additional Sources:
Clove
Which New Zealand city is known as the windy city?
Home Remedies For Toothache Working Overnight Cough Home Remedies For Toothache Working Overnight The pain of a toothache is dreadful. However, it is easy to reduce a toothache pain and get relief. It is only for the toothache that are severe and that are actually caused by a real cause that home remedies may not provide a feasible solution. Many remedies for toothache numb the sensation of pain. It becomes imperative to use home remedies for pain relief, especially if you do not have dental insurance. Even those who have dental insurance wouldn’t get an appointment with a dentist right away, so you are forced to put up with this awful pain in the mouth. Toothache can be a real nemesis.  It accompanies a mild migraine. Anyone can have a toothache – a child, a young or an old person. Natural remedies made at home are helpful for most toothache sufferers. Symptoms  Searing pain in the tooth. It is almost always an intense throbbing pain which radiates to other parts like the cheeks, jaw, neck and head. Teeth become more sensitive to heat or cold. Eating becomes difficult. Stop your toothache using one of these home remedies. 1. Clove oil ( The Ultimate Best Remedy for Toothache – Instant Relief ) This is a time tested remedy which people have been using since ages. Clove oil is excellent for any toothache and relieves pain quickly [1]. Ingredients Organic clove oil ( essential ) ( It is a yellowish brown oil ) Directions / How to apply clove oil to aching tooth ? Take a cotton ball. Roll it into a flat surface. Pour 3 to 4 drops of clove essential oil on the cotton ( not more than this ). Now, take the cotton swab inside the mouth and place firmly over the aching region. The tooth readily absorbs clove oil. It goes deep down into the root and relieves pain. This wonderful property of clove oil was known to ancient people, our ancestors. So, that makes clove oil a very useful thing to be kept at home. No need to rinse your mouth, as the oil is well absorbed. Why it works ? Clove oil has a strong numbing effect on the nerves rounding up the teeth. These nerves convey sensation of pain back to our brain, which is blocked by oil of cloves. This effect may be attributed to a special compound in clove oil, eugenol. “Caution : Do not ingest clove oil – it is hepatotoxic. Do not use more than 3-4 drops of clove oil as it may cause severe burning in throat and mouth cavity. It is very powerful. “  2. Cloves ( Not as effective as clove oil ) If you do not have clove oil, then find some cloves. Place one directly between the teeth for some time, then throw it out. If you have only the powdered ( ground ) clove, put some on a finger’s edge. Place the finger in the mouth closest to the pain. Keep it there for a few seconds. Then wash your mouth , as the powder may get ingested, which is not what you would want. 3. Cinnamon stick ( Turn your toothache into a sweet tooth ) This home remedy is also quite helpful. Get a natural twig of cinnamon. Its actually bark of a tree. Now, place it inside the mouth in between the teeth. Do not move the jaws if it pains a lot. Within few minutes, the juice from cinnamon will coat the teeth and relieve the pounding pain. Why it works ? Cinnamon soothes the tooth and provides great relief from pain. 4. Cinnamon – Honey ( The home made toothache gel ) Many people use a numbing gel for their toothache. This is a remedy for a home made toothache gel. Ingredients Honey ( raw, organic is better and more powerful ) Recipe Add cinnamon powder to honey in ratio 1 : 4. That means 1 tablespoon of cinnamon powder to 4 tablespoons of honey. Create a volume enough to fill a small tube with it. Add a lid . This forms your homemade toothache relief gel. Carry it with you everywhere , if you are a chronic toothache sufferer. Why it works ? The power of cinnamon combined with soothing effects of honey provides great relief from any kind of toothache. Honey is a nice antibacterial and helps to kill bacteria in the mouth on the spot. It has been traditionally used for relieving toothaches in some places. [2] 5. Apply ice from the outside Place ice in a cloth and then apply on the painful side of the jaw. It is not good to keep ice cube directly inside the mouth because it numb the teeth even more than is required. Putting ice directly may aggravate tooth sensitivities, giving power to the toothache. So, be of the safe side and use a cold compress. Ingredients Place some crushed ice in a cloth and gently place it on the painful side. Why it works ? Ice numbs the nerves close-by. The pain subsides, but it may emerge after some time, like a few hours or so. Repeat this if pain returns. 6. Cold Dough Make some dough out of  flour and make it into a thin coat for teeth. Then put in the refrigerator. Let it cool.Now, place it over the teeth and leave it for some hours. This is a nice home remedy for toothache in babies ( infants) and kids. You can add a bit of crushed garlic to this dough for more efficacy. 7. Tea tree oil Just like clove oil, use tea tree oil. It works for many people. Why it works ? Tea tree oil is antiseptic, antibacterial [3] and a cicatrizant ( it promotes healing ). 8. Try flossing and brushing the teeth What, are you telling me to brush my teeth when it is paining  ? Yes, absolutely. It has been seen to help many people in their toothache. Do this gently so that teeth are massaged. It may relieve the pain. ” You may avoid flossing if it pains. Gentle brushing is quite helpful. “  9. Gargle with warm salt water This is really easy and simple remedy for toothache. Ingredients 1 glass water Directions Heat water until lukewarm. Add the salt. Stir well so that it dissolves completely. Then gargle with this water. It is a fine home remedy for toothache, sore throat and strep throat . Why it works ? The germs in your mouth seriously hate salt water. It washes them down. Saliva comes down to coat the teeth and your pain is relieved. ” If you have black pepper powder, try the next remedy.” 10. Black Pepper salt water gargle This remedy has three ingredients, and is slightly more effective than the simple salt water gargle above. Add pepper to 1 cup warm water and some rock salt. Now, gargle with this water. It will create a burning sensation in the mouth, because of the pepper obviously. But, this helps in reducing the pain. Why it works ? Black pepper has traditionally been used for abscess tooth and toothache. 11. Vanilla extract The brown colored flavored liquid that is extracted from vanilla is effective at curbing a toothache quickly. Ingredients Vanilla possible works in the same way as clove oil. Vanilla is also rich in eugenol. 12. Black Tea Bags Tea bags which have been used to make the tea, are quite effective in stopping a toothache. This is how one can use them as a home remedy. Ingredients Black tea bags Directions / How to use Place warm tea bags ( which have been used to make the tea ) on your aching tooth. Hold it in place with your teeth. As the juice from the tea bag seeps down into the tooth, you experience relief. Why it works ? Black tea has tannins. These are a special kind of compounds, which probably make black tea an effective home remedy for toothache. You can also use green tea, or any other tea, but the tannin concentration is highest in black tea. 13. Mouthwash ( which has thyme oil in it ) Most mouthwash have thymol ( the oil of thyme ) in it. This naturally helps to ease a toothache. Just rinse your mouth with this mouthwash. You should experience some relief from pain. 14. Eating onions This is one queer remedy for toothache. You have to munch on fresh onions. It may feel a little pungent, but the pain subsides after some time.You can use any kind of onions – red, white. It just seems to work for some people.Onions has some antibacterial properties which help to keep the teeth protected from infections. Plus, eating them by chewing really cleanses the mouth. Onion seems to provide long lasting relief from toothache. ( pain won’t return again, probably ) 15. Garlic ( the enemy of all pathogens ) They just hate garlic like anything. But, garlic doesn’t spare anyone. It is effective in a toothache as well [4]. Ingredients A peeled garlic clove Directions / How to use Crush the garlic clove and place it between the teeth that is hurting. In a few minutes time, it should heal the pain. 16. Asafoetida This yellow strong flavored spice is a miracle for toothache. But the procedure to use it is a little intricate. Ingredients Lemon juice Directions / How to use Take a shot glass ( about 30 ml ) of lemon juice and heat it up a little. Add just 1/2 tablespoon of asafoetida powder to this liquid. Now, use a cotton ball and dip it into this solution. Apply on your aching tooth. This is an Indian remedy for toothache. 17. Placing Ginger In Your Mouth ( Ugh ) It may not be a great idea to put some ginger between your teeth, but in case of toothache, it is a saviour. This is also a traditionally derived remedy for toothaches. [5] Ingredients A small chunk of ginger Salt Directions / How to use Sprinkle salt over the ginger chunk and hold it between the teeth that pain. Within a few minutes, you can experience relief from sharp toothache. Why it works ? It is not so popular , but ginger works for so many people. 18. Turmeric powder in mustard oil These two things are not that difficult to procure. Take a teaspoonful of mustard oil. Put small amount of turmeric into the oil to make a paste. Apply only some of it on the tooth that is paining. Do not apply too much or the teeth will feel completely soaked in this mixture. Turmeric is excellent for toothache relief as it is very anti-inflammatory and an antiseptic. [6]   19. Apple Cider Vinegar ( It had to come ) ACV is the mother of all home remedies. It is so effective in almost all common health issues. Rinse your mouth with apple cider vinegar. It helps to cleanse the mouth and provide some relief from toothache. It is not so effective in relieving toothache as the other remedies, but it can provide starting relief , by the time you go and get a more powerful remedy.   20. Chew some cruciferous vegetables Examples of these veggies are spinach, kale, cauliflower and grated carrot. This helps the teeth working gently and pain may be gone in 15 minutes or so. Take time to grate them first before chewing. The saliva and juices released by these veggies may be helpful in case of pain.   21. Wheat grass juice It is quite difficult to have it just at the time of a bad toothache. But, wheat grass is a nice remedy for toothache. It is very rich in nutrients and has anti-bacterial properties to heal pathogen driven damage to teeth. Ingredients
i don't know
In which sport could a competitor perform a 'Hiplock' or a 'Flying Mare'?
Horse & Style Magazine June/July 2015 by Horse & Style Magazine - issuu issuu Issuu on Google+ JUN/JUL T RT E N N DT HRI E NP GO S :R TR :E ETDI EK EOS N S LEE RO N Formidable D E S T I N AT I O N M O N G O L I A : G E N G H I S K H A N L I V E S O N R I D E R S P OT L I G H T: P É N É LO P E L E P R E V O S T 2015 At Sandhaven, we aim to achieve many different goals... winning is just a bonus. [email protected] (650) 400.6836 Success is “focusing the full power of all you are on what you have a burning desire to achieve. Wilfred Peterson â€? Z ATHURA 2010 KWPN MARE R NIO U J L ECT L P A S O SM R PR E T HUN Z ACHAROV x GARANKO VISIT OUR WEBSITE FOR YOUR N E X T C H A M PI O N W W W. S TA L W I LT E N.CO M N AMASTÉ 2009 KWPN STALLION CARDENTO x AHORN R OY W I LT E N +31 6 45 99 09 72 USE EQ P T/BIG RO S PEC T FOLLOW US @STALWILTEN 39 12 10 THINGS: REED KESSLER Almost three years after being the youngest equestrian on the Olympic stage, Reed Kessler has entered her twenties, has gone on her own in Europe and has a substantial following on social media. Find out a bit more about her favorite things... 22 STYLE RIDER: RANSOME ROMBAUER An equestrian on the rise, Ransome Rombauer is stylish in and out of the saddle. Acquiring accolades in the equitation and now also the jumper arena, this young rider is talented and has an eye for fashion. 26 FEATURE: SAUT HERMÈS Oui, oui c’est magnifique! The gorgeous images from the Saut Hermès in Paris are worth a thousand words. 33 BEHIND THE SEAMS: OGILVY Born from a desire to have happy horses, Jackie M. Ogilvy created her own line of innovative saddle pads. Although it is always horses first, the Ogilvy name is known for listening to its online audience. Marrying function with fashion, Ogilvy is forward thinking. 4 · june/july 39 RIDER SPOTLIGHT: PÉNÉLOPE LEPREVOST It was easy to spot this fabulous French rider in Las Vegas at the World Cup Finals: she could win a medal final with her picture perfect position. 54 FORMIDABLE CHESTNUTS Chestnuts on fire is one way to describe these four distinctly different yet similar equine superstars. They do share a common fiery color and apparently fiery personalities as well. Rich Fellers, Katie Laurie, McLain Ward and Lucy Davis talked with us about their formidable friends. 78 DESTINATION: MONGOLIA Travel to east-central Asia with Dr. Peter Heidmann to a completely different culture. Also horse lovers, pony rides take on a whole new meaning during the Naadam Festival in Mongolia. 96 BEHIND THE LENS: ARDEN WARD UPTON Black and white and sepia set the tone for the amazing equines captured on Arden Ward Upton’s camera. 11 | FROM THE PUBLISHER It Takes a Village © 2015 HORSE&STYLE MAGAZINE 16 | OUT & ABOUT 44 | WHEN A VISION IS VICTORIOUS Pam Maley Introducing the New Paso Robles Horse Park 49 | FEATURE: RIDE BEDFORD Along for the RIDE with Courtney Caverzasi 62 | STYLE PROFILES Shades of Pink 66 | LIFE OF PESSOA CONTRIBUTORS Emily Pollard, Duncan McFarland, Winter Hoffman, Alexa Pessoa, Terri Roberson, Psy.D., Jeanette Gilbert-Gnaizda, Carrie Wicks, Ph.D., Allison Heidmann, Peter Heidmann, Erin Menut, Ashley Matchett Woods Hail to the Owners 69 | BARN ENVY Tri-H Stables 84 | TREND REPORT PHOTOGRAPHERS Amy McCool, Alden Corrigan, Deb Dawson, EqSol, Christophe Tanière, Lindsay Brock / Jennifer Wood Media, Bernadette Durham, Elise Genest, Katherine Knighton Off the Cuff 87 | VENDOR SPOTLIGHT Bizi Bee Boutique 90 | HORSE CORNER Finally Ours 92 | ASK DR. CARRIE ON THE COVER: Illustrating fiery formidability, chestnut TB Kiwi Iron Mark, photo by McCool 94 | OUT & ABOUT Old Salem Farm 98 | BUSINESS LISTINGS 99 | OUT & ABOUT Horse & Style Magazine is an equestrian lifestyle publication that is published bi-monthly and available at participating tack shops nationwide for $10, and while supplies last at large training centers and hunter jumper horse shows. The written and visual contents of this magazine are protected by copyright. Reproduction in whole or in part without written permission from the publisher is legally prohibited. Copyright © 2015 Horse & Style Magazine LLC. TM AH Pam Maley Alexa Pessoa A lifelong equestrian, Danielle Demers has always been inspired by horses. After graduating with a BFA in Painting, she worked to find a way to combine her passions for art, design, and the equestrian lifestyle. As member of the EqSol Creative team since 2013, her interests have been melded together more perfectly than she could have imagined. An avid former foxhunter, Pam knows well that special bond between horse and rider. With her husband she was co-owner of Dunford Farm, a thoroughbred farm in Lexington, Kentucky, where she was involved in every aspect of the horses’ lives. Her journey with horses continues as a member of the EqSol Team. Alexa Pessoa is an American rider from Connecticut who married Olympic Gold Medalist and three time FEI Rolex World Cup Finals Champion Rodrigo Pessoa in 2009. Her column for H&S charts her life as a mother to their daughter Sophia, as a rider, and as a wife to one of the world’s most high profile show jumpers. Emily Pollard Carrie Wicks, Ph.D. Terri Roberson, Psy.D. Emily Pollard is a freelance writer and life long equestrian based in the Bay Area. She has worked in the equestrian industry for the majority of her life, working as a groom, assistant trainer, barn manager, and everything in between. She trained and competed her horse, Skyler Ace, to the FEI level. She now carefully balances her horse life with her husband and soon to be two kids.  Dr. Carrie Wicks divides her time between her private sport psychology consulting and family therapy practice, traveling with athletes, and writing. She completed her doctorate in psychology while researching the mental practices of equestrian athletes. Her passions include horses, yoga, mountain biking, skiing, and time in nature with animals. A licensed clinical psychologist, Terri Roberson combines her passion for horses with her clinical work in equine-assisted psychotherapy. She currently sits on the board of Giant Steps Therapeutic Equestrian Center. Over 25 years on the show circuit has given her an eye for equestrian style and provides constant inspiration for her frequent contributions to H&S. Allison Heidmann Peter Heidmann Winter Hoffman Allison Heidmann is an accomplished equestrian currently working as a freelance trainer in Bozeman, Montana. Allison worked as a professional rider in Germany, Holland and Belgium for a decade before her New York roots called her back to the United States. Her desire to travel and see the world brought her to the spectacular views of Montana, a place she now calls home. Peter Heidmann is a Board-Certified Specialist equine veterinarian. He is the founder and owner of the Montana Equine Hospital (mtequine.com) and serves on the Board of Directors of BioRegions International (bioregions.org). Peter is Affiliated/Adjunct Faculty at Montana State University and Washington State University. His work has taken him through many parts of Asia. With a background in filmmaking, fashion and contemporary art, Winter Hoffman brings a unique perspective to the equestrian world. A lifelong horsewoman, she helped her daughter, Zazou Hoffman, navigate her way to a successful Junior career, including the 2009 ASPCA Maclay Equitation Championship at the National Horse Show. Jackie & Duncan McFarland own EqSol, a marketing solutions company. After spending a decade in Southern California, they moved to Lexington, Kentucky five years ago and are amazed how time flies. The EqSol Team has grown, now reaching from CA to ME, with new exciting projects knocking at the door. Jeanette GilbertGnaizda Jeannette owns and operates Jaz Creek, Inc, in Petaluma, CA. Offering rehabilitation, retirement and breeding services, Jeanette is intimately familiar with the 24/7 equine lifestyle, but wouldn’t change it. The Jaz Creek breeding program is now in its 8th year and Jeanette is proudly competing and selling her young future stars. 8 Menlo Circus Club | August 4-9, 2015 | Atherton, California FROMthepublisher It Takes a Village Whether it applies to raising our children or creating a business, we’ve all heard and said it before­—‘It takes a village’. In the beginning your ‘baby’ may need just you, but as they grow, which seems to happen so quickly, they need more than just you. The village begins to populate, as different people become a part of your ‘baby’s’ life. With new people will come new experiences, and it is those experiences and those relationships that will help to define the person that your baby, now a growing child, becomes. Having two small children, I am forever grateful for my family and the friends who have become my village. Horse & Style magazine was also my ‘baby’, and it has followed the same pattern. It started with me alone, and as it grew, different people came into the mix to help strengthen and shape the outcome of where the magazine is today. Every contributor, photographer and intern has had an impact on ‘raising’ this publication. Once again, I am forever grateful to all those who have contributed to the growth of H&S in the past, the present, and the future. New breath has sparked creativity and passion in H&S and I look forward to sharing this excitement with all of our readers and followers. This promises to be a summer of opportunity and new beginnings. Equestrians up and down the West Coast are enthusiastic about the recently opened Paso Robles Horse Park; read about owner Linda Starkman and how her dream became reality as she created a horse show from a competitor’s perspective (page 44). After a whirlwind experience at the World Cup Finals, we walked away with a strong impression of the horsepower that came to Las Vegas. Of course the riders deserve recognition, and we continue to acknowledge their excellence, but we decided to focus on the fiery chestnuts who not only jumped their hearts out in Sin City but have proven their power across the world. We chose four, although we know there are many more. Read more in our cover story Formidable Chestnuts (page 54). Speaking of impressive riders, Pénélope Leprovost caught our eye. She not only looked beautiful while competing at 1.60m, she rode a ten-year-old stallion to second place in an extremely challenging competition. With a French interpreter, we were able to learn more about this talented and fashionable equestrian in this issue’s Rider Spotlight (page 39). Spending time with Kristy Lake of Ogilvy at their World Cup Finals booth in Las Vegas. We caught up with equestrian boutique owner Courtney Caverzasi of RIDE Bedford. This extraordinary woman combined her luxury brand experience with her love of horses, to create an innovative and fashion forward brick and mortar store (page 49). Always growing and expanding our contacts, we learned from the social media powerhouse, Ogilvy, not only how to create a game changing product in the equestrian industry but develop a village of followers who don’t just like, but love their Ogilvy pads (page 33). Taking us away to a completely different culture, and sharing the beauty and power of the experience, Dr. Peter Heidmann tells the stories and history of horses in Mongolia in our Destination Feature: Genghis Khan Lives On (page 78). As our circle widens and our village grows, we welcome you to come along for the ride—in this issue and beyond. No longer just my ‘baby’, Horse & Style continues to grow in ways I never thought possible. june/july · 10 things you might not know about... by Jackie McFarland Reed Kessler The seventeen years before Reed Kessler became the youngest rider to qualify for the 2012 Olympics were filled with horses. Her story began similarly to many girls with equestrian parents; she was sitting on her first pony, Shasha, at six months old. Teri and Murray Kessler were and still are active amateur riders. Their then-trainer, Katie Monahan Prudent, is Reed’s godmother. Reed quickly moved on from ponies to a short but successful stint in the hunter and equitation arenas. By age fourteen she was winning consistently in the High Junior jumper division. The next year Reed was competing, placing and winning in grand prix classes, the highest level she could compete at for her age. As soon as she turned eighteen, the young rider continued to impress at the international level. After gaining a wealth of knowledge from several top trainers, most recently Marcus Ehning, Reed is now, at 20 years old, on her own. With a recent move to her own facility in Guttecoven, The Netherlands, and the family stables in Lexington, Kentucky, she is poised to represent in both Europe and the United States for several more Olympics. 1. Reed found Cylana with Katie Prudent. Under Reed’s riding, Cylana went from a reasonable 1.40m rotund mare to a formidable 1.60m chestnut powerhouse in one year! 2. She’s only ridden Western once, barrel racing at the Washington International Horse Show. “That was fun!” 3. Her favorite color is red (not blue)! 4. Her favorite movie is Thank You For Not Smoking. 5. She would love to meet Emma Watson (she played the role of Hermione in Harry Potter). Reed says, “I think she is a really great role model for young girls. She doesn't seem to have lost track of who she is and what's important to her despite her immense fame.” 6. Favorite Book: The Alchemist by Brazilian author Paulo Coelho 7. Favorite Food: chocolate 8. Favorite Song: "Wicked Games" by Parra for Cuva featured in Ministry of Sound - The Weekender 9. Reed has over 79,000 Facebook likes and 25,000 Twitter followers 10. 12 The first American show jumper to be sponsored by Kingsland, at the LA Masters last fall the autograph line at the KL booth had to be cut off so Reed wouldn’t miss her class! Photo courtesy of Kingsland · june/july Menlo Charity Horse Show Benefiting the... VISTA CENTER FOR THE BLIND AND VISUALLY IMPAIRED A U G U S T 4 - 9 , AT THE BEAUTIFUL MENLO CIRCUS CLUB IN ATHERTON, CALIFORNIA Featuring $40,000 BENTLEY GRAND PRIX $20,000 USHJA INTERNATIONAL HUNTER DERBY New for 2015! $1,000 USHJA PRE-GREEN CHALLENGE .90 M CHILDREN'S/AA JUMPER DIVISION $1,000 .90M CHILDREN'S/AA JUMPER CLASSIC USHJA 3'3" JUMPING SEAT MEDAL CLASS MARSHALL & STERLING JUNIOR/AMATEUR HORSEMANSHIP MEDAL CLASS CPHA STYLE OF RIDING JUMPER CLASS WWW.MENLOCHARITYHORSESHOW.ORG #MENLO2015 Artist, Heather Theurer IRUWKHEOLQGDQGYLVXDOO\LPSDLUHG Ad Design by Working Lens OUT&about FEI WORLD CUP FINALS – LA S VEGA S, NEVADA 1 Reserve Champion Medium Schooling & Pony Hunters 2ND HALF CIRCUIT AWARDS Successful riders. Happy horses. Beverly Jovais - Trainer (415) 297-4261 - Shannon Beck, Asst. Trainer Petaluma, CA - www.ChestnutHillCA.com photos ŠESI Photography PROpopquiz THIS MONTH’S QUESTION: How do you build a relationship with a new horse? "The first thing that comes to mind is time. I do different things with the horse like walking, flatting, and trying different bridles. I experiment. The process varies, because each horse is an individual. I ask the horse questions like, “Do you want to go with feel? What position works best for you?” I am a believer in changing the position with the horse who will tell me where to sit. Some trainers want the horse to go their way. But I want them to tell me how to ride them and adapt to their style, not for them to adapt to mine." Dick Widger (aka Widg), Trainer, Waterford Farm, Carmel Valley, CA "To really know someone you have to spend time with him or her and come to understand the person’s nuances. Horses are simple and truthful. As long as you are able to read that truth and have empathy, you will get to know them. It is similar to being a good parent as horses are a bit child-like by nature. So, I spend time with each horse in many situations, not just in the saddle. I get to know the individual as well as their preferences and confidence level currently and throughout their life. I work closely with the groom to get to know as much about the horse from the ground up as I can." Raymond Texel, Trainer, Alder Lane Farm, Cotati, CA "When building a relationship with a horse, I focus on time, patience, and trust. It takes a year to build this relationship. Not only do we have to learn about the horse, but the horse also has to figure us out. Every issue, a new question will be answered by hunter/ jumper professionals. Have a question you want answered? Send it to [email protected] Even with a grand prix horse, I begin with smaller divisions in the show ring and build the horse up stepby-step. I also apply this to clients. I make them start out small and gradually move up. I like my clients to get a couple time faults at first, to go and school, to go all around the ring, and to figure things out with the horse. When they reach the height they want to be competing at, they can become competitive. This approach builds patience and fosters trust. Taking the time to make your horse and yourself comfortable will lead to a great relationship based on established trust. Your horse will be likely to do anything for you, or at least try. I also encourage lots of interaction on the ground, including grooming—it’s important to learn the horse from the ground up." Danielle van der Werf, Stal VDW, Sherwood Park, Alberta, Canada Expertly crafted custom safaris that fulfill your dreams of visiting Africa. BETWEENthelines by Erin Menut The Power of the Herd Linda Kohanov New World Library | 464 pages Amazon - $19.95 Many of our readers will be familiar with Linda Kohanov from her ground-breaking first book, The Tao of Equus, in which she explores the frontiers of horse/human communication, giving us the science and the history behind the magical bond between man and the horse. She spells out the reasons why so many of us feel more creative and clear, more intuitive and heart-centered, when we are around these magnificent creatures. In her compelling new book, The Power of the Herd, Kohanov explores what horses can teach us about non-predatory power, explaining why this form of leadership is so crucial for the future of humankind. The qualities most of us associate with ‘power,’ she points out, are really just the dark side of predatory dominance: intimidation, self-centeredness and greed. With her characteristic wit and engaging storytelling, backed by extensive research and hard scientific fact, Kohanov offers us another way. By taking a look at some of history’s most influential leaders, including Buddha, Jesus, and George Washington, she demonstrates that these powerful leaders derive much of their brilliance from the horse-sense common to pastoral cultures, and from their masterful and compassionate horsemanship. The second half of this hefty tome is devoted to a set of guiding principles derived from horse wisdom. Here, Kohanov offers humorous anecdotes and candid examples, many drawn from her own experience, to show us how to replace what she calls the ‘stone-age power tools’ that have caused so much suffering in the past, with the ‘power of the herd.’ This, she believes, can help us improve our personal relationships, resolve issues with colleagues at work, and develop our capacity for thoughtful leadership in our own lives. If there is a flaw in The Power of the Herd, it is the length of the volume. A visionary leader and passionate teacher, Kohanov simply has much to say. Even so, with its relevant message, insightful stories, and practical advice, The Power of the Herd is sure to be a go-to guide for years to come. HUNTINGTON BEACH SURF CLASSIC JULY 1–4 HUNTINGTON BEACH SUMMER CLASSIC AUGUST 6–9 STYLErider by Pam Maley Ransome Rombauer Taking the horse show scene by storm at age fourteen, young Californian Ransome Rombauer was the CPHA Medal Finals 14-and-Under Champion, and one of the youngest riders ever to earn the USEF Bronze Medal. Now finishing her sophomore year at Sonoma Academy, she has dedicated her talent to bringing home the blues for her school. As Captain of the Equestrian Team, Ransome recently joined a select group of riders who have captured the IEA (Interscholastic Equestrian Association) “Triple Crown”. Unruffled by the heat and humidity in Wellington, Florida, she won the IEA Varsity Open Equitation on the Flat Championship, the Varsity Open Equitation Championship (jumping and flat), as well as the 2015 IEA Nationals High Point Rider. While making a name for herself in the equestrian world, she is doing the same in the world of fashion, developing a style clearly her own. At fifteen she turned heads in Gucci at the Giant Steps Charity Classic in Sonoma, and she continues on that path in the realm of chic equestriennes. Horse & Style had an opportunity to talk with Ransome about her riding and non-riding style, her goals for the future, and her heartfelt recognition of those who have influenced her riding career. Horse & Style: Describe your riding (apparel) style: Ransome Rombauer: I would describe my riding apparel style as classic with a clean and modern edge. Fit, quality, and detail are important to me. H&S: What is your head-to-toe riding outfit? RR: GPA Speed Air Helmet, new favorite show shirt by Tredstep (instead of the normal two snaps at the collar, it has three snaps so that there isn’t any gapping or pulling), Winston hunt coats (I love the fabrics and the seaming—very flattering), Tailored Sportsman Trophy Hunter breeches (tan), Winston breeches (white), Hermes ‘H’ belt in Epsom Khaki leather, Le Mundial custom high boots. H&S: Do you wear anything for good luck? RR: A few years ago, my grandfather ‘Grumpy’ gave me a very simple and tiny necklace that consists of a thin black leather thong, a tiny seed pearl, and a silver disc stamped with ‘Protect 22 · june/july Ransome.’ I wear this 24/7 and I believe it has served me well. A few crashes and burns; but no broken bones or major injuries! H&S: What are your favorite equestrian brands? RR: I love Cavaleria Toscana for before and after competition. Monica from Equ Lifestyle always has the latest and greatest collections. I also love the Winston brand for hunt coats. Renee from LA Saddlery has an amazing selection with interesting fabric combinations. I particularly like the hunt coats with contrasting piping and elbow patches; but my go-to Winston coat is solid navy. H&S: How would you describe your non-horse show style? RR: I am a fairly conservative and classic dresser. I love texture, line, and silhouette. I could be the J. Crew poster child. I discovered a new store (new to me) while we were in Berlin for Christmas— COS (Community of Style). It’s really big in Europe but starting to open stores here in the U.S. The COS look is all about textures and silhouettes. I love it. I also really love shoes. Thankfully, my Mom and I wear the same size, so I always pinch her Gucci, Prada, and Tod’s loafers, oxfords, and sandals. H&S: How do you handle high-pressure situations, such as the final round at the 2013 NAJYRC, or entering the arena to jump off in a grand prix? RR: Well, I’m probably not the best person to answer that question! I did win the CPHA 14-and-Under Equitation Medal Final in 2013, but since then I have been pretty good at having amazing rounds except for one major and monumental mistake. It drives my trainers (Daniel Ighani and Karen Healey) crazy! Last year was the worst during USET Talent Search Finals. I won the Flat Phase, came in second in the Jumping Phase, but managed to go ‘off course’ during the Gymnastic Phase, and did not receive a score. That was probably the most frustrating and disappointing experience in my life. I’m working on managing my nerves for this year; let’s hope it works!. H&S: What are your riding goals? RR: I really hope to get recruited to ride for a Division 1 College Equestrian Team. I’m a sophomore at Sonoma Academy now, so I still have a little more time before I make any definitive plans. Meanwhile, I’d like to achieve twenty wins in the USET Talent Search and get the Gold Medal before I go off to college. I’m just now really getting into the jumpers. Even though I’m a little late to the party, I’m trying to make the USEF Zone 10 Junior/Young Rider Team. It’s very competitive this year, so I know it’s a tall order, but I’m going for it. I also just got accepted to the USHJA EAP (Emerging Athletes Program) and I hope to make it to the EAP Nationals this year. H&S: Do you want to be a professional rider? RR: I definitely want to make riding and horses my career. I’m very interested in animal and equine science, and equine and agricultural management. I plan to study this in college while hopefully competing with a college team. H&S: Who has been the most influential in your riding career? RR: Even though I have ridden with a number of trainers over the years, I would have to say that Daniel Ighani has had the most influence and impact on my riding. I have been riding with him for two and a half years now. Karen Healey has been a co-trainer for over a year and Karen works with me in the equitation ring when I show in Southern California and Medal Finals. When I think back to when I moved to Daniel’s, I was feeling a bit lost and unsure of myself, and really didn’t know where I was with my riding. At the time, Daniel and his wife Susan had recently started their business, Ighani Sporthorses, six months prior to my move to their barn at Toyon Farm in Napa. Over the past couple of years he and I have grown together. Daniel’s background was primarily in the jumpers and as it turned out, that was exactly what I needed. Working with him in the jumper ring has given me so much more confidence and has made me a more technical rider. Both Daniel and Karen share a classical training style that has been very effective and influential in my riding. It also helps that Daniel and I get along very well and genuinely enjoy each other’s company. I have come a long way in the past two and a half years and I am looking forward to achieving my goals with renewed confidence. H&S: What is the one thing you never go in the ring without? RR: I never go into the ring without my ‘Protect Ransome’ necklace, my Hermes ‘H’ belt, and a Winston hunt coat. Opposite: Ransome in her signature California beanie with one of her rescue mini’s, Miu Miu. Ransome is wearing Tailored Sportsman breeches, a Tredstep show shirt, La Mundial tall boots and a Winston jacket; Photo © Alden Corrigan Above: Ransome competes in the Big Equitation and is vying for a spot at this year’s NAYJRC; Photo © Flying Horse Photography june/july · 23 BLENHEIM SPRING SERIES - SAN JUAN CAPISTRANO, CALIFORNIA 1 2 3 4 5 8 7 6 10 9 1. West Coast pony rider extraordinaire Augusta Iwasaki 2. Harry Potter is officially the cutest black bunny ever 3. Piggyback is almost as good as horseback riding! 4. Close-up on a Leadline star 5. Bonding 6. Nick Haness was all smiles when he won the first International Hunter Derby of the spring season on Sachi Kawabata-Porto's Countdown 7. Karl Cook looking dapper walking the course 8. Serenity Phillips and friends with golden pups Macie and Maverick 9. Cartwheeling for joy! 10. Robert and Hillary Ridland attend Scarlett's Jumper Derby 24 Photos 漏 McCool (1,3,4,5,6,8,9), Alden Corrigan (2,7,10) 路 june/july 6 june/july 路 27 1 . Axel Dumas, President of Hermes and Anne Hidalgo, Mayor of Paris; 2. & 7. Warming up at Au Grand Palais; 3. Prix de la Ville de Paris CSI 5*; 4. Chrisitan Ahlmann and Epleaser Van T Heike; 5. Romain Duguet and Quorida de Treho; 6. Emma Tallberg and Dolce Vita Crosby; This Page: Angelique Rüsen and Chikkimikki & Vanessa Borgmann and Come To Win 51 competing in Les Talents Hermès CSIU25-A – Éprevue N *8, photo by Frédéric Chéhu 28 · june/july EQUESTRIAN INSPIRED JOURNEY shared passion shared dreams shared goals shared style We wish a great show season to all the equestrian athletes, trainers & grooms. w w w. j u l i e b r o w n i n g b o v a . c o m NEWproductalert by Ashley Matchett Woods Through the company’s active presence on social media, the ‘ModiFamily’ votes on potential designs, learns about new products, and even provides a medium for artists to show off their work, plus gain their own following. ‘Bar Fight,’ for example, was an early black-and-blue design and exemplifies the company’s playful nature. EQUESTRIAN SPORT MEETS MODIFY Modify timepieces are simply that: they tell time. They come in two face sizes and have interchangeable straps and sliders in a rainbow of colors. Their proprietary design is splash-proof so that you can go for a dance in the rain while ‘showing your colors.’ But their real product is a user experience of collaboration and belonging, making the customer feel part of the company. The company is set up to do one watch at a time, or enough for a barn, a team, or an entire fan base. They consult for free on designs and make them as ordered. The Equestrians’ Concierge at Sonoma Horse Park is the only retail partner for the GiPro Jump; all other sales go through the website at modifywatches.com/ collections/gipro. SEEKS TO INSPIRE HORSE LOVERS Some companies claim to be customer-centric, but since its inception in 2010, Modify Watches has truly been customer-driven. Their fans have helped build the company, participating in product development by voting on new designs, partnering in philanthropic programs, and making their own creations one watch at a time. While big-name sports teams have had official Modify watches for several years, the company is now entering the equestrian arena with the launch of its first watch for horse lovers, the GiPro Jump. Modify collaborated with professional show jumper Giana Roberge to design the new offering, which boasts their signature comfortable, sporty design. Complete with colorful swap-out bands and sliders, the GiPro Jump features a modern jumping horse graphic on the pop-out face. With well over a thousand combinations possible, the Jump will inspire horse lovers to ‘wear it their way’ and to start creating Mods for barns, businesses, and their own horses. “We want you ‘show your colors’ and those can change every day, so we created interchangeability,” says CEO Aaron Schwartz. “Having the customers lead our design is fun; and it’s easier—much easier—to ask them what they want and then make it.” From its inception, Modify has fostered a culture of customization and customer service. The result is hundreds of designs ranging from Major League Baseball logos to Tetris, invented, developed, and furthered by Modify’s loyal customer community. 30 · june/july Modify designs and hand-assembles in San Francisco, and while the company has a vast reach, it comprises only fifteen team members, including original founders CEO Aaron Schwartz and Creative Director Ashil Parag. Every shipment contains a hand-written note that includes the personal cellphone of one of the team members, telling the recipient that “we want our customers to know that there are real people behind their Mod. Tell us what you like and what you don’t.” Modify will even get involved with charitable causes dear to the hearts of their fans. Through the guidance of the ModiFamily, they have contributed to over twenty worthy organizations, three of whom have their own custom designs. V N T SmartGI Ultra Pellets provide all-in-one stomach and hindgut support. This supplement features clinically researched ingredients backed by up to $7,500 of FREE colic surgery reimbursement. 1-800-461-8898 | SmartPak.com/SmartGIUltra Subject to conditions. Photo: Carol Walker; Illustration: Celia Strain BEHINDtheseams by Emily Pollard PAIRING PERFORMANCE TECHNOLOGY WITH INNOVATIVE STYLE S pend five minutes talking with anyone from the Ogilvy team about the brand’s guiding inspiration, and it quickly becomes clear that the horse’s wellbeing is priority number one. By creating an innovative way to marry comfort and style together in saddle pads that support horse welfare, increase performance and reflect a rider’s personal style, Ogilvy Equestrian founder and designer Jackie M. Ogilvy, with the help of her husband Jack as business manager,  has grown from a small Canadian startup to an international success and online sensation. I wanted to create nothing less than the ideal saddle pad that would also last a long time and could be recyclable and environmentally friendly. There was no point in making a saddle pad just to make another saddle pad, it had to be completely rethought. As most of us who are reading this, Jackie is horsecrazy. She spent her childhood around horses, riding and competing before taking a short hiatus during her university years. Returning to riding, Ogilvy was increasingly frustrated with  the pressure points, rubbing and slipping caused by traditional saddle pads and realized the old school method of fitting a saddle with a banjo of foam desperately needed updating. Since college she had the experience of creating her own jewelry company as well as several years working in IT project management, june/july · 33 so this, coupled with her passion for the happiness of her horses, led Jackie to start Ogilvy Equestrian in 2008. FINDING FUNCTION Jackie set out with a clear goal: “I wanted to create nothing less than the ideal saddle pad that would last a long time and be recyclable and environmentally friendly. There was no point in making a saddle pad just to make another saddle pad; it had to be completely rethought.” A self-taught seamstress, she began by taking apart and reconstructing existing saddle pads to see what could be done to make them fit better. With the goal of improving the technology of the materials, she started working with memory foam, which has become associated with the Ogilvy brand. The memory foam affords a greater level of padding and shock absorption that makes for a smoother ride for both horse and rider. Adding suede to the top of the pad anchors the pad to the saddle to prevent slipping. Placing a friction-free layer of fleece on the bottom secures the half pad to the saddle pad but still allows for a little movement, providing back and shoulder freedom for the horse. These transformations resulted in a pad that provides comfort, as well as clear communication between horse and rider. Ogilvy is excited to be growing up with this generation of young riders and uses its social media strength to encourage them to ride the best they can on the horse they have and to be proud and have fun while doing it. AN EVOLVING STYLE After Jackie conquered the technical issues, she was able to entertain the fun part: color, texture and style. In the beginning, Ogilvy’s style branding consisted mainly of the contoured shape and the Scottish tartan. But soon she began experimenting with personalization possibilities using different color fabrics, piping and embroidery, always finishing with the recognizable nickel button with the Ogilvy logo. The outcome was just what Jackie had envisioned: a product that is classic, classy, colorful, and can be personalized, while maintaining a traditional look. To keep things fresh, new piping colors are introduced each season based on colors that are trending and the requests of customers. But quality is ultimately the first priority, 34 · june/july regardless of popularity. All new fabrics and materials must meet Ogilvy’s high durability and performance standards. ON POINT WITH THE ONLINE MARKET After a bit of a bit of a slow start, with word-of-mouth the main marketing tool, the brand began picking up notoriety after being seen under the saddles of a few key riders (Jill Henselwood, Reed Kessler, Philippe Lejeune and Ian Millar, to name a few). But the real explosion came under the tutelage of team member Kristina Lake, who had had great success promoting her own tack shop on social media. Using a similar platform, she has helped Ogilvy amass over 50,000 Instagram followers, 18,000 likes on Facebook, and a thriving website. Kristy feels that social media offers the sport, one that can seem exclusive and elitist, an avenue for all riders to feel appreciated and connected. Social media has played a huge role in engaging the younger riding demographic, which Ogilvy found has remarkable buying power. Young riders especially love the interactive platform. They can request color combinations, make style recommendations, and ask for embroidery examples; and Ogilvy will showcase the results online. Ogilvy loves creating a vibe of inclusion by asking young fans to reach out with pictures and videos, and then giving them their ‘15 minutes of fame.’ Admittedly, younger consumers are drawn to Ogilvy by the color and customization options, but Ogilvy loves having the opportunity to teach them the ‘why’ behind the brand and to explain exactly how the half pads and saddle pads can benefit their horses and their riding performance. Ogilvy is excited to be growing up with this generation of young riders and uses its social media strength to encourage them to ride their best on the horse they have, and to be proud and have fun while doing it. THE FUTURE FOR OGILVY Not surprisingly, the young rider demographic is growing rapidly and branching out into other disciplines. At the 2015 World Cup in Las Vegas, Ogilvy sold out of pads that catered to a primarily dressage-focused group of shoppers. Going forward, they plan to enter other equestrian markets including Hunters, Eventers and Western riders. Even as production doubles again this year from last, Ogilvy remains a family company with a focus on quality. All Ogilvy products are manufactured in Quebec under the close supervision of the team. Jackie promises that Ogilvy will continue to deliver what they have from the beginning: a high quality product with classy and traditional styling, whose technology performs to benefit the Olympic level rider but is affordable and just as beneficial for the amateur and junior rider. Photos by Elise Genest and Katherine Knighton and courtsey of Ogilvy Equestrian. 36 · june/july RIDERspotlight Pénélope Leprevost Not from an equestrian family, and living in an apartment in Rouen, France, three-year-old Pénélope Leprevost went to the circus and absolutely adored the ponies. Already an animal lover, she started riding by age four and competing by age six. Shy and reserved as a child, horses brought her out of her shell. When she turned eighteen, she chose horses over architecture school. By the age of twenty she had turned professional. Her break into the international ranks came about five years later, when she earned third place in the French Championships in 2005 and then rode to the win the following year. She’s been representing her home country of France in Nations Cups and in Championships consistently for just under a decade. Currently ranked 14th in the World, her recent accolades include 2014 Alltech FEI World Equestrian Games Team Silver Medalist with Flora de by Jackie McFarland photos by Amy McCool and Christophe Tanière Mariposa and 2015 FEI LONGINES World Cup Finals Reserve Champion riding Vagabond de la Pomme. Tall and slender, Leprevost looks lovely on a horse. And as illustrated by her victories on a variety of mounts, her talent is extraordinary. Pénélope’s passion is shared with her daughter Eden, now 11-yearsold, whom she only gets to see between competitions. Knowing what it takes to be a top athlete in show jumping, Eden’s grandparents moved closer to help raise Eden. In her spare time, Pénélope works with a friend on her boutique, Penelope-Store.com, carrying items for both horse and rider. Horse & Style sincerely thanks Anne-Marie Deschamps for her translation of our interview with Pénélope both from English to French and back again. Horse & Style: Have you always loved horses? Pénélope Leprevost: When I was 3, I loved animals but we lived in an apartment. One time, a circus came to town for a few days, and I fell in love with the pony. And, from then on, I’ve always been around horses! H&S: What do you love most about horses? PL: I love both to ride and train but, over all, what I prefer is the relationship with the horse, on their back, or walking alongside. Pénélope and Vagabond de la Pomme performing in Las Vegas june/july · 39 H&S: What do you love most about competition? PL: While performing, what I do prefer is to feel how the relationship barns; I rent one and some other riders rent the other. We share the work-areas. Everyone gets along very well! H&S: Your most memorable win? PL: Victories. I have a great memory of the last round at the CSIO in H&S: Can you tell us about some of the horses you are competing on currently? Are they all owned by Haras de Clarbec? PL: Most of my horses belong to the Megret family, owners of the Haras between horse and rider comes together. Rotterdam against McLain Ward. [This was a Nations Cup in 2009. France and US jumped-off, Ward went first on Sapphire, clean and fast. But Leprovost and Jubiliee d’Ouilly laid down a faster time for the win.] And more recently, the Team Silver Medal in Caen last year, and, of course, the second place in the 2015 World Cup Finals in Vegas with Vagabond de la Pomme. H&S: Who is your coach? PL: I work alone every day. But I’m happy to have the knowledgeable de Clarbec. I am very lucky that they trust me with their wonderful horses. Vagabond de la Pomme [10 y.o. Belgian Sporthorse stallion] I’ve been working with Vagabond de la Pomme since he was seven. He’s been working up to this [World Cup Finals]. I believe he has now arrived to maturity. He has proven that we can count on him for the next championships. Henri Prudent advise me. I have also worked with Michel Robert for many years, whom I like very much. Tobago Chevrier [8 y.o. Selle Français stallion] A young stallion with a ton of potential that started with me a couple of months ago. H&S: Can you tell us a bit about the farm you work out of? PL: I rent a very nice stable, 15 km (9.3 miles) from Lisieux, (Sidenote Sultane des Ibis [9 y.o. Selle Français mare] She is a competitive mare, and has come a long way in the last few months. She did well in Paris during the Saut Hermès and the Global Champion Tour in Anvers (Belgium). from Anne-Marie: Lisieux is in Pays d’Auge, the best area for Horses in Calvados). It’s a gorgeous place and I quite like it. It’s a pleasure to have such a nice refuge between the competitions. There are two Opposite: Pénélope and Eden share a passion: horses! MDC Pony Ad 051215.qxp_Horse & Style Pony Ad 5/12/15 10:39 AM Page 1 Sponsor of the 2015 USEF Pony Finals Patented Stirrup Positioning Technology Provides Classic Styling with Invisible Show Ring Advantages MDC ‘S’ Pony Classic™ High Performance Safety Stirrup Patented Exclusively for Pony Riders World Leader in Forward Facing Stirrups™ Call MDC Stirrups direct for your personal stirrup consultation 831-393-0588 / [email protected] Previous page: Goutal at her winter base in Wellington This page: Goutal and Nice De Prissey in competition at WEF Photos 漏Erin Gilmore june/july 路 41 Flora Mariposa [10 y.o. Belgian WB mare] I’ve worked with Flora de Mariposa since the end of 2012. She had a special training program after the WEG. She is a “star” and I have high hopes for her in the upcoming months. Ratina la Rousserie [10 y.o. Selle Français mare] This mare never ceases to amaze us. She’s a difficult mare but she continues to improve and she has unlimited scope. Nice Stephanie [11 y.o., Swedish WB mare] Nice Stephanie came to me a few months before Flora. She is an emotional mare and I’m working hard to build a good connection. She’s actually been quite good and did well in Lummen this past week. My Lord Carthago HN [15 y.o. Selle Français stallion] I rode him from age seven until he was fourteen. He is now retired and standing at stud. H&S: You have your own online store—is style a passion? PL: It’s a childhood friend of mine, Celine Leroux, who handles my brand and collections. We work together to make the clothes and to choose the things we will carry in the store that suit every rider. When I’m not competing, I like to wear clothes that are both stylish and smart. My favorite brands are Zadig & Voltaire and Superdry. H&S: When not competing, what is your favorite thing to do? PL: I don’t have much spare time, but my other main interest is my daughter Eden. H&S: How often do you see her? PL: I do the best I can to see her often. It’s difficult when you are on the road competing, because competitions are often from Wednesday or Thursday to Sunday, and almost every week. I prefer to arrive the day before because it allows me to ride and work with the horses in the place where we are performing. Eden would come with me when she was younger but she’s now 11 and should have a ‘normal’ life, especially for her studies. I’m so lucky that my parents help and I also have a good relationship with Eden’s father. Whenever it’s possible, she comes with me on weekends and she’s with me at the beginning of each week. So she has three houses. She has grown accustomed to this lifestyle. She is very easy going and a great daughter. I think that I’m the only one who suffers when I don’t see her every day. H&S: What is your favorite thing to do together? PL: Eden also loves horses, so we love to ride together! 42 feature by Winter Hoffman when a vision is Victorious INTRODUCING THE NEW PA S O R O B L E S H O R S E PA R K We can all relate to dreams that have been inspired by the horses we love. Linda Starkman, an avid supporter of show jumping, has developed a central place that encompasses her horse dreams. Her passion took her above and beyond owning a horse, building a barn, and participating in horse shows. Starkman chose to share her vision by building a gorgeous new venue for horses and horsemen to enjoy, the Paso Robles Horse Park. HOW IT BEGA N Starkman first discovered her love for horses at age nine with pony rides and riding lessons at Griffith Park in Los Angeles. Her first visit to Paso Robles was with her grandparents when the Hearst Castle opened to the public with a stay in the historic Paso Robles Inn. As an adult, Starkman enjoyed being a nurse at Hoag Hospital and with the 44 · june/july American Red Cross, and a mom to three kids in Newport Beach, near Los Angeles. Later, her love for horses led to riding lessons for the whole family at Coto de Caza Equestrian Center in Orange County. As an adult taking lessons with her kids, Starkman jumped her first jump and her equestrian passion evolved to another level. JU M PING I N Clearing that first obstacle led Starkman to the show ring, where she and her horse, Castaway Teddy, competed in the Amateur Owner Hunter Division up and down the West Coast, earning Pacific Coast Horse Shows Association YearEnd Champion in 1978. She also followed her passion for galloping in open fields and fox-hunted for 12 years at meets on both coasts and overseas, as well as serving as President of the West Hills Hunt in Los Angeles. Thirty years ago, Starkman purchased acreage in Paso Robles, California. “I had so many fond memories of this area from my childhood,” she says. “When the opportunity arose to purchase 160 acres set amongst the rolling hills, it was the perfect start to the place that I now call home.” The ranch evolved from a vacation getaway, to a facility that allowed her to breed and raise show jumpers, adding another seventy acres along the way. Two years ago, almost three decades after she bought the land, her rural getaway and private barn became her full-time home. A VIS ION IS BOR N As time passed, Starkman’s dreams expanded. Her children and her grandchildren had also caught the equestrian bug. As she spent more time at the ranch with her family, traveling many miles up and down the coast to countless horse shows, Clockwise from top: 1. The facility offers plenty of places to ride. 2. Linda Starkman and her corgi Buddy. 3. Entrance to the park. 4. Park Manager Chet Voss (center) and sons Warren and Ben Voss (lt to rt). june/july 路 45 Starkman began to wonder, “Why couldn’t we welcome the sport right here on the Central Coast?” And so her venue vision was born. Reflecting on the initial inception of this idea she noted, “As I thought about the shows I had been to, my mind quickly wandered to what I would do if I could create a show from a competitor’s perspective.” This vision of a horse show in Paso Robles grew to include a venue that featured larger stalls for the horses, iconic competition fields, and a cozy layout that eliminated the feeling of trekking miles between the barns and the show rings. After years of looking at property all over the Central Coast, Linda heard about a 67-acre parcel just a couple miles outside of town, with easy access on and off of Highway 46. “Pulling onto the property for the first time, I knew that we had found it,” Starkman remembers. “As I looked around I could imagine all the pieces of the vision coming together.” With extensive patience and perseverance, Starkman spent longs hours planning and collaborating with the list of agencies required to build a vision of this stature. Finally, in February of 2014, they broke ground and the Paso Robles Horse Park was born. MAKING IT A LL W ORTHW HILE Bringing this vision to life required jumping into the deep-end of a completely new world for Starkman. There was a plethora of decisions 46 · june/july to be made from whether to use Fescue or Bermuda grass on the large competition field, to ring sizes, to bathroom design, to manure disposal, and more. The original arenas she envisioned were adjusted, then readjusted again to find just the right mix to meet the competitors’ needs. Aside from all the equine decisions, Starkman also had to set aside enough space to provide a home to the indigenous San Joaquin kit fox. “It was all worth it,” Starkman says. “Especially today as I look towards welcoming our first shows, I can see why every step along the way was worth it.” The Paso Robles Horse Park opened its gates to the show jumping community with its Kick Off Schooling Show on May 9th and 10th. Then through a partnership with West Palms Events, the first USEF-rated shows hit the grounds on May 20 – 24 and May 27 – 31, to be followed with two more in the fall, October 28 – November 1, and November 4 – 8, 2015. These four weeks of rated horse shows will christen the first year, as the vision of the Paso Robles Horse Park truly becomes a reality. With her boundless energy and youthful countenance, Starkman’s can-do attitude has served her well. “Dreams that become vision, become reality,” Starkman said as she reflected on the process. “Many years ago I dreamed of a horse show centrally located in a town I love, Paso Robles.” SACRAMENTO For those who get the chance to experience the newly minted facility in person, they can look over Fairway Field, home to both the main jumper and hunter rings, and see the attention to detail. The sand competition rings have top-of-the-line footing, and the permanent barns, which feature over 200 12x12-sized stalls with Dutch-doors for the horses to enjoy, are conveniently close to the competition area. The facility can also accommodate several hundred temporary stalls in a space extending out from the location of the permanent stalls. The entire facility has minimal asphalt and no curbs to ensure competitor and horse safety. INTERNATIONAL HORSE SHOW SEPTEMBER 22–27 DEL MAR INTERNATIONAL HORSE SHOW OCTOBER 7–18 The facility is framed by rolling hills and the quiet beauty of the surrounding area. What is unfolding as a dream come true for Starkman will soon be the same for hundreds and thousands of equestrians, equine enthusiasts and their families and friends. Certainly the vision of this passionate and persistent horsewoman will be victorious for years so come. Photos: All dressed-up and ready for competition, the Paso Robles Horse Park hosts two weeks of horse shows. All photos courtesy of the Paso Robles Horse Park and West Palms Events DAVLYN FARMS EF15_05 1/15 Equifit,Inc® and the Equifit logo are registered trademarks. All rights reserved ©2015 individuality It takes all shapes, sizes and colors to make the world go round. Express your style and individuality with Equifit Custom gear. D-Teq Custom Boots, ImpacTeq Half Pads Ear Bonnets are customizable with your choice of color and texture. Add lettering, logo or a monogram for even more personalization. You’re only limited by your imagination. TM TM Visit EquiFit.net/custom or call 877.847.8434 to learn more. Official PerfOrMance HOrSe BOOt and leg Wear Of tHe USef Better fit. For a better finish. Made in USa with Courtney Caverzasi WESTCHESTER’S DESTINATION FOR EQUESTRIAN, EQUINE & CANINE COUTURE The Year of the Horse would be an ideal time to open a truly unique boutique with an equestrian flair. We met an equestrian with an incredible retail background and an entrepreneurial spirit, Courtney Caverzasi, who left Hermès to create RIDE in June of last year. Extensive renovations to the flagship space began in August, and the doors opened in September. Located in ‘horsey’ Westchester County, Caverzasi’s concept marries high-end boutique with high-end tack shop in Bedford, New York. Horse & Style had an opportunity to talk with Courtney about her must-stop shop for equestrians and more. Horse & Style: What is your background with horses? Courtney Caverzasi: All animals fascinated me when I was a child, but most especially horses. I was always sketching them on my drawing pads and asking my parents for pony rides. Finally, at the age of twelve, my parents obliged with lessons. Over the years, I rode at a number of barns with various trainers in Rockland, Bergen and Westchester Counties, but got most of my professional training riding with Barbara Soley and Lisa Campi at Top of the Line in Chestnut Ridge, NY. I still ride today as much as I can. From my very first lesson, I knew horses would always be a part of my life. Courtney Caversazi, owner and welcoming presence in the store. june/july · 49 Promoting Success Through Integrity, Hardwork, and Dedication Now accepting new clients Lee Hughes 917.209.4168 Hunters Jumpers Equitation Ponies Sales Menlo Park, California My parents always believed in being industriousness, so at the age of fourteen I was encouraged to get a job to support my horse habit. To me the next logical step was to work at a local tack shop in my hometown. Later when attending college at Fordham, I worked part time at Miller's Harness Company. In my second year, I made the decision to come back home and take a hiatus from college, resuming my role at the local tack shop in my hometown, this time as manager. H&S: How did that establish your career? CC: In two years I doubled their business and solicited Hermès as an account. We sold more Hermès saddles in one year out of that tiny brick and mortar than Dover Saddlery (Hermès' largest wholesale account at that time) had the same year. That caught the attention of their U.S. Sales Manager, who asked me to interview for an Equestrian Specialist position at their flagship. At that time the 57th Street store was small, and the equestrian section even smaller, so I decided it was not the right fit and instead to take a job in Fashion Merchandising. From 2000–2002, I worked for South Asia Group, the NY design office for South Asia Knitting Factory in Hong Kong, one of the largest and most reputable manufacturers in all of Asia, private labeling for clients like BCBG, Banana Republic, Brooks Brothers, Express Brands, J. Crew, Paul Smith, and Rebecca Taylor, among others. I was responsible for managing accounts and overseeing every stage of the production process. I learned so much during my time there, but ultimately felt a pull back to the equestrian world. I contacted my old Sales Manager at Hermès, and it turned out they were looking to fill the role of Equestrian Manager at their now larger US flagship on 62nd street. I eagerly accepted the position and set about making changes that grew the business 96% in the first four years. In my 12-year tenure, I earned several promotions at Hermès. One of my favorite parts of the job was identifying and recruiting talent for Hermès' partner rider program. I met some of the best people (and horses!) in my life at Hermès. In early 2014 I felt the need to explore new horizons and made the difficult decision to leave Hermès and work on creating my own vision, RIDE. H&S: What is the inspiration behind the visual merchandising in the store? CC: I have always had a strong eye for design. I like mixing traditional with modern, and a simple, pared down clean aesthetic. One of the most creative and fun parts of starting RIDE was the renovation. Gutting the old space to designing the custom saddle rack and selecting each fixture that make RIDE what it is today. H&S: What do you love most about owning your own store? CC: The creative freedom to do what's in the best interest of my clients, and what's right for the business no matter what. It's a symbiotic relationship, they go hand in hand and each ensures the mutual success of the other. View of the rear of the store, the tack shop section, with equine gear and the subtly beautiful horse mural on the back wall; Next Page: Views of the front of the store (except for the saddles), the apparel section, blending riding and non-riding gear, all brands tested and preferred by owner and employees. Note the murals on the dressing room doors. june/july · 51 I like mixing traditional with modern, and a simple, pared down clean aesthetic. 