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What name was given to the poet musicians of 12th and 13th century in Provence and Southern France?	12th Century \| Music-Timeline.net 12th Century Johannes Cotto’s (dates unknown, nationality possibly English or Flemish) treatise De musica written Troubadours appear in what is now southern France Goliards (satirical, clerical poets) appear Music of the Troubadors (Naxos 8554257) 1106 Hildegard sent to the convent at Bingen, aged 8 1110 Marcabru born (Gascony) Gascon troubador. Marcabru is a pseudonym – his real name is unknown. Died c.1160 1116 Aak music is introduced to the Korean court by Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty 1118 Canon Fulbert has Peter Abelard castrated after finding out about his affair with Fulbert’s niece Heloise 1120 Jaufre Rudel born (Blaye, France) French troubador, crusader. Died 1147 Dietmar von Aist born (Austria) Austrian minnesinger. Died c.1171 1125 Bernart de Ventadorn born (Corrèze, France) French troubador. Member of Eleanor of Aquitaine’s court. Died c.1195 1126 Feb 10 William IX of Aquitaine (54) dies in Poitiers 1130 Tibors de Sarenom born (Provence, France) French trobairitz, the earliest known of her kind. Died c.1200 Der von Kürenberg aka Der Kürenberger born (Linz?) Austrian minnesinger, poet. Died c.1180 1133 Adam of Saint Victor leaves Notre Dame Cathedral for the Abbey of Saint Victor in Paris 1135 Léonin aka Leoninus born (Paris?) French composer, canon of Notre Dame, Paris. Earliest known composer of polyphonic organum, attributed author of the Magnus Liber organi. The contemporary poet Leonius is possibly the same person. Died c.1200 The Codex Calixtinus compiled in Compostela, Spain, probably by scholar Aymeric Picaud (dates unknown). Among its religious texts, the manuscript contains several early examples of polyphony 1137 Cercamon (dates unknown) composes Lo plaing comens iradamen, the earliiest known planh [funeral lament], on the death of William X of Aquitaine Chanson de Geste Li coronemenz Looïs written. Author unknown, possibly Bertrand de Bar-sur-Aube (dates unknown, French poet) 1138 Giraut de Bornelh born (Limousin, France) French troubador. Died c.1215 Rudolf of St Trond (c. 68) dies in Sint-Truiden, Belgium Hildegard becomes abbess at Bingen 1140 Jun 3 Peter Abelard is condemned for heresy by a church court in Sens, France Azalais de Porcairagues born (Montpelier, France) French trobairitz. Died c.1190 Berenguier de Palazol born (Paillol, Spain) Catalan troubador. Died c.1209 Bertran de Born born (Limousin, France) French troubador, baron of Hautefort, Aquitaine, Cistercian monk. Died c.1215 Epic poem Le Pèlerinage de Charlemagne written 1142 Apr 12 Peter Abelard (c. 62) dies in Chalon-sur-Saône before his plea against heresy charges could be heard 1146 Adam of Saint Victor (c. 70) dies in Paris 1147 Raimbaut of Orange born (Aumelas, France) French troubador. Died 1173 Jaufre Rudel (c. 27) dies after falling sick during the Second Crusade 1150 Beatritz de Dia born (Provence) French trobairitz. Died c.1200 Folquet de Marselha born (Marseilles) French troubador, Cistercian abbot, Bishop of Toulouse. Died 1231 Conon de Béthune born (Calais) Flemish trouvère, crusader. Died 1220 Friedrich von Hausen or von Husen born (Germany) German minnesinger, crusader. Died 1190 The earliest reference is made to Gypsies working as musicians in Constantinople 1151 Hildegard of Bingen writes Ordo Virtutum [Play of Virtues], possibly first performed in 1152. The play is the earliest surviving morality play by more than a century, and the only surviving Medieval musical drama with attributions for both text and the music. Hildegard of Bingen (1098-1179) Hildegard of Bingen writes Scivias, a book describing her religious visions that includes 14 songs Ladies’ strophe, the earliest German Minnelieder written 1154 Nov 11 Sancho I of Portugal born (Coimbra) King of Portugal, troubador. Died 1212 1155 Blondel de Nesle aka Jean I of Nesle born (France) French troubador, crusader. Died 1202. Some sources suggest Blondel was his son Jean II of Nesle (d. 1241) 1157 Sep 8 Richard I born (Oxford) King of England, Duke of Normandy, Quitaine and Gascony, crusader, trouvère. One poem of his complete with a melody survives. Died 1199 Alfonso II of Aragon born (Huesca, Spain) King of Aragon and Count of Barcelona, troubador. Died 1196 1160 Gace Brulé born (Champagne, France) French trouvère [northern French equivalent of the troubador], knight. Died c.1212 Chastelain de Coucy aka Gui II de Coucy born (Coucy, France) French trouvère, crusader. Died 1203 Pérotin aka Perotinus born (Paris?) French composer, teacher. Contributor to the Magnus Liber Organi. Died c.1205 Philip the Chancellor born (Paris) French theologian, poet, composer. Chancellor of Notre Dame de Paris. Died 1236 Raimon de Miraval born (Carcassonne, France) French troubador. Died c.1220 Marcabru (c. 50) dies 1162 Aug 6 Alfonso II, aged 5, becomes King of Aragon and Count of Barcelona following the death of his father Ramon Berenguer IV of Barcelona 1163 Construction begins on the cathedral Notre-Dame de Paris Notre Dame School of Polyphony period begins, also beginning the Ars Antiqua period 1165 Blacatz aka Blacas de Blacas III born (Aups, France) French troubador, lord of Aups, Provence. Father of Blacasset (d.1242). Died 1237 1170 May 21 Godric of Finchale (c. 100) dies in Finchale Priory, Co. Durham Aimeric de Peguilhan born (Peguilhan, France) French troubador. Died c.1230 Gaucelm Faidit born (Uzerche, France) French troubador, crusader. Died c.1202 Walther von der Vogelweide born (Germany) German minnesinger. Died c.1230 Wolfram von Eschenbach born (Bavaria) German knight, minnesinger. Author of epic poem Parzival. Died c.1220 The Magnus Liber Organi [the Great Book of Organum] begun containing works by Léonin and Pérotin. It is continually updated into the 13th century The chanson de geste Fiërabras written. Author unknown 1171 Dietmar von Aist (c. 50) dies 1173 Raimbaut of Orange (c. 26) dies Giraut de Bornelh composes the planh S’anc jorn aqui joi e solaz on the death of Raimbaut of Orange 1175 Peire Vidal born (Toulouse?) French troubador. Died c.1205 Elias Cairel born (Sarlat, France) French troubador, crusader. Died c.1225 Peire Vidal (c. 1175-1210) 1177 Otto von Botenlauben born (Henneberg, Germany) German Cistercian monk, minnesinger, crusader. Founder of Frauenroth Abbey near Würzburg, Bavaria. Died c.1245 1179 Sep 17 Hildegard of Bingen (c. 80) dies in Bingen am Rhein, Germany 1180 Neidhart von Reuental aka Nithart born (Germany) German minnesinger. More melodies by Neidhart survive than by any other minnesinger. Died c.1240 Peire Cardenal born (Le Puy-en-Velay, France) French troubador. Died c.1278 Der von Kürenberg (c. 50) dies 1183 Bertran de Born composes a planh, Mon chan fenisc ab dol et ab maltraire, on the death of Henry the Young King of England and Normandy 1185 Dec 6 Sancho I becomes King of Portugal following the death of his father Alfonso I 1190 May 6 Friedrich von Hausen (c.40) dies in battle in Turkey whilst on the third Crusade Aimeric de Belenoi born (Gironde, France) French troubador. Died 1242 Julian of Speyer born (Speyer, France) French composer, poet, historian, choirmaster, Franciscan monk. Died c.1250 Moniot d’Arras born (Arras, France) French trouvère, Benedictine monk. Composer of the song Ce fut en mai. Died 1239 Pons de Capduelh born (France) French troubador, crusader. Died c.1237 Uc de Saint Circ born (Thégra, France) French troubador. Died 1253 Azalais de Porcairagues (c. 50) dies Chanson de Geste Aspremont written. Author unknown 1195 Bernart de Ventadorn (c.70) dies, probably in Dordogne 1196 Apr 25 Alfonso II of Aragon (c. 39) dies in Perpignan Alberico da Romano born (San Zenone, Italy) Italian troubador, soldier, statesman. Supported both Holy Roman Emperor and Papist factions. Died 1260 1198 Dec 25 Pérotin’s organum Viderunt omnes premiered in Paris 1199 Mar 25 Richard I shot with a crossbow during a siege of the castle of Chalus-Chabrol Apr 6 Richard I (41) dies in Châlus, France, of blood poisoning, after the wound he received ten days earlier turned gangrenous Dec 26 Pérotin’s organum Sederunt Principes premiered in Paris	Troubadour
What was Elvis Presley's first British Top 10 hit?	Ford Madox Ford's passionate affair with Provence \| Books \| The Guardian Fiction Ford Madox Ford's passionate affair with Provence The sunshine and simplicity of life, the golden mythology of troubadours and courtly love; for Ford, writes Julian Barnes, Provence meant civilisation – not least because there a hard-up writer was given due respect Light work ... The Roman-tiled roofs of Arles in Provence, close to Ford Madox Ford's favourite town of Tarascon. Photograph: Denis Waugh/Getty Images Friday 20 August 2010 19.00 EDT First published on Friday 20 August 2010 19.00 EDT Share on Messenger Close Most francophiles, beside their general attachment to French customs and culture, have an additional fondness for a region or city that speaks particularly to them: for landscapists it might be Burgundy, for monument-sniffers the Loire, for solitarists and hikers the Massif Central. Those who want to be reminded of a certain kind of England go for the Dordogne, where the Daily Mail is readily available. Many simply choose Paris, which may seem to sum everything up, and where – unlike in London – most people still have regional attachments as strong as their metropolitan ones. Ford Madox Ford lived in Paris off and on throughout the 1920s – editing the Transatlantic Review, living with the Australian painter Stella Bowen , having his affair with Jean Rhys, knowing Pound and Joyce and Hemingway and Fitzgerald, and having the 18-year-old Basil Bunting as his office boy. He enjoyed a full literary and social life in the (largely non-French) bohemia of Montparnasse. He once went up in a lift with Rhys and James Joyce: despite his poor eyesight, Joyce managed to notice that Rhys's dress was undone at the back, and hooked her up. And yet Ford, who once wrote a book called New York Is Not America, also knew that Paris was Not France. For him the real France was a region that official "France" – northern, bureaucratic, centralising – had long ago conquered and attempted both to dismantle and to strip of its language: Provence. His passionate attachment to the region came from his father, Francis Hueffer , the music critic of the Times, who published a book on the troubadours and wrote Provençal poetry. Hueffer knew Frédéric Mistral (1830-1914), the poet at the heart of the revival of Provençal, who in 1854 had set up the Félibrige movement with seven fellow-poets, and an academy to codify the language (the result being the great dictionary known as Trésor du Félibrige). According to Ford, his father played chess with Mistral and was received into the Félibrige. Also according to Ford, the only two things his father taught him were "a very little Provençal" and rudimentary chess. The phrase "according to Ford" needs to be tacitly applied to much that he wrote of an autobiographical nature (and there were eight such volumes), since he had a great contempt for fact and a countervailing belief in the "absolute accuracy" of impressions. Pound told Hemingway that Ford "only lied when he was very tired"; but, if so, Ford must have been tired a lot of the time. His lies grew perhaps ever more extravagant with time. According to Ford, the great chef Escoffier once said to him, "I could learn cooking from you", and Henry James came to him, with tears in his eyes, asking for help with a plot. In A Mirror to France (1924), Ford writes of having attended Dreyfus's second trial at Rennes in 1899, and explains that "it was in the changing lights and shadows of that courthouse" that he first "began to have a sense of the profound cleavage that was to come between opposing schools of French thought". In fact, all that time he was busy on the Kentish coast collaborating with Conrad (nor is it remotely plausible that a French military court would have allowed him to be present). Faced with Ford's multitudinous fabrications, his biographer Max Saunders rightly concludes that it is a question of "asking less whether what Ford says is true, and more what it means". Ford's love of Provence can, however, be accorded the status of both a major fact and a lifelong impression. For some years he and Stella Bowen would head south by the overnight train from the Gare de Lyon. The rich and fashionable (including Florence Dowell in The Good Soldier) would take the famous Train Bleu, a privately run, first-class-only operation, whose passengers might dine beforehand at the restaurant of the same name, high up, overlooking the tracks – for a long time the ritziest station brasserie in the world. Ford and Bowen would travel second-class on the humbler 9.40. Nowadays the TGV from the Gare de Lyon will get you to Avignon in three hours or less; then the city was reached after 10½ hours, at about eight in the morning, with the "urgent muddy Rhône" beside you and the first streaks of light in the sky. But there are advantages to slow travel, to the sense of changing landscape, to dozing off and waking up, as Bowen put it, "amongst the pale olives, the dark cypresses, the grey rocks and the flat-roofed, flat-faced houses which in spite of their poverty and austerity seem to hold promise of a sweeter life within their dry old walls". Quite where Provence began was another of Ford's variable facts. Sometimes he said it was at Lyon, at other times Valence or Montélimar. Perhaps it depended on when the train jogged him awake. The shape of it was always a triangle, with the Rhône wandering down the middle: a narrow one like a slice of brie if Provence began at Lyon, a fatter, more equilateral one if it began lower down. The Rhône also divided what Ford thought of as the "true Provence" of the east bank – where are found the three A-list cities, Arles, Avignon and Aix, plus Ford's favourite town, Tarascon – from "the sort of quasi-Provence that contains Montpellier, Béziers, Carcassonne and Perpignan" on the other side. This reflects the old division between the Empire or east bank and the Royaume or west. Thus, according to Ford, the most famous southern writer of the 19th century, Alphonse Daudet, "was not a true Provençal", since he came from Nîmes, which, "with all its charms" – the Maison Carré, the bullfights and "one memorable eating place" – "is not true Provence". Ford and Bowen were first invited south to stay in the "magical" yet at the same time "quite ordinary little villa" of Harold Monro, founder of the Poetry Bookshop, in the winter of 1922-23. Next they tried Tarascon, from where he wrote: "Life is so relatively cheap in France . . . that I shouldn't wonder if we settled down here for good. Besides, the French make much of me – which at my age is inspiring." After a brief diversion into the wilder Ardèche, the Spanish cubist Juan Gris and his wife Josette suggested Toulon, then as now a navy town and therefore cheap. Bowen and Ford were similar, according to her, in that each was "a rolling stone with domestic instincts and a steady longing for a house, a garden and a view". If they found this anywhere, they did so at Cap Brun outside Toulon, where they spent two winters, and whither Ford returned with Bowen's successor after they had parted company. In her admirably sane, generous and unFordianly trustworthy memoir, Drawn from Life, Bowen analyses the spell Provence cast on them: "It is something to do with the light, I suppose, and the airiness and bareness and frugality of life in the Midi, which induces a simplicity of thought, and a kind of whittling to the bone whatever may be the matter in hand. Sunlight reflected from red-tiled floors on to whitewashed walls, closed shutters and open windows and an air so soft that you live equally in and out of doors, suggest an experience so sweetly simple that you wonder that life ever appeared the tangled, hustling and distracting piece of nonsense you once thought it. Your mind relaxes, your thoughts spread out and take their shape, phobias disappear, and if passions become quicker, they also lose their power of deadly strangulation. Reason wins. And you are released from the necessity of owning things. There is no need to be cosy. A pot of flowers, a strip of fabric on the wall, and your room is furnished. Your comforts are the light and warmth provided by nature, and your ornaments are the orange trees outside." Life was cheap, and the more so because Ford was an enthusiastic kitchen gardener. He claimed to have studied under the great Professor Gressent in Paris, which is deeply improbable; though he at least read him, learning that "three hoeings are worth two coatings of dung". He was also unscientifically superstitious, sowing seed only when the moon was waxing, never planting on a Friday or on the 13th, but always on the 9th, 18th or 27th. He cultivated those Mediterranean items – aubergines, garlic, peppers – later introduced to the British by Elizabeth David. Bowen attests to Ford's culinary skills, even if he "reduced the kitchen to the completest chaos". He also took to the local wine. The delicate Gris said: "He absorbs a terrifying quantity of alcohol. I never thought one could drink so much." (Ford, who was a great layer-down of the law, assured Joyce in a letter: "The primary responsibility of a wine is to be red.") Meanwhile, Bowen discovered a small shop in Toulon selling nothing but different kinds of olive oil, to be tasted from a row of taps on a piece of bread – this at a time when the British were still pouring the stuff not into their mouths but into their waxed-up ears. And Ford liked the way he was treated in France simply for being a writer. Bowen describes the pleasure he felt on receiving a letter that began "Cher et illustre Maître". According to Ford, when they moved into their house in Toulon, their landlord, a retired naval quartermaster, was so delighted to have a poet for a tenant that he drove 150 miles to fetch him a root of asphodel – because asphodels grew on the Elysian Fields, and every poet must have "that fabulous herb" in his garden. If only Ford hadn't specified "150 miles", we might be more inclined to believe him. "There are in this world only two earthly Paradises . . . Provence . . . and the Reading Room of the British Museum." Provence was not only itself, but also the absence of the north, where most human vices accumulated. The north meant aggression, the gothic, the "sadically mad cruelties of the Northern Middle Ages" and the "Northern tortures of ennui and indigestion". Ford was a great believer in diet and digestion as controllers of human behaviour (Conrad agreed, maintaining that the "ill-cooked food" of Native Americans caused "raging dyspepsia" and hence their "unreasonable violence"). South good, north bad: Ford was convinced that no one could be "completely whole either physically or mentally" without "a reasonable amount of garlic" in their diet, and was equally obsessed with the malign effect of brussels sprouts, an item of particular northern mischief. Provence was a place of good thoughts and moral actions, "for there the apple will not flourish and the Brussels sprout will not grow at all". The north was also full of excessive meat-eating, which caused not just indigestion but lunacy: "Any alienist will tell you that the first thing he does with a homicidal maniac after he gets him into an asylum is to deliver, with immense purges, his stomach from bull-beef and Brussels sprouts." Another of Ford's charmingly bonkers theories was about the grapefruit. The English translators of the Bible had been misguided in writing that Eve was tempted by an apple. The word they should have used was shaddock, another name for the pomelo. In Provence, grapefruit grow abundantly, but are scorned by the inhabitants, who might occasionally use a little of the zest in cooking, but would routinely throw the fruit to the pigs. Since Provençals have never eaten of the grapefruit, therefore they have never fallen, therefore they live in Paradise, QED. But Provence meant far more to Ford than easy living and sound diet: beneath its surface pleasures lay a mythic and historical substructure. Provence was where the great trade route, having run from China to Venice and Genoa and along the northern shore of the Mediterranean, turned north at Marseille. Then it went to Paris and down the Seine to the English Channel, and along the south coast of England to the Scilly Isles, "where it ended abruptly". It brought the flow of civilisation with it – or, at least, the display goods of civilisation – and, for Ford, "Provence is the only region on the Great Trade Route fit for the habitation of a proper man." Of all the towns and cities, he loved Tarascon "the best in the world"; it was where Good King René held his court, and where, according to Ford, you couldn't sleep for the noise of the nightingales. King René also had a court at Aix-en-Provence, but Ford didn't like the city – "birthplace of Cézanne though it be, and though it be the gravest and most stately 18th-century town that you will find anywhere". The problem was that Aix contained the Parlement, the intermediary through which successive French kings ruled: from there "the lawyers of the Parlement . . . fixed on Provence the gadfly yoke of armies of functionaries that have ever since bled and crippled not Provence alone but all the country of the Lilies". What does civilisation, as embodied by Provence, consist of? In A Mirror to France, Ford gave his answer: "Chivalric generosity, frugality, pure thought and the arts are the first requisites of a Civilisation – and the only requisites of a Civilisation; and such traces of chivalric generosity, frugality, pure thought and the arts as our prewar, European civilisation of white races could exhibit came to us from the district of Southern France on the shores of the Mediterranean, where flourished the Counts of Toulouse, olive trees, the mistral, the Romance Tradition, Bertran de Born, the Courts of Love, and the only really amiable Heresy of which I know." The period covered runs roughly from the 12th to the 15th centuries. The "amiable" heresy was Albigensianism, whose piety and virtue (and Manichean doctrine) brought its destruction in a papal crusade, led with immense cruelty by the English Simon de Montfort from 1209-18. The troubadours – of whom Bertran de Born (c1140-c1215) was one of the most famous – and their Courts of Love continued up to the end of the 13th century, though their influence was much curtailed when Provence west of the Rhone was ceded to Louis XI in 1229. Avignon prospered between 1309 and 1408 as the seat of seven popes and two anti-popes, while King René (1409-80) presided over the final efflorescence of Provençal culture, after which the region east of the Rhone was in turn ceded to the French king. This whole period came in later centuries to represent a kind of Merrie France – tournaments, chivalry and courtly love, with wise rulers overseeing peace and human contentment. According to Ford, the first piece of French literature he read as a schoolboy was a rapturous description by Daudet of life in Avignon under the popes: processions, pilgrimages, streets strewn with flowers, the sound of bells at all hours, "the tic-tac of the lace bobbins, and the rustle of the shuttles weaving the cloth of the gold chasubles, the little hammers of the goldsmiths tapping the altar-cruets" and "the undersound of tambourines coming from the Bridge": "For, in our country, when the people is glad, there must be dancing . . . And since, in those days, the streets of the city were too narrow for the farandole, fifes and tambourines kept to the Bridge of Avignon, in the fresh breezes of the Rhône, and day and night was dancing . . . Ah, happy days, happy city! The pikes that did not cut; the state prisons where wine lay cooling! . . . Never famine, never wars . . . That was how the Popes of the Comtat knew how to govern their people; that is why their people has so much regretted them!" Ford is more idiosyncratic and textured than Daudet in his appreciation of the south. Provence was not just a lost golden land; despite conquest, it was tenacious and invasive. The extermination of the language had been decreed under Louis XI, François I and Louis XIV, but Provençal continued to be spoken for centuries, and was there waiting to be revived and made official by the Félibrige. And though France was "the first Mass Product in the way of modern nations", Provence, despite being crushed and subsumed, had the revenge of the defeated: it infiltrated the dominant culture. The virtues and values of Provence spread up through the remnants of the great trade route, so that France was civilised to the extent that she submitted to this reverse takeover. And Provence was not just a region but also a state of mind – indulgent, fantastical, credulous – and this element fed into those harsh