52 路 june/july H&S: How do you compete with online shopping, deal sites, large retailers? CC: It's not my intention to compete with them—they do what they do well, and to be quite honest, small brick and mortar retailers really can't afford to these days. Our business model is different. We focus our efforts on offering a unique assortment and unparalleled shopping experience not found elsewhere. In the interest of client service, we will always price match at our clients’ behest. H&S: What brands are your favorites and why? CC: I have a lot of favorites brands, all of which are featured at RIDE, but the ones currently in my personal trunk are Antares, Back On Track, Blue Ribbon, the full line from Carr Day & Martin, Clac, Dubarry, Dy'on, Equiline, Hermès, Ogilvy, Samshield, Sarm Hippique and Waldhausen. Each of our brands represents the best quality for the best respective price point, and all have been tested and used by both my staff and myself for years, so I know they are consistent and reliable. H&S: What do you look for in the products/brands you carry at RIDE? CC: Great products that outperform others at the best price. The entire staff at RIDE rides and either currently own or used to own or have an extensive background in farm management, so you can rest assured that any product you see on our shelves has been in our own tack trunks for years. We are proud to feature the latest in technological innovations for our clients—this is a theme you can find across all products in our shop. H&S: What are your plans for the future? Will we be seeing RIDE brick and mortar stores across the country? CC: We are exploring areas of expansion, but it’s too early to share… Find a chance to RIDE! Definitely worth a visit when in the area, RIDE is also continuing to expand their online presence. RIDE IS LOCATED AT: 648 Old Post Rd, Bedford, NY 10506 ORDERS: 914.234.RIDE | [email protected] SOCIAL:  facebook.com/ridebedford  instagram.com/ridebedford Photo © McCool ONthecover by Jackie McFarland FORMIDABLE CHESTNUTS I had just returned from the 2015 FEI LONGINES World Cup Finals in Las Vegas when I began this journey of finding four chestnuts to write about for Horse & Style. Of course it wasn’t difficult, as essentially all of the athletic equines at this world-class indoor event have stories worth telling, and more than four of them are chestnut in color. So I picked four and look forward to picking more. In an attempt at a working title, I came up with Calm, Cool and Collected Chestnuts on Fire to create a play on words with ‘Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire’. However upon interviewing Rich Fellers, McLain Ward, Katie Laurie and Lucy Davis, each had a good laugh when asked, "Would you call your horse calm, cool and collected?" The answer was categorically "NO." Photo © Sophie James So to forego that title seemed a clear choice, and the word ‘formidable’ came to mind. Defined as “inspiring fear or respect through being impressively large, powerful, intense, or capable,” certainly seemed fitting. These four chestnuts are impressive, and have earned respect through powerful performances in intense settings. Most show jumping fans know these horses in the ring, having watched them perform in person or televised from Olympics, World Equestrian Games and World Cup Finals. Through my interviews for Horse & Style I found these horses to have distinct personalities and of course a common color bond, chestnut. Are they all hotheads? Is the red color part of the reason? Genetically that is not proven, but interesting to ponder. Certainly we could all identify more fiery and famous chestnuts, and after this small step to a longer journey I believe this exploration could continue. Steve Guerdat’s mount for the World Cup Finals, Albufuerhen’s Paille, is one—at press time we were still working on the interview— as Guerdat went from Vegas to GCT Anvers to GCT Shanghai to CSIO La Baule. Another two come to mind as I write, Paulo Santana’s mighty mount, Taloubet and Coral Reef Ranch’s stallion Baloufino, piloted by Vinton Karrasch. At press time three of the four fiery formidable chestnuts, Flexible, Rothchild, and Kiwi Iron Mark, are on their way to Spruce Meadows for some competition in Calgary, while Barron will be competing abroad. Fiery, not calm; cool as in 'radical', and fiercely competitive, while as collected as possible, describes this foursome of equine athletes. Matched with riders willing to work with their unique quirks, these formidable chestnuts will continue to reach heights that impress us all. Your formidable chestnut recommendations and thoughts are welcome. june/july · 55 FLEXIBLE After thirteen years together, Flexible and Fellers share a long list of show jumping accolades, with a plethora of amazing stories along the way, including a 2012 FEI World Cup Champion title, the highest place earned by an American at the 2012 Olympics (8th) and 2012 USEF Horse of the Year. He recently won the Grand Prix of California and was second in the Del Mar National Grand Prix the week before. Plus the fiery chestnut has survived and surpassed two potentially career-ending injuries. Fellers explained what makes Flexible unique. “He has an innate understanding of the sport, that combined with his heart and desire make him a formidable competitor,” Fellers noted. “I know that he knows that he isn’t supposed to touch a jump.” Illustrating how well these two athletes know each other, Fellers can feel the disappointment in Flexible when they have a rail. “When we pull up at the end of the course I can feel it in his body. He feels different underneath me, more enthusiastic underneath when we are clean, he’s a little down when he has a rail.” Of the four formidable foes, Flexible comes in the smallest package at just 16 hands. His size has never been an issue, it actually adds to the impressiveness of his uncanny talent. Flexible loves his job. “He’s rarin’ to go. He’s the kind of horse that wants to go to the ring. Especially now, as soon as you leave the warm-up ring and turn to the show ring, he perks up, he doesn’t want to warm-up anymore.” “Calm, cool and collected? No he’s pretty wired. But that’s part of my job, I keep him contained and under control. “ Fellers said that as long as this formidable chestnut still loves to go jump those giant jumps, he won’t stop him. “I feel he could go another run. He’s got more in him.” Flexible may be fiery but he is also full of heart. When we spoke, Fellers had just returned from competing at the 2015 FEI LONGINES World Cup Final in Las Vegas, where they finished seventh overall. After going into the final day one point behind the leader, some would consider a drop to the seventh spot a disappointment, but not Fellers. “He just was incredible. Part of me feels like he won. That last day was so big and so difficult, yet he had no problem with it. It wasn’t as if he didn’t have the scope—one of the rails was my mistake. He felt as good as ever. He was fighting all the way to the end. “ 56 · june/july FLEXIBLE RIDER: RICH FELLERS C O U N T R Y: U S A | A G E: 1 9 BREED: IRISH SPORTHORSE B A R N N A M E: F L E X I Photo © FEI/Kit Houghton Fellers said that as long as this formidable chestnut still loves to go jump those giant jumps, he won’t stop him.'I feel he could go another run. He’s got more in him.' june/july 路 Photo courtesy of Spruce Meadows 58 路 june/july KIWI IRON MARK Americans didn’t know much about this kiwi chestnut before the 2015 FEI LONGINES World Cup Finals. Not having been on the world stage much at just eleven years old, and challenged by the space in the Thomas & Mack Arena at seventeen hands, this scopey show jumper nevertheless proved he could persevere. and ultimately took the win. “He warmed-up great and after the first two fences in the ring he felt great. I was so relieved.” New Zealander and new mom Katie Laurie is not new to the international arena. She comes from a show jumping family, and under her maiden name McVean she rode the young mare Dunstan Delphi to success at Spruce Meadows and in the 2010 Alltech FEI World Equestrian Games. Calm, cool and collected? Definitely not. “He’s a menace on the ground. You can’t hang anything near him or he will destroy it. I put a brand new pair of Back on Track boots on and he ripped the straps off straight away,” Laurie explained. “We give him toys and he ignores those.” He occasionally likes to show off, throwing his front legs around. He has his own style but he always tries. Yes Laurie would label Mark a chestnut on fire, however he is a gentle giant. He’s the only horse she has put her daughter Grace on (who was ten months old at press time). Laurie’s summer goal is to be chosen to represent New Zealand on the team heading to Hagen, Germany for the Olympic Qualifier at the end of August, getting some good miles along the way in Calgary. She’s been working with Mark since he was a six-year-old. “The circuit at home [in NZ] is close-knit, so you become friends with everyone. A friend of mine owned him and rung me up asking ‘Could you ride my horse this weekend? I’m not very well.’" It turned out that her friend had cancer, and although a fighter, passed away a year later. “She did get to ride him during that year. He was so gentle with her. He can buck and kick but never did with her, he knew,” Laurie said. What makes Mark formidable besides his big heart? “He will fight for you in the ring. He’s a little bit unorthodox but he wants to jump clear. He occasionally likes to show off, throwing his front legs around. He has his own style but he always tries.” Photos © McCool Laurie’s developed a routine for his warm-up that always includes a cross-rail and ends with a skinny oxer. Not a big fan of the warm-up ring, Mark’s ears perk up when he knows he’s heading to the show arena. At the World Cup Finals in late April, Laurie and Mark had some trouble in the difficult triple combination on Day Two, not qualifying for the rounds on Sunday. She wanted Mark to get another chance in the ring and decided to compete in the Canadian Pacific Grand Prix on Saturday. Pushing right past the poles flying the day before, Mark was one of three who jumped clean in the CP Grand Prix KIWI IRON MARK R I D E R: K AT I E L A U R I E C O U N T R Y: N E W Z E A L A N D | A G E: 1 1 BREED: NEW ZEALAND THOROUGHBRED B A R N N A M E: M A R K june/july · 59 R OT H C H I L D Rothchild entered Ward’s string in 2007 as a six coming seven year old. For Ward, the story of Rothchild is one of many fond memories of his father Barney. “I didn’t want to buy him. I actually refused to buy him. My father bought him while I was on the airplane.” Five years after the horse came to the barn, Barney lost his fight with cancer. The fierce chestnut has without a doubt proven worthy of purchase as well as the title of ‘formidable’. ring he’s not difficult. However he does have a style all of his own. “I think when you watch his style of jumping and his physique you'd be hard-pressed to say he’s the ideal show jumper. But two assets have helped him overcome his less than ideal style, he’s very careful and extremely brave.” Calm, cool and collected doesn’t describe Bongo, however Ward said ‘chestnut on fire’ would be an appropriate description. Just over 16h with a warrior mentality, Ward agreed that Bongo has a huge heart. ...two assets have helped him overcome his less than ideal style, he’s very careful and extremely brave. Upon watching his ears-pinned expression while competing, you would think the horse was an angry, resistant schoolmaster, not an international superstar. “His character is what makes him formidable,” explained Ward. “He’s a fighter and he tries—he gives you all he has to give you. He’s a very competitive horse.” Posting several impressive wins, including LGCT's 2014 Grand Prix of Antwerp, 2014 World Team Bronze Medal and two very close seconds in the 2015 HITS Million Grand Prix events in Thermal and Ocala, one of the most bittersweet Rothchild stories comes from the 2014 Alltech FEI World Equestrian Games in Caen. After some incredible performances, including going first on Day Two and giving the world a lesson on how to ride a difficult course clean, notably only twelve other competitors out of over a hundred matched that feat, the pair continued to go fault free moving up from 14th to 5th on the leaderboard. Fifth is by all accounts a superb finish in a World Games. However, all of us who followed this feat, secretly wanted to see the best riders in the world attempt to ride this fierce warrior in the Final Four. As with any top athlete, their training program is uniquely their own and in this sport knowing what suits your horse is essential. Although he can be a handful in the warm-up ring, in the 60 · june/july ROTHCHILD R I D E R : M C L A I N WA R D C O U N T R Y: U S A | A G E: 1 4 B R E E D : B E L G I A N WA R M B L O O D B A R N N A M E: B O N G O Photo © EqSol “His warm-up is peculiar, you have to know him. Your warm-up can go in the wrong direction very fast,” Ward warned. “He’s a bit temperamental and very sensitive. You can’t push him; it’s more like coaxing him. So I ride for about 15-20 minutes in the warm-up, enough to get him loose. He knows his job.” In the two and half years she’s competed on Barron, the pair has earned several significant titles, including a 2013 LGCT Lausanne Grand Prix, 2013 Rotterdam Furusiyya Rider of the Day award after jumping a double clear in the Nations Cup for Team USA, a 2014 World Team Bronze Medal and a top ten finish (9th) in the 2015 FEI LONGINES World Cup Finals. Meredith Michaels-Beerbaum touted Barron as one of the top talents competing at this year’s World Cup Final. When asked what makes him formidable, Davis essentially agreed. “I would say as Meredith did, he’s one of the best horses around. He’s scopey, careful, brave and quick. Everything you would want and need in a Grand Prix and Championship horse." Davis is used to riding temperamental types; her previous horse Nemo 119 would buck as she entered the ring. Barron doesn’t buck, but he can have a ‘meltdown’ in the warm-up ring. “He’s very particular in the warm-up ring. He gets stressed if the warm-up is distracting. He will spin and get agitated, and not pay attention. So I take what I have and make it work. I keep calm and that helps,” Davis explained. “He actually focuses really well when he gets to the show ring. Once he is going he’s on it.” When it comes to personality, he’s ‘special’. “It’s remarkable how he changes his personality every day. He over analyzes everything. In the barn he’s our dainty little chestnut, our little flamboyant flower. He’s more experienced in the show ring, but he’s not more mature.But that is part of what makes him so good,” she said. “He’s formidable as a competitor. He can do anything, anywhere.” BARRON R I D E R : L U C Y D AV I S C O U N T R Y: U S A | A G E: 1 1 B R E E D : B E L G I A N WA R M B LO O D B A R N N A M E: R E N Z O BARRON Photo © McCool Renzo is one of Lucy Davis’s favorite architects, so when they decided to name her show jumper Barron after her grandfather, Robert Barron Frieze, she started calling him Renzo in the barn. “He’s a little flamboyant, it works,” she commented. The formidable chestnut was turning nine when Davis purchased him at the end of 2012. “He was with a young Canadian Francois Lamontagne. He had already done a Nations Cup in Barcelona as an eight-year-old.” Calm cool and collected? No. A chestnut on fire? “Yes I would definitely call him that. He is very fiery in personality and explosive as a jumper, so yes I would say he is a chestnut on fire.” I would say as Meredith did, he’s one of the best horses around. He’s scopey, careful, brave and quick. Everything you would want and need in a Grand Prix and Championship horse. Often based in Europe and competing all over the world, Barron has also traveled with Davis to Stanford so she could finish her degree. “He loves the Stanford barn. He’s relaxed and calm. He’s still a punk when I ride him, spooking at everything, but he likes the environment." Soon, however, they are off to Europe for the summer where Davis will be based in Holland with Erick van der Vleuten. june/july · 61 STYLEprofiles by Sarah Appel & Terri Roberson Trendy Trainer Gucci, Thin Leather Belt w/ Crystal G Buckle, $420 Great British Life, Equestrian Sterling Silver Snaffle Leather Bracelet, $70 Finds, Silken Favours Pretty Pegasus Silk-Crepe Shirt, $440 Adi Kissilvich, The Snaffle Bag, $310 Pikeur, Belina Jeans Breeches, $230 Ariat, The Dreamer Ballet Flats, $130 Pink is trending on the runway and is brightening up the barn ​a​isle. Not just for pony girls in pigtails, ​pink is the new “Yes Please!”​​Mix and match y ​ our wardrobe with super shades of this hot girlie color—from pale blush hues to super bright magenta and fuchsia. Go on and show off your sweet side, and embrace the pink. Gorgeous Gent Paul Smith, Pink Chronograph Cycling Watch, $433 Ralph Lauren, Sterling Equestrian Money Clip, $350 Bandon, Slim-Fit Chinos, $170 Kingsland, Tila Belt, $75 Swims, Rubber Loafer, $159 Burberry Brit, Rose Pink Check Shirt, $348 62 · june/july Jovial Junior Ariat, Liberty Paneled Pique Top, $50 Chicnova, Preppy Horse Backpack with Rivets, $11 C4 Belts, Classic Belt, $30 Kingsland, Merrit Low Sneakers, $77 J Brand, Distressed LowRise Skinny Jeans, $180 Ambient Amateur Be Positive Works, Lindsay, $98 Pikeur, Laurentina Softshell Jacket, $165 Cavalleria Toscana, Stretch-Jersey Breeches, $355 Hermes, Corfou Sandals, $830 Cavalleria Toscana, Mesh-Paneled Stretch-Jersey Top, $185 Jack Wills, Alban Saddle Bag, $429 Polished Pony Mom Katharine Page, Hampton, $375 Tods, Flower Luna Shoulder Bag, $1,545 Fior Da Liso, Andrea II BB, $132 Dimacci, Reversible Belt, $148 Bling Jewelry, Whoa Nelly Bracelet, $110 Vince, Side-Buckle Bermuda Shorts, $195 june/july 路 SONOMA HORSE PARK & HEADLANDS MANAGEMENT INC. PROUDLY ANNOUNCE Charity Classic GALA JULY 28 - AUGUST 2, 2015 SONOMAHORSEPARK.COM SPECIAL THANKS TO PLEASE SAVE THE DATE GIANT STEPS SIX BAR AND GALA PRESENTED BY HONORING GIANT STEPS THERAPEUTIC EQUESTRIAN CENTER SATURDAY, AUGUST 1ST AT 4:30 PM SONOMA HORSE PARK 7600 LAKEVILLE HIGHWAY, PETALUMA CALIFORNIA GIANT STEPS THERAPEUTIC EQUESTRIAN CENTER OFFERS LIFE-CHANGING THERAPY TO PEOPLE OF ALL AGES WITH A WIDE RANGE OF PHYSICAL, EMOTIONAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL CHALLENGES RANGING FROM AUTISM TO CEREBRAL PALSY TO DOWN SYNDROME. GIANT STEPS ALSO SERVES VETERANS LIVING WITH POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PTSD) AND CHILDREN CONSIDERED TO BE “AT-RISK”. WE OPERATE WITHOUT STATE OR FEDERAL FUNDING AND RELY ON THE GENEROSITY OF PRIVATE DONORS TO CONTINUE TO SERVE OUR COMMUNITY. GIANTSTEPSRIDING.ORG GIANTSTEPSRIDING.ORG LIFEofpessoa by Alexa Pessoa Hail to the Owners W ith the Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro just over the horizon that familiar frenzy of buying the ideal Olympic mount is in full swing. Horses eligible to compete in next year’s games must be secured by the respective nation before January 15th, 2016 in order to be eligible, which prevents last minute sales or extravagant leases taken out moments before the Games. The horse and rider must also achieve a certificate of capability together in order to be considered fit to compete at an event at this level. This means that these future Olympic horses should be in the barn by this year establishing a successful partnership with their rider. In our world you are only as good as what you are sitting on. We have to fight to keep the best riders connected with the best horses to preserve the integrity of the sport. Some riders and nations are lucky to have a plethora of top horses to choose from when selection time rolls around. Others are still searching for that special horse that has the potential to bring home the Gold next August. The question is, with prices on the rise and new emerging nations continuing to fuel that increase, how sustainable is the system of buying a great prospect or a current 1.60m talent? There are still homebred horses that excel and those that progress through the ranks with a rider, but only a select few are competitive at the international championship level. So it seems that spending seven figures is a prerequisite for competing at the most prestigious events. And honestly if you have a young horse, once their talent is recognized, what do you do? If I had a talented nine- 66 · june/july year-old I wouldn’t sell it for a song. At that point I would likely want six figures plus before giving up that potential Gold medal winner. So riders not only have the challenge of finding those special horses but then the even bigger question they must answer is the financing one. Americans Laura Kraut and Kent Farrington have demonstrated the success of compiling a syndicate of owners to buy a top horse. The initial cost and annual maintenance fees are shared by all involved, as are the winnings. This can also eliminate the pressure of having to ask an individual to make such a large investment and the risk that entails. We also see individuals or private farms that choose to support a rider without the help of other investors. The generosity of all of these owners, be it a syndicate member or a private investor, is what make this sport possible for so many talented riders. It is true, and appreciated, that the prize money offered has improved significantly over the last ten years, but even after a great season the winnings don’t recoup the investment of competing internationally. We embrace this because show jumping is a beautiful sport and the dedicated group that is involved is a part of something bigger, a lifestyle, a circuit of events that take us to some of the greatest places in the world, be it Del Mar or Shanghai, Washington D.C. or Aachen. This year alone international championships include Las Vegas and Toronto, and if the Olympics are in your future, Rio de Janeiro. In our world you are only as good as what you are sitting on. We have to fight to keep the best riders connected with the best horses to preserve the integrity of the sport. We rely on the support and admiration of the owners to make that happen. Writer and amateur rider Alexa Pessoa, is profiled on page 8. Photo by McCool Enter the H&S Giveaway at horseandstylemag.com/giveaway to win fabulous prizes from our fashionable partners. Enter before the end of each named time frame for your chance to win! Questions? Email: [email protected] APRIL/MAY GIVEAWAY One lucky winner received The Horse Healer, by Gonzalo Giner and a brand new e-reader. An epic tale that traces the story of a young horse whisperer through medieval Spain, The Horse Healer is an unforgettable story full of adventure and rich characters lifted from the pages of history. MAY/JUNE GIVEAWAY Personally Preppy makes monogramming their business with their addicting, custom monograms suitable for just about everything in your equestrian life. If you can imagine it, they can monogram it! Enter to win a custom monogrammed anchor belt, a pair of monogrammed Samshield gloves, and a helmet monogram! JULY GIVEAWAY MDC 'S' Models give riders the benefits of their forward facing design and high traction, wide treads within a traditional stirrup silhouette. Offered in three models, the MDC ‘S’ Classic™, MDC ‘S’ Flex™ and MDC ‘S’ Pony Classic™, are the newest of their patented line of stirrups. june/july · a price you can afford allows thinner base and less footing cost effective recycled material • UV resistant, frostproof, re-usable moisture control concussion relief• minimizes costs for base construction base protection • skid resistance Contact Cynthia Brewster-Keating (864) 804-0011 www.GGTFooting.com BARNenvy by Allison Heidmann photos by William Griffin and Allison Heidmann Tri-H Stables BOZEMAN, MONTANA Tucked in amongst the mountains near Yellowstone National Park, in a picturesque enclave in southwest Montana, is an oasis for both horse and rider. Presenting Tri-H Stables, recently purchased by Justin Griffin and Laura Love, where riders can enjoy the best of all worlds—from pleasure riding to top class show jumping—in the majesty of the Rocky Mountains. The commanding view of the Gallatin Mountain Range as seen from Tri-H Stables. june/july · 69 B ozeman, Montana is a quintessential western mountain town, boasting magnificent scenery and activities for every outdoor enthusiast. Recently recognized as one of the fastest growing and most-desirable small towns to live in America, Bozeman offers a relaxed lifestyle with a smile, away from the hustle and bustle of big city life. At Tri-H, the amenities are second-tonone, with daily turnout in big grassy pastures, two large outdoor arenas and a well-equipped indoor arena. For the stabled horses, each extra large, custom stall has its own window and each aisle has wellappointed wash racks and grooming stalls. Designed in the late 90s by Dean and Penny Hatten, Tri-H Stables was built to provide a 70 · june/july comfortable place for equestrians to endure the long Montana winter. The main building boasts radiant floor heat to complement the large gas infrared heaters in the indoor arena, so that horses and riders can be comfortable year-round. When asked about her favorite features of the facility, Laura noted that the indoor arena trumps her list. “It is very easy to maintain a comfortable temperature inside this arena all winter”, she remarked. “And the wood paneling and wonderful natural light really make the space feel warm and homey.” Since the warmth of a new season is here, the equestrians at Tri-H are now enjoying the long glorious days of the Montana summer, with mountain views by day and the star lit big Montana sky by night. Opposite: A beautiful sunny day in the larger of two outdoor arenas at Tri-H Stables; The horses enjoying their custom stall doors in the main barn aisle; Above: The large grassy courtyard is centrally located and adjacent to the grill and kitchen for entertaining at Tri-H (CLANFAIR SIGNATURE, LOM/AOE *EYARTH DEE, LOM/LOM) PHONE 805.459.2918 megan@B RIDLE W OOD W ELSH .com june/july 路 X 71 Clockwise from left: A young sport horse is prepared for exercise; Tri-H owner, Laura Love, schools Quincy; One of Laura's favorite aspects of the property: The large indoor riding arena 72 ordinary bath day messy • multiple products • harsh ingredients MRS. CONN’s Bath Day® Convenient • Effective • Therapeutic Elevate an ordinary bath to a luxurious experience! Mrs. Conn’s Bath Day® Shampoo-Infused Sponges are enriched with select botanicals that pamper your horse while addressing specific equine skin & coat conditions. Join Club Bath Day® • Nourishes skin & creates beautiful shine for nourished, natural show-ring shine, delivered monthly. • No harsh detergents, soaps, parabens or SLS • Brightens whites & enhances all coat colors • Ethically-sourced ingredients that are certified cruelty free Enjoy five exclusive blends, each filled with ample shampoo for several indulgent baths. Visit www.MrsConns.com and discover the many reasons Mrs. Conn’s Bath Day® is... Simply Brilliant www.MrsConns.com • [email protected] • 510.758.7588 Clockwise from left: Well appointed wash racks and grooming stalls in the main barn aisle; Owners, Laura Love and Justin Griffin with their daughter Alice and dogs, Hank and Fannie; The barn apartment country style kitchen is perfect for apr猫sride entertaining; Wood paneling and custom saddle and bridle racks in the main tack room. june/july 路 75 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 245 +/- Acres Cosumnes River Frontage 150 +/- Acres tree or vineyard land 30 HP & 50 HP Ag Wells 46 Stalls in 4 barns Enclosed 6 horse exerciser 2 outdoor riding arenas Viewing gazebo with bar Commodity Building 3 hole golf course Little League Diamond Sand Volley Ball area Tennis Court Canine Condominium Well Fenced Pastures Large metal work shop • • • • • • • • 4,400 +/- SF Estate Home Casita Personal Gym Building 2,904 +/- SF second large home Ranch House 4 additional residences (mobile homes) Pool with spa Professional Landscaping DESTINATIONmongolia by Peter Heidmann photos by Peter Heidmann, Shannon Moreaux, Cliff Montagne, and Wiltsie New Genghis Khan LIVES ON From the moment you arrive in Ulaanbaatar’s Chinggis Khaan (Genghis Khan) International Airport, you’ll be struck by contrasts. Signs throughout the airport, and indeed throughout the entire country, are often written in Cyrillic, reflecting Mongolia’s historical connection to Soviet-style socialism through most of the twentieth century. But these days, signs are also written in English, as Mongolia has begun to embrace Western-style capitalism since the mid-1990s. The architecture of Ulaanbaatar reveals similar contrasts; gritty grey Soviet-style ministries and apartments are crowded side-by-side with gleaming modern glass skyscrapers. And the fast-paced, exhaust-tinged atmosphere of this rapidly growing city contrasts markedly with the nomadic, agrarian way of life of most Mongolians. Mongolians’ reverence for the horse, however, is a unifying thread, just one of many aspects of Genghis Khan’s enduring legacy. Throughout the country, you’ll see depictions of Genghis 78 · june/july and his descendants in all art forms, almost always portrayed with horses. Every summer, when the Naadam Festival, with the horse as its centerpiece rolls around, all work stops while athletes compete as they have for centuries, in the traditional Mongolian sports of horse racing, wrestling, and archery. We travelled to Mongolia as part of BioRegions International (www.bioregions.org), a multi-disciplinary non-profit group based in Bozeman, Montana. BioRegions began with the recognition that ecosystem health is inseparable from animal health, or from human health, and that similar ecosystems and indigenous cultures can face similar challenges. The group works with communities, students, teachers, and professionals from Mongolia and the U.S. to build partnerships aimed at improving environment, society, economy, and infrastructure. Our role as equine veterinarians is to provide veterinary education, training, and outreach in rural Mongolia. Families gather their herds in their communal summer feeding grounds and near watering holes in Orkhon Soum. Herds of horses number from twenty to several hundred, and are loosely shepherded through the vast valleys. june/july 路 79 This sense of common culture has remained strong. But all in the group would agree that seeing horse races the likes of which have been run for centuries with little change since the time of Genghis Khan, was one of the highlights of the trip. The whole structure of the races is unfamiliar to a Westerner. Most Mongolian jockeys are children, usually less than nine years old. Already accomplished equestrian athletes, they ride with with a natural talent that is their birthright. With or without a saddle, they have the relaxed, easy seat that marks them as the offspring of an equestrian culture. True harmony exists beyond the individual, or the moment, as the horses, with their jockeys mounted like royalty, race across the ancient landscape. And the Mongolian horses, unlike the sleek and graceful racehorses seen in the West, are tough little hybrid ponies, with roached manes, short backs, and a powerful strength and athleticism; horses that must be very like those ridden by Genghis himself. The race begins with fifteen or twenty children perched atop their stolid mounts, trotting across the countryside, all bunched up in little knots with parents and trainers and handlers following behind them on horseback or motorbikes. They ride across the grasslands to assemble at the appointed place, where a flag is dropped and they turn en masse, and streak back to the finish line, winner take all, simple as that. Nearly 1000 years after his reign, Mongolians still take pride in their bond of kinship with Genghis Khan, who unified many disparate tribes and cultures under a single banner, and built a Mongol empire with tendrils stretching from the Korean peninsula in the East to modern-day Poland and Syria in the West. Although he brutally dispatched his rivals, most historians agree that he was also very progressive, supporting religious freedoms and establishing administrative systems such as a widely-accepted written language, a census, and a postal system to unify the growing Mongol empire. Opposite page, clockwise from top left: 1. Race-horses tied to a picket in advance of race day. 2. Traditional Boots and Stirrups. Metal stirrups are sometimes hundred of years old, heirlooms which are passed from generation to generation. 3. Traditional materials are often used to make ad hoc places hitching rails. 4. Some fancy stirrups are worth hundreds of dollars. 4. Sunset on racehorses, tied to Mongolia hitching posts. 5. Jockeys mounted like royalty june/july 路 81 Left: Mongolian jockeys racing across the grassland ride with natural talent; Right: Training day for a green-broke racehorse All across Mongolia, whether in the cities or in rural counties, the excitement of the Naadam festival continues to be an annual high point. Even as the younger generation has increasingly begun to migrate to cities seeking opportunity, their connection to their rural heritage remains strong. Though this migration is growing, the vast majority of Mongolians continue the traditional grazing methods practiced over the millennia. They follow the seasonal pasturelands where their parents, grandparents, and greatgrandparents grazed horses and cattle, sheep and goats; even setting camp in the same headwaters and coulees as their ancestors did in years gone by. There is certainly a generational disconnect; as in other countries, it can be hard for grandparents to understand the allure of the city and a cell phone. But most young Mongolians, even though they may aspire to a more modernday way of life, still respect and admire the rural lifestyle, and to a person, EVERYONE loves horse racing. Despite the vast geography of Mongolia and the extensive mix of generations, sub-cultures, and tribes, the entire nation still comes together once a year to celebrate their ancient festival. Stop for a moment to imagine. Imagine the children, their horses, and the expansive landscape. Imagine all the history that is poured into each young vessel, the air and the grass and the mud. The flag is dropped, and the diminutive jockeys turn their mounts to race back toward the finish line. This is horse racing at its finest. True harmony exists beyond the individual, or the moment, as the horses, with their jockeys mounted like royalty, race across the ancient landscape. Dr. Heidmann is an Equine Internal Medicine Specialist, and owner of Montana Equine Medical & Surgical Center. He is a member of the Board of Directors of BioRegions International 82 路 june/july enjoy your time in the saddle p we have you covered! equine mortality trainer liability farm & ranch commercial care, custody & control equine surgical & major medical insurance workers’ compensation & employers liability EQUINE INSURANCE CDI OB21295 - a division of Parker General Insurance Donna Chopp & Joe Parker . (800) 321-5723 . www.Equine-ins.com TRENDreport by Sarah Appel & Terri Roberson Hunter Stitch Reversible Cuff, Rebecca Ray, $35 Leave a lasting impact with the simple and clean look of the perfect equestrian cuff. Pick Skinny Hooves Cuff Bracelet, Giles & Brother, $88 from leather, gold and enamel to let this trend suit your Snaffle Horse Head Bracelet, Caracol, $84 personal style. Can’t decide on just one? Stack a few of your favorites together for a boho inspired look. 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WORLDWIDE EQUINE Post Office Box 449 • Middleburg, VA 20118 • 800.291.4774 • www.THIShorseinsurance.com Proud sponsor of the Taylor Harris Insurance Services National Children’s Medal VENDORspotlight by Sarah Appel Twenty-five year old Bizi Ferguson of Leawood, Kansas, has always had a love of horses and an eye for style. What started as an equestrian fashion blog turned into a mobile boutique in 2013, via an Airstream extraordinaire. With the support of her family and two pups Tibi and Wrigley, she is on the road bringing equestrian styles and current trends to horse shows from Tennessee to Pennsylvania. Horse & Style: When and where did Bizi Bee Boutique start? Bizi Ferguson: We started this adventure in the summer of 2013 and opened in November of that year. We’re based in Kansas City, but our first stop was in St. Louis at the National Equestrian Center Hunter/Jumper show in November. H&S: What is your background in fashion? BF: I have always had an interest in it and a love for creating new styles. When I was a senior in college I created a blog about fashion with an equestrian flair, just for fun. Sometimes I did equestrian looks, sometimes I did everyday outfits with an equestrian theme, and other times I featured a fun ‘non-horsey’ fashion. Photo to left of text: Bizi Bee Boutique founder, Bizi Ferguson, her mother, and their support team pose in front of the Airstream extraordinaire. june/july · 87 I graduated with a Strategic Communications degree from the School of Journalism at the University of Kansas, my ambition was to be a news anchor, but I decided it really wasn’t for me, so I had no clue as to what I would end up doing! H&S: What is your background in horses? BF: For years I begged my mom to let me take riding lessons, but she wouldn’t because she was afraid of horses. My mom’s grandparents and aunt and uncle had a Saddlebred farm, and she thought the horses were very spirited. From when I was a toddler, we would go out to the farm and visit the horses, and I fell in love with them! I had a mini pony named Rusty that I had inherited from the farm across the street. Technically Rusty was my first horse, even before I started riding, and I still have him today. When I was nine years old I started riding at a Western barn, where you ‘graduated’ to an English saddle. A family friend who rode dressage recommended a horse she knew that was for sale at a hunter/jumper barn. He was an old school horse named Legend. I went to try him, and bought him then and there for $1,000. My parents thought that was expensive at the time! He was my introduction to the hunter/jumper niche. Growing up at the barn, my nickname was Bizi Bee, so I named the blog “The Bizi Bee,” and that’s where the store, which was originally based on the blog, got its name. H&S: What is the inspiration behind the visual merchandising in the store? BF: We wanted to have an ‘Anthropologie’ look with an equestrian feel. My mom is very talented at visual merchandising and setting up the displays, she helps blend everything since we offer ‘street’ clothes as well as clothes that can be worn for riding, I am learning a ton about visual presentation from my mom. H&S: What do you love most about owning your own store? BF: The freedom that it gives me. I enjoy having an idea and seeing it come to life, and being in control of that process. Of course there are challenges to it as well, but the pros outweigh the cons. I didn’t really like having to report to a boss, especially when it came to my scheduling. I love horses and taking them to shows, and it was always hard to coordinate work with traveling. With my own business, I can do what I love and actually travel FOR work! H&S: What are your favorite shows to attend as a vendor? BF: So far, my favorite shows to attend as a vendor have been Brownland Farm in Franklin, Tennessee and Equifest at Lamplight in Chicago. This year will be our first time at Devon and Harrisburg, and I’m sure those will make our list of favorites! H&S: What do you look for in the products/brands you carry? BF: When buying new products for the store, we always try to think like our customers. Most of our clients are moms and daughters at the shows. My mom looks for things that she would have liked to wear when she was at shows with me. It’s great because my mom and I are so much like our client base that it’s not very hard to see what they might like. We want the clothes we carry to be practical, unique, and comfortable while still being stylish. We pride ourselves in being a unique company carrying clothing lines or pieces that people have never seen or heard of before. That makes us a destination store. 88 H&S: What brands are your favorites, and why? BF: I really love the Good hYOUman clothing line, it’s been one of our most popular. It’s extremely comfortable, it benefits cancer research, and they do a private label for us. It’s also been fun to develop our own line. I have plans for it to expand and grow beyond just our logo line. H&S: How do you compete with other online stores, deal sites, etc? BF: In order to compete, you have to actually look the part, and that’s something I didn’t really know how to do. So we recently hired a company to help update the website and make it more appealing. We will offer a discount to new customers, and we just initiated a rewards program for shoppers. When we have a sale, I often put some of the pieces online and promote it on social media. H&S: What would be your advice to someone who wants to start their own mobile store? BF: One definite piece of advice would be to do thorough research on the trailer. We knew very little, and unfortunately the seller took advantage of us. A good investor is important, too, because capital is key for a start-up. I would also say to be patient and persistent. Nothing happens immediately, and it can be frustrating when you don’t see results right away, but it’s always worth it. Your initial ideas will change and may not end up being what you had originally thought, so be open to change, and be open to what works for your business. H&S: What are your plans for the future? Do you want to expand? BF: Plans are already in the works for a line I’m designing called The French Horse. It will be t-shirt styles that are casual but edgy, featuring horse words or phrases in French printed in cool fonts. I’m very excited about it! Eventually, I would like to hire people to travel with the store. Some day I’d like to get married and have a family, and not be on the road quite as much. But I love it right now! If not at the shows where the Airstream extraordinaire is parked, try bizibeeboutique.com BIZI BEE IS VERY SOCIAL:  facebook.com/bizibeeboutiquellc  twitter.com/bizibeeboutique  instagram.com/bizibeeboutiquellc Kathryn Lily E A N Keeping you cool on the hot days, warm on the cold days, and fashionable every day! Our ProAir fabric shirts are so light they feel like you’re wearing air! kathrynlily.com RIDING IS, AFTER ALL, SERIOUS FUN! HORSEcorner by Jeanette Gilbert-Gnaizda photos by Amy McCool and Deb Dawson LIKITO xx FINALLY OURS FORTUNA FIT TO FIGHT xx LIKE A LEAPER xx SHERLOCK HOLMES FABIENNE was a beauty, but with a strong personality. One of his former trainers frequently spoke of his trick of throwing his rider in the show ring and then stripping off his tack on the way back to the barn. Despite his good looks and obvious talent, he clearly didn’t fit the profile of a proper show horse. He had been sent to Hardin to see if she could help him conform a little better to the mold. “I thought of Buddy for Finally,” she said. “He deserved a horse of his own, like he gave me with Bert; and he had the patience and experience to find the good that went with the talent in Finally, something maybe I wasn’t going to find.” When Finally arrived at Derby Hill, Brown spent time getting to know him and quietly earning his trust. It wasn’t long before Brown realized that this horse could be a terrific partner. He called him ‘Joey’ after a favorite childhood story, and Finally’s show name became ‘Finally Ours.’ Brown’s father Graham, who originally owned Buddy’s storied partner Sandsablaze, became a partner in Finally Ours, along with Buddy, his wife Vanessa, stepmother Betsy, and previous owners, the Coors family. The quirky horse had found a home, and he started to blossom. As he gained trust in his new rider, he began to forego his old tricks, which gave Brown a renewed sense of joy. Joey seemed to be just the horse that Brown needed to wind down the Show Jumping part of his career and move in another direction. Finally Ours Matchmaking the right horse and rider combination is a key aspect to success in our sport. Considering this, what do the Grand Prix superstar horse Bert and the Hunter Derby phenomenon Finally Ours have in common? The talented horsemen behind them, Kristin Hardin and Buddy Brown identified one another as the perfect partners for these quirky mounts, who otherwise may not have realized their full potential. Well-known names across the country in the jumper and hunter divisions, Hardin and Brown have an innate talent with what others may consider difficult horses. A few years ago, Brown had a horse come through his barn that he knew had all the scope in the world, but also some moves that he might not want to deal with as he was winding down his legendary Grand Prix career. He thought of Hardin, and since then Bert and Hardin have forged a partnership that has allowed the tricky but talented horse to shine, with Grand Prix wins up and down the West Coast. Shortly after Brown’s act of friendship, a horse named Finally came to Hardin’s barn, allowing her to return the favor. The black horse was well known in Northern California for being tough. Finally 90 · june/july As they continued to build their bond, the wins followed. In 2014 they won four major derbies, including the $25,000 Grand Prix Hunter Derby at the Del Mar International Horse Show. Another win of note was the $7,500 Crown Affair Open Hunter Derby at Sonoma Horse Park in June. Especially meaningful to Brown, his father and stepmother were on hand to watch their horse win, and to join in the presentation photo. While Finally Ours has cleaned up his act and is a consistent winner, he still retains some of his more endearing quirks. He must have his earplugs in for hand walks, and he has little patience if treats remain too long in Brown’s pocket. Despite his good looks and obvious talent, he clearly didn’t fit the profile of a proper show horse. The future looks bright for this pair. Brown and Joey are aiming for the Franktown Meadows International Derby in June, and possibly a trip east for the USHJA International Derby Finals and the $500,000 HITS Hunter Prix Final in the fall. Brown’s wife Vanessa, a champion rider in her own right, said, “We’re both kind of bitten by the Derby bug; we have a bit of friendly rivalry going. He has Finally Ours and I have High Regard, and it’s my greatest wish that we could go to Derby Finals together and both do well.” With Brown in the irons, Finally Ours has found his perfect match. Opposite: A loving moment between man and horse; Above: Buddy and Finally Ours in winning form at Sonoma Horse Park Brandi Cyrus and Everlasting for Bizi Bee Boutique Photography: Amber Ulmer ASKdr.carrie Q: I am an adult rider with many years of experience as a junior, professional, and amateur but I just completed a seven-year break from riding. I am back in the saddle and looking for advice about managing the inner voices of doubt and fleeting moments of terror I experience when I jump. A: The inner-voices of self-talk typically cover over 200 words per minute. If and when these words go undirected, the mind wanders to the negative as a matter of survival. Negative thoughts originally were what helped us to remember to steer clear of the sabertoothed tiger and to avoid walking off cliffs. Your survival is not exactly at stake when you ride, but the amount of adrenaline and focus needed to navigate even a pole and cavaletti exercise is similar to the heightened brain function that occurs when you are being chased or avoiding catastrophe. The trick here is to focus your thoughts on the task at hand and train your brain to be aware of each stride, aid, and nuance of what you are doing rather than on what might go wrong. Q: A: Practice focusing your thoughts on all of the physical tasks you do off the horse so that it becomes second nature to be winded and have task-oriented focus. Allow any negative thoughts to flow through you and return your focus to the task at hand. When the door of terror emerges as you start to the first fence, go through it! The rhythm, stride, and horse-human connection will resurface if you have the courage to walk through the door. Special note: This question came from me as I am back in the saddle and experiencing all of the joys and challenges right along with my fellow riders. My respect for all of you has increased exponentially and I am so thrilled to be back among you. Look forward to seeing you at the back gate soon! I have had some career-high successes over the past year and now I am struggling to keep up this level of performance. What should I do? Big wins are like candy! They are sweet and we can never get enough of them. Being careful not to focus on them as our main source of nutrition, but knowing they will be there in the form of dessert helps to alleviate their addictive quality. Wins inspire us to keep working hard and give us the conviction to return to the ring and hone our craft; however it’s better to define yourself by the journey, not the wins and losses. When you feel low in the confidence department, reflect on the successes you have had including wins, personal bests, got-yourself-out-of-a-jam moments, and victories over self-doubt. Conversely, when you are feeling full of confidence and prowess, bring yourself back to the here and now. When your ego kicks in, remember how easy it is to falter. Horses despise the Carrie Wicks,Ph.D. | (707) 529-8371 | human ego because it takes their rider out of the body and into the narrative mind, leaving the horse with a disconnected partner. Riding well is not about the outcome. You can win a class because your mistake was the least glaring, and you can beat everyone when you break the timer .01 of a second faster than the field. Dial into your relationship with each horse, each day. Notice what types of communication work well, connect to the stride, use visualization to share the plan and track with your equine teammate. Definitely relish in the joy of winning and ride with confidence, but remember the reward of connection as you enter the ring with your equine partner. [email protected] | drcarriewicks.com Dr. Carrie founded The (W)inner’s Circle for Equestrians, a membership-based program that supports riders to develop a mental practice for peak performance. She regularly consults with riders and trainers. She is also a parenting guru who guides teens and parents through challenges while deepening their bonds and navigating adolescence. Dr. Carrie was a top Junior/Amateur competitor, a young professional rider, and mother of an elite gymnast and an equestrian. She has worn all the hats! Her doctoral dissertation, “Adolescent Equestrienne Athletes’ Experiences of Mindfulness in Competition” is in the Library of Congress and is currently being revised as a book for the public. If you would like to ask a question for this column or ask about a complimentary Performance Strategy session, please contact Carrie. 92 · june/july OUT&about O L D S A L E M FA R M – N O R T H S A L E M, N E W Y O R K 2 3 1 5 5 6 7 1. Ellie Ferrigno & Boneparte Z looking sharp 2. Beezie Madden & Cortes C soaring through the air 3. McLain gave his winning sash to this sweet girl 4. Trend spotting: pastel braids in the lead line 5. Lead line smiles 6. Karen Polle and Jeter lead the victory gallop 7. Savanna Hajdasz and Zarousch share their victory with the crowd 94 Photos © Lindsay Brock/Jennifer Wood Media · june/july Arden Ward Upton I use the lens of my camera to convey a world full of beauty, emotion, and sentiment. It has always been about the details, and I seek to make these the focus of every image I produce. Now, reaching further into my creative roots, this has become reality. Over the past fifteen years, I have photographed hundreds of thousands of images for clients and spent precious personal hours working on my own art projects in between magazine shoots and weddings. With my camera, I create art and unique images that capture the essence of life. When it comes to photography, I have a lot of “time in the saddle,” and it is only fitting that my passion for horses and wildlife be represented through my current collection Equus. These images have been years in the making, and were in my heart even before I captured them. Seeing them come to fruition is such an exciting time for me. From Photographer to Photographic Artist, I have returned to those creative roots. My own evolution as an artist has brought me back to the beginning, where my creative vision was born, and where my passion to capture the emotions of an image began. 96 Sherry Kozloff CA Insurance License #0I38059 [email protected] www.taylorharris.com WHERE TO FIND US! CELL 415.999.8600 800.291.4774 540.253.7780 Shop these select tack store locations in the United States and Canada to purchase your copy of Horse & Style! Do you want to see Horse & Style near you? Let us know at horseandstylemag.com/request Absolute Horse Inc. 2221 NE 3rd St., Suite B, Bend, OR Want to be seen in this gorgeous magazine? Contact Horse & Style today to learn more about our advertising opportunities. Calasbasas Saddlery 23998 Craftsman Rd., Calabasas, CA 91302 Equestrian’s Concierge LLC 7600 Lakeville Highway, Petaluma, CA 94954 Equesti Lifestyle 905 Arlington Dr., Gate 9, Stall N1, Costa Mesa, CA 92626 Equi-Products Highway 22X W, Calgary, AB, Canada Equus Now! 8956 Cotter St., Lewis Center, OH 43035 W E WOU L D LOVE TO CH AT! Gallops Saddlery 17937 SW McEwan Ave, Portland, OR 97224 [email protected] 2105 140th Ave, Northeast Bellevue, WA 98005 Tack N Rider 3031 Fortune Way, Suite A9, Wellington, FL 33414 The Tackeria 12501 S. Shore Blvd., Wellington, FL 33414 Valencia Saddlery 11355 Foothill Blvd., Lake View Terrace, CA 91342 98 10 8 9 1. Charlise Casas poised to enter the ring 2. Thursday’s FEI Horse Inspection 3. Victory ride for Charlise Casas, she earned both 1st and 2nd in the UltrOz Low Junior/Amateur-Owner Final 4. Fun for the kids too—arts & crafts cuteness 5. A gorgeous walking path from the warm-up ring to the The Rock Jumping Field 6. Every horse show should have a Candy Bar! 7. The Split Rock signature jacket 8. Beautiful oversized ribbons were awarded in each class 9. The VIP Tent 10. Linda and Willow Allen Photos © EqSol 99 CANyoustandit? Urban Unicorn Unicorns are on-trend in main stream fashion. With their majestic manner, endless glitter supply and, most importantly, their magical horn, they epitomize equine power. Although our favorite spirit animals can’t go everywhere with us, we can make a chic—and totally legendary—fashion statement when wearing this gorgeous pendant necklace. An ideal way to be trendy with an equestrian flare. Show your inner power! Magix Maxi Luxe Pendant Necklace, $3,500.00 Mas Bisjoux 100
Wrestling
Who presented the long-running radio programme 'Desert Island Discs' until his death in 1985?
Flying mare - definition of flying mare by The Free Dictionary Flying mare - definition of flying mare by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/flying+mare Also found in: Thesaurus , Wikipedia . flying mare n. A wrestling throw in which one grabs one's opponent's wrist, turns one's back to the opponent, and flips the opponent over one's shoulder onto the ground. flying mare n (Wrestling) a wrestling throw in which a wrestler seizes his opponent's arm or head (flying head mare) and turns to throw him over his shoulder fly′ing mare′ n. a method of attack in which a wrestler grasps the opponent's wrist, turns in the opposite direction, and throws the opponent over the shoulder and down. [1745–55]
i don't know
Which Scottish battle took place in 1314?
BBC - Scotland's History - The Battle of Bannockburn Scotland's History Articles The Battle of Bannockburn, 1314 The Battle of Bannockburn, 1314 The Adobe Flash player and Javascript are required in order to view a video which appears on this page. You may wish to download the Adobe Flash player . Bannockburn. If there is a fact every Scot knows, it is who won the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314; although it did not bring outright victory in the war, which lay 14 years in the future and would only be won at the negotiating table. The victory was a combination of Bruce's demand of 1313: that all of the remaining Balliol supporters acknowledge his kingship or forfeit their estates, and the imminent surrender of the English garrison encircled in Stirling castle – which spurred Edward II to invade Scotland. He mobilised a massive military machine: summoning 2,000 horse and 25,000 infantry from England, Ireland and Wales. Although probably only half the infantry turned up, it was by far the largest English army ever to invade Scotland. The Scots common army numbered around 6000, with a small contingent on horseback. It was divided into three "divisions" or schiltroms (massive spear formations), led by King Robert Bruce, his brother, Edward, and his nephew, Sir Thomas Randolph, Earl of Moray. After eight years of successful guerrilla warfare and plundering the north of England for booty, the Scots had created an experienced battle-hardened army. In June 1314, Edward II crossed the border only to find the road to Stirling blocked by the Scots army. Bruce had carefully chosen his ground to the south of the castle, where the road ran through the New Park, a royal hunting park. To his east lay the natural obstacles of the Bannock and Pelstream burns, along with soft, boggy ground. It seems Bruce planned only to risk a defensive encounter, digging pots (small hidden pits designed to break up a cavalry charge) along the roadway, and keeping the Torwood behind him for easier withdrawal. The battle opened with one of the most celebrated individual contests in Scottish history. Sighting a group of Scots withdrawing into the wood, the English vanguard, made up of heavy cavalry, charged. As they clashed with the Scots, an English knight, Sir Henry de Bohun, spotted Robert Bruce. If de Bohun had killed or captured Bruce, he would have become a chivalric hero. So, spurring his warhorse to the charge, he lowered his lance and bared down on the king. Bruce, an experienced warrior, didn't panic, but mounted "ane palfray, litil and joly" and met the charge. Dodging the lance, he brought his battle axe down on de Bohun's helmet, striking him dead. Elated, the Scots forced the English cavalry to withdraw. Two of Edward's experienced commanders, Sir Henry Beaumont and Sir Robert Clifford, attempted to outflank the Scots and cut off their escape route – very nearly surprising the Scots. At the last moment, however, Thomas Randolph's schiltrom dashed out of the wood and caught the English cavalry by surprise. A ferocious melee ensued. Without archers the cavalry found they were unable to get through the dense thicket of Scots spearmen, even resorting to throwing their swords and maces at them, until the Scots pushed them back and forced them into flight. The Scots had won the first day. Their morale was high and Bruce's new tactic of using the schiltroms offensively rather than statically, as Wallace had used them at Falkirk, appeared to be working. Yet Bruce must have been contemplating a strategic withdrawal before the set piece battle that would inevitably follow in the morning. For the English the setbacks of the first day were disappointing. Fearing Bruce might mount a night attack, they encamped in the Carse of Balquhiderock. The following day they still hoped to draw Bruce into a full-scale, set-piece battle where their decisive Welsh longbowmen could be brought to bear rather than let Bruce return to guerrilla warfare. At this critical moment, Sir Alexander Seton, a Scots noble in the English army, defected to Bruce bringing him vital intelligence of Edward's army: its confined position and the low morale within the English camp. Bruce decided to risk all in the morning and face Edward in open battle. At dawn the Scots ate their breakfast and advanced out of the wood to face the enemy. Medieval battles were seen as the judgement of God; it was important to have the saints on your side, and so, in the midst of the Scots schiltroms, Abbot Bernard of Arbroath carried their ancient lucky talisman, the Breccbennach (or Monymusk Relquary), which held the relics of St Columba. Bruce himself made a speech invoking the power of St Andrew, John the Baptist and Thomas Beckett. Then, according to the chronicler Walter Bower: "At these words, the hammered horns resounded, and the standards of war were spread out in the golden dawn." Abbot Maurice of Inchaffrey walked out in front of the army, led mass and blessed the Scots as they knelt in prayer. On seeing this, Edward II is reputed to have said: "Yon folk are kneeling to ask mercy." Sir Ingram de Umfraville, a Balliol supporter fighting for Edward, is said to have replied: "They ask for mercy, but not from you. They ask God for mercy for their sins. I'll tell you something for a fact, that yon men will win all or die. None will flee for fear of death." "So be it", retorted Edward. An archery duel followed, but the Scots schiltrom rapidly took the offensive in order to avoid its inevitable outcome. Edward Bruce's schiltrom advanced on the English vanguard, felling the Earl of Gloucester and Sir Robert Clifford, while Randolph's schiltrom closed up on their left. The English knights now found themselves hemmed in between the Scots schiltroms and the mass of their own army and could bring few of their archers to bear. Some broke out on the Scots flank and rained arrows into the Scots ranks, but they were quickly dispersed by Sir Robert Keith's Scots cavalry; the rest were badly deployed, their arrows falling into the backs of their own army. In the centre of the field there was ferocious hand to hand combat between knights and spearmen as the battle hung in the balance. At this crucial point Bruce committed his own schiltrom, which included the Gaelic warriors of the Highlands and Islands. Under their fresh onslaught, the English began to give ground. The cry "On them! On them! They fail!", arose as the English were driven back into the burn. The Adobe Flash player and Javascript are required in order to view a video which appears on this page. You may wish to download the Adobe Flash player . The battle's momentum was obvious. A reluctant Edward II was escorted away. As his royal standard departed, panic set in. The Scots schiltroms hacked their way into the disintegrating English army. Those fleeing caused chaos in the massed infantry behind them. In the rout that followed hundreds of men and horses were drowned in the burn desperately trying to escape. The battle was over. English casualties were heavy: thousands of infantry, a 100 knights and one earl lay dead on the field. Some escaped the confusion: the Earl of Pembroke and his Welsh infantry made it safely to Carlisle, but many more, including many knights and the Earl of Hereford, were captured as they fled through the south of Scotland. Edward II with 500 knights was pursued by Sir James "the Black" Douglas until they reached Dunbar and the safety of a ship home. The capture of Edward would have meant instant English recognition of the Scots demands. As it was, they could absorb such a defeat and continue the war. For the Scots it was a resounding victory. Bruce was left in total military control of Scotland, enabling him to transfer his campaign to the north of England. Politically he had won Scotland's defacto independence and consolidated his kingship – as former supporters of Balliol quickly changed sides. In exchange for Bruce's noble captives Edward was forced to release Bruce's wife, daughter and the formidable Bishop Wishart, who had been held in English captivity since 1306. For the Scots soldiers there was the wealth of booty left in the English baggage train and the exhilaration of victory. More articles
Battle of Bannockburn
Edward VI, who ruled from 1547-1553 was the son of Henry VIII by which wife?
Battle of Bannockburn Coordinates: 280576, 691526 Overview and Statement of Significance Bannockburn is significant as one of the most iconic battles of Scottish history and as a key battle in the Scottish Wars of Independence. It gives King Robert I (the Bruce) effective control of Scotland and essentially removes both English forces and his own internal enemies from within the country, and in the longer term helps secure papal recognition of the nation. It is also of incredible significance in the historical and cultural identity of Scotland even today. The battle was a continuation of Robert the Bruce's campaign to take control of the Kingdom of Scotland that he claimed in 1306. Fought over two days, the battle was a resounding victory for Bruce over a larger English army led by Edward II. A large number of English were killed during the battle and significant nobles taken prisoner. Edward was forced to flee Scotland by boat, leaving behind the valuable English baggage train. The victory helped establish Bruce as de facto King of Scotland and essentially ended any realistic claims of the Plantagenets to the Scottish throne. Bannockburn helped define Scotland's identity in Europe and, although it would be another 14 years until the war ended, Edward II never fully recovered from the defeat which undermined his authority to rule Scotland. In the longer term the victory signalled a new era of confidence in the Scottish nation and in Bruce as its leader. Inventory Boundary The Inventory boundary defines the area in which the main events of the battle are considered to have taken place (landscape context) and where associated physical remains and archaeological evidence occur or may be expected (specific qualities). The landscape context is described under battlefield landscape: it encompasses areas of fighting, key movements of troops across the landscape and other important locations, such as the positions of camps or vantage points. Although the landscape has changed since the time of the battle, key characteristics of the terrain at the time of the battle can normally still be identified, enabling events to be more fully understood and interpreted in their landscape context. Specific qualities are described under physical remains and potential: these include landscape features that played a significant role in the battle, other physical remains, such as enclosures or built structures, and areas of known or potential archaeological evidence. The Inventory boundary for the Battle of Bannockburn is defined on the accompanying map and includes the following areas: The former area of New Park hunting park incorporating the Whins of Milton, Borestone, Coxet Hill, Gillies Hill, St Ninian's and the line of the Roman road. The location of the Scottish camp and advance of the English army. The first day of the battle was fought within this area. The Carse of Stirling and the Dryfield incorporating the Pelstream and Bannock Burns, Bannockburn Moor, Broomridge, Bannockburn village and Balquhidderock Wood. The location of the English camp and the potential locations for the second day of fighting. Cambuskenneth Abbey and grounds. The location of the Scottish baggage train which was sacked by the Earl of Atholl in the aftermath of the battle. Bannockburn Wood. An area known as Bloody Fould which was possibly the location of a massacre of the English and has potential to contain human remains associated with the aftermath of the battle. The well preserved landscape characteristics of the battlefield including the surviving open ground of New Park, the views from and the spatial relationship between the Carse, Stirling Castle and the hill terraces to the south-west. Historical Background By 1314 Robert the Bruce was in control of large parts of Scotland. This position had been gained after a long struggle to take control of the Kingdom of Scotland, firstly against Edward I, and after the latter's death in 1307, against his Scottish enemies and the castles held by the English. Edinburgh Castle and Roxburgh had been taken from the English and Stirling Castle was under siege. A pact had been made that the castle would be surrendered to the Scots if the siege were not raised by midsummer 1314. Bruce gathered a large army to defend against any English relief force, and had time to drill the schiltrons to a high state of preparedness. Edward II raised a far larger army of the greatest of English chivalry, thousands of men-at-arms and archers. He marched on Stirling from Falkirk along the line of the Roman road. The events of the battle took place over two days. On the first day, 23rd June, the action took place around the New Park (a royal parkland) located to the south-west of St Ninians on the road from Falkirk to Stirling. The Scots were drawn up here in a naturally defended position that was improved by the digging of pits filled with sharpened stakes to defend against a frontal cavalry charge. The fighting was between the English vanguard of c. 4,000 men and Robert the Bruce's slightly larger army. According to John Barbour's later account (a 14th century Scottish poet who wrote The Brus, a long narrative poem celebrating the First War of Scottish Independence), as the English vanguard came in sight of the Scots Henry de Bohun (nephew of the Earl of Hereford, who was joint commander of the vanguard) saw Bruce isolated and forward of the Scottish lines and charged at him. Bruce avoided his charge and killed him as he passed with a blow of his axe that broke the haft, an incident commemorated on the old Clydesdale Bank £1 note. After this initial encounter, the English vanguard charged the Scottish lines, but could not break through and had to retreat; the lack of archers in the English vanguard undoubtedly contributed to the success of the Scottish schiltrons in this engagement. A small detachment of around 300 English under Sir Robert Clifford and Henry de Beaumont attempted to reach Stirling Castle by skirting the high ground to the east along the edge of the Carse, but they were intercepted by the Earl of Moray's schiltron and driven off with heavy losses. Repeated charges were unable to disrupt the schiltron; at this point, Sir James Douglas appeared with a second schiltron, while Moray started to advance his schiltron on the English. The English force broke, some heading for Stirling Castle and the remainder returning to the main army, which now moved down onto the Carse of Stirling (the marshland to the south-east of the castle) for the night. On the second day, 24th June, the Scots advanced to meet the English, who had spent the night on the low ground and were not expecting a Scottish assault; rather, Edward II seems to have been convinced that the Scottish army would avoid battle, and many of his actions on the first day make most sense in terms of preparing to intercept Bruce when he tried to escape. Instead, Bruce marched out of the shelter of the woods (presumed to be Balquhidderock Wood) and began to march steadily forward in three battles. The English cavalry responded with a charge led by the Earl of Gloucester. However, they seem to have mounted up with little formation, while the rest of the army were ill prepared for the battle, according to Barbour. These actions appear to reflect the strength of Edward II's belief that the Scots would not fight. The charge was unsuccessful, partly because of the lack of organisation of the cavalry and partly because part of Bruce's strategy appears to have been to reduce the amount of ground available to the cavalry and therefore the effectiveness of any charge. There was also a great deal of tension in the English command. As the Scots began their advance, there was a bad-tempered exchange between Edward II and the Earl of Gloucester, partly over tactics and partly in recrimination of the English vanguard's failures on the previous day. The impression given by the primary sources is that Gloucester was angry with Edward II and acting rashly as he charged the Scottish line. Gloucester was amongst the English losses as the schiltrons held. There seems to have been little contribution from the English archers, normally such an important part of English military tactics. The only source to talk about archery was Barbour, who referred to the English archers attempting to break up the Scottish ranks and beginning to have some success, before Bruce sent Sir William Keith at the head of the 500 strong Scottish cavalry to disperse them. If this happened, then it would be one of the few successes that Scottish cavalry ever recorded. However, there is no other record of this element of the fighting and it has been argued that at the time Barbour was writing, Keith's family were still important members of the Stewart court and therefore his participation in the battle was embellished to enhance his status. The archers would not have shot once the two armies had closed, which implies that the archers were never brought into action. If this argument is correct, then there was virtually no archery during the battle. The Scottish schiltrons continued to advance and drove the English cavalry back, while the English men-at-arms were unable to come into the fighting because they were enclosed by the burns and bogs on both sides and the vanguard in front of them. As the vanguard was driven back, they collided with their own infantry, causing the English lines to collapse in confusion. At the same time, Bruce ordered in his reserve of Highland troops and the English broke. The tradition of the Sma' Folk relates to this, when the camp followers who were watching came running down the slopes to finish off the armoured soldiers who were struggling in the mud of the Carse; the English thought that they were fresh reserves, increasing the panic in their ranks. Edward II's army collapsed and began fleeing in several directions. Edward went to Stirling Castle, but then turned aside and headed for Falkirk and Linlithgow, eventually reaching Dunbar, pursued all the way by a small force under Sir James Douglas; he was taken in a small open boat to Bamburgh and then to Berwick, from where he was able to get a ship that took him away to safety. Many of the English army fled towards Stirling Castle as well, but were denied access and taken prisoner. A group under the Earl of Hereford headed to Bothwell Castle near Hamilton, where they were taken prisoner and handed over. Others tried to reach the Forth, with some apparently drowning in the river. Many were caught in a great ditch and slaughtered; this ditch has caused a great deal of the controversy over the location of the battle as attempts have been made to identify it. Many writers have assumed that it is the gorge through which the Bannock Burn emerges onto the Carse, but it could instead be any part of the Pelstream Burn or the Bannock Burn as they cross the Carse towards the river. There is also a location known as Bloody Fould, which is traditionally in the vicinity of Bannockburn House and is the supposed location of a massacre of English fugitives. However, according to the English Annals of Trokelowe, those who were taken prisoner were apparently well treated on Bruce's orders. The Armies The English force was much larger than Bruce's army and was a well-equipped force. It had a large cavalry element but also included archers and infantry. The army was substantially English, but the archers included a large body of Welshmen and there was a contingent of Irishmen under the command of Richard De Burgh, Earl of Ulster and Bruce's father-in-law. The army also was a very experienced force, many of whom had been engaged in campaigns in Scotland over the past few years, so they knew their enemy. There were also groups of disaffected Scots, including Comyns, Anglo-Norman cross-border lords and MacDougalls from Lorn. Bruce had an army of mainly spearmen, which he had been gathering at Torwood since May, and had trained to act in schiltrons. In addition to these spearmen, he had a relatively small body of cavalry and archers. His troops were drawn from all over Scotland, including a group of MacDonalds from Islay; as much as settling Bruce's claim to the throne of Scotland, the battle was also to settle the Lordship of the Isles on the MacDonalds. The troops were a mixture of battle-hardened troops from the preceding years of warfare and men that had answered the call to arms for the first time; Bruce is said to have turned away any that were not fully equipped. Numbers Scots: Bruce had around 6-7,000 spearmen and 500 cavalry. There was also a group of irregulars, known as the sma' folk in popular history, of unknown numbers but who would have been lightly armed and armoured. English: Edward had a large force of heavy cavalry, somewhere around 2-3,000, all of whom were highly experienced from fighting in France, in Scotland and also in England. The infantry numbered around 16,000, and consisted of men-at-arms and archers; some accounts suggest that there were up to 2,000 archers present. There was also a substantial baggage train bringing supplies for the army. Losses Losses are very difficult to estimate. There was certainly a high death toll amongst the English, but this appears to have been largely confined to the fighting and the rout, with Bruce keeping control over his troops' desire for slaughter. There are mentions of areas in which the fleeing troops were cut down, such as at Bloody Foulds or in the gorge of the burn, but there was not the mass slaughter that accompanied the Flemish victory at Courtrai in 1302 or the English victory at Dunbar in 1306. The chronicles all accept that the English nobility that were taken prisoner had been well treated before being exchanged for ransom. Barbour claimed that 30,000 English were killed, which is far too high as the army was no more than around 20,000 strong. Barbour's estimate of the strength of the English army was 100,000, and it may be fair to consider that the rough proportion of losses may be correct: roughly 30% of the army. However, the only mention of a large body of troops being able to return south relates to the retreat of the Earl of Pembroke with a large body of Welsh archers, who were mistaken for Scots in Cumbria and attacked. English losses may have been a much higher proportion. Certainly, there were a lot of significant figures killed, including the Earl of Gloucester, Sir Robert Clifford and Giles d'Argentan. Scottish losses were much lower; the schiltrons held formation, which would protect the majority of the troops; on the first day, Moray's schiltron is said to have suffered only one death in the action against Clifford and Beaumont. The Scottish army certainly took losses from the archers on the second day, but these losses were not a major factor in the course of events. Action Bruce had assembled his army somewhere in the area of Torwood, which was much larger than its modern extent. On 22 June, he moved towards the New Park and was camped somewhere in the area of the modern NTS visitor centre, drawn up across the line of the Falkirk-Stirling road that ran on the line of the Roman road. This was the route used by the English advance, and was the most likely route for any army to use. Bruce had prepared carefully and had chosen to fight in an area with plentiful natural protection. The fighting took place over two days, with an initial series of skirmishes on the first day, followed by the main battle on the second day. Day 1 According to the Lanercost Chronicle, the English army arrived near Torwood after dinner, led by the vanguard under the Earl of Gloucester. The army continued along the main road, the only major route to Stirling from the south-east. This was the old Roman road, which appears to run along the current A872 into Stirling. The vanguard encountered the Scottish positions in front of the woods of the New Park; this was a position of some considerable strength. There is a ridge of high ground above the levels of the marshes and of the Carse that runs through St Ninians to Stirling Castle; Bruce was drawn up to block this route. The ground seems to have been prepared with pits being dug, as Bruce had previously done at the Battle of Loudoun Hill in 1307. This had the effect of reducing the width of passable ground, and reducing the risk of being outflanked by the much larger English army, but also meant that any English mass cavalry charge would be broken up. To an extent, this was the same sort of preparation that Wallace had made at Falkirk in 1298, where the schiltrons had been protected by ropes tied between stakes and murder holes. These were 'a contrivance full of evils... formed for the feet of horses/holes with stakes, so that they may not pass without disasters''(Baston). The English vanguard crossed the Bannock burn and came within sight of the Scottish forces that were drawn up in schiltrons. The Scottish vanguard was positioned to the east at St Ninians, under the command of Thomas Randolph, Earl of Moray. Bruce was commanding the reserve units, largely comprising Highlanders, but at the time that the English arrive, appears to have been out in front of the Scottish lines, checking the troop disposition. What happened next is the stuff of legend, but as the different sources from both Scotland and England relate the story, it does appear to be true. Sir Henry de Bohun, who was a relatively inexperienced soldier, charged Bruce in order to kill him before the battle started; Bruce could be recognized because he had a gold circlet around his helmet. The heavy cavalry charge of de Bohun was easily avoided by Bruce on a much lighter horse, and Bruce killed de Bohun as he passed by with a single axe-blow to the head. The English cavalry then charged the Scottish line, but the line held and the English fell back. Because this was an engagement of the vanguard, the main body of archers was not present to make an impact on the fighting. A detachment of around 300 mounted men-at-arms went round to the east of the New Park under the command of Sir Robert Clifford and Henry Beaumont, who was to become the victor at the Battle of Dupplin Moor in 1332. This may have been an attempt to cut off the line of retreat of the Scots in the event that they broke and ran, or it might have been an attempt to relieve the siege by reaching the castle. However, the English detachment was intercepted by Moray with a schiltron of men. The English knights were unable to penetrate the spears of the schiltron and were unable to rely on the power of archery to break up the formation. They were reduced to throwing lances, maces and other weapons at the schiltron to try to break it. At this point, Douglas appeared with another schiltron after persuading Bruce to let him go to help Moray. However, seeing that the schiltron was holding, he stood back and allowed Moray to finish the matter on his own. The English, seeing that there was a fresh body of enemies, were even further discomfited when Moray made the schiltron advance on them. This was an unexpected move, as schiltrons had previously been static. The English broke, some making for Stirling Castle, while others headed back to the vanguard. Clifford lay amongst the dead. The English then moved onto the Carse to camp for the night. Their location is not clear, but they seem to have crossed the Bannock burn and camped with the burn and the Pelstream covering two sides of approach. The night was uncomfortable, and the English chroniclers talk of the poor morale of the English troops at this stage. However, one significant action that is recorded during the night is that the Earl of Atholl, who was one of Bruce's enemies (being both Bruce's nephew and John Comyn's son-in-law), attacked the Scots supply camp at Cambuskenneth and killed the Scottish defenders. Day 2 The dawn brought the two sides into conflict again. The location of the battle is discussed in the section below, but it appears that the English crossed the Bannockburn (according to the Lanercost Chronicle). Bruce then moved to meet them in open battle, and the sources talk of the Scottish troops appearing from amongst the trees, to the surprise of the English who did not expect such direct confrontation. It also appears that the archers were not in the forefront of the fighting, and there is some confusion amongst the sources about when the archers entered the fighting; the English accounts state that there was an initial exchange of arrows, but this does not explain why the large body of Edward's archers did not have the effect that might have been expected. Barbour's account does not mention this initial archery, but talks about the English archers shooting after the initial cavalry charge. Given that the archers did not have much of an influence on the result of the battle, it seems reasonable to suggest that the later account of Barbour is more accurate that the English accounts. At the same time, the English command was divided on tactics. The Earl of Gloucester argued that the cavalry should hold back, presumably to let the archers break up the Scottish schiltrons, but Edward II accused him of cowardice and urged a cavalry attack. Many of the knights were eager to reverse the events of the previous day, which meant that Gloucester (in a temper) led a charge of the vanguard against the schiltron commanded by Edward Bruce. Despite the shock of the cavalry charge, the schiltron held firm and Gloucester was one of the first English casualties. At this point, the English archers did start to shoot, with Barbour stating that 'the English archers loosed so fast that if their shooting had persisted, it would have gone hard for the Scotsmen.' In response, Bruce sent Sir Robert Keith with a force of 500 cavalry to break up the body of archers, which they did with great success. They appear to have killed a great number, with the rest fleeing and taking no further part in the battle. The Scottish schiltrons were now advancing on the English positions, despite repeated cavalry charges. The Scottish archers, normally a minor part of any Anglo-Scottish battle, were shooting to great effect amongst the English cavalry, and the advance of the schiltrons was driving the English cavalry back onto the remainder of their forces, who were held in check by the streams and bogs behind them. Bruce brought his Highlander reserve into action, again driving hard against the English, and their appearance on the battlefield, together with that of the Sma' Folk, caused English morale and discipline to collapse as groups and individuals started to flee. There were various points at which the fleeing troops came to grief: in the gorge of the Bannock burn (presumably as they sought the road back to Falkirk), at the Bloody Fould to the south and in the river Forth (where men are said to have drowned, dragged down by the weight of their armour as they tried to swim away). The schiltrons drove deep into the English lines, and Edward is said to have defended himself from assault with his mace. However, his high command could see that the battle was lost, and he was sent off the field to ensure that he did not fall into Scottish hands. He made for Stirling Castle, but was denied entry by de Mowbray on the grounds that the castle would now fall to the Scots and Edward would then be captured. He moved on, keeping to the coast, until he was able to take ship at Dunbar. One of the key elements to note is that the English were hampered by the ground on which they fought, as they could not manoeuvre. Despite the massive advantage of numbers, the English were overwhelmed. It seems clear that accounts may be correct when they suggest that the infantry were unable to get past the cavalry to deploy. There were around 16,000 English infantry, yet there is no mention of their involvement in the main body of the fighting. They appear to have been hampered by the cavalry ahead of them and the burns and boggy ground either side of them. Aftermath & Consequences The significance of the battle can scarcely be overstated. It is the centre of Scottish national consciousness and a major element in the definition of Scotland as an independent entity rather than North Britain, as the Act of Union of 1707 would have defined the geographical area. In recent times, it has been a cornerstone of Scottish nationalism, and has been used as a rallying point for nationalist groups. Within Scotland, the establishment of Bruce as king meant that the anti-Bruce opposition had been quelled. His major enemies, essentially those who identified with the Comyns, had to leave the country. At the same time, the Lord of the Isles was now a MacDonald and a supporter of Bruce, meaning that there was less of a threat from the western edge of the kingdom. While the MacDougalls had dominated the Lordship, they had been supporters of the English crown but they were now displaced by Bruce's supporters. The battle also had the effect of settling, at least for a while, the issue of the cross-border lordships. On November 6 1314, Bruce held court at Cambuskenneth, where he made an Act of Parliament that any man who had died in the service of Edward at Bannockburn or who had survived but not presented themselves at Cambuskenneth to swear fealty to Bruce would forfeit their lands. Although this act led directly to the Second War of Independence from 1332, where Edward Balliol and the Disinherited tried to regain their lands, for the immediate future it meant that the fifth column of cross-border lordships was removed. This helped to preserve the stability of the Scottish kingdom during Bruce's lifetime. A longer term effect was that the result of the battle led to the recognition of the kingdom by Pope John XXII, who insisted on referring to Bruce as Governor of Scotland rather than king. Bruce had been absolved of the murder of Comyn in 1310, but John XXII was angered by Bruce's refusal to keep a truce with England after the battle; John wanted peace in Europe to aid the crusades in the Middle East. However, in 1324, he finally had to concede the point and recognise Bruce as king of Scots. Overall, there was a general recognition of the legitimacy of the independent kingdom by European monarchs, because if nothing else, Bruce was able to claim Scotland as an independent possession by force of arms. Events & Participants Bannockburn involves many major figures from both Scotland and England at the time, and are far too numerous to list in detail here. On the Scottish side, King Robert I (the Bruce) led the army of around 6,000 infantry armed with spears, with the assistance of Sir James Douglas (the Black Douglas), the Earl of Moray, Edward Bruce (Robert's brother) and Sir William Keith who commanded the 500 cavalry. Edward II's army consisted of around 3,000 heavy cavalry, 14-15,000 infantry and up to 2,000 archers. Apart from the Earl of Lancaster, the majority of the nobility of England were either present or had sent men to the army. These included the Earl of Pembroke, the Earl of Gloucester, the Earl of Hereford, Sir Robert Clifford and Henry de Beaumont. The latter two were highly experienced commanders that had fought the Scots throughout the campaigns of Edward I; de Beaumont survived the battle and gained revenge in 1332 by destroying a large Scottish army at Dupplin Moor. A number of significant English figures were killed in the battle including the Earl of Gloucester, Sir Robert Clifford and Giles d'Argentan, the Earl of Pembroke. The most important figures for either side are undoubtedly their respective Kings. King Robert I (the Bruce) is one of Scotland's most famous historical figures. His grandfather was one of the claimants to the Scottish throne in the dispute following the death of Alexander III. Bruce was crowned King of Scots on 25 March 1306 at Perth, after murdering his rival John Comyn, Lord of Badenoch, also known as the Red Comyn, at Greyfriars Kirk in Dumfries. Although Bruce had authored his own coronation, he would become the focus of Scottish resistance to the English occupation. However, his initial efforts were less impressive than his later accomplishments. He suffered defeat to an English army under Aymer de Valence at Methven in June 1306 and again by the forces of John of Lorn, a relative of John Comyn, at Dail Righ in August, and Bruce was forced to flee mainland Scotland, while many of his family were killed or imprisoned. While in hiding that winter, the legend of the spider spinning a web is said to have inspired him to return in 1307, where he met with more success. He won an important victory against de Valence at Loudoun Hill in May, and gained further advantage when Edward I died at Burgh-by-Sands, near the Scottish border, in July 1307. With the English threat now drastically reduced, Bruce turned to deal with his internal enemies. All of Comyn's supporters opposed Bruce, at least initially, and he faced a long struggle against them in the south-west and in the north-east. The Battle of Barra two years after his coronation was the critical victory of this campaign, leaving him a relatively free hand to deal with his last few Scottish enemies and then to pick off English garrisons one by one, destroying the captured castles in his wake to prevent the English returning to them. After his overwhelming victory in 1314 at Bannockburn, Bruce was able to turn onto the offensive, raiding into England until a settlement was finally signed in 1328 under the Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton. King Edward II of commanded the English army at Bannockburn. He succeeded to the throne after his father, Edward I, died in 1307. Although he appears to have been a capable warrior in a personal capacity, he was little like his father in character. Throughout his reign Edward suffered from internal strife within England, frequently coming into conflict with his barons over his policies and his support for his own favourites, such as Piers Gaveston. In the end, he was deposed by his wife Isabella, with his own son becoming Edward III in 1326. The deposed king was imprisoned at Berkeley Castle, where he was murdered in 1327. The battle was significant tactically by showing that not only could a disciplined infantry force use the schiltron to withstand heavy cavalry, but that they could act as a mobile force rather than defending a position. The lessons that Henry de Beaumont learnt at Bannockburn were used to great effect against the Scots in the Second War of Independence and against the French in the Hundred Years War, where dismounted men-at-arms, supported by massed archery and using the terrain defensively, were able to destroy large armies of schiltrons and of French heavy cavalry. Context Scotland's history in the late 13th and 14th century was one of turmoil and conflict. Following the accidental death of King Alexander III in 1286, the heir to the throne was his three-year-old granddaughter, Margaret of Norway (the Maid of Norway). King Edward I of England proposed that she should marry his son and a treaty of marriage was signed in 1290. A ship was sent to fetch Margaret that same year, but she died in Orkney while on her way to Scotland for her inauguration, thereby scuppering Edward's plans. ,Many of the Scottish nobility had some claim to the throne in the absence of a clear successor. The two candidates with the strongest claim were John Balliol and Robert Bruce the Competitor. To settle the position, Edward I of England was asked to decide who should succeed. This process was known as the Great Cause and resulted in a total of 14 claimants competing for the Scottish crown, including Balliol and Bruce. This situation provided Edward I with a new opportunity to bring Scotland within Plantagenet control. He was asked to preside over the court of inquiry to the dispute, but first insisted on recognition of his overlordship. The Scottish nobility would not agree to his overlordship of the country, unwilling to compromise the rights of the Scottish crown, but they were prepared to accept him as overlord on a personal basis. This was sufficient for Edward, together with control of several royal castles, and he led the court that finally decided on 17 November 1292 in favour of John Balliol. John's inauguration as king was the start of his downfall. Edward clearly saw the election process as a way to bring Scotland under his control. He behaved towards John like a feudal overlord, repeatedly humiliating John and refusing to treat him as a fellow monarch. The breaking point for the Scots came in 1294 when Edward summoned John and the Scottish lords to join his army in France as his feudal vassals. This rejection of the sovereignty of the Scottish nation was unacceptable to king and nobility alike. In 1295, the Scottish nobility concluded that John was totally compromised and they elected a council of twelve to run the affairs of the kingdom. In an attempt to counter Edward's power, the council made an alliance with Philip the Fair of France (this was the start of the 'Auld Alliance'). This was effectively a declaration of war against Edward and a rejection of his claim to overlordship, which Edward could claim as an act of rebellion. In support of their new allies, the Scots launched an attack against Carlisle in March 1296. Edward responded by invading Scotland in 1296, razing Berwick and massacring its inhabitants. His army, under John de Warenne, Earl of Surrey, went on to defeat the Scots army at Dunbar, effectively ending organised resistance. It is important to note that, although the armies were nominally serving the respective English and Scottish Kings, many of the Scots nobility served within the English army in this campaign, including Robert the Bruce, and in other campaigns throughout the Wars of Independence. This reflected both the shifting balance of power between various factions within Scotland, and the fact that the English King compelled some Scottish lords to serve him. After the Battle of Dunbar, Edward advanced through Scotland with almost no opposition. John Balliol was forced to surrender, abdicate his throne and renounce his alliance with France, and was stripped of the royal insignia. Edward also removed the Stone of Destiny from Scone to England, together with the Holy Rood of St Margaret and other symbols of the Scottish crown. With Balliol removed and his own position strengthened by his victory, Edward again requested Scottish support for his ongoing war with France, but the outcome was not as he hoped. Resistance to his rule remained, but Edward's delegates in Scotland believed the Scots were no longer in a position to oppose him. Consequently they were taken largely by surprise when the Scots rose against English authority in earnest, in spring 1297. Among the notable figures leading the cause this time were William Douglas, Andrew Moray and William Wallace. William Douglas was soon captured following the Capitulation of Irvine, when a number of Scots nobles negotiated a peace with the English king. Wallace and Moray, however, continued the fight against Edward and resisted quite effectively, particularly with the victory at Stirling Bridge in 1297. Moray died in November 1297, but Wallace was knighted and made Guardian of the Realm, and led a punitive raid south into England in early 1298. These successes came to nought as Philip of France provided no assistance and instead made peace with Edward, leaving the English king free to concentrate on suppressing Scotland. Edward's view was that the Scots were rebels against his authority; this was the terminology he used throughout. He personally led a force to Scotland later that year, inflicting a catastrophic defeat on Wallace's force at Falkirk. Wallace then resigned his position as Guardian, but continued to resist Edward's rule. He sailed to France in 1299 to petition Philip for support, who introduced him to Pope Boniface VII, who had been given custody of John Balliol by Edward. Balliol was released to Philip's custody in 1301, but he was never to return to Scotland - unlike Wallace. Meanwhile, the debacle of the Scottish defeat at Falkirk had given Edward I the opportunity to conduct several leisurely campaigns over the next few seasons. He consolidated his control over central and southern Scotland by taking numerous strongholds, including Caerlaverock (1300) and Bothwell (1301). By 1302, most of the successes of Wallace and Moray's uprising had been reversed. The majority of strongholds (such as Edinburgh, Berwick and Roxburgh) had remained in English hands, while Stirling was retaken by the English directly after their victory at Falkirk. With central and southern Scotland being pacified, Edward I returned to England leaving garrisons, sheriffs and a lord lieutenant of Scotland in the person of John Segrave to maintain his authority. The Scots were still unwilling to bow to Edward's authority. John Comyn was chosen as Guardian in 1302 and began a guerrilla campaign against the English king's forces in Scotland. In 1303, a Scottish army under Comyn destroyed a much larger English force at Roslin. However, the war remained in Edward's favour, and Comyn and his supporters negotiated terms with Edward in 1304. After Comyn's submission, Edward adopted a more pragmatic approach to Scotland, realising he needed support within the country if he was to retain his grasp. He restored dispossessed lands to many nobles and placed Scots in positions of authority, but he exiled many others whose loyalty could not be guaranteed. Finally, in 1305, Edward's bitter enemy Wallace was captured by John Stewart of Mentieth, the Keeper of Dumbarton Castle, and surrendered to Edward. Wallace was tried and brutally executed in London ' and Edward's control of Scotland seemed assured. In 1306, Robert the Bruce, grandson of the Competitor and previously a supporter of Edward against the Balliol loyalists, began to move against Edward. Bruce murdered John 'the Red' Comyn in Greyfriars Kirk, Dumfries, and had himself inaugurated as King Robert I of Scotland at Scone in March 1306. Edward was enraged, again treating it as a rebellion, and declared that there would be no quarter for Bruce or his supporters. He despatched Aymer de Valence with an army to deal with Bruce. Valence, who was a brother-in-law of the murdered Comyn, inflicted a heavy but largely bloodless defeat on Bruce at Methven in June 1306. Bruce was then defeated a second time at Dail Righ by a force of Macdougalls, losing most of his men. Following this, the remainder of Bruce's army was dispersed and many of his family members were captured, each facing execution or long periods of imprisonment for their part. Bruce himself was forced to flee the mainland and went into hiding, possibly on Rathlin Island or in the Western Isles. This is the point at which the legend of the spider spinning a web is said to have inspired him to continue his efforts. Bruce returned to the Scottish mainland in early 1307 at Turnberry. He now switched to a guerrilla campaign, engaging English forces at Glen Trool and, finally, in the Battle of Loudoun Hill, where he put Valence's army to flight in April 1307. Edward then mounted another invasion, but the English king died at Burgh-by-Sands in Cumbria in July, before crossing the border. Although his son, Edward II, continued the campaign briefly, it soon came to an end. Edward was too distracted by internal difficulties in England to deal effectively with Bruce, including problems at home caused by the hostility of the English barons to Edward's favourite, Piers Gaveston. Edward's domestic problems provided an opportunity for Bruce to solidify his position in Scotland. He began a campaign to remove his internal enemies, taking control of castles at Inverlochy, Urquhart, Inverness and Nairn, and defeating the forces of the Comyns at the Battle of Barra and the MacDougalls at the Pass of Brander, at the same time as he was building his own support and strength. Once he had secured his own position among the Scots, he turned his attention again to the English. Most Scottish castles remained in English hands and Bruce began to seize these one by one, before destroying them to prevent their reoccupation by his enemies. By the end of 1309, Bruce was in control of much of Scotland, and was finally able to hold his first parliament at St Andrews. Edward launched a retaliatory expedition to Scotland in 1310, but it achieved nothing of note before he withdrew. Over the next few years, Bruce continued a 'scorched earth' campaign to strengthen his position and weaken the English forces within Scotland. By 1313, only a few Scottish castles remained in English hands. This included Stirling, which was besieged by Bruce's brother Edward in June 1313. Edward Bruce came to an agreement with the governor of the Castle, Philip de Mowbray, by which Mowbray would surrender the castle if not relieved before 24 June 1314. Meanwhile, King Edward II's political problems had been partially resolved by the killing of Gaveston in 1312 and the submission of the earls of Lancaster, Arundel, Warwick and Hereford in September 1312. The agreement made by de Mowbray made it politically unacceptable for Edward to leave the castle to its fate, while Bruce had also added Roxburgh and Edinburgh to the re-captured castles. The English King raised a large army and marched north to relieve the siege, although many of those present in the army had recently been his enemies. Edward's army met Bruce's at Bannockburn, just outside Stirling. The Scottish scored a famous victory, which effectively gave Bruce complete control of Scotland while crippling Edward's authority in England. This in turn allowed Bruce to begin raiding into England in an attempt to force Edward to accept Scotland's status as a nation, and he recaptured Berwick in 1318. He appealed to the Pope for support with the Declaration of Arbroath in 1320, and gained papal recognition as king in 1324. However, the English king did not relinquish his claim to Scotland, despite his defeat at Bannockburn and his ongoing struggles in England.. Edward II was deposed by his queen in 1327 and replaced by his 14 year old son Edward III. Finally, in 1328, with the Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton, which recognised Scotland as an independent nation and relinquished any English claim to the throne, the First Scottish War of Independence came to a close. Battlefield Landscape The general location of the battlefield is well established and the broad area of the first day of the conflict is defined. However, the exact location of the main deployments on the second day of the battle is a matter of considerable debate. It is widely acknowledged that the general area of the first day of fighting was around New Park, roughly in the area where the NTS visitor centre stands. This was an area of hunting reserve that was largely wooded and was, according to Barbour, the Scots camp and the location of the pits and traps dug to reduce the ability of cavalry to manoeuvre. As the English advanced along the Roman Road from Falkirk through Tor Wood, Clifford and Beaumont attempted to reach Stirling Castle by skirting the edge of the Carse towards St Ninians Church and were driven back by Moray's schiltron. Parts of the landscape of the first day of the battle have been covered with housing estates, and it is possible that the location of the fighting has been substantially redeveloped with the loss of any military artefacts or physical remains. Consequently, any remaining undeveloped open ground within this area has important potential for the survival of associated material of the first day of the battle. The location of the Roman road is known from aerial photographs, and its route can be traced to the southern edge of Bannockburn where it is lost in urban development. Another key surviving landscape feature is the location of the main supply train for the Scots at Cambuskenneth Abbey. The abbey and grounds are undeveloped and the abbey is in the care of Scottish Ministers. The topography of a substantial area of the first day of battle and the Scot's camp near the Whins of Milton survive as open land, now within the ownership of the NTS. This undulating landscape appears to have been key to Bruce's choice for a camp on the higher ground overlooking the castle to the north and the line of the Roman road to the west. The spatial relationships between these key landscape features can still be interpreted on the ground. The English overnight camp is likely to have been somewhere on the Carse, located to prevent night attacks by the Scots. Barbour talks of the English army as being on the 'hard feld', which implies that they were not on a peat bog. However, the confined space they occupied, mentioned by sources from both sides, where they were crushed together because of the streams and pools of the Carse, fits the Pelstream/Bannock Burn location best. In the absence of physical evidence neither location can be ruled out. There are currently eight alternative areas proposed for the location of the fighting on the second day, all originating from details given in the primary sources or secondary accounts of the battle. The two most viable locations appear to be the areas around the Dryfield and the Carse but no location has yet been supported by the recovery of artefactual evidence; it is likely that the exact area of fighting will remain unknown until detailed archaeological fieldwork is undertaken. The Carse of Stirling is a low lying floodplain of the River Forth overlooked by a series of hill terraces to the north-east forming a ridge of higher ground running north-west/south-east. The Carse was marshland at the time of the battle, surrounded by small hamlets, farms and areas of woodland. It was historically an area of peat, pools and burns with several tributaries (including the Pelstream and the Bannockburn) running across it and emptying into the Forth. Accounts of Edward's army crossing the Carse claim that the men used walls and roofs taken from local houses to cross an area of deep peat; boggy, treacherous, and certainly not conducive to heavy cavalry or wagon trains. However, the level of peat cover is debatable, and it would be a mistake to consider the Carse as a uniform peat bog. While the underlying soils are all heavy clays, at the edges of the Carse there may have been areas of peat clearance or agriculture. The reference to the use of thatched roofs from houses as bridges may suggest that there was some level of settlement on this lower ground; it suggests an army using what was at hand to deal with localised problems. Much of the Carse, where the English camped and at least some of the action of the second day took place, remains open and undeveloped and important views out towards Stirling Castle and the location of the Scot's camp to the south-west are intact. There has been some building along the base of the scarp; it also features the rail line to Stirling and the A907. There is also the remains of a bing that has been largely removed. The Dryfield refers to the area of drier land to the south-west of the Carse. As the chronicles largely talk of hard ground on which the fighting took place, the Dryfield, as its name suggests, fits that description. The Dryfield has seen a lot of development, and there is a considerable amount of housing in this area. It is now occupied mainly by the district of Broomridge, the more recent developments of the old village of Bannockburn and Bannockburn High School. Open areas do survive within the Dryfield area which have very high potential to add further knowledge for the action of the second day of battle through further archaeological investigation. The relationship between the Carse and the Dryfield, both locations of action on the second day, can still be traced on the ground, while the current Balquhidderock Wood may coincide, at least in part, with the area wooded at the time of the battle. The accuracy of the legend of the Sma' folk running down a slope to the English on the Carse is uncertain. Traditionally the location of the Sma' folk is in the area of Gillies Hill, but the distance from the main probable area of battle may make this unlikely. However, if the tradition is genuine a possible location of the camp followers is the high ground to the east of the proposed battleground, adjacent to the Scottish camp within the New Park. Coxet Hill is elevated ground to the north of the Scottish camp which overlooks both the Carse and the Dryfield. As it is a short distance from the proposed locations of the action of the second day it has high potential to be the position of the Sma' folk prior to their advance into the battleground. The entire potential battleground landscape has been significantly altered through drainage and peat extraction on the Carse, the modern spread of Bannockburn and Stirling along the terraces and the disappearance of wooded areas, such as New Park, and extensive field enclosure. Overall, the defined area is a mix of housing and industrial estates, farmland and open countryside. Nevertheless, significant open areas remain, enabling the events of the battle to be understood despite the amount of development and offering the potential of archaeological deposits. Location The location of the battle is a very controversial subject, and was the subject of a major historical review in 2001 (Watson & Anderson 2001). There has been general agreement of the site of the first day, which is roughly in the area of the NTS visitor centre, but the site of the second day has been vigorously debated for a considerable period of time. There have been several attempts to synthesise the arguments and produce a definitive location, but in the absence of verifiable artefacts relating to the battle, it is difficult to offer more than opinion. The first day's action took place at the New Park, a hunting park created by Alexander III. This seems to have been on the north side of Haberts Bog and Milton Bog, leading off towards Coxit Hill. The visitor centre stands at the probable southern edge of the New Park. There are currently eight suggestions for the location of the second day of the battle, marked on the accompanying maps by the numbers here; some of these are less likely than others. It should be noted that, at the time of writing, none of these locations has been supported by artefactual evidence. 1. Eastern Dryfield ' this location is in the area of the present Bannockburn High School, close to the scarp above the Carse. 2. Whins of Milton ' this location is in essentially the same area as the action of the first day. 3. Springkerse ' this location is out on the Carse, near the Springkerse Estate. 4. Pelstream/Bannock burn ' this location is in the area of land lying between the Pelstream and the Bannock burn. 5. Bannock Moor ' this location is on the Bannock moor, around the former Bannockburn Hospital. 6. Broomridge ' this location is at the north end of the Dryfield, near to St Ninians. 7. Bannockburn ' this location is on the SW edge of the Dryfield where the more recent parts of Bannockburn village stand. 8. New Park/Borestone ' this location is to the west of Borestone and NW of the visitor centre; it was the location of the New Park. Of these various suggestions, some are quite unlikely. Location 5 relies upon one source that talks of the fighting having taken place on Bannock Moor; this source was an English cleric writing after the event, and it would be an exceptional circumstance if he were to be the only one of all the chroniclers that got the placename correct. Location 3, which is the suggestion of a secondary account, seems unlikely because it would place the English camp well beyond the action of the first day, and much closer to Stirling Castle than to the Scots. It seems unlikely that they would have delayed the relief of the castle to await the advance of the Scots across water courses; it is scarcely credible that the schiltrons would have been able to advance that far in good order when having to ford the streams. Location 8 is based upon the New Park; the 1st edition OS map put the crossed swords symbol here at the New Park, but it is likely merely to mean that the action was all being put into the same (incorrect) location for both days. Finally, location 2 puts the action in the same place as the first day, which again is not supported by the sources. The other suggestions are more difficult to dismiss. Locations 1, 6 and 7 all relate to the Dryfield. One of the driving factors behind these suggestions is the issue of the nature of the ground on which the second day was fought. The chronicles largely talk of hard ground on which the fighting took place, and the Dryfield, as its name suggests, fits that description. The other major concern is the description of the Bannock burn as being a great ditch or gorge; this is easily apparent where it cuts through the higher ground on which the modern village stands, but is less clear for the burn as it crosses the Carse. For these reasons, various recent authors have favoured the Dryfield. In consideration of these factors, the issue of the hard ground raises the whole question of the nature of the Carse. It is generally discussed as being a swamp, and it is known that there was extensive peat extraction from the Carse in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. However, the Carse is a very extensive area, with widely varying conditions. Furthermore, the term 'carse' actually means land adjacent to a river, and therefore does not mean that it has to be a peat bog. By the time of Roy's map, in the period 1745-55, the Carse in the vicinity of the Bannock burn was ploughed land with extensive numbers of fermtouns scattered across it. This might mean that peat extraction was very early here, but it may also indicate that it is a mistake to consider the Carse as a single large peat bog. There is a satirical poem, The Scots Hudibras, by Samuel Colvill of Culross and published in 1681 (before the reclamation of the Carse), which says of the Carse in summer that 'Now mires grow hard as toasted breid That men might through the Carses ride' It may have been the case that the ground on the Carse was indeed hard and usable for cavalry, at least in parts. The issue of the gorge or Great Ditch is more difficult, but two things need to be considered. Firstly, the Bannock burn was not a major impediment on the evening of the first day, when the English retired to make camp. It is inconceivable that they would have crossed a gorge in the course of establishing the camp. Secondly, the gorge only became a major problem at the time of the English flight from the field, which does not require the Dryfield location. There is also a problem with the Dryfield locations. The sources are fairly clear that the English retreated to the Carse during the night, probably intending to use the waterways as defences. It is clear that, whether or not there were dry areas of the Carse, it was covered with burns and with pools of water, and this cannot be said for any of the areas in the vicinity of the Dryfield. If the English army were on the Carse overnight, a Dryfield location for the second day would require them to have scaled the scarp to engage with the Scots: none of the sources mentions this, while it would also require Bruce to have sat back and allowed the English to leave a disadvantageous location for a more advantageous one. Location 4 places the fighting of the second day on the Carse, and essentially in the parcel of land between the Pelstream and the Bannock burn. The English camp may have been within this area, or it may have been on the eastern side of the Bannock burn; some of the sources talk of the English crossing the burn in the morning of the first day. The fighting would then have been in the area between the burns, with Bruce advancing his men down the scarp at Balquhiderrock Wood, emerging from the trees in the way described in the sources. This location would mean that the English were confined by the water courses that they had used as a defence in the night, and that there was a narrow area within which to fight; this would have negated the numerical advantage straight away. The main problem for this location is that the obvious gorge of the Bannockburn lies south of the area and thus behind the arena of conflict. The modern burn is not particularly deep or wide at this point, as mentioned above, but it must be remembered that some of the sources talk of a Great Ditch rather than a gorge, and it may be the case that the scale of the feature has been overestimated. Again, as previously mentioned, the feature only became significant when the rout was taking place, which could easily encompass a stream rather than a gorge. The absolute location of the fighting will only be proven by artefacts, and both the Dryfield and the Carse have strong reasons to be considered. It may be considered that the Carse has a stronger case, but neither can be ruled out on the basis of present knowledge. Terrain Bannockburn is located on a series of terraces, which to the west give way to high ground largely covered with forest plantation, while the lower slopes are agricultural land. To the east, the most striking feature, and possibly an important one in relation to the battle, is the Carse of Stirling. This area corresponds to the extensive floodplain of the River Forth and consists largely of low lying level ground, occupied in the main by farms and fields. The area is today skirted to the west by the railway and major roads. Several tributaries run across the Carse, emptying into the Forth, the most important of these being the Bannock Burn, which itself is joined by the Pelstream Burn midway between the high ground of Bannockburn and the River Forth. There has been some debate regarding changes in the landscape that may have occurred in the 688 years since the battle. Apart from the obvious transformation caused by modern development - houses, roads etc - there are other changes that should be taken into account. Important here is the suggestion that the level of the Carse has in some places been considerably lowered by the removal of peat (Watson and Anderson 2001, 6). While there has undoubtedly been considerable peat removal from the Carse, it does not mean that the entire Carse was covered by several metres of peat. Indeed, the metal detecting from the Carse during the Two Men in a Trench fieldwork produced musket balls that probably date from 1745/6, suggesting that there was not a build up of peat at that time. At roughly the same date, Roy's map of the area indicates the presence of arable fields across much of the Carse, suggesting that the area has been extensively drained over the past centuries. The implication is then that there is little chance that, if the fighting took place on the Carse, the artefacts were removed during peat stripping, as this is unlikely to be an area of peat growth. There is little sign of any woodland today on the Carse, with the notable exception of Balquhidderock Wood, which occupies the slope where the higher terrace drops down onto the lower ground of the Carse. This is today preserved as park land, and it has been suggested that this represents a remnant of woodland which was here at the time of the battle - extrapolated by Scott from the presence of woodland here as long ago as the time of Roy's map produced in the 18th century (2000). However, as Watson and Anderson have pointed out, the presence of woodland here in the 18th century does not necessarily mean that it was here several centuries before then (2001, 23). New Park, which at the time of the battle was sufficiently wooded to provide Bruce's army with cover and potential refuge is now treeless and open. Condition Much of the Bannockburn area has become urbanised, with considerable development in the latter half of the 20th century. There are areas of open ground that survive, particularly along the side of the A872 as it crosses the Bannock burn. The Carse is largely open, but has been extensively impacted over the centuries. In addition to the communication routes crossing the area (road and rail), there is the base of a bing that has been largely removed, while the development of industrial estates in the Springkerse area has spread across areas of the riverside Carse. Archaeological & Physical Remains and Potential A single military artefact has been recovered from the defined area; a probable 14th century arrowhead found by the National Trust for Scotland (NTS) in the vicinity of the visitor centre in 2004. Extensive programmes of metal detecting on potential locations of the fighting on the second day (the Carse, surrounding area and Dryfield) have recovered no artefacts which could be associated with the battle. Due to the nature of the fighting (with relatively little archery activity) and the early date of the battle, it is possible that the battleground has relatively low potential for the recovery of military artefacts. There is potential for physical features relating to the battle to survive, such as the pits which were said to be dug by the Scots to break up English attacks. However, to date none of these has been found and excavations in 2002 of crop-mark pit features to the south of Bannockburn Wood revealed only activities relating to mining in the 18th and 19th centuries. Wooden stakes recovered from Milton Bog in the 19th century, initially seen as the stakes from the Scottish pits, have been identified as Scots Pine roots dating to the Mesolithic period, and therefore with no connection to the battle. No human remains or items of personal equipment have been recovered from the battlefield or the surrounding area. The potential for individual burials and mass graves to be located within the defined area, particularly from the areas of the Carse which have seen less construction, is high. The Annales of Trokelowe stated that the dead were buried on the battlefield, with the majority being buried in 'gret pyttis' [large pits]. Cultural Association There are a huge number of cultural associations to the battle, in keeping with its iconic status. The battle is mentioned in a wide range of poems, ballads and songs; Scots Wha' Hae and Flower of Scotland are the most famous examples. It has been depicted in film and television and has featured on Scottish currency, most notably with the old £1 notes that featured the incident where Bruce killed de Bohun, the £20 Clydesdale banknote showing Robert the Bruce and the Monymusk Reliquary. Bannockburn possesses a National Trust for Scotland visitor centre, opened in 1967, which is in the area of the events of the first day. This land was purchased by the Earl of Elgin (head of the Bruce family) in 1932, and was centred on a flag pole that was erected in 1870 to commemorate the battle. The flag pole is now enclosed within a concrete rotunda, built in 1962, which is close to the statue of Bruce. This bronze statute was the work of sculptor Charles d'Orville Pilkington Jackson in 1964, who had produced a model of Bruce's face from his skull in 1957. There is no commemoration at the site of the events of the second day, largely because of the difficulty in determining exactly where the events took place. The NTS visitor centre has a large display on the battle, which provides interpretation for the visitor. There is a plan for new visitor facilities by the National Trust for Scotland, to be completed by 2014. At some stage in the provision of memorial features in the 1960s, there was fairly extensive remodelling of the summit of the hill; this was probably connected to the construction of the rotunda. In this process, the level of the ground on the eastern side was raised by around 1.5 m, and the course of the A872 was changed to its current line. There is a plethora of place-names associated with the battle, from traditional field names, such as Bloody Fould, to modern street names, such as Targe Wynd. Commemoration & Interpretation References Bibliography Barrow, G W S 1976 Robert Bruce and the community of the Realm of Scotland. Edward Arnold, London. Brown, C 2009 Bannockburn 1314: a new history. The History Press, Stroud. Brown, M 2008 Bannockburn: the Scottish War and the British Isles, 1307-1323. EUP, Edinburgh. Caldwell, D H 1998 Scotland's Wars and Warriors: Winning against the Odds. Mercat Press, Edinburgh. Christison, P 1960 Bannockburn: the story of the battle. The National Trust for Scotland, Edinburgh. Christison, P 1966 Bannockburn: a soldier's appreciation of the battle. National Trust for Scotland, Edinburgh. Cornwell, D 2009 Bannockburn: the triumph of Robert the Bruce. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut. Mackenzie, W M 1932 The Bannockburn myth: being a reply to the pamphlet of "The Historical Association" entitled The site of the battle of Bannockburn. Edinburgh: Grant & Murray. Mackie, J D 1947 'Battle of Bannockburn,' Scott Hist Rev, 26 (1947), 102-89. Maxwell, H E 1914 'The battle of Bannockburn', Scott Hist Rev, 11 (1914), 233-51. Miller, T 1914 'The site of the New Park in relation to the Battle of Bannockburn', Scott Hist Rev, 12 (1914), 60-75. Nusbacher Aryeh, J S 2000 The Battle of Bannockburn, 1314. Tempus, Stroud. Pollard, T & Oliver, N 2003 Two Men in a Trench II: Uncovering the Secrets of British Battlefields. Michael Joseph, London. Reid, S 2004 Battles of the Scottish Lowlands, Battlefield Britain. Barnsley: Pen & Sword. Shearer, J E 1914 The Site of the Battle of Bannockburn: the reputed sites and the mythical Carse site reviewed: R S Shearer & Son, Stirling. Watson, F & Anderson, M 2001 The Battle of Bannockburn: A report for Stirling Council. Stirling Council. Information on Sources & Publication Bannockburn is one of the most frequently mentioned Scottish battles, as befits its iconic status. There are a variety of primary sources, some Scots and some English. The main Scottish source is John Barbour's The Bruce, published in 1375, which is later than the events and written by a pro-Bruce Stewart sympathiser. From the English side, the main sources are the Lanercost Chronicle and the Scalachronica, written by the son of one of the English participants. These are more contemporary with the battle, but do not have the knowledge of the area that Barbour displays. The secondary sources come largely from the late 19th/early 20th centuries and of the 20th century, possibly reflecting the ebb and flow of nationalist consciousness within the body politic. Most recently, there has been an increase in interest in the battle because of a potential for housing development encroaching further on areas that may contain physical evidence of the battlefield. Primary Sources Edgar, W. 1777. A map of Stirling Shire. Edgar, W. 1892 A map of Stirling Shire from a survey. Stirling: R.S. Shearer & Son. Secondary Sources Anderson, David. 1833. King Robert Bruce: The battle of Bannockburn: an historical play,in five acts. Aberdeen: Collie. Bannockburn 1314. Scotland triumphant. 1962. Macmillan, M 1914 The Bruce of Bannockburn. Being a translation [into modern verse] of the greater portion of Barbour's "Bruce". Barrow, G W S 1976 Robert Bruce and the community of the Realm of Scotland. Edward Arnold, London. Baston, R 1938 [Metrum de proelio apud Bannockburn.] Poem on the Battle of Bannockburn. Translated by R. Culbertson. Introduction and notes by. W. McMillan. Brown, M 2004 The Wars of Scotland 1214 ' 1371, EUP, Edinburgh Brown, M 2008 Bannockburn: the Scottish War and the British Isles, 1307-1323. EUP, Edinburgh. Caldwell, D H 1998 Scotland's Wars and Warriors: Winning against the Odds. Christison, P 1960 Bannockburn: the story of the battle. The National Trust for Scotland, Edinburgh. Christison, P 1966 Bannockburn: a soldier's appreciation of the battle. National Trust for Scotland, Edinburgh. Mackenzie, W M 1932 The Bannockburn myth: being a reply to the pamplet of "The Historical Association" entitled The site of the battle of Bannockburn. Edinburgh: Grant & Murray. Mackie, J D 1947 'Battle of Bannockburn,' Scott Hist Rev, 26 (1947), 102-89. Martin, D E 1997 The Battlefields of Scotland: A report on their preservation for Historic Scotland. Unpublished Historic Scotland report. Maxwell, H E 1914 'The battle of Bannockburn', Scott Hist Rev, 11 (1914), 233-51. McLaren, M 1964 If Freedom Fail: Bannockburn, Flodden, the Union. Secker & Warburg, London. McNamee, C 1997 The Wars of the Bruces: Scotland, England and Ireland, 1306 ' 1328. McNeill, P G B & MacQueen, H L 1996 Atlas of Scottish History to 1707. University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh. Miller, A 1865 Miller's Handbook of Central Scotland: being a guide to Stirling, Bridge of Allan, Bannockburn. and all notable places in the district. Miller, T 1914 'The site of the New Park in relation to the Battle of Bannockburn', Scott Hist Rev, 12 (1914). Miller, T 1938 The Battle of Bannockburn was won beside Skeoch Hill. Stirling. Miller, T 1931 The Site of the Battle of Bannockburn. [With a map.]. Historical Association leaflet 85. Mitchell, W S S C 1893 Bannockburn: a short sketch of Scottish history. [Reprinted from The Stirling Observer.].: Scottish Home Rule, Edinburgh Association. Morris, J E 1914 Bannockburn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Nimmo, J 1965 Bannockburn Followed Stirling Bridge. [On the history of Scotland, [1272-1332]. Douglas & Douglas, Glasgow. Nusbacher Aryeh, J S 2000 The Battle of Bannockburn, 1314. Tempus, Stroud. Oman, C W C 1924 A history of the art of war in the Middle Ages. Methuen, London. Pollard, T & Oliver, N 2003 Two Men in a Trench II: Uncovering the Secrets of British Battlefields. Michael Joseph, London. Rait, R S 1930 'Was Bannockburn a misfortune for Scotland?', Scott Bankers' Mag, 21 (1930), 301-11. Reid, S 2004 Battles of the Scottish Lowlands, Battlefield Britain. Barnsley: Pen & Sword. Shearer, J E 1909 Fact and Fiction in the Story of Bannockburn. Shearer, J E 1914 The Site of the Battle of Bannockburn: the reputed sites and the mythical Carse site reviewed.: R S Shearer & Son, Stirling. Strickland, M & Hardy, R 2005 The Great Warbow: from Hastings to the Mary Rose. Sutton Publishing, Stroud. Tout, T F 1920 'Historical revisions, 13: The Battle of Bannockburn', History, ns, 5 (1920), 37-40. Watson, F & Anderson, M 2001 The Battle of Bannockburn: A report for Stirling Council. Stirling Council. White, Robert. 1871. A history of the Battle of Bannockburn, fought A.D. 1314: with notices of the principal warriors who engaged in that conflict. Edmonston & Douglas, Edinburgh. About Designations Inventory of Historic Battlefields Historic Environment Scotland is responsible for the designation of buildings, monuments, gardens and designed landscapes and historic battlefields. We also advise Scottish Ministers on the designation of historic marine protected areas. The inventory is a list of Scotland’s most important historic battlefields. Battlefields are landscapes over which a battle was fought. We maintain the inventory under the terms of the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979. We add sites of national importance to the inventory using the criteria published in the Historic Environment Scotland Policy Statement. The information in the inventory record gives an indication of the national importance of the site(s). It is not a definitive account or a complete description of the site(s). Enquiries about development proposals requiring planning permission on or around inventory sites should be made to the planning authority. The planning authority is the main point of contact for all applications of this type. Find out more about the inventory of historic battlefields and our other designations at www.historicenvironment.scot . You can contact us on 0131 668 8716 or at [email protected] . Images There are no images available for this record. Information & Services
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In what year did Indira Gandhi become Prime Minister of India?