and pragmatic owners up in the north. Ford's historical and travel writing is vivid, often tendentious and always personal. His nostalgia becomes blatantly solipsistic, for instance, when he looks at the rewards and public standing of the troubadour poets. He himself was perpetually impoverished: in 1907 he set what must be some kind of record by publishing six books and applying to the Royal Literary Fund for financial assistance. How different it was back in the 12th century: "The Troubadour appears as taking the place of the Hollywood star – but of the Hollywood star who should not be only performer but the extraordinarily skilful author and composer of the piece . . . As writer and performer, Peire Vidal was the equal of the highest in the land and the terror of noble husbands though but the son of small tradespeople." This was a key feature of troubadour art for Ford: it was "essentially both democratic and aristocratic" – by which he meant that the troubadours might be of humble origin and yet address their love songs to aristocratic women. But he also meant that this was how all the arts should be: "democratic" inasmuch as anyone could make them, and anyone could enjoy them, but made by a process that was "aristocratic'" in the sense of being highly skilled, difficult and rare. Ford described himself as a "sentimental Tory" who liked "pomp, banners, divine rights, unreasonable ceremonies and ceremoniousness". He presented himself as a rather old-fashioned English officer and gentleman. His grandfather had "insisted characteristically that although one must know French with accuracy one must speak it with a marked English accent to show that one is an English gentleman. I still do." (But this being Ford, there is a contradictory explanation provided by Bowen: his French sounded English because he never moved his lips enough.) The honourable, chivalric man, trying to do his best in a modern world that fails to recognise his virtues, is a recurrent figure in Ford's work. And there is a quietly insistent chivalric element underlying his greatest novel, The Good Soldier. The two couples at the heart of this story of destructive passion, the Ashburnhams and the Dowells, meet for the first time in the hotel restaurant of a German spa town. They find a table to suit them; it is round; Florence Dowell quotes Malory: "And so the whole round table is begun." She and her husband have visited Provence, "where even the saddest stories are gay", and Dowell, the narrator, tells the story of Peire Vidal. The good soldier of the title, Edward Ashburnham, is presented as an absolute English gentleman, forever on a "feudal" quest to help others; his ward, Nancy Rufford, who is in love with him, specifically links him to three chivalric figures of different cultures – Lohengrin, the Chevalier Bayard and El Cid. Dowell, who is in love with Nancy, explains himself in the novel's famous, high-Romantic line, "I just wanted to marry her as some people want to go to Carcassonne." And at the end of the book, after the great emotional "smash" is over, Dowell revisits Provence: "I have seen again for a glimpse, from a swift train, Beaucaire with the beautiful white tower, Tarascon with the square castle, the great Rhône, the immense stretches of the Crau. I have rushed through all Provence – and all Provence no longer matters." It no longer matters because its high-hearted truths have been shown to be deluded. Ford may have loved Provence and its golden mythology, but he was also a modern novelist, guided by the emotional truthfulness of Flaubert and Maupassant. He knew that "the saddest stories" in his day were rarely gay, but just very sad, if not murderously violent, and that any gaiety around was likely to come from misunderstanding and self-deception. He also knew that the human heart was "defective". So, as the novel unfolds, Ashburnham, for all the homoerotic worship Dowell accords him, is revealed to be no Lohengrin but the opposite – or rather, both at the same time: while generous and sentimental, he is also a sex-pest with a conviction for assaulting a girl on a train, a liar, a near-bankrupt and a squalid blackmail victim. He may even (depending on one's reading of certain powerful hints) have conceived an incestuous passion for his own daughter. Nowadays, he would probably have found himself on the sex offender register. Ford, for all his convincing self-presentation as a moth-eaten old gent – EM Forster snootily called him "a fly-blown man of letters", Paul Nash "Silenus in tweeds" – understood the modern world, and the reality that opposed its lingering myths. After all, in 1913, two years before The Good Soldier was published, he had visited Carcassonne, towards which Dowell and others feel such a romantic impulsion. And what had Ford discovered there? Snow and rabies. Ford's Provence was an ideal lost world, one of the cradles of civilisation, and a reference point in his fiction. But the region contained more than just the past and present: it also suggested a possible future. In Provence (1935), Ford at one point asks to be regarded not as a moralist or historian, but "simply as prophet". Civilisation is "staggering to its end", and he wants to show "what will happen to it if it does not take Provence of the XIIIth century for its model". Ford had seen service as a transport officer in the first world war, where he was gassed; and he spent his last 20 years (before his death in 1939) watching the grim chest-beating of nations and ideologies across Europe. He loathed empty-headed nationalism, violence, transnational standardisation, mechanisation and most of the doings of financiers. He was also a writer, and thus a citizen not of any one country but of the world, and he wondered how that world might emerge from the great smash that was coming, and avoid further smashes. How might the human brute be tamed? Not by bigger groupings, by signing up to yet more overarching -ologies, or by exterminating languages and individualism. Perhaps, he thought, we should become local again, live in smaller communities, learn to avoid the hysterical clamourings of gangs and groups. This was the sort of life he imagined – and had found – in Provence. In The Great Trade Route (1937), he wrote: "I live in Provence, but I can't become a Provençal because that, as things go, would be to become French, and I don't want to become French for reasons that would take too long to tell . . . No, I want to belong to a nation of Small Producers, with some local, but no national feeling at all. Without boundaries, or armed forces, or customs, or government. That would never want me to kill anyone out of a group feeling. Something like being a Provençal. I might want to insult someone from the Gard if he said he could grow better marrows than we in the Var. But that would be as far as even local feeling would go." Voltaire's advice about cultivating one's garden was always moral as well as practical; nor was it a counsel of quietism. As human beings recklessly use up the world's resources and despoil the planet, as the folly of globalisation becomes more apparent, as we head towards what could be the biggest smash of all, the wisdom and the way of living that Ford Madox Ford – literature's good soldier – found in Provence are perhaps even more worth attending to. • Ford Madox Ford and France, a two-part programme with Julian Barnes and Hermione Lee, begins at 11.30am on 24 August.	i don't know
The remains of which British monarch were found in a council car park in Leicester in 2012?	Richard III’s remains to stay in Leicester – Channel 4 News World Richard III’s remains to stay in Leicester The high court rules that plans to rebury the king in Leicester Cathedral after his bones were found under in the city can go ahead. Descendants who want the remains moved to York may appeal. Share on Twitter The heavily scarred skeleton of the last Plantagenet and Yorkist king of England – who is also the last monarch to have died in battle – was found under a car park in Leicester in September 2012. The government granted an exhumation licence to the University of Leicester, and plans were made to re-inter the king in Leicester Cathedral. But a group called the Plantagenet Alliance , representing Richard’s distant descendants, called for a public consultation, saying Richard of York would have preferred to buried at York Minster. The group launched a legal challenge after the Justice Secretary, Chris Grayling , refused to hold a consultation. Today, the high court said it was time for the king “to be given a dignified reburial, and finally laid to rest” in Leicester Cathedral. Government anger A judge previously ruled that the Plantagenet Alliance would not have to pay the government’s legal costs if their judicial review failed, leaving the taxpayer with an estimated bill of more than £80,000. Mr Grayling said: “I have been very clear from the start that the decision to grant an exhumation licence for Richard III was taken correctly and in line with the law. I am pleased the court has reached the same conclusion and comprehensively rejected all of the claimant’s arguments. “I am, however, frustrated and angry that the Plantagenet Alliance – a group with tenuous claims to being relatives of Richard III – have taken up so much time and public money. “This case, brought by a shell company set up by the Alliance to avoid paying legal costs, is an example of exactly why the Government is bringing forward a package of reforms to the judicial review process.” A lawyer acting for the group said Richard’s distant relatives were considering an appeal but would not make a statement today. Matthew Howarth, partner at Yorkshire law firm Gordons, said: “We obviously respect and accept today’s verdict, and are grateful to have had the opportunity to raise this matter before the courts, but are naturally disappointed at the decision, which we regard as highly regrettable.” He said there were “no regrets about fighting the case, which we can look back on with pride”, adding: “My client is a not-for-profit entity and many people were amazed that we got as far as we did.” Applause at cathedral There was applause at Leicester Cathedral as Bishop of Leicester Tim Stevens read out the high court decision to a crowd of supporters on Friday morning. Bishop Stevens said: “We are, of course, delighted. Here in the cathedral, in the diocese, in the city, in the county, we’ve waited a long time for this.” Wendy Moorhen, deputy chairman of the Richard III Society, said: “This judgment will be a disappointment to some – particularly the Plantagenet Alliance and their supporters – and we acknowledge the sincerity of their case. “However, we hope that, now a clear ruling has been given, we can all focus on ensuring that King Richard III receives an honourable and dignified reburial.” Last year, an online petition calling for the bones to remain in Leicester attracted 34,477 signatures, 3,000 more than a rival bid to have the remains moved to York. Finding Richard Richard III’s remains were sensationally discovered under a council-run car park in Leicester in September 2012. Catastrophic head injuries fitted with accounts of Richard’s death at the Battle of Bosworth Fields in 1485 – the clash that ended the Wars of the Roses. Despite Shakespeare’s famous portrayal of Richard seeking to flee the battle, shouting: “A horse! a horse! my kingdom for a horse!”, contemporary accounts agree that he died bravely in the thick of the fighting. A pronounced scoliosis or curvature of the spine chimed with contemporary descriptions of the king having one shoulder higher than the other, and proved that Shakespeare’s depiction of Richard as a hunchback was not just artistic licence. Researchers at the University of Leicester compared mitochondrial DNA taken from the remains with Michael Ibsen, an 18th-generation descendant of Richard’s mother Cecily Neville. Supporters of the victorious Henry Tudor – subsequently crowned King Henry VII – had carried his corpse from the battlefield to Greyfriars Church in Leicester for an unceremonious burial. Greyfriars was subsequently destroyed in the Reformation and the precise location was lost in subsequent centuries of development in the city.	Richard III of England
What is the name of Katherine Jenkins debut album, released in 2004?	Richard III's remains: Leicester car park dug up - BBC News BBC News Richard III's remains: Leicester car park dug up 24 August 2012 Read more about sharing. Close share panel Media captionThe dig is to try to locate the remains of King Richard III who died at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485 A bid to find the remains of England's King Richard III is starting more than 500 years after his death on a Leicestershire battlefield. A University of Leicester archaeological team is digging in the city's Grey Friars car park where they think he may have been buried. King Richard III was killed at Bosworth in 1485 and his body taken to a Franciscan Friary in the city. Over time, the exact location of the grave has been lost. The project team said their work is "the first ever search for the lost grave of an anointed King of England". 'Long shot' Richard III was crowned at Westminster Abbey in July 1483 and died in August 1485 fighting his enemies led by Henry Tudor. He was the last English king to be killed in battle and the last Plantagenet king. He was followed by the Tudor kings Henry VII and Henry VIII. Who was Richard III? Richard III (1483-1485) was the last Yorkist king of England, whose death at the age of 32 in the Battle of Bosworth effectively ended the Wars of the Roses His nephews Edward V and Richard of York, the "princes in the tower", disappeared in 1483 and are said by many historians to have been murdered on Richard III's orders Shakespeare's version of events in his play Richard III added to the king's infamy Some historians reject the heinous crimes attributed to Richard Find out more about Richard's reign Richard Buckley, of the University of Leicester archaeology service, said: "The big question for us is determining the whereabouts of the church on the site and also where in the church the body was buried. "Although in many ways finding the remains of the king is a long shot, it is a challenge we shall undertake enthusiastically." The team will use ground-penetrating radar to help find the best places to dig. Philippa Langley, of the Richard III Society, said: "Richard III is a charismatic figure who attracts tremendous interest. "Partly because he has been so much maligned in past centuries and partly because he occupies a pivotal place in English history. "The continuing interest in Richard means that many fables have grown up around his grave. "Although local people like Alderman Herrick in 1612 knew precisely where he was buried - and Herrick was able to show visitors a handsome stone pillar marking the king's grave in his garden - nevertheless at the same time unlikely stories were spread of Richard's bones being dug up and thrown into the river Soar. "Other fables, equally discredited, claimed that his coffin was used as a horse trough." 'Exciting opportunity' The Richard III Society works to defend the king's reputation, although many historians believe Richard was responsible for the murder of his young nephews, King Edward V and Prince Richard. Image caption Archaeologist Richard Buckley admitted finding the king's remains under the car park was 'a challenge' The "princes in the Tower", the sons of Richard's brother King Edward IV, disappeared while being kept in the Tower of London in 1483. University of Leicester spokesman Richard Taylor said: "If remains are found that are suspected to be those of Richard III, they will be subject to DNA analysis at the University of Leicester where DNA fingerprinting was originally discovered." If the royal remains are found during the two-week excavation, they will be reinterred at Leicester Cathedral, a team spokesman said. Councillor Piara Singh Clair, of Leicester City Council, said: "Richard III is a key figure in the region's history. "This is an exciting opportunity potentially to discover a missing piece of our historical jigsaw."	i don't know
What was the full maiden name of the mother of US President Barack Obama?	Five Unordinary Facts About President Obama's Mother - ABC News ABC News Five Unordinary Facts About President Obama's Mother By AMY BINGHAM May 12, 2012 This Mother's Day, as Sasha and Malia Obama present their mom with handmade gifts at the White House, the stark contrasts between President Obama's family now and his family as a child growing up in Hawaii could not be more apparent. Whereas the president and the first lady have been married for 20 years, his mother and father were married for four. Throughout the first decade of his daughters' lives the family has lived in two cities, Chicago and Washington, D.C. By the time he was 10, Obama had lived in two countries. While Obama has put down the strongest of roots, his mother opted for wings, never staying in one place, let alone one country, for long. "I never imagined that an American president would have a mother who had done the things that she did," Janny Scott, who wrote a biography of Obama's mother, told The New York Times. And in her biography, "A Singular Woman," Scott quoted the president. His mother had given him, he said, "a sense of unconditional love that was big enough that, with all the surface disturbances of our lives, it sustained me, entirely." Here are five facts that make President Obama's mother no ordinary mom. 1. She lived in five states and three countries Ann Dunham's family moved five times before Ann, or Stanley, as she was called in her childhood, turned 18, bouncing from Wichita, Kans., to California to Texas to Seattle and, finally, to Hawaii. As an adult Dunham adopted her parents' knack for nomadism, splitting most of her adult life between Hawaii and Indonesia, and briefly taking up residence in Pakistan, where she helped establish a microfinance program for women. Her son, on the other hand, took the opposite approach, putting down roots in Chicago and firmly planting himself and his family in the U.S. "We've created stability for our kids in a way that my mom didn't do for us," Obama told Time magazine during his 2008 presidential campaign. "My choosing to put down roots in Chicago and marry a woman who is very rooted in one place probably indicates a desire for stability that maybe I was missing." 2. Her first name is actually Stanley President Obama's mother's full name is Stanley Ann Dunham. Although she used her middle name for the majority of her adult life, Dunham went by Stanley throughout grade school, the name that her father, who wanted a son, gave her. Over the course of Dunham's short life -- she died when she was in her early 50s -- she went by four different names . Growing up it was Stanley Dunham. In college she was Ann Dunham. During her first marriage, to Barack Obama's father, she was Ann Obama. And after her second marriage she was Ann Soetoro. 3. She was 18 when Barack Obama was born President Obama's mother married his father at the ripe young age of 18, after the two met in a Russian-language class at the University of Hawaii. At the time, interracial marriage was illegal in most states. Dunham was three months pregnant when the two tied the knot in a ceremony so discrete that her son never uncovered any records of the event, according to Scott's biography of Dunham, "A Singular Woman." By the time Obama was a year old, his father, Barack Obama Sr., had moved from Hawaii to Massachusetts to get a masters degree from Harvard. By the time he was six, he had moved with his mother to Indonesia after she married Lolo Soetoro. The couple had a daughter, Maya Soetoro, before they divorced in 1980. 4. She was only five years older than Hillary Clinton Born in 1942, as World War II was ravaging the world, Obama's mother was a mere five years older than Hillary Clinton, whom he would later defeat in a bitter Democratic primary during his race for the White House. Dunham died a few weeks short of her 53rd birthday, of uterine and ovarian cancer, two years before her son was elected to the Illinois state senate. 5. She had a Ph.D. in anthropology It may have taken her two decades and countless trips back-and-forth between Indonesia and the University of Hawaii to complete, but in 1992 Ann Dunham was awarded her Ph.D. in anthropology. Her 1,000-page dissertation explored the indigenous craft of blacksmithing in Indonesia, a topic she had studied for more than 20 years. She died two years after completing it. She had instilled in her son the importance of education, making him rise before the sun came up to do his homework. She would tell people that her son was gifted, "that he can do anything he ever wants in the world, even be president of the United States."	Ann Dunham
In which US state was the Battle of the Little Bighorn fought?	Barack Obama's mother 'probably the descendant of a black slave' - Telegraph Barack Obama Barack Obama's mother 'probably the descendant of a black slave' President Barack Obama's white mother was probably the descendant of a black slave, genealogists have concluded after two years of research and DNA testing. Barack Obama's father, also named Barack Obama, and mother, Stanley Ann Dunham Photo: AP Comments Mr Obama was always assumed to have had no ancestors who arrived in the US through slavery, placing the first black president at odds with most African-Americans across the country. His father, Barack senior, travelled from Kenya to study in Hawaii, where his son was born in 1961 – prompting some commentators to claim Mr Obama did not fully share the experience of many black voters. However, researchers now believe that they have traced back the family tree of the President's mother, Stanley Ann Dunham, by almost four centuries to an African servant in Virginia called John Punch. The finding would mean that Mr Obama is in fact the 11th great-grandson of the first documented slave in American history, who was punished for trying to escape in 1640 by being indentured for life. "Two of the most historically significant African-Americans in the history of our country are, amazingly, directly related," said Joseph Shumway, one of the leading genealogists on the project. Related Articles Michelle Obama visits London for the Olympic Games 26 Jul 2012 Records state that Mr Punch had children with a white woman, who passed her "free" status on to their offspring. They went on to be successful landowners in Virginia, where slavery was later widespread. DNA tests carried out by the researchers for ancestry.com, suggest that Mr Punch's mixed-race descendants altered their name to Bunch, a family known to be among Ms Dunham's forebears. While the destruction of some records means there is no absolute proof, the researchers said DNA evidence and records of another branch of the Bunch family being "mulatto" left them confident. Elizabeth Shown Mills, a past president of the Board for Certification of Genealogists, who carried out an independent review of the study, said the "evidence of African origin is indisputable" in the Bunch line. "The surviving paper trail points solely to John Punch as the logical candidate," she added. Jamal Simmons, a political analyst specialising in race who worked for Bill Clinton, the former president, said the findings showed accusations Mr Obama was somehow "not black enough" to be practically meaningless. "This is more evidence of how intertwined the lives and histories of Americans really are," Mr Simmons told The Daily Telegraph. "We really have become that mixing bowl of cultures. That used not to be so accepted, but the negative connotations are fading as more people discover their roots."	i don't know
Which African country brews Bati beer?	Most Popular Beers - Beers from 35 Countries - Thrillist Flickr/Alpha CHINA - Snow Beer FUN FACT: Despite the fact that you've probably never heard of it, Snow Beer is actually the most popular (meaning best-selling) beer in the entire world. It's sold almost exclusively in China, which apparently has a lot of people. CZECH REPUBLIC - Pilsner Urquell Pilsner Urquell was the first pilsner beer in the entire world (invented in 1842). DENMARK - Carlsberg Despite also being the best-selling beer in Russia, Carlsberg is very much a Danish invention (and has the distinction of being the flagship brew of the fifth-largest brewery group in the world). ETHIOPIA - St. George Lager In Ethiopia, beer has long been a drink of choice, and the crisp St. George out of Addis Ababa has helped cool down locals and travelers since 1922. Flickr/s_a_i_d_a FRENCH POLYNESIA - Hinano Tahitian treat Hinano tastes like a hybrid of Heineken & Bud and packs a low punch, which is a good thing considering it's best consumed by the icy bucketful on a white-sanded beach. Also, this and Tabu are pretty much the only options in the archipelago. They taste the same. INDIA - Kingfisher With a market share of over 50%, Kingfisher is akin to some sort of monarch in the Indian beer world. INDONESIA - Bintang Beer Bintang's bottle looks a lot like a Heineken... it apparently tastes like a Heineken... but it's not Heineken, dammit (although it is owned by them)! It's a Pilsner-style beer brewed in Surabaya. related Flickr/Crispin Semmens ISRAEL - Goldstar There's a pretty large debate raging in Israel about whether Goldstar or competitor Maccabee is the better beer. But despite the fact that Goldstar edges out sales of Maccabee ever so slightly, they're both made by Tempo Beer Industries. So... those guys win. ITALY - Peroni While being slightly more well-known the world over for their Nastro Azzurro, Peroni Brewery in Italy has more in-country fame for its eponymous pale lager. JAMAICA - Red Stripe The famous, stout little bottles. The strong desire to get little beads woven into your hair after you drink a few. This one's a no-brainer. Flickr/Pietro Zuco JAPAN - Asahi The four major beer producers in Japan are Asahi, Sapporo, Kirin, and Suntory (yes, THAT Suntory). They're all in close competition, but recently, Asahi has narrowly edged past its rivals -- somehow without the aid of Bill Murray. KENYA - Tusker Tusker, East Africa's best-selling beer, was so-named because the brewery founder was killed in an elephant-hunting accident. And now people are reminded of it every time they drink. It kinda sucks. LAOS - Beerlao Beerlao is half-owned by the Laotian government and half-owned by Carlsberg, and claims to have a 99% market share... so it's got that going for it, which is nice. Flickr/Antony Stanley MADAGASCAR - Three Horses Beer Collectively referred to by locals as "THB", Three Horses Beer produces a variety of brews within Madagascar, but its flagship is its pilsner. MEXICO - Modelo Grupo Modelo, the largest Mexican brewery group, produces a bunch of beers you might recognize (Corona being chief among them), but most of them are exported directly to the US. Within the country itself, however, Modelo is king. NETHERLANDS - Heineken Ah, Heineken. Its distinctive green bottle definitely makes it the most recognized Dutch beer out there, which is appropriate given the fact that its manufacturer, Heineken International, is the world's third-largest brewer. Flickr/James Cridland NORWAY - Ringnes Ringnes is a storied brewery that was founded in 1876, and its success was mostly based on the popularity of its pilsner. Today, it's entirely owned by Danish beer giant Carlsberg, prompting a descendant of its founder to remark: "A country without a leading beer brand is like a man without potency." PAKISTAN - Murree Beer Murree is only legally available within Pakistan, due to the prohibition of exportation of alcohol from the country. While sales of alcohol are just beginning to catch on in any large way, Murree Beer is already popular in clubs and liquor shops. PHILIPPINES - San Miguel Pale Pilsen The brewery behind San Miguel Pale Pilsen, San Miguel (duh), has a market share of around 95% in the Philippines. related Flickr/tadekk POLAND - Zywiec Widely considered to be an emblem of Poland and a source of national pride, Zywiec features a man and a woman dancing around the Polish coat of arms on its label. They're really going for the Polish vote on this one. ROMANIA - Ursus Ursus's slogan in Romania is "The King of Beers in Romania". Ursus is also a genus of bear. But it's not "The King Of Bears", in Romania or anywhere else. Because that title goes to Mike Ditka. RUSSIA - Baltika There's no hiding the fact that Russians drink a lot. It's usually vodka, but in a pinch (for example, when multiple bears are hoarding the vodka), some of them will occasionally turn to beer. That beer is usually Baltika. SCOTLAND - Tennent's Lager While Scotland's beer scene is a bit difficult to distill down (hehe) into a representative brew, Tennent's is easily the most popular lager in the country. SINGAPORE - Tiger Beer Tiger Beer was founded in Singapore in 1932, and today can be found in more than 60 countries. It is not brewed inside Charlie Sheen. Flickr/Kullez THAILAND - Singha The Singha is a powerful mythological lion... and now you can drink it! It might be neck-and-neck with competitor Chang Beer, but c'mon -- Singha's gonna win every time. TURKEY - Efes Pilsener Efes, a large European beverage group, produces the flagship Efes Pilsener, which is said to have a sweet flavor resulting from rice added at points during the brewing process. VENEZUELA - Cerveza Polar Production of this polar bear-adorned beer began in the 1940s, and is still going strong today -- it's the largest brewery in Venezuela! Pairs well with arepas. Adam Lapetina is a food/drink staff writer at Thrillist, and Red Stripe will always be the national beer of his heart. Follow him on Twitter at @adamlapetina .	Ethiopia
What is the most southerly point on the British mainland?	The Best Beer from Ethiopia: RateBeer.com Best By Country Best Beers Of Ethiopia The following are the highest rated beers brewed in Ethiopia as they appear in the ranks at RateBeer.com. Beer scores are weighted means so that more ratings for a beer increase the score's tendency to the beer's actual mean. Include Retired	i don't know
Barack Obama was inaugurated as the 44th and first African American President of the United States in what year?	Barack Obama elected as America’s first black president - Nov 04, 2008 - HISTORY.com Barack Obama elected as America’s first black president Share this: Barack Obama elected as America’s first black president Author Barack Obama elected as America’s first black president URL Publisher A+E Networks On this day in 2008, Senator Barack Obama of Illinois defeats Senator John McCain of Arizona to become the 44th U.S. president, and the first African American elected to the White House. The 47-year-old Democrat garnered 365 electoral votes and nearly 53 percent of the popular vote, while his 72-year-old Republican challenger captured 173 electoral votes and more than 45 percent of the popular vote. Obama’s vice-presidential running mate was Senator Joe Biden of Delaware, while McCain’s running mate was Governor Sarah Palin of Alaska, the first female Republican ever nominated for the vice presidency. Obama, who was born in 1961 in Hawaii to a white woman from Kansas and a black man from Kenya, graduated from Harvard Law School and was a law professor at the University of Chicago before launching his political career in 1996, when he was elected to the Illinois State Senate. He was re-elected to that post in 1998 and 2000. In March 2004, he shot to national prominence by winning the U.S. Senate Democratic primary in Illinois, and that July he gained further exposure when he delivered the keynote address at the Democratic National Convention in Boston, which included his eloquent call for unity among “red” (Republican) and “blue” (Democratic) states. That November, Obama was elected to the U.S. Senate in a landslide. On February 10, 2007, in Springfield, Illinois, Obama officially announced his candidacy for president. A victory in the Iowa caucuses in January 2008 made him a viable challenger to the early frontrunner, Senator Hillary Clinton of New York, whom he outlasted in a grueling primary campaign to claim the Democratic nomination in early June 2008. During the general-election campaign, as in the primaries, Obama’s team worked to build a following at the grassroots level and used what his supporters viewed as the candidate’s natural charisma, unique life story and inspiring message of hope and change to draw large crowds to his public appearances, both in the United States and on a campaign trip abroad. His team also worked to bring new voters–many of them young or black, both demographics they believed favored Obama–to become involved in the election. Additionally, the campaign was notable for its unprecedented use of the Internet for organizing constituents and fundraising. According to The Washington Post: “3 million donors made a total of 6.5 million donations online adding up to more than $500 million. Of those 6.5 million donations, 6 million were in increments of $100 or less.” In terms of campaign issues, Obama pledged to get the United States out of the war in Iraq and expand health care, among other promises. A crushing national financial crisis in the months leading up to the election shifted the country’s focus to the economy, and Obama and McCain each attempted to show he had the best plan for economic improvement. On November 4, more than 69.4 million Americans cast their vote for Obama, while some 59.9 million voters chose McCain. (Obama was the first sitting U.S. senator to win the White House since John Kennedy in 1960.) Obama captured some traditional Republican strongholds (Virginia, Indiana) and key battleground states (Florida, Ohio) that had been won by Republicans in recent elections. Late that night, the president-elect appeared before a huge crowd of supporters in Chicago’s Grant Park and delivered a speech in he which acknowledged the historic nature of his victory (which came 143 years after the end of the American Civil War and the abolition of slavery): “If there is anyone out there who still doubts that America is a place where all things are possible, who still wonders if the dream of our founders is alive in our time, who still questions the power of our democracy, tonight is your answer… It’s been a long time coming, but tonight, because of what we did on this date in this election at this defining moment, change has come to America.” Obama was inaugurated on January 20, 2009. On November 6, 2012, he defeated Republican challenger Mitt Romney to win a second term in the White House. Fact Check We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, contact us ! Get This Day In History every morning in your inbox!	2009
Who was the British Prime Minister at the beginning of the year 2000?	Barack Obama, 44th President of the United States 44th President of the United States Obama's Inauguration Speech Links to files of Obama's Inauguration Speech, given on January 20, 2009 at the West Front of the Capitol in Washington, D.C. Watch Obama's Speech on this YouTube video: ***Please note that this is a rough recording; the speech begins at around 1.30 minutes. I'll load a cleaner copy as soon as I find one. Link to a collection of photos , taken from The Seattle Times at www.seattletimes.com and The New York Times at www.nytimes.com . Read Obama's speech below or follow this link to a printer-friendly copy of his speech: ObamaInaugSpeech.doc Text of President Barack Obama's Inaugural Address Text of President Barack Obama's inaugural address on Tuesday, January 20, 2009, as prepared for delivery and released by the Presidential Inaugural Committee... OBAMA: My fellow citizens: I stand here today humbled by the task before us, grateful for the trust you have bestowed, mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors. I thank President Bush for his service to our nation, as well as the generosity and cooperation he has shown throughout this transition. Forty-four Americans have now taken the presidential oath. The words have been spoken during rising tides of prosperity and the still waters of peace. Yet, every so often the oath is taken amidst gathering clouds and raging storms. At these moments, America has carried on not simply because of the skill or vision of those in high office, but because we the people have remained faithful to the ideals of our forebears, and true to our founding documents. So it has been. So it must be with this generation of Americans. That we are in the midst of crisis is now well understood. Our nation is at war, against a far-reaching network of violence and hatred. Our economy is badly weakened, a consequence of greed and irresponsibility on the part of some, but also our collective failure to make hard choices and prepare the nation for a new age. Homes have been lost; jobs shed; businesses shuttered. Our health care is too costly; our schools fail too many; and each day brings further evidence that the ways we use energy strengthen our adversaries and threaten our planet. These are the indicators of crisis, subject to data and statistics. Less measurable but no less profound is a sapping of confidence across our land — a nagging fear that America's decline is inevitable, and that the next generation must lower its sights. Today I say to you that the challenges we face are real. They are serious and they are many. They will not be met easily or in a short span of time. But know this, America — they will be met. On this day, we gather because we have chosen hope over fear, unity of purpose over conflict and discord. On this day, we come to proclaim an end to the petty grievances and false promises, the recriminations and worn out dogmas, that for far too long have strangled our politics. We remain a young nation, but in the words of scripture, the time has come to set aside childish things. The time has come to reaffirm our enduring spirit; to choose our better history; to carry forward that precious gift, that noble idea, passed on from generation to generation: the God-given promise that all are equal, all are free and all deserve a chance to pursue their full measure of happiness. In reaffirming the greatness of our nation, we understand that greatness is never a given. It must be earned. Our journey has never been one of shortcuts or settling for less. It has not been the path for the faint-hearted — for those who prefer leisure over work, or seek only the pleasures of riches and fame. Rather, it has been the risk-takers, the doers, the makers of things — some celebrated but more often men and women obscure in their labor, who have carried us up the long, rugged path towards prosperity and freedom. For us, they packed up their few worldly possessions and traveled across oceans in search of a new life. For us, they toiled in sweatshops and settled the West; endured the lash of the whip and plowed the hard earth. For us, they fought and died, in places like Concord and Gettysburg; Normandy and Khe Sahn. Time and again these men and women struggled and sacrificed and worked till their hands were raw so that we might live a better life. They saw America as bigger than the sum of our individual ambitions; greater than all the differences of birth or wealth or faction. This is the journey we continue today. We remain the most prosperous, powerful nation on Earth. Our workers are no less productive than when this crisis began. Our minds are no less inventive, our goods and services no less needed than they were last week or last month or last year. Our capacity remains undiminished. But our time of standing pat, of protecting narrow interests and putting off unpleasant decisions — that time has surely passed. Starting today, we must pick ourselves up, dust ourselves off, and begin again the work of remaking America. For everywhere we look, there is work to be done. The state of the economy calls for action, bold and swift, and we will act — not only to create new jobs, but to lay a new foundation for growth. We will build the roads and bridges, the electric grids and digital lines that feed our commerce and bind us together. We will restore science to its rightful place, and wield technology's wonders to raise health care's quality and lower its cost. We will harness the sun and the winds and the soil to fuel our cars and run our factories. And we will transform our schools and colleges and universities to meet the demands of a new age. All this we can do. And all this we will do. Now, there are some who question the scale of our ambitions — who suggest that our system cannot tolerate too many big plans. Their memories are short. For they have forgotten what this country has already done; what free men and women can achieve when imagination is joined to common purpose, and necessity to courage. What the cynics fail to understand is that the ground has shifted beneath them — that the stale political arguments that have consumed us for so long no longer apply. The question we ask today is not whether our government is too big or too small, but whether it works — whether it helps families find jobs at a decent wage, care they can afford, a retirement that is dignified. Where the answer is yes, we intend to move forward. Where the answer is no, programs will end. And those of us who manage the public's dollars will be held to account — to spend wisely, reform bad habits, and do our business in the light of day — because only then can we restore the vital trust between a people and their government. Nor is the question before us whether the market is a force for good or ill. Its power to generate wealth and expand freedom is unmatched, but this crisis has reminded us that without a watchful eye, the market can spin out of control — and that a nation cannot prosper long when it favors only the prosperous. The success of our economy has always depended not just on the size of our gross domestic product, but on the reach of our prosperity; on our ability to extend opportunity to every willing heart — not out of charity, but because it is the surest route to our common good. As for our common defense, we reject as false the choice between our safety and our ideals. Our founding fathers, faced with perils we can scarcely imagine, drafted a charter to assure the rule of law and the rights of man, a charter expanded by the blood of generations. Those ideals still light the world, and we will not give them up for expedience's sake. And so to all other peoples and governments who are watching today, from the grandest capitals to the small village where my father was born: know that America is a friend of each nation and every man, woman, and child who seeks a future of peace and dignity, and that we are ready to lead once more. Recall that earlier generations faced down fascism and communism not just with missiles and tanks, but with sturdy alliances and enduring convictions. They understood that our power alone cannot protect us, nor does it entitle us to do as we please. Instead, they knew that our power grows through its prudent use; our security emanates from the justness of our cause, the force of our example, the tempering qualities of humility and restraint. We are the keepers of this legacy. Guided by these principles once more, we can meet those new threats that demand even greater effort — even greater cooperation and understanding between nations. We will begin to responsibly leave Iraq to its people, and forge a hard-earned peace in Afghanistan. With old friends and former foes, we will work tirelessly to lessen the nuclear threat, and roll back the specter of a warming planet. We will not apologize for our way of life, nor will we waver in its defense, and for those who seek to advance their aims by inducing terror and slaughtering innocents, we say to you now that our spirit is stronger and cannot be broken; you cannot outlast us, and we will defeat you. For we know that our patchwork heritage is a strength, not a weakness. We are a nation of Christians and Muslims, Jews and Hindus — and non-believers. We are shaped by every language and culture, drawn from every end of this Earth; and because we have tasted the bitter swill of civil war and segregation, and emerged from that dark chapter stronger and more united, we cannot help but believe that the old hatreds shall someday pass; that the lines of tribe shall soon dissolve; that as the world grows smaller, our common humanity shall reveal itself; and that America must play its role in ushering in a new era of peace. To the Muslim world, we seek a new way forward, based on mutual interest and mutual respect. To those leaders around the globe who seek to sow conflict, or blame their society's ills on the West — know that your people will judge you on what you can build, not what you destroy. To those who cling to power through corruption and deceit and the silencing of dissent, know that you are on the wrong side of history; but that we will extend a hand if you are willing to unclench your fist. To the people of poor nations, we pledge to work alongside you to make your farms flourish and let clean waters flow; to nourish starved bodies and feed hungry minds. And to those nations like ours that enjoy relative plenty, we say we can no longer afford indifference to suffering outside our borders; nor can we consume the world's resources without regard to effect. For the world has changed, and we must change with it. As we consider the road that unfolds before us, we remember with humble gratitude those brave Americans who, at this very hour, patrol far-off deserts and distant mountains. They have something to tell us today, just as the fallen heroes who lie in Arlington whisper through the ages. We honor them not only because they are guardians of our liberty, but because they embody the spirit of service; a willingness to find meaning in something greater than themselves. And yet, at this moment — a moment that will define a generation — it is precisely this spirit that must inhabit us all. For as much as government can do and must do, it is ultimately the faith and determination of the American people upon which this nation relies. It is the kindness to take in a stranger when the levees break, the selflessness of workers who would rather cut their hours than see a friend lose their job which sees us through our darkest hours. It is the firefighter's courage to storm a stairway filled with smoke, but also a parent's willingness to nurture a child, that finally decides our fate. Our challenges may be new. The instruments with which we meet them may be new. But those values upon which our success depends — hard work and honesty, courage and fair play, tolerance and curiosity, loyalty and patriotism — these things are old. These things are true. They have been the quiet force of progress throughout our history. What is demanded then is a return to these truths. What is required of us now is a new era of responsibility — a recognition, on the part of every American, that we have duties to ourselves, our nation, and the world, duties that we do not grudgingly accept but rather seize gladly, firm in the knowledge that there is nothing so satisfying to the spirit, so defining of our character, than giving our all to a difficult task. This is the price and the promise of citizenship. This is the source of our confidence — the knowledge that God calls on us to shape an uncertain destiny. This is the meaning of our liberty and our creed — why men and women and children of every race and every faith can join in celebration across this magnificent mall, and why a man whose father less than sixty years ago might not have been served at a local restaurant can now stand before you to take a most sacred oath. So let us mark this day with remembrance, of who we are and how far we have traveled. In the year of America's birth, in the coldest of months, a small band of patriots huddled by dying campfires on the shores of an icy river. The capital was abandoned. The enemy was advancing. The snow was stained with blood. At a moment when the outcome of our revolution was most in doubt, the father of our nation ordered these words be read to the people: "Let it be told to the future world ... that in the depth of winter, when nothing but hope and virtue could survive...that the city and the country, alarmed at one common danger, came forth to meet (it)." America , in the face of our common dangers, in this winter of our hardship, let us remember these timeless words. With hope and virtue, let us brave once more the icy currents, and endure what storms may come. Let it be said by our children's children that when we were tested we refused to let this journey end, that we did not turn back nor did we falter; and with eyes fixed on the horizon and God's grace upon us, we carried forth that great gift of freedom and delivered it safely to future generations. Below are a few photos from the Inauguration of Barack Obama at the West Front of the Capitol in Washington, D.C., January 20, 2009 Barack Obama is sworn in as President by John Roberts, the Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court; his wife Michelle is holding the Bible that was used at Abraham Lincoln's inauguration; their two children, Sasha and Malia, watch their father officially become the first African-American President of the United States. Also looking on is Dianne Feinstein, Senator from the state of California. Above is the West Front of the U.S. Capitol building. This is where the swearing in ceremony took place. The Mall is the long strip of land that connects the Capitol Building with the Washington Monument. People started arriving as early as 3:00 AM. The pictures of the Mall below show how crowded it was. This guy had to be exhausted; the ground he's sleeping on is completely frozen and it was about 20° ! OK, here are a few pictures for me. The first one is of Muhammed Ali, one of my childhood heroes. He was a champion boxer. This next picture is of the author Elie Wiesel, a Holocaust survivor who wrote a book about his experiences. The book is named Night. OK, here are a few photos from the many Inaugural Balls that were held January 20, 2009. On the left, of course, are Barack and Michelle Obama. On the right is the new Vice-President Joe Biden and his wife Dr. Jill Biden. She's an educator with a keen interest in community colleges!!	i don't know