Manas: History and Politics, Indira Gandhi   Mrs. Indira Gandhi, Prime Minister of India, 1966-77 and 1980-84. She was assassinated in 1984. Indira Gandhi (1917-1984) was the only child of Kamla and Jawaharlal Nehru. She spent part of her childhood in Allahabad, where the Nehrus had their family residence, and part in Switzerland, where her mother Kamla convalesced from her periodic illnesses. She received her college education at Somerville College, Oxford. A famous photograph from her childhood shows her sitting by the bedside of Mahatma Gandhi, as he recovered from one of his fasts; and though she was not actively involved in the freedom struggle, she came to know the entire Indian political leadership. After India's attainment of independence, and the ascendancy of Jawaharlal Nehru, now a widower, to the office of the Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi managed the official residence of her father, and accompanied him on his numerous foreign trips. She had been married in 1942 to Feroze Gandhi, who rose to some eminence as a parliamentarian and politician of integrity but found himself disliked by his more famous father-in-law, but Feroze died in 1960 before he could consolidate his own political forces. In 1964, the year of her father's death, Indira Gandhi was for the first time elected to Parliament, and she was Minister of Information and Broadcasting in the government of Lal Bahadur Shastri, who died unexpectedly of a heart attack less than two years after assuming office. The numerous contenders for the position of the Prime Ministership, unable to agree among themselves, picked Indira Gandhi as a compromise candidate, and each thought that she would be easily manipulable. But Indira Gandhi showed extraordinary political skills and tenacity and elbowed the Congress dons -- Kamaraj, Morarji Desai, and others -- out of power. She held the office of the Prime Minister from 1966 to 1977. She was riding the crest of popularity after India's triumph in the war of 1971 against Pakistan, and the explosion of a nuclear device in 1974 helped to enhance her reputation among middle-class Indians as a tough and shrewd political leader. However, by 1973, Delhi and north India were rocked by demonstrations angry at high inflation, the poor state of the economy, rampant corruption, and the poor standards of living. In June 1975, the High Court of Allahabad found her guilty of using illegal practices during the last election campaign, and ordered her to vacate her seat. There were demands for her resignation. Mrs. Gandhi's response was to declare a state of emergency, under which her political foes were imprisoned, constitutional rights abrogated, and the press placed under strict censorship. Meanwhile, the younger of her two sons, Sanjay Gandhi, started to run the country as though it were his personal fiefdom, and earned the fierce hatred of many whom his policies had victimized. He ordered the removal of slum dwellings, and in an attempt to curb India's growing population, initiated a highly resented program of forced sterilization. In early 1977, confident that she had debilitated her opposition, Mrs. Gandhi called for fresh elections, and found herself trounced by a newly formed coalition of several political parties. Her Congress party lost badly at the polls. Many declared that she was a spent force; but, three years later, she was to return as Prime Minister of India. The same year, however, her son Sanjay was killed in an airplane crash. In the second, post-Emergency, period of her Prime Ministership, Indira Gandhi was preoccupied by efforts to resolve the political problems in the state of Punjab. In her attempt to crush the secessionist movement of Sikh militants, led by Jarnail Singh Bindranwale, she ordered an assault upon the holiest Sikh shrine in Amritsar, called the "Golden Temple". It is here that Bindranwale and his armed supporters had holed up, and it is from the Golden Temple that they waged their campaign of terrorism not merely against the Government, but against moderate Sikhs and Hindus. "Operation Bluestar", waged in June 1984, led to the death of Bindranwale, and the Golden Temple was stripped clean of Sikh terrorists; however, the Golden Temple was damaged, and Mrs. Gandhi earned the undying hatred of Sikhs who bitterly resented the desacralization of their sacred space. In November of the same year, Mrs. Gandhi was assassinated, at her residence, by two of her own Sikh bodyguards, who claimed to be avenging the insult heaped upon the Sikh nation. Mrs. Gandhi acquired a formidable international reputation as a "statesman", and there is no doubt that she was extraordinarily skilled in politics. She was prone, like many other politicians, to thrive on slogans, and one -- Garibi Hatao, "Remove Poverty" -- became the rallying cry for one of her election campaigns. She had an authoritarian streak, and though a cultured woman, rarely tolerated dissent; and she did, in many respects, irreparable harm to Indian democracy. Apart from her infamous imposition of the internal emergency, the use of the army to resolve internal disputes greatly increased in her time; and she encouraged a culture of sycophancy and nepotism. At her death, her older son, Rajiv Gandhi, was sworn in as head of the Congress party and Prime Minister.
1966
Which city is the birthplace of US TV presenter 'Jerry Springer'?
BBC ON THIS DAY | 31 | 1984: Indian prime minister shot dead 1984: Indian prime minister shot dead Indira Gandhi, the Prime Minister of India, has been killed by assassins in New Delhi. Mrs Gandhi was thought to have been walking through her gardens this morning when she was shot. She was taken to the All India Medical Hospital where she underwent an emergency operation to remove the bullets but died an hour and a half later. Initial reports suggest the two attackers were guards at her home who were then shot by other security officers. No exact motive is known but it is believed the pair were Sikh extremists acting in retaliation for the storming of the Sikh holy shrine of the Golden Temple in Amritsar in June. Mrs Gandhi had been receiving death threats since the attack on the temple in which 1,000 people died. The night before her death she told a political rally: "I don't mind if my life goes in the service of the nation. If I die today, every drop of my blood will invigorate the nation." Security throughout the country has been stepped up. Roads to the hospital and the home of the prime minister have been sealed off and borders around Delhi have been closed. If I die today, every drop of my blood will invigorate the nation Indira Gandhi The Indian cabinet has started an emergency meeting to choose a successor. India's High Commissioner, Prakash Mehrotra, said: "Democracy is very deep rooted in our country and the country is prepared to face any situation. A meeting is being called in Delhi, it is usual that the number two man in the cabinet takes charge for the time being," Mrs Gandhi first became prime minister in 1966 and again in 1980 and was praised for her battle against famine in rural areas. Stan Orme from the Anglo Indian Parliamentary Association said: "It is a very terrible thing. She was a very impressive person, very strong-willed. It is a real tragedy."
i don't know
Dolly the Sheep was successfully cloned in Scotland in what year?
BBC ON THIS DAY | 22 | 1997: Dolly the sheep is cloned 1997: Dolly the sheep is cloned Scientists in Scotland have announced the birth of the world's first successfully cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep. Dolly, who was created at the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh, was actually born on 5 July 1996 although her arrival has only just been revealed. Dolly is the first mammal to have been successfully cloned from an adult cell. Previous clonings have been from embryo cells. The sheep's birth has been heralded as one of the most significant scientific breakthroughs of the decade although it is likely to spark ethical controversy. Scientists in Scotland cloned a ewe by inserting DNA from a single sheep cell into an egg and implanted it in a surrogate mother. They now have a healthy seven-month-old sheep - Dolly - who is an exact genetic duplicate of the animal from which the single cell was taken. DNA tests have revealed that Dolly is identical to the ewe who donated the udder cell and is unrelated to the surrogate mother. It will enable us to study genetic diseases for which there is presently no cure Dr Ian Wilmut, embryologist Embryologist Dr Ian Wilmut, from the Roslin Institute, said: "It will enable us to study genetic diseases for which there is presently no cure and track down the mechanisms that are involved." The research, published in Nature magazine, follows the Edinburgh team's success in cloning sheep embryos. Last year they produced two identical sheep, which were clones of an original embryo. The company which has bought the rights to the research, PPL Therapeutics, said Dolly would help to improve understanding of ageing and genetics and lead to the production of cheaper medicines. US President Bill Clinton has set up a special task force to investigate cloning in order to examine the legal and ethical implications.
1996
Which 2006 animated Disney film featured the characters 'Lightning McQueen, Doc Hudson and Fillmore'?
BBC NEWS | Science/Nature | Dolly the sheep clone dies young Friday, 14 February, 2003, 20:28 GMT Dolly the sheep clone dies young Dolly the Sheep was born in 1996 Dolly the sheep, who became famous as the first mammal to be cloned from an adult cell, has died. The news was confirmed on Friday by the Roslin Institute, the Scottish research centre which created her. A decision was taken to "euthanase" six-year-old Dolly after a veterinary examination showed that she had a progressive lung disease, the institute said in a statement. She was not old - by sheep standards - to have been put down Dr Patrick Dixon, expert on ethics of human cloning Dolly became the first mammal clone when she was born on 5 July 1996. She was revealed to the public the following year. Post-mortem Dr Harry Griffin, from the institute, said: "Sheep can live to 11 or 12 years of age and lung infections are common in older sheep, particularly those housed inside. "A full post-mortem is being conducted and we will report any significant findings" Dolly was a sheep created totally by design - even her name was picked specifically to be appealing. It came about during the latter stages of labour when Dolly was born. Stockmen involved in the delivery thought of the fact that the cell used came from a mammary gland and arrived at Dolly Parton, the country and western singer. Cloning row Her birth was only announced seven months later and was heralded as one of the most significant scientific breakthroughs of the decade. But it also prompted a long-running argument over the ethics of cloning, reaching further levels with the latest allegations of human cloning. Dolly gave birth to four lambs in her lifetime Dolly, a Finn Dorset, bred normally on two occasions with a Welsh mountain ram called David. She first gave birth to Bonnie in April 1998 and then to three more lambs in 1999. But in January last year her condition caused concern when she was diagnosed with a form of arthritis. Museum piece The condition would usually be expected in older animals and another debate erupted over what could properly be judged as Dolly's true age, and the risks of premature ageing in clones. Professor Ian Wilmut, who led the team that created her, said at the time that the arthritis showed their cloning techniques were "inefficient" and needed more work. Dr Patrick Dixon, a writer on the ethics of human cloning, said the nature of Dolly's death would have a huge impact on possibility of producing a cloned human baby. If there is a link, it will provide further evidence of the dangers inherent in reproductive cloning Professor Richard Gardner He said: "The real issue is what Dolly died from, and whether it was linked to premature ageing," he said. "She was not old - by sheep standards - to have been put down." 'Profound effects' Speaking to BBC News 24 on Friday, Prof Wilmut said Dolly's birth should be the important issue. "The fact that we were able to produce an animal from the cell of another adult - it had profound effects on biological research and in medicine." Professor Richard Gardner, chair of the Royal Society working group on stem cell research and therapeutic cloning, said: "We must await the results of the post-mortem on Dolly in order to assess whether her relatively premature death was in any way connected with the fact that she was a clone. "If there is a link, it will provide further evidence of the dangers inherent in reproductive cloning and the irresponsibility of anybody who is trying to extend such work to humans." Dolly has been promised to the National Museum of Scotland and will be put on display in Edinburgh in due course.  WATCH/LISTEN
i don't know
What two colours make up the national flag of Singapore?
Polish Flag, Flag of Poland Quiz on national flags Polish Flag The Poland flag was formally acquired on 1st August, in the year of 1919. This flag is tinged with two equal horizontal segments of Red and White. Flag of Poland Disclaimer Close Disclaimer : All efforts have been made to make this image accurate. However Compare Infobase Limited, its directors and employees do not own any responsibility for the correctness or authenticity of the same. Germany Flag The Red band of color is depicted on the top of the white one. The corporation of the National flag of Poland is traced as 5:8.The red and white color has an ancient association with Polish History. The color of white stands for peace and morality while the color of red stands for endurance, gallantry, vigor and bravery. Other than the earlier connection with country of Poland the colors of Red and white are connected with its widely known "coat of arms". Official Name: Rzeczpos polita polska Capital: Warsaw Location: On the Baltic Sea Poland Shares land frontiers with Germany in the west the former Czechoslovakia in the south and the former USSR in the east. Area: 312, 685 Sq. km. Official Language: Polish National Anthem: Mazurek Dabrowskiego Dabrowski Mazurka (1927) Fact about Poland flag
Red and White
Capers are pickled seeds of what plant?
Poland This page is part of © FOTW Flags Of The World website Poland LOT Polish Airlines Polish Flag: Colors The national colors are white and red in two horizontal parallel strips of equal width and length, the upper strip being white and the lower red. Both strips linked together make up the national flag whose length-to-width ratio is 8:3. The Polish flag dates back to the mediaeval pennants. At first it was all red with a white eagle. Such a flag, or rather a banner, was at the side of King Wladyslaw Jagiello during the Battle of Grunwald in 1410. The red and white colors appeared together as late as the 17th century. The banner of Zygmunt III Vasa (d. 1632) consisted of three strips: the upper and the bottom ones being red, and the one in the middle - white. The banners of Wladyslaw IV (d. 1648) and Jan Casimir (d. 1668) were made up of four strips - the upper and the third from top being red and the second from top and the bottom one being white. The banners bore the official crest of the State. During the reign of August II (d. 1706), white ribbons were introduced in the army (according to the Saxon pattern) as the signs of prime national color. They were attached to the left side of the headgear with ornamental pins. During the Four-Year Sejm (1788-1792) first red-and-white ribbons appeared. The Sejm formally introduces Polish national colors during the November Uprising, on February 7, 1831. The colors were white and red, and were used in the national uprisings of the 19th century is the form of white-and-red ribbons. They were officially recognized as state colours in 1919 after Poland had regained her independence. Dov Gutterman, 21 Feb 1999 I thought that Polish flag ratio is 5:8 (or 8:5 according to above definition of the ratio)? Željko Heimer, 24 Feb 1999 "The Polish national flag is built up from 2 horizontal belts: red (amarant) below and white above. These colors are connected with the color of the White Eagle used on the red crest. The upper belt is the color of the Eagle, and the lower - the color of crest. The right proportions of the flag are 5:8 (height:width). The process whereby those colors became the national flag was quite complicated and gradual. For example, some medieval rule said, that if the White Eagle is put on the red crest, then the colors of flag are optional. Nevertheless, red-white colors occurred on the national flags from XVII-XIX cent. very often, but the location of colors was unstable. Sometimes it was red above and white below. This situation was resolved on 1 August 1919. Since that time the flag has been not changed except for the White Eagle. The communists took off the crown from the Eagle. It returned in 1989." Source: "Encyclopaedia of Poland" by Wydawnictwo Kluszczynski, Krakow, 1996 (my translation) Mariusz Kedzierski, 24 May 2000 The white over red derives from heraldics: Argent and Gules are the respective colours of the Polish eagle and of its the field. Pierre Gay, 13 Oct 1998 Yes, it is. Moreover, there are some (unnecessary) non-heraldic explanations: traditionally, a white eagle flying over red (rising?) sun, or, during the communist era, white would have stood for peace while red for socialism. But, in general, a flag derived from COA according to heraldic rules needs no further 'explanation'. Jan Zrzavy, 13 Oct 1998 The protocol manual for the London 2012 Olympics (Flags and Anthems Manual London 2012 ) provides recommendations for national flag designs. Each NOC was sent an image of the flag, including the PMS shades, for their approval by LOCOG. Once this was obtained, LOCOG produced a 60 x 90 cm version of the flag for further approval. So, while these specs may not be the official, government, version of each flag, they are certainly what the NOC believed the flag to be. For Poland: PMS 1795 red. The vertical flag is simply the horizontal version turned 90 degrees anti-clockwise Ian Sumner, 11 Oct 2012 Polish Law on National Symbols Poland's national symbols are defined by the "Coat of arms, colors and anthem Act of 31th January 1980" ("Ustawa z dnia 31 stycznia 1980 r. o godle, barwach i hymnie Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej"). According to the Article 2 of the Act, "The coat of arms of the Republic of Poland is the image of a white eagle with a gold crown on his head turned right, with unfolded wings and gold beak and claws, on a red field." Article 4 of the Act stipulates that: "(1) The colors of the Republic of Poland are white and red, in two horizontal, parallel bends of equal breadth, upper white and lower red. (2) If the colours of the Republic of Poland are placed vertically, white should be on the left side of the surface, looking from the front." Art. 6: "(1) The state flag of the Republic of Poland is a rectangular piece of cloth with the colours of Republic of Poland, placed on a mast. (2) A flag defined in section (1) with the coat of arms of the Republic of Poland placed in the centre of the white bend is also a state flag." Then the Act goes on to stipulate that the state flag is to be hoisted by the Sejm and Senat (lower and upper houses of the Parliament), the President, the Government and the Prime Minister, by local authorities (during legislative sessions) and by other governmental bodies (during national holidays). It is also hoisted by river and lake ships. The flag with the coat of arms is to be hoisted by diplomatic, consular and other official establishments abroad, by civilian airports and airfields, by civilian airplanes while abroad and by the port authorities. Polish sea-going ships use the flag with coat of arms as their merchant ensign. Bartek Kachniarz, 21 Aug 2000 I think 1990 or 1989, but not 1980. Polish eagle with crown in 1980, in times of communists ... Hmmm, very doubtful. Victor Lomantsov, 21 Aug 2000 Wasn't the crown returned to the COA only in early 1990's? Is this a typo or is it indeed the change made so early? Željko Heimer, 21 Aug 2000 The act can be as of the year 1980, but have been changed since then. This is normal legal procedure in many countries, including, I suppose, Poland. You don't issue a totally new act of law because of all small corrections you may want to adopt each year. Flag laws are not usually changed very often. Elias Granqvist, 21 Aug 2000 The act itself comes from 1980. The crown however is added by an Act changing the Coat of Arms, Colours and Anthem Act. The changing Act was enacted February 9th 1990 and is effective since February 22nd 1990. The Coat of Arms... Act was changed a few times in later years but the changes did not affect the insignia whatsoever. An interesting detail for those involved in heraldry: During Communist era the crown was not the only change. If you look closer at the Polish eagle, you notice that he has a silver star on each wing. Before World War II the stars had three points and were called 'the threeleaf' (trojlisc). The Communists changed it to silver 5-pointed stars. In 1990 there was a big debate about it. Finally, they found a middle ground. The star has 3 big arms and 2 smaller ones. Bartek Kachniarz, 22 Aug 2000 I spotted an error in the notes on FOTW Polish pages regarding the date of restoration of the crown on eagle's head. It happened much earlier,in August 1989, when after the creation of the first non-communist government in the post-WWII era, the crown was restored and General Jaruzelski was 'promoted' from Chairman of the Council of State of Polish Peopleś Republic to President of Polish Republic. Chris Kretowicz, 19 Sep 2001 Flagdays Since 2004, there is an official Polish Flag Day observed on 2 May. May Day and Constitution Day continue to be public holidays and flag-flying days, so in practice, the white and red Polish flag is flown continuously for the first three days of May each year. Karol Palion, 4 Apr 2006 * May 1 - May 1st National Holiday (formerly Labor Day), * May 2 - Republic of Poland Flag Day, * May 3 - May 3rd National Holiday (commonly known as Constitution Day), * November 11 - National Independence Day The proper flag to be flown by citizens is the white and red flag and *not* the variant with the coat of arms. The flag with the coat of arms is reserved for maritime and diplomatic usage, among other things. This is a common mistake made in Poland, as people find the latter version "more pretty". Łukasz Garczewski, 1 May 2010 Nickname I'd like to add the info on the Polish flag. Its nickname is "bialo-czerwona" ("biało-czerwona"), which means "white-red". Jakub Danilewicz, 23 Mar 2007
i don't know
What is the worlds largest sand island northeast of Brisbane?
Guide to Fraser Island - Tourism Australia Guide to Fraser Island Explore the world's largest sand island. Site Requires Javascript - turn on javascript! Australia.com does not support the internet browser you are using. Please upgrade to a more recent browser so that you can explore the destinations and experiences that await you as you plan your Australian holiday. Welcome to the official Australian tourism website. This site uses cookies. Find out more . Explore the world's largest sand island.  By Lee Atkinson Fraser Island is one of the world's most unusual islands. Not only is it the largest sand island in the world – 123 kilometres (76 miles) long and 22 kilometres (14 miles) wide – but it's the only place on Earth where tall rainforests grow on sand dunes at elevations of more than 200 metres (656 feet). It also has half the world's perched lakes – lakes formed when depressions in dunes fill permanently with rainwater. Home to the most pure strain of dingoes remaining in eastern Australia, and one of the best places to see baby humpback whales and their mothers, Fraser Island also has superb scenery, with massive shifting sand blows, sensational swimming spots and thrilling 4WD tracks. A World Heritage-listed wilderness with lots of resort-style comforts, Fraser is the perfect place to go wild. HOW TO GET THERE Fraser Island is about 300 kilometres (186 miles) north of  Brisbane  and 15 kilometres (9 miles) off the coast of  Hervey Bay  and Maryborough. Virgin Australia and QantasLink operate direct flights from Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane to the Fraser Coast. You can then hop aboard the ferry for the 50 minute trip across to Fraser Island. For 4WD access to Fraser Island, take a barge at Inskip Point on the northern end of Rainbow Beach (1 hour 40 minutes south of Hervey Bay) or from River Heads (20 minutes south of Hervey Bay).   Explore the rainforest and swim in a rainwater lake Wave to a whale on a whale watching cruise Drive the length of famous 75 Mile Beach   TOP THINGS TO DO ON FRASER ISLAND Get wet and go wild There are so many different ways to get wet on Fraser Island. No visit to the island is complete without a long leisurely float in the beautiful blue waters of Lake McKenzie, a perched lake fed only by rainwater, encircled by pure white sand. Lake Wabby, at the edge of the Hammerstone Sand Blow, is the deepest lake on the island and when the sun shines it's hard to resist plunging into its cool, emerald depths. Eli Creek is a clear freshwater creek – you can walk along its boardwalk then float with the current all the way to the beach. Champagne Pools, where the surf crashes over a series of rock walls into a calm but bubbly rock pool below the headland on the northern tip of the island, is another top spot to cool off. See them all on a self-guided 4WD adventure, or join a  Beauty Spots Tour , which also includes the rainforest. Step out on the Fraser Island Great Walk The  Fraser Island Great Walk  is a 90 kilometre (56 mile) track that winds between Dilli Village and Happy Valley, passing most of the island’s notable sites, such as Lake McKenzie, Wanggoolba Creek, Lake Wabby and the towering rainforest trees in the Valley of the Giants. To do the whole thing takes about six days – make sure to book  campsites  along the way – but if that sounds a bit too energetic there are plenty of short walks you can do for a half day or as an overnight adventure.  Drive the beach All roads on Fraser Island, which are made of soft sand, are 4WD only. A number of  tours  are available, or you can hire your own set of wheels on the island or in Hervey Bay. If you haven't driven on sand before, the friendly folk at  Aussie Trax 4WD Hire  at Kingfisher Village will give you a quick lesson before you set out. Most people head straight to the vast sandy highway otherwise known as 75 Mile Beach on the eastern side of the island, but also worth doing is the inland Central Lakes scenic drive (allow about two hours), highlights of which include Pile Valley’s impressive stand of tall, straight satinay trees, Lake McKenzie, and Lake Wabby lookout for a view of Lake Wabby and Stonetool Sand Blow.  Shine a light on the local wildlife Wild nightlife takes on a whole new meaning on Fraser Island, where many of the natives come out to play once the sun goes down. Join a ranger on a guided  night-time walk , shining a spotlight on the trees and into the bushes to see sugar gliders leaping through the treetops, rare frogs at the lake edges and other wild animals as they rustle through the scrub. At just AUD$5 it’s a bargain-priced night's entertainment.   Camp on the beach or stay in style at Kingfisher Bay Resort Fraser Island has accommodation to suit every budget. There are eight campgrounds – you can  hire camping equipment  when you hire your 4WD – and if you really want to get back to nature you can  camp  behind the dunes on Eastern or Western Beach.  Kingfisher Bay Resort  has a four-star hotel, self-contained villas and beach houses. If you're backpacking, accommodation is all part of the deal when you join a  Cool Dingo Tour . Get mugged by a whale Ever wondered where whales go on their holidays? Each year thousands of whales migrate from the cold Antarctic waters to the warmer tropical seas along Australia's east coast to give birth, and on the way back many stop to rest in the sheltered waters of Hervey Bay before returning south. Between August and late October this is one of the best places in the country to see humpbacks with their calves as sightings are almost guaranteed. If you’re really lucky you might even be on a boat that gets “mugged” by the whales when they come right in close. Half day  whale watch cruises  cost AUD$120 and operate August 1 to October 31.  Latest Articles About Queensland Local's Guide to Port Douglas Local's Guide to Port Douglas Guide to Glass House Mountains Guide to Glass House Mountains Guide to Hervey Bay Hervey Bay is an aquatic paradise north of Brisbane and one of the best places in Australia to experience nature in the wild. The safe, sheltered waters of Hervey Bay make it ideal for year-round water sports, from swimming, snorkelling and scuba diving to sailing and fishing. 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Tasmania","id":"49002603|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Mt Nelson, South, Tasmania","id":"49006161|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Cradoc, South, Tasmania","id":"49000961|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Bothwell, South, Tasmania","id":"49000454|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Lindisfarne, South, Tasmania","id":"49005866|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Richmond, South, Tasmania","id":"49003165|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Pontville, South, Tasmania","id":"49003020|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Wayatinah, South, Tasmania","id":"49003963|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Hobart City, South, Tasmania","id":"49005601|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Bruny Island, South, Tasmania","id":"49000549|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Howrah, South, Tasmania","id":"49005632|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"South Hobart, South, Tasmania","id":"49006756|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Nugent, South, Tasmania","id":"49002809|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Molesworth, South, Tasmania","id":"49002462|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Broadmarsh, South, Tasmania","id":"49000517|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Ouse, South, Tasmania","id":"49002883|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"White Beach, South, Tasmania","id":"49004028|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Glenorchy, South, Tasmania","id":"49005428|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Lymington, South, Tasmania","id":"49002233|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Fern Tree, South, Tasmania","id":"49005308|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Strathblane, South, Tasmania","id":"49003478|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Tyenna, South, Tasmania","id":"49003799|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Middleton, South, Tasmania","id":"49002403|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Midway Point, South, Tasmania","id":"49002405|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Judbury, South, Tasmania","id":"49001855|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Fortescue Bay, South, Tasmania","id":"49001356|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Dunalley, South, Tasmania","id":"49001141|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Deep Bay, South, Tasmania","id":"49001066|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Glebe, South, Tasmania","id":"49005408|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Kettering, South, Tasmania","id":"49001929|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Southport, South, Tasmania","id":"49003393|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"New Norfolk, South, Tasmania","id":"49002739|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Waddamana, South, Tasmania","id":"49003868|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Bronte Park, South, Tasmania","id":"49000528|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Moonah, South, Tasmania","id":"49006088|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Lewisham, South, Tasmania","id":"49002127|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Castle Forbes Bay, South, Tasmania","id":"49000726|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Hobart, South, Tasmania","id":"49001727|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Tunbridge, South, Tasmania","id":"49003773|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Lower Sandy Bay, South, Tasmania","id":"49005903|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Kingston, South, Tasmania","id":"49001981|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Huonville, South, Tasmania","id":"49001764|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Wattle Hill, South, Tasmania","id":"49026216|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Glenora, South, Tasmania","id":"49001476|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Rosny, South, Tasmania","id":"49006616|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Queens Domain, South, Tasmania","id":"49025919|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Lonnavale, South, Tasmania","id":"49002188|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Lake St Clair, South, Tasmania","id":"49002072|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"New Town, South, Tasmania","id":"49006222|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Fentonbury, South, Tasmania","id":"49001299|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"South Arm, South, Tasmania","id":"49003369|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Miena, South, Tasmania","id":"49002406|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Risdon, South, Tasmania","id":"49006570|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Glenfern, South, Tasmania","id":"49014454|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Glaziers Bay, South, Tasmania","id":"49001448|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Campania, South, Tasmania","id":"49000668|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Lauderdale, South, Tasmania","id":"49005837|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Grove, South, Tasmania","id":"49001599|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Blackmans Bay, South, Tasmania","id":"49000356|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Rosny Park, South, Tasmania","id":"49006617|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Eaglehawk Neck, South, Tasmania","id":"49001172|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Ida Bay, South, Tasmania","id":"49025950|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Berriedale, South, Tasmania","id":"49004605|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Koonya, South, Tasmania","id":"49002009|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Brooks Bay, South, Tasmania","id":"49025925|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Taranna, South, Tasmania","id":"49003568|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Birchs Bay, South, Tasmania","id":"49000334|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Bream Creek, South, Tasmania","id":"49000493|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Seven Mile Beach, South, Tasmania","id":"49006706|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"North Hobart, South, Tasmania","id":"49006268|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Maydena, South, Tasmania","id":"49002342|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Plenty, South, Tasmania","id":"49003007|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Dover, South, Tasmania","id":"49001121|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Lutana, South, Tasmania","id":"49005914|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Brighton, South, Tasmania","id":"49000510|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"West Hobart, South, Tasmania","id":"49007114|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Westerway, South, Tasmania","id":"49004014|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Kellevie, South, Tasmania","id":"49001911|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Doo Town, South, Tasmania","id":"49001109|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Cockle Creek, South, Tasmania","id":"49000833|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Oatlands, South, Tasmania","id":"49002846|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Austins Ferry, South, Tasmania","id":"49004485|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Ellendale, South, Tasmania","id":"49001214|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Bagdad, South, Tasmania","id":"49000140|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Margate, South, Tasmania","id":"49002296|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Nubeena, South, Tasmania","id":"49002808|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Mornington, South, Tasmania","id":"49006103|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Acton Park, South, Tasmania","id":"49025723|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Marion Bay, South, Tasmania","id":"49002300|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"North West, Tasmania","id":"|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Staverton, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003448|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Hawley Beach, North West, Tasmania","id":"49001687|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Naracoopa, North West, Tasmania","id":"49002691|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Somerset, North West, Tasmania","id":"49006741|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Rosebery, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003203|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Cooee, North West, Tasmania","id":"49004992|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Caveside, North West, Tasmania","id":"49000738|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Devonport, North West, Tasmania","id":"49001087|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Howth, North West, Tasmania","id":"49001753|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Zeehan, North West, Tasmania","id":"49004263|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"West Ridgley, North West, Tasmania","id":"49004003|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Wynyard, North West, Tasmania","id":"49004189|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Currie, North West, Tasmania","id":"49001025|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Tullah, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003757|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Boat Harbour Beach, North West, Tasmania","id":"49025052|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Ulverstone, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003809|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Corinna, North West, Tasmania","id":"49000934|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Shearwater, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003326|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Red Hills, North West, Tasmania","id":"49014921|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Sheffield, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003328|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Cradle Mountain, North West, Tasmania","id":"49000959|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Moina, North West, Tasmania","id":"49002459|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Sassafras, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003282|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Wesley Vale, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003993|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Strahan, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003476|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Gunns Plains, North West, Tasmania","id":"49001627|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Penguin, North West, Tasmania","id":"49002961|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Bakers Beach, North West, Tasmania","id":"49026061|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Grassy, North West, Tasmania","id":"49001554|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Flowerdale, North West, Tasmania","id":"49001333|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Mayberry, North West, Tasmania","id":"49002340|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Weegena, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003969|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Lake Barrington, North West, Tasmania","id":"49002053|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Chudleigh, North West, Tasmania","id":"49000785|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Three Hummock Island, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003651|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Edith Creek, North West, Tasmania","id":"49001196|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Thirlstane, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003646|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Latrobe, North West, Tasmania","id":"49002089|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Elizabeth Town, North West, Tasmania","id":"49001211|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"West Ulverstone, North West, Tasmania","id":"49004004|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Burnie, North West, Tasmania","id":"49000596|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Roger River, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003194|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Loorana, North West, Tasmania","id":"49002191|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Liena, North West, Tasmania","id":"49002130|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Sisters Beach, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003350|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Table Cape, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003526|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Kimberley, North West, Tasmania","id":"49001957|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Lapoinya, North West, Tasmania","id":"49002083|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Yolla, North West, Tasmania","id":"49004250|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Rocky Cape, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003187|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Lower Barrington, North West, Tasmania","id":"49002208|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Promised Land, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003075|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"West Kentish, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003998|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Spreyton, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003404|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Don, North West, Tasmania","id":"49005132|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Cradle Valley, North West, Tasmania","id":"49000960|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Railton, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003104|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"South Burnie, North West, Tasmania","id":"49006749|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Crayfish Creek, North West, Tasmania","id":"49000970|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Port Sorell, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003047|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Boat Harbour, North West, Tasmania","id":"49000393|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"King Island, North West, Tasmania","id":"49001967|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Wilmot, North West, Tasmania","id":"49004066|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Gowrie Park, North West, Tasmania","id":"49001542|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Arthur River, North West, Tasmania","id":"49000096|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Claude Road, North West, Tasmania","id":"49000798|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Queenstown, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003094|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"East Devonport, North West, Tasmania","id":"49005186|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Marrawah, North West, Tasmania","id":"49002316|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Smithton, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003356|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Heybridge, North West, Tasmania","id":"49001706|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Mole Creek, North West, Tasmania","id":"49002460|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Forth, North West, Tasmania","id":"49001357|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Turners Beach, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003785|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Via Smithton, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003858|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"North Motton, North West, Tasmania","id":"49002784|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Meunna, North West, Tasmania","id":"49025054|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Eugenana, North West, Tasmania","id":"49005276|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Northdown, North West, Tasmania","id":"49002797|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Stanley, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003439|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Nietta, North West, Tasmania","id":"49002757|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Cape Grim, North West, Tasmania","id":"49025111|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Waratah, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003926|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Gormanston, North West, Tasmania","id":"49001526|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Gawler, North West, Tasmania","id":"49001409|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Pipers River, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003002|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Launceston, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002091|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Poatina, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003008|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Flinders Island, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001330|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Whitemark, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49004034|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Hadspen, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001641|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Perth, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002974|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Avoca, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000120|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Longford, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002183|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Lulworth, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002229|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Legana, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002107|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Grindelwald, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001592|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Musselroe Bay, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49025114|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Orford, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002872|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Deloraine, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001074|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Derby, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001082|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Killiecrankie, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001952|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Ross, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003216|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Swanwick, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003517|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Ben Lomond, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000268|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Fingal, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001310|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Low Head, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002204|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Conara Junction, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000862|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Westbury, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49004010|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Windermere, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49004078|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Gladstone, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001445|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Liffey, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002132|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Beaumaris, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000231|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"South Launceston, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49006757|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Kayena, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001903|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Carrick, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000715|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Friendly Beaches, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001380|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Launceston City, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49005838|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"West Launceston, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49026120|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Evandale, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001275|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Golden Valley, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001493|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Norwood, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49006299|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Swansea, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003515|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Gray, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001560|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Bicheno, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000308|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Winnaleah, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49004092|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Rosevears, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003211|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Kelso, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001914|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Lake Leake, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002067|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Robigana, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003181|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Hagley, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001643|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Clarence Point, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000791|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Kings Meadows, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49005753|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Prospect Vale, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49006496|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Jackeys Marsh, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49026143|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Coles Bay, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000842|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Nunamara, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002822|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Paper Beach, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002910|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Nabowla, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002682|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Nile, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002759|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Targa, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003575|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Cranbrook, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000965|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Ringarooma, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003171|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"George Town, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001416|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Cressy, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000973|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Falmouth, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001290|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Binalong Bay, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000323|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Underwood, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003814|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Campbell Town, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000670|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Gravelly Beach, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001557|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Greens Beach, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001577|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Lalla, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002075|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"St Leonards, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49006806|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Rossarden, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003219|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Newstead, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49006231|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Pyengana, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003084|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Franklin Village, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49005356|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Karoola, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001897|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Inveresk, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49005657|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Lilydale, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002137|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Four Mile Creek, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001361|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Invermay, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49005658|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"St Helens, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003427|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Beaconsfield, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000227|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Bridport, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000506|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Pipers Brook, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003001|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Branxholm, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000485|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Triabunna, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003737|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Rowella, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003227|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Hillwood, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001721|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Prospect, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49006493|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Glengarry, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001470|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Riverside North, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49006575|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Trevallyn, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49006985|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Blessington, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000373|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"White Hills, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49004030|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Mowbray, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49006152|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Riverside, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49006573|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Wyena, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49004184|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Epping Forest, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001239|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Powranna, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003060|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Lebrina, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002102|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Quamby Brook, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003090|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"East Launceston, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49026079|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Maria Island, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002297|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Youngtown, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49007252|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Beauty Point, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000235|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Exeter, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001282|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Scamander, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003289|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Lady Barron, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002047|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Legerwood, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002108|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Western Junction, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49004013|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Sidmouth, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003342|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Moorina, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002503|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Scottsdale, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003296|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Little Swanport, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002160|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Mathinna, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002332|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Relbia, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003150|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Deviot, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001086|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"St Marys, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003434|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"South Mount Cameron, North - Northeast, 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Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29003563|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Milton, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29002424|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Nowra Hill, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29002806|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Mogood, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29014784|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Brogers Creek, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29014585|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Hyams Beach, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29001766|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Bawley Point, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29000224|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Terara, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29003611|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Wandandian, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29003913|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Coolangatta, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29000892|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Currarong, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South 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Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29001992|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Bendalong, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29000271|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"North Nowra, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29002785|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Pretty Beach Shoalhaven, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29003069|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Cudmirrah, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29000997|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Broughton Vale, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29000535|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Wairo Beach, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29003879|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Erowal Bay, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29001244|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Pebbly Beach, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29002946|29000082|NSW"}]} Make Your Trip Happen
Fraser Island
FT (London) Dow Jones (USA) what is Japans Share Index called?
Australian islands | australia.gov.au Australian islands Australian islands World Heritage-listed Fraser Island. Image courtesy of Geoscience Australia. The continent of Australia is referred to as an island because it is surrounded by ocean. However, Australia is actually made up of more than 8,000 islands, including the island state of Tasmania. As an island, Australia is a natural quarantine zone. This means we are able to keep out many of the pests and diseases, such as rabies and papaya fly, that ravage other parts of the world. It also means we have some of the most unique animals and plants in the world. Many of our islands feature animals and wildlife that are unique to the islands due to their isolation from threats. Norfolk Island Norfolk Island is located far off the east coast of Australia. It is 1610 kilometres ENE of Sydney and 1456 km ESE of Brisbane. The Island is a volcanic outcrop 8km long and 5km wide. Norfolk Island is the site of one of the earliest European settlements in the Southwest Pacific. In March 1788, just after the colony of New South Wales was established, Lieutenant Philip Gidley King and 22 settlers (including nine male and six female convicts) landed at what is now Kingston, Norfolk Island. In 1806, the government of the time decided the island was too difficult and costly to maintain. The inhabitants were transferred to Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania) and all buildings were destroyed to discourage unauthorised settlers. A second settlement was established in 1825. This time the island was to be a penal colony for the worst convicts from New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land. It was officially described as 'a place of the extremist punishment, short of death'. Conditions were harsh and many convicts died from disease, murder and failed escape attempts. Convict labour was used to construct the main buildings on the island, which remain standing to this day. In 1855, the island was abandoned as a penal colony and convicts transferred (again) to Van Diemen's Land. The third settlement was the following year. One hundred and ninety-four men, women and children made the 3,700 mile, five week journey from Pitcairn Island to Norfolk Island. Almost all of them were descendants of the Bounty mutineers, the British naval officers involved in the1789 mutiny against Captain William Bligh. Today, Norfolk Island is home to 1,800 permanent residents. Thirty-five per cent are descendants of the Bounty mutineers. Due to the number of shared surnames, many of the descendents are listed in the local telephone book by their nicknames for identification purposes - Lettuce Leaf, Spuddy, Bubby, Diddles and Loppy to name just a few. Torres Strait Islands A Thursday Island Torres Strait dancer. Image courtesy of State Library of Queensland. The Torres Strait separates the land masses of Australia and New Guinea. Torres Strait Islanders are of the Melanesian grouping of people and are traditionally mariners. They have a long history of trade with both Aboriginal and New Guinean people. The islands are named after the Spaniard Luiz Vez de Torres who sailed through in 1606. After Australia was colonised by England, the Torres Strait became a sea route for ships travelling between Australia and Britain. This enabled the islanders to extend their trade partners, but also meant European rule, culture and religion were imposed. In the 1860s, the discovery of pearl shell and trepang (sea cucumber), a delicacy appreciated by the Chinese, brought people from all over the region to the Torres Strait. By 1877, 16 pearling firms were operating on Thursday Island. The colony of Queensland recognised the value of this resource, and annexed the islands in 1879. The influx of settlers severely restricted the ability of the islanders to continue their traditional lives and travels. It wasn't until 1936 that islanders took charge of local government. In 1990 they were officially recognised as a distinct people. In June 1992, the High Court of Australia overturned the previous concept of terra nullius which stated that, in legal terms, Australia was empty of inhabitants when it was first settled by Europeans. On this day the High Court recognised the native title rights of Eddie Mabo over his traditional land on Murray Island (Mer). Several other communities (Saibai Islanders and Mualgal people from Moa Island) have gained native title rights over their islands since the Mabo decision. The Torres Strait Regional Authority (TSRA) was established in 1994 to allow Torres Strait islanders to manage their own affairs according to their own ailan kastom (island custom). Macquarie Island Macquarie Island. Image courtesy of Geoscience Australia. Macquarie Island lies 1,500 kilometres south-east of Tasmania in the Southern Ocean. The island is the exposed crest of the enormous Macquarie Ridge and is the only place on earth where rocks from the earth's mantle (6 kilometres below the ocean floor) are being actively exposed above sea level. In 1996, the Australian government nominated Macquarie Island for World Heritage listing based on its unique geological features. The island was inscribed on the World Heritage list in 1997. For more than 50 years, the northern part of the island has been the base for a research and Antarctic Support Station. Built in 1948, the station hosts more than 40 people over the summer and about 20 people during winter. Queensland Islands Some of Australia's best-known islands are in Queensland. With the Great Barrier Reef following the coast from north to south, these tropical islands comprise the holiday playground of Australia. Just an hour's drive from the Queensland capital, Brisbane, is Bribie Island. Linked to the mainland by a bridge, the sandy beaches and national parks of Bribie have become a family holiday destination. Fraser Island, which is more than 1,600 square kilometres in size, is the world's largest sand island. In December 1992, Fraser Island attained World Heritage listing in recognition of its amazing geography. With complex sand dune systems, a rainforest on sand and crystal clear freshwater lakes, the island is a haven for wildlife and flora. And because of its geographical isolation, the island contains the purest strain of dingo in Australia. Fraser Island was also placed on the National Heritage List in 2007. The holiday islands Queensland is best known for are further north. The Whitsundays, a group of more than 70 islands midway along the Queensland coast, are a favourite holiday destination for Australians and international visitors. Other popular islands include Great Keppel Island, Lizard Island and Magnetic Island. West Australian islands Quokkas at Rottnest Island. Image courtesy of The Rottnest Island Authority. Like Queensland, the West Australian coast boasts hundreds of islands and island groups. To the south is a group of more than 100 islands, including Woody Island, which are home to fur seals, penguins and many water birds. These lie within the Archipelago of the Recherche, commonly known as the Esperance Bay of Isles. Off the central west coast are the more than 100 tiny islands that make up the Houtman Abrolhos Islands. The most significant feature of these islands is the Acropora coral which surrounds the islands and which has been the cause of many shipwrecks, including the Batavia (1629) and Zeewijk (1727). Further north are the Montebello Islands. Named by the French explorer Baudin, this island group is comprised of more than 100 limestone islands of varying sizes and is very popular for game fishing. The most famous of all West Australian islands, Rottnest Island, can be found just off the coast from the capital city, Perth. Rottnest Island was discovered in 1696 by Willem de Vlamingh, a Dutch explorer, who named the island Rat's Nest due to the many large rats that he believed inhabited the island. These 'rats' are actually quokkas (PDF 82 KB) and are one of the main attractions of the island. Rottnest Island was originally used by settlers as a prison and during World War II it was a large military stronghold. Today, the island is both a tourist destination and a weekend escape for locals. Cars are banned from the island (with a few exceptions) and most people use bikes. Cocos Islands The Cocos (Keeling) Islands are located 2,800 kilometres north-west of Perth in the Indian Ocean. The group, which consists of 27 coral islands, became an Australian Territory in 1955. The first permanent settlement on the islands was in 1826, with a second settlement the following year. This second settlement was led by Captain Clunies-Ross, who was keen to use the island's coconut supplies to produce coconut husks and oil. In 1886, Queen Victoria granted all land on the islands to George Clunies-Ross (the third descendant of Captain Clunies-Ross) and his heirs for eternity. The islands served as a communications and transport link during both World Wars. They were attacked by the German cruiser Emden in World War I and the Japanese during World War II. In 1978 the Australian government purchased from Mr John Cecil Clunies-Ross the remainder of his property on the islands with the exception of his house on Home Island (which was purchased by the government in 1993). Useful links
i don't know
"What pop group had a ""Message in a Bottle""?"
Turks and Caicos National MuseumMessage in a Bottle - Turks and Caicos National Museum Ocean Bottles Introduction In 2000 the Museum’s founder, Mrs. Grethe Seim, passed away. Among her collections that were donated to the Museum was a series of messages found in bottles on the beaches of Grand Turk over a period of nearly 40 years. The Grethe Seim Collection is the inspiration for the Museum’s Message in a Bottle Project, launched in 2001. During a visit to the Museum Penny Smith (below), a well known TV presenter in Britain, filled in one of the Message in a Bottle forms. History of Messages in a Bottle The pop group the Police sang about it, Kevin Costner starred in a film of the same title but what is the truth behind messages in a bottle. Who writes them? Why are they written? How far do the bottles travel before being washed upon a beach? How long does it take for the messages to be found? These are just some of the questions that are raised. Are Messages in a bottle a new Phenomenon? Ever since humans have had the “vessel” for a letter, the ability to write and the time to do it we can assume that messages have been dropped into the sea. The earliest recorded sender was the Greek philosopher Theophrastus who, in around 310 BC, threw sealed bottles into the Mediterranean to prove that the inland body of water was formed by the inflow of the Atlantic. There appears to be no record of any responses. In 16th century England Queen Elizabeth I appointed an official “Uncorker of Ocean Bottles” making it a capital crime for anyone else to open the bottles. This severe punishment was seen as necessary as it assumed that some might contain secret messages from spies as well as from the British fleet who sent messages about enemy positions ashore in bottles. Whether this was an affective means to send information does not appear to have been recorded. Of course sailors or passengers under dire situations have written messages at sea. One such incident occurred in the 1780s (some records give 1714 as the date) when Chunosuke Matsuyama went treasure hunting in the Pacific. He and the Japanese crew of 44 were shipwrecked off a small Island in the South Pacific. Knowing their fate was not good as there was no food or fresh water the captain scratched their story onto chips of wood and cast them adrift in a bottle. The bottle was found 150 years later on the shoreline of Japan – a bit too late to mount a rescue attempt. Coincidentally it was claimed that the bottle was found on the beach where Matsuyama grew up in Japan, but this may just be folklore. Probably one of the most touching letters to have been found was from a passenger on board the torpedoed Lusitania, which sank in May 1915. Imagine, having the calmness to write a message and put it into a bottle, with all the mayhem going on around you as the ship sinks. According to one report the message read “still on deck with a few people. The last boats have left. We are sinking fast. Some men near me are praying with a priest. The end is near. Maybe this note will ” and the abrupt end to the letter suggested the writer hurriedly placed it into the bottle as the ship succumbed to its fate – a rather poignant message. Again however, there are different versions of this story: the letter’s content varies and was either picked up by a fisherman at sea, or found on a beach. But not all messages found have such a grim outcome. In 1948 a Russian fisherman found a message written in Norwegian and English. Once translated it made little sense: “Five ponies and 150 dogs remain. Desire hay, fish and 30 sledges. Must return early in August. Baldwin”. It transpires that the polar explorer Evelyn Baldwin sent it in 1902, and he had returned alive and well. Also, drift bottles were used in 1946 to map the places where Japanese mines were likely to be after being freed by storms. Similar drift bottles have been used in recent years to help understand currents and to allow the prediction of likely harvest areas of fish and marine life, especially endangered species. On top of this captains can use the drift information to make sure that when they “blow their tubes” the oil sludge will not end up on a beach, or impacting on the environment. In fact messages in bottles are not a new phenomena to the Turks and Caicos Islands. In the consular papers dated January 4th 1861 the contents of two bottles are discussed. The first one read “Hamburg Bark “Orinoco” G.R. Krulle, Master from Liverpool for St Thomas- Lat. 18.20 North – Lon 57.50 West of Greenwich. Barometer 36.4 Thermometer 83 degrees” it was dated August 30 1860 and was discovered at Little Bluff, Grand Turk on 2nd December 1860. The other message read “ Bark “Home” 157 days from Manilla bound for New York: Lat 23.18 North – 64.13 West” dated November 6th 1860 and was found on December 31st 1860 on the eastern side of Grand Turk. More bottles were found as in the dispatch for February 16th 1861 it recorded “The 5th instant a bottle was picked up on the east side of this Island. It contained a note for it to be forwarded to the British Admiralty. It read “H.M. Sloop “Ringdove” 25th November 1859 Lat 26.21 Long 18.7 by observation. This paper was thrown overboard at noon on the above day having just entered the North East trades. Force wind 3, along North westerly swell. Barometer 30.43, Thermometer 75, seawater 73. R. G Cragie Commander”. This local historical bottle suggests that using messages in a bottle to keep the British Navy informed of a ships progress appears to have been continued from Elizabethan times. An interesting coincidence occurred in 1997. Two visitors to Grand Turk, Ted and Vivianne Cooper, met up with the then Director, Barry Dressel, and recounted a story about a message in a bottle sent by Ted’s Grandfather, Ralph Rogers in 1894. Ralph was traveling aboard the “Marion Lightbody” with a friend. The two lads had started to become homesick just North of Cape Verde and Ralph decided to drop a message into the sea for his sister Marion. The Diary of Ralph Rogers recorded the day the bottle entered the sea: “April 20th Friday, 1894…………sent off a bottle to Marion today, and intend to send one to each member of the family………”. The message read: Lat 25 degrees 2’ N 20th April 1894 Long 23 degrees 15’ W All well on board, R C Roger Finder please send this to Miss M Rogers Turks Island West Indies This letter was received in Glasgow on January 16th 1896 (the family in Australia now holds the original message) and was greeted by excitement by not only the family but also a local newspaper. The newspaper recorded that “the young voyageur was naturally elated with the success of his experiment especially as it brought him three good specimens of Turks Islands postage stamps..”. The writer of the article entitled “Neptune’s Post, A Tale of the Sea” went onto say “… I can see from the map that the bottle fell within the “sphere of influence” of the North Atlantic current, which after flowing southwards along the coast of Africa for hundreds of miles turns sharply to the west at Cape Verde, sweeps across the Atlantic and spends itself amongst the northern West India islands of which Grand Turk may be reckoned as the avant garde. With the chart of oceanic currents before my eyes, I might have predicted the destiny of this bottle, after a course of 3000 miles, with almost absolute exactness. It took 619 days to accomplish the passage, so it would appear that Neptunes post is somewhat slow…” Now to the modern day. Whilst researching this article, the future for “message in a bottle” was discovered. A website was found that allows you to write a message and send it into cyberspace. It requests that you “enter a message here and it will be put into an imaginary bottle and cast adrift on the Internet Sea”. The message would eventually end up on the screen of someone else that had participated on the site, taking from a few weeks to 6 months. It is also clear that further distances are being considered for “Messages in a Bottle”. When NASA launched Voyager 1 it included a gold plated disc containing greetings in many languages, sounds and images of earth. As one scientist comment, it wasn’t the message that was important; it was the fact that we had sent the message. Can you imagine having this message “wash up” on your planet and how long it will take to be found, if ever? The information about historical messages were taken from: The Peoples Almanac ™ Presents the Book of Lists , printed by Corgi in 1980. This recorded 7 remarkable Messages in a Bottle Neptunes Sea-Mail Service , by Wilmond Menard, Article in Sea Frontiers, International Oceanographic Foundation, volume 26, Number 6 Nov-Dec 1980.
Police
Nobody Does it Better was sung in which Bond film?
The Police | New Music And Songs | The Police About The Police Nominally, the Police were punk rock, but that's only in the loosest sense of the term. The trio's nervous, reggae-injected pop/rock was punky, but it wasn't necessarily punk. All three members were considerably more technically proficient than the average punk or new wave band. Andy Summers had a precise guitar attack that created dense, interlocking waves of sounds and effects. Stewart Copeland could play polyrhythms effortlessly. And Sting, with his high, keening voice, was capable of constructing infectiously catchy pop songs. While they weren't punk, the Police certainly demonstrated that the punk spirit could have a future in pop music. As their career progressed, the Police grew considerably more adventurous, experimenting with jazz and various world musics. All the while, the band's tight delivery and mastery of the pop single kept their audience increasing, and by 1983, they were the most popular rock & roll band in the world. Though they were at the height of their fame, internal tensions caused the band to splinter apart in 1984, with Sting picking up the majority of the band's audience to become an international superstar. Stewart Copeland and Sting (born Gordon Sumner) formed the Police in 1977. Prior to the band's formation, Copeland, the son of a CIA agent, had attended college in California, before he moved to England and joined the progressive rock band Curved Air. Sting was a teacher and a ditch digger who played in jazz-rock bands, including Last Exit, on the side. The two musicians met at a local jazz club and decided to form a progressive pop band with guitarist Henri Padovani. For the first few months, the group played local London pubs. Soon, they were hired to appear as a bleached-blonde punk band in a chewing gum commercial. While the commercial provided exposure, it drew the scorn of genuine punkers. Late in 1977, the band released its first single, "Fall Out," on IRS, an independent label Stewart Copeland founded with his brother Miles, who was also the manager of the Police. The single was a sizable hit for an independent release, selling about 70,000 copies. Padovani was replaced by Andy Summers, a veteran of the British Invasion, following the release of "Fall Out." Summers had previous played with Eric Burdon's second lineup of the Animals, the Zoot Money's Big Roll Band, the Kevin Ayers Band, and Neil Sedaka. The Police signed with A&M by the spring of 1978, committing to a contract that gave the group a higher royalty rate in lieu of a large advance. A&M released "Roxanne" in the spring of 1978, but it failed to chart. The Police set out on a tour of America in the summer of 1978 without any record to support, traveling across the country in a rented van and playing with rented equipment. Released in the fall of 1978, Outlandos d'Amour began a slow climb into the British Top Ten and American Top 30. Immediately after its release, the group began a U.K. tour supporting Alberto y los Trios Paranoias and released the "So Lonely" single. By the spring of 1979, the re-released "Roxanne" had climbed to number 12 on the U.K. charts, taking Outlandos d'Amour to number six. In the summer of 1979, Sting appeared in Quadrophenia, a British film based on the Who album of the same name; later that year, he acted in Radio On. Preceded by the number one British single "Message in a Bottle," Reggatta de Blanc (fall 1979) established the group as stars in England and Europe, topping the U.K. charts for four weeks. Following its release, Miles Copeland had the band tour several countries that rarely received concerts from foreign performers, including Thailand, India, Mexico, Greece, and Egypt. Zenyatta Mondatta, released in the fall of 1980, became the Police's North American breakthrough, reaching the Top Ten in the U.S. and Canada; in England, the album spent four weeks at number one. "Don't Stand So Close to Me," the album's first single, became the group's second number one single in the U.K.; in America, the single became their second Top Ten hit in the spring of 1981, following the number ten placing of "De Do Do Do, De Da Da Da" in the winter. By the beginning of 1981, the Police were able to sell out Madison Square Garden. Capitalizing on their success, the band returned to the studio in the summer of 1981 to record their fourth album with producer Hugh Padgham. The sessions, which were filmed for a BBC documentary hosted by Jools Holland, were completed within a couple months, and the album, Ghost in the Machine, appeared in the fall of 1981. Ghost in the Machine became an instant hit, reaching number one in the U.K. and number two in the U.S. as "Every Little Thing She Does Is Magic" became their biggest hit to date. Following their whirlwind success of 1980 and 1981, in which they were named the Best British Group at the first Brit Awards and won three Grammys, the band took a break in 1982. Though they played their first arena concerts and headlined the U.S. Festival, each member pursued side projects during the course of the year. Sting acted in Brimstone and Treacle, releasing a solo single, "Spread a Little Happiness," from the soundtrack; the song became a British hit. Copeland scored Francis Ford Coppola's Rumble Fish, as well as the San Francisco Ballet's King Lear, and released an album under the name Klark Kent; he also played on several sessions for Peter Gabriel. Summers recorded an instrumental album, I Advance Masked, with Robert Fripp. The Police returned in the summer of 1983 with Synchronicity, which entered the U.K. charts at number one and quickly climbed to the same position in the U.S., where it would stay for 17 weeks. Synchronicity became a blockbuster success on the strength of the ballad "Every Breath You Take." Spending eight weeks at the top of the U.S. charts, "Every Breath You Take" became one of the biggest American hits of all time; it spent four weeks at the top of the U.K. charts. "King of Pain" and "Wrapped Around Your Finger" became hits over the course of 1983, sending Synchronicity to multi-platinum status in America and Britain. The Police supported the album with a blockbuster, record-breaking world tour that set precedents for tours for the remainder of the '80s. Once the tour was completed, the band announced they were going on "sabbatical" in order to pursue outside interests. The Police never returned from sabbatical. During the Synchronicity tour, personal and creative tensions between the bandmembers had escalated greatly, and they had no desire to work together for a while. Sting began working on a jazz-tinged solo project immediately, releasing The Dream of the Blue Turtles in 1985. The album became an international hit, establishing him as a commercial force outside of the band. Copeland and Summers demonstrated no inclination to follow their bandmate's path. Copeland recorded the worldbeat exploration The Rhythmatist in 1985, and continued to compose scores for film and television; he later formed the prog rock band Animal Logic. With his solo career -- which didn't officially begin until the release of 1987's XYZ -- Summers continued his art rock and jazz fusion experiments; he also occasionally collaborated Fripp and John Etheridge. During 1986, the Police made a few attempts to reunite, playing an Amnesty International concert and attempting to record a handful of new tracks for a greatest-hits album in the summer. As the studio session unraveled, it became apparent that Sting had no intention of giving the band his new songs to record, so the group re-recorded a couple of old songs, but even those were thrown off track after Copeland suffered a polo injury. Featuring a new version of "Don't Stand So Close to Me," the compilation Every Breath You Take: The Singles was released for the 1986 Christmas season, becoming the group's fifth straight British number one and their fourth American Top Ten. A few more quiet years passed, but 1992 found Summers taking the helm as musical director for Dennis Miller's late-night show and Sting taking his vows with Trudie Styler. At the wedding, the three Policemen hopped on-stage for a very impromptu set, then, just as quickly, dismissed any rumors of an official Police reunion in the future. That same year a Greatest Hits album was released in the U.K., and in 1994 the box set Message in a Box: The Complete Recordings was released, followed in 1995 by the double album Live. Things again went quite on the Police front as the millennium rolled around. Then, in 2003, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inducted the group into its pantheon. The band did reorganize enough to perform three tunes at the induction ceremony, but again, it looked as if that single show was going to be the extent of their collaboration. There was a brief reunion of sorts with original Police guitarist Henri Padovani, on his 2004 album A Croire Que C'Etait Pour la Vie, where Copeland and Sting appeared on one track together -- but still no signs of a full-blown reunion. Sting released his autobiography, Broken Music, in 2003, and by 2006 Copeland's documentary, Everyone Stares: The Police Inside Out, and Summers' autobiography, One Train Later, had joined the ranks. Odd side projects and collaborations with other musicians continued, but the real Police news came in conjunction with another seemingly one-off reunion gig -- this time for the 49th Annual Grammy Awards. Amid the hoopla, it was announced that the Police would indeed be embarking on a world tour, beginning on May 28, 2007, in Vancouver. ~ Stephen Thomas Erlewine, Rovi
i don't know
Halcyon is the poetic name for which bird?