What year were the Summer Olympics held in Beijing, China?	Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics Coloring pages Drawing for Kids Crafts & Activities Free Online Games Reading & Learning Movie & Tutorial Videos Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics The Olympic Games is an international multi- sport event subdivided into summer and winter sporting events. The summer and winter games are each held every four years. Until 1992, they were both held in the same year. Since then, they have been separated by a two year gap. Beijing The 2008 Summer Olympics were held in Beijing, Peoples Republic of China, from August 8 to August 24, 2008. Beijing is a city in northern China and the capital of the People's Republic of China. Beijing is China's second largest city, after Shanghai and has also been known in English as Peking. The 2008 Summer Olympics emblem is known as "Dancing Beijing". The emblem combines a traditional Chinese red seal and a representation of the calligraphic character jīng. The Official Mascots of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games Like the Five Olympic Rings, Fuwa - literally "good-luck dolls", also known as "Friendlies" will serve as the Official Mascots of Beijing 2008 Olympic Games, carrying a message of friendship and peace to children all over the world. Fuwa embodies the natural characteristics of four of China's most popular animals - the Fish , the Panda , the Tibetan Antelope, the Swallow and the Olympic Flame. In their origins and their headpieces, you can see the five elements of nature: the sea, forest , fire, earth and sky. Each Fuwa has a rhyming two-syllable name : Beibei is the Fish, Jingjing is the Panda, Huanhuan is the Olympic Flame, Yingying is the Tibetan Antelope and Nini is the Swallow. When you put their names together “Bei Jing Huan Ying Ni”, it means "Welcome to Beijing". In China's traditional culture and art, the fish and water designs are symbols of prosperity and harvest. And so Beibei carries the blessing of prosperity. Strong in water sports, she reflects the blue Olympic ring. Jingjing makes children smile and that's why he brings the blessing of happiness wherever he goes. Jingjing was chosen to represent our desire to protect nature's gifts and to preserve the beauty of nature for all generations. Jingjing is charmingly naïve and optimistic. He is an athlete noted for strength who represents the black Olympic ring. In the intimate circle of Fuwa, Huanhuan is the big brother. He is a child of fire, symbolizing the Olympic Flame and the passion of sport. Huanhuan is outgoing and enthusiastic. He excels at all the ball games and represents the red Olympic ring. Like all antelopes, Yingying is fast and agile. Strong in track and field events, Yingying is a quick-witted and agile boy who represents the yellow Olympic ring. Every spring and summer, the children of Beijing have flown beautiful kites on the currents of wind that blow through the capital. Her golden wings symbolize the infinite sky and spread good-luck as a blessing wherever she flies. Among Fuwa, Nini is as innocent and joyful as a swallow. She is strong in gymnastics and represents the green Olympic ring. Building a better future for humanity The slogan for the 2008 Olympics is "One World, One Dream". Slogan calls upon the whole world to join in the Olympic spirit and build a better future for humanity. It was chosen from over 210,000 entries submitted from around the world. The opening ceremony of the Olympics in Beijing was held in the Beijing National Stadium, and began at 8:08:08pm on 8 August 2008. The 2008 Olympics witnessed the return of 28 sports, and held 302 events (165 men's events, 127 women's events, and 10 mixed events). Sports to be contested at these Games: • Aquatics	2008
In February of what year did an 8.8 earthquake strike Chile?	Will Beijing Get Another Olympics? \| The Diplomat Will Beijing Get Another Olympics? The Chinese capital may become the first to host both Summer and Winter Olympics, by default. By Samuel Chi for The Diplomat July 10, 2014 Beijing on Monday was among three cities named as the finalists for the 2022 Winter Games, along with Kazakhstan’s Almaty and Norwegian capital Oslo. If chosen, the Chinese capital would become the first city to ever host both the Summer and Winter Olympics. Even a year ago, Beijing’s chances of landing the 2022 bid appeared slim. South Korea’s Pyeongchang is scheduled to host the 2018 Winter Games, and Tokyo the 2020 Summer Games. It seemed inconceivable that the International Olympic Committee (IOC) would pick an East Asian site for a third straight Olympics. But then public opinion got in the way – in places that it mattered. Enjoying this article? Click here to subscribe for full access. Just $5 a month. First, Munich dropped out after a referendum to host the Games was decisively rejected by the voters . The Bavarian resort of Garmisch-Partenkirchen had hosted the 1936 Winter Games and the Bavarian capital the 1972 Summer Games. But with strong public backlash, it’s unlikely that the region will make another bid in the near future. Stockholm and Krakow, Poland were the next to withdraw their bids, in January and May this year, respectively. Public opposition doomed both candidates, the latter via a referendum. Finally, Lviv withdrew its bid on June 30 in the midst of ongoing political unrest in Ukraine. Of the three applicant cities that are left, Oslo on paper had been seen as the odds-on favorite. It’s in Western Europe, which has not hosted a Winter Olympics since Turin in 2006. Norway also has a great track record with the 1994 Lillehammer Games, generally considered as the best-run Winter Olympics ever. And, in the IOC’s preliminary Working Group Report , Oslo easily outscored the other two applicant cities in all but one category. That would be public support, just like in the other Western democracies. Polls indicated that a majority of the citizens in Oslo and its surrounding areas oppose hosting the Games , particularly given the cost now associated with staging such an event. The Sochi Olympics in February shattered all records with a $51 billion price tag, making it the most expensive sporting event ever held. Such expenses are now viewed by most as wasteful since many Olympic facilities fell into disuse immediately after the Games are over. In most democracies the public has little appetite for such massive spending projects that don’t necessarily benefit the communities that are footing the bill. So even though Oslo has made it as one of the three finalists, its bid is very much in limbo. Norway’s government is mulling whether public funds will be released for the project and a negative decision this fall will certainly torpedo Oslo’s candidacy. If Oslo is out of the mix, it’s nearly a guarantee that Beijing will land the bid to the Winter Games 14 years after hosting the Summer Games. Almaty has always been considered a long shot, given that it received a failing grade in more than half of the categories as assessed by the Working Group Report. Kazakhstan has an autocratic regime with a dubious human rights record – though both things could be said of China’s government – and it’s never hosted anything remotely close to the magnitude of the Olympics. That Beijing may land the Olympics nearly by default should alarm the IOC. While the Chinese capital city is certainly capable of putting on a show – as witnessed in 2008 – it will again do so as a massive government spending project without any say from the public. And if you thought Beijing’s air quality is an issue during the summer, try the winter when many residents burn coal to keep warm. The Winter Olympics may simply become too expensive to host for anyone other than authoritarian governments that do not require public consent to lavish money on a vanity project. And the irony is that most sports in these Games are contested – and won – only by Western nations that no longer have a desire to host them. While Beijing plans to use several existing venues built for the 2008 Summer Games, it would have to construct from scratch a cluster of facilities in Zhangjiakou, about 120 miles northwest of the capital city, plus infrastructure projects to connect all the event centers. Beijing spent an estimated $42 billion on the Games four years ago and will have to put up at least $20 billion for the Games eight years hence. Would it be worth it? Chances are, no, judging by all kinds of Olympics facilities rotting away from not even a decade ago . But if Beijing is picked by the IOC on July 31, 2015, in Kuala Lumpur, expect the Chinese government to spare no expense, just like Russia in Sochi, because it needs nobody’s permission. Topics	i don't know
Romania and which other country joined the EU on the 1st January 2007?	2 more countries (Romania and Bulgaria) joined EU;- 1st - ECONOMICS - 101 2 more countries (romania and bulgaria) joined eu;- SCHOOL View Full Document This is the end of the preview. Sign up to access the rest of the document. Unformatted text preview: 2 more countries (Romania and Bulgaria) joined EU;- 1st of January 2007. EU increased from EMU12 to EMU13 (Slovenia);- 1st of January 2008. Cyprus and Malta introduced EURO (EMU15);- 1st of January 2009. Slovakia (EMU16);- 1st of January 2011. Estonia (EMU17). ECBs operations: 1. Operational objectives (the official overnight rate) - ECB controls MFI's (Monetary Financial Institutions). Commercial banks deposit in case of extra liquidity. In times of crisis and less liquidity, they don't deposit much. 2. Instruments 3. The mechanisms of implementation and execution of monetary policy SLIDE 14: Transmission mechanism explains how interest rates influence rates of inflation. Primary objective of ECB is price stability. SLIDE 15: Eurosystem Monetary Policy Instruments Eurosystem Monetary Policy Instruments are used by ECB in order to achieve objectives. It has two primary objectives and 1 secondary objective.objectives.... FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING Professor Mehmed Jahic Ph.D. Professor Meliha Basic Ph.D. 2011/2 Lectures 05	Bulgaria
In 2009, an aeroplane crash landed in which river in New York?	Free Movement of EU nationals explained \| Immigration Matters Free Movement of EU nationals explained Free movement for workers means that every EU national has the right to work, and at the same time live, in any other EU country, according to the European Commission. This fundamental freedom laid down in Article 39 of the EC Treaty entitles you to: look for a job in another country work there without needing a work permit live there for that purpose stay there even after your employment has finished enjoy equal treatment with nationals in access to employment, working conditions and all other social and tax advantages that may help you integrate in the host country Nationals of Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovenia and Slovakia may face temporary restrictions on working in another country, but for no more than 7 years after their countries joined the EU (Bulgaria and Romania joined on 1 January 2007, all the others on 1 May 2004). A common misconception by British employers is that all members of the European Union have the same rights to work here. Wrong. Not all EU members have the right to freely work in the UK. As members of the European Union, Bulgarians and Romanians have visa-free access to the UK, however, they do not enjoy the same rights to work as the earlier A8 Eastern European EU accession countries such as Poland and Latvia. Employers overlook the fact that they cannot employ a Romanian or Bulgarian worker in the same way they can a Polish or other A8 accession country citizen. One employer told me that he thought it was alright to employ a Romanian waitress in his restaurant because she was ‘European and had a National Insurance (NI) number and tax reference’. Possession of an NI number does not mean a person has the right to work in the UK and is not a ‘statutory defence’ for an employer facing charges or a £10,000 fine for illegal employment. Many Romanians and Bulgarians register as self employed and start businesses, which is allowed, or work and study on a Yellow Card Visa. Romanian and Bulgarian Students taking vocational or sandwich courses, such as NVQ in Health and Social Care, are allowed to work full time, as stated on their Yellow Cards . Immigration Adviser Evelie Padadac said: ‘My employer clients are confused by the rules surrounding Romanian and Bulgarian workers who despite being EU members do not have the automatic right to work here, and they are risking huge fines.’ This week the Home Office has unveiled details of a proposed major overhaul to the Tier 2 working visa route scrapping many of the procedures brought in by the previous Government. Employers are advised to carry out an annual ‘health check’ or employee file audit to ensure that work permit holders and workers on student visas are still legal and avoid fines of up to £10,000 or even prison. Evelie Padadac is an OISC registered immigration adviser with Bison Management UK specializing in work and study related visas as well as a file checking audit service for employers. For a free consultation call her on 0208 905 1822. See article: The newly revised UK Border Agency website has a better look and feel and navigation seems faster, but previously published links to specific pages of the site may no longer exist. For instance, the link for European Workers is now: http://www.ukba.homeoffice.gov.uk/eucitizens/bulgaria-romania/work-permits/ The UK Border Agency and Home Office website contains a vast amount of information which can be difficult to wade your way through the guidance and Immigration Rules. The navigation section for European workers from Bulgaria and Romania also appears to have been simplified although finding specific information is still a challenge. Confusion remains over the need for Bulgarians and Romanians applying for BR1 Yellow Cards as students to take out Comprehensive Sickness Insurance cover. The BR1 Form in Section 9 states: ‘If sections 4 (Students) and 5 (Self-sufficient) have been completed: evidence of ‘ Comprehensive Sickness Insurance ’ cover in the UK and funds to show you are economically self-sufficient, e.g. a bank statement.’ In other words, the paragraph means you need comprehensive sickness insurance only if you are applying under both ‘student’ and ‘self sufficient’ sections. Nevertheless, student applicants are being asked to take out private medical insurance policies and are being refused if they fail to supply the correct cover. What is the correct insurance cover? One insurance company manager told Immigration Matters that he has been trying to get clarification on the exact requirements from the UK Border Agency for several weeks. Active Quote offers an easy to use online quotation and application system, but also has telephone support from advisers who are on hand to answer questions. To obtain a quotation for Comprehensive Sickness Insurance visit the Active Quote website . See article: http://www.ukba.homeoffice.gov.uk/eucitizens/bulgaria-romania/work-permits/ The UK Border Agency and Home Office website contains a vast amount of information which can be difficult to wade your way through the guidance and Immigration Rules. The navigation section for European workers from Bulgaria and Romania also appears to have been simplified although finding specific information is still a challenge. Confusion remains over the need for Bulgarians and Romanians applying for BR1 Yellow Cards as students to take out Comprehensive Sickness Insurance cover. The BR1 Form in Section 9 states: ‘If sections 4 (Students) and 5 (Self-sufficient) have been completed: evidence of ‘ Comprehensive Sickness Insurance ’ cover in the UK and funds to show you are economically self-sufficient, e.g. a bank statement.’ In other words, the paragraph means you need comprehensive sickness insurance only if you are applying under both ‘student’ and ‘self sufficient’ sections. Nevertheless, student applicants are being asked to take out private medical insurance policies and are being refused if they fail to supply the correct cover. What is the correct insurance cover? One insurance company manager told Immigration Matters that he has been trying to get clarification on the exact requirements from the UK Border Agency for several weeks. Active Quote offers an easy to use online quotation and application system, but also has telephone support from advisers who are on hand to answer questions. To obtain a quotation for Comprehensive Sickness Insurance visit the Active Quote website . See also:	i don't know
What year did Dennis Tito become the first space tourist, paying $19 million to board the International Space Station?	First Space Tourist: How a U.S. Millionaire Bought a Ticket to Orbit First Space Tourist: How a U.S. Millionaire Bought a Ticket to Orbit By Mike Wall, Space.com Senior Writer \| April 27, 2011 06:00am ET MORE American businessman Dennis Tito, the world’s first orbital space tourist, is seen training for his historic 2001 flight to the International Space Station. Tito launched in April 2001 aboard a Russian Soyuz spacecraft thanks to a $20 million deal brokered by the Virginia-based firm Space Adventures. Credit: Space Adventures This story is part of a SPACE.com series to mark a decade of space tourism. Coming tomorrow: The future of space tourism and its impact on space science. If the era of commercial spaceflight has a birthday, it's April 28, 2001. On that date, American businessman Dennis Tito became history's first space tourist , paying his own way to the International Space Station aboard a Russian Soyuz spacecraft. Forty years to the month after Yuri Gagarin became the first person in space, Tito showed that there was money to be made in human spaceflight -- potentially lots of money, as he plunked down a reported $20 million for his flight. Now, 10 years later, the industry looks set to heat up, with multiple firms jockeying for position in a commercial space race that is arguably already under way. "The private spaceflight industry did start with Dennis' flight," said Tom Shelley, president of Space Adventures, the Virginia-based company that brokered Tito's eight-day mission with Russia's Federal Space Agency and has sent a total of seven people on eight orbital flights since 2001. "That was the first real milestone and demonstrated to a lot of people that there was a market for private citizens to go to space." [ Photos: The World's First Space Tourists ] A lifelong dream, nearly deferred Tito made his millions in the world of finance. But he was once an engineer at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and has been a space enthusiast since he was a teenager. "My dream was to fly in space before I die," Tito said. "And I basically came up with that lifelong goal around the time of Yuri Gagarin's flight ." In early 2000, Tito started working toward making his dream a reality. He would turn 60 later that year, and he felt like his chances of getting into space were rapidly running out. The oldest rookie spaceflyer at the time, after all, was NASA astronaut Deke Slayton, who first made it to orbit in 1975 at the age of 51. "So I was gettting over the hill, I thought," Tito told SPACE.com. "So I said, 'It's now or never.'" In June 2000, Tito signed a deal with a company called MirCorp to ride a Soyuz to Russia's Mir space station. However, those plans fell through in December of that year, when Russia announced that it planned to deorbit the aging station. (Mir burned up in Earth's atmosphere in March 2001.) Undeterred, Tito soon made other arrangements. He signed on with Space Adventures, which brokered an April 2001 flight to the International Space Station , again on a Soyuz. The station was a relatively new project at the time, having just begun assembly operations in November 1998. NASA makes it tough The Russians agreed to take Tito's money and offer him a seat on a Soyuz. But the other station partners -- notably NASA and space agencies from Canada, Europe and Japan -- were not so thrilled. They informed Russia that they "recommended against" Tito's mission. NASA officials said at the time that they didn't object in principle to the presence of a paying customer aboard the orbiting lab. They just didn't think Tito's training would be sufficient by April, which they said was a time of complex and crucial station operations. "During this period, the presence of a nonprofessional crewmember who is untrained on all critical station systems, is unable to respond and assist in any contingency situation which may arise, and who would require constant supervision, would add a significant burden to the Expedition and detract from the overall safety of the International Space Station," reads a NASA press release from March 19, 2001. Tito thinks his age may also have been a factor. "If you're older, heart attacks happen, strokes happen, whatever," he said. "And what are they going to do, transport a corpse back to Earth? That would be very embarrassing for them, and traumatic." So NASA did what it could to keep Tito from getting off the ground in April, according to Tito and Space Adventures officials. "They put up everything that they could throw in the way to make it not happen," Shelley told SPACE.com. Eight months at Star City Meanwhile, Tito carried on. He continued his training at the Star City complex outside Moscow, where cosmonauts have prepped for flight since Gagarin's day. Tito spent the better part of a year there, toiling in a sort of limbo. "It wasn't easy," Tito said. "I had to hang out in Russia for eight months without really knowing whether I was going to fly or not." Eventually, Tito's perseverance paid off. Over NASA's objections, he launched on April 28, 2001, becoming the 415th person ever to reach space. But Tito said all the drama and difficulties are water under the bridge, especially since the agency has been so supportive of the six other space tourists who have since flown to the orbiting lab -- and so supportive of private spaceflight in general over the past decade. [ 10 Years of Space Tourism ] "Their support is stronger than I would've ever dreamed or hoped for," Tito said. "So my bottom line is, I have nothing but good things to say about NASA." Fulfilling the dream Tito made it to orbit, spent about six days aboard the space station, and then landed in Kazakhstan on May 6, 2001. His mission has had a lasting impact, inspiring a range of private spaceflight investment and activity, according to Shelley. "I think [Virgin Galactic's] Richard Branson and [Blue Origin's] Jeff Bezos, and even Elon [Musk of SpaceX] -- they really wouldn't be in this industry if it wasn't for what Dennis originally did," Shelley said. Tito's flight, he added, demonstrated "that this was a feasible activity for private citizens to step up and pay the money." For his part, Tito said he is happy to have been a part of the birth of this industry, though he shifts praise onto spaceflight entrepreneurs and the orbital tourists who came after him. And for him, of course, the trip will always resonate on a much more personal level. "To me, it was a 40-year dream," Tito said. "The thing I have taken away from it is a sense of completeness for my life -- that everything else I would do in my life would be a bonus." You can follow SPACE.com senior writer Mike Wall on Twitter: @michaeldwall . Follow SPACE.com for the latest in space science and exploration news on Twitter @Spacedotcom and on Facebook . Editor's Recommendations	two thousand and one
To which country do the 'Faero Islands' belong?	HobbySpace - Space Tourism HobbySpace . In April of 2001, Dennis Tito became the first traveler to pay for a trip to space with money out of his own pocket. He decided to do it and then just did it. That's what tourism is all about. Since then six other "personal spaceflight participants" have traveled to the ISS. The trips were arranged by the company Space Adventures . Market Studies by NASA and many other organizations have shown that there are sizable markets for space tourism, both suborbital and orbital, and that the markets will grow rapidly as the cost of sending a person into space drops from current levels. Adventure tourism, such as trips to Antarctica or Mount Everest, has long been a profitable business. This can involve packages with prices as high as $100k range and even higher. Though you commonly hear talk of "space joyrides for the rich", the development of space tourism will follow the normal course of development seen for most all consumer technologies and services. Tourism itself began as something only done by the very rich. Passenger flights on airlines were initially very expensive. VCRs, DVDs, PCs, etc. all started out as very expensive "toys". Eventually competition and economies of scale (i.e. mass production) take over and prices drop to the level the middle class can handle Experience microgravity on a commercial parabolic flight. Before orbital rides are widely available, suborbital flights will be the most common way to ride into space. There are several companies currently planning suborbital space vehicles for tourism and other applications. The typical plan is to got to around 100km where one can see the horizon out to 1000km or so and clearly see the curvature of the earth and the starry blackness of space. In October of 2004, Burt Rutan's SpaceShipOne won the X PRIZE and thereby started a new race to develop the first vehicle that will provide suborbital space rides to paying customers. Suborbital generally refers to an up-and-down ( i.e. mostly vertical) flight that reaches an altitude of around 100km or more but does not go into orbit around the earth. The billionaire Richard Branson in September 2004 announced a contract with Burt Rutan that gave him funding to design and build a passenger vehicle referred to as SpaceShipTwo (SS2). The goal for the SS2 was to fly safely and routinely above 100km for a cost of $250k per seat. The SS2 carries 6 passengers and 2 pilots. The initial goal of Virgin Galactic was to begin commercial flights well before 2010. However, development problems, particularly with the propulsion system, led to many postponements. Commercial flights were finally expected to start in 2015 but an accident in Oct. 2014 destroyed the SpaceShipTwo and killed the copilot. The accident was caused by a combination of pilot error and a poor design of the controls of the return system. Richard Branson, with the support from the 700+ people who have put deposits down for flights, decided to continue with the program. The newly built SpaceShipTwo Unity vehicle was rolled out in January 2016. It is to begin unpowered test flghts in 2016 and powered flights in 2017. If all goes well, commercial flights would start in 2018. Meanwhile, Blue Origin , the company founded by Jeff Bezos of Amazon.com fame, has continued step-by-step development of vertical takeoff and landing reusable rockets. As of July 2016, the New Shepard rocket vehicle has flown four times to over 100 km. The vehicle is a combination of a booster and crew capsule. After the engine shuts down, the New Shepard capsule separates and a crew of up to 6 people will experience about 4 minutes of weightlessness as the capsule passes over the apogee of the flight. It will then enter the atmosphere and land by parachute. Meanwhile, the booster does a powered vertical landing. The first crewed flights are set for 2017. If all goes well with the test program, commercial flights with passengers will start in 2018. The ticket prices are expected to be initially in the $250k range. You can also train for spaceflight by experiencing microgravity in Russian plane flying parabolic trajectories. The company ZERO-G also offering such rides in the US for $5000 per person. The first 20 flights were already sold out before they began regular service. ZERO-G offers flights out of Las Vegas, Kennedy Space Center and other locales. If you can't pay for an orbital trip, perhaps you can win a ride . There are usually several contests going on at any particular time that offer the opportunity for the winner to go into space. A commercial space habitat prototype built by Bigelow Aerospace . When orbital flights become lower in price, there are companies designing space hotels where you can enjoy microgravity sports and astonishing views of earth. The company Bigelow Aerospace has launched two prototypes of its inflatable space habitat. Another module called BEAM was attached to the International Space Station in 2016. The company currently hopes to launch a BA-330 module (330 cubic meters volume) to the ISS in the 2020 and later in the 2020s create a free-flyer station comprized of two or more BA-330s. SpaceX and Boeing would provide commercial transport to the station. See Opportunities and Pricing - Bigelow Aerospace (Spring 2013) . See this slide presentation by Sam Coniglio at the Space Tourism Society for a nice overview of the possibilities for future space tourism. If you would like to travel in space in spirit only, then send a token of yourself , e.g. your name or DNA sample, on a space probe. The company Space Adventures and other companies offer rides on high performance jets such as the MIG-25, which can go to 25km in altitude. See also the section on Astronomy Tourism that involves trips to see eclipses, Aurora and other astronomical phenomena. Books on Space Tourism: Here are a couple of his current projects: Golf Sponsorships - hold hole-in-one tournaments in which the winner gets to ride on a Zero-G aircraft There are insurance companies that sell so-called "hole-in-one policies" that pay off if someone hits a hole-in-one at such a tournament. The companies know the odds for hitting hole-in-ones so they calculate the premiums such that over many such tournaments they come out ahead. The purse for the X Prize, in fact, was funded via a "hole-in-one" policy in which the insurance company essentially bet against any team winning the competition before the deadline. eSpaceTickets.com now offers a package of resources that make it easy for an organizations to hold such tournaments with a space prize theme. Space Tour's Long Distance Services Tour2Space offers this space tourism sweepstakes ("no purchase necessary"). Purchase of products from their affiliate advertisers allows you to enter the contest. Trans Lunar Orbital Vacation Raffle - Trans Lunar Research is a non-profit organisation aiming to "set up the first manned Lunar Station on the surface of the Moon." They hope to bootstrap their efforts with a raffle that will fund their work. Dole's Win a Trip to Outer Space Contest - This contest was won by a retired man who decided to take $50k in cash instead of waiting for the trip to space. This contest offered the winner a $98,000 trip on Space Adventure's space cruiser (formerly the Zegrahm Space Voyage program) that would fly a suborbital flight sometime in this decade). Edge of Space Sweepstakes Contest to fly on a MIG 25 sponsored by the travel agency Travelers Advantage and Space Adventures Producer Mark Burnett to Develop TV Show: Destination Mir - Space.com - Aug.10.00 Space Commander / Brainpool / Space tv The German Brainpool AG group announced this contest that would send a winner each year to the International Space Station. They reportedly wanted to reserve 7 slots on Russian Soyuz rockets; one for each year of the program. However, the web page no longer responds and nothing turns up in a search at Brainpool so probably the project has either died or returned to a longer term development stage. Space tv lets candidates fly to the universe - Spaceref - Dec.12.00 Ancient Astronaut / Sky Games - Image World Media MirCorp signed a deal in 2001 with Image World Media to reserve a seat on each of two Soyuz flights in 2003. The Asia based company wanted to use the seats to fly the winners of survivor games shows to the ISS. MirCorp To Launch Game Show Winners Into Space in 2003 - Space.com - Nov.21.01 TV 2 - Den store mission (The Big Mission) - a Danish TV contest that was to award contestants the opportunity to ride on a sub-orbital flight when they become available. Otherwise, they could take a monetary prize. Don't know if any prizes were ever awarded. Here is an interesting interview with a former Shuttle astronaut who competed in a non-space reality show: Interview: Astronaut 'Survivor' Dan Barry - collectSPACE - Mar.13.06 .	i don't know
Which is the percussion instrument named from two Greek words meaning wood and sound?	Music Trivia & Quiz Games : Musical Instruments I - Info Page Music Trivia & Quiz Games : Musical Instruments I Just what you need to know! eview DESCRIPTION accordion Accordion is a musical instrument, invented in Berlin in 1822, in which wind is supplied to free reeds by bellows. bagpipe Bagpipe is a musical wind instrument peculiar to Scotland where air stored in a bag is pressed out through pipes. banjo Banjo is a stringed musical instrument with a neck and head like a guitar and a circular body like a tambourine. Banjos were very popular with early Americans. bassoon Bassoon is double-reed woodwind instrument with a deep tone. It is a prominent musical instrument in modern orchestra with the double one sounding an octave below the ordinary one. cello Cello is a large bass instrument of the violin family. Spanish-born Pablo Casals was one of the most prominent 20th-century performers of the cello. clarinet Clarinet is a woodwind instrument with a single reed that sounds similar to a violin. The B-flat soprano is its most common size. cornet Cornet is a brass musical instrument like a small trumpet. It is closely related to the bugle and flugelhorn. It is used in marching and military bands. cymbal Cymbal is a brass plate clashed against another or with a stick to act as a percussion musical instrument. drum Drum is a percussion musical instrument played with sticks or fingers. The single-headed mid-eastern darabuka and the double-headed Japanese tsuzumi are types of drums. flute Flute is a musical wind instrument consisting of a pipe with finger-holes along it and a blow-hole for the mouth at the end. Lord Krishna, the Indian God, is depicted playing it. harp Harp is a musical instrument played by plucking strings with fingers. The strings are stretched over a slightly curved triangular board. hurdy-gurdy Hurdy-gurdy is a musical instrument with strings played by turning a handle and seen on European streets. lyre Lyre is an obsolete musical instrument with strings in a U-shaped frame. Its name is also given to an Australian bird whose tail has the same shape. The kinnor of the ancient Hebrews, the instrument of King David, was a type of lyre. oboe Oboe is a woodwind instrument of treble pitch with a double reed that has a deep, rich tone. piano, pianoforte Piano (or formally Pianoforte) is a large musical instrument with metal strings struck by hammers operated by a keyboard. It was played by jazz great Jelly Roll Morton. It was also played by Chico in the Marx Brothers movies. sitar Sitar is a stringed Indian instrument popularized by Ravi Shankar. tambourine Tambourine is a percussion musical instrument made of a hoop with parchment stretched on one side and small metal discs set in slots. triangle Triangle is a musical instrument consisting of a steel rod bent into a triangle. The Hungarian composer Franz Liszt had a solo of this percussion instrument in his 'Triangle Concerto' in 1849. trombone Trombone is a large, powerful wind instrument of the trumpet family made of brass and having a sliding tube. ukulele Ukulele (Hawaiian name meaning flea) is a small four-stringed guitar-like musical instrument that originated in the late 19th century. violin Violin is a musical instrument with four strings of treble pitch and played with a bow. Vivaldi, the composer of 'The Four Seasons', was a virtuoso of the violin. xylophone Xylophone is a percussion musical instrument with flat wooden bars struck with small hammers. The word 'xylophone' is derived from two Greek words meaning 'wood' and 'sound'.	Xylophone
Gout is caused by a build-up of which acid around the joints?	Urban Dictionary: percussion percussion A percussion instrument is any object which produces a sound by being struck with an implement, shaken, rubbed, scraped, or by any other action which sets the object into vibration. The term usually applies to an object used in a rhythmic context and/or with musical intent. The word, "percussion", has evolved from Latin terms: "percussio" (which translates as "to beat, strike" in the musical sense, rather than the violent action), and "percussus" (which is a noun meaning "a beating"). As a noun in contemporary English it is described at Wiktionary as "the collision of two bodies to produce a sound". The usage of the term is not unique to music but has application in medicine and weaponry, as in percussion cap, but all known and common uses of the word, "percussion", appear to share a similar lineage beginning with the original Latin: "percussus". In a musical context then, the term "percussion instruments" may have been coined originally to describe a family of instruments including drums, rattles, metal plates, or wooden blocks which musicians would beat or strike (as in a collision) to produce sound. percussion: spokes on a bicycle wheel brooms A family of instruments that either use their hands, or something else to play. There are four types of Percussion instruments: Mallets: Usually the well known Xylophone, Marimba, Vibraphone, Glockenspiel/Bells. The Chimes/Tubular Bells could also be in this category. Drums: Snare Drum, Base Drum, Toms, Bongos, Congas, Gongs, Drum Kit, Brake Drum, and many more that I don't know. Auxiliary: Triangle, Shaker, Maracas, Slap Stick, Temple Blocks, Wood Blocks, Claves, Vibraslap, Crash Cymbals, Suspended Cymbal, Chains, Sleigh Bells, and many, many more. Then there is the Timpani, which is in it's own category. Despite what other people say about us, we are just as important as other instruments. We can read notes, both Treble and Base Clef. For Marimba, we can read both at the same time in a Grand Staff. Percussion is the unique section that keeps the beat most of the time. If we were the bad people who ignore and annoy the conductor, I don't think we'd exist. Some conductors are Percussionist themselves. We do not always share the same instruments. We do not just randomly hit stuff. Timpani is the only instrument we have to worry about pitch. Our Instruments have a certain spot where we have to hit. We call this the sweet spot. We all have a job in the concert. Percussion. Woodwinds. Brass. We are all special	i don't know
Marie Antoinette was born in which country?	10 Things You May Not Know About Marie Antoinette - History in the Headlines 10 Things You May Not Know About Marie Antoinette October 16, 2013 By Christopher Klein Share this: 10 Things You May Not Know About Marie Antoinette Author 10 Things You May Not Know About Marie Antoinette URL Google On the morning of October 16, 1793, Henri Sanson entered the prison cell housing Marie Antoinette, the 37-year-old former queen of France who only hours before had been convicted of treason and sentenced to death. The red-hooded executioner sheared Marie Antoinette’s beloved locks to allow for a quick, clean cut of his guillotine blade. Moments after cutting her hair, Sanson cut off her head as a joyous crowd cheered, “Vive la nation!” More than 220 years after her execution, learn 10 surprising facts about Marie Antoinette. 1. Marie Antoinette was born an Austrian princess. Born in Vienna, Austria, in 1755, Archduchess Marie Antoinette was the 15th and last child of Holy Roman Emperor Francis I and the powerful Habsburg Empress Maria Theresa. 2. She was only 14 years old when she married the future Louis XVI. To seal the newfound alliance between longtime enemies Austria and France that had been forged by the Seven Years’ War, the Austrian monarchs offered the hand of their youngest daughter to the heir apparent to the French throne, Dauphin Louis-Auguste. On May 7, 1770, the 14-year-old royal bride was delivered to the French on an island in the middle of the Rhine River, and a grand procession escorted the archduchess to the Palace of Versailles. The day after Marie Antoinette met the 15-year-old future king of France, the two were wed in a lavish palace ceremony. 3. It took seven years for the future king and queen to consummate their marriage. Politics literally made strange bedfellows in the case of Marie Antoinette and Louis-Auguste. Just hours after they first met, the young teenagers were escorted to the bridal chamber on their wedding night by the groom’s grandfather, King Louis XV. After the king blessed their bed, gave both a kiss and left the room to allow them to start work on producing a royal heir, nothing happened between the two relative strangers that night. Apparently, nothing happened for the next seven years either. The dauphin suffered from a painful medical condition that rendered him impotent, and the palace gossip soon circulated around Europe. Finally in 1777, Maria Theresa dispatched one of her sons, Emperor Joseph II, to Versailles to intervene, and the problem was rectified either because the now King Louis XVI underwent surgery to correct the problem or because, in the words of the emperor, the couple had been “two complete blunderers.” Within a year, Marie Antoinette bore the first of the couple’s four children. 4. Marie Antoinette was a teen idol. Unlike during her years as queen, Marie Antoinette captivated the French public in her early years in the country. When the teenager made her initial appearance in the French capital, a crowd of 50,000 Parisians grew so uncontrollable that at least 30 people were trampled to death in the crush. 5. Her towering bouffant hairdo once sported a battleship replica. As Will Bashor details in his new book, “Marie Antoinette’s Head,” royal hairdresser Léonard Autié became one of the queen’s closest confidants as he concocted her gravity-defying hairdos, which rose nearly four feet high. Autié accessorized the queen’s fantastical poufs with feathers, trinkets and on one occasion even an enormous model of the French warship La Belle Poule to commemorate its sinking of a British frigate. 6. A fairy-tale village was built for her at Versailles. While peasants starved in villages throughout France, Marie Antoinette commissioned the construction of the Petit Hameau, a utopian hamlet with lakes, gardens, cottages, watermills and a farmhouse on the palace grounds. The queen and her ladies-in-waiting dressed up as peasants and pretended to be milkmaids and shepherdesses in their picturesque rural retreat. Marie Antoinette’s elaborate spending on frivolities such as the Petit Hameau infuriated revolutionaries and earned her the moniker “Madame Deficit.” 7. Marie Antoinette never said “Let them eat cake.” When told that starving French peasants lacked any bread to eat, the queen is alleged to have callously declared, “Let them eat cake!” There is no evidence, however, that Marie Antoinette ever uttered that famous quip. The phrase used to encapsulate the out-of-touch and indifferent royals first appeared years before Marie Antoinette ever arrived in France in philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s description of Marie-Therese, the Spanish princess who married King Louis XIV in 1660. The remark was also ascribed to two aunts of Louis XVI before it was apocryphally tied to Marie Antoinette. 8. The trumped-up charges against Marie Antoinette included incest. Nine months after the execution of the former King Louis XVI, a Revolutionary Tribunal tried the former queen on trumped-up crimes against the French republic that included high treason, sexual promiscuity and incestuous relations with her son Louis-Charles, who was forced to testify that his mother had molested him. After a two-day show trial, an all-male jury found the former queen guilty on all charges and unanimously condemned her to death. 9. She was buried in an unmarked grave and then exhumed. Following the execution of Marie Antoinette, her body was placed in a coffin and dumped into a common grave behind the Church of the Madeline. In 1815, after the Bourbon Restoration returned King Louis XVIII to the throne following the exile of Napoleon, he ordered the bodies of his older brother, Louis XVI, and Marie Antoinette exhumed and given a proper burial alongside other French royals inside the Basilica Cathedral of Saint-Denis. 10. A U.S. city is named in honor of Marie Antoinette. When a group of American Revolution veterans founded the first permanent settlement of the Northwest Territory in 1788 at the confluence of the Muskingum and Ohio Rivers, they wanted to honor France, which had been instrumental in assisting the patriots against the British. They named their new community—Marietta, Ohio—after the French queen and even sent her a letter offering the monarch a “public square” in the town. Tags	Austria
In what year did Sir Francis Drake die?	Marie-Antoinette - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com Google Marie Antoinette: Early Life Marie Antoinette, the 15th child of Holy Roman Emperor Francis I and the powerful Habsburg empress Maria Theresa, was born in Vienna, Austria, in 1755–an age of great instability for European monarchies. In 1766, as a way to cement the relatively new alliance between the French and Habsburg thrones, Maria Theresa promised her young daughter’s hand in marriage to the future king Louis XVI of France. Four years later, Marie Antoinette and the dauphin were married by proxy in Vienna. (They were 15 and 16 years old, and they had never met.) On May 16, 1770, a lavish second wedding ceremony took place in the royal chapel at Versailles. More than 5,000 guests watched as the two teenagers were married. It was the beginning of Marie Antoinette’s life in the public eye. Did You Know? There is no evidence that Marie Antoinette ever said that starving peasants should “eat cake” if they had no bread. In fact, the story of a fatuous noblewoman who said “Let them eat cake!” appears in the philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s Confessions, which was written around 1766 (when Marie Antoinette was just 11 years old). Marie Antoinette: Life at Versailles Life as a public figure was not easy for Marie Antoinette. Her marriage was difficult and, as she had very few official duties, she spent most of her time socializing and indulging her extravagant tastes. (For example, she had a model farm built on the palace grounds so that she and her ladies-in-waiting could dress in elaborate costumes and pretend to be milkmaids and shepherdesses.) Widely circulated newspapers and inexpensive pamphlets poked fun at the queen’s profligate behavior and spread outlandish, even pornographic rumors about her. Before long, it had become fashionable to blame Marie Antoinette for all of France’s problems. Marie Antoinette: The French Revolution In fact, the nation’s difficulties were not the young queen’s fault. Eighteenth-century colonial wars–particularly the American Revolution , in which the French had intervened on behalf of the colonists–had created a tremendous debt for the French state. The people who owned most of the property in France, such as the Catholic Church (the “First Estate”) and the nobility (the “Second Estate”), generally did not have to pay taxes on their wealth; ordinary people, on the other hand, felt squeezed by high taxes and resentful of the royal family’s conspicuous spending. Louis XVI and his advisers tried to impose a more representative system of taxation, but the nobility resisted. (The popular press blamed Marie Antoinette for this–she was known as “Madame Veto,” among other things–though she was far from the only wealthy person in France to defend the privileges of the aristocracy.) In 1789, representatives from all three estates (the clergy, the nobility and the common people) met at Versailles to come up with a plan for the reform of the French state, but noblemen and clergymen were still reluctant to give up their prerogatives. The “Third Estate” delegates, inspired by Enlightenment ideas about personal liberty and civic equality, formed a “National Assembly” that placed government in the hands of French citizens for the first time. At the same time, conditions worsened for ordinary French people, and many became convinced that the monarchy and the nobility were conspiring against them. Marie Antoinette continued to be a convenient target for their rage. Cartoonists and pamphleteers depicted her as an “Austrian whore” doing everything she could to undermine the French nation. In October 1789, a mob of Parisian women protesting the high cost of bread and other goods marched to Versailles, dragged the entire royal family back to the city, and imprisoned them in the Tuileries. In June 1791, Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette fled Paris and headed for the Austrian border–where, rumor had it, the queen’s brother, the Holy Roman Emperor, waited with troops ready to invade France, overthrow the revolutionary government and restore the power of the monarchy and the nobility. This incident, it seemed to many, was proof that the queen was not just a foreigner: She was a traitor. Marie Antoinette: The Terror The royal family was returned to Paris and Louis XVI was restored to the throne. However, many revolutionaries began to argue that the most insidious enemies of the state were not the nobles but the monarchs themselves. In April 1792, partly as a way to test the loyalties of the king and queen, the Jacobin (radical revolutionary) government declared war on Austria. The French army was in a shambles and the war did not go well—a turn of events that many blamed on the foreign-born queen. In August, another mob stormed the Tuileries, overthrew the monarchy and locked the family in a tower. In September, revolutionaries began to massacre royalist prisoners by the thousands. One of Marie Antoinette’s best friends, the Princesse de Lamballe, was dismembered in the street, and revolutionaries paraded her head and body parts through Paris. In December, Louis XVI was put on trial for treason; in January, he was executed. The campaign against Marie Antoinette likewise grew stronger. In July 1793, she lost custody of her young son, who was forced to accuse her of sexual abuse and incest before a Revolutionary tribunal. In October, she was convicted of treason and sent to the guillotine. She was 37 years old. Marie Antoinette: Legacy The story of revolution and resistance in 18th-century France is a complicated one, and no two historians tell the story the same way. However, it is clear that for the revolutionaries, Marie Antoinette’s significance was mainly, powerfully symbolic. She and the people around her seemed to represent everything that was wrong with the monarchy and the Second Estate: They appeared to be tone-deaf, out of touch, disloyal (along with her allegedly treasonous behavior, writers and pamphleteers frequently accused the queen of adultery) and self-interested. What Marie Antoinette was actually like was beside the point; the image of the queen was far more influential than the woman herself. Tags	i don't know