Halcyon | Define Halcyon at Dictionary.com halcyon [hal-see-uh n] /ˈhæl si ən/ Spell [hal-see-oh-nee-uh n] /ˌhæl siˈoʊ ni ən/ (Show IPA), halcyonic [hal-see-on-ik] /ˌhæl siˈɒn ɪk/ (Show IPA) 1. of or relating to the halcyon or kingfisher. noun 5. a mythical bird, usually identified with the kingfisher, said to breed about the time of the winter solstice in a nest floating on the sea, and to have the power of charming winds and waves into calmness. 6. any of various kingfishers, especially of the genus Halcyon. 7. (initial capital letter) Classical Mythology. Alcyone (def 2). Origin of halcyon 1350-1400 1350-1400; < Latin < Greek halkyṓn, pseudo-etymological variant of alkyṓn kingfisher; replacing Middle English alceon, alicion < Latin alcyōn < Greek Synonyms 1. serene, placid, pacific, untroubled. Dictionary.com Unabridged Examples from the Web for halcyon Expand Contemporary Examples On the Impossible Past will transport you back to your halcyon, angsty teenage years. My Role in a Sondheim Flop Abigail Pogrebin November 12, 2010 Historical Examples And now, says he, I hope soon to have an opportunity to begin my operations; since all is halcyon and security. British Dictionary definitions for halcyon Expand (Greek myth) a fabulous bird associated with the winter solstice 4. a poetic name for the kingfisher 5. a fortnight of calm weather during the winter solstice a period of peace and happiness Word Origin C14: from Latin alcyon, from Greek alkuōn kingfisher, of uncertain origin Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Word Origin and History for halcyon Expand adj. 1540s, in halcyon dayes (Latin alcyonei dies, Greek alkyonides hemerai), 14 days of calm weather at the winter solstice, when a mythical bird (identified with the kingfisher) was said to breed in a nest floating on calm seas. From halcyon (n.), late 14c., from Latin halcyon, from Greek halkyon, variant (perhaps a misspelling) of alkyon "kingfisher," from hals "sea, salt" (see halo- ) + kyon "conceiving," present participle of kyein "to conceive," literally "to swell," from PIE root *keue- "to swell." Identified in mythology with Halcyone, daughter of Aeolus, who when widowed threw herself into the sea and became a kingfisher. Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper
Kingfisher
Who had a hit with Sylvia's Mother?
halcyon - WordReference.com Dictionary of English halcyon WordReference Random House Learner's Dictionary of American English © 2017 hal•cy•on /ˈhælsiən/USA pronunciation   adj. [often: before a noun] calm; carefree:the halcyon days of youth. WordReference Random House Unabridged Dictionary of American English © 2017 hal•cy•on  (hal′sē ən),USA pronunciation adj. Also, hal•cy•o•ni•an (hal′sē ō′nē ən),USA pronunciation  hal•cy•on•ic  (hal′sē on′ik).USA pronunciation  calm; of or pertaining to the halcyon or kingfisher. n.  a mythical bird, usually identified with the kingfisher, said to breed about the time of the winter solstice in a nest floating on the sea, and to have the power of charming winds and waves into calmness. Birdsany of various kingfishers, esp. of the genus Halcyon. (cap.) [Class. Myth.]Alcyone (def. 2). Greek Greek halkyó̄n, pseudo-etymological variant of alkyó̄n kingfisher; replacing Middle English alceon, alicion Latin
i don't know
Who composed the music for the opera The Tales of Hoffman?
Offenbach - Barcarolle , from 'The Tales of Hoffmann' - YouTube Offenbach - Barcarolle , from 'The Tales of Hoffmann' Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Sep 9, 2008 Title : Jacques Offenbach , Barcarolle , from 'The Tales of Hoffmann' From Wikipedia , Les contes d'Hoffmann (in English: The Tales of Hoffmann) is an opera by Jacques Offenbach. It was first performed in Paris, at the Opéra-Comique, on February 10, 1881. The libretto was written by Jules Barbier, based on three short stories by E.T.A. Hoffmann. E.T.A. Hoffmann himself is a character in the opera just as he often is in his stories. The stories upon which the opera is based are Der Sandmann,Rath Krespel, and Das verlorene Spiegelbild. The opera contains a prologue, three acts and an epilogue. Offenbach did not live to see his opera performed, since he died on October 5, 1880, just over four months before its premiere. Before his death, Offenbach had completed the piano score and orchestrated the prologue and the first act. Since he did not entirely finish the writing, many different versions of this opera emerged, some bearing little resemblance to the original work. The version performed at the opera's premiere was that by Ernest Guiraud, who completed Offenbach's scoring and wrote the recitatives. The Barcarolle The most famous aria from the opera is the "Barcarolle" (Belle nuit, ô nuit d'amour), which is performed in Act 2. Curiously, the aria was not written by Offenbach with Les Contes d'Hoffmann in mind. He wrote it as a ghost-song in the opera Les fées du Rhin (which premiered in Vienna on February 8, 1864 as Die Rheinnixen). Offenbach died with Les contes d'Hoffmann unfinished. Ernest Guiraud completed the scoring and wrote the recitatives for the premiere. He also incorporated this excerpt from one of Offenbach's earlier, long-forgotten operas into the new opera. The Barcarolle has been incorporated into many movies including Life Is Beautiful and Titanic. Category
Jacques Offenbach
What instrument is sometimes called the clown of the orchestra?
The Tales of Hoffmann | opera by Offenbach | Britannica.com The Tales of Hoffmann Alternative Title: “Les Contes d’Hoffmann” Related Topics Brief excerpt from the barcarole “ Belle nuit, ô nuit d’amour, ” also … Belle nuit, ô nuit d’amour, ” also called … The Tales of Hoffmann, French Les Contes d’Hoffmann, opera by German-born French composer Jacques Offenbach , with a French libretto by Michel Carré and Jules Barbier, the latter of whom was a coauthor of the play of the same name, from which the opera was derived. The opera premiered in Paris on February 10, 1881. It was the last and easily the most serious of the many Offenbach operas. Its premiere came posthumously. Left unfinished at Offenbach’s death, the work was completed by the composer’s colleagues. The opera is perhaps best known for its barcarolle “ Belle nuit, ô nuit d’amour, ” originally a duet for soprano and mezzo-soprano , though often heard in instrumental transcriptions. Background and context Like the play, the opera is based on three of the psychologically complicated and fantastic stories of the German Romantic author and composer E.T.A. Hoffmann . Those stories are “ Der Sandmann Die Geschichte vom verlorenen Spiegelbilde ” (“ The Story of the Lost Reflection ”). The opera was intended for the 1877–78 season at Paris’s Théâtre de la Gaîté-Lyrique, though Offenbach missed the deadline by a large margin. When he died in 1880, he had not yet finished its last acts. Determined to bring the work to the stage, the theatre’s managers brought in composer Ernest Guiraud to finish the opera in time for its long-delayed premiere. Further revisions followed. Jacques Offenbach. © Photos.com/Jupiterimages The Tales of Hoffmann has no “official” version. Among the points of debate among music historians are Offenbach’s intentions regarding sung recitatives versus spoken dialogue . Even the order of the opera’s acts has been varied. The opera opens and closes with scenes of Hoffmann’s obsession with Stella, an opera singer. In between are visions of his passions for three other women. Offenbach’s original plan was that those three acts would serve as a kind of spiritual journey from youthful infatuation (the Olympia act) through mature love (the Antonia act) to the indulgences of an idle wastrel (the Giulietta act). In contemporary performance, however, the second and third acts are sometimes switched. Further, some companies label the Prologue as Act I and renumber the succeeding acts accordingly. The structure shown in the synopsis below is one of several variations. Similar Topics Requiem in D Minor, K 626 Given the debate, not only opera directors but also conductors and musicologists have taken on the task of reimagining Hoffmann. Numerous alternate versions exist, each with its own advocates. One particularly notable version was crafted by American musicologist Michael Kaye, who, in studying Offenbach’s original drafts, restored music for the muse Nicklausse and expanded the Giulietta act, increasing its dramatic impact. For musicological and theatrical reasons, those and other changes that Kaye suggests attracted a strong following, and it may yet become the standard version of Hoffmann. Also problematic is the number of singers required for the principal roles. In each act, the leading tenor is the character of Hoffmann. However, the principal baritone is named Lindorf, Coppélius, Dr. Miracle, or Dapertutto, depending on the scene at hand. The featured soprano may take the role of each of Hoffmann’s loves—Olympia, Antonia, Giulietta, and Stella—in turn. Evidence reveals that Offenbach intended one soprano to perform all the roles and one baritone as well, so as to clarify the notion that those different characters are different aspects of a single personality. Baritones have not protested, as their four roles resemble each other in music style. The four soprano roles, however, make quite different demands upon the voice—from light coloratura to intense drama—so it requires an exceptional soprano to take on all roles. Councillor Lindorf ( bass or baritone ) Andrès, Stella’s servant ( tenor ) Luther, a tavern-keeper (bass or baritone) Nathanaël, a student (tenor) Herrmann, a student (bass or baritone) Hoffmann, a poet (tenor) Coppélius, an evil scientist (bass or baritone) Olympia, a life-sized doll ( soprano ) Giulietta, a Venetian courtesan (soprano) Schlémil, her lover (bass or baritone) Pittichinaccio, a dwarf (tenor) Dapertutto, an evil magician (bass or baritone) Antonia, a young singer (soprano) Crespel, her father (bass or baritone) Frantz, his servant (tenor) Dr. Miracle, a charlatan (bass or baritone) Voice of Antonia’s Mother (soprano or mezzo-soprano) Stella, a diva (soprano) Party guests, servants, dancers, entertainers Setting and story summary The Tales of Hoffmann is set in Germany and Italy in the early 19th century. Prologue Prismatic Playlist Volume 1 Luther’s Tavern, Nuremberg . The Spirits of Wine and Beer begin their revels. The Muse of the poet Hoffmann declares that Hoffmann must choose between her and his love for Stella, an opera singer. The Muse will disguise herself as Nicklausse, Hoffmann’s friend, to watch him. Councillor Lindorf appears and gives Andrès, Stella’s servant, a bribe to steal a note from Stella to Hoffmann that contains her dressing room key. Students crowd into the tavern, along with Nicklausse and Hoffmann, who is moody. The students encourage him to drink and sing them a song. He regales them with the ballad of the dwarf Kleinzach, but he is soon distracted by memories of past loves. Lindorf and Hoffmann insult each other, and Hoffmann is left with a sense of doom. When the students rib Hoffmann about his passion for Stella, he begins to tell them the story of his three great loves. Act I (the Olympia act) Spalanzani’s house. The inventor Spalanzani is preparing for a party. He admires what appears to be a girl behind a curtain in his parlour—but she is actually a life-sized mechanical doll. He hopes that this invention will help him recoup his investment losses in the Élias bank. He fears, however, that his rival Coppélius will try to extort money from him by claiming to have some rights to the doll. Hoffmann arrives, and Spalanzani sings the praises of his “daughter” Olympia. Spalanzani leaves the room, and Hoffmann finds Olympia, whom he has seen briefly before, apparently asleep. He is already deeply in love with her. Nicklausse appears and teasingly sings him a song about a living doll. Coppélius arrives and sells Hoffmann a pair of magic eyeglasses that will allow Hoffmann to see into a person’s soul. The eyeglasses make Olympia appear completely human to Hoffmann. Spalanzani and Coppélius argue over their respective contributions to the invention of Olympia, and Spalanzani eventually gives Coppélius a check (drawn on the failed bank) to split the presumed profits. The other guests arrive, and Spalanzani introduces Olympia. She performs a brilliant aria . Although she has to be rewound several times, Hoffmann remains infatuated. When he touches her, she whirls out of the room. Nicklausse tries to tell him that she is not human, but Hoffmann will not listen. Coppélius returns, enraged that Spalanzani’s check has bounced. A waltz begins, and Hoffmann and Olympia dance increasingly faster until Hoffmann falls and breaks the magic eyeglasses. Coppélius takes his vengeance on Spalanzani by smashing Olympia. Hoffmann, horrified, must at last accept that Olympia was not human. Act II (the Giulietta act) Connect with Britannica Facebook Twitter YouTube Instagram Pinterest Giulietta’s palazzo on the Grand Canal , Venice . Nicklausse and the courtesan Giulietta sing a romantic barcarolle . Hoffmann then sings a cynical ditty about carnal pleasures. Giulietta’s jealous lover Schlémil watches Hoffmann resentfully. Nicklausse warns Hoffmann not to fall in love with Giulietta. Hoffmann replies that if he should fall in love with her, the devil can take his soul. The evil magician Dapertutto overhears this. He bribes Giulietta with a diamond to rob Hoffmann of his reflection by seduction, in the same way that she has already stolen Schlémil’s shadow for Dapertutto. Giulietta proceeds to seduce Hoffmann, who falls in love immediately and agrees to give her his reflection. Schlémil interrupts them and accuses Giulietta of infidelity. Dapertutto remarks on how pale Hoffmann is. Hoffmann looks in a mirror and is horrified to find that he has no reflection. Still ensnared by his passion for Giulietta, he demands that Schlémil give him the key to Giulietta’s room. Schlémil refuses. Dapertutto gives Hoffmann a sword with which to fight his rival in a duel. Schlémil is killed. Hoffmann rushes off to find Giulietta but sees her sailing away in a gondola with her new lover, the dwarf Pittichinaccio. Nicklausse drags Hoffmann away. Act III (the Antonia act) Britannica Lists & Quizzes Editor Picks: Exploring 10 Types of Basketball Movies Crespel’s house, Munich . Crespel’s daughter Antonia, accompanying herself on the harpsichord , sings a sad love song. Crespel urges her to give up singing, because it will make her ill, but Antonia is inspired by the memory of her late mother’s beautiful voice and cannot help but sing. Crespel blames Hoffmann for Antonia’s desire to sing; Crespel had brought her to Munich expressly to get her away from the poet. As he leaves the house, Crespel orders Frantz, his partially deaf servant, not to let anyone in the house during his absence. Alone, Frantz tries, and fails, to sing and dance. Hoffmann arrives with Nicklausse, who urges the poet to concentrate solely on poetry. But Hoffmann ignores Nicklausse and declares his love to Antonia. They sing a duet until Antonia becomes faint. When Crespel arrives, Antonia flees the room, and Hoffmann hides. Crespel is dismayed by the arrival of the ominous Dr. Miracle, who had treated Crespel’s wife before she died and who Crespel believes will kill his daughter as well. Hoffmann eavesdrops on their conversation. Even though Antonia is not in the room, the doctor declares that he can perceive that her pulse is irregular. He orders her to sing, and her voice is heard from somewhere in the house. Although Dr. Miracle claims that he can save the girl, Crespel throws him out. Antonia returns, and Hoffmann begs her to give up singing. Reluctantly she promises to do so. Hoffmann departs, telling her that he will come back the next day. Then Dr. Miracle reappears and tries to beguile the girl with visions of becoming a famous singer. Antonia calls upon her mother’s portrait to help her. When the doctor magically brings the portrait to life, Antonia’s mother urges Antonia to sing with her. With Dr. Miracle frenetically accompanying her on the violin , Antonia sings until she falls to the ground. She dies in her grieving father’s arms. Hoffmann arrives. Crespel threatens to kill him, but Nicklausse intercedes. When Hoffmann calls for a doctor, Dr. Miracle reappears and pronounces Antonia dead. Crespel and Hoffmann despairingly cry out to her. Epilogue Deepwater Horizon oil spill of 2010 Luther’s Tavern. Back at Luther’s Tavern, applause for Stella’s performance is heard in the distance, and Lindorf swears to make her his. Nicklausse realizes that each woman in the three Hoffmann stories—Olympia the doll, Giulietta the courtesan, and Antonia the singer—represents a different side of Stella. He proposes a toast to Stella, which at first enrages Hoffmann, but the poet decides just to drink himself into oblivion. As he does so, the Muse magically reappears, and he declares his love for her. He falls into a drunken stupor just as Stella enters. She goes off with Lindorf, and the students continue their revels. But the Muse finally has Hoffmann to herself.
i don't know
What world capital city is heated by volcanic springs?
One Hot Island: Iceland's Renewable Geothermal Power - Scientific American Scientific American One Hot Island: Iceland's Renewable Geothermal Power Iceland goes green by tapping the power of the planet By Christopher Mims on October 20, 2008 Share on Facebook Credit: ©Scientific American / Christopher Mims Advertisement | Report Ad REYKJAVIK, ICELAND—Snorri Sturlusson is the first name in geothermal development here. That's because this original Icelander tapped Earth's heat for a pool in his backyard, according to the medieval Icelandic Sagas. That pool, recently restored, still sits atop a grassy hill in the town of Reykholt. It's about 15 feet (4.5 meters) across, perfectly round, paved with gray and brown basalt tiles, and as warm to the touch as it was when Snorri built it almost a thousand years ago. Sturlusson's modern-day descendants are striving to follow his example, especially the president, Ólafur Grímsson, who travels the world extolling the virtues of geothermal power . From the warm water that heats this capital city to the "Blue Lagoon," Iceland is dotted with efforts to harness the volcanic power beneath its rugged and often stark surface. Video: Iceland Geothermal Power The island itself is basically a blister of porous basalt at the crack in Earth's crust where the North American and Eurasian plates are pulling apart. It possesses two of the traits dearest to geologists in search of exploitable geothermal power, according to power company Reykjavik Energy: enormous underground reservoirs of water that are continually renewed by levels of annual precipitation that range as high as 177 inches (450 centimeters) over Iceland's glaciers, and shallow plumes of magma that heat the deepest reaches of these reservoirs to temperatures in excess of 750 degrees Fahrenheit (400 degrees Celsius). Plus, nowhere else other than the Great Rift Valley in Africa is seafloor spreading visible on land , says Richard Hey of the University of Hawaii. This constant generation of new crust makes the country one of the most geologically active on Earth. And it is that activity the Icelanders are trying to tap. Home heat Historically, Icelanders used Earth's heat directly for washing and baking the "hot spring bread" known as hverabrauth. In 1930 water from boreholes drilled into geothermal springs in Laugardalur, just east of the capital city of Reykjavik, was piped to Austurbaer primary school about two miles (three kilometers) away. Whereas district heating in Iceland is straightforward—naturally pressurized "low temperature" geothermal fields containing potable water at temperatures less than 300 degrees F (150 degrees C) are common throughout the country, according to Reykjavik Energy, the regional power authority that includes Iceland's capital city—it wasn't until the first oil shock of the early 1970s that Icelanders got serious about exploiting their native energy resources. Ásgeir Margeirsson, CEO of Geysir Green Energy, says that at the time homes in Iceland were almost entirely dependent on oil heat. By financing thermal and electric power plants throughout the country, as well as the infrastructure required to deliver hot water to homes, the Icelandic government not only eliminated the country's dependence on fossil fuels for heating and electricity, but also jump-started an entire industry, according to Alexander Richter, Director of Sustainable Energy, Global Research and Communication at Glitnir Bank. Iceland is now the leading exporter of geothermal expertise to the rest of the world, according to the Trade Council of Iceland. The nation's engineers, geologists and financiers work on projects anywhere there are incentives (as in Germany, which has a feed-in tariff on geothermal of 20 cents per kilowatt-hour) or easily-tapped reservoirs of underground heat (as in the Philippines). Iceland's third-largest bank, Glitnir, helped finance the world's biggest geothermal district heating project in the city of Xianyang, China , and it retains a staff of geologists to evaluate the potential of early stage drilling projects, such as one it financed in Nevada, Richter says. Today, Reykjavik is home to the largest district heating system in the world, and it has been estimated that were Icelanders still dependent on oil, their heating costs would be five times as high, according to Margeirsson. Across all of Iceland, 90 percent of households are connected to a district heating system, with just a few remote households getting their heat from fossil fuels such as propane. Clean energy boom Today, 99 percent of Iceland's electricity is produced from renewable sources, 30 percent of which is geothermal (the rest is from dams—and there are a lot of them), according to Iceland's National Energy Authority. When transportation, heating and production of electricity are considered as a whole, geothermal provides half of all the primary energy used in Iceland. (Although there are efforts underway to use the island's supplies of renewable energy to power its fishing fleet and motor vehicles through conversion to hydrogen fuel , these efforts are still at the earliest stages of development.) For example, guests at the famous " Blue Lagoon " spa cannot help but notice the Nesjavellir geothermal power plant in the distance, whose plumes of steam tower over the turquoise outdoor pools from which the lagoon derives its name. Indeed, the lagoon would not exist without the plant, whose stream of used groundwater gradually clogged the porous rocks into which it had been flowing, forming the hot baths that are now Iceland's leading tourist attraction. Yet only a small fraction of Iceland's geothermal capacity has been tapped. "It's been estimated that by conventional use of geothermal, the available power in Iceland could be on the order of 20 to 30 terawatt-hours per year," says Ólafur Flóvez, general director of ÍSOR, or Iceland Geosurvey, the governmental institution that employs roughly 100 geologists to conduct research on geothermal resources. "Currently we're producing maybe four terawatt-hours per year." (A terawatt equals one trillion watts.) Industry is already driving further development of Iceland's remaining geothermal resources. Aluminum smelting alone currently uses more electricity than all other activities in Iceland combined, and by 2015, 400 additional megawatts (million watts) of geothermal electricity are scheduled to go online just to serve a single new aluminum smelter in Bakki, in the north of the country, according to U.S.-based aluminum giant, Alcoa, which is investing heavily in the plant. Other industries are also looking to take advantage of this resource. "It's no secret that both Microsoft and Google have looked at Iceland," Richter says. The enormous power needs of the clusters of powerful computers used to run the World Wide Web, known as data centers , have inspired companies to look for sites anywhere in the world there is cheap energy and sufficient connection to global networks. The future is now Not content to max out the country's geothermal potential using existing technologies, a consortium known as the Iceland Deep Drilling Project (IDDP), which includes the Icelandic government, the U.S. National Science Foundation, the European Union and Alcoa have banded together to tap an exotic and hard to exploit form of geothermal energy: supercritical steam. When steam exceeds a certain temperature and pressure—in excess of 750 degrees F (400 degrees C) and 250 times greater than normal atmospheric pressure—the density of steam becomes identical to that of liquid water. This steam "would yield five to 10 times as much energy per unit of volume extracted from the Earth," says Sverrir Thórhallsson, head of ÍSOR's engineering department. Supercritical steam has already been used in coal-fired and nuclear power plants . The mechanism by which it yields higher efficiency is complicated, but ultimately it boils down to this: steam turbines need very hot steam in order to produce power, and supercritical steam is much closer to this temperature than cooler steam, says Ashok Malhotra, who literally wrote the book on the subject (Thermodynamic Properties of Supercritical Steam). As a result, very little energy is wasted in transferring heat from the steam that comes out of the ground to the steam that will spin the turbine. In addition, the entire system can be constructed under the assumption that steam and water don't have to be separated in the early phases of the power generating cycle—because at these temperatures and pressures, these usually distinct phases of water are literally one and the same. Tapping supercritical steam will require drilling deeper than any geothermal project has ever drilled before; as deep as three miles (five kilometers) below the surface. No one knows exactly what the water will be like at that depth, according to Benedikt Steingrímsson, chief project manager of ÍSOR. "We have already reach[ed] temperatures of 360 degrees C [680 degrees F] or more only at a depth of 2.2 kilometers [1.4 miles]," Steingrímsson says. "So we're already very close to the supercritical point. The heat is certain—how much fluid there is, what its chemical properties are, and its gas content are unknown." Dissolved solids, toxic metals and corrosive gases are only some of the obstacles the IDDP will have to overcome in the next 10 years—also at issue is the pressure of the supercritical fluid, which is 10 times greater than existing instruments and power plants have been designed to handle. "Everyone knows it won't turn on lightbulbs anytime soon," Thórhallsson says. But surely Sturlusson, whose offspring still live in Iceland to this day, would have been proud.  
Reykjavík
Franz Kafka wrote in German what nationality was he?
Study in Iceland | Top Universities Study in Iceland 28 shares What's it like to study in Iceland? The country has rather a dramatic nickname, ‘the land of fire and ice’, which refers to its impressive variety of natural features. Iceland is one of the world’s most active volcanic regions, while also having large areas covered in glaciers. A sparsely populated island nation in the north west of Europe, Iceland is also known for its hot springs, fishing industry and high quality of life. The country was hit hard by the 2008 global financial crisis, but has seen steady economic recovery since 2010. Recent years have also seen Iceland become increasingly popular as a tourist destination, with travelers enticed both by the stunning natural scenery and the cultural attractions of capital Reykjavík – celebrated for its colorful buildings, vibrant music scene and nightlife. Fast Facts Europe’s second largest island, after Great Britain Most sparsely populated country in Europe, with about three inhabitants per square kilometer Reykjavík is the world’s most northerly capital city Once ruled by Denmark , became fully independent in 1944 Reykjavík means ‘smoky bay’ in Icelandic – referring to the city’s coastal location, and the steam that comes from the natural hot springs Currency is the króna (1 krona = 100 aurar) Home to more than 170 geothermal pools More than 11% of the country is covered by glaciers One volcanic eruption every five years, on average Popular Icelandic musicians include Björk, Sigur Rós and Of Monsters and Men The Prime minister, Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson, elected in 2013, is a graduate of the University of Oxford You have to be at least 20 years old to purchase alcohol Iceland has no armed forces At 12,000 sq km, Vatnajökull National Park is the largest national park in Europe 100% of Iceland’s electric power comes from renewable sources, and about 90% of homes are heated by geothermal water Icelanders are among the world’s biggest consumers of cheese 3 Applications, Fees & Visas Universities in Iceland There are seven universities in Iceland, of which three are private and four public. The largest are the University of Iceland and  Reykjavík University , both in the capital, followed by the University of Akureyri in the northern city of Akureyri. International students make up around 5% of all students in Iceland, and universities in Iceland are generally keen to attract more international and exchange students. Many, especially the larger universities, offer a growing number of courses taught fully or partially in English, and there are good support systems in place for foreign students choosing to study in Iceland. Related Articles Why Study at a Scandinavian University? Climate in Iceland Though admittedly not an ideal destination for those who like it hot, Iceland is not actually as cold as its name implies! In summer, temperatures in Reykjavík can reach highs of 35C (95F), and in winter the average temperature there is about 0C (32F). But while the climate in Iceland is not too extreme, the variation in daylight hours certainly is. During the middle of summer, there’s almost continuous daylight – and conversely, during mid-winter, hardly any daylight at all. As you might expect from a country characterized by volcanoes and glaciers, much of Iceland is considered uninhabitable. Most of the population lives around the coast, with Reykjavík (in the south west) by far the largest urban area. Things to do in Iceland The capital offers a good selection of cultural attractions, including theaters, galleries, restaurants, cafes, bars and music venues, and more than holds its own among other European cities. Outside of the Reykjavík region, life is likely to be considerably quieter. Even Akureyri, the second largest urban area, had a population of less than 20,000 at the last count. However, that’s not to say there aren't plenty of things to do in Iceland wherever you’re based, especially if you enjoy being outdoors! Popular pursuits include whale watching, glacier trekking, snowmobiling, diving, horse-riding and fishing – and Iceland is also one of the best countries from which to view the spectacular Northern Lights. If that all sounds rather too action-packed, remember that relaxing in naturally heated pools is one of the staple elements of Icelandic life! Icelandic food In terms of Icelandic food, don’t be put off by tales of rotten shark meat, ram’s testicles, pickled whale blubber and raw puffin hearts… These are all traditional delicacies, but not on the day-to-day menu of most Icelanders! Unsurprisingly, you can expect to encounter lots of fresh seafood, as well as skyr (similar to strained yogurt), pylsur (hotdogs made with lamb), and cheese - Iceland produces around 100 different types. Finally, a word on safety: despite being among the world’s most active volcanic regions, Iceland is not generally considered a dangerous place to live. That goes for both natural and other types of threat – crime rates are relatively low. University applications and fees in Iceland Applications are submitted directly to each university, with requirements and deadlines varying between institutions. Public universities do not charge tuition fees, but there is a ‘registration fee’. This varies between universities, but for an example the University of Iceland currently charges ISK60,000 (about US$470) per year. Private universities charge both tuition and registration fees, which vary depending on the course and institution. Fees are usually higher for students from outside the EU. The University of Iceland advises students to allow about ISK125,540 (US$980) per month to cover accommodation and other living expenses. Getting a visa for Iceland Depending on your nationality and how long you intend to stay, it may not be necessary to get a visa for Iceland. However, those who intend to study in Iceland for more than three months will need to apply for a residence permit, via the Icelandic Directorate of Immigration. This can be applied for once the student has been officially granted a place at a university in Iceland. Applications take around 90 days to be processed, and students should apply in time to receive their permit before arrival in the country. Healthcare in Iceland After being resident in Iceland for six months, everyone automatically becomes a member of the national social insurance system, regardless of nationality. This means access to healthcare in Iceland at the same fixed rates paid by locals. Before this six month point, students from EEA countries can access services at these same rates, by presenting a European Health Insurance Card (EHIC), as proof that they are entitled to healthcare in their own country. Higher fees will be charged to those from outside the EEA, and students are advised to take out private insurance to cover this. Languages in Iceland The country’s official and main language is Icelandic. Other major languages in Iceland include Danish and English, which are both widely spoken and are both compulsory subjects at Icelandic schools. At universities in Iceland, most undergraduate courses are taught in Icelandic. At the master’s and PhD levels, however, a considerable number of English-led programs are available, particularly at the University of Iceland, Reykjavík University and the University of Akureyri. Would you like to study in Iceland?  Connect with other international students in our forums > Related Articles
i don't know
Who produced the Tom and Jerry cartoons until 1956?
Who produced the Tom and Jerry cartoons until 1956 Fred Quimby - MBA - 217 View Full Document Who produced the Tom and Jerry cartoons until 1956 Fred Quimby 35 The name of which countries capital means good air Argentina – Buenos Aires 36 The sackbut developed into which modern instrument Trombone 37 The GRA govern which sport Greyhound Racing Association 38 Which record label signed the Rolling Stones in 1991 Virgin 39 In heraldry gules are what colour Red 40 Reginald Truscott-Jones became famous as who Ray Miland 41 What is the food of the secretary bird Snakes 42 What bridge links a Palace with a State Prison Bridge of Sighs – Venice 43 The African and French marigolds are native to what country Mexico 44 Who is the Patron Saint of Grave diggers St Anthony 45 What is Muckle Flugga Rock and Lighthouse on Uist 46 Mary Read and Anne Boney had what job in common Pirates 47 Short actors stand on what wooden object - to appear bigger Pancake 48 What is the commonest name for a pub in Britain The Red Lion 49 What does the word economy mean in original Greek Home Management 50 Pok ta Pok started in Mexico - what modern game/sport is it Basketball Page 30 This is the end of the preview. Sign up to access the rest of the document. TERM 10000 general knowledge questions and answers www.cartiaz.ro No Questions Quiz 15 Ans 10000_questions 31
Fred Quimby
The sackbut developed into which modern instrument?
TOM AND JERRY The Chuck Jones Collection DVD Review | Collider | Collider TOM AND JERRY The Chuck Jones Collection DVD Review SHARE TWEET 0 There are three phases of Tom and Jerry cartoons.  First are the wonderful 1940’s and 50’s MGM cartoons, which were colored in beautiful blue and grey pastel tones.    Here, the classic chase of “cat and mouse” occurred in just about every way conceivable.  It is no doubt that the creative minds at MGM’s animation division may have been inspired by being located on MGM’s lot #2, and perhaps channeled some of Andy Hardy’s hoodoo, due to the fact that the street used for filming was located directly behind the animatinion studio.   In these shorts, when Tom gets injured while chasing Jerry or gets cornered by Spike the bulldog, he let out a satisfyingly comical yelping yowl different than Walt Disney’s “Goofy” yell: “Waa-hoo-hoo-hooey!” in sound, but equally iconic with hilarity.  These cartoons were created during the Fred Quimby years; he produced Tom and Jerry along with all other MGM cartoons until the animation division was closed in 1957. The famous animation team William Hanna and Joe Barbera were in charge of animating Tom and Jerry for almost their entire run at MGM before forming their own successful animation company know as what else, “Hanna-Barbera.” Continued after the jump: Tom and Jerry’s second phase occurred when the cartoon series was briefly resurrected in 1961, transforming into super-weird cartoons that actually frightened or at least puzzled their audience.  Cheaply produced using “limited-animation,” these stories often feature Tom being brutally beaten by a man with bloodshot eyes, so full of rage that he could only mutter.  Only thirteen of these bizarre Tom and Jerry cartoons were made between the years 1961 and 1962 by Rembrandt Films in Czechoslovakia led by Gene Deitch.   Perhaps being animated in Czechoslovakia is enough of an excuse to explain away the strangeness, the echoing music and sound effects, and the bizarre behavior of Tom & Jerry.  If these cartoons had been done a little later, psychedelic drugs would certainly be the culprit. Tom and Jerry’s third and final phase began in 1963 when MGM resurrected the golden cartoon team of Tom and Jerry, and offered veteran animator Chuck Jones full creative control over the franchise if he would oversee the project. Jones had just been excised from the Warner Brothers animation department after a long career at the studio, where he had created Michigan J. Frog, Pepe’ Le Pew, the Road Runner and Wile E. Coyote. Jones jumped at the chance to helm a lavishly funded animation project at MGM, avoiding involvement in cheaply produced, more common cartoons with tiny bits of animation and tons of dialogue called “limited animation,” or, in his dismissive words, “illustrated radio.” Jones took over Tom and Jerry for MGM and updated the look of the franchise, transforming the well-known cat and mouse characters into ones with exaggerated 1960’s-style eyelashes, found most certainly on his later character designs for the “The Grinch Who Stole Christmas” cartoon special.  Tom most notably received heavy expressive eyebrows, and Jerry was enhanced with giant rounded ears. Tom replaced the MGM lion in the memorable new opening credits, meowing and hissing. Mel Blanc, voice of Bugs Bunny and numerous other legendary cartoon characters has a very distinctive voice. Obviously, Chuck Jones brought Blanc to voice the occasional Tom and Jerry yelps or moans because of their long shared tenure at Warner Brothers. Unfortunately, when Blanc isn’t doing Bugs Bunny or one of his other trademark voices, he just sounds like…Mel Blanc. The same holds true for Blanc’s voice-over stint on TV’s late 1970’s awesome stink-a-thon, Buck Rogers in the 25th Century, where he voiced the impish wiener-headed robot, “Twiki.” This two-DVD set features all of the Chuck Jones Tom and Jerry shorts, 34 in total. There is text on the back of the DVD box that warns viewers that the collection is for the adult consumer, and might not be suitable for children. This addresses the age-old issue of violence in cartoons, not the racist depictions sometimes found in Tom and Jerry shorts of the 40’s and 50’s.   The warning also indicates that the shorts will be uncut and restored, with the original content included, not just a compilation for the kiddies. Most importantly, this disc includes one of the best documentaries we have seen in a long time called Chuck Jones: Memories of a Childhood.   This documentary captures Chuck Jones later in his life recalling tales of his hard yet fascinating childhood.  His charm and genius wins you over immediately, teaching anyone who watches it that he was truly something magical, not only as an animator or animation producer, but also perhaps as an American “Gandalf the Grey” or “Merlin.”  His personality is infectious, it makes me wish I had known him, or could simply see more footage of him just talking. Another documentary is included which tells the history of Tom and Jerry, called Tom and Jerry…and Chuck, which tells the tale of the history of Tom and Jerry leading up to Chuck Jones’ involvement. Tom and Jerry – The Chuck Jones Edition is a must have for any fans of animation, and certainly for fans of Tom and Jerry.  I would buy the excellent Chuck Jones: Memories of a Childhood alone. It was so good, and we watched it twice in a row.  Congratulations to producers Peggy Stern, Joseph Kennedy and animation guru John Canemaker for giving us such a charming and unique glimpse at Mr. Chuck Jones, who was truly American treasure. Related Content
i don't know
Which record label signed the Rolling Stones in 1991?
Rolling Stones Switch to a New Label - The New York Times The New York Times Music |Rolling Stones Switch Labels Search Continue reading the main story Photo Still a commercial powerhouse: Mick Jagger of the Rolling Stones performed in front of a capacity crowd in Oslo last August. Credit Stian Lysberg Solum/Scanpix, via Reuters Ending months of speculation in the music industry, the Rolling Stones have left EMI, the record label that has released the group’s music since the early 1990s, and signed a long-term recording deal with the Universal Music Group, the company announced on Friday. The worldwide contract covers three new albums and the rights to release the band’s valuable catalog of music recorded since 1971 for about five years, according to people with knowledge of the negotiations who were not authorized to speak about them publicly. The contract calls for an advance of $15 million and brings the Rolling Stones’ entire output under Universal’s roof, since the company had already distributed the band’s pre-1971 music through the Abkco label. EMI will retain the band’s lucrative publishing rights. “Universal are forward thinking, creative and hands-on music people,” the band said in a statement issued by Universal. “We really look forward to working with them.” The Rolling Stones, whose contract with EMI was up for renewal this year, are the latest in a string of high-profile acts to depart the label since it was bought by the private equity firm Terra Firma last year for about $6.4 billion. Radiohead released its latest album through its own Web site last October, and Paul McCartney left for a label partly owned by Starbucks after complaining publicly about EMI’s new leadership. Among industry executives and analysts, the move was seen as a significant loss for EMI, which has been struggling with financial losses in recent years. EMI is the smallest of the four major labels; Universal, a unit of Vivendi, is the largest. Advertisement Continue reading the main story “It certainly is a blow to EMI in the sense that they have a very strong catalog,” said Russ Crupnick, a senior analyst at the NPD Group, a market research firm. “In the short term they seem to be counting on that catalog to help transform the company.” Though its core members are well into their 60s, the Rolling Stones remain a commercial powerhouse. The band’s tours have grossed more than $700 million worldwide since 1999, according to the trade journal Pollstar. Universal estimates that the band has sold 275 million albums around the world in its 46-year history. “There is no question that the Rolling Stones are one of the most important bands in music history,” Doug Morris, the chairman of Universal Music Group, said in a statement. As the band has aged, though, sales of its newer material have been dwarfed by the popularity of the older hits. Of the group’s 24 million albums sold in the United States since 1991, only about 3.5 million have been for new studio recordings, according to Nielsen SoundScan. The rest has been for catalog, live albums and other miscellany. In its announcement about the new deal, Universal said that it was planning “an unprecedented, long-term campaign to reposition the Rolling Stones’ entire catalog for the digital age.” The band owns the recordings since 1971, when it released “Sticky Fingers” under its own Rolling Stones Records label. Distribution of those recordings has changed hands several times over the years. But in 1991 the band signed with Virgin Records, which was acquired by EMI the following year, and the Rolling Stones have stuck with EMI since then. Having superstars on its roster can lend a record label credibility in signing other acts, and the Rolling Stones are the kind of name that can only help Universal in doing business around the world, said Doug Davis, a music and entertainment lawyer in New York. “It’s a trophy for Doug Morris and Universal,” Mr. Davis said. “The business partners that U.M.G. is doing deals with — from branding companies to doing any type of new media exploitations — are not kids in college looking for the next hipster band. The people that run those companies still listen to, love and grew up with the Stones.” A version of this article appears in print on , on Page B7 of the New York edition with the headline: Rolling Stones Switch Labels. Order Reprints | Today's Paper | Subscribe
Virginity
Reginald Truscott-Jones became famous as who?
1991 – The Rolling Stones announced they’d signed a £20 million deal with Virgin Records | Rock History 1991 – The Rolling Stones announced they’d signed a £20 million deal with Virgin Records 1991 – The Rolling Stones announced they’d signed a £20 million deal with Virgin Records, to make three albums over six years. Be Sociable, Share! You must be logged in to post a comment. Highlights by Mo/Yr Happy Bday Eddie Van Halen # Visitors since Jan. 1, 2008  |  Over 4-5 million page views per month. © Copyright 2008 - 2015 THIS DAY IN ROCK thisdayinrock.com is a history of Rock n Roll! | Designed by: Design By A Pro (Website Design) For social networking safety tips for parents and youth Visit: www.OnGuardOnline.gov All Materials related directly to Artists, such as Lyrics, are the property of the respective authors, artists and labels. All Materials are provided for educational purposes only , If you like an artist or song, please support them by buying their relative CD, MP3, itune, song, or movie.
i don't know
What is the food of the secretary bird?
Secretarybird – Sagittarius serpentarius - Birds Birds Follow It's Nature on Facebook Secretary Bird Secretary bird has obtained its unusual name thanks to the black feathers on the crest that remind of goose feathers, which secretaries used to wear inserted in their wigs. In appearance, this bird looks similar to a crane, and is actually quite a unique predatory bird. Secretary Birds have earned their name thanks to the set of black feathers in their crest They reach 120 – 150 cm in length and 3,4 – 4,4 in weight, putting them among the average sized birds of prey, that are smaller than, for instance, hawks, but larger than falcons. Most of the Secretary Bird’s body is grayish, while the tips of their wings, as well as the tail and upper parts of the legs are completely black. Their appearance is made unusual by the long, crane-like legs and a set of black feathers that rise during the mating period, on top of their heads. Secretary Birds live in pairs, with their natural habitat being the African savannas, south of the Sahara Desert. They are wandering birds, because staying in one area wouldn’t provide the bird with the necessary food. Mature birds spend most of the year in pairs, cooperating in hunting and also sleeping together, high in the trees. Secretary Bird spends most of its time on the ground, searching for food. It sometimes also flies to a great height and then nosedives at lightning speed, to surprise the possible prey. Secretary Birds mostly chase their prey by foot They catch their prey by patrolling through the bushes and small growths. Everyone once in a while the Secretary bird hits the ground with its muscular legs to scare small mammals and rodents out of their covers. The prey is mostly chased on ground and the Secretary Bird will rarely fly after it. Although these birds are known as snake catchers, most of their diet consists of rodents, small mammals and other birds. In some parts of Southern America, Secretary Birds are tamed by farmers to catch snakes and mice. These birds find a partner and form life-long pairs. That is why, rut is a very important part of their lives, as each male tries to attract the best possible female. The male flies around the chosen female and emits loud, moaning sounds, and later the birds start a ritual dance. After a pair has been established, they both construct a nest in a bush or a tree. Two to four eggs are laid and they hatch after about seven weeks. Bot the parents bring them digested food, and later start to train them to tear prey by bringing whole creatures to the nest. After 80-100 days, the young birds leave their parents’ nest and start independent lives. If there are no obstacles, Secretary Birds use the same nest for multiple years, expanding it every year, until it reaches a size of 2 metres in diameter. Secretary birds are not directly endangered. This species was never widespread, but lately the population is on a decline due to destruction of their natural habitat. Still, the popularity among farmers will prevent extinction of this spectacular bird. See what you can find... tharanga nuwan I interested see this bird. You May Also Like...
Snake
The African and French marigolds are native to what country?
Secretary Bird - Animal Facts Animal Profiles Secretary Bird Bird. A relative of the hawk, the secretary bird is the only bird of prey who does more walking than flying, up to 20 miles a day. With very large, broad wings, secretary birds are also strong fliers and use thermal air currents to rise and soar. When hunting, they stamp on the ground to flush out small animals, then run in a zigzag pattern, flapping their wings to confuse their prey. Their name may refer to the crest of black-tipped feathers, thought to resemble 18th century male secretaries with quill pens in their wigs. Or the name may come from the Arabic “saqu ettair,” meaning hunter-bird, which translates into French as “secretaire.” Scientific Name Lifespan Sagittarius serpentarius 20 years in captivity Diet Carnivore. Snakes (puff adders and cobras), large insects, hares, reptiles, and rodents. Predators and Threats Eagles, snakes, large carnivores, and humans. Habitat Dry plains, savanna and sparsely covered grasslands south of the Sahara. Also South Africa.
i don't know
Who is the Patron Saint of Grave diggers?
Domestic-Church.Com: Saint Profile: Saint Anthony © Copyright 1997-2010 Domestic Church Communications Ltd. Saint Anthony - Patron Saint of Grave Diggers, Feast Day: January 17 Young Families Saint Anthony is known as the patron saint of Grave-Diggers. . Saint Anthony was born in Egypt in the year 251. His parents were wealthy Christians. They died when he was a young man, leaving him in charge of his younger sister and a large estate. About six months later, he heard the Gospel 'Go sell what thou hast and give it to the poor, and thou shalt have treasure in heaven.' He decided that this Gospel was talking to him, so he gave away most of his land and money to the poor. He only kept enough to take care of himself and her sister. Later, when he heard the Gospel 'Be not solicitous for tomorrow' he gave away the rest of his estate, placed his sister in a convent, and became a hermit. He lived in the wilderness for many years. The devil tempted and tormented him while he was living in the desert. But Saint Anthony persisted in his prayers and fasting, and finally Satan gave up and stopped attacking him. Saint Anthony became famous. Many people visited him and asked him to guide them. So, he started a monastery at a place called Phaium and later another one near the Nile. He travelled to Alexandria when Christians were being persecuted by the Roman emperor Maximinus to serve and encourage the martyrs there. He also went to Alexandria another time to confront some heretics called Arians. He spoke and converted many people. For most of his life, though, he lived as a hermit, in seclusion. When Saint Anthony was very old, and he knew he was going to die, he visited his disciples one last time and asked them to bury him in a quiet and private place. He went back to his cave, where he died on January 17, 356. He was one hundred and five years old. Practiced Families Anthony was born in the village Koman, south of Memphis in upper Eygpt, in the year 251. His parents were wealthy Catholic land-owners, who raised him in the faith. When his parents died, the young man inherited their extensive lands and wealth, and the charge of his younger sister. About six months after his parents died, he heard at Mass the Lord's instructions in the Gospel to "go, sell what you have, give to the poor, and thall shalt have treasure in heaven." Anthony took the message of these words to heart, and gave away his lands and money. He only kept what he thought was necessary to support his sister. He soon after heard Christ's command, "be not solicitudinous of tomorrow." With those words he felt obliged to give away the rest of his estate, and placed his sister in a house of maidens. Most scholars consider this to be the first historical reference to a nunnery. With his wealth gone, he moved to the desert in imitation of a hermit near his village. His isolation brought great virtue in humility and charity. He lived on bread and a bit of salt and ate after sunset. Satan frequently attacked the saint in spirit and body, often appearing in the form of a pig. In many countries today ham is the traditional meal on the feast of Saint Anthony. A friend who brought Anthony bread, found the saint beaten and near death from Satan's attacks. In 285 he left the region of Koman, crossed the Nile and moved to the mountains. He stayed there for twenty years isolated from people. In 305, followers and admiriers persuaded him found a monastery at Fayum (Phaium). In 311, the Roman emperor Maximinus renewed the persecution of Christians. Anthony went to Alexandria to give courage to the martyrs. When this persecution ended, Anthony founded another monastery called Pispir near the Nile. Some years later, Anthony returned to Alexandria. Saint Athanasius and others asked him to help them confront the heretic Arians there. With his mild and humble nature he converted many, and numerous miracles occurred. Saint Jerome relates that Anthony met the blind catechist Didymus at Alexandria. Anthony told the sage to not to fret over his lack of sight, with eyes common even to insects, but rejoice over the sight shown by the light of Christ that dwells within him. Heathens came to listen and argue with the saint, and were astonished by his meekness and wisdom. Anthony knew when he was going to die, and visited his monks, then retired with his two assistants, Marcarius and Amathas. He gave strict instructions that he be buried in secret. His instructions complete, he laid down and died. This was on the 17th of January, 356, when the saint being 105 years old. Saint Anthony is revered in many countires. He is the patron saint of gravediggers and is also known to be helpful in the finding of lost objects. Experienced Families Anthony was born in the village Koman, south of Memphis in upper Eygpt, in the year 251. His parents were Catholic, and to keep him away from the bad example of the pagan society in which they lived, kept him always at home. When his parents died, he was left with extensive lands and wealth, and the charge of his younger sister. About six months after he had assumed control of his estate, he heard the Lord's instructions in the Gospel to "go, sell what you have, give to the poor, and thall shalt have treasure in heaven." Anthony took these words to refer to himself, and thus dispensed of his lands and gave to the poor all he had save what he needed to care for his sister. He soon after heard Christ's command, "be not solicitudinous of tomorrow." With those words he felt obliged to give away the rest of his monies, and placed his sister in a house of maidens. This is thought to be the first mention, anywhere, of a nunnery. With his wealth gone, he retired to the desert as a hermit. His isolation brought him great virtue in humility and charity. He lived on bread and a bit of salt, drank only water and ate after sunset, sometimes only every third or forth day. His holiness was a prime object for Satan, and the Evil One often physically manifested himself, attacking the saint in spirit and body. In 285 he crossed the Nile and established himself in the mountains. He stayed there for twenty years in fasting and prayer, and had little contact except with the man that brought him bread every six months. In 305, he was persuaded to leave his strict isolation to found a monastery at Fayum (Phaium). In 311, when Maximinus renewed the persecution of the faithful (see the Saint's Profile of Saint Lucy), Anthony went to Alexandria to give courage to the martyrs. The persecution finally abated, and Anthony founded another monastery called Pispir near the Nile. He then withdrew with an assistant, who would interview visitors, to a cave. Here Anthony tended a garden and made mats for alms. In 355, Saint Athanasius and other bishops called Anthony out of seclusion to confront the Arians at Alexandria. He regarded the Arian no better or different from a pagan heathen, for in their error they worshipped a creature and not the creator. He converted many. Heathens came to the saint, and were astonished by his meekness and wisdom. In 337 emperor Constantine and his two sons wrote to the saint asking him to pray for them. The monks were surprised at this letter, but Saint Anthony admonished them saying 'be surprised that God has written to us through His Son.' A maxim of the saint was that knowing ourselves is the only step we can take in order to ascend to the knowledge and love of God. When Anthony knew when he was going to die, he visited his monks, then retired with his two assistants. He gave strict instructions that he be buried in secret. One of his sheepskins was to be sent to Athanasius as a sign of unity with the esteemed prelate. The other was given to bishop Serapion. He then bid his assistants goodbye, laid down and gave up his ghost. This was on the 17th of January, 356. The saint was 105 years old. Copyright © 2010 Domestic Church Communications Ltd. Send this page to a friend ...
Saint Anthony
George Simenon created Maigret - what nationality was he?
CatholicSaints.Info » Blog Archive » Saint Anthony the Abbot Saint Anthony the Abbot 30 January (Coptic Orthodox, Coptic Catholic) Profile Following the death of his parents when he was about 20, Anthony insured that his sister completed her education , then he sold his house, furniture, and the land he owned, gave the proceeds to the poor , joined the anchorites who lived nearby, and moved into an empty sepulchre. At age 35 he moved to the desert to live alone; he lived 20 years in an abandoned fort. Anthony barricaded the place for solitude, but admirers and would-be students broke in. He miraculously healed people, and agreed to be the spiritual counselor of others. His recommendation was to base life on the Gospel. Word spread, and so many disciples arrived that Anthony founded two monasteries on the Nile, one at Pispir, one at Arsinoe. Many of those who lived near him supported themselves by making baskets and brushes , and from that came his patronage of those trades. Anthony briefly left his seclusion in 311 , going to Alexandria , Egypt to fight Arianism , and to comfort the victims of the persecutions of Maximinus . At some point in his life, he met with his sister again. She, too, had withdrawn from the world, and directed a community of nuns . Anthony retired to the desert, living in a cave on Mount Colzim. Descriptions paint him as uniformly modest and courteous. His example led many to take up the monastic life, and to follow his way. Late in life Anthony became a close friend of Saint Paul the Hermit , and he buried the aged anchorite , leading to his patronage of gravediggers . His biography was written by his friend Saint Athanasius of Alexandria . His relationship with pigs and patronage of swineherds is a little complicated. Skin diseases were sometimes treated with applications of pork fat, which reduced inflammation and itching. As Anthony’s intervention aided in the same conditions, he was shown in art accompanied by a pig . People who saw the art work, but did not have it explained, thought there was a direct connection between Anthony and pigs – and people who worked with swine took him as their patron . Born Svetniki Readings When Anthony was about eighteen or twenty years old, his parents died. Not six months after his parents’ death, as he was on his way to church for his usual visit, he began to think of how the apostles had left everything and followed the Savior, and also of those mentioned in the book of Acts who had sold their possessions and brought the apostles money for distribution to the needy. This was all in his mind when, entering the church just as the Gospel was being read, he head the Lord’s words to the rich man: “If you want to be perfect, go and sell all you have and give the money to the poor – you will have riches in heaven. Then come and follow me.” It seemed to Anthony that it was God who had brought the saints to his mind, and that the words of the Gospel had been spoken directly to him. Immediately he left the church, and gave away to the villagers all the property he inherited, about 200 acres of very beautiful and fertile land. He sold all his other possessions, as well, giving to the poor the considerable sum of money he collected. However, to care for his sister he retained a few things. He gave himself up to the ascetic life, not far from his own home. He did manual work because he had heard the words: “If anyone will not work, do not let him eat.” He spent some of his earnings on bread and the rest he gave to the poor. Seeing the kind of life he lived, the villagers and all the good men he knew called him the friend of God, and they loved him as a son and brother. – from the Life of Saint Anthony by Saint Athanasius Saint Anthony told his monks : When, therefore, they demons come by night to you and wish to tell the future, or say ‘We are the angels,’ give no heed, for they lie…. But if they shamelessly stand their ground, capering and change their forms of appearance, fear them not, nor shrink, nor heed them as though they were good spirits. For the presence either of the good or evil by the help of God can easily be distinguished. The vision of the holy ones is not fraught with distraction: ‘For they will not strive, nor cry, nor shall anyone hear their voice’ (Matthew 12:19; Isaiah 42:2). But it comes quietly and gently that an immediate joy, gladness, and courage arise in the soul. For the Lord who is our joy is with them, and the power of God the Father. – Ambrose: Life of Saint Anthony The days are coming when men will go mad; and, when they meet a man who has kept his senses, they will rise up against him, saying, “You are mad, because you are not like us.” – Saint Anthony MLA Citation “Saint Anthony the Abbot“. CatholicSaints.Info. 18 January 2017. Web. 19 January 2017. < >
i don't know
Mary Read and Anne Boney had what job in common?
Mary Read - Famous Pirate - The Way of the Pirates The Way Of The Pirates Famous Pirate: Mary Read Unlucky Woman Pirate Mary Read was born in Devon County, England, in the late 17th century. She had a harsh childhood. Her father had died before she was born and her half-brother Mark passed away soon afterward. Mary's paternal grandmother supported Mary and her mother, only because she thought that her grandson Mark was still alive. To keep the death of Mary's brother as secret, from his grandmother, Mary was raised as a boy, pretending to be her older brother. When Mary Read was about thirteen years old, her grandmother died. Mary still dressed as a boy and with boyish habits, had to find a job. She became a footboy to a wealthy French woman, who lived in London. Unsatisfied with her current position, she escaped and boarded a man-o-war. Few years have passed, and she became bored again. This time she joined Army , where she met her future husband. After confessing love and true gender to him, they left the army, married and opened an Inn called Three Horseshoes near Castle Breda. Mary Read was always surrounded by death. After just a few months of marriage, her husband got sick and died. Desperate, she just wanted to escape from everything and joined the army again. This time, she has boarded a Dutch ship that sailed to the Caribbean. Almost at the reach of its destination, Mary's ship was attacked and captured by the pirate, Calico Rackham Jack , who took all English captured sailors as part of his crew. Unwillingly she became a pirate. However, soon after, she started to like a pirate way of life . When she had a chance to leave Rackham's ship, Mary decided to stay. On Rackham's ship, she met Anne Bonny . Being only women on the ship and sharing a lot in common, they quickly became good friends. Some people believe that Mary Read was in a romantic relationship with Anne Bonny, Rackham or even one of the crewmembers. However, we cannot testify to any of that. Mary's pirate career ended, in October 1720. She was captured, by Captain Barnet in a desperate battle. In Port Royal , they stood trial. Rackam and his crew were found guilty of piracy, but Mary and Anne were spared because they claimed to be with child . Mary Read died with her unborn child in prison from fever . She was buried at St. Catherine's parish in Jamaica. Name:
Piracy
Short actors stand on what wooden object - to appear bigger?
Lesbian Pirates: Anne Bonny and Mary Read Lesbian Pirates: Anne Bonny and Mary Read Copyright © Rictor Norton. All rights reserved. Reproduction for sale or profit prohibited. This essay may not be archived, republished or redistributed without the permission of the author. Shredded Wheat On July 25th, 1978, Steve Gooch's play The Women- Pirates, Ann Bonney and Mary Read premiered at the Aldwych Theatre, London, performed by the Royal Shakespeare Company. The play (which won a Thames Television award) was an exciting mixture of feminist politics and swashbuckling adventure, based upon the rebellious exploits of its real-life heroines. (Incidentally, the most trustworthy documents use the spelling "Anne Bonny," not "Ann Bonney"). The play originated in 1969 when Steve Gooch was having breakfast with a radical feminist, and a tiny booklet called something like Famous Outlaws fell out of the Shredded Wheat packet. In it was a brief account of the lives of Anne Bonny and Mary Read. The friend and I both found their story so rich in the variety of levels at which it exposed the superficiality of the legal system, particularly towards women in an even more patriarchal society than today's, that it seemed a good vehicle for the play. The Women-Pirates did indeed reflect feminist issues—as do several other works by this playwright—but I was disappointed that it contained only the barest hint of something which I think is more than likely, and equally significant: that Anne Bonny and Mary Read were lesbian pirates. Our historical knowledge of these two women is based mainly upon the account written by Captain Charles Johnson (probably a pseudonym for Daniel Defoe) in A General History of the Robberies and Murders of the Most Notorious Pirates, published in 1724 shortly after Anne and Mary were brought to trial for piracy on the high seas. We first hear of Anne Bonny, born Anne Cormac, in 1710—as a thirteen-year-old tomboy in the port of Charleston, South Carolina, in the pre-Independence New World. Although the daughter of a wealthy lawyer and plantation owner, her red hair was cut short, her face was dirty, and her habits were rowdy. As one historian notes, Anne "grew up into a strapping, boisterous girl, of a `fierce and courageous temper' which more than once led her into sad scrapes, as when she slew her English servant-maid with a case knife. But apart from such occasional outbursts of temper she was a good and dutiful daughter." Anne Bonny About five years later we again hear of Anne, seen frequenting the taverns of the port, on the arms of various buccaneers, and there are stories that a would-be suitor was hospitalized for a month after she beat him with a chair. She once used her sword to publicly undress her fencing master, button by button. Her father disinherited her when she eloped with James Bonny: in revenge, she burnt down the plantation, then fled to the British- controlled port of New Providence (on modern Nassau in the Bahamas), a haven for such pirates as Blackbeard and Captain Kidd. Upon her arrival, she quickly established herself by shooting off the ear of an already one-eared drunken sailor who blocked her way when she disembarked. In a short while she discarded her husband and went to live with the pirate Captain Jennings and his mistress Meg. Advised to get some male protection, she became the mistress of Chidley Bayard, the wealthiest man on the island. But eventually she deserted Bayard for the pirate John "Calico Jack" Rackham, so named because of the loud striped patchwork trousers which he wore. Although they had one child (mysteriously disposed of), it has been suggested that Calico Jack may have come to New Providence as the paramour as well as quartermaster to a Captain Vane. Another of Anne's menfriends was much more certainly gay—Pierre Bouspeut (sometimes called Pierre Delvin or Peter Bosket, or simply "Pierre the Pansy Pirate")—who ran a coffee shop, hairdressing and dress-making shop, for he was a designer of fine velvet and silk clothing. Anne and Pierre got word that a French Merchantman richly laden with costly materials would be sailing by, and together they organized their first "privateering" raid. With the aid of some of Pierre's friends they stole a boat from the abandoned wrecks in the harbor, and liberally covered the topsail, deck and themselves with turtle blood. In the bow they placed one of Pierre's dress- maker's dummies, dressed in women's clothing and similarly splashed with blood. Anne stood over this nightmare figure with a blood-soaked axe, and they sailed out to the Merchantman. When its crew caught sight of this demonic ship by the light of the full moon, they were so horrified by the impending mayhem that they turned over the cargo of their vessel without a fight. Less theatrical acts of piracy were of course commonplace in the port, and Captain Woodes Rogers in due course attempted to secure the power and jurisdiction of the British government by offering the King's Pardon to all pirates who would turn themselves in and offer to reform. But Anne refused, knowing that she could not be pardoned for the attempted murder of her father. She and Calico Jack and Pierre broke through a blockade that Rogers had positioned in the harbor: for this incident, Anne was stripped to the waist like an Amazon, and dressed in black velvet trousers designed by Pierre; with one hand resting on the hilt of her sword, and the other waving a long silk scarf at the astonished governor, she sailed past "as daintily as any fine lady being seen off on a long ocean voyage." Soon she established her position aboard this ship by shooting a sailor whose attentions were becoming obnoxious to her. Though officially she was second in command, after Calico, she had thrown him out of the Captain's quarters and resided there alone. "Mark" Read But eventually her crew decided to accept the pardon, which was made easier by Rogers' having obtained a special pardon for Anne, and they returned to New Providence peacefully. there it was that Anne met Mary Read—alias "Mark" Read. Mary's mother long ago, in England, had dressed her daughter as a boy and had pretended that she was her dead son Mark, in order to ensure an inheritance from Mary's grandmother—such inheritances, like so much else, were reserved for the male. Mary eventually came to prefer her masculine role so much that her mother disinherited her. She was apprenticed as a footboy, then ran away to join the army as a soldier. She married a soldier and together they opened the Three Horseshoes Inn. But after three years her husband died and the public house failed, so she again donned men's clothes and signed on a Dutch Merchantman as Mark Read. This ship was captured by English pirates, whom she was persuaded to join, and thus it was that she eventually found herself finding pardon in New Providence and joining up with Anne. At about this time—though Anne and Mary were already fast friends—Anne's husband James Bonny reappeared to reclaim his wife, i.e. his property. He kidnapped her and brought her bound and naked before the governor, charged with the felony of deserting her husband. He suggested "divorce by sale," a more "lenient" punishment, hoping to profit by the proceeds of such an auction. But Anne refused to be, as she said, "bought and sold like a hog or cattle"; in fact she expressed herself so vehemently that no buyers dared step forward to claim such a "hellcat." The governor was forced to release her on condition that she return to her rightful master,but James, who only wanted the money, fled in terror from the storm he had raised. Mary had to persuade Anne not to shoot the governor. Instead, together they set out in a sloop in pursuit of James; he escaped after a merry chase, but they burnt his turtle business to the ground. In due course the pirate crew was re-formed, with Anne and "Mark" constantly together aboard ship. This intimacy aroused the jealousy of Calico Jack, who threatened to slit "Mark's" throat, but bursting into the cabin one day with just this in mind, he discovered Mary stretched out on the bed before Anne, not entirely clothed and visibly a woman. Some (male) historians would have us believe that only minutes before, Anne had ripped off Mary's clothing, and herself had only just discovered "Mark's" true gender. This is highly unlikely. The two women had already been intimate far too long—and shared such a rough lifestyle at that—not to have been fully acquainted with one another's gender. (And even if Mary had pretended to be a boy, surely Pierre would have discovered the truth long ago.) The bowdlerization of this episode and attempts to "explain it away" are typical of how this adventuresome pair is treated; Anne Bonny frequently appears in children's literature—and in boxes of Shredded Wheat—where she is similarly conventionalized and "normalized" by being portrayed as merely a pirate captain's mistress, rather than the leader she actually was. "Infamous Women" Despite this supposed discovery of "Mark's" true gender, Anne and Mary (who stopped calling herself "Mark"), remained inseparable, and both alternately donned male and female clothing. In due course they took command of another ship, and Men-of-War were sent out to capture "those infamous women." They abandoned all caution and raided numerous other ships. One of the victims of their piracy happened to be the Royal queen, a vessel owned by Anne's former "lover" Chidley Bayard, and commanded by one Captain Hudson. On this occasion Anne seduced Hudson into bringing her aboard, then drugged his wine instead of sleeping with him, and secretly doused the firing pins of the cannons with water. She left the next morning, then returned with her pirates. The Royal Queen's gunmen were unable to open fire and they were easily captured. Only Captain Hudson was killed in this otherwise bloodless battle—by a jealous Mary. Eventually Anne and Mary were captured by a Captain Barnet. In the heat of this final battle their crew deserted them, staying below deck and refusing to fight. So Mary shot two of their own men, and wounded Calico. But it took an hour for Barnet's entire crew to subdue the two women. They and their pirate crew were taken to trial in St Jaga de la Vega, Jamaica, convicted of piracy on November 28, 1720, and sentenced to be hanged. Anne and Mary promptly "pleaded their bellies" and were pardoned. This was a common plea amongst women sentenced to death, the point being that no court would hang an innocent albeit unborn life — though neither of them in fact bore a child, and almost certainly neither was pregnant. Anne visited Calico before he was hanged, and said "I am sorry to see you in this predicament, but had you fought like a man you would not now have to die like a dog." Mary herself died of a fever contracted in prison, and Anne just disappeared. One unlikely story is that she got married and returned to Charleston—where she would still have been wanted for arson, attempted parricide, and conspiracy against the King's authority. An even more unlikely story is that she went into a nunnery. Pirate literature is not noted for its accuracy, and there has never been any thoroughgoing research into the lives of Anne Bonny and Mary Read. Their story, like that of all pirates, has been treated as a peg upon which the bourgeois imagination can hang its thirst for mobility, ill-gotten gains and romantic independence. And like all tales of high adventure, their story comes in widely different versions, according to the whim of the historian or novelist or playwright. As Steve Gooch said, "The whole area is one of legend and myth and it depends on what you make of it." The story I have told above seems to be the most accurate we can cull from the very earliest documents. Evidence of their homosexuality is not so clear cut as we might wish, and at most they were bisexual, so "lesbian" is not strictly accurate. Some less substantiated legends claim that both women were brought up in boy's clothing, and that there was a thriving gay subculture in New Providence; homosexual men certainly did flee persecution in places such as Amsterdam, and they may well have ended up at New Providence. In any case, we must take into account Anne and Mary's dismissive treatment of their temporary male paramours and even their children, their obvious enjoyment of their cross-dressing, and the fact that they acted together as a couple and obviously loved one another; so the evidence suggests that they must be relevant to any history of lesbian experience. The episode of Calico Jack discovering them in the cabin together, with at least one of them in bed unclothed, has been worried over so much by (heterosexual)historians that there must have been something in it! Above all, it is odd that the only two women pirates that history records should have ended up together, and we cannot lightly dismiss their obvious love for one another. They are essentially a couple and it is impossible to totally ignore the lesbian ambience of their relationship. Steve Gooch's Play The story as I have told it is not quite the one told by Steve Gooch in his play The Women-Pirates: it is not a gay play, though it has gay elements. There are very faint suggestions that Anne and Mary eventually had sex together from a "what the hell" motive, but for the most part they appear as two "normal" albeit strong women pitted against an "unnatural" crew of pirates and government authorities. The references to (male) homosexuality are mostly abusive: Pierre is called a "French fairy"; one sailor is called a "Belgian ponce"—he tells Mary "They think we're queer" and feels that their friendship is "unnatural" until he discovers she is a woman; Calico Jack is jeered at because "he wears scent too!"; Mary constantly strips off her clothing to reveal her true gender, and is more demonstratively non-masculine than in my reading of the historical documents; even Woodes Rogers—the villain of the piece—is accused of being a "sod," and "the spreading arsehole" metaphor is applied to the authorities in both its sense of being "a pain in the arse" and specifically homosexual or queer. I raised some of these issues with Steve Gooch. He said he did not consciously intend the references to arseholes and sodomy to be anti-gay, and he felt that such language in any case reflects the abusive jokes that would have been typical fare among pirates. He was obviously sympathetic to the problems faced by oppressed groups, though perhaps not quite sensitive enough to the stigma promoted by language. He did feel, however, that gays were rightly concerned with language, even more justly than women, for the terms applied to gays throughout history are more downright abusive than the terms which are dismissive of women. I asked Steve Gooch if he had ever thought of Anne and Mary as lesbians. He had, but not until after he had written the major draft of his script, when the actress and sometime Gay Sweatshop director Kate Crutchley showed him a copy of Susan Baker's biography of them in Women Remembered, and he saw that the story could be interpreted in that fashion. But by that time it was too late. In any case, he said, It seemed more important to explore class differences and the role reversals in terms of Anne and Mary. Mary's background was more depressed—she was forced to be a man. Anne's life was easier—she felt a very aggressive form of feminism. Mary was much more passive, much more of a stereotypical feminine character despite her boots and trousers. I wanted to explore that area of sexual ambiguity without allowing the audience to be sensationalized by it. I felt that there were so many pitfalls on either side of the line. . . . I think it's more interesting to see them as rebels among rebels because that poses a more interesting. . . . The second half of the play is about mass political movements and I notice that people over thirty get off on the first half which is more conventional, and the people under thirty find the second half meatier. People who set themselves apart respond to it more readily. Gooch objected to my suggestion that Mary was probably as much a foul-mouthed pirate as any buccaneer, and said he was trying to avoid the "pirate" stereotypes. "Historical distortion? There's quite a lot . . . I don't mind anachronisms . . . I've avoided any attempt to historicize the period because we don't know what colloquial speech was like at the time." (We do in fact have a thorough record of thieves' cant used in the 1720s.) Also, he said, "I don't think I'd be qualified to speak about lesbianism." Our short interview was amiable and pleasant, but proceeded in such a way that when I left he said "So you're going to tell everyone not to come and see the play?" Not so. The play is not meant to be a documentary, but a "vehicle" for certain issues which concern feminists and others, and it seems to work very well on its own terms. It is an exciting and colorful play of Social Commitment, and there is no reason why gay people should not enjoy a rousing play about non-gay feminist pirates as much as anyone—or is there? SOURCES: Charles Johnson (pseud. Daniel Defoe?), A General History of the Robberies and Murders of the Most Notorious Pirates, 1724; Charles Ellms, The Pirates' Own Book, 1837; Philip Gosse, The History of Piracy, 1932; Neville Williams, Captains Outrageous: Seven Centuries of Piracy, 1961; Alfred Sternbeck, Filibusters and Buccaneers, 1930; David Mitchell, Pirates, 1976; Susan Baker, "Anne Bonny & Mary Read" in Women Remembered, ed. Nancy Myron and Charlotte Bunch, Diana Press, 1974; C. J. S. Thompson, The Cruel Mysteries of Sex, 1974; and History der Engelsche Zee-Roovers, 1725. Copyright © 1997, 1992, 1978 Rictor Norton CITATION: If you cite this Web page, please use the following form of citation: Rictor Norton, "Lesbian Pirates: Anne Bonny and Mary Read", Lesbian History, updated 14 June 2008 <http://rictornorton.co.uk/pirates.htm>.
i don't know
What is the commonest name for a pub in Britain?
Top 10 Best British Pub Names | Picture BritainPicture Britain Top 10 Best British Pub Names June 21, 2012 1 Comment Every now and then I come across a really wonderful, clever, or funny name for a bar or restaurant, but that is a rarity. Most names are fairly predictable, the same on every corner, as if the owners were trying to give their patrons a comforting sense of the ordinary. British pubs, on the other hand, break all of the rules. Named for objects, people, puns, body parts, food, fantasies, and natural phenomena, these places force themselves onto the imagination, and have the added bonus of being extremely memorable—even through a lager-induced haze.  The Crooked Billet, Morton, Lincolnshire , a photo by  Lincolnian (Brian)  on Flickr.  Combination names seem to be popular (though the trend is comparatively recent, beginning in the mid-1600s), even to the point of ridiculousness (The Slug and Lettuce is taking things too far). Thankfully, other names are certainly more original, and often have wonderful stories behind them. Let’s go on a crawl through my list of the top 10 best British pub names, in no particular order:   1.  Dinneywicks  – The Chipping, Kingswood, Wotton Under Edge, Gloucestershire. The address is about as fun as the name. This pub once straddled a highway and the enterprising landlord demanded tolls from passerby, forcing them to leap over the gate.  2.  The Jolly Taxpayer  – Plymouth, Devon. Having a pint or two is probably a great recipe for cheering up around tax season.  3.  The Bucket of Blood – Phillack, Cornwall. Now doesn’t that sound appetizing? Supposedly a pub owner of long ago went out to draw water from the well but instead brought up a bucket of gore, courtesy of a corpse. I hear they serve huge portions of very good food. Rook and Gaskill Inn , a photo by  Matthew Black  on Flickr.   4.  The Old Thirteenth Cheshire Astley Volunteer Rifleman Corps Inn  – Stalybridge, Greater Manchester. This establishment holds the Guinness World Record for the longest pub name in the UK. They actually lengthened the name to keep the title. The pub with the shortest name (if you don’t count nameless pubs) is also located in Stalybridge, and is simply called Q. 5.  Spinner and Bergamot Inn –  Comberbach, Northwich. This one is just charming! 6.  Moon Under Water  – Deansgate, Manchester. This pub’s name comes from  an essay  by the English novelist George Orwell, stipulating his requirements for the perfect London Pub. It must have Victorian architecture, dart games, “draught stout, open fires, cheap meals, a garden, motherly barmaids and no radio.” A Pub Sign , a photo by  oatsy40  on Flickr. 8.  Bull and Spectacles  – Blithbury, Staffordshire. Nearly 400 years old, this pub was once called the Bull’s Head, until a tipsy patron clambered up to the sign and graced the bull with his spectacles. “Serving straight-up, straight-down hearty and wholesome pub fare, it’s a place to settle, sup and savour.” 9. Goat and Compasses – London, now closed. This one sounds simply absurd, but apparently has something to do with the Worshipful Company of Cordwainers. 10. The Office  – Sheffield, South Yorkshire. Ah, the creativity of landlords!  “Where are you, honey?”  “Oh, I’m still at The Office, dear.”  What is the quirkiest pub you’ve ever seen or heard of? The Cheshire Cheese , a photo by  Duncan~  on Flickr. Bonus Brit-bit: Some establishments are less creative than these and share their names with hundreds of other public houses. Five of the most common pub names in the UK are the Crown, Red Lion, Royal Oak, Swan, and White Hart. King’s Head and Rose & Crown are pretty high up there too. Sources:
Red Lion
A lepidopterist studies what kind of creatures?
Top 10 Pub Names in the UK - Beer in the Evening Blog Beer in the Evening Blog Top 10 Pub Names in the UK Posted on: April 7th, 2011 by chrish Each week we get the odd email from various media outlets asking us some strange questions for whatever article they are currently writing. Time upon time, we get asked ‘What is the most popular pub name in the UK?’ We thought we’d share with you what they are – is your local named the same? (Some of them might be proceeded with ‘The’ – lots of pubs go by with and without it!) Red Lion
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In the group 'Derek and the Dominoes' who was Derek?
Derek and the Dominos — Free listening, videos, concerts, stats and photos at Last.fm eric clapton Derek and the Dominos was a music group formed in the spring of 1970 by guitarist and singer Eric Clapton along with Bobby Whitlock , Carl Radle and Jim Gordon , who had all played with him in Delaney & Bonnie & Friends . Duane Allman from the Allman Brothers Band joined the group early in the recording of their first album. They were a blues - rock band that demonstrated virtuosity at its finest, showing some of Eric "Slowhand" Clapton's finest work.
Eric Clapton
In which country was the World War 2 'Battle of El Alamein' fought?
Derek & The Dominos - Layla - Amazon.com Music Derek & The Dominos Editorial Reviews Product Description Digitally remastered edition of this ground-breaking 1970 album. Derek & The Dominos were the almost fictional group recruited by Eric Clapton which came together during the sessions for George Harrison's All Things Must Pass album in 1970. The band released only this one studio album in December 1970, which has been re-evaluated since its release and is now regarded as one of Clapton's finest recordings and is often considered to be the defining achievement of Clapton's career. The album melded an astounding collection of musical styles - Blues, Folk, R&B and Rock - into one timeless package. It consistently appears in listings of the best rock albums ever recorded, and was finally inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2000 and continuous to be noticed by critics. Amazon.com Layla stands as one of a handful of pillars of classic rock. The short-lived ensemble that was the Dominos provided an outlet for Eric Clapton to vent his then unrequited (and secret) passion for the wife of his best friend, George Harrison. Romantic anguish inspired Clapton to write and collect an embroiling and interconnected song cycle. Meanwhile, latecomer Duane Allman prodded Clapton to tear it up on guitar, so as not to be overwhelmed by his even more talented foil. Of course, Clapton eventually won the hand of his lady love. And then he divorced her. Sometimes real life messes up a good plot line. --Steve Stolder Stream Layla And Other Assorted Love Songs (40th Anniversary / 2010 Remastered) by Derek & The Dominos and tens of millions of other songs on all your devices with Amazon Music Unlimited . Exclusive discount for Prime members. Sample this album Artist (Sample) 1 Listen Now $0.99   Sold by Amazon Digital Services LLC. Additional taxes may apply. By placing your order, you agree to our Terms of Use . Product Details Audio CD (August 20, 1996) Number of Discs: 1 Amazon's Derek & The Dominos Store › on December 14, 2005 Format: Audio CD Verified Purchase I used to have the optimistic point of view that, in the digital age, old music could be infinitely improved if it was properly remixed and remastered. Time has shown that the best of the digital "redos" can only be as good as the original source tape, whether the original stereo master or the original multitracks. It's obvious now, after at least six attempts at digital remastering (the original CD reissue, the boxed set in '90, the Mobile Fidelity release in '93, the '96 remaster and now the SACD edition), that the original tapes are not that well recorded. We've heard excuses for this, that everything was recorded live (and LOUD) and there was a lot of bleed between mics, that it was the beginning of multitrack technology and therefore noisy, that everyone, including the engineers, was stoned, etc., etc. None of the excuses, except for the drugs, really holds up. They were working in a fine studio with state of the art equipment, a place where other artists made fine sounding records at that time. Also, I don't think they were playing all that loud, as Clapton was using a Pignose (small amp) for much of the session. But even if they were playing loud, I doubt that they could top the volume level of Who's Next, for instance, and that's a fine sounding LP. Anyway, it is what it is. It's obvious now that there will be no significant improvement on the way this LP sounds. It will always sound claustrophobic, muddy and midrange heavy. You know they've gone back to the multitracks at least twice (20th Anniversery was remixed and they had to use the multitracks for the 5.1 on the SACD) with no significant improvement. So I guess we just have to appreciate the subtle improvements, and, to disagree with several other reviews, I think they are here. Read more ›
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What are you being tested for when having an 'Isihara' test?
ColorVisionTesting | Colorblind Click here for the correct answer Answer to Card #3: Colorblind individuals should see nothing. Color normal individuals should see a "faint" brown boat. Important Disclaimer: Due to the fact there are so many different monitor screens displaying different colors, the accuracy of this "on-line" version of "Color Vision Testing Made Easy" is limited. This webpage is for "screening" purposes only, not a "diagnosis". For a diagnosis, you should see your vision care professional and be given the complete test using all 14 plates of "Color Vision Testing Made Easy" under controlled testing conditions and the proper lighting. You can order the book "Color Vision Testing Made Easy" by clicking on the below picture. Please let the distributor know you were referred by Dr. Waggoner.
Color blindness
In what year did the 'Barbican' arts centre open?
Ishihara 38 Plates CVD Test | Colblindor Ishihara 38 Plates CVD Test First test plate of the Ishihara CVD test. The original Ishihara color blindness test was introduced in early last century and since then, it is by far the most well known color vision deficiency test all around the world. Dr. Shinobu Ishihara from Japan produced three different test sets which are widely used and which all based on the same pseudoisochromatic plates. This test is actually designed to be used in a booklet and is usually executed by an eye doctor.But I have made an onlince version of the test, available right here on Colblindor . The online test is based on the 38 plates edition and will give you a little feedback at the end of the test. As this test is only made to check for red-green color blindness , any other form of CVD can not be detected. And at the end—if you like—you can even share your test result with your friends.This way they can see how you performed and try the test themselves if they like to. Start the online color blindness test right here: => Ishihara 38 Plates Color Vision Deficiency Test <=   Be aware: This test consist of scanned plates. The colors are not exactly the same as in the original version. You also have to consider, that every computer screen has different color settings and therefore the test results might alter between different trials. If you would like to see all the 38 plates in an overview, you can find them at Ishihara Test for Colour Deficiency – 38 Plates Edition . Search for: Subscribe to News by Email: FREE Color Blind Check New kind of color blindness test! Try Color Blind Check and test type and severity of your color vision deficiency. Easy and fun!
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In which profession would you use a shearing hook and a reed leggett?
Devon Thatch and Thatchers Privacy Policy Witheridge, along with the rest of Devon, has been using Thatch for roofing for more than 600 years, and it has survived better in Devon far better than in other parts of the country. It has become a major part of the identity and character of Devon, and the picturesque thatched cottages found in so many of our villages are a lasting memory for many visitors to the region. Thatching is one of the oldest building crafts, and little changed since the Middle Ages, and there is evidence to suggest that the use of thatch for roofing goes back as far as the Bronze Age in Britain. The use of thatch originated from ancient building practices, which made use of lightweight, irregular materials, such as wattle and daub walls, and cruck beams. These walls could not take much weight, and thatch was by far the lightest weight material available. The materials used in thatch buildings can get obscure, but people used whatever was available locally, including; broom, sedge, sallow, flax, grass, and straw. Most common is wheat straw in the south of England, and reeds in East Anglia. Thatching itself is a highly skilled job and the materials most commonly used are long straw, combed wheat reed and water reed. The first two being farm crops, both obtained from the cereal plant wheat. The basic technique for laying the roof involves first tying the thatch into bundles, and then laying an under-layer on the roof beams. These are pegged in place using rods made from 'hazel or withy' A second or upper layer follows on top of the under layer, and a final reinforcing layer added along the ridgeline. Some thatchers will often leave a personal "signature" in the form of a decorative feature of some kind that marks the job as his alone. A typical life span for a well-thatched roof can be as much as 70 years. They are highly energy efficient, providing excellent insulation and keeping houses warm in winter and cool in summer. Damp does not penetrate far into the top layer of a thatched roof in good condition, and the deep projecting eaves removes the need for guttering. On a traditional Devon combed wheat reed roof, the straw is sorted or "combed", so that only the butts are visible on the surface of the roof and the straw is laid at such an angle so that only a very small length of the straw is exposed on the surface. This method of thatching was traditional in Devon and hence referred to as "Devon Reed". Combed wheat reed is prepared for thatching by feeding handfuls of wheat straws into the conveyor belts that lead up to the combing machine, an attachment to an ordinary threshing machine. In here the straws will be combed free of grain, leaves and any debris present without actually entering the threshing drum where damage to the stalks could occur. Once combed, the wheat reed leaves the machine and is tied into bundles, all butt ends lying the same way. The combing process allows the thatcher to work with this material in virtually the same, as he would do if using water reed. A thatch of combed wheat reed would normally last for between thirty to forty years. Thatchers working with combed wheat reed occasionally use a shearing hook to trim the surface of the thatch in order to obtain a neater finish to the completed roof. A thatch of water reed would normally last for between fifty to one hundred years. After fastening each layer of either water reed or combed wheat reed to the roof, the exposed ends of the material are beaten upwards using a leggett, a tool, usually made of wood and specific to reed thatching. This is in direct contrast to long straw thatching, where the material is combed in a downwards direction. The beating action pushes the reeds further back and under the ties that secure them to the roof battens, thereby increasing the hold they have over the material, and produces a smoother surface to the finished roof.
Thatching
Kali is the goddess of death in who's mythology?
Roofing Metarials - Thatch | Construction 53 December 20, 2011 | Roofing materials | 1 Comment History It is entirely probable that vegetation, in the form of turf, grasses or another material formed the roofs of the first buildings. Radiocarbon dates suggest that the first agricultural communities crossed to Britain from the European land mass c.4,000 BC, bringing with them seed corn for wheat, barley and flax and it is not unlikely that that thatching with corn straw might date from this time. Assuming that houses were thatched (no definite archaeological evidence has been found for this, the assumptions are based on logic and experiments in reconstruction), by the Iron Age there must have been people competent at thatching; footprints have been found of Iron Age ’round houses’ up to 17 meters in diameter which shows a confidence in being able to ‘heal’ roofs well. The Anglo Saxon word thaec originally meant to roof with any material; the commonest roofing materials were vegetation, so eventually thatch came to have its modern meaning. The materials used would have depended on local availability and cost; bracken, broom, sedge, heather, hazel twigs were all used though eventually straw from wheat, oats, rye or barley predominated in southern and western England, water reed in eastern England and heather in the north and Scotland. Exceptions existed within this pattern such as heather or broom in the heathland areas of Kent and Surrey, and reed in parts of Hampshire and Dorset. Hambrook Barn at the Museum was originally thatched with local esturine reed. Early documentary references exist also. In 450 AD Bede wrote of the fire that broke out when St German visited the tomb of St Alban, noting that the houses that burnt were covered with ‘marsh reed’. Later building accounts give information about materials, prices, labour and show the extent to which thatch was used. In 1283 accounts for Dover Castle state that 3s 4d was paid for ’500 sheaves of stubble for thatching the well house in the keep, the wash house and the house in which Simon the clerk lives’. Repairs to the barn at Farnham Rectory in 1472 involved paying for ‘four score threfe of winter corn straw, 6s 8d. To John Rote for drawing (preparing) the said straw 10d … to William Pepylton for thatching 5 days, 2s 1d‘. A threfe is a measured bundle of straw (the term ‘thrave’ is still used) and winter corn straw is that which has been threshed and stored). In 1208 ’28 bundles of rods and 1500 withies (wands of willow) for pinning and tying down the thatch’, costing 4s 2d, were bought for Pevensey Castle and in Gravesend in 1367, the receipt of 1500 rods and 3000 sprendles is mentioned in accounts. Rods (or sways) are 2½ – 3′ lengths of wood (usually coppiced hazel) that hold down laid rows of thatch, ‘sprendles’ are probably spars, twisted wooden staples (again usually hazel) used to pin down bundles of thatch and rods (for more about spar making and coppicing see the woodland crafts ‘introductions’ sheet). At this time, at least from some accounts, the term ‘reder’ indicated someone who thatched, a theccer could mean a roofer working with other materials; a 1378 account from Cambridge mentions ‘ a sclattere with his servant, a theccer with his servant, and two reders’ working on the King’s Hall. It also appears that thatchers were relatively well paid. In 1251 a thatcher in Downtown, Wiltshire was paid 6s 4d for thatching an ox shed and 16s for thatching a new barn; at this time the recommended wage for a labourer was 1s a week. No indication is given as to the size of the roof, but a modern estimate is that it takes three weeks to thatch a medium sized cottage. Recent work by archaeobotanist John Letts has shown that thatch from the Medieval period has survived in situ in around 200 buildings in southern England. Traditionally only the surface layer was stripped back before re-thatching, leading to thatch up to 7′ thick on roofs dating from the 14th-16th centuries. This not only reveals information about thatching practice and materials but also adds greatly to knowledge of Medieval agriculture. As can be seen from the references above, thatch once covered the roofs of castles as well as those of lower status dwellings, farm buildings and animal sheds. This widespread use of thatch helped devastating fires spread in cities such as London, Canterbury, Winchester, Worcester and Chichester in the period 1077 – 1202 and in 1212 building regulations were issued in London stating ‘whosoever wishes to build, let him take care…that he roof not with reed, nor rush, straw nor stubble but with tile only, or shingle, or boards, or…lead or plastered straw within the city…’; the document goes on to say that any reed or rush thatched roofs must be plastered in 8 days or they would be pulled down. The regulations were probably never fully enforced; a plot to burn London down by setting poultry loose with burning firebrands tied to their legs was allegedly hatched by Simon de Montford in 1264. The 13th century, however, did see the spread of tiles as a roofing material and later great fires such as the fire of London in 1666 and a fire that nearly destroyed Wareham in Dorset in 1762 probably were the ‘last straw’ for the widespread use of thatch within towns. Eventually, even in the countryside, a combination of factors caused a gradual decline in the use of thatch. Generally, straw was plentiful and cheap and, because it was light, it was ideal for use on less than substantial lower status buildings. This meant that it came to be seen as a low class material and there are recorded incidences of roofs being tiled on the side visible from the road, and thatched on the side hidden from public view. The wheat shortages (and subsequent high prices) caused by lack of imported corn during the Napoleonic wars (1790s – 1815) are often quoted as playing a part in the decline of thatch though for two reasons this argument may be spurious. Much pasture in Britain was turned to arable to combat the supply problems, this would make straw more plentiful, also grain was generally imported threshed, so shortages would have no impact on the supply of straw. The growth of railways made other roofing materials more accessible, especially Welsh slate in the first half of the 19th century and industrialisation caused a shift in patterns of labour and settlement, which in turn affected housing methods and materials. Through the 19th century and into the 20th thatch did retain some currency as a roofing material however; as late as 1948 E J Stowe, in ‘Crafts of the Countryside’, felt confident enough to write “straw thatching will continue as long as there are capable thatchers in a village”. The final blow for thatching was really the emergence of modern short stemmed wheats and the combine harvester in the 1950s, both of which put paid to straw for thatch being part of the grain producing process. Wheat now has to be grown and processed specifically, or reed, often imported from Poland, might now be used instead of locally traditional materials. Thatch today is more often associated with rural housing owned by the wealthy, a situation with some precedence. As part of the late 18th century Romantic wish to recreate Arcadia, thatch became desirable amongst the rich with landowners, some built bucolic idylls such as the villages of Milton Abbas (Lord Milton moving the entire village as it spoiled his view) and, others, on a smaller scale, built the cottage orné, a picturesque interpretation of a rustic dwelling. Thatching materials and technique Water reed and wheat straw have become the predominant materials used for thatch, though straw from other corn was used into the 20th century and rye straw is still used for the ridges when thatching with water reed. Straw can be used in two different ways. ‘Long straw’ consists of the broken stems left after threshing which may or may not have the butts aligned. ‘Combed wheat’ (Devon reed, wheat reed) has the stems left unbroken by careful removal of the grain, it can then be laid like water reed (hence the alternative names); all butts lie Rev. William Winlaw’s Threshing Frame downwards with little length exposed to the weather which gives it greater longevity than long straw. Combing in the late 18th and early 19th centuries was carried out by hand, with iron combs, or contrivances such as Rev. William Winlaws’s Threshing Frame but in the mid 19th century the reed comber, a device that attached to the drum of a threshing machine and removed grain and leaves without allowing the stems to enter was invented. ‘Long straw’ provides a finish that had been described as looking like it has been poured onto a building, wheat reed and combed wheat have been described as having a neat, close cropped finish. Thatching with long straw in Hampshire Some people argue that long straw represents the traditional style of thatching, as the evidence for combed wheat only dates back to the implements mentioned above, however documentary evidence from the Medieval period and the practical aspects of reaping with a hook, suggest that corn was cut high leaving a long unbroken stem or the grain was cut from the stem after reaping. “Do not sell your stubble or take it from the ground if you do not want it for thatching…” wrote Walter of Henley in the 1270s. In 1534 Master Fitzherbert wrote, “In some places they will shear their corn high, to the intent to mow the stubble, either to thatch or to burn. In Somerset they mow their wheat very low, and all the wheat they purpose to make thatch of, they do not thresh it but cut off the ears and bind it up in sheaves and call it reeds”. Both these methods would leave a stem like that of combed wheat. In preparation, combed wheat and water reed are both ‘butted’ on board to neaten the end of the bundle, and combed wheat is sprinkled with water and allowed to soak for a while. Long straw is thoroughly wetted before being ‘drawn’ from the waiting heap into bundles called ‘yealms’. A ‘yealm holder’, a Y shaped stick usually of ash, is used to transport yealms to the roof, combed wheat and water reed are usually carried up on the shoulder. Working from the right of the roof to the left, larger bundles of thatch (‘bottles’ if long straw, ‘wadds’ if wheat reed and ‘bunches’ if water reed) are set at the eaves and gables. Traditionally thatch was laid so as to overhang the eaves by up to 3′ to ensure water was thrown away from the walls of the building, very important if the walls were of wattle and daub or other porous material. The bundles are tied to the rafters with tarred cord or held down by ‘sways’ which, though traditionally hazel, have more recently been made of iron. These may be pinned to the roof timbers with iron hooks or tied. Successive ‘courses’ of thatch are laid on the roof, either in 2½ – 3′ ‘lanes’ working up towards the ridge or working in sections horizontally around the roof and held down in a similar manner. Reed and combed wheat are constantly dressed into shape by butting upwards with a ‘leggett’, a wooden pad with ridges (combed wheat) or metal teeth (reed). Along the ridge, ‘ridge rolls’ are laid over which the final course of thatch is laid. Sedge or rye is used for the ridges of reed roofs as water reed lacks flexibility. The ‘liggers’ and spars that can be seen around the ridge of the roof hold the final courses of thatch down and also provide a decorative finish. Long straw roofs have liggers and spars around the eaves and gables, to stop the thatch lifting off in wind, though this might also be employed as a decorative device on combed wheat. The ridge may be left plain or a pattern cut in and it has been suggested that, in the past, families and regions had their own specific patterns of cutting and for liggers and spars. A ‘finial’ or ‘dolly’, often in the shape of a pheasant, may also be attached to the ridge, though some sources suggest there is no evidence of this before the 20th century. Long straw is finished by using a side rake with a combined beating and combing action, then trimmed at the eaves with a ‘hovers knife’ and tidied with hand shears. To trim the eaves of combed wheat an eaves or shearing hook is used, water reed should be laid in such a way as not to require trimming, though the sedge or rye ridge would be trimmed with Lara Band 09/04/04 an eaves knife. The Museum has examples of many of the tools and other items mentioned above the collections. There are some signs to look for that might suggest that a roof was originally thatched. Remains of flashing around a chimney at a point higher than the existing roofline might be indicative as when newly laid thatch can be 12″ – 15″ deep. Inside, marks from tarred cord around roof timbers would also suggest thatching. Irregularly spaced battens (or evidence left by nail holes for these) might indicate a roof was thatched, as battens for tiles were regularly spaced. Other signs may be a pitch of around 50˚ or more (though a steep pitch is not necessarily restricted to thatch) and a taller than usual chimney to kept the sparks well away from the thatch – but again this is by no means definitive. Thatch was not restricted to covering buildings; ricks and other harvests of crops had to be protected from the elements. It is probable that many of the yealm holders and side rakes in the Museum thatching collections are related to this as the work was invariably done with long straw and these items would have been common on farms prior to the 1950s. A thatcher may have taken on this work, especially post 18th century, though many farmers or farm workers would have been competent at this sort of thatching. The 1847 -1849 ledger of William Garret, a thatcher from Trent, Dorset, shows the extent of the work carried out on farms. The bills he sent to farmers included work thatching hay and clover ricks, ‘mows’ of wheat, oats, barley, peas, beans, vetch, rye, flax; swede and ‘Magewersle’ graves. He also re-weatherproofed older ricks and cut and made his own spars. Rick thatching, from the first quarter of the 20th century Other roofing materials “where plenty of wood is, they cover them with tiles, otherwise with straw, sedge or reed, except some quarry of slate be near hand, from whence they have for their money much as may suffice them” William Harrison, 1587,described the roofing of domestic buildings in Britain Tile Originally more popular in Kent, (possibly due to closer links with the Low Countries, where tile was extensively made and used), the use of roofing tiles became more widespread from the 13th century. The growth of the industry went hand in hand with that of brick making and the manufacturing processes are similar; see the ‘introductions’ sheet on brick making. Tile is rarely found in excavations of pre-Mediaeval sites but the 1212 London building regulations, mentioned above under thatch, show it was definitely in use by then. Building accounts rarely mention tiles and the situation is further confused by the use of the term ‘tegulae’ to refer to brick, roofing tile and paving tile, though occasionally there may be references to ‘thaktyle’. Salzman in ‘Building in Lara Band 09/04/04 Petersfield brick drying shed England’ suggests that the paucity of references to tile might not mean it was not used but could mean that it was used extensively; i.e., unless another material is specified in accounts, it could be assumed that tile is being referred to. Tile certainly shows up extensively in the archaeological record from the Medieval period onwards, even though William Harrison doesn’t mention it when describing the roofing of England in 1587. Manorial accounts show large sums spent on repairing tiled roofs and an act was passed in 1477 regulating the manufacturing and size of tiles (10 ½” x 6 ¼” x 5/8“), which this suggests that early tiles were not of particularly good or consistent quality. Tiles were hung over wooden laths by wooden pegs, usually of oak and bedded on moss, (records show that this was usually collected by women). The lowest courses, or occasionally all the tiles, were pointed with mortar. With improvements in the manufacturing process in the 17th century tiles became the main competitor for thatch, though by the 18th century it had, like thatch, to compete with cheaper slate. Shingle Detail of the shingled roof of the beehive shelter in Bay leaf garden Shingles, wooden ’tiles’ usually of oak, were another possible roof covering. With an average size of 2′ x 7″, they often had a rounded or pointed end to assist run off of water, and were thicker at the downward end. They did exist but appear not to have been very common, at least there is very little documentary evidence for the use of shingle. In 1248 Henry III ordered his rooms at Kennington and Woodstock to be shingled but in 1314 it was found to be cheaper to re-roof shingled roofs in manors held by Queen Margaret with stone slates or earthern tiles. Accounts from Croydon show that in 1365 shingles were 10s per thousand compared to 4s – 5s 6d for tiles. By 1386 they cost 13s 4d showing a price rise that followed that of timber in general. Shingles were effectively priced out of the market by the 15th century, though when the apprentice system was formally set up in 1562, shinglers were mentioned so there must have been some demand. Shingles are often now only seen on church spires, where their lightness is an advantage. Stone ‘Horsham slate’ or ‘Horsham slab’ is a type of sandstone once used as a roofing material through the Wealden areas of Sussex, south Surrey and Kent. Because of the weight it was often laid with large slabs of c.24″ at the eaves with gradually smaller ones laid towards the ridge. For further details of this see the ‘introductions’ sheet on building stone. In the 1796 in The City and County Purchaser and Builders Dictionary Richard Neve writes that it was ‘much used in parts of Sussex formerly, not only to heal or cover Churches and Chancels but some great Houses also’; it was generally restricted to larger houses because of the cost of the material and the cost of framing a roof strong enough to bear the weight. Horsham shop Slate Slate was not widespread until improvements in rail transport made Welsh slate more accessible in the first part of the 19th century. However, roofing slate has been found in archaeological excavations in southern parts of Kent and Sussex, dating to the Medieval period, not only in relation to high status dwellings but also to farmsteads and Lara Band 09/04/04 villages. Shipped along the coast from South Devon and Cornwall, the trade ceased at the turn of the 19th century. The 1212 building regulations don’t mention slate, which suggests it was not in use in London; a 1378 account from Cambridge does mention ‘a sclattere’ but this could also refer to a roofer using stone such as ‘Horsham slate’. Share it now!
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What is the name of the river which flows through Baghdad?
Name the river that flows through Baghdad.................? View the step-by-step solution to: Name the river that flows through Baghdad.................? This question was answered on May 24, 2016. View the Answer Name the river that flows through Baghdad.................? philomenasusan48 posted a question · May 24, 2016 at 8:56am Top Answer Here is the solution... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29711221) ]} kitetajunior answered the question · May 24, 2016 at 8:57am Other Answers After working on your question, I... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29711213) ]} maximus89 answered the question · May 24, 2016 at 8:57am River Tigris The city is located on a vast plain bisected by the... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29711253) ]} Here is the answer... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29713622) ]} View Full Answer or ask a new question Related Questions Hi there. I am in the field right now and I totally forgot that I had a Power Point presentation due tomorrow. Is there anyone that can help me out? Here is Recently Asked Questions 2 Geography experts found online! Average reply time is less than an hour Get Homework Help Why Join Course Hero? Course Hero has all the homework and study help you need to succeed! We’ve got course-specific notes, study guides, and practice tests along with expert tutors and customizable flashcards—available anywhere, anytime. - - Study Documents Find the best study resources around, tagged to your specific courses. Share your own to gain free Course Hero access or to earn money with our Marketplace. - Question & Answers Get one-on-one homework help from our expert tutors—available online 24/7. Ask your own questions or browse existing Q&A threads. Satisfaction guaranteed! - Flashcards Browse existing sets or create your own using our digital flashcard system. A simple yet effective studying tool to help you earn the grade that you want!
Tigris
Who was the creator of the children's character 'Noddy'?
Ancient Rivers - What Were the Most Important? Ancient Rivers By N.S. Gill Updated August 09, 2016. All civilizations depend on available water, and, of course, rivers are a fine source. Rivers also provided ancient societies with access to trade -- not only of products, but ideas, including language, writing, and technology. River-based irrigation permitted communities to specialize and develop, even in areas lacking adequate rainfall. For those cultures that depended on them, rivers were the life blood. In "The Early Bronze Age in the Southern Levant," in Near Eastern Archaeology, Suzanne Richards calls ancient societies based on rivers, primary or core, and non-riverine (e.g., Palestine), secondary. You'll see that the societies connected with these essential rivers all qualify as core ancient civilizations . Fortified citadel of Halabiye, on the bank of the river Euphrates, Syria. Roman and Byzantine civilisation, 3rd-6th century. De Agostini / C. Sappa/ De Agostini Picture Library/ Getty Images • The Euphrates River Mesopotamia was the area between the two rivers, the Tigris and the Euphrates. The Euphrates is described as the southernmost of the two rivers, but also appears on maps to the west of the Tigris. It starts in eastern Turkey, flows through Syria and into Mesopotamia (Iraq) before joining the Tigris to flow into the Persian Gulf . More » continue reading below our video 4 Tips for Improving Test Performance Genie of the Nile Flood Bronze from Late Period Egypt Now at the Louvre. Rama • The Nile River Whether you call it the River Nile , Neilus, or Egypt's River, the Nile River , located in Africa, is considered the world's longest river. The Nile floods annually because of rains in Ethiopia. Beginning near Lake Victoria, the Nile empties into the Mediterranean at the Nile Delta . More » Saraswati statue on top of a temple near the Kailasagiri cable car station in Vizag. timtom.ch
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How many spires does Litchfield Cathedral have?
THREE SPIRES - Lichfield Cathedral, Lichfield Traveller Reviews - TripAdvisor “Litchfield Cathedral, Shaffordshire, UK” Reviewed 1 April 2014 If you like history you will love Litchfield Cathedral, which has been in existence 1300 years. It is the only Cathedral in England that has 3 spires and the front entrance is decorated with many statues of English Kings, Saints, Angels and bishops. Set in a quiet close of ancients buildings. Both the exterior and interior is breath taking - inside the vaulted ceilings are some of the best I've seen with beautiful sainted class windows and historic tiled floors. A Jewel in central England. Currently items from Staffordshire Saxon hoard are on display. In the Close outside there is a gift shop and also a coffee shop and there are several car parks near by and a disabled one by the Cathedral. Visited April 2014
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Which popular TV cartoon show was created by Matt Groening?
The Roof Construction and History of St Basils Cathedral admin The Eccentric, Colorful Domes of St. Basil’s Cathedral St. Basil’s Cathedral was constructed in 16th century Russia during the reign of Tsar Ivan IV. The cathedral commemorates a military victory against Mongol forces, in which Kazan was captured by the Russians. The layout of the cathedral consists of a central church surrounded by eight smaller chapels. Each of the chapels is associated with an important day during the battle for Kazan. In addition, the cathedral was designed to resemble an eight-pointed star, with each tower on one of eight compass points. It has been speculated that this is an allusion to three eight-pointed stars that decorate the veil of the Virgin Mary in early iconographic images. The number eight has added religious significance, often associated with the eighth day of creation. At a later date, a ninth chapel was added over the tomb of St. Basil. Architectural Style The architectural design of the church is unique without any known predecessors. Its influences may include Byzantine, Muslim and possibly, Italian Renaissance architectural styles. It incorporates many East meets West elements. Domes and Spires The cathedral has four octagonal towers and four square towers, all built with red brick, an innovation at the time. The towers themselves are richly and elaborately decorated; however, the main focal point is the roof of the cathedral with its colorful, vibrant domes and spires. Each of the towers, as well as the central church, is capped with an onion dome, thought to evoke in its imagery the curving flame of a candle. The central church also features a lofty tented roof, which was a popular roofing style for churches in 16th century Russia. Construction Originally, the cathedral was painted white, and the domes were made of tin covered by a layer of fine gold leaf or powder. In the 1670s, the church was revamped, and the gilded domes were replaced with the present day multicolored domes. Providing structure and support to the inside of the domes was a wooden or metal framework resembling a birdcage. During construction, this framework was built first to give the dome its basic shape. A temporary center pole also may have been used for support. Then the dome was covered with sheets of colorful metal. The metal pieces were of various sizes that were bent and shaped to create interesting patterns on the dome. The pieces were then riveted together. There were hundreds of different pieces that fit together, some overlapping others, some rounded, some coming out at sharp angles, some bent to form ridges. The onion domes were placed on cylindrical drums which formed the top part of the towers. Finally, rising from the top of each dome was a golden cupola and cross. About the Author
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What is the British bird having the Latin name 'Pica pica'?
The RSPB: Magpie Conservation status: Green With its noisy chattering, black-and-white plumage and long tail, there is nothing else quite like the magpie in the UK. When seen close-up its black plumage takes on an altogether more colourful hue with a purplish-blue iridescent sheen to the wing feathers, and a green gloss to the tail. Magpies seem to be jacks of all trades - scavengers, predators and pest-destroyers, their challenging, almost arrogant attitude has won them few friends. Non-breeding birds will gather together in flocks. Illustrations
Magpie
Which novelist wrote 'Jude the Obscure'?
magpie - definition and meaning magpie Definitions from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition n. Any of various birds of the family Corvidae found worldwide, having a long graduated tail and black, blue, or green plumage with white markings and noted for their chattering call. The species Pica pica, the black-billed magpie, is widespread in the Northern Hemisphere. Also called pie2. n. Any of various birds resembling the magpie, such as the Australian bell magpie of the family Cracticidae. n. A person who chatters. n. One who compulsively collects or hoards small objects. from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License n. One of several kinds of bird in the family Corvidae, especially Pica pica. n. A superficially similar Australian bird, Gymnorhina tibicen. n. Someone who displays a magpie-like quality such as collecting, or committing robbery. n. Fan or member of Newcastle United F.C. from the GNU version of the Collaborative International Dictionary of English n. Any one of numerous species of the genus Pica and related genera, allied to the jays, but having a long graduated tail. n. Any one of several black-and-white birds, such as Gymnorhina tibicen, not belonging to the genus Pica. n. A talkative person; a chatterbox. from The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia n. A well-known bird of Europe, Asia, and America, of the genus Pica and family Corvidœ; the Pica pica, P. rustica, P. caudata, or P. hudsonica. n. The magpie-shrike. n. A halfpenny. n. A bishop: so called from the black and white of his robes. n. Among British marksmen, a shot striking that division of the target which is next to the outermost when the target is divided into four sections: so called because the markers indicate this hit by means of a black and white disk. n. A breed of small domesticated pigeons having the head, the under side of the body, and the long flight-feathers white, and the rest of the plumage clear black, red, yellow, or blue: the line between the two colors should be sharply defined. The name is derived from the suggestion of a magpie found in the black-and-white variety. n. A black-and-white costume for women in which the contrasts are very marked, the masses of color being large. from WordNet 3.0 Copyright 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. n. long-tailed black-and-white crow that utters a raucous chattering call n. someone who collects things that have been discarded by others n. an obnoxious and foolish and loquacious talker Etymologies from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition Mag, a name used in proverbs about chatterers (a nickname for Margaret) + pie2. from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License From Mag, a nickname for Margaret that was used to denote a chatterer, and pie, an archaic word meaning "magpie", from Old French pie, from Latin pica, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)peik- (“woodpecker, magpie”). Examples And I've written now five new life poems, and I'm going to read you one of what I call magpie translations, because the magpie is a thief, and I'm appropriating Joseph Brodsky's imagery, but making it my own.
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What kind of creature is a 'devil's coach horse'?
Devil's Coach Horse - Bug Scientific Name, Classification, Taxonomy, North American Reach and Size View All Images (4) Staff Writer (11/12/2014): The all-black body of the Devil's Coach Horse is just the one reason to think this a nefarious creature. Its elytra (wing covering) has no shine and appears dull in any kind of light. The abdominal segments are easily to distinguish. This member of the Rove Beetle family can inflict a painful stab from its massive jaws to an unsuspecting human hand. The Devil's Coach Horse takes on an interesting look when disturbed or threatened, giving potential predators as well as unheeding humans fair warning. It will raise its abdomen forward, akin to a scorpion and its tail, and then open an internal gland that shoots out a yellowish foul-smelling fluid. Devil's Coach Horses are not native to the United States and originated from Europe. Despite being exotic, they have established themselves in the Western and Southwestern regions of the United States. They normally prey on snails and slugs and can be found low altitudes and moist areas such as in parks and gardens where more regular watering may occur. ©2005-2017 www.InsectIdentification.org . All Rights Reserved. No Reproduction Permitted. Unauthorized use and/or duplication of this material without express and written permission from www.InsectIdentification.org is strictly prohibited. Material presented throughout this website is for entertainment value and should not to be construed as usable for scientific research or medical advice (insect bites, etc...). Please consult licensed, degreed professionals for such information. Email corrections / Comments to InsectIdentification at Gmail dot com. Details of the:
Beetle
Montego Bay can be found on which Caribbean island?
Devil's coach horse beetle wallpaper #32852 Animals 3840x2160 Bug Insect Devil's coach horse beetle Bettle Download Devil's coach horse beetle wallpaper
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Who rode 'Teenoso' to victory in the 1983 Derby?
Teenoso Is a Winner in Epsom Derby - NYTimes.com Teenoso Is a Winner in Epsom Derby AP Published: June 2, 1983 EPSOM, England, June 1— Teenoso, the favorite ridden by the British jockey Lester Piggott, scored an impressive three-length victory on a rain-drenched course in the Epsom Derby today. There were at least two familiar elements in the result of the mile-and-a-half event, one of Europe's most important thoroughbred races. Piggott added to his Derby record by winning for the ninth time, and this was the 17th time in the last 21 years that the favorite or the second choice had triumphed. Teenoso, who went off at odds of 9-2 in a field of 21 3-year-olds, finished in 2:49 7/10. The time was the slowest for the Derby since 1891, reflecting the soggy conditions. Carlingford Castle, a 14-1 shot, was second, and Shearwalk and Salmon Leap, both owned by the breeder Robert Sangster, finished third and fourth, respectively, in a close finish. Slewpy, the American colt flown here especially for the Derby, began well but soon tired and finished 18th. The veteran American jockey Bill Shoemaker finished 16th aboard Lomond, the winner of the Two Thousand Guineas.  
Lester Piggott
To the nearest square mile, what is the area of Gibraltar?
JockeySite.com Other The Epsom Derby   It is know as The Derby, and there is not need more words to know to which race we refer. There is nothing similar, there are many Derbys, probably one for each country of horse racing tradition, but The Derby there is only one that may called so. But The Derby is not only a race, it is a feast day, it is The Derby Day and I believe that nobody better than Fernando Savater describes The Derby in his book "The Play of the Horses" writing: "When I find myself in the tribune of Epsom on the first Wednesday of June, a few seconds before the start of the two minutes and a half , the longest and most tense of the year, I know with certainty that I would not like to be in that moment in any other part of the world; this is something that one may assure in very few occasions and it is worthwhile to live three hundred and sixty five days to enjoy again such plenitude". The origin of The Derby dates from 1780, exactly on a 4 of May, when the first edition of this singular race was run, winning by Diomed, in a race over a mile, even though we have to look something backwards in time to see his history. There was a race called Oaks instituted by Lord Derby, reserved exclusively for mares, which was disputed for the first time in 1779, what made that one year later Lord Derby and following the initiative of his friend Sir Charles Bunbury, created the version for the males, over the distance of one mile, not having been disputed over a mile and a half until the year 1784 when Serjeant was the winner. The Derby of 1839 deserves a special charter, not only because the race was carried out under a copious snowfall but also due to a curious case, the winner Bloomsbury, who was suspected of having run and won The Derby with an age which did not correspond to the race conditions, for three years old exclusively, but it was not demonstrated that the horse were four years as the rumors indicated.     In 1853, took place the victory of West Australian, the first who would obtain the Triple British Corona, winning the 2000 Guineas , The Derby and the St. Leger a deed which only 15 horses have achieved in the whole history, the last of them in getting it was Nijinsky in 1970. The first time that The Derby was televised was in 1931, the winner of that year being Cameronian, horse who also would win in the 2,000 Guineas, but who was not able to do the same in the St. Leger, establishing two years later Hyperion the time record of the trial with 2:34 though little would last his happiness, because three years later, in 1936, the horse of the Aga Khan, Mahmoud won in a record time, getting the second place another horse of Aga Khan, Taj Akbar. From 1780 up to our times, The Derby has been celebrated in the Epsom Down Racecourse, except in the period of the II World War, between 1940 and 1945 when it was run in Newmarket, returning to Epsom in 1946, with the victory of Airborne. Advancing in the time, there is a historic date which was in 1954 when Never Say Die won The Derby, name that probably to many of us may not tell anything special, but surely if we say that the jockey was Lester Piggott , our senses would change completely. It was the beginning of an unstoppable Lester in The Derby, winning nothing less than nine Derbys.   Never Say Die   The edition of 1981 must have a special mention. It was a race in which there was a horse who ran two races before The Derby, winning the first by ten lengths and the second race by twelve, and his definitive trial arrived with The Derby. It was Shergar , a wonderful horse property of the Aga Khan, with a very young Walter Swimburn on the saddle, who left to second horse to ten lengths, being the longest distance by which The Derby has been won. We were before a special horse, he twisted your rivals each to his own, with an overwhelming superiority, but the great fatality arrived. Shergar was syndicated for ten million pounds, and in 1983, was kidnapped and possibly murdered by the IRA. The Derby of 1984 was the last to be disputed the first Wednesday of June due to that in 1985 it was decided to change it to the first Saturday of June, winning Lammtarra who gave brilliance to this Derby, horse who only ran three races in 1985 winning the three, The Derby, King George Vi and Queen Elizabeth Diamond Stakes and Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe, and having disputed exclusively one race before The Derby, at the age of two years old, remaining in the mind of all the next question until where had arrived Lamtarra if he had not been purchased by Japanese owners for the Stud? We will never know, but we know the words of Frankie Dettori in an interview fot TV, where he was asked for one of his unforgettable races and he answered "My victory with Lammtarra in the Arch". It is unequalled feast, thousands of persons in the tribunes, in the center of the track, persons in very long queues trying to get the last tickets while the crowd is arriving from the Victoria Station in London up to the Tottenham Corner Station, thousands of cars parking where they can, together with the red London double deck buses, picnics, drinks,� a nice day, a race with character, with enchantment, magic, it is The Derby Anecdotes � Eleanor was the first filly who won The Derby in 1801, and one of the six fillies who have got The Derby along its history � Sir Peter Teazle, winning horse in 1787 was the sire of the first three classified in the 1803 edition, won by Ditto � Smolensko was the first horse who reached the victory in he 2,000 Guineas and in The Derby in the year 1813 � After twenty eight races disputed in The Derby, the jockey Gordon Richards obtained the victory in 1953 with Pinza, in what was his last Derby. � In 1891, the climatology was so bad, that the stewards allowed the jockeys to surpass after the race on the weight declared, two pounds, practically one kilo. � Before the starting gates were installed to give the race in the same conditions for all participants, there were habitual delays of thirty minutes in the departures, arriving in some year to last up to ninety minutes. � Mrs. Giller & Mrs. Talbot were the first women in winning The Derby as owners, in 1937 with Mid-Day Sun. � The horse Blue Peter did not have a lot of luck in 1939. He could have been the 15th winner of the British Triple Crown, but after having the 2,000 Guineas and The Derby, and due to the beginning of the II World War, the St. Leger was canceled. � In the year 1962 there was an important fall in the dispute of The Derby, in the Tottenham Corner, falling down seven jockeys and their horses, and probably this year will be remembered more for this reason than for the victory of Larkspur � The owner Pasul Mellon is the only one who can be vain of having won The Derby, in 1971 with Mill Reef , and the Kentucky Derby, in 1993 with Sea Hero � Snow Knight, winner in 1974 was the sire of Snow Bride, winner of the Oaks of 1989 who in her turn was the dam of another great horse, winner of the Derby in 1995, Lammtarra � The jockey who most victories has obtained in The Derby has been Lester Piggott with nine, and the trainer Vicent O�Brien with six victories. � The youngest jockey who has won The Derby up to day, was Lester Piggott with 18 years old with, Never Say Die in 1954, and the oldest John Forth, who won at the age of 60 years with Frederick in 1829  
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By what pen name did we know Eric Blair?