Which team in 1974 became the first German side to win football's European Cup?	The great European Cup teams: Bayern Munich 1974-76 \| Raphael Honigstein \| Football \| The Guardian The great European Cup teams The great European Cup teams: Bayern Munich 1974-76 Müller, Beckenbauer and co swept all before them in Europe for three seasons but their style never earned them universal love Franz Beckenbauer lifts the 1974 European Cup after Bayern Munich's 4-0 victory over Atlético Madrid. Photograph: PA Thursday 23 May 2013 05.05 EDT First published on Thursday 23 May 2013 05.05 EDT Share on Messenger Close Paul Breitner, the best afro-sporting, pipe-smoking Maoist left-back of all time, still remembers what he thought the instant Hans-Georg "Katsche" Schwarzenbeck took the shot that would become the most important goal in the history of the club; perhaps of any club, even. "Please don't shoot". It was 15 May 1974, and Bayern Munich were trailing 1-0 to Atlético Madrid in extra-time in Brussels. Luis Aragonés, later Spain's Euro 2008-winning coach, had given the Spaniards the lead with a direct free-kick (114.), the Germans were running out of time. They didn't create any meaningful chances. Twenty seconds from the final whistle, the centre-back Schwarzenbeck (dubbed "the Kaiser's cleaner" by the German media) found himself with the ball and no better idea than to try his luck from 25 metres. Gerd Müller was about to wave his arm, demanding a cross, when the low shot hit the back of the net. Legend has it that Atlético's keeper Miguel Reina, the father of Pepe Reina, was talking to a photographer behind the goal who had asked for his kit that very second. Video evidence is inconclusive. Reina senior has always denied the story. Schwarzenbeck's goal forced a replay. Two days later, two superbly crafted goals from Müller and Uli Hoeness each destroyed Madrid 4-0. "We partied all night long," said Franz "Bulle" Roth, the powerful midfielder who would score decisive goals in the next two European Cup finals. "The next day, we had to play in Gladbach. We arrived fairly drunk and lost 5-0. Luckily, we were already champions and the game did not matter." The first ever European Cup win by a Bundesliga team delineated the beginning of Bayern's rise to super-power status but in terms of footballing prowess, the side were ironically a little past their best already. West Germany's golden spine of Sepp Maier, the agile and almost indestructible keeper, the peerless sweeper Franz Beckenbauer and goal-machine Gerd Müller – 1,248 goals in 998 games for Bayern (according to the club's cheerleading museum, but still) – had been playing together for a decade under various coaches with differing tactical ideas. A mixture of accident (the young Beckenbauer was slapped by an 1860 Munich player and decided to go to Bayern instead) and clever scouting (Bayern signed up Müller just ahead of their local rivals) had brought these extraordinarily talented group of players together. Hard work and perseverance did the rest. In 1968-69 Bayern, the slightly less working-class club in the city, famously won their first Bundesliga title with only 13 different players on the pitch over the course of the season. "There was no particular secret to our success," Roth said, "playing with an unchanged side for five, six years meant that we had an instinctive understanding. It really helped that we were all from Munich or the nearby regions and we shared the same mentality and love for the club. And we had the three best players in the world in their respective positions." Six members of Udo Lattek's squad – Maier, the tough-tackling Schwarzenbeck, Breitner, Beckenbauer, Müller and the pacy, powerful wide forward Hoeness – went on to win the European championship in 1972 (3-0 v USSR). That year also saw the champions Bayern at their most convincing and thrilling in the league. Müller, described as "a man of small goals" by the Germany coach Helmut Schön, scored 40 times, a league record that is still unsurpassed. "He is almost solely responsible for everything that we have become," Beckenbauer said about the striker's contribution. Bayern's points tally that year (79 when converted under the three points rule) was only broken by Borussia Dortmund last season. Bayern were thrashed 4-0 by Ajax in a European Cup quarter-final in 1973. Maier was so upset with his own performance that he dumped his kit and boots into a little pond outside his hotel window. The Reds wouldn't be denied the following season. Neither they nor West Germany, World Cup winners in 1974, could ever find the fluidity of 1972 again, however, when they had utilised elements of Ajax's "total football" approach to confuse man-marking opponents. Bayern, hungover after all that success, only finished 10th in the league in 1975 without Breitner. He had all but forgotten about his Maoist tendencies to sign for Real Madrid in the summer. Lattek had also departed, involuntarily. Dettmar Cramer, known as "Professor Football" for his meticulous preparation – "he knew the shoe size of every opponent and had film footage of other teams," recalled Roth – turned them into a counter-attacking side. Bayern held out to win a second European Cup in controversial fashion in the final against Leeds United in Paris, then lifted themselves just enough for one last successful European campaign the year later. "We were inconsistent in the league, tired by an endless numbers of friendlies that president (Wilhelm) Neudecker had us playing to cash in on our popularity," said Roth. His solitary goal against Saint-Etienne in the final – Bayern were outplayed by the French team for most of the match – meant that the European Cup would forever remain in Munich. The triumph in Glasgow was tinged with sadness, however, as everyone knew that this team had run its course. There was hardly a party in the hotel. Neudecker even warned the players about the dangers of "winning too much," which left them thoroughly demoralised. Almost no one showed up to welcome the team back in Munich. Roth: "Everyone just went home, everyone went their separate ways." The team broke up, secure in the knowledge that they had achieved a historical feat but less sure about their exact place in the pantheon of greats. "We were never seen as on the same level as Ajax or Madrid because we didn't win those Cups playing beautiful football," Hoeness said last year, with a just a hint of regret. Topics Arjen Robben's 89th-minute goal gave Bayern Munich a dramatic 2-1 victory over Borussia Dortmund in the Champions League final Published: 25 May 2013 Bayern coach said his side accomplished something special at Wembley but denied being forced out to make way for Pep Guardiola Published: 25 May 2013 Arjen Robben was Bayern Munich's match-winner with an assist and a goal, while Borussia Dortmund's impressive Marco Reus was unlucky to end on the losing side Published: 25 May 2013 Jürgen Klopp admitted Borussia Dortmund's tough season caught up with them in the Champions League final Published: 25 May 2013	FC Bayern Munich
Which African country has the capital of Gaborone?	UEFA Europa League winners list \| Football Bible UEFA Europa League winners list Published on Nov 04, 2014 The UEFA Europa League, formerly the UEFA Cup, has seen 27 different football clubs win the title. The most successful clubs in this competition are Juventus, Internazionale, Liverpool and Sevilla with three titles each. The Inter-Cities Fairs Cup is recognized as the forerunner of the UEFA Cup but not an official competition under UEFA. Here is the UEFA Europa League winners list: Juventus (ITALY) Years Won: 1977, 1990, 1993 Juventus of Italy played Athletic Bilbao of Spain in the 1977 final tie. Juventus won their first European title through away goals after the two teams equaled 2-2 on aggregate. The team managed this achievement without any foreign player in their starting squad. Juventus then defeated Italian counterparts, Fiorentina, 3-1 on aggregate in 1990. Another 6-1 comfortable triumph on aggregate over Borussia Dortmund of Germany in 1993 put Juventus on a record three titles. Internazionale (ITALY) Years Won: 1991, 1994, 1998 Internazionale faced fellow Italian club Roma in 1991, whom they beat 2-1 on aggregate. In 1994, Internazionale outscored Austria Salzburg of Austria 2-0 to win the second title. Dennis Bergkamp, Internazionale, was a top scorer in the competition with eight goals. Internazionale was in for another all-Italian final tie in 1998 when they faced Lazio. The final was the first single-leg tie held at a neutral ground. Inter won 3-0 to be the second team to win three titles after Juventus. Liverpool (ENGLAND) Years Won: 1973, 1976, 2001 Liverpool played Borussia Monchengladbach of West Germany in the 1973 final. Liverpool won the first leg played at Anfield 3-0 and went on to maintain a 3-2 aggregate after the second leg. Liverpool played their next UEFA Cup final in 1976, this time against Club Brugge of Belgium. The first leg ended 3-2 in favor of Liverpool who scored three goals in seven minutes of the second half to recover from Brugge’s 2-0 lead. The second leg ended in a 1-1 draw making Liverpool winners. In 2001, Liverpool defeated Alaves of Spain 5-4 after extra time in the final to make it three wins in three finals and levelling the record of title wins. Real Madrid (SPAIN) Years Won: 1985, 1986 In 1985, Real Madrid of Spain won 3-1 on aggregate over Videoton of Hungary in the final. Later, English clubs faced a five year ban, with Liverpool facing a six-year ban, which prevented them from taking part in the 1985-86 competition. Real Madrid went on to secure the first successive win in the tournament by beating FC Koln of Germany 5-3 on aggregate in 1986. Borussia Monchengladbach (GERMANY) Years Won: 1975, 1979 Monchengladbach triumphed 5-1 on aggregate over Twente of the Netherlands in the 1975 final. The first match had ended goalless but Twente went on to suffer humiliation at home two weeks later. The next appearance for Monchengladbach in the UEFA Cup final was in 1979 when they faced Red Star Belgrade. Monchengladbach won 2-1 over Belgrade to seal their second title victory. Tottenham Hotspur (ENGLAND) Years Won: 1972, 1984 Spurs won the final of the inaugural UEFA Cup competition. The final was an all English affair as they played Wolverhampton Wanderers. Tottenham won the first leg 2-1 and went on to maintain a 3-2 aggregate after the return leg to secure the first UEFA Cup title. Though they later lost in the 1974 final, Tottenham were at it again in 1984 when they beat the defending champions, Anderlecht, 4-3 on penalties after levelling 2-2 on aggregate. Feyenoord Rotterdam (NETHERLANDS) Years Won: 1974, 2002 Feyenoord Rotterdam of Netherlands won 4-2 on aggregate against Tottenham Hotspur in the 1974 Cup final. The first leg played at White Hart Lane ended 2-2 and Feyenoord went on to win 2-0 at home to win their first title. Spurs fans ran riot after losing the match in Rotterdam. 28 years later, Feyenoord routed Borussia Dortmund 3-2 in the final to raise the tally to two titles. IFK Goteborg (SWEDEN) Years Won: 1982, 1987 In 1982, IFK Goteborg of Sweden beat Hamburger of West Germany in both legs to win 4-0 on aggregate. Their next appearance in the finals was in 1987 where they commanded a 2-1 lead on aggregate over Dundee United of Scotland. IFK Goteborg is the only club from Sweden to reach the finals and to win the title. Parma AC (ITALY) Years Won: 1995, 1999 The final of 1995 was an Italian affair involving Parma and Juventus. Parma won 1-0 at home and were held to a 1-1 draw away granting them a victory on aggregate. Four years later, Parma faced Marseille of France in the final which they won 3-0 to claim another Cup title. FC Porto (PORTUGAL) Years Won: 2003, 2011 The final tie of 2003 was a match between Porto of Portugal and Celtic of Scotland. The match ended 2-2 in normal play time and the tie was broken in the second half of extra time by a goal from Derlei, Porto. Porto got the second title during the 40th season of the competition when they outscored fellow finalists and Portugal club Braga by 1-0. Atletico Madrid (SPAIN) Years Won: 2010, 2012 Atletico Madrid of Spain were crowned winners under the transformed 2009-10 UEFA Europa League. Atletico won 2-1 after extra time over Fulham of England. Two years later, they faced their Spanish colleagues Athletic Bilbao in the final. Atletico Madrid won the match 3-0 to earn their second title. RSC Anderlecht (BELGIUM) Year Won: 1983 Anderlecht of Belgium faced Benfica of Portugal in the final of 1983. Anderlecht’s 1-0 first-leg win at home propelled them to a 2-1 win on aggregate marking the sole title held by a Belgian side in the tournament. PSV Eindhoven (NETHERLAND) Year Won: 1978 The Cup final in 1978 was a contest between PSV of Netherlands and Bastia of France. After a goalless first-leg draw, PSV Eindhoven won 3-0 at home to secure the UEFA Cup winner’s title. Eintracht Frankfurt (GERMANY) Year Won: 1980 Two German teams, Eintracht Frankfurt and Borussia Monchengladbach, advanced to the final in 1980 after four German clubs faced off in the semifinals. With the final ending 3-3 on aggregate, the two away goals Eintracht Frankfurt scored in the first-leg loss guaranteed them victory. Ipswich Town (ENGLAND) Year Won: 1981 Ipswich Town of England outscored AZ ’67 of the Netherlands 5-4 on aggregate to win the final in 1981. Having lost the first-leg 3-0, AZ ’67 put on a hard fight in the second leg to win 4-2, though it was not enough to ensure a victory for them. John Wark, Ipswich, scored a record 14 goals in the competition. Bayer Leverkusen (GERMANY) Year Won: 1988 Bayer Leverkusen of West Germany faced Espanyol of Spain in the 1988 Cup final. The tie ended in a 3-3 aggregate and Leverkusen won 3-2 on penalties. SSC Napoli (ITALY) Year Won: 1989 The 1989 UEFA Cup final was a clash between Stuttgart of West Germany and SSC Napoli of Italy. Napoli won the first-leg 2-1 and later drew 3-3 to become victors. AFC Ajax (NETHERLANDS) Year Won: 1992 Ajax were crowned champions over Torino in the 1992 final. Torino managed a 2-2 draw at home, followed by a goalless draw in Amsterdam. Ajax got the advantage based on away goals. Bayern Munich (GERMANY) Year Won: 1996 Bayern Munich of Germany played Bordeaux of France in the final contest of the 1995-96 tournament. The German side comfortably won the two legs to defeat Bordeaux 5-1 on aggregate. FC Schalke 04 (GERMANY) Year Won: 1997 The winner of the 1996-97 UEFA Cup was determined by a contest between Internazionale and Schalke 04 of Germany. Both teams won 1-0 at home and Schalke managed to outshine their opponents 4-1 on penalties. Galatasaray (TURKEY) Year Won: 2000 This was a first for both finalists, Arsenal of England and Galatasaray of Turkey, after they exited the Champions League in third positions. The game ended in a barren draw after extra time thus had to be decided on penalties. Galatasaray won 4-1. However, the day was not short of happenings as there were riots from both camps that resulted in four people being stabbed and others suffering injuries. Valencia CF (SPAIN) Year Won: 2004 Valencia of Spain, who were in an impressive form throughout the season, faced Marseille of France at the final. They emerged winners beating the French side 2-0 hence sealing a double as they had earlier won the domestic league. CSKA Moskva (RUSSIA) Year Won: 2005 CSKA Moskva of Russia and Sporting CP of Portugal were the 2005 UEFA Cup finalists. Moskva came from behind to win 3-1 plus become the first Russian side to acquire the title. Zenit St. Petersburg (RUSSIA) Year Won: 2008 Zenit St. Petersburg`s opponents at the finals were Rangers of Scotland. The Russian club won the match 2-0. Zenit is the second team from the Russian region to win the UEFA Cup competition. Shakhtar Donetsk (UKRAINE) Year Won: 2009 Shakhtar Donetsk represented Ukraine for the first time in the final. The team managed to beat Werder Bremen of Germany 2-1 after extra time. It was the first UEFA Cup win for Shakhtar as well as the first major European trophy. Chelsea (ENGLAND) Year Won: 2013 The 2013 finalists were Chelsea and Benfica. Chelsea had been eliminated from the Champions League at the group stages despite being the defending champions. However, advancing to the finals of the UEFA Europa League then winning 2-1 was the perfect consolation. Sevilla (SPAIN) Years Won: 2006, 2007, 2014, 2015, 2016 Sevilla of Spain secured the first title by thrashing Middlesbrough of England 4-0 in 2006. A year later they were put to test by Espanyol in an all-Spanish contest. The tough fixture ended 2-2 after extra time and Sevilla successfully converted the penalties to win 3-1. The win made it two titles for Sevilla in addition to being the second team to win the title in succession after Real Madrid set the record over two decades earlier. In 2014, Benfica were the finalists alongside Sevilla. Benfica lost 4-2 on penalties after the match ended goalless. Sevilla also claimed the 2015-2016 UEFA Europa championship trophy, they are the first five-time winners and the only side to claim three in a row.	i don't know
Who was the Greek Goddess of punishment and retribution?	NEMESIS - Greek Goddess of Retribution & Indignation NEMESIS Dispenser of Dues Nemesis and Tyche, Athenian red-figure amphora C5th B.C., Antikensammlung Berlin NEMESIS was the goddess of indignation against, and retribution for, evil deeds and undeserved good fortune. She was a personification of the resentment aroused in men by those who commited crimes with apparent impunity, or who had inordinate good fortune. Nemesis directed human affairs in such a way as to maintain equilibrium. Her name means she who distributes or deals out. Happiness and unhappiness were measured out by her, care being taken that happiness was not too frequent or too excessive. If this happened, Nemesis could bring about losses and suffering. As one who checked extravagant favours by Tykhe (Tyche) (Fortune), Nemesis was regarded as an avenging or punishing divinity. In myth Nemesis was particularly concerned with matters of love. She appears as an avenging agent in the stories of Narkissos and Nikaia, whose callous actions brought about the death of their wooers. In some versions of the Trojan War, she was the mother of Helene, and is shown in scenes of her seduction by Paris pointing an accusing finger at the girl. Nemesis was often sometimes depicted as a winged goddess. Her attributes were apple-branch, rein, lash, sword, or balance. Her name was derived from the Greek words nemêsis and nemô, meaning "dispenser of dues." The Romans usually used the Greek name of the goddess but sometimes also named her Invidia (Jealousy) and Rivalitas (Jealous Rivalry). FAMILY OF NEMESIS [1.1] NYX (no father) (Hesiod Theogony 223, Pausanias 7.5.3) [1.2] EREBOS & NYX (Hyginus Preface, Cicero De Natura Deorum 3.17) [2.1] OKEANOS (Pausanias 7.5.3, Nonnus Dionysiaca 48.375, Tzetzes on Lycophron 88) [3.1] ZEUS (Homerica Cypria Frag 8) OFFSPRING [2.1] THE TELKHINES (by Tartaros ) (Bacchylides Frag 52) ENCYCLOPEDIA NE′MESIS (Nemesis), is most commonly described as a daughter of Night, though some call her a daughter of Erebus (Hygin. Fab. Praef.) or of Oceanus (Tzetz. ad Lyc. 88; Paus. i. 33. § 3, vii. 5. § 1). Nemesis is a personification of the moral reverence for law, of the natural fear of committing a culpable action, and hence of conscience, and for this reason she is mentioned along with Aidôs, i. e. Shame (Hes. Theog. 223, Op. et D. 183). In later writers, as Herodotus and Pindar, Nemesis is a kind of fatal divinity, for she directs human affairs in such a manner as to restore the right proportions or equilibrium wherever it has been disturbed; she measures out happiness and unhappiness, and he who is blessed with too many or too frequent gifts of fortune, is visited by her with losses and sufferings, in order that he may become humble, and feel that there are bounds beyond which human happiness cannot proceed with safety. This notion arose from a belief that the gods were envious of excessive human happiness (Herod. i. 34, iii. 40; Pind. Ol. viii. in fin., Pyth. x. 67). Nemesis was thus a check upon extravagant favours conferred upon man by Tyche or Fortune, and from this idea lastly arose that of her being an avenging and punishing power of fate, who, like Dike and the Erinyes, sooner or later overtakes the reckless sinner (Apollon. Rhod. iv. 1043; Sophocl. Philoct. 518; Eurip. Orest. 1362; Catull. 50, in fin.; Orph. Hymn. 60). The inhabitants of Smyrna worshipped two Nemeses, both of whom were daughters of Night (Paus. vii. 5. § 1). She is frequently mentioned under the surnames Adrasteia and Rhamnusia or Rhamnusis, the latter of which she derived from the town of Rhamnus in Attica, where she had a celebrated sanctuary (Paus. i. 33. § 2). Besides the places already mentioned she was worshipped at Patrae (Paus. vii. 20, in fin.) and at Cyzicus (Strab. p. 588). She was usually represented in works of art as a virgin divinity, and in the more ancient works she seems to have resembled Aphrodite, whereas in the later ones she was more grave and serious, and had numerous attributes. But there is an allegorical tradition that Zeus begot by Nemesis at Rhamnus an egg, which Leda found, and from which Helena and the Dioscuri sprang, whence Helena herself is called Rhamnusis (Callim. Hymn. in Dian. 232; Paus. i. 33. § 7). On the pedestal of the Rhamnusian Nemesis, Leda was represented leading Helena to Nemesis (Paus. l. c.) Respecting the resemblance between her statue and that of Aphrodite, see Plin. H. N. xxxvi. 4; comp. Paus. i. 33. § 2; Strab. pp. 396, 399.) The Rhamnusian statue bore in its left hand a branch of an apple tree, in its right hand a patera, and on its head a crown, adorned with stags and an image of victory. Sometimes she appears in a pensive standing attitude, holding in her left hand a bridle or a branch of an ash tree, and in her right a wheel, with a sword or a scourge. ADRASTEIA (Adrasteia). A surname of Nemesis, which is derived by some writers from Adrastus, who is said to have built the first sanctuary of Nemesis on the river Asopus (Strab. xiii. p. 588), and by others from the verb didraskein, according to which it would signify the goddess whom none can escape. (Valcken. ad Herod. iii. 40.) ICHNAEA (Ichnaia), that is, the tracing goddess, occurs as a surname of Themis, though in her case it may have been derived from the town of Ichnae, where she was worshipped (Hom. Hymn. in Apoll. Del. 94; Lycoph. 129; Strab. ix. p. 435 ; Steph. Byz. s. v. Ichnai), and a surname of Nemesis. (Brunck, Anal. ii. pp. 1. 