Why did Eric Blair write under the pen name of George Orwell? - Quora Quora Written Feb 11, 2016 Many authors choose to write using a pseudonym or a pen name, just like many actors choose different screen names instead of their own. Eric Arthur Blair, who used the pen name George Orwell, was an English novelist, essayist, journalist and critic. His work under his born name wasn't quite noticed as his work under George Orwell. The name Orwell is also more of a mouthful, unlike Blaire, which is forgettable. Another aspect to consider is his history before he 'became' George Orwell. He'd already established a lackluster reputation under his original name. So when his publisher suggested using George Orwell instead, Blair went with it - to great success. Steven King is another example of an author using a pen name. Many people know Steven King and what he's written, and the genre he writes. What they might not know is that Steven King is also Richard Bachman.  Under this name he wrote books such as Thinner, and The Running Man. One of the most well-known pen names of all time is Mr Ellis Bells. Emily Brontë' wrote Wuthering Heights (published in 1847 by Thomas Cautley Newby) using this name because during the 1840s, women authors were not perceived to have the credibility that male authors had. In fact, women were thought to be frivolous, frilly, and dainty creatures who had no perception of "the real world." Another reason for using a pen name is to explore other genre outside of one's own field. You can find authors that are famous for writing science fiction, but have also written fantasy under another name. Or the mysteries writer that decides she wants to write about the development of dolphins. I use two names, myself. It gives me the freedom to truly explore my world and give voice to my observations. Let me know your opinion. Written Jan 28, 2016 I guess it has something to do with him being part of the English middle class but advocating for working class rights. "Eric Blair" sounded too embedded in the British establishment, and maybe the fact that his father was an official in India, something that he despised (yet imitated in Burma), also played a role. Then came his paranoia over the ubiquitous vigilance of the NKVD, after he accidentally saw himself involved in the tragic downfall of the Spanish left in the Spanish Civil War of 1936-39, promoted by the USSR itself. His pen name may have given him relief over being watched by secret services, specially after the publication of Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four.
George Orwell
In which European country are the 'Cantabrian Mountains?
George Orwell Biography - A Biography of George Orwell Biography of George Orwell Biography Eric Blair was born in 1903 in Motihari, Bengal, in the then British colony of India, where his father, Richard, worked for the Opium Department of the Civil Service. His mother, Ida, brought him to England at the age of one. He did not see his father again until 1907, when Richard visited England for three months before leaving again until 1912. Eric had an older sister named Marjorie and a younger sister named Avril. With his characteristic humour, he would later describe his family's background as "lower-upper-middle class." Education At the age of five, Blair was sent to a small Anglican parish school in Henley, which his sister had attended before him. He never wrote of his recollections of it, but he must have impressed the teachers very favourably for two years later he was recommended to the headmaster of one of the most successful preparatory schools in England at the time: St Cyprian's School, in Eastbourne, Sussex. Young Eric attended St Cyprian's on a scholarship that allowed his parents to pay only half of the usual fees. Many years later, he would recall his time at St Cyprian's with biting resentment in the essay "Such, Such Were the Joys," but he did well enough to earn scholarships to both Wellington and Eton colleges. After a term at Wellington, Eric moved to Eton, where he was a King's Scholar from 1917 to 1921. Later in life he wrote that he had been "relatively happy" at Eton, which allowed its students considerable independence, but also that he ceased doing serious work after arriving there. Reports of his academic performance at Eton vary: some claim he was a poor student, others deny this. It is clear that he was disliked by some of his teachers, who resented what they perceived as disrespect for their authority. In any event, during his time at the school Eric made lifetime friendships with a number of future British intellectuals. Burma and afterwards After finishing his studies at Eton, having no prospect of gaining a university scholarship and his family's means being insufficient to pay his tuition, Eric joined the Indian Imperial Police in Burma. He resigned and returned to England in 1928 having grown to hate imperialism (as shown by his first novel Burmese Days, published in 1934, and by such essays as 'A Hanging', and 'Shooting an Elephant'). He adopted his pen name in 1933, while writing for the New Adelphi. He chose a pen name that stressed his deep, lifelong affection for the English tradition and countryside: George is the patron saint of England (and George V was monarch at the time), while the River Orwell in Suffolk was one of his most beloved English sites. Orwell lived for several years in poverty, sometimes homeless, sometimes doing itinerant work, as he recalled in the book Down and Out in Paris and London. He eventually found work as a schoolteacher until ill health forced him to give this up to work part-time as an assistant in a secondhand bookshop in Hampstead, an experience later recounted in the short novel Keep the Aspidistra Flying. Spanish Civil War Soon after the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War, Orwell volunteered to fight for the Republicans against Franco's Nationalist uprising. As a sympathiser of the Independent Labour Party (of which he became a member in 1938), he joined the militia of its sister party in Spain, the non-Stalinist far-left POUM (Workers' Party of Marxist Unification), in which he fought as an infantryman. In Homage to Catalonia he described his admiration for the apparent absence of a class structure in the revolutionary areas of Spain he visited. He also depicted what he saw as the betrayal of that workers' revolution in Spain by the Spanish Communist Party, abetted by the Soviet Union and its secret police, after its militia attacked the anarchists and the POUM in Barcelona in May 1937. Orwell was shot in the neck (near Huesca) on May 20, 1937, an experience he described in his short essay "Wounded by a Fascist Sniper", as well as in Homage to Catalonia. He and his wife Eileen left Spain after narrowly missing being arrested as "Trotskyites" when the communists moved to suppress the POUM in June 1937. World war and after Orwell began supporting himself by writing book reviews for the New English Weekly until 1940. During World War II he was a member of the Home Guard and in 1941 began work for the BBC Eastern Service, mostly working on programmes to gain Indian and East Asian support for Britain's war efforts. He was well aware that he was shaping propaganda, and wrote that he felt like "an orange that's been trodden on by a very dirty boot." Despite the good pay, he resigned in 1943 to become literary editor of Tribune, the left-wing weekly then edited by Aneurin Bevan and Jon Kimche. Orwell contributed a regular column entitled 'As I Please.' In 1944 Orwell finished his anti-Stalinist allegory Animal Farm, which was published the following year with great critical and popular success. The royalties from Animal Farm provided Orwell with a comfortable income for the first time in his adult life. From 1945 Orwell was the Observer's war correspondent and later contributed regularly to the Manchester Evening News. He was a close friend of the Observer's editor/owner, David Astor and his ideas had a strong influence on Astor's editorial policies. In 1949 his best-known work, the dystopian Nineteen Eighty-Four, was published. He wrote the novel during his stay on the island of Jura, off the coast of Scotland. Between 1936 and 1945 Orwell was married to Eileen O'Shaughnessy, with whom he adopted a son, Richard Horatio Blair (b. May of 1944). She died in 1945 during an operation. In the autumn of 1949, shortly before his death, he married Sonia Brownell. In 1949 Orwell was approached by a friend, Celia Kirwan, who had just started working for a Foreign Office unit, the Information Research Department, which had been set up by the Labour government to publish pro-democratic and anti-communist propaganda. He gave her a list of 37 writers and artists he considered to be unsuitable as IRD authors because of their pro-communist leanings. The list, not published until 2003, consists mainly of journalists (among them the editor of the New Statesman, Kingsley Martin) but also includes the actors Michael Redgrave and Charlie Chaplin. Orwell's motives for handing over the list are unclear, but the most likely explanantion is the simplest: that he was helping out a friend in a cause - anti-Stalinism - that both supported. There is no indication that Orwell ever abandoned the democratic socialism that he consistently promoted in his later writings - or that he believed the writers he named should be suppressed. Orwell's list was also accurate: the people on it had all at one time or another made pro-Soviet or pro-communist public pronouncements. Orwell died at the age of 46 from tuberculosis which he had probably contracted during the period described in Down and Out in Paris and London. He was in and out of hospitals for the last three years of his life. Having requested burial in accordance with the Anglican rite, he was interred in All Saints' Churchyard, Sutton Courtenay, Oxfordshire with the simple epitaph: Here lies Eric Arthur Blair, born June 25th 1903, died January 21st 1950. Orwell's work During most of his career Orwell was best known for his journalism, both in the British press and in books of reportage such as Homage to Catalonia (describing his experiences during the Spanish Civil War), Down and Out in Paris and London (describing a period of poverty in these cities), and The Road to Wigan Pier (which described the living conditions of poor miners in northern England). According to Newsweek, Orwell "was the finest journalist of his day and the foremost architect of the English essay since Hazlitt." Contemporary readers are more often introduced to Orwell as a novelist, particularly through his enormously successful titles Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four. The former is considered an allegory of the corruption of the socialist ideals of the Russian Revolution by Stalinism, and the latter is Orwell's prophetic vision of the results of totalitarianism. Orwell denied that Animal Farm was a reference to Stalinism. Orwell had returned from Catalonia a staunch anti-Stalinist and anti-Communist, but he remained to the end a man of the left and, in his own words, a 'democratic socialist'. Orwell is also known for his insights about the political implications of the use of language. In the essay "Politics and the English Language", he decries the effects of cliche, bureaucratic euphemism, and academic jargon on literary styles, and ultimately on thought itself. Orwell's concern over the power of language to shape reality is also reflected in his invention of Newspeak, the official language of the imaginary country of Oceania in his novel Nineteen Eighty-Four. Newspeak is a variant of English in which vocabulary is strictly limited by government fiat. The goal is to make it increasingly difficult to express ideas that contradict the official line - with the final aim of making it impossible even to conceive such ideas. (cf. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis). A number of words and phrases that Orwell coined in Nineteen Eighty-Four have entered the standard vocabularly, such as "memory hole," "Big Brother," "Room 101," "doublethink," "thought police," and "newspeak."
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Barcelona in the principle city of which autonomous region of Spain?
Principal Cities - Population - Spain - Europe home :: Europe :: Spain :: Population :: Principal Cities Population, Principal Cities The capital and largest city is Madrid (population, 1999 estimate, 2,879,052), also the capital of Madrid autonomous region; the second largest city, chief port, and commercial center is Barcelona (1,503,451), capital of Barcelona province and Catalonia region. Other important cities include Valencia (739,412), capital of Valencia province and Valencia region, a manufacturing and railroad center; Seville (701,927), capital of Seville province and Andalusia region, a cultural center; Zaragoza (603,367), capital of Zaragoza province and Aragon region, another industrial center; and Bilbao (357,589), a busy port. [ad >] Are you lazy student? The smallest wireless audio headset will help you out! 6mm diameter (0.24 inch) - it hides inside ear completely and has no wires. Go to www.microearpiece.com to read about it. [< ad]  
Catalonia
Who preceded Gerald Ford as US President?
Barcelona: Industry Studies   Barcelona (Industry) Barcelona has served as a crossroads of manufacturing - a vital centre of trading and shipping - since before Christopher Columbus set sail for the Americas. Its strategic location, on the Mediterranean Sea and near the border with France, has made its emergence as the principal industrial and commercial centre of Spain inevitable. But just as important has been its cultural commitment to manufacturing as the mainstay of the community's economic life. Barcelona has many features typical of the north-west European city. It has a large tertiary sector, its traditional manufacturing industries have been declining, and transnational investment has become increasingly important. The rapid growth of 'Technical' parks for high-tech industry is a modern feature associated with the growth of what has become known as the European 'Riviera' belt, stretching along the Mediterranean coast between Valencia and northern Italy. Barcelona built its industrial might on its centuries-old status as one of Europe's most important ports, a status it maintains today, with container traffic hitting record levels in recent years. Madrid might be the political and financial capital of Spain, but Barcelona holds sway as its most culturally and industrially vibrant city. Not only has Barcelona led Spain in the amount of foreign direct investment it receives (nearly a quarter of the total) but it also has won acclaim as one of the world's most highly regarded business locations. Surveys of European executives regularly make Barcelona the sixth most popular choice and vote it the top spot for quality of life. Barcelona is the capital of the autonomous region of Catalonia and accounts for more than a quarter of Spain's GDP. The growth of the economy has been the driving force behind Barcelona's physical expansion and the region benefits from a large local market of some four million people. The economy is particularly strong in the motor vehicle industry, electrical engineering, publishing, wine production and consumer goods. The region serves as host to large automotive assembly plants for Nissan and Seat-VW. The latter's 14-year-old plant in suburban Barcelona has seen its workforce swell to nearly 12,000 workers who produce cars that have become an increasingly popular choice throughout Europe. In common with much of Western Europe, the older traditional industries, such as textiles, have declined in the face of foreign competition. The surviving companies have closed their factories in the city or along the rivers, leaving industrial wastelands or abandoned workers' colonies. In many cases, these industries have moved to Zona Franca, an industrial free-port, which has developed across the flat land of the Llobregat delta between the city and its airport to the south. This tariff-free zone has also attracted a wide range of transnational manufacturers, particularly Japanese. The Logistics Park at Zona Franca is one of the largest projects drawn up as part of Barcelona's complex and wide-ranging renewal programme. The park is envisaged as an advanced industrial area and contains probably the most comprehensive logistics requirements in the southern Mediterranean. Besides rail and container hubs, the zone will have trailer and road-and-rail intermodal services. Its air services carry wide-body container capacity and there is room for an inland waterways terminal. A coastal area of de-industrialisation within the city, Poblenou, is being developed as a high-tech incubator zone (22@), and also as the site for the Universal Forum of Cultures planned for 2004. The Poblenou district has attracted a steady stream of other investment, including a new shopping mall and hyper-community at Diagonal Mar. Students from Parliament Hill and William Ellis Schools with the Agbar Tower, the focal point of the 22@ High-Tech Barcelona inner city redevelopment, in the background. In addition to its manufacturing base, the Barcelona economy has diversified into a full range of service activities, particularly tourism. As part of the modifications to the city for the 1992 Olympics, new beaches were constructed in a post-industrial zone close to the city centre; it was only then that Barcelona began to realise the full tourist value of its coastal location. Its port acts as the key point of embarkation for Mediterranean cruises and the city is close to a number of very popular coastal resorts. Furthermore, the city has an exceptional architecture and art cultural heritage, particularly in Gaudi and Picasso, which attracts increasing numbers of higher-echelon high-spending visitors from around the world. It has a reputation as a fashion Mecca rivalling Milan or Paris and is a key destination for low-cost airlines such as Easyjet/Go, thriving in the aftermath of September 11th.    
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What is surgically removed in a cholecystecomy?
Overview - Cholecystectomy (gallbladder removal) - Mayo Clinic Cholecystectomy (gallbladder removal) Print A cholecystectomy (koh-luh-sis-TEK-tuh-me) is a surgical procedure to remove your gallbladder — a pear-shaped organ that sits just below your liver on the upper right side of your abdomen. Your gallbladder collects and stores bile — a digestive fluid produced in your liver. A cholecystectomy may be necessary if you experience pain from gallstones that block the flow of bile. A cholecystectomy is a common surgery, and it carries only a small risk of complications. In most cases, you can go home the same day of your cholecystectomy. A cholecystectomy is most commonly performed by inserting a tiny video camera and special surgical tools through four small incisions to see inside your abdomen and remove the gallbladder. Doctors call this a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. In some cases, one large incision may be used to remove the gallbladder. This is called an open cholecystectomy. Gallstones. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/gallstones/Pages/facts.aspx. Accessed June 15, 2016. Understanding gallstones. American Gastroenterological Association. http://www.gastro.org/info_for_patients/2013/6/6/understanding-gallstones. Accessed June 15, 2016. Feldman M, et al. Gallstone disease. In: Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Management. 10th ed. Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders Elsevier; 2016. http://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed June 16, 2016. Patient information for laparoscopic gall bladder removal (cholecystectomy) from SAGES. Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons. http://www.sages.org/publications/patient-information/patient-information-for-laparoscopic-gallbladder-removal-cholecystectomy-from-sages. Accessed June 15, 2016. Feldman M, et al. Gallstone disease. In: Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal Cholecystectomy. American College of Surgeons. https://www.facs.org/education/patient-education/patient-resources/operations. Accessed June 15, 2016. Picco MF (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. June 22, 2016. Related
Gallbladder
Zagreb is the capital of which country?
Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy - Gallbladder Surgery - Healthgrades.com Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Get your questions answered with our in-depth guide. ADVERTISEMENT What is a laparoscopic cholecystectomy? A laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the surgical removal of your gallbladder through several small incisions and a laparoscope. A laparoscope is a long, thin camera that allows your doctor to see the surgical area on the video screen while removing your gallbladder. Your doctor may recommend a laparoscopic cholecystectomy if you develop gallstones (cholelithiasis) that cause pain.  The gallbladder is located in the upper right side of your abdomen under the liver. The pear-shaped gallbladder is a hollow sac that concentrates and stores bile produced by the liver. Bile moves from the gallbladder through the bile duct into the small intestine during digestion. A gallstone can move from the gallbladder and block a bile duct, causing irritation, pain and swelling of the gallbladder (cholecystitis) . A laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a common but major surgery with serious risks and potential complications. You may have less invasive treatment options. Consider getting a second opinion about all of your treatment choices before having a laparoscopy. Other procedures that may be performed Your doctor may perform other procedures in addition to a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Other procedures may include: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) locates and removes a gallstone that is stuck in the bile duct. It involves using an endoscope to access the bile duct. An endoscope is a long, lighted camera that transmits pictures of the inside of your body to a video screen during surgery. Your doctor will pass the endoscope down your throat and through the stomach into the small intestine. Your doctor will remove the stone through the endoscope.  Laparoscopic common bile duct stone extraction is another procedure used to locate and remove a gallstone that is stuck in the bile duct. It involves inserting surgical instruments through small abdominal incisions and remove the stone through the bile duct with a small basket or crush the stone. Open surgery involves making a larger incision that allows your doctor to directly see and remove the gallbladder. It is possible that your doctor may decide after beginning a laparoscopic cholecystectomy that you require open surgery to complete your surgery. 
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Who is the mother of comedienne Jennifer Saunders?
Who is Jennifer Saunders? - YouTube Who is Jennifer Saunders? Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on May 5, 2016 Who is Jennifer Saunders Jennifer Saunders was born July 6th 1958 in Sleaford, Lincolnshire, UK. She attended Central School of Speech and Drama where she met her comedy partner Dawn French. Like many of the early 80s groundbreaking "alternative" comedians she began her career as comedienne/actress/writer with Dawn French at "The Comedy Store" in London, where she met fellow comedians Adrian Edmondson (later her husband), Rik Mayall, Nigel Planer, Alexei Sayle and Peter Richardson, who later opened his own club, "The Comic Strip", where these comedians quickly formed a regular format. The Comic Strip team were transferred to television screens with great success as they all starred alongside each other in The Comic Strip Presents... (1982). After The Comic Strip she starred in a few episodes of The Young Ones (1982), Girls on Top (1985) and Happy Families (1985). Afterwards she and Dawn French wrote a TV show of their own, French and Saunders (1987), which was an immense success due to the double acts genius writing, brilliant acting performances and hilarious spoofs of world famous blockbusters and bands. It was in one of the episodes of "French and Saunders" that the audience had the pleasure of watching a sketch about an uptight daughter and a crazy, neurotic mother that became a comedy classic sitcom. When the BBC next asked Saunders to write something, she just couldn't come up with any ideas, so she decided to expand on that sketch, making it more outrageous and therefore funnier - Absolutely Fabulous (1992) was born. Perhaps by coincidence Saunders had created one of the most loved, funny, and creative TV Shows in BBC history. Three series were made, in 1995 the show was put on hold until Saunders began writing again and came back with a fourth series in 2001. She is always ready for charity as well, she has been doing "Comic Relief" with a lot of her comedy companions ever since 1986. Jennifer Saunders, one of the most loved TV faces in Britain, will hit the screens with her fifth series of Absolutely Fabulous in 2003. Absolutely Fabulous: The Movie is an upcoming 2016 British comedy film directed by Mandie Fletcher and written by Jennifer Saunders, based on the television show Absolutely Fabulous. The film stars Saunders, Joanna Lumley, Julia Sawalha, June Whitfield, and Jane Horrocks. Principal photography began on 12 October 2015 in the south of France. The film will be released in the UK on 1 July 2016. Edina and Patsy are still oozing glitz and glamor, living the high life they are accustomed to; shopping, drinking and clubbing their way around London's trendiest hot-spots. Blamed for a major incident at an uber fashionable launch party, they become entangled in a media storm and are relentlessly pursued by the paparazzi. Fleeing penniless to the glamorous playground of the super-rich, the French Riviera, they hatch a plan to make their escape permanent and live the high life forever more! Kim Kardashian is too CRASS to be in my Ab Fab film says Jennifer Saunders Absolutely Fabulous: The Movie (2016) ab fab movie Absolutely Fabulous Ab Fab film ab fab movie Category
June Whitfield
What is the name of Richard Branson's private island in the British Virgin Islands?
Who is Jennifer Saunders? - YouTube Who is Jennifer Saunders? Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on May 5, 2016 Who is Jennifer Saunders Jennifer Saunders was born July 6th 1958 in Sleaford, Lincolnshire, UK. She attended Central School of Speech and Drama where she met her comedy partner Dawn French. Like many of the early 80s groundbreaking "alternative" comedians she began her career as comedienne/actress/writer with Dawn French at "The Comedy Store" in London, where she met fellow comedians Adrian Edmondson (later her husband), Rik Mayall, Nigel Planer, Alexei Sayle and Peter Richardson, who later opened his own club, "The Comic Strip", where these comedians quickly formed a regular format. The Comic Strip team were transferred to television screens with great success as they all starred alongside each other in The Comic Strip Presents... (1982). After The Comic Strip she starred in a few episodes of The Young Ones (1982), Girls on Top (1985) and Happy Families (1985). Afterwards she and Dawn French wrote a TV show of their own, French and Saunders (1987), which was an immense success due to the double acts genius writing, brilliant acting performances and hilarious spoofs of world famous blockbusters and bands. It was in one of the episodes of "French and Saunders" that the audience had the pleasure of watching a sketch about an uptight daughter and a crazy, neurotic mother that became a comedy classic sitcom. When the BBC next asked Saunders to write something, she just couldn't come up with any ideas, so she decided to expand on that sketch, making it more outrageous and therefore funnier - Absolutely Fabulous (1992) was born. Perhaps by coincidence Saunders had created one of the most loved, funny, and creative TV Shows in BBC history. Three series were made, in 1995 the show was put on hold until Saunders began writing again and came back with a fourth series in 2001. She is always ready for charity as well, she has been doing "Comic Relief" with a lot of her comedy companions ever since 1986. Jennifer Saunders, one of the most loved TV faces in Britain, will hit the screens with her fifth series of Absolutely Fabulous in 2003. Absolutely Fabulous: The Movie is an upcoming 2016 British comedy film directed by Mandie Fletcher and written by Jennifer Saunders, based on the television show Absolutely Fabulous. The film stars Saunders, Joanna Lumley, Julia Sawalha, June Whitfield, and Jane Horrocks. Principal photography began on 12 October 2015 in the south of France. The film will be released in the UK on 1 July 2016. Edina and Patsy are still oozing glitz and glamor, living the high life they are accustomed to; shopping, drinking and clubbing their way around London's trendiest hot-spots. Blamed for a major incident at an uber fashionable launch party, they become entangled in a media storm and are relentlessly pursued by the paparazzi. Fleeing penniless to the glamorous playground of the super-rich, the French Riviera, they hatch a plan to make their escape permanent and live the high life forever more! Kim Kardashian is too CRASS to be in my Ab Fab film says Jennifer Saunders Absolutely Fabulous: The Movie (2016) ab fab movie Absolutely Fabulous Ab Fab film ab fab movie Category
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Which Monarch preceded Queen Victoria?
8 things you didn't know about Queen Victoria and Queen Elizabeth II | PBS NewsHour EMAIL BY Margaret Sessa-Hawkins and Alison Moore   September 8, 2015 at 5:41 PM EST Left, portrait of Queen Elizabeth II by artist Andrew Festing. Photo by Tim Graham/Getty Images; and right, portrait of Queen Victoria, 1887. Photo from Wikimedia Commons On Wednesday, Queen Elizabeth II will become the longest-reigning British monarch, surpassing her great-great grandmother Queen Victoria. In honor of the event, here are eight things you might not know about the two royals. Queen Victoria 1. Her name wasn’t actually Victoria. When Victoria was born her uncle, the Prince Regent (the future George IV) had prohibited the royal names Charlotte, Elizabeth or Georgina. Victoria was therefore named ‘Alexandrina’ after her godfather, the Russian Tsar Alexander I. Her second name, Victoria, was after her mother, Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. For most of her childhood Victoria was therefore known as “Drina,” and up until her coronation, many in the general public were unsure of her official name. 2. Seven people had to die in order for her to become queen. Victoria was the daughter of Edward, Duke of Kent, who was the fourth son of King George III. It therefore seemed very unlikely that Edward, or any of his children, would end up being the monarch. However, George III’s first son, George IV died without heirs (his daughter, Princess Charlotte, died during childbirth). George III’s second son, Frederick, Duke of York, died before George IV did, and had no legitimate children. Then William IV, George III’s third son, also died without surviving legitimate children (his two legitimate daughters died in infancy), and so the crown passed to Victoria, whose father had died when she was just a child. Queen Victoria in her wedding dress, painted in 1847 as an anniversary gift for her husband. Photo from Wikimedia Commons 3. She started the tradition of women wearing white at their wedding. During Victoria’s time, brightly colored dresses were worn for weddings. When Victoria wore white, it was considered too drab for a royal wedding, especially since she didn’t wear a crown, opting instead for an orange-blossom wreath. Although several other monarchs had worn white, it is Victoria who is credited with starting the trend, as a few years after her wedding, a popular ladies’ journal encouraged women to wear white. 4. She proposed to her husband. Marriage of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, Feb. 10, 1840. Engraving scanned from 19th century book, “True Stories of the Reign of Queen Victoria” by Cornelius Brown, 1886. Photo from Wikimedia Commons Because she was queen, it was Victoria’s responsibility to propose to her husband Albert, not the other way around. In her diary , Victoria wrote that she called Albert into her bedroom and told him “it would make me too happy if he would consent to what I wished (to marry me); we embraced each other over and over again, and he was so kind, so affectionate … I really felt it was the happiest brightest moment in my life.” Victoria and Albert were married for over 20 years and had nine children. After he died, she wore mourning clothes for the rest of her life. Queen Elizabeth II 5. She has the longest marriage of the British monarchy. Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh wave at the crowds from the balcony at Buckingham Palace on June 2, 1953. Photo by Keystone/Getty Images In 1947 Queen Elizabeth II married Prince Philip , six years before her coronation. She met her Prince Charming when she was only 13 years old , and the two have been happily married now for 68 years. When Queen Elizabeth II was crowned in 1953, it was the first and so far only time in British history where the presumed heir to the throne wasn’t actually single. Even the queens that preceded her did not marry until after they were crowned, if they got married at all. Queen Elizabeth II with one of her corgis at Sandringham, 1970. Photo by Fox Photos/Hulton Archive/Getty Images 6. She’s a dog person. Although English royals have a history of being devoted to their dogs, no world leader in history has been as widely identified with their pets as Queen Elizabeth II is with her corgis . “My corgis are my family,” she has said . Since she feeds the corgis herself and takes them on walks whenever possible, her corgis have become a symbol for her relatability with the general population of Britain. Her beloved dogs also serve to bring her down to earth in the eyes of the public. The Queen personally oversaw a corgi breeding program based in Windsor Castle since the 1950s, but it doesn’t look like any more corgi puppies are in the works anymore. The Royal press secretary would not comment on reports that the Queen stopped breeding her corgis, but she now has only two of them left: Holly and Willow. 7. She’s “undocumented.” The Queen has visited more countries than any other British monarch (reportedly more than 116), even though she doesn’t have a passport. The cover of the British passport features the Royal Arms, and followed by the words “Her Britannic Majesty’s Secretary of State requests and requires in the name of Her Majesty all those whom it may concern to allow the bearer to pass freely without let or hindrance and to afford the bearer such assistance and protection as may be necessary.” Since the passport is issued in the Queen’s name, she is not required to have one to travel outside of Britain. Unfortunately this is a perk only the Queen gets; even Prince William and Kate Middleton need an official I.D. to jetset. Britain’s Queen Elizabeth waves during a visit to the Bank of England in the City of London Dec. 13, 2012. Photo by Eddie Mulholland/Reuters 8. She can fix your truck. Before she was crowned Queen of England, 18-year-old Princess Elizabeth joined the Women’s Auxiliary Territorial Service during World War II. Ditching her usual colorful dresses for some military overalls, Second Subaltern Elizabeth Windsor went to London to train as a mechanic and truck driver. Apparently she begged her father (the King at the time) for several months to let her help in the war effort before he finally gave in.
William IV
In what year did Prince Charles become the 'Prince of Wales?
5 Things You May Not Know About Queen Victoria - History in the Headlines 5 Things You May Not Know About Queen Victoria June 28, 2013 By Sarah Pruitt Share this: 5 Things You May Not Know About Queen Victoria Author 5 Things You May Not Know About Queen Victoria URL Google On June 28, the 18-year-old Queen Victoria was crowned as monarch of the United Kingdom and Ireland in London’s Westminster Abbey. Some 400,000 visitors flocked to the city to witness the historic event, riding a worldwide wave of popular enthusiasm for the young queen. She would rule until her death in 1901, becoming the longest reigning monarch in British history. At the time Victoria took the throne, the role that Buckingham Palace’s chief resident should play in British politics had become unclear, and the ongoing existence of the monarchy was by no means certain. Victoria’s rule would change that--during her long reign, Britain made its transition to a constitutional monarchy, even as Victoria’s influence on British society ensured the continuance of the crown itself. One hundred and seventy-five years after her coronation, explore a few facts about the queen who lent her name to an era. She was barely five feet tall. Queen Victoria’s outspoken nature and imposing reputation belied her tiny stature–the monarch was no more than five feet tall. In her later years, she also grew to an impressive girth. Some accounts claim she had a 50-inch waist by the end of her life, a conclusion supported by the impressive size of a nightgown and pair of bloomers (underwear) belonging to Victoria that were auctioned off in 2009. She proposed to her husband, Prince Albert, and not vice versa. Victoria first met her future husband, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, when she was 16. He was her first cousin, the son of her mother’s brother; their mutual uncle, the ambitious Leopold, engineered the meeting with the idea that the two should marry. Victoria enjoyed Albert’s company from the beginning, and with Leopold’s encouragement she proposed to Albert (as she was the queen, he could not propose to her) on October 15, 1839, five days after he arrived at Windsor on a trip to the English court. They were married the following year. Their marriage was passionate — she wrote in her diary that “Without him everything loses its interest” — and produced nine children. On the other hand, Victoria was notoriously disenchanted by pregnancy and childbirth, calling it the “shadow-side of marriage.” She was raised by a single mother, and later became a single mother herself. Victoria was the only child of Edward, duke of Kent, the fourth son of King George III. Her father died of pneumonia in 1820, when Victoria was less than a year old, and she was raised primarily at Kensington Palace, where she lived with her mother, the German-born Victoria Saxe-Saalfield-Coburg, duchess of Kent. Third in line for the throne (after the duke of York, who died in 1827, and the duke of Clarence, third son of George III, who would become William IV), the future queen became estranged from her mother, who was driven by the influence of her advisor Sir John Conroy to isolate the young Victoria from her contemporaries as well as her father’s family. Instead, Victoria relied on the counsel of her beloved uncle Leopold, as well as her governess Louise (afterward the Baroness) Lehzen, a native of Coburg. When she became queen and moved to Buckingham Palace, Victoria exiled her mother to a distant set of apartments and fired Conroy. After Albert’s untimely death from typhoid fever in 1861, Victoria descended into depression, and even after her recovery she would remain in mourning for the rest of her life. Queen Victoria was the first known carrier of hemophilia, an affliction that would become known as the “Royal disease.” Hemophilia, a blood clotting disorder caused by a mutation on the X chromosome, can be passed along the maternal line within families; men are more likely to develop it, while women are usually carriers. Sufferers can bleed excessively, since their blood does not properly coagulate, leading to extreme pain and even death. Victoria’s son Leopold, Duke of Albany, died from blood loss after he slipped and fell; her grandson Friedrich bled to death at age 2, while two other grandsons, Leopold and Maurice, died of the affliction in their early 30s. As Victoria’s descendants married into royal families throughout the Europe, the disease spread from Britain to the nobility of Germany, Russia and Spain. Recent research involving DNA analysis on the bones of the last Russian royal family, the Romanovs (who were executed in 1918 after the Bolshevik Revolution) revealed that Victoria’s descendants suffered from a subtype of the disorder, hemophilia B, which is far less common than hemophilia A and now appears to be extinct in the European royal lines. At least six serious assassination attempts were made against Victoria during her reign — most of which while she was riding in a carriage. In 1840, an 18-year-old named Edward Oxford fired two shots at the young queen’s carriage while she was riding in London. Accused of high treason, he was found not guilty by reason of insanity. Another would-be assassin, John Francis, made not one but two attempts to shoot the queen in her carriage in 1842. That same year, young John William Bean tried to fire a gun loaded with paper and tobacco at the queen, but the charge was insufficient. Two more carriage attacks came in 1849 and 1850–the first by “angry Irishman” William Hamilton and the second by ex-Army officer Robert Pate, who hit the queen with his cane. Finally, in March 1882, a disgruntled Scottish poet named Roderick Maclean shot at Victoria with a pistol while her carriage was leaving the Windsor train station. It was supposedly Maclean’s eighth attempt to assassinate the queen; he was also found to be insane, and sentenced to life in an asylum. In the wake of an assassination attempt, Victoria’s popularity usually soared among the British public. Tags
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What is the largest woodwind instrument in an orchestra?
Instruments of the Orchestra: The Woodwind Family   Instrument Families When we talk about musical instruments, we often talk about them as being part of a family. That's because, just like in human families, the instruments in a particular family are related to each other. They are often made of the same types of materials, usually look similar to one another, and produce sound in comparable ways. Some are larger and some are smaller, just as parents are bigger than children. The Woodwind Family The instruments in this family all used to be made of wood, which gives them their name. Today, they are made of wood, metal, plastic or some combination. They are all basically narrow cylinders or pipes, with holes, an opening at the bottom end and a mouthpiece at the top. You play them by blowing air through the mouthpiece (that's the "wind" in "woodwind") and opening or closing the holes with your fingers to change the pitch. Metal caps called keys cover the holes of most woodwind instruments. The mouthpieces for some woodwinds, including the clarinet, oboe and bassoon, use a thin piece of wood called a reed, which vibrates when you blow across it. The clarinet uses a single reed made of one piece of wood, while the oboe and bassoon use a double reed made of two pieces joined together. Just as with the stringed instruments, the smaller woodwinds play higher pitches while the longer and larger instruments play the lower notes. The woodwind family of instruments includes, from the highest sounding instruments to the lowest, the piccolo , flute , oboe , English horn , clarinet , E-flat clarinet , bass clarinet , bassoon and contrabassoon .
Bassoon
What is Hansens disease commonly known as?
The Orchestra: Woodwind Instruments Instruments        The woodwind family, much like the brass family, depends on the vibration of air in a tube. The woodwinds, however, due things differently. While the flute is played by merely by playing into the mouthpiece, other woodwind instruments like the oboe and the bassoon achieve their sound with the help of a reed. A reed is a slice of cane that is inserted into the instrument and used to create vibrating air inside the tubing. In clarinets and saxophones, a single reed accomplishes individual tones. In more complex instruments like the oboe and the bassoon, double reeds that vibrate against each other give the instruments a more nasal sound than the single reed instruments.     The flutes are descendants of the recorders that many younger students play in their schools today. As such they have a high pitched, piercing quality that has made the flute a permanent member of the orchestras since the 18th century. A combination of flutes and violins make for delicate and sweet melodies. Usually two oboes are staples also of modern day orchestras and they compet with the flutes for agility and richness of register. Unlike flutists, however, oboe players never directly touch the mouthpiece of an oboe, and depend on the their double reed. Most musicians, then, make their own reeds. While these two instruments have a pretty high register, the bassoon plays more of a bass sounding tone. The size of the bassoon, however, makes playing very difficult for the musician. Saxophones are also members of the woodwind family, but they have become used more for big band music and jazz then in the orchestra.
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Which Israeli was famous for bending cutlery?
Israel's Famous 10 - Uri Geller "The world needs your amazing talents. I need them" Michael Jackson "The man is a natural magician. He does everything with great care, meticulous misdirection and flawless instinct. The nails are real, the keys are really borrowed, the envelopes are actually sealed, there are no stooges, there are no secret radio devices and there are no props from the magic catalogues." James Randi (In an open letter to Abracadabra Magazine) "Absolutely amazing" "Truly incredible" Sir Elton John "The Geller Effect is one of those "para" phenomena which changed the world of phusics. What the most outstanding physicists of the last decades of this country colud grasp only as theoretical implication, Uri brought as fact into everyday life.." Dr. Walter A. Frank. Bonn University - Germany "Eternity is down the hall And you sit there bending spoons In your mind, in your mind" Johnny Cash "I Have watched Uri Geller... I have seen that so I am a believer. It was my house key and the only way I would be able to use it is get a hammer and beat it out back flat again." Clint Eastwood "Better than watching Geller bending silver spoons, better than witnessing new born nebulae's in bloom" Incubus
Uri Geller
What organ stores bile produced in the liver?
Israel's Famous 10 - Uri Geller "The world needs your amazing talents. I need them" Michael Jackson "The man is a natural magician. He does everything with great care, meticulous misdirection and flawless instinct. The nails are real, the keys are really borrowed, the envelopes are actually sealed, there are no stooges, there are no secret radio devices and there are no props from the magic catalogues." James Randi (In an open letter to Abracadabra Magazine) "Absolutely amazing" "Truly incredible" Sir Elton John "The Geller Effect is one of those "para" phenomena which changed the world of phusics. What the most outstanding physicists of the last decades of this country colud grasp only as theoretical implication, Uri brought as fact into everyday life.." Dr. Walter A. Frank. Bonn University - Germany "Eternity is down the hall And you sit there bending spoons In your mind, in your mind" Johnny Cash "I Have watched Uri Geller... I have seen that so I am a believer. It was my house key and the only way I would be able to use it is get a hammer and beat it out back flat again." Clint Eastwood "Better than watching Geller bending silver spoons, better than witnessing new born nebulae's in bloom" Incubus
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From which area of France does Camembert cheese come?
French cheese - Cheeses of France - a short guide - soft cheeses , such as Camembert - blue cheeses to which can be added a number of hybrids or very individual cheeses. Three different types of milk: Cheese is traditionally  made from three types of milk: - cow's milk - sheep's milk (ewe's milk) Two origins: And they are further divided into cheeses from the farmhouse (fromages fermiers) , or industrially manufactured cheeses. Labels: A further distinction is also possible: traditional regional cheeses with an "appellation controlée" label (there are about 40 of these), traditional cheeses without an "appelation contôlée" label, and modern dairy-designed and produced cheeses. This brief guide looks at a good selection of French cheeses looking at each of these categories in turn. The families of cheese: 1. Pressed cheeses. All of these are made from cow's milk. A selection of the best-known "pressed" (or "hard") cheeses in France. All of these cheeses come in large units, off which the cheese merchant will cut slices. There are two types, "cooked" cheeeses, where the whey is heated during the production process, and "uncooked" cheeses, where it is not. Cooked cheeses can sometimes keep for a very long time. Cantal A very tasty uncooked pressed cheese from the Auvergne mountains, Cantal is a cheese that many consider to be quite close to an English farmhouse cheddar or chester. A lot of this "appellation contrôlée" cheese is made on farms, but obviously local dairies in the region also produce it in large quantities. Cantal comes in two varieties: "jeune" (young) and "entre deux" (between two), meaning cheese that has matured for longer. This cheese's strength and taste increase with ageing, and generally speaking cantal cheese is stronger than cheddar. Two smaller areas within or bordering the Cantal department produce specific appellations of their own, Salers and Laguiole. These cheeses - made from the milk of cows grazing at high altitude, tend to be more expensive than generic Cantal, and are generally aged longer. Comté This delicious French cousin of the swiss "Gruyère" cheese is an appellation contrôlée from the Franche Comté region of eastern France. The production area stretches along the Swiss border, and all milk comes from cows grazing at at least 400 metres altitude. This cooked cheese is manufactured collectively village by village, and the production method has changed little over hundreds of years.  Though produced village by village, in the local village dairy (the "fruitière"), a lot of Comté is matured for up to two years in industrial cellars by large dairy companies such as Jurador Comté cheese generally comes without holes in it; but sometimes it may have small holes. Like Cantal, Comté comes in different varieties, sometimes called "fruité" or "salé" (fruity or salty). Fruité Comté is often more elastic; salé is usually a little more brittle. The most expensive Comté is "Comté vieux" (old Comté), which is generally aged over six months and possibly over a year. Comté is the traditional cheese used in a cheese "fondue", and also for "raclette" (see below). Comté that is produced  using milk not coming from cows grazing according to the "appellation contrôlée" rules, can be used to make French Gruyère. Although Gruyère is the name of a Swiss village, it has recently been given an IGP label (= PGI - Protected Geographical Indication) in France. Gruyère is an AOC in Switzerland. Cheeses similar to comté are Beaufort, and Abondance  made in a similar manner in the French alps. Beaufort tends to be stronger tasting than Comté, and the taste is also slightly different. (On the cheese map, the three large cheeses centre right are -top to bottom- Comté, Emmental and Beaufort). Emmental Emmental is your traditional cheese with holes in it. It is not an appellation contrôlée cheese, and is thus produced over a large area of France, notably in the east. It lacks the finesse of Comté, and is generally produced industrially, though industrial producers have their own label of quality for this cheese. French Emmental benefits from an IGP label. Mimolette A round cheese, made in the area of Lille in the north of France. It's orange colour is the result of the addition of natural coloring. The cheese was originally made as a French variation of the Dutch Edam cheese, to which it is very similar. (Tomme des) Pyrénées This slightly-cooked hard cheese is produced, obviously, in the Pyrenees - though it does not benefit from an appellation contrôlée label. Pyrenees comes with a distinctive black skin. Generally speaking it is a fairly bland cheese that will appeal to those who do not like strong-tasting cheeses. An IGP cheese. Reblochon: A rich soft pressed cheese made in the Alps; it has quite a strong flavour, and a creamy texture. 2. Soft cheeses There are literally hundreds of soft French cheeses; each region has its own specialities. Many of these - notably those with appellation contrôlée - are manufactured in small units, and (with notable exceptions such as Brie and St. Nectaire) if you want to buy one, you must buy a whole cheese. Brie There are two sorts of Brie, Brie de Meaux and Brie de Melun, both appellation contrôlée (AOC) cheeses named after two nearby towns in the the country some fifty miles south east of Paris. Brie comes as a thin round cheese about 20 inches in diameter, with a soft white crust. This crust is eaten, not cut off! Brie is a very mild creamy cheese that should appeal to anyone who does not enjoy strong tasting cheese. Camembert: A cheese from Normandy, Camembert is perhaps the most famous French cheese, and is known and imitated worldwide. A ripe Camembert should be just soft on the inside, but not too runny. A young Camembert will tend to be hard and dry, and rather tasteless; an overripe Camembert, going yellowish on the outside, will tend to smell quite strongly and is not to be reccommended other than to those who enjoy strong cheeses. The crust of a Camembert is usually eaten. Supermarkets are full of Camembert lookalikes, since any similar cheese that is not manufactured in the appellation contrôlée area in Normandy cannot call itself Camembert. These lookalikes tend to be sold young. To test a Camembert or a lookalike, open the box (not the protective wrapping paper!) and press gently. The cheese should be just soft, but not spongy. Epoisses A fairly strong "rind-washed" soft cheese from the Burgundy region. Thicker than a Camembert, Epoisses, like other rind washed cheeses, is yellowish on the outside, and white on the inside. The white centre is often almost crumbly, while the cheese under the skin remains very soft. Epoisses has a distinctive taste, shared with a similar cheese from a bit further north "Langres"; both of these cheeses are appellation contrôlée cheeses, and are admirable accompaniments for red wine. Another cheese in the same family is Maroilles, made in the north of France. Gaperon A semi-soft cheese from Auvergne, made with cows milk, and flavoured with pepper and garlic. A small hemispherical cheese weighing about half a pound. Mont d'Or This very distinctive appellation contrôlée cheese from Franche Comté , (known as Vacherin in Switzerland), is manufactured along the French-Swiss border, at altitudes of at least 800 metres. Like Comté that is made in the same region, it is a cheese whose manufacturing process has changed little over the centuries. This rind washed cheese matures in a round frame made of a thin strip of local spruce wood. In the course of maturing, this wood imparts a delicious aroma into the cheese which is later packaged and sold in round boxes made from the same wood. Unfortunately, Mont d'Or is a seasonal cheese and is not manufactured in the summer months because the milk quality in the regin is different when the cows have rich summer pastures to graze on. This cheese comes with an undulating beige crust, and under the crust the cheese itself is soft to runny. Though it is quite a strong cheese, Mont d'Or is not usually a sharp cheese. It tends to appeal to all tastes. In recent years, local dairies have looked for ways to produce and market a cheese similar to Mont d'Or year-round. The most successful imitation is called Edel de Cleron, made in the Franche Comté region, but in a dairy at a lower altitude. Like Mont d'Or, Edel is packaged in spruce wood, to give it the distinctive aroma. Munster A fairly strong rind-washed soft cheese from the Vosges mountains in Eastern France, in the Lorraine region. Munster is definitely not a cheese for those who do not like strong tasting varieties. It comes in two varieties, normal and "au cumin" (with cumin seed). Darker on the outside than Langres or Epoisses, Munster generally has a thicker rind which some eat, others cut off. Even an unripe Munster is tasty; a ripe one - which may well be quite hard on the inside - will be very strong. However, like other strong cheeses, Munster should never have an acrid taste. If it does, it is over-ripe. Pont l'Evèque A creamy soft cheese, uncooked and unpressed, from the coastal region of Normandy , south of Deauville; this is one of the oldest cheeses in France, and has been documented since the 12th century. Saint Nectaire Some claim that this is the greatest of French cheeses - and possibly this could be true for an exceptionally good cheese; but Saint Nectaire - an appellation contrôlée cheese from the mountains of the Auvergne - is, alas, a cheese that varies considerably in quality and taste. To start with there are two distinct types, the farm variety and the dairy variety. The farm variety is generally better and more expensive, the dairy variety, usually found in supermarkets, is frequently sold too young. When this cheese is young, it is quite dry and hard; a properly matured Saint Nectaire should be soft and elastic, with a slight tendency to flow if left at room temperature. One does not eat the rind of a Saint Nectaire. A cheese very similar to Saint Nectaire - notably to the variety found in supermarkets - is Savaron, a non-appellation cheese that is also produced in the Auvergne but generally by industrial dairies. Blue cheeses Bleu d'Auvergne - An appellation contrôlée cheese whose quality and taste can vary considerably , going from the bland to the sharp. Even in a supermarket, you can ask to taste before you buy. Specific varieties of Bleu d'Auvergne include the ancient Bleu de Laqueille .     A popular modern variant of Bleu d'Auvergne is Saint Agur, a creamy blue cheese made in the Velay hills of Haute Loire by the large industrial dairy group Bongrain. There is no village called Saint Agur - indeed no saint either - but Saint Agur cheese is made according to traditional methods Bleu de Bresse - Not an appellation contrôlée cheese, but a French industrial dairy's attempt to imitate the success of Danish blue. Soft and almost spreadable cheese. Bleu des Causses - An appellation contrôlée cheese which is generally delicious and strong tasting, without being sharp. A cows-milk cheese, sometimes quite crumbly, manufactured in the same area as Roquefort and quite similar tasting. Bleu de Gex - A blue from the swiss border, rather hard and not very strong. Fourme d'Ambert - a mild blue cheese from the Auvergne, often with an almost nutty flavour. No-one should find this too strong. Roquefort - The most famous French blue cheese, though not necessarily the best. Roquefort is an Appellation contrôlée cheese, made from the milk of one single breed of sheep, the "Lacaune" breed. The cheese has been made since the Middle Ages, and has been famous for many centuries; more recently it has been the object of intense and successful marketing. Over 18,000 tons of Roquefort are manufactured each year, and the cheese is exported worldwide. Made in the "causses" mountains of southern France, in the department of the Aveyron, and matured in caves. In the past, a lot of the milk used in the making of Roquefort is imported into the region; but the cheese's success has led to a development of sheep rearing in the Aveyron, and all the milk used in Roquefort is now sourced locally. Other cheeses Goat's cheeses: Crottin de Chavignol, Valençay, etc... There are dozens of different goats' cheeses, and many local producers market their cheese under their own local village or regional name. Goats' cheeses can be sold either very young (frais), when they are soft and spreadable, medium matured, when they are still soft, but not spreadable, or fully matured, when they are hard. Ewe's milk cheeses: Ineguy : pressed cheese from the Basque country, similar to other southern European ewe's milk cheeses such as Pecorino. Some modern dairy cheeeses Saint Agur (a soft blue cheese, made in the Auvergne) , Brillat-Savarin (an almost buttery soft cheese... delicious, but watch the cholesterol...), Roulade, Saint Albray, Port Salut, Boursin (a cream cheese with herbs and garlic). Raclette Raclette is a mass-produced industrial cheese designed for a "raclette", i.e. a meal in which thin slices of cheese are heated and melted then poured over baked potatoes and eaten with gherkins, mountain ham and other accompaniments. Raclette is an easy and convivial meal, where everyone serves themselves from the raclette grill which is placed in the middle of the table. (Traditionally, the cheese was melted in front of a hot wood fire). However, "raclette" cheese is not the best cheese for a raclette. Prefer Comté (the best) or even Cantal. Generic terms: The words "tomme" and "fourme" are generic words that can describe several different types of French cheese. Etymologically, the French word for cheese, "fromage" is a diminutive of the word "fourme". Unusual cheeses Cancoillotte -this very distinctive comes from Franche Comté; it is a runny cheese strongly flavoured with garlic, and is very much an acquired taste. It can be eaten cold or hot. Cheeses and wine. You'll read a lot of pompous advice about how such and such a cheese goes well with such and such a wine. When this is not merely a marketing gambit by regional tourist boards and local farmers associations, anxious to sell as much local produce as possible, it is often just sophisticated brain-washing. The truth of the matter is that cheese and wine go together, and as long as you follow a few basic guidelines, you can match a wide range of wines with any cheese. There is one exception; sweet white wines do not go well with cheese - unless the cheese is being used in a sweet/sour combination. Red wines go best with most cheeses, though with some very strong cheeses it is better to choose a light-bodied red wine. Dry white wines also go well with cheese, especially with tasty but mild cheeses. But in the end, it has to be a matter of individual choice. Your idea of what goes well together is just as good as the next man's - even if the next man claims to be an expert. Remember the adage: "Even if all the experts agree, they may still be wrong." It's your taste against his. Copyright 2003 - 2017         France: a nation of cheeses In one of his memorable witticisms, General de Gaulle once quipped "How can you govern a country that has 246 varieties of cheese?" What he meant by that was not quite clear - whether he was commenting on France or on French cheese; yet this remark has gone down in history among de Gaulle's most memorable quotations. What he probably meant was that France as a country is as diverse as its cheeses - or vice-versa. And just as France is physically the most varied country in Europe, so its cheeses reflect this wide and rich cultural diversity.  About-France.com helps you to distinguish your Bries from your Pyrenees. Map courtesy of Sopexa
Normandy
Between which two places does the annual Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race take place?
Camembert - definition of Camembert by The Free Dictionary Camembert - definition of Camembert by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Camembert Also found in: Thesaurus , Wikipedia . Cam·em·bert A creamy, mold-ripened cheese that softens on the inside as it matures. [French, after Camembert, a village of northwest France.] Camembert (Cookery) a rich soft creamy cheese [French, from Camembert, a village in Normandy where it originated] Cam•em•bert a soft cow's-milk cheese with a creamy golden center and a whitish rind. [1875–80; after Camembert, village in Normandy where it was first marketed] ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend: Camembert - rich soft creamy French cheese cheese - a solid food prepared from the pressed curd of milk Translations Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: tyrosemiophily References in classic literature ? They had Camembert cheese, and it disgusted Philip to see that she ate rind and all of the portion that was given her. View in context Urban Tap House, 25 Westgate Street, Cardiff CF10 1DD - 029 2039 9557 CAMEMBERT AT THE GRAZING SHED It's camembert. Euro film is celebrated at awards Cheese baker, PS14, Next Forget about the calories; this is perfect for delicious melted Brie or Camembert. Copyright © 2003-2017 Farlex, Inc Disclaimer All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.  
i don't know
Which actor used the word “Perfik” in The Darling Buds of May?
The Darling Buds of May (TV Series 1991–1993) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error The Darling Buds of May  1h 40min The life of the Larkin family, farmers in Kent. Stars: Pop duly appears in court charged with sexual harassment but Mrs. Perigo is discredited when Pop's brother Uncle Perce, a hotel porter in London, testifies that she is well-known in the big city as ... 8.6 Earnest young tax inspector Cedric Charlton visits the sizeable Larkin family at Home Farm in the countryside. They have not paid tax in an age and he has come to help them fill in their tax forms. ... 8.4 Gypsies get involved in Pop's campaign for rural councillor. Charley and Mariette have to work on their marriage, and finalize the deal to buy Bristow's brewery. 8.3 a list of 49 titles created 27 Oct 2011 a list of 25 titles created 26 Jan 2012 a list of 25 titles created 16 Mar 2013 a list of 21 titles created 14 Dec 2014 a list of 46 titles created 8 months ago Title: The Darling Buds of May (1991–1993) 7.8/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. DI Jack Frost is an unconventional policeman with sympathy for the underdog and an instinct for moral justice. Sloppy, disorganized and disrespectful, he attracts trouble like a magnet. Stars: David Jason, Bruce Alexander, John Lyons This series was set in a fictional Yorkshire town and based on the books by David Nobbs, the creator of Reginald Perrin and Henry Pratt. Each episode took place at a different social ... See full summary  » Stars: David Jason, Gwen Taylor, Nicola Pagett Arkwright is a tight-fisted shop owner in Doncaster, who will stop at nothing to keep his profits high and his overheads low, even if this means harassing his nephew Granville. Arkwright's ... See full summary  » Stars: Ronnie Barker, David Jason, Lynda Baron Ria, a happily married suburban housewife, reaches the age where she feels as if life is passing her by. Being taken for granted by her butterfly collecting dentist husband doesn't help. So... See full summary  » Stars: Wendy Craig, Geoffrey Palmer, Bruce Montague Diamond Geezer (TV Series 2005) Action | Crime | Drama A British Sub goes missing at the end of the war leaving only one crew member surviving. Everyone believes it lost to the bottom of the Baltic Sea, then 40 years later it reappears without ... See full summary  » Director: Stuart Orme Uniform officers and detectives from an inner London police station enforce law and order on a day to day basis. Stars: Graham Cole, Trudie Goodwin, Jeff Stewart The Maryhill CID investigates gruesome murders against the bleak backdrop of the city of Glasgow. Stars: Blythe Duff, Colin McCredie, John Michie Classic comedy following the misadventures of two Wheeler Dealer brothers Del Boy and Rodney Trotter who scrape their living by selling dodgy goods believing that next year they will be millionaires. Stars: David Jason, Nicholas Lyndhurst, Roger Lloyd Pack Shifty car salesman Boycie and his wife Marlene leave their council estate in Peckham, London to start a new life in a rambling farmhouse in Shropshire. Stars: John Challis, Sue Holderness, David Ross Now a qualified chef, Robin from "Man About the House" (1973) sets up home with his girlfriend, and a business with his girlfriend's father. Stars: Richard O'Sullivan, Tessa Wyatt, Tony Britton Terry and Bob from The Likely Lads (1964) continue their life after Terry arrives home from serving in the Army to discover that Bob is about to marry his girlfriend Thelma. Can Thelma lead... See full summary  » Stars: James Bolam, Rodney Bewes, Brigit Forsyth 7 April 1991 (UK) See more  » Also Known As: Buds of May See more  » Filming Locations: Did You Know? Trivia H.E. Bates took the title from William Shakespeare 's Sonnet 18: "Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate; Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summer's lease hath all too short a date". See more » Quotes (Ireland) – See all my reviews I love this series, it's such a feelgood programme. I really wish life could always turn out Perfick, like it does for the Larkins! What I love about them, especially Pop, is their irrepressible joy in life and ability to see the best in every situation. Pop can turn a wet miserable weekend into a joyous romp by sheer force of personality. Wonderful. (Someone from USA said this on this comments page; "We saw an episode on TV the other day and Peter Jackson got a director credit, but I don't see him listed here or this series listed on Jackson's page. The credits show several directors and it seems to be common practice to have guest directors." I think they're thinking of a different Peter Jackson, the well-known director. The cinematography on this series was done by a Peter Jackson, which is a pretty common name I suppose.) 17 of 17 people found this review helpful.  Was this review helpful to you? Yes
David Jason
What do most humans lose 15 million of every second?
Darling Buds of May: DVDs, Films & TV | eBay Darling Buds of May This is the genuine UK Region 2 release. We only buy from the UK's largest distributor. Condition: or Best Offer Free P&P The Darling Buds of May is rural idyllic bliss in its full glory as we follow the exploits of the Larkin family. The Darling Buds Of May. Life never looked anything short of perfick on Home Farm. When... | 29 sold Region 0 or Region Free: Can be played all over the world on any DVD player or Blu Ray Player. Region 0 or Region Free: Can be played all over the world on any Blu Ray Player. Region A/1: North Americ... Buy it now Free P&P The excellent : THE DARLING BUDS OF MAY - THE COMPLETE SERIES DVD BOXSET with DAVID JASON. I try to be as honest as possible and professional. I want you to come back! enjoy the emporium, all the best... Buy it now Free P&P THE DARLING BUDS OF MAY CHRISTMAS SPECIAL APPROX 51 MINUTES.A NEWSPAPER DISC. DISCS IN GREAT CONDITION AND COME IN A CARD SLEEVE. Buy it now Free P&P Title: The Darling Buds Of May - Complete Series (Special Edition) [DVD]. s for you to use, there is no escaping the fact that it has been owned and used by someone else before you. It may well show s...
i don't know
Who was the second wife that Henry VIII divorced?
The Tudors - The Six Wives of Henry VIII | HistoryOnTheNet The Tudors The Tudors - The Six Wives of Henry VIII Last Updated: 01/17/2017 - 11:37 For more information on counter-intuitive facts of ancient and medieval history, see Anthony Esolen's  The Politically Incorrect Guide to Western Civilization .     Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Kathryn Howard, Katherine Parr Divorced, beheaded, died; Divorced beheaded survived This popular rhyme tells of the fate of Henry VIII's six wives Catherine of Aragon - Henry VIII's first wife and mother of Mary I Catherine was the youngest daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain and she came to England in 1501 at the age of 16 to marry Henry VII's eldest son and heir to the throne, Arthur. By 1527 Henry was having serious doubts about his marriage to Catherine. He believed that he had no sons because God was punishing him for having married his brother's wife. He had found a passage in the Bible that backed this belief. He had also fallen for Anne Boleyn, the daughter of Thomas Boleyn, who had recently returned to England from the French court. Catherine refused to grant Henry a divorce or retire to a convent . Henry therefore began the Reformation in England so that he could divorce Catherine without the Pope 's permission and marry Anne Boleyn. Catherine was divorced by Henry in 1533 and died in 1536.   Anne Boleyn - Henry VIII's second wife and mother of Elizabeth. Anne Boleyn was born in 1501. At the age of fourteen she was sent with her sister, Mary, to the French court as a maid to Queen Claude. She returned to England in 1522 and attracted many admirers. Her sister, Mary managed to attract the King's attention and became his mistress. In 1526 Henry asked Anne to become his mistress, but she refused because he was a married man. Henry was determined to win Anne Boleyn and became determined to divorce Catherine and marry Anne. The couple eventually secretly married in 1533 after Anne became pregnant. The King's second marriage was not popular. Many people believed that Anne was a witch and had cast a spell on Henry. When the baby was born in September 1533 Henry was cross that the baby was a girl. She was called Elizabeth. Henry and Anne began arguing. Although Anne became pregnant twice more each time the babies were stillborn. Henry was by now tired of Anne and wanted rid of her. He had no intention of waiting for a divorce so his ministers invented evidence showing that Anne had been unfaithful and had plotted the death of the King. She was found guilty and was executed in May 1536.   Jane Seymour - Henry VIII's third wife and mother or Edward VI. Jane Seymour was a quiet shy girl who attracted Henry because she was so different to his first two wives, Catherine and Anne. Henry married Jane Seymour just 11 days after the death of Anne Boleyn. He was 45 years old, Jane was 28. Although Henry became concerned when Jane did not become pregnant immediately, he was delighted when she gave birth to a son, Edward, in October 1538. Henry was very upset when Jane died a month later. On his deathbed, Henry requested to be buried next to Jane.   Anne of Cleves, Henry VIII's fourth wife. She was divorced after six months. After the death of Jane, Henry remained single for two years. He had the son that he had wanted for so long and although Edward was weak and sickly, he continued to live. Having broken free from Rome in the 1530s England was isolated from much of Europe and Henry's advisers thought it would be a good idea for him to marry a German princess and make an alliance with the other great Protestant nation in Europe - Germany. Two suitable princesses were chosen and Hans Holbein was sent to paint their portraits. The girls were sisters and daughters of the Duke of Cleves. Henry chose the older daughter, Anne, to be his fourth wife. The 24 year old German Princess arrived in England in December 1539, However, Henry was horrified when he saw her and demanded that his ministers find him a way out of the marriage. Unfortunately for Henry they could not and the marriage went ahead in January 1540. Henry was unable to consummate the marriage and the couple divorced amicably six months later. Anne was well provided for and lived out her days in England in comfort. She outlived Henry and died in 1557. Kathryn Howard, Henry VIII's fifth wife. She was executed for adultery after two years of marriage. Henry had chosen his fifth wife before his divorce to Anne was finalised. The lady in question was the 15 year old daughter of Edmund Howard, Kathryn, cousin of Anne Boleyn. The marriage took place in July 1540. Henry was 49 years old, overweight and unable to walk far due to his weight and an injury to his leg that festered and refused to heal. Kathryn was young, lively and flirtatious. She was bored with having an old husband and sought out young friends among the courtiers. Unfortunately for Kathryn one of the courtiers in question was a man named Francis Dereham who had known Katherine before her marriage. He knew that she had had affairs before her marriage and used this to bribe her into giving him a good position at court. Katherine's actions led to her being accused of adultery and subsequently executed in 1542. Katherine Parr Henry VIII's sixth wife. She outlived Henry and died in 1548. Henry married for the sixth time in 1543. The lady in question was Katherine Parr who had been twice widowed. She was a kindly lady and proved a good stepmother to the King's three children. She was also an excellent nursemaid and bathed Henry's leg wound and comforted him when he was sick. She came close to being tried for treason in 1546 when her enemies at court attempted to prove that she was a committed Protestant. However, she managed to convince Henry that she was loyal to him and his Church and was spared. After Henry's death she married Edward's uncle, Thomas Seymour. Katherine Parr died in childbirth in 1548.   For more information on counter-intuitive facts of ancient and medieval history, see Anthony Esolen's The Politically Incorrect Guide to Western Civilization © 2008. You can find it at  Amazon  or  Barnes & Noble. You can also check it out by clicking on the buttons to the left. Quiz: 
Anne of Cleves
Who was the first Suffragette martyr?
King Henry VIII English Bible History King Henry VIII It was not that King Henry VIII had a change of conscience regarding publishing the Bible in English. His motives were more sinister… but the Lord sometimes uses the evil intentions of men to bring about His glory. King Henry VIII had in fact, requested that the Pope permit him to divorce his wife and marry his mistress. The Pope refused. King Henry responded by marrying his mistress anyway, (later having two of his many wives executed), and thumbing his nose at the Pope by renouncing Roman Catholicism, taking England out from under Rome’s religious control, and declaring himself as the reigning head of State to also be the new head of the Church. This new branch of the Christian Church, neither Roman Catholic nor truly Protestant, became known as the Anglican Church or the Church of England. King Henry acted essentially as its “Pope”. His first act was to further defy the wishes of Rome by funding the printing of the scriptures in English… the first legal English Bible … just for spite. King Henry VIII (June 28, 1491- January 28, 1547) was the second son of King Henry VII and Elizabeth of York. He reigned as King of England from April 22 (crowned on June 24), 1509 until his death on January 28, 1547. He was accorded the title King of Ireland by the Irish Parliament in 1541, having previously been styled Lord of Ireland. Henry – from Prince to King Henry was created Prince of Wales after the death of his older brother Arthur, Prince of Wales. A dispensation from Pope Julius II was necessary in order to allow him to marry his brother's widow Catherine of Aragon, and this was obtained on the basis of non-consummation. They contracted a marriage on June 11, 1509. Following difficulties with Rome over his divorce from Catherine (which was not sanctioned by the Pope, who was under pressure from Catherine's nephew, Charles V at the time), Henry split from the Roman Catholic Church, seized many of the Church's assets, and formed the Church of England. This became final with the passing of the Act of Supremacy 1536. Henry VIII greatly improved English seapower and instituted an efficient navy. Throughout his life he was an avid gambler playing at dice, tables and cards. The other major achievement of Henry's reign was the Act of Union of 1536, which effectively brought Wales under English government, with the result that the first Welsh members of parliament were elected in 1542. Henry was proud of his own Welsh blood. In 1533 Henry introduced the first legislation against homosexuals with the Buggery Act, making “buggery” punishable by hanging, a penalty not finally lifted until 1861. The Many Wives of King Henry VIII Henry is also famous for his six wives. While he was still legally married to Catherine of Aragon he married Anne Boleyn in secret on January 25, 1533 (his marriage to Catherine had to be annulled by a special act of Parliament on May 23 of the same year). Anne bore Henry a female child Elizabeth but she did not give him the male heir he so desperately wanted. For this reason he had his marriage with her annulled, had her executed on trumped up charges of adultery, and married Jane Seymour. Seymour gave Henry a male child, but she died shortly after doing so. The boy was sickly, and Henry reluctantly remarried, on the advice of his chancellor, Thomas Cromwell. Cromwell, like his predecessors, More and Wolsey, fell from favour and was charged with treason. His fourth wife was the German Protestant Anne of Cleves. Henry disliked her from the beginning, and had their marriage annulled after only a few months. He proceeded to marry Catherine Howard, a young cousin of Anne Boleyn, who, like Anne, was found guilty of adultery and executed for treason. His last wife was Catherine Parr, a more mature woman who had been twice widowed. None of his last three queens bore him any children. The Death and Children of King Henry VIII It is well known that, in later life, King Henry VIII was grossly overweight, and possibly suffered from both gout and syphilis. In his younger days, however, he had been a very active man. His increased size dates from a jousting accident in 1536. He suffered a thigh wound which not only prevented him from taking exercise but which gradually became ulcerated and may have indirectly led to his death. Henry died in 1547 at Whitehall in London and was buried at Windsor. At his death King Henry VIII left three children, each of whom had a turn on the English throne: Edward VI, Mary I (“Bloody” Mary), and Elizabeth I.
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In which country is the Spanish Riding School?
Start – en | Spanische Hofreitschule THE SPANISH RIDING SCHOOL Living tradition, the values of the past blending with the passion of the present The Spanish Riding School in Vienna is the only institution in the world which has practiced for more than 450 years and continues to cultivate classical equitation in the Renaissance tradition of the Haute Ecole – which can also be found on UNESCO’s list of intangible cultural heritage of humanity. Since 1920, the stud located in the West Styrian village of Piber has been home to the famous Lipizzaners. As the only stud in Austria, Piber’s role is to breed Lipizzaner stallions which will later demonstrate their skills in the world-famous Spanish Riding School in Vienna. The Heldenberg in Lower Austria is the third site of the Spanish Riding School. On the one hand the stallions are trained and continually exercised at this location. On the other hand they spend their well-earned summer holiday as well as two to three additional six weeks breaks there enjoying a horse-friendly life. Moreover, in Heldenberg third parties are given the opportunity to improve their horsemanship through various courses.
Austria
Who hosted every second counts?
Spanish Riding School in Vienna, Austria Spanish Riding School Vienna Levade, courbette & capriole are classical jumps performed by the Lipizzaner stallions, at the Spanish Riding School in Vienna. The traditions of this haute école of classic equestrianism have been passed down by word of mouth for more than 400 years. Once these intelligent white stallions have completed their training, they are known as "professors". These world famous horses which originated from Spain, are schooled in the Winter Riding School of the Hofburg Palace in a hippodrome which was once reserved for the imperial family.  During their morning exercise they practice with their riders the choreographed steps which will be executed perfectly at the evening gala. These stallions were once stabled in the courtyard of every royal household in central Europe, valued as ceremonial horses for parades, jousts and military campaigns.  However only in Vienna has the tradition of Lipizzaner horsemanship endured to this day.  The Lipizzaner, Europe’s oldest domesticated breed of horse take their name from an imperial stud which was located near Trieste. The Spanish Riding School is the only institution in the world which has practiced classical equitation in the tradition of the haute école since the Renaissance. Lipizzan horses are bred at the Piber Stud Farm in Styria and the young stallions which demonstrate the best jumping ability and stamina are selected for High School training. They begin with four years of schooling in Vienna, where the guiding principle is the wellbeing of the horse; its character and aptitude is deeply respected.   During gala performances the horse perform the movements that it would naturally make in the pasture, various gaits, changes of steps, jumps, but in a beautifully stylised form.  Through the specific strengthening and training of muscles, the horses’ natural movements are developed into the perfect figures of the High School. A stallion may be perfectly schooled after about six years but a rider needs a full ten to twelve years of training.  During their first four to five years, the riding school apprentices practice, above all the correct posture in the saddle, on a professor horse.  In 2008 women were accepted as riders for the first time in the history of the Spanish Riding School.  British and Austrian female riders are currently being trained. The audience at the gala performance sees the stallions demonstrating the most demanding movements such as pirouette, passage and piaffe and the most difficult jumps to the accompaniment of Austrian classical music. The horses are both ridden and led by the reins. The highlight of the evening, after the pas de deux (two horses in mirror image), is the school quadrille, a very difficult dance with eight Lipizzaner horses, precisely choreographed to historic dance music from the time of the Viennese Congress. This ballet of the white stallions requires intense concentration. Nothing is done purely for show and yet every detail is impressive - the baroque riding hall from 1729, the historic uniforms, the complete trust between rider and Lipizzaner, who communicate only with body language. It is a perfect, living work of art, in which the unity of horse and rider touches everyone who witnesses it. In 2015, the tradition of the Classical Horsemanship and the High School of the Spanish Riding School were admitted to the UNESCO’s world heritage list of intangible cultural heritage of humanity . The UNESCO list comprises over 300 cultural practices and expressions of intangible heritage and includes two other Austrian traditions, falconry and the Schemenlaufen carnival of Imst.  
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Which part of the body is known as the thorax?
thorax | anatomy | Britannica.com anatomy Thorax, the part of an animal ’s body between its head and its midsection. Anatomical differences in thorax structure between amphibians, mammals, and insects. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. In vertebrates ( fishes , amphibians , reptiles , birds , and mammals ), the thorax is the chest, with the chest being that part of the body between the neck and the abdomen . The vertebrate thorax contains the chief organs of respiration and circulation —namely, the lungs , some air passages, the heart , and the largest blood vessels (see thoracic cavity ). Below, it is bounded by the diaphragm . The bony framework is encased with muscles , fat , and cutaneous tissues (skin). The bony framework of the human thorax consists of the 12 thoracic vertebrae , 12 pairs of ribs, and the sternum (breastbone). In insects the thorax is the middle of the three major divisions of the body. It is composed of three parts, each of which commonly bears a pair of legs ; the rearward two parts usually each bear a pair of wings . Learn More in these related articles: thoracic cavity the second largest hollow space of the body. It is enclosed by the ribs, the vertebral column, and the sternum, or breastbone, and is separated from the abdominal cavity (the body’s largest hollow space) by a muscular and membranous partition, the diaphragm. It contains the lungs, the middle... animal (kingdom Animalia), any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms (i.e., as distinct from bacteria, their deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, is contained in a membrane-bound nucleus). They are thought to have evolved independently from the unicellular eukaryotes. Animals differ from members of... fish any of more than 30,000 species of vertebrate animals (phylum Chordata) found in the fresh and salt waters of the world. Living species range from the primitive, jawless lampreys and hagfishes through the cartilaginous sharks, skates, and rays to the abundant and diverse bony fishes. Most fish... 9 References found in Britannica Articles Assorted References Corrections? Updates? Help us improve this article! Contact our editors with your feedback. MEDIA FOR: You have successfully emailed this. Error when sending the email. Try again later. Edit Mode Submit Tips For Editing We welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles. You can make it easier for us to review and, hopefully, publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind. Encyclopædia Britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience. You may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered. Any text you add should be original, not copied from other sources. At the bottom of the article, feel free to list any sources that support your changes, so that we can fully understand their context. (Internet URLs are the best.) Your contribution may be further edited by our staff, and its publication is subject to our final approval. Unfortunately, our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions. Submit Thank You for Your Contribution! Our editors will review what you've submitted, and if it meets our criteria, we'll add it to the article. Please note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors, and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed. Uh Oh There was a problem with your submission. Please try again later. Close Date Published: October 02, 2015 URL: https://www.britannica.com/science/thorax Access Date: January 17, 2017 Share
Thorax
Which insect has a lifespan of only 1 day and cannot eat because it does not have a mouth or a stomach?
Lungs and Respiratory System Lungs and Respiratory System Pulmones y el sistema respiratorio Whether you're wide awake and getting ready for a big date or asleep during your most snooze-worthy afternoon class, you don't have to think about breathing. It's so important to life that it happens automatically. If you didn't breathe, you couldn't live. Lungs & Respiratory System Basics Each day we breathe about 20,000 times. All of this breathing couldn't happen without help from the respiratory system, which includes the nose, throat, voice box, windpipe, and lungs. With each breath, you take in air through your nostrils and mouth, and your lungs fill up and empty out. As air is inhaled, the mucous membranes of the nose and mouth warm and humidify the air. Although we can't see it, the air we breathe is made up of several gases. Oxygen is the most important for keeping us alive because body cells need it for energy and growth. Without oxygen, the body's cells would die. Carbon dioxide is the waste gas that is produced when carbon is combined with oxygen as part of the body's energy-making processes. The lungs and respiratory system allow oxygen in the air to be taken into the body, while also enabling the body to get rid of carbon dioxide in the air breathed out. Respiration is the term for the exchange of oxygen from the environment for carbon dioxide from the body's cells. The process of taking air into the lungs is called inhalation or inspiration, and the process of breathing it out is called exhalation or expiration. Even if the air you breathe is dirty or polluted, your respiratory system filters out foreign matter and organisms that enter through the nose and mouth. Pollutants are breathed or coughed out, destroyed by digestive juices, or eaten by macrophages, a type of blood cell that patrols the body looking for germs to destroy. Tiny hairs called cilia (pronounced: SIL-ee-uh) protect the nasal passageways and other parts of the respiratory tract, filtering out dust and other particles that enter the nose with the breathed air. As air is inhaled, the cilia move back and forth, pushing any foreign matter (like dust) either toward the nostrils, where it is blown out, or toward the pharynx, where it travels through the digestive system and out with the rest of the body's waste. continue What They Do The two openings of the airway (the nasal cavity and the mouth) meet at the pharynx (pronounced: FAR-inks), or throat, at the back of the nose and mouth. The pharynx is part of the digestive system as well as the respiratory system because it carries both food and air. At the bottom of the pharynx, the pathway for both food and air divides in two. One passageway is for food (the esophagus, pronounced: ih-SAH-fuh-gus, which leads to the stomach) and the other for air. The epiglottis (pronounced: eh-pih-GLAH-tus), a small flap of tissue, covers the air-only passage when we swallow, keeping food and liquid from going into our lungs. The larynx (pronounced: LAR-inks), or voice box, is the uppermost part of the air-only passage. This short tube contains a pair of vocal cords, which vibrate to make sounds. The trachea (pronounced: TRAY-kee-uh), or windpipe, extends downward from the base of the larynx. It lies partly in the neck and partly in the chest cavity. The walls of the trachea are strengthened by stiff rings of cartilage to keep it open so air can flow through on its way to the lungs. The trachea is also lined with cilia, which sweep fluids and foreign particles out of the airway so that they stay out of the lungs. At its bottom end, the trachea divides into left and right air tubes called bronchi (pronounced: BRAHN-kye), which connect to the lungs. Within the lungs, the bronchi branch into smaller bronchi and even smaller tubes called bronchioles (pronounced: BRAHN-kee-olz). Bronchioles, which are as thin as a strand of hair, end in tiny air sacs called alveoli (pronounced: al-VEE-oh-lye). Each of us has hundreds of millions of alveoli in our lungs — enough to cover a tennis court if they were spread out on the ground. The alveoli are where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place. With each inhalation, air fills a large portion of the millions of alveoli. In a process called diffusion (pronounced: dih-FYOO-zhun), oxygen moves from the alveoli to the blood through the capillaries (tiny blood vessels, pronounced: KAP-uh-lair-eez) that line the alveolar walls. Once in the bloodstream, oxygen gets picked up by a molecule called hemoglobin (pronounced: HEE-muh-glo-bun) in the red blood cells. This oxygen-rich blood then flows back to the heart, which pumps it through the arteries to oxygen-hungry tissues throughout the body. In the tiny capillaries of the body tissues, oxygen is freed from the hemoglobin and moves into the cells. Carbon dioxide, which is produced during the process of diffusion, moves out of these cells into the capillaries, where most of it is dissolved in the plasma of the blood. Blood rich in carbon dioxide then returns to the heart via the veins. From the heart, this blood is pumped to the lungs, where carbon dioxide passes into the alveoli to be exhaled. The lungs also contain elastic tissues that allow them to inflate and deflate without losing shape and are encased by a thin lining called the pleura (pronounced: PLUR-uh). This network of alveoli, bronchioles, and bronchi is known as the bronchial tree. The chest cavity, or thorax (pronounced: THOR-aks), is the airtight box that houses the bronchial tree, lungs, heart, and other structures. The top and sides of the thorax are formed by the ribs and attached muscles, and the bottom by a large muscle called the diaphragm. The chest walls form a protective cage around the lungs and other contents of the chest cavity. The diaphragm (pronounced: DYE-uh-fram), which separates the chest from the abdomen, plays a lead role in breathing. When we breathe out, the diaphragm moves upward, forcing the chest cavity to get smaller and pushing the gases in the lungs up and out of the nose and mouth. When we breathe in, the diaphragm moves downward toward the abdomen, and the rib muscles pull the ribs upward and outward, enlarging the chest cavity and pulling air in through the nose or mouth. Air pressure in the chest cavity and lungs is reduced, and because gas flows from high pressure to low, air from the environment flows through the nose or mouth into the lungs. As we exhale, the diaphragm moves upward and the chest wall muscles relax, causing the chest cavity to contract. Air pressure in the lungs rises, so air flows from the lungs and up and out of respiratory system through the nose or mouth. previous continue Things That Can Go Wrong Many factors — including genetics, pollutants and irritants, and infectious diseases — can affect the health of your lungs and respiratory system and cause respiratory problems. Problems of the respiratory system that can affect people during their teen years include: Asthma . More than 20 million people have asthma in the United States, and it's the #1 reason that kids and teens chronically miss school. Asthma is a long-term, inflammatory lung disease that causes airways to tighten and narrow when a person with the condition comes into contact with irritants such as cigarette smoke, dust, or pet dander. Bronchitis . Although bronchitis doesn't affect most teens, it can affect those who smoke. In bronchitis, the membranes lining the larger bronchial tubes become inflamed and an excessive amount of mucus is produced. The person with bronchitis develops a bad cough to get rid of the mucus. Common cold . Colds are caused by over 200 different viruses that cause inflammation in the upper respiratory tract. The common cold is the most common respiratory infection. Symptoms may include a mild fever, cough, headache, runny nose, sneezing, and sore throat. Cough. A cough is a symptom of an illness, not an illness itself. There are many different types of cough and many different causes, ranging from not-so-serious to life threatening. Some of the more common causes affecting kids and teens are the common cold, asthma, sinusitis, seasonal allergies, and pneumonia. Cystic fibrosis (CF) . CF is an inherited disease affecting the lungs. CF causes mucus in the body to be abnormally thick and sticky. The mucus can clog the airways in the lungs and make a person more likely to get bacterial infections. Pneumonia . Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lungs, which usually occurs because of infection with a bacteria or virus. Pneumonia causes fever, inflammation of lung tissue, and makes breathing difficult because the lungs have to work harder to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream and remove carbon dioxide from the blood. Common causes of pneumonia are influenza and infection with the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae. Although some respiratory diseases like asthma or cystic fibrosis can't be prevented, you can prevent many chronic lung and respiratory illnesses by avoiding smoking, staying away from pollutants and irritants, washing your hands often to avoid infection, and getting regular medical checkups.
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Who was the architect of the Albert Memorial?
Albert Memorial Albert Memorial 1872 Location Mismanagement had damaged the project for a grand memorial to Prince Albert in Hyde Park, in the opinion of Building News  of 24 April 1863. It said anything built subsequently that could be said to resemble art would exceed everyone’s low expectations. What was ultimately erected, through its rich decoration and sculptures, symbolically brought together the arts, sciences and industries that Albert promoted during his life. There can, indeed, be no doubt that the public expect a monument of great and conspicuous magnificence  George Gilbert Scott in the  Builder , 18 April 1863, p.276 ‘Architecture’ mosaic, one of the four external mosaics representing the arts, Albert Memorial. © Wilson Yau Two days earlier Scott won the competition to design the Albert Memorial, beating the entries of six other invited architects including Charles Barry Junior, E.M. Barry and Philip Charles Hardwick. This expensive example of Victorian architecture, a symbol of a monarch’s grief and paid for by public subscription, is the most grandiose memorial to Prince Albert. Many smaller memorials were built across the British Empire, something that  Building News  considered had diverted energy and funds away from the creation a greater imperial monument in Hyde Park.     The structure is to have a shrine-like appearance, and be enriched to the utmost extent all the arts can go.   Building News, 3 April 1863, p.307 Despite reservations about the rejection of the Classical style that Albert was reported to have favoured, Building News's description of Scott’s Gothic design is remarkably similar to what was built – lavishly decorated and with a seated statue of Prince Albert underneath a canopy, but with one exception. What today is still a major landmark in the area of London dubbed ' Albertopolis ' could have disregarded all practicalities and been nearly twice the size and height, reaching 300 ft high, according to  Building News .  This idea, intended to make Scott’s design even more striking by simply increasing its size, was soon dropped. In the years after the Albert Memorial was officially opened by Queen Victoria in 1872, this monument  has undergone changes in popularity mirroring that of Victorian architecture in general. Over a century of neglect was finally reversed in the 1990s when the Albert Memorial underwent a major restoration programme, preserving some of the most exuberant examples of Victorian art and craftsmanship. YOU MIGHT ALSO BE INTERESTED IN
George Gilbert Scott
Which battle saw the final defeat of the Huns?
London Architecture Guide: Albert Memorial London Architecture Guide A critical survey of London's architecture for armchair explorers. We also produce Edifice, a GPS-enabled app for uncovering the city's architectural history on the move. Pages Albert Memorial Architect: George Gilbert Scott, 1863-72 The national memorial to Queen Victoria's husband, Prince Albert, intended to represent that he had the virtues of a saint. Most public statues honour heroic individuals, however the Albert Memorial commemorates someone better noted for his ordinariness. Unlike the two previous monarchs, Queen Victoria’s consort was not a womanising dissolute, but a family man who also gave much time to good causes. No doubt he would have been embarrassed by the degree of public grief that followed his untimely death aged 42 in 1861. Souvenir tributes sold in huge numbers, at least 25 public statues were erected, and countless hospitals, halls, museums, bridges and clock towers. However, at Kensington, Scott set out to eclipse them all in terms of “preciousness.” In keeping with Albert’s reputation for Germanic plain-speaking, the memorial adopted a remarkably literal use of allegory, and its unveiling was accompanied by a large folio detailing the symbolism. The architectural form was based on a medieval altar canopy, surmounted by a spire in the form of an Eleanor Cross. Thirteen of these latter monuments had been erected in 1290 by Edward I to commemorate his deceased queen Eleanor, and parallels were intended between this famously devoted couple and Victoria and Albert. Scott’s “vast shrine” was emblazoned with semi-precious stones and glass mosaics by the Venetian firm Salviati, and supported figures representing the four Christian virtues and four moral virtues. The gilded prince is seated (he’d be 19 feet tall standing) holding the catalogue of the 1851 Great Exhibition, the patronage of which was considered his greatest public achievement, and facing Albertopolis, the complex of educational and cultural institutions originally financed by the profits from the venture. At the structure’s corners are representations of the exhibition’s divisions (Arts, Commerce, Manufacturing and Engineering), and further out, depictions of the four continents that contributed exhibits. The frieze around the plinth, depicting the greats of painting, poetry, architecture and music, makes interesting viewing today. Several artists are now virtually unknown, while there are equally surprising omissions. Scott chose for himself “an unobtrusive position behind Pugin (theorist of the Gothic Revival and decorator of the Houses of Parliament)…  to appear as his disciple.” Best time to visit: the memorial can always be visited during daylight hours. Address: South Carriage Drive, Kensington Gardens, London SW7 2AP. Posted by Era and Type Monuments , Victorian (1837-1901) 1 comment:
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Which Egyptian god of the dead and son of Osiris had the head of a Jackal?
Gods of Ancient Egypt: Anubis Gods of Ancient Egypt: Anubis Anubis is one of the most iconic gods of ancient Egypt. Anubis is the Greek version of his name, the ancient Egyptians knew him as Anpu (or Inpu). Anubis was an extremely ancient deity whose name appears in the oldest mastabas of the Old Kingdom and the Pyramid Texts as a guardian and protector of the dead. He was originally a god of the underworld, but became associated specifically with the embalming process and funeral rites. His name is from the same root as the word for a royal child, "inpu". However, it is also closely related to the word "inp" which means "to decay", and one versions of his name (Inp or Anp) more closely resembles that word. As a result it is possible that his name changed slightly once he was adopted as the son of the King, Osiris . He was known as "Imy-ut" ("He Who is In the Place of Embalming"), "nub-tA-djser" ("lord of the scared land"). He was initially related to the Ogdoad of Hermopolis, as the god of the underworld. In the Pyramid Texts of Unas , Anubis is associated with the Eye of Horus who acted as a guide to the dead and helped them find Osiris. In other myths Anubis and Wepwawet (Upuaut) led the deceased to the halls of Ma´at where they would be judged. Anubis watched over the whole process and ensured that the weighing of the heart was conducted correctly. He then led the innocent on to a heavenly existence and abandoned the guilty to Ammit . The ancient Egyptians believed that the preservation of the body and the use of sweet-smelling herbs and plants would help the deceased because Anubis would sniff the mummy and only let the pure move on to paradise. According to early myths, Anubis took on and defeated the nine bows (the collective name for the traditional enemies of Egypt) gaining a further epithet "Jackal ruler of the bows". The growing power of the Ennead of Heliopolis resulted in the merging of the two religious systems. However, Osiris was the King of the Underworld in the Ennead and he was more popular (and powerful) than Anubis. So Anubis was relegated to a god of mummification. To save face it was stated that Anubis had voluntarily given up his position when Osiris died as a mark of respect. Some myths even stated that Anubis was the son of Osiris and Nephthys (who was herself associated with the funeral rites). Anubis was still closely involved in the weighing of the heart, but was more a guardian than a ruler. He became the patron of lost souls, including orphans, and the patron of the funeral rites. In this respect he overlapped with (and eventually absorbed) the Jackal God Wepwawet of Upper Egypt . During the Ptolemaic Period Anubis became associated with the Greek god Hermes as the composite god Hermanubis. Hermes was messenger of the gods, while Anubis was principally guide of the dead. Hermanubis was some times given attributes of Harpokrates. He was worshipped in Rome until the second century and was popular with Rennaisance alchemists and philosophers. Priests wore Anubis masks during mummification. However, it is not clear whether the Anubis mask was a later development influenced by the Osirian myth or whether this practice was commonplace in the earlier periods too. Anubis was also closely associated with the imiut fetish used during the embalming ritual. Anubis was credited with a high level of anatomical knowledge as a result of embalming, and so he was the patron of anaesthesiology and his priests were apparently skilled herbal healers. Tombs in the Valley of the Kings were often sealed with an image of Anubis subduing the "nine bows" (enemies of Egypt) as "Jackal Ruler of the Bows" and it was thought that the god would protect the burial physically and spiritually. One of his epithets, "tpy-djuf" ("he who is on his mountain") refers to him guarding the necropolis and keeping watch from the hill above the Theban necropolis. He was also given the epithet "khentyamentiu" ("foremost of the westerners" i.e. the dead) because he guarded the entrance to the Underworld. He was originally thought to be the son of Ra and Hesat , Ra's wife (who was identified with Hathor ), but later myths held that he was the child of Osiris and Nephthys, or Set and Nephthys. He was sometimes described as the son of Bast because of her link to the perfumed oils used in embalming. His wife, Anput (his female aspect) was only really referred to in association with the seventeenth nome of Upper Egypt. It is thought that they were the parents of Kebechet , the goddess of the purification. Dogs and jackals often patrolled the edges of the desert, near the cemeteries where the dead were buried, and it is thought that the first tombs were constructed to protect the dead from them. Anubis was usually thought of as a jackal (sAb), but may equally have been a wild dog (iwiw) He was usually depicted as a man with the head of a jackal and alert ears, often wearing a red ribbon, and wielding a flail. He was sometimes depicted as a jackal (such as in the beautiful examples from the tomb of Tutankhamun ) but only rarely appears as a man (one example is in the cenotaph temple of Rameses II at Abydos). His fur was generally black (not the brown associated with real jackals) because black was associated with fertility, and was closely linked to rebirth in the afterlife. In the catacombs of Alexandria he was depicted wearing Roman dress and the sun disk flanked by two cobras. Anubis was worshipped throughout Egypt, but the center of his cult was in Hardai (Cynopolis) in the the seventeenth nome of Upper Egypt. To the east of Saqqara there was a place known as Anubeion, where a shrine and a cemetery of mummified dogs and jackals was discovered. He was also worshipped at cult centers in Abt (the the eighth nome of Upper Egypt) and Saut (Asyut, in the thirteenth nome of Upper Egypt). copyright J Hill 2010
Anubis
In which year did the dodo become extinct?
Ancient Egyptian bestiary: Jackals Ancient Egyptian bestiary: Jackals <a href="../ifwindow.htm" target="_blank">Search</a> Printout   For best results save the whole webpage (pictures included) onto your hard disk, open the page with Word 97 or higher, edit if necessary and print.   Printing using the browser's print function is not recommended. Jackals     Jackals Canis aureus, slender built relations of the dog , are opportunistic scavengers and night hunters of insects and small mammals, playing an important ecological part. One of their characteristics is their high pitched nocturnal howling. The Egyptian jackal, Canis aureus lupaster is according to new gentic research not a subspecies of C. aureus at all but rather a member of the wolf family.[ 1 ]     Anubis , the god responsible for the preservation of the dead , is generally depicted with a jackal's or some other canine's head. He also supervises the weighing of the deceased's heart . Another instance of jackals populating the underworld is mentioned in the Book of Gates, where twelve jackal-headed deities guard the rectangular Sea of Life.     Khentamenti, First of the Westerners–i.e. of the denizens of the realm of the setting sun, the deceased–was the jackal or perhaps dog-headed god of the necropolis of Abydos. During the late First Intermediate Period he came to be identified with Osiris , Lord of the West. A Roman Period manual describes how a jackal ate part of the corpse of Osiris, but spat it out again: Wepwawet hid the Mutilated One (i.e. Osiris) in the crypt of his house (i.e. temple) When Horus became aware of it he hurried [in order to free the way] for his father Osiris. The accomplices of the Evil One (i.e. Seth) had hurried to him (i.e. Wepwawet), (as) he (i.e. a jackal) had licked the liquid of putrification of the venerable mummy (i.e. Osiris) Therefore it is a jackal which is over his figure, he had spat out that which he had swallowed before. The venerable shape was put together again and the efflux of the god kept safe, [after he (i.e. the jackal)] had mutilated the relic of his (i.e. Horus') father Osiris. F. Feder (ed.), Mythological Manual for the Upper Egyptian nomes 7-16 After a transliteration and German translation on the Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae website: Altägyptisches Wörterbuch, Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschafte => späte Ritualbücher => Tempelbibliotheken => Bibliothek des Sobektempels von Tebtynis => pFlorenz PSI inv. I 72 => Mythologisches Handbuch für die oberägyptischen Gaue 7-16     In New Kingdom tombs a brick decorated with a jackal was inserted in the eastern wall connected with the Horus son Duamutef (Each of the other three walls also had a symbol: to the west a djed pillar, a torch to the south and an ushebti to the north).     Upuaut was another god in canine shape, thought to have been a jackal or a wolf . [1] http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0016385, accessed 26th November 2012  
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The Cembalo or Clavicembalo is what type of musical instrument?
Harpsichord - definition of harpsichord by The Free Dictionary Harpsichord - definition of harpsichord by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/harpsichord n. A keyboard instrument whose strings are plucked by means of quills or plectrums. [Alteration of obsolete French harpechorde, from Italian arpicordo : arpa, harp (from Late Latin harpa, of Germanic origin) + corda, string (from Latin chorda, from Greek khordē; see gherə- in the Appendix of Indo-European roots).] harp′si·chord′ist n. harpsichord (ˈhɑːpsɪˌkɔːd) n (Instruments) a horizontally strung stringed keyboard instrument, triangular in shape, consisting usually of two manuals controlling various sets of strings plucked by pivoted plectrums mounted on jacks. Some harpsichords have a pedal keyboard and stops by which the tone colour may be varied [C17: from New Latin harpichordium, from Late Latin harpa harp + Latin chorda chord1] ˈharpsiˌchordist n (ˈhɑrp sɪˌkɔrd) n. a keyboard instrument, precursor of the piano, in which the strings are plucked by leather or quill points connected with the keys, in common use from the 16th to the 18th century, and revived in the 20th. [1605–15; < New Latin harpichordium (with intrusive -s-). See harp , -i-, chord 1] harp′si•chord`ist, n. ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend: Klavier , clavier - a stringed instrument that has a keyboard spinet - early model harpsichord with only one string per note pair of virginals , virginal - a legless rectangular harpsichord; played (usually by women) in the 16th and 17th centuries Translations [ˈhɑːpsɪkɔːd] N → clavicémbalo m, clavecín m harpsichord harpsichord (ˈhaːpsikoːd) noun a type of early keyboard musical instrument. klavesimbel مِعْزَف قيثاري клавесин cravo cembalo das Cembalo cembalo κλαβεσίνο clavicordio , clavicémbalo klavessiin هارپسی کورد cembalo clavecin צ'מבלו हार्पसीकार्ड (वाद्य यंत्र) (klavi)cembalo (prijašnji oblik klavira) csembaló harpsikor semball arpicordo ハープシコード 하프시코드 klavesinas klavihords hapsikod klavecimbel cembalo klawesyn دموسيقى يوډول اله cravo clavecin клавесин čembalo čembalo klavsen cembalo เครื่องดนตรีประเภทเปียโน klâvsen, çimbalo 大鍵琴 клавесин کلیدی تختہ والا ساز đàn clavico 大键琴 Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: flugel References in classic literature ? It was strewn about with a few old books, and a work-basket, and a dusty writing-desk; and had, on one side, a large black article of furniture, of very strange appearance, which the old gentlewoman told Phoebe was a harpsichord. To find the born and educated lady, on the other hand, we need look no farther than Hepzibah, our forlorn old maid, in her rustling and rusty silks, with her deeply cherished and ridiculous consciousness of long descent, her shadowy claims to princely territory, and, in the way of accomplishment, her recollections, it may be, of having formerly thrummed on a harpsichord, and walked a minuet, and worked an antique tapestry-stitch on her sampler. But, even now, she was supposed to haunt the House of the Seven Gables, and, a great many times, --especially when one of the Pyncheons was to die,--she had been heard playing sadly and beautifully on the harpsichord.
Harpsichord
Which disease of childhood is characterized by defective growth of bone due to a lack of Calcium deposits?
Harpsichords - Family of Harpsichord Instruments ▪ Types of Pianos Harpsichords Get to know the regional variations of the clavicembalo, and learn about the members of the harpsichord family of instruments. Sign Up for Our Free Newsletters Thanks, You're in!
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Which acid is found in the leaves of Rhubarb?
Poison Information | The Rhubarb Compendium The Rhubarb Compendium More than you ever wanted to know about rhubarb You are here Poison Information dan - Fri, 04/09/2010 - 19:21 Rhubarb contains oxalate, which have been reported to cause poisoning when large quantities of raw or cooked leaves are ingested. The poison in rhubarb Oxalates are contained in all parts of rhubarb plants, especially in the green leaves. There is some evidence that anthraquinone glycosides are also present and may be partly responsible. It is not clear as to the exact source of poisoning from rhubarb, possibly a result of both compounds. The stalks contain low levels of oxalates, so this does not cause problems. Chemical Composition of Rhubarb 7 - 34 mg/100g   During World War I rhubarb leaves were recommended as a substitute for other veggies that the war made unavailable. Apparently there were cases of acute poisoning and even some deaths. Some animals, including goats and swine, have also been poisoned by ingesting the leaves. The biodynamic (toxicity) mechanism by which oxalic acid works is somewhat different from organic poisons and is more analogous to heavy metal poisoning. Organic poisons often work through at the biochemical level, e.g. cyanide by interfering with respiration at the cellular level, strychnine by screwing up inter-synaptic transmission. There are many molecular substances in foods which offer no nutritional benefit, and must be processed and excreted. Oxalic acid, for example, is excreted in the urine, and its crystals are commonly found in microscopic urinalysis. Too much oxalic acid in the urine will result in kidney or bladder stones. Calcium combines with oxalic acid to form the less soluble salt, calcium oxalate, which is also found in kidney stones. Plant leaves, especially rhubarb, cabbage, spinach, and beet tops, contain oxalic acid. Oxalic acid is also found in potatoes and peas. Vitamin C is metabolized to oxalic acid; it contributes to over-saturation of the urine with crystals and possibly to stone formation. More about Oxalic acid Oxalic acid is a strong acid of the composition HOOC-COOH, which crystallizes as the ortho-acid (HO)3 CC (OH)3 . It is sometimes also called "ethane diacid". It occurs naturally in some vegetables (like rhubarb). The can also be produced by heating sodium formate and treating the resulting oxides with sulfuric acid. It can also be obtained by the action of nitric acid on sugar, or of strong alkali's on sawdust. The product is normally traded as colorless crystals with a melting point of 101.5?C, and can be dissolved in water or alcohol. Oxalic acid reduces iron compounds, and is therefore used in metal polishes, stain removers, and writing inks. When it absorbs oxygen, it is converted to the volatile carbon dioxide and to water, and it is used as a bleaching agent, in detergents, and as a mordant in dyeing processes. How toxic is rhubarb? 0.59 - 0.72 0.39 - 0.54 From an MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet) for Oxalic acid, LD50 (LD50 is the Median Lethal Dose, which is the dose of a drug or chemical predicted to produce a lethal effect in 50 percent of the subjects to whom the dose is given) in rats is 375 mg/kg. So for a person about 145 pounds (65.7 kg) that's about 25 grams of pure oxalic acid required to cause death. Rhubarb leaves are probably around 0.5% oxalic acid, so that you would need to eat quite a large serving of leaves, like 5 kg (11 lbs), to get that 24 grams of oxalic acid. Note that it will only require a fraction of that to cause sickness. Symptoms of Oxalic Acid Poisoning On the body body as a whole one might experience weakness, burning in the mouth, death from cardiovascular collapse; on the respiratory system - difficulty breathing; on the eyes, ears, nose, and throat - burning in the throat; one the gastrointestinal system - abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea; and on the nervous system - Convulsions, coma. Precautions for rhubarb gardening
Oxalic acid
The Star fruit is found on which tree?
A Modern Herbal | Rhubarbs [ Top ] [ Top of Rhubarb, Turkey ] ---Part Used--- The root, scraped or rasped, halved longitudinally when very large, and then cut into transverse pieces and strung on cords to dry in the sun, the drying afterwards being completed by stove heat. It is dug in October. Chinese or Turkey Rhubarb occurs in commerce in brownish-yellow pieces of various size, usually perforated, the holes often containing a portion of the cord used to hang the sections of the root on during drying. The outer surface is generally powdery (the bark having been removed) and shows a network of white lines. The taste is astringent and nauseous, and there is a characteristic odour. The preparations used in medicine are: the powdered root, a fluid extract, a tincture, syrup, infusion and solution. It is also employed as a principal ingredient in compound powder (Gregory's Powder) and in compound pills. [ Top ] [ Top of Rhubarb, Turkey ] ---Constituents--- The chemical constituents of Rhubarb root are not yet completely known. Recent investigations indicate that the most important constituents are a number of substances which may be divided into two groups, viz. tannoid constituents and purgative constituents, several of which have been isolated in a free state: the former are astringent and the latter laxative. Three crystalline tannoids have been extracted. The purgative constituents apparently exist in the form of an unstable crystalline substance: Rheopurgarin. This splits up into four glucosides: two of these yield Chrysophanic acid (so named from its forming yellow crystals) and Rheochrysidin respectively. The other two glucosides have not yet been isolated, but they appear to yield Emodin and Rhein. There are also several resinous matters, one of which, Phaoretin, is purgative, and mineral compounds are also present, especially Oxalate of Calcium. The astringency of Rhubarb is due to a peculiar tannic acid (Rheo-tannic), which is soluble in water and alcohol. [ Top ] [ Top of Rhubarb, Turkey ] ---Medicinal Action and Uses--- Astringent, tonic, stomachic, aperient. In large doses, Rhubarb powder acts as a simple and safe purgative, being regarded as one of the most valuable remedies we possess, effecting a brisk, healthy purge, without clogging the bowels and producing constipation, too often consequent upon the use of the more active purgatives. It is especially useful in cases of diarrhoea, caused by an irritating body in the intestines: the cause of irritation is removed and the after-astringent action checks the diarrhoea. The following note from The Chemist and Druggist of March 31, 1923, supports this: 'Rhubarb in Bacillary Dysentery. - An investigation was undertaken to determine the way in which rhubarb acts in this disease and which constituent was responsible for its action, one writer having stated in regard to the treatment of bacillary dysentery that no remedy in medicine has such a magical effect. (Lancet, I, 1923, 382.) A solution containing all the purgative constituents of rhubarb soluble in water (1 gr. of B.P. rhubarb extract) was allowed to act on B. dysenterial Shiga and Flexner of the bacillus No. 1 of Morgan without affecting growth in the broth tubes. Fresh undiluted ox bile has not distinct action on the bacilli, thus indicating that the therapeutic effect of rhubarb is not due to its cholagogue action. Neither does the serum of a rabbit treated with rhubarb have any germicidal action. The nature of the therapeutic effect of rhubarb in bacillary dysentery therefore still remains obscure.' And again, September 3, 1921, in the Lancet, by Dr. R. W. Burkitt: 'In the former journal, Dr. R. W. Burkitt, of Nairobi, British East Africa, states that acute bacillary dysentery has been treated in that colony almost exclusively with powdered rhubarb for the past three years. The dose given has been 30 grains every two or three hours until the rhubarb appears in the stools. After a few doses the stools become less frequent, haemorrhage ceases, and straining and the other symptoms of acute general poisoning, which characterize the disease, rapidly disappear. In children 5 grains is given every two hours for three doses only, as, if the administration is continued longer, the drug will cure the dysentery, but produce an obstinate simple diarrhoea. In both adults and children the thirst is combated by small, frequent doses of bicarbonate of soda and citrate of potash. Dr. Burkitt concludes: "I know of no remedy in medicine which has such a magical effect. No one who has ever used rhubarb would dream of using anything else. I hope others will try it in this dreadful tropical scourge." ' Rhubarb in small doses exhibits stomachic and tonic properties, and is employed in atonic dyspepsia, assisting digestion and creating a healthy action of the digestive organs, when in a condition of torpor and debility. The tincture is chiefly used, but the powder is equally effective and reliable. Rhubarb when chewed increases the flow of saliva. [ Top ] [ Top of Rhubarb, Turkey ] ---Preparations and Dosages--- Powdered root, 3 to 30 grains. Comp. powder, B.P. (Gregory's), 20 to 60 grains. Comp. pill, B.P., 4 to 8 grains. Solid extract, U.S.P., 4 grains. Solid extract, B.P., 2 to 8 grains. Tincture comp., B.P., 1/2 to 4 drachms. Tincture, U.S.P., 1 drachm. Tincture aromat., U.S.P., 1/2 drachm. Fluid extract, 10 to 30 drops. Syrup, B.P., 1/2 to 2 drachms. Infusion, B.P., 1/2 to 1 OZ. Syrup, B.P. and U.S.P., 1/2 to 2 drachms. Arom. syrup, U.S.P., 2 drachms. Rheum, 1 to 4 grains. [ Top ] [ Top of Rhubarb, English ] ---Cultivation--- Rhubarb may be raised from seed, but it is better and more usual to obtain established roots. Seeds may be sown, however, in drills a foot or more apart, in the open, from March to April, and the young plants thinned out to 10 inches, transplanting them in the autumn, allowing about 4 feet every way to each plant. Rhubarb roots may be planted at any time of the year, although mild weather in autumn or early spring is best; it should be planted on a clear, open spot, on good soil, which should be well trenched 3 feet deep, and before planting, a good substance of rotten manure should be worked into the soil. When the plants are to be increased, it is merely necessary to take up large roots and divide them with a spade: every piece that has a crown to it will grow. Fresh plantations are generally made in February or March, but Rhubarb may still be divided early in May. To ensure fine rhubarb for table use, a large dressing of well-rotted manure should be dug in about the roots as soon as the last of the leaves have been pulled. It is not right to wait until the winter, before the plants are dressed. Old roots ought to be divided and replanted every fourth or fifth year, when the plants are grown for the use of the stems. If Rhubarb be forced on the ground where it grows, nothing more is required than to cover with large pots, half casks, or boxes, round and over which should be placed plenty of stable manure. Roots forced in greenhouse or in frames do not need to have the light excluded from them. Such roots, however, require dividing and replanting in the spring out of doors. [ Top ] [ Top of Rhubarb, English ] ---Part Used Medicinally and Preparation--- The roots of English Rhubarb are generally taken from plants from four years old and upwards. They are dug up in October, washed thoroughly and the fibres taken away. The bark of English Rhubarb is not usually removed. The roots of both R. Officinale and R. Rhaponticum are much smaller than those of the Chinese Rhubarb and are easily distinguished by their distinctly radiate structure. They are also more shrunken, more or less distinctly pink in colour, and have a diffuse circle of isolated star-spots on the transverse section. The roots of R. officinale cultivated in England resemble Chinese Rhubarb, but are more spongy, and shrink and wrinkle as they dry, and are softer to cut. They have a less rich colour than the Chinese, and have no network of white lines on the outer surface, the dark red and white lines usually running parallel to each other and the star-spots being less developed, fewer and more scattered. The English Rhubarb from R. Rhaponticum shows red veins, that of R. officinale is usually in larger pieces and has blackish veins. The root is used as a drug in powdered form. [ Top ] [ Top of Rhubarb, English ] ---Constituents--- Root. The constituents of R. officinale are similar to those of Chinese Rhubarb. Rhapontic or Garden Rhubarb contains no emodine, rhein or rhabarberine, but has in it a crystalline body, rhaponticin. Stem and Leaves of R. Rhaponticum. Potassium oxalate is present in quantity in Rhubarb leaf-stems, and certain persons who are constitutionally susceptible to salts of oxalic acid, show symptoms of irritant poisoning after eating rhubarb stewed in the ordinary manner. Many people of a gouty tendency do well to avoid it, and those subject to urinary irritation should take it very sparingly or not at all. Rhubarb stems did not come into general use as a substitute for fruit till about 100 years ago. We hear of a pioneer grower, Joseph Myatt, of Deptford, sending, in 1810, five bunches of Rhubarb to the Borough Market and only being able to dispose of three. But he persevered in his efforts to make a market for Rhubarb, raised improved varieties, and a few years after, Rhubarb had become established in public favour as a culinary plant. It was, however, soon realized that the use of Rhubarb as food was sometimes attended with some risk to health. Lindley, in his Vegetable Kingdom, 1846, remarks that oxalic acid exists in both Docks and Rhubarb, and that the latter contains also an abundance of nitric and malic acid, and goes on to say that whilst these give an agreeable taste to the Rhubarb when cooked, he considers them illsuited to the digestion of some persons. The Penny Cyclopaedia, 1841, warned persons subject to calculous complaints against eating Rhubarb stalks, owing to the presence of oxalic acid, stating that 'the formation of oxalate of lime, or mulberry calculus, may be the consequence of indulgence.' The chemical constituents of Rhubarb leaves were till recently not fully ascertained, but the analysis has lately been undertaken under orders from the Home Office, in consequence of fatal and injurious effects having resulted from eating the leaves cooked as spinach. The report of the official analyist states that the leaves contain some 0.3 per cent oxalates of potassium and calcium oxalates. It is possible that the recent cases of poisoning occurred in subjects specially susceptible to oxalic poisoning, as there are also many cases reported of no harm ensuing from a use of Rhubarb leaves as a vegetable. In Maunders' Treasury of Botany Rhubarb leaves are mentioned as a pot-herb. Green (Universal Herbal, 1832) says: 'The leaves are also used by the French in their soups, to which they impart an agreeable acidity, like that of Sorrel.' Reference has recently been made in the press to a letter which appeared in the Gardeners' Chronicle for 1846, in which the gardener of the Earl of Shrewsbury at Alton Towers, Staffordshire, told how rhubarb leaves had been used there for many years as a vegetable. He also mentioned that the flower of the plant (before the leaves expanded) could be used like broccoli. A subsequent note by him makes it clear, however, that the leaf-stems were meant, for he then says: 'I have no experience in the eating of the leaves and think them nauseous to the taste and unpleasant to the smell.... I tasted them boiled and they did not appear to me to have one redeeming feature....' The flower of the plant, when in bud form, has been eaten as a pleasant substitute for broccoli; when cooked au gratin, with white sauce over it, the cheese quite obviates any bitterness of taste. Further reference to the Gardeners' Chronicle, of 1847, shows records of the varying results of eating the young inflorescence, producing no ill-effects in some cases and serious illness in others, and a case is recorded of severe sickness attacking a whole family after partaking of the leaves boiled as a vegetable. In 1853 we find the question again raised. In 1872 we hear of deaths from eating the leaves in America, and in 1899 we find a revival of interest in Rhubarb leaves as a vegetable, quite opposite opinions being expressed in a correspondence in the gardening papers. In 1901 we hear of a man dying after eating stewed Rhubarb leaves, the verdict at the inquest being: 'Accidental death, caused by eating rhubarb-leaves.' It was stated then that the leaves were used as a vegetable in parts of Hampshire. The British Medical Journal in December, 1910, mentions several cases of rhubarb poisoning. The leaves are sometimes made use of in the fabrication of fictitious cigars and tobacco. The shape of the hairs, however, as seen under a microscope, can enable the observer to detect the presence or absence of tobacco, but it is not so easy to determine the source of the fraudulent admixtures. It is possible that the chemical composition of Rhubarb varies to some extent according to the variety and the soil on which it is grown. It has been stated that the amount of water present is less when the plants are grown on poor soil, while the acid principle is more abundant. As regards the method of cooking, the British Medical Journal points out that hard water would precipitate the oxalate, while a soft water might leave it in the form of soluble oxalate, more readily assimilated into the systems of those susceptible to this kind of poisoning. In a recent case that terminated fatally, the leaves were well washed, drained, cut up and put into boiling water, in an iron saucepan, for 20 minutes. A little salt and kitchen soda were added, but nothing else. Being acid, the leaves should, of course, not be cooked in a copper vessel. ---Medicinal Action and Uses--- Though the English Rhubarb root is milder as a purgative, it is more astringent, and has been considered a better stomachic than the foreign. It is specially useful in infantile stomach troubles and looseness of the bowels. In fairly large doses it acts as a laxative. Dose of powdered root, 5 to 60 grains. The dose is entirely individual, 12 grains acting on some persons, as much as 20 on others of the same age. It has been held that 20 grains of the seed are equal to 30 of the root, as regards purgative power. The properties of the seeds are similar to those of the root. A decoction of the seeds is supposed not only to ease pains in the stomach, but to strengthen it by increasing the appetite. A strong decoction of the root has been employed as a good w ash for scrofulous sores. If a portion of the root be infused in water, and when strained a few grains of salt of tartar be added, a very beautiful red tincture results, which might prove valuable for the purposes of a dye. Culpepper says of Rhubarb: 'If your body be anything strong, you may take 2 drams of it at a time being sliced thin and steeped all night in white wine, in the morning strain it out and drink the white wine; it purges but gently, it leaves a binding quality behind it, therefore dried a little by the fire and beaten into powder, it is usually given in Fluxes.'
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