86.) RHAMNU′SIA a surname of Nemesis, who had a celebrated temple at Rhamnus in Attica. (Paus. i. 33. § 2, vii. 5. § 3; Strab. ix. p. 396, &c.; Steph. Byz. s.v.) Source: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. CLASSICAL LITERATURE QUOTES Nemesis and Eutychia, Athenian red-figure hydria C5th B.C., Badisches Landesmuseum Karlsruhe I. DAUGHTER OF NYX Hesiod, Theogony 21 ff (trans. Evelyn-White) (Greek epic C8th or C7th B.C.) : "And Nyx (Night) bare hateful Moros (Doom) and black Ker (Violent Death) and Thanatos (Death), and she bare Hypnos (Sleep) and the tribe of Oneiroi (Dreams). And again the goddess murky Nyx, though she lay with none, bare Momos (Blame) and painful Oizys (Misery), and the Hesperides . . . Also she bare the Moirai (Moirae, Fates) and the ruthless avenging Keres (Death-Fates) . . . Also deadly Nyx bare Nemesis (Envy) to afflict mortal men, and after her, Apate (Deceit) and Philotes (Friendship) and hateful Geras (Old Age) and hard-hearted Eris (Strife)." Pausanias, Description of Greece 7. 5. 3 (trans. Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd A.D.) : "[The people of Smyrna in Aiolia (Aeolia) in Anatolia] believe in two Nemeses instead of one, saying their mother is Nyx." Pseudo-Hyginus, Preface (trans. Grant) (Roman mythographer C2nd A.D.) : "From Nox (Night) and Erebus : Fatum (Fate), Senectus (Old Age), Mors (Death), Letum (Dissolution), Continentia (Moderation), Somnus (Sleep), Somnia (Dreams), Amor (Love)--that is Lysimeles--, Epiphron (Prudence), Porphyrion, Epaphus, Discordia (Discord), Miseria (Misery), Petulantia (Wantonness), Nemesis (Retribution), Euphrosyne (Good Cheer), Amicitia (Friendship), Misericordia (Compassion), Styx (Hatred); the three Parcae (Fates), namely Clotho, Lachesis and Atropos; the Hesperides Aegle, Hesperie and Aerica." [N.B. The Greek name Nemesis is used by this Roman writer.] Cicero, De Natura Deorum 3. 17 (trans. Rackham) (Roman rhetorician C1st B.C.) : "Their [Aether and Hemera's] brothers and sisters, whom the ancient genealogists name Amor (Love), Dolus (Guile), Metus (Fear), Labor (Toil), Invidentia (Envy) [i.e. Nemesis], Fatum (Fate), Senectus (Old Age), Mors (Death), Tenebrae (Darkness), Miseria (Misery), Querella (Complaint), Gratia (Favour), Fraus (Fraud), Pertinacia (Obstinacy), the Parcae (Fates), the Hesperides, the Somnia (Dreams): all of these are fabled to be the children of Erebus (Darkness) and Nox (Night)." [N.B. Cicero names Nemesis Invidentia in this Latin text.] II. DAUGHTER OF OCEANUS (OKEANOS) Pausanias, Description of Greece 1. 33. 4 (trans. Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd A.D.) : "Okeanos (Oceanus) is the father of Nemesis [of Rhamnos]." Pausanias, Description of Greece 7. 5. 3 : "The Athenians say that the father of the goddess in Rhamnos [Nemesis] is Okeanos (Oceanus)." III. DAUGHTER OF ZEUS Stasinus of Cyprus or Hegesias of Aegina, Cypria Fragment 8 (trans. Evelyn-White) (Greek epic C7th or C6th B.C.) : "Nemesis tried to escape him [Zeus] and liked not to lie in love with her father Zeus the son of Kronos (Cronus)." NEMESIS MOTHER OF HELEN OF TROY Stasinus of Cyprus or Hegesias of Aegina, Cypria Fragment 8 (trans. Evelyn-White) (Greek epic C7th or C6th B.C.) : "Rich-haired Nemesis gave birth to her [Helene (Helen)] when she had been joined in love with Zeus the king of the gods by harsh violence. For Nemesis tried to escape him and liked not to lie in love with her father Zeus the son of Kronos (Cronus); for shame and indignation vexed her heart: therefore she fled him over the land and fruitless dark sea. But Zeus ever pursued and longed in his heart to catch her. Now she took the form of a fish and sped over the waves of the loud-roaring sea, and now over Okeanos' (Oceanus') stream and the furthest bounds of Earth, and now she sped over the furrowed land, always turning into such dread creatures as the dry land nurtures, that she might escape him." Lycophron, Alexandra 86 ff (trans. Mair) (Greek poet C3rd B.C.) : "I see the winged firebrand [Paris] rushing to seize the dove [Helene], the hound of Pephnos, whom the water-roaming vulture [i.e. Nemesis in the form of a goose] brought to birth, husked in a rounded shell." Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 3. 127 (trans. Aldrich) (Greek mythographer C2nd A.D.) : "Nemesis, as she fled from Zeus' embrace, took the form of a goose; whereupon Zeus as a swan had intercourse with her. From this union she laid an egg, which some herdsman found among the trees and handed over to Lede (Leda). She kept it in a box, and when Helene was hatched after the proper length of time, she reared her as her own." Pausanias, Description of Greece 1. 33. 4 (trans. Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd A.D.) : "I will now go on to describe what is figures on the pedestal of the statue [of Nemesis at Rhamnos], having made this preface for the sake of clearness. The Greeks say that Nemesis was the mother of Helene (Helen), while Leda suckled and nursed her. The father of Helene the Greeks like everybody else hold to be not Tyndareos (Tyndareus) but Zeus. Having heard this legend [the sculptor] Pheidias has represented Helene as being led to Nemesis by Leda, and he has represented Tyndareos and his children." Pseudo-Hyginus, Astronomica 2. 8 (trans. Grant) (Roman mythographer C2nd A.D.) : "Constellation Swan (Cygnus). When Jupiter [Zeus], moved by desire, had begun to love Nemesis, and couldn't persuade her to lie with him, he relieved his passion by the following plan. He bade Venus [Aphrodite], in the form of an eagle, pursue him; he, changed to a swan, as if in flight from the eagle, took refuge with Nemesis and lighted in her lap. Nemesis did not thrust him away, but holding him in her arms, fell into a deep sleep. While she slept, Jupiter [Zeus] embraced her, and then flew away. Because he was seen by men flying high in the sky, they said he was put in the stars. To make this really true, Jupiter put the swan flying and the eagle pursuing in the sky. But Nemesis, as if wedded to the tribe of birds, when her months were ended, bore an egg. Mercurius (Mercury) [Hermes] took it away and carried it to Sparta and threw it in Leda's lap. From it sprang Helen, who excelled all other girls in beauty." OTHER CHILDREN OF NEMESIS Bacchylides, Fragment 52 (from Tzetzes on Theogony) (trans. Campbell, Vol. Greek Lyric IV) (Greek lyric C5th B.C.) : "The four famous Telkhines (Telchines), Aktaios (Actaeus), Megalesios (Megalesius), Ormenos (Ormenus) and Lykos (Lycus), whom Bakkhylides (Bacchylides) calls the children of Nemesis and Tartaros." [N.B. Tartaros is the spirit of the great pit beneath the earth.] NEMESIS GODDESS OF INDIGNATION & PUNISHER OF HUBRIS Nemesis and the Dioscuri in the Underworld, Apulian red-figure volute krater C4th B.C., Staatliche Antikensammlungen Nemesis was the goddess of righteous indignation and the punisher of hubristic boasts. Hesiod, Works and Days 175 ff (trans. Evelyn-White) (Greek epic C8th or C7th B.C.) : "Would that I were not among the men of the fifth age, but either had died before or been born afterwards. For now truly is a race of iron, and men never rest from labour (kamatos) and sorrow (oizys) by day, and from perishing by night; and the gods shall lay sore trouble upon them. But, notwithstanding, even these shall have some good mingled with their evils. And Zeus will destroy this race of mortal men also when they come to have grey hair on the temples at their birth. The father will not agree with his children, nor the children with their father, nor guest with his host, nor comrade with comrade; nor will brother be dear to brother as aforetime. Men will dishonour their parents as they grow quickly old, and will carp at them, chiding them with bitter words, hard-hearted they, not knowing the fear of the gods. They will not repay their aged parents the cost their nurture, for might shall be their right: and one man will sack another's city. There will be no favour (kharis) for the man who keeps his oath or for the just (dikaios) or for the good (agathos); but rather men will praise the evil-doer (kakos) and his violent dealing (hybris). Strength will be right (dike) and reverence (aidos) will cease to be; and the wicked will hurt the worthy man, speaking false words against him, and will swear an oath upon them. Envy (zelos), foul-mouthed, delighting in evil, with scowling face, will go along with wretched men one and all. And then Aidos (Aedos, Shame) and Nemesis (Indignation), with their sweet forms wrapped in white robes, will go from the wide-pathed earth and forsake mankind to join the company of the deathless gods: and bitter sorrows (lugra algea) will be left for mortal men, and there will be no help against evil." Pindar, Olympian Ode 8. 86 ff (trans. Conway) (Greek lyric C5th B.C.) : "I pray that to their share of noble fortunes he [Zeus] send no Nemesis of jealous will, but in prosperity and free from ills, exalt them and their city." Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 932 ff (trans. Weir Smyth) (Greek tragedy C5th B.C.) : "Chorus : How is it that you are not afraid to utter such taunts [against Zeus]? Prometheus : Why should I fear since I am fated not to die? Chorus : But he might inflict on you an ordeal even more bitter than this. Prometheus : Let him, for all I care! I am prepared for anything. Choru s: Wise are they who do homage to Adrasteia (the Inescapable)." [N.B. Adrasteia is Nemesis. To bow down before Adrasteia means seeking to avert, by some gesture of humility, the evil consequences of boastful speech.] Aeschylus, Fragment 79 Niobe (from Strabo, Geography 12. 7. 18) : "[Tantalos (Tantalus), the father of Niobe, speaks :] ‘I sow a field twelve days' journey wide, even the Berekynthian (Berecynthian) land, where Adrasteia's seat and Ida resound with lowing oxen and bleating sheep, and the whole plain roars.’" [N.B. "Adrasteia's seat" refers to the Trojan town of that name where the goddess Adrasteia-Nemesis was worshipped. In the story of Niobe, Nemesis represents the indignation of the gods aroused by her impious boasts.] Aeschylus, Fragment 148 Ransom of Hector (from Stobaeus, Anthology 4. 57. 6) : "[Hermes commands Akhilleus (Achilles) return the body of Hektor (Hector) :] ‘And it unto the dead thou art fain to do good, or if thou wouldst work them ill--'tis all one, since they feel not or joy or grief. Nevertheless Nemesis (our righteous resentment) is mightier than they, and Dike (Justice) executeth the dead man's wrath.’" Plato, Laws 716c (trans. Lamb) (Greek philosopher C4th B.C.) : "Throughout all his life he must diligently observe reverence of speech towards his parents above all things, seeing that for light and winged words there is a most heavy penalty,--for over all such matters Nemesis (Rightful Indignation), messenger of Dike (Justice), is appointed to keep watch; wherefore the son must yield to his parents when they are wroth." Callimachus, Fragment 687 (trans. Trypanis) (Greek poet C3rd B.C.) : "Goddess [Nemesis], for whom the women spit on their bosoms." [N.B. It was a custom to exorcize the goddess to avert jealousy.] Callimachus, Hymn 6 to Demeter 57 ff (trans. Mair) (Greek poet C3rd B.C.) : "[The impious king Erysikhthon (Erysichthon) felled trees in the sacred grove of the goddess Demeter to build himself a banquet hall :] Demeter marked that her holy tree was in pain, and she as angered and said : ‘Who cuts down my fir tree?’ Straightway she likened her to [the priestess] Nikippe (Nicippe) . . . And she spake to soothe the wicked and shameless man and said : ‘My child, who cutest down the trees which are dedicated to the gods, stay, my child, child of thy parents' many prayers, cease and turn back thine attendants, lest the lady Demeter be angered, whose holy place thou makest desolate.’ But with a look more fierce than that wherewith a lioness looks on the hunter on the hills of Tmaros--a lioness with new-born cubs, whose eye they say is of all most terrible--he said : ‘Vie back, lest I fix my great axe in thy flesh! These trees shall make my tight dwelling wherein evermore I shall hold pleasing banquets enough for my companions.’ So spake the youth and Nemesis (Righteous Indignation) recorded his evil speech. [Demeter then cursed the king with insatiable hunger.]" Orphic Hymn 61 to Nemesis (trans. Taylor) (Greek hymns C3rd B.C. to 2nd A.D.) : "Hymn to Nemesis. Thee, Nemesis, I call, almighty queen, by whom the deeds of mortal life are seen: eternal, much revered, of boundless sight, alone rejoicing in the just and right : changing the counsels of the human breast for ever various, rolling without rest. To every mortal is thy influence known, and men beneath thy righteous bondage groan; for every thought within the mind concealed is to thy sight perspicuously revealed. The soul unwilling reason to obey, by lawless passion ruled, thine eyes survey. All to see, hear, and rule, O power divine, whose nature equity contains, is thine. Come, blessed, holy Goddess, hear my prayer, and make thy mystics' life thy constant care: give aid benignant in the needful hour, and strength abundant to the reasoning power; and far avert the dire, unfriendly race of counsels impious, arrogant, and base." Philostratus, Life of Apollonius of Tyana 1. 25 (trans. Conybeare) (Greek biography C1st to C2nd A.D.) : "It is here [in a palace in Babylon] that the king gives judgement, and golden wrynecks are hung from the ceiling, four in number, to remind him of Adrasteia [Nemesis] and to engage him not exalt himself not to exalt himself above humanity." Ovid, Metamorphoses 3. 402 ff (trans. Melville) (Roman epic C1st B.C. to C1st A.D.) : "[Narkissos (Narcissus) fled from the embrace of Ekho (Echo), mocking the Nymphe :] He bolted, shouting ‘Keep your arms from me! Be off! I'll die before I yield to you.’ . . . Shamed and rejected in the woods she hides and has her dwelling in the lonely caves [her body wasted away leaving just the echo of her voice] . . . Thus had Narcissus mocked her; others too, Nymphae (Nymphs) of Hill and Water and many a man he mocked; till one scorned youth, with raised hands, prayed, ‘So may he love--and never win his love!’ And Rhamnusia [Nemesis] approved the righteous prayer . . . [She then caused Narkissos to fall in love with his own reflection and waste away.]." Ovid, Metamorphoses 14. 693 ff : "And you should fear the vengeance of the gods, Idalie [Aphrodite] who hates a stony heart [conceited pride], the wrath, the unforgotten wrath of Rhamnusis [Nemesis]." Nonnus, Dionysiaca 1. 481 ff (trans. Rouse) (Greek epic C5th A.D.) : "[The giant Typhoeus boasts about what he will do when he has conquered Olympos :] He spoke, and Adrasteia [Nemesis] took note of his words thus far." Nonnus, Dionysiaca 15. 392 & 417 ff : "[The Nymphe Nikaia (Nicaea) callously killed Hymnos (Hymnus), a young shepherd who had falled in love with her :] Adrasteia [Nemesis] saw the murderous girl [Nikaia], Adrasteia saw the body panting under the steel, and pointed out the newly slain corpse to the Kyprian (Cyprian) [Aphrodite], and upbraided Eros himself [at the injustice] . . . Both Pan Nomios (of Shepherds) and Phoibos (Phoebus) [Apollon] cried out aloud [when they saw Nikaia's crime] : ‘A curse on the fife! Where is Nemesis? Where is Kypris (Cypris)[Aphrodite]? Eros (Love), handle not your quiver.’" Nonnus, Dionysiaca 16. 263 ff : "Eros (Love) espied her [Nikaia (Nicaea)] sleeping, and pointed her out to Bakkhos (Bacchus), pitying Hymnos; Nemesis laughed at the sight. And sly Dionysos with shoes that made no noise crept soundless to his bridal." [N.B. Nikaia's punishment for killing Hymnos was to be raped by the god Dionysos.] Nonnus, Dionysiaca 37. 423 ff : "Such were the proud words that Akhates (Achates) shouted in mockery : but Nemesis recorded that big speech." Nonnus, Dionysiaca 48. 375 ff : "[Aura, a companion of Artemis, arrogantly mocked the goddess, declaring herself to be superior in her virginity :] Artemis betook herself to Nemesis, and found her on the heights of Tauros (Taurus) in the clouds, where beside neighbouring Kydnos (Cydnus) she had ended the proudnecked boasting of Typhon's (Typhoeus') threats. A wheel turned itself round before the queen's feet, signifying that she rolls all the proud from on high to the ground with the avenging wheel of justice, she the allvanquishing deity who turns the path of life. Round her throne flew a bird of vengeance, a Gryps (Griffin) flying with wings, or balancing himself on four feet, to go unbidden before the flying goddess and show that she herself traverses the four separate quarters of the world: highcrested men she bridles with her bit which none can shake off, such is the meaning of the image, and she rolls a haughty fellow about as it were with the whip of misery, like a self-rolling wheel. When the goddess beheld Artemis with pallid face, she knew that she was offended and full of deadly threatenings, and questioned her in friendly words: ‘Your looks, Archeress, proclaim your anger. Artemis, what impious son of Earth persecutes you? What second Typhoeus has sprung up from the ground? [Nemesis recounts some of those punished by Artemis for their arrogance :] Has Tityos (Tityus) risen again rolling a lovemad eye, and touched the robe of your untouchable mother [Leto]? Where is your bow, Artemis, where are Apollon's arrows? What Orion is using force against you once more? The wretch that touched your dress still lies in his mother's flanks, a lifeless corpse; if any man has clutched your garments with lustful hands, grow another scorpion to avenge your girdle. If bold Otos (Otus) again, or boastful Ephialtes, has desired to win your love so far beyond his reach, then slay the pretender to your unwedded virginity. If some prolific wife provokes your mother Leto, let her weep for her children, another Niobe of stone. Why should not I make another stone on Sipylos? Is your father pestering you to marry as he did with Athena? Surely Kronion (Cronion) [Zeus] has not promised you to Hermes for a wife, as he promised pure Athena to Hephaistos (Hephaestus) in wedlock? But if some woman is persecuting you as one did your mother Leto, I will be the avenger of the offended Archeress.’ She had not finished, when the puppybreeding maiden broke in and said to the goddess who saves men from evil : ‘Virgin allvanquishing, guide of creation . . . it is that sour virgin Aura, the daughter of Lelantos (Lelantus), who mocks me and offends me with rude sharp words. But how can I tell you all she said? I am ashamed to describe her calumny of my body and her abuse of my breasts. I have suffered just as my mother did: we are both alike--in Phrygia Niobe offended Leto the mother of twins, in Phrygia again impious Aura offended me. But Niobe paid for it by passing into a changeling form, that daughter of Tantalos (Tantalus) whose children were her sorrow, and she still weeps with stony eyes; I alone am insulted and bear my disgrace without vengeance, but Aura the champion of chastity has washed no stone with tears, she has seen no fountain declaring the faults of her uncontrolled tongue. I pray you, uphold the dignity of your Titan birth. Grant me a boon like my mother, that I may see Aura's body transformed into stone immovable; leave not a maiden of your own race in sorrow, that I may not see Aura mocking me again and not to be turned--or let your sickle of beaten bronze drive her to madness!’ She spoke, and the goddess replied with encouraging words : ‘Chaste daughter of Leto, huntress, sister of Phoibos (Phoebus), I will not use my sickle to chastise a Titan girl, I will not make the maiden a stone in Phrygia, for I am myself born of the ancient race of Titanes (Titans) [i.e. Nemesis was a daughter of Okeanos (Oceanus)], and her father Lelantos might blame me when he heard: but one boon I will grant you, Archeress. Aura the maid of the hunt has reproached your virginity, and she shall be a virgin no longer. You shall see her in the bed of a mountain stream weeping fountains of tears for her maiden girdle.’ So she consoled her; and Artemis the maiden entered her car with its team of four prickets, left the mountain and drove back to Phrygia. With equal speed the maiden Adrasteia [Nemesis] pursued her obstinate enemy Aura. She had harnessed racing Grypes (Griffins) under her bridle; quick through the air she coursed in the swift car, until she tightened the curving bits of her fourfooted birds, and drew up on the peak of Sipylos in front of the face of Tantalos's daughter [Niobe] with eyeballs of stone. Then she approached haughty Aura. She flicked the proud neck of the hapless girl with her snaky whip, and struck her with the round wheel of justice, and bent the foolish unbending will. Argive Adrasteia (the Unavoidable) [Nemesis] let the whip with its vipers curl round the maiden's girdle, doing pleasure to Artemis and to Dionysos while he was still indignant; and although she was herself unacquainted with love [although Nemesis was later seduced by Zeus], she prepared another love . . . Nemesis now flew back to snowbeaten Tauros until she reached Kydnos (Cydnus) again. And Eros (Love) drove Dionysos mad for the girl with the delicious wound of his arrow, then curving his wings flew lightly to Olympos." Suidas s.v. Adrasteia Nemesis (trans. Suda On Line) (Byzantine Greek Lexicon C10th A.D.) : "Adrasteia Nemesis : From her, someone could not run away (apodraseien). ‘Nemesis Adrasteia follows him, avenging haughty and unrestrained words.’ So Nemesis Adrasteia [is named] from Adrastos (Adrastus). [Applied] to those first experiencing good fortune but later bad; for of the descendents of those who campaigned against the Thebans, only Aigialeus the son of Adrastos was killed." Suidas s.v. Adrasteia : "Adrasteia : Some say she is the same thing as Nemesis, and that she took the name from a particular king, Adrastos (Adrastus). Alternatively from the ancient Adrastos who suffered divine wrath (nemesis) for his boasts against the Thebans, who had established a shrine of Nemesis, which after these things acquired the name Adrasteia. Demetrios (Demetrius) of Skepsis says that Adrasteia is Artemis, [in a cult] established by one Adrastos. Antimakhos (Antimachus) says : ‘there is a certain great goddess Nemesis, who apportions out all these things to the blessed; Adrestos was the first to set up an altar for her by the flowing river [Asopos (Asopus)].’ Some, however, add that she is different from Nemesis herself: so Menandros (Menander) and Nikostratos (Nicostratus)." Suidas s.v. Nemesis : "Nemesis : Justice. Aristophanes [writes] : ‘O Nemesis, and deep-roaring thunderclaps.’" Suidas s.v. Nemesis : "Nemesis : Vengeance, justice, outrage, [divine] jealousy, fortune. ‘Perceiving Nemesis, the executioner of braggarts, who pursued them with justice.’ And again : ‘he did not escape the notice of Nemesis who opposes all the arrogant, but was compelled to be taught a lesson in his own misfortunes.’ ‘Nemesis was present, she who watches the things of the earth’; or in other words, she who watches unjust acts. Babrios (Babrius) says [this] in the Fables. And Aelian [says] : ‘palpable evidence of Nemesis the overseer, chastizing proud and disdainful ways.’ And a proverb : ‘At least Nemesis walks at your feet’; that is to say that the goddess swiftly pursues wrong-doers. 'Unnoticed she walks at your feet, snaps your haughty neck, and always holds sway over your sustenance with her forearm.'" INVIDIA ROMAN PERSONIFICATION OF JEALOUSY The Romans occasionally named Nemesis Invidia and described her as a goddess not only of the jealous indignation aroused by hubristic boasts but also as the goddess of jealousy in general. Ovid, Metamorphoses 2. 760 ff (trans. Melville) (Roman epic C1st B.C. to C1st A.D.) : "[Athena was angry with the daughters of Kekrops (Cecrops) for betraying her trust by spying upon the infant Erikhthonios (Erichthonius) :] Straightway she [Pallas Athene] sought the filthy slimy shack where Invidia (Envy) dwelt deep in a dreary dale, a gruesome sunless hovel, filled with frost, heart-numbing frost, its stagnant air unstirred by any breeze, for ever lacking warmth of cheerful fire, for ever wrapped in gloom. Reaching the place the virgin queen of war paused by the threshold, since she might not pass beneath that roof, and struck upon the door with her spear's point. The door flew wide and there she saw foul Invidia (Envy) eating viper's flesh, fit food for spite, and turned her eyes away. Slowly the creature rose, leaving the snakes half-eaten, and approached with dragging steps, and when she saw the goddess' face so fair and gleaming mail, she scowled and groaned in grief. Her cheeks are sallow, her whole body shrunk, her eyes askew and squinting; black decay befouls her teeth, her bosom's green with bile, and venom coats her tongue. She never smiles save when she relishes the sight of woe; sleep never soothes her, night by night awake with worry, as she sees against her will successes won and sickens at the sight. She wounds, is wounded, she herself her own torture. Tritonia [Athene], filled with loathing, forced a few curt words: ‘Inject your pestilence in one of Cecrops' daughters; that I need; Aglauros is the one [i.e. to be punished for disobeying the goddess].’ That said, she soared, launched from her downthrust spear, and sped to heaven. With sidelong glance the creature saw her fly and muttered briefly, grieving to foresee Minerva's triumph; then she took her staff, entwined with thorns, and, wrapped in a black cloud, went forth and in her progress trampled down the flowery meads, withered the grass, and slashed the tree-tops, and with filthy breath defiled peoples and towns and homes, until at last, brilliant and blessed with arts and wealth and peace, Athens in happy festival appears--and tears she sheds to see no cause for tears. Into the room of Cecrops' child she went and did as she was bid. On the girl's breast she laid her withering hand and filled her heart with thorny briars and breathed a baleful blight of poison, black as pitch inside her lungs. And lest the choice of owe should stray too wide, she set before her eyes her sister's face, her fortune-favoured marriage [to Hermes] and the god so glorious; and painted everything larger than life. Such thoughts were agony: Aglauros pined in private grief, distraught all night, all day, in utter misery, wasting away in slow decline, like ice marred by a fitful sun. The happiness of lucky Herse smouldered in her heart like green thorns on a fire that never flame nor give good heat but wanly burn away. Often she'd rather die than see such sights; often she meant, as if some crime, to tell the tale to her strict father. In the end she sat herself outside her sister's door to bar the god's access. With honeyed words he pressed his prayers and pleas. [She refused to budge and Hermes transformed her into stone.]" Statius, Silvae 2. 4. 69 ff (trans. Mozley) (Roman poetry C1st A.D.) : "Ill-omened Invidia (Envy), skilled to hurt, saw the vital spot and the path of harm. Just at the gate of full-grown life that the most beauteous of youths was striving to link three years to three Elean lustres [he was fifteen, three five-year Olympian cycles]. With grim frown the stern Rhamnusian [Nemesis] gave heed, and first she filled out his muscles and set a brilliance in his eyes and raised his head higher than of wont; deadly alas! to the poor lad were her favours : she tortured herself with envy at the sight, and clasping the sufferer struck death into him by her embrace, and with hooked, relentless fingers tore that pure countenance." Statius, Silvae 2. 1. 120 ff : "Truly did Lachesis [one of the Fates] touch his cradle with ill-omened hand [for he died young], and Invidia (Envy) clasped the babe and held him in her bosom: the one fondled his cheeks and luxuriant curls, the other taught him his skill and inspired those words over which we now make moan." Statius, Silvae 4. 8. 16 : "Avaunt, black Invidia (Envy), turn elsewhere thy livid breasts!" Statius, Silvae 5. 1. 13 ff : "What god joined Fortuna (Fortune) [Tykhe (Tyche)] and Invidia (Envy) [Nemesis] in truceless kinship? Who bade the cruel goddesses engage in unending war? Will the one set her mark upon no house, but the other must straightway fix it with her grim glance, and with savage hand make havoc of its gladness? Happy and prosperous was this abode, no shock assailed it, no thought of sorrow; what cause was there to have fear of Fortuna, treacherous and fickle though she be, while Caesar was favourable? Yet the jealous Fata (Fate) [Moira] found a way, and barbarous violence entered that blameless home." Apuleius, The Golden Ass 10. 24 ff (trans. Walsh) (Roman novel C2nd A.D.) : "The fatal nod of Fortuna (Fortune) [Tykhe (Tyche)], at whose instigation cruel Rivalitas (Jealous Rivalry) [Nemesis] steered her course straight for the young man's house." CULT OF NEMESIS I. RHAMNUS (RHAMNOS) Town in Attica (Attica) (Southern Greece) Strabo, Geography 9. 1. 17 (trans. Jones) (Greek geographer C1st B.C. to C1st A.D.) : "Rhamnos (Rhamnus) [in Attika] has the statue of Nemesis, which by some is called the work of Diodotos (DIodotus) and by others of Agorakritos (Agoracritus) the Parian, a work which both in grandeur and in beauty is a great success and rivals the works of Pheidias (Phidias)." Strabo, Geography 9. 1. 22 : "Rhamnos [in Attika] is the location of the sanctuary of Nemesis." Pausanias, Description of Greece 1. 33. 4 (trans. Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd A.D.) : "A little way inland [from Rhamnos in Attika] is a sanctuary of Nemesis, the most implacable deity to men of violence. It is thought that the wrath of this goddess fell also upon the foreigners [the Persian army] who landed at Marathon. For thinking in their pride that nothing stood in the way of their taking Athens, they were bringing a piece of Parian marble to make a trophy, convinced that their task was already finished. Of this marble Pheidias (Phidias) made a statue of Nemesis, and on the head of the goddess is a crown with deer and small images of Nike (Victory). In her left hand she holds an apple branch, in her right hand a cup on which are wrought Aithiopes (Ethiopians). As to the Aithiopes (Ethiopians), I could hazard no guess myself, nor could I accept the statement of those who are convinced that the Aithiopians have been carved upon the cup because of the river Okeanos (Oceanus). For the Aithiopians, they say, dwell near it, and Okeanos is the father of Nemesis . . . Neither this nor any other ancient statue of Nemesis has wings, for not even the holiest wooden images of the Smyraneans have them, but later artists, convinced that the goddess manifests herself most as a consequence of love, give wings to Nemesis as they do to Eros (Love). I will now go on to describe what is figures on the pedestal of the statue, having made this preface for the sake of clearness. The Greeks say that Nemesis was the mother of Helene (Helen), while Leda suckled and nursed her. The father of Helene the Greeks like everybody else hold to be not Tyndareos (Tyndareus) but Zeus. Having heard this legend Pheidias has represented Helene as being led to Nemesis by Leda, and he has represented Tyndareos and his children." Suidas s.v. Rhamnousia Nemesis (trans. Suda On Line) (Byzantine Greek Lexicon C10th A.D.) : "Rhamnousia Nemesis (Nemesis of Rhamnous) : She was first modelled on the appearance of Aphrodite; that is why she held a sprig from an appletree. Erekhtheus (Erechtheus) set her up, since she was his mother, but she was named Nemesis and reigned in the place. But Pheidias (Phidias) made the statue." II. PATRAE (PATRAI) Town in Achaea (Akhaia) (Southern Greece) Pausanias, Description of Greece 7. 20. 9 (trans. Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd A.D.) : "Not far from the theatre [at Patrai (Patrae) in Akhaia (Achaea)] is a temple of Nemesis . . . The images are colossal and of white marble." III. ADRASTEIA Town in the Troad (Anatolia) Aeschylus, Fragment 79 Niobe (from Strabo, Geography 12. 7. 18) (trans. Weir Smyth) (Greek tragedy C5th B.C.) : "Adrasteia's seat and Ida resound with lowing oxen and bleating sheep, and the whole plain roars." [N.B. "Adrasteia's seat" is the town of Adrasteia where Adrasteia-Nemesis was worshipped.] Strabo, Geography 13. 1. 13 (trans. Jones) (Greek geographer C1st B.C. to C1st A.D.) : "This country [in the Troad] was called Adrasteia and Plain of Adrasteia . . . According to Kallisthenes (Callisthenes), among others, Adrasteia was named after King Adrastos (Adrastus), who was the first to found a temple of Nemesis. Now the city is situated between Priapos (Priapus) and Parion . . . Here, however, there is [now] no temple of Adrasteia, nor yet of Nemesis, to be seen, although there is a temple of Adrasteia near Kyzikos (Cyzicus). Antimakhos (Antimachus) [Greek poet C5th-4th B.C.] says as follows : ‘There is a great goddess Nemesis, who has obtained as her portion all these things from the Blessed. Adrestos (Adrastus) was the first to build an altar to her beside the stream of the Aisepos (Aesepus) River, where she is worshipped under the name of Adresteia.’" Suidas s.v. Adrasteia (trans. Suda On Line) (Byzantine Greek Lexicon C10th A.D.) : "Adrasteia : Some say she is the same thing as Nemesis, and that she took the name from a particular king, Adrastos (Adrastus) . . . Demetrios of Skepsis says that Adrasteia is Artemis, [in a cult] established by one Adrastos. Antimakhos (Antimachus) says : ‘there is a certain great goddess Nemesis, who apportions out all these things to the blessed; Adrestos was the first to set up an altar for her by the flowing river.’" IV. SMYRNA City in Aiolia-Lydia (Anatolia) Pausanias, Description of Greece 7. 5. 1 (trans. Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd A.D.) : "Alexandros [Alexander the Great] was hunting on Mount Pagos [near Smyrna], and that after the hunt was over he came to a sanctuary of the Nemeseis, and found there a spring and a plane-tree in front of the sanctuary, growing over the water. While he slept under the plane-tree it is said that the Nemeses appeared and bade him found a city there and remove into it the Smyrnaians from the old city . . . So they migrated of their own free will, and believe in two Nemeses instead of one, saying their mother is Nyx, while the Athenians say that the father of the goddess in Rhamnos is Okeanos (Oceanus)." TITLES & EPITHETS Nemesis had several titles and epithets. Greek Name	Nemesis
How many shillings were there in a Guinea?	1000+ images about Gods of Justice & Retribution on Pinterest \| Statue of, Michelangelo and Romanticism Forward Themis is the Greek Goddess of Divine Order and Law. She is one of the Titans, the children of Ouranos and Gaia, the oldest of the Gods. With her consort/brother Zeus, she bore the Horae (Goddesses of the Hours) and the Moirae (Goddesses of Fate). Themis presided over the laws of both Gods and men; when she was disregarded, she sent the Goddess Nemesis to deliver retribution. Themis is often depicted blindfolded and holding a set of scales, the original model of “blind justice”. (for zs <3) See More	i don't know
Which cathedral overlooks Red Square in Moscow?	Kremlin and Red Square -- World Heritage Site -- National Geographic Kremlin and Red Square St. Basil's Cathedral, considered a masterpiece of Orthodox art, overlooks Moscow's famous Red Square. Photography W. Buss, Photolibrary Site: Kremlin and Red Square, Moscow Location: Russia Criteria: (i)(ii)(iv)(vi) Reason: These iconic sites have witnessed much of Russian history. They occupy not only the center of Moscow, but the heart of the Russian nation. * * * Even those who’ve never been to Moscow recognize the colorful domes of St. Basil’s Cathedral, which sits on Red Square below the ramparts of the Kremlin. The Kremlin’s tower-studded, walled complex of domed cathedrals and palaces, which dates to 1156 but occupies a site used for far longer, was the religious center of the Russian Orthodox Church and also the residence of the tsars. Taken together, these sites symbolize Russia itself and have spent long centuries at the very heart of the nation. The Kremlin sits on Borovitsky Hill, rising above the Moscow River in the center of the city. Its first white-stone walls and towers went up in 1367-68, and a rebuild little more than a century later employed skilled artists and architects from across Europe to shape the site into roughly its modern form and appearance. During the early decades of the Soviet era, the Kremlin became an exclusive enclave where the state’s governing elite lived and worked. The site remains the official residence of the president of the Russian Federation but access to other areas within the walls has loosened considerably. Museums now display some of Russian history’s cherished relics here, and church services are once again performed in the Kremlin’s numerous cathedrals. The Kremlin stands on the west side of the massive, bricked Red Square, which separated the fortified citadel from the city at large. The square area has served as a marketplace, festival ground, gathering place and, during the Soviet era, a parade ground for displaying the might of a military superpower. Lenin’s tomb lies along the Kremlin side of Red Square. The former leader’s embalmed body has been on view inside since 1924. The 16th-century St. Basil’s Cathedral was built by Ivan the Terrible (Tsar Ivan IV) to commemorate his victory over the Tartar Mongols. The interior is rich with painted walls and icons from different periods of the church’s long history. But its exterior tents and domed spires, each capping one of nine separate chapels, are nothing short of iconic. How to Get There Moscow is justly famed for its subway system. The closest stations to the Kremlin are Borovitskaya and Biblioteka imeni Lenina. When to Visit The Kremlin is closed Thursdays. On other days it and the adjacent Red Square are must-see attractions for any visitors to Moscow. Russia is a cold-weather country so winter visitors should plan accordingly—but a fresh snowfall only enhances the appearance of these iconic sites. How to Visit There is much to see in this area where so many events in Russia’s long history have played out. One great way to hit the highlights is by following our National Geographic Walking Tour . Comment on This Story	Saint Basil's Cathedral
"Which city does the extinct volcano known as ""Arthur's Seat"" overlook?"	Red Square Moscow Guide Red Square The first stop for any visitor to Moscow. Red Square remains, as it has been for centuries, the heart and soul of Russia. Few places in the world bear the weight of history to the extent that Moscow's central square does. From the 16th Century St. Basil's Cathedral - one of the most famous pieces of architecture in the world - to the constructivist pyramid of Lenin's Mausoleum, Red Square is rich in symbols of Russia's turbulent and intriguing past.	i don't know
By what name is the disease VARICELLA more known?	Pinkbook \| Varicella \| Epidemiology of Vaccine Preventable Diseases \| CDC Varicella Zoster Immune Globulin Varicella is an acute infectious disease caused by varicella zoster virus (VZV). The recurrent infection (herpes zoster, also known as shingles) has been recognized since ancient times. Primary varicella infection (chickenpox) was not reliably distinguished from smallpox until the end of the 19th century. In 1875, Steiner demonstrated that chickenpox was caused by an infectious agent by inoculating volunteers with the vesicular fluid from a patient with acute varicella. Clinical observations of the relationship between varicella and herpes zoster were made in 1888 by von Bokay, when children without evidence of varicella immunity acquired varicella after contact with herpes zoster. VZV was isolated from vesicular fluid of both chickenpox and zoster lesions in cell culture by Thomas Weller in 1954. Subsequent laboratory studies of the virus led to the development of a live attenuated varicella vaccine in Japan in the 1970s. The vaccine was licensed for use in the United States in March 1995. The first vaccine to reduce the risk of herpes zoster was licensed in May 2006. Varicella Zoster Virus Replication in nasopharynx and regional lymph nodes Primary viremia 4 to 6 days after infection Multiple tissues, including sensory ganglia, infected during viremia VZV is a DNA virus and is a member of the herpesvirus group. Like other herpesviruses, VZV has the capacity to persist in the body after the primary (first) infection as a latent infection. VZV persists in sensory nerve ganglia. Primary infection with VZV results in chickenpox. Herpes zoster (shingles) is the result of reactivation of latent VZV infection. The virus is believed to have a short survival time in the environment. Pathogenesis VZV enters through the respiratory tract and conjunctiva. The virus is believed to replicate at the site of entry in the nasopharynx and in regional lymph nodes. A primary viremia occurs 4 to 6 days after infection and disseminates the virus to other organs, such as the liver, spleen, and sensory ganglia. Further replication occurs in the viscera, followed by a secondary viremia, with viral infection of the skin. Virus can be cultured from mononuclear cells of an infected person from 5 days before to 1 or 2 days after the appearance of the rash. Clinical Features The incubation period is 14 to 16 days after exposure, with a range of 10 to 21 days. The incubation period may be prolonged in immunocompromised patients and those who have received postexposure treatment with a varicella antibody–containing product.The incubation period is 14 to 16 days after exposure, with a range of 10 to 21 days. The incubation period may be prolonged in immunocompromised patients and those who have received postexposure treatment with a varicella antibody–containing product. Primary Infection (Chickenpox) Incubation period 14 to 16 days (range 10 to 21 days) Mild prodrome for 1 to 2 days (adults) Rash generally appears first on head; most concentrated on trunk Successive crops over several days with lesions present in several stages of development A mild prodrome may precede the onset of a rash. Adults may have 1 to 2 days of fever and malaise prior to rash onset, but in children the rash is often the first sign of disease. In individuals who have not been vaccinated with varicella vaccine, the rash is generalized and pruritic and progresses rapidly from macules to papules to vesicular lesions before crusting. The rash usually appears first on the head, then on the trunk, and then the extremities; the highest concentration of lesions is on the trunk. Lesions also can occur on mucous membranes of the oropharynx, respiratory tract, vagina, conjunctiva, and the cornea. Lesions are usually 1 to 4 mm in diameter. The vesicles are superficial and delicate and contain clear fluid on an erythematous base. Vesicles may rupture or become purulent before they dry and crust. Successive crops appear over several days, with lesions present in several stages of development. For example, macular lesions may be observed in the same area of skin as mature vesicles. Healthy children usually have 200 to 500 lesions in 2 to 4 successive crops. Breakthrough varicella is defined as a case of varicella due to infection with wild-type VZV occurring more than 42 days after varicella vaccination. With decreasing incidence of varicella overall and increasing varicella vaccination coverage, more than half of varicella cases reported in the varicella active surveillance sites in 2010 were breakthrough varicella. In clinical trials, breakthrough varicella was substantially less severe with the median number of skin lesions commonly less than 50; vesicular lesions are less common and the lesions are commonly papules that do not progress to vesicles. Varicella in vaccinated persons is typically shorter in duration and has a lower incidence of fever than in unvaccinated persons. Breakthrough varicella has been reported in both one- and two-dose vaccine recipients. The clinical course in healthy children is generally mild, with malaise, pruritus (itching), and temperature up to 102°F for 2 to 3 days. Adults may have more severe disease and have a higher incidence of complications. Respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms are absent. Children with lymphoma and leukemia may develop a severe progressive form of varicella characterized by high fever, extensive vesicular eruption, and high complication rates. Children infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) also may have severe, prolonged illness. Recovery from primary varicella infection usually results in lifetime immunity. In otherwise healthy persons, a second occurrence of chickenpox is not common, but it can happen, particularly in immunocompromised persons. As with other viral diseases, reexposure to natural (wild) varicella may lead to reinfection that boosts antibody titers without causing clinical illness or detectable viremia. Recurrent Disease (Herpes Zoster) intrauterine exposure varicella at younger than 18 months of age Herpes zoster, or shingles, occurs when latent VZV reactivates and causes recurrent disease. The immunologic mechanism that controls latency of VZV is not well understood. However, factors associated with recurrent disease include aging, immunosuppression, intrauterine exposure to VZV, and having had varicella at a young age (younger than 18 months). In immunocompromised persons, zoster may disseminate, causing generalized skin lesions and central nervous system, pulmonary, and hepatic involvement. The vesicular eruption of zoster generally occurs unilaterally in the distribution of a sensory nerve. Most often, this involves the trunk or the fifth cranial nerve. Two to four days prior to the eruption, there may be pain and paresthesia in the involved area. There are few systemic symptoms. Hospitalization: 2-3 per 1,000 cases (children) Death: 1 per 60,000 cases Acute varicella is generally mild and self-limited, but it may be associated with complications. Secondary bacterial infections of skin lesions with Staphylococcus or Streptococcus are the most common cause of hospitalization and outpatient medical visits. Secondary infection with invasive group A streptococci may cause serious illness and lead to hospitalization or death. Pneumonia following varicella is usually viral but may be bacterial. Secondary bacterial pneumonia is more common in children younger than 1 year of age. Central nervous system manifestations of varicella range from aseptic meningitis to encephalitis. Involvement of the cerebellum, with resulting cerebellar ataxia, is the most common central nervous system manifestation and generally has a good outcome. Encephalitis is an infrequent complication of varicella (estimated 1.8 per 10,000 cases) and may lead to seizures and coma. Diffuse cerebral involvement is more common in adults than in children. Reye syndrome is an unusual complication of varicella and influenza and occurs almost exclusively in children who take aspirin during the acute illness. The etiology of Reye syndrome is unknown. There has been a dramatic decrease in the incidence of Reye syndrome, presumably related to decreased use of aspirin by children. Rare complications of varicella include aseptic meningitis, transverse myelitis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, thrombocytopenia, hemorrhagic varicella, purpura fulminans, glomerulonephritis, myocarditis, arthritis, orchitis, uveitis, iritis, and hepatitis. In the prevaccine era, approximately 11,000 persons with varicella required hospitalization each year. Hospitalization rates were approximately 2 to 3 per 1,000 cases among healthy children and 8 per 1,000 cases among adults. Death occurred in approximately 1 in 60,000 cases. From 1990 through 1996, an average of 103 deaths from varicella were reported each year. Most deaths occur in immunocompetent children and adults. Since 1996, hospitalizations and deaths from varicella have declined more than 70% and 88% respectively. Groups at Increased Risk of Complications of Varicella Persons older than 15 years Infants younger than 1 year Immunocompromised persons Newborns of women with rash onset within 5 days before to 2 days after delivery The risk of complications from varicella varies with age. Complications are infrequent among healthy children. They occur much more frequently in persons older than 15 years of age and infants younger than 1 year of age. Prior to the introduction of varicella vaccination, the fatality rates for varicella were approximately 1 per 100,000 cases among children 1-14 years of age, 2.7 per 100,000 cases among persons 15-19 years of age, and 25.2 per 100,000 cases among adults 30-49 years of age. Adults accounted for only 5% of reported cases of varicella but approximately 35%of mortality. Immunocompromised persons have a high risk of disseminated disease (up to 36% in one report). These persons may have multiple organ system involvement, and the disease may become fulminant and hemorrhagic. The most frequent complications in immunocompromised persons are pneumonia and encephalitis. Children with HIV infection are at increased risk for morbidity from varicella and herpes zoster. The onset of maternal varicella from 5 days before to 2 days after delivery may result in overwhelming infection of the neonate and a fatality rate as high as 30%. This severe disease is believed to result from fetal exposure to varicella virus without the benefit of passive maternal antibody. Infants born to mothers with onset of maternal varicella 5 days or more prior to delivery usually have a benign course, presumably due to passive transfer of maternal antibody across the placenta. Herpes Zoster Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN), or pain in the area of the ocurrence that persists after the lesions have resolved, is a distressing complication of zoster. There is currently no adequate therapy available. PHN may last a year or longer after the episode of zoster. Ocular nerve and other organ involvement with zoster can occur, often with severe sequelae. Congenital Varicella Syndrome Results from maternal infection during pregnancy Period of risk may extend through first 20 weeks of pregnancy Low birth weight, hypoplasia of extremity, skin scarring, eye and neurologic abnormalities Risk appears to be very low (less than 2%) Congenital VZV Infection Primary maternal varicella infection in the first 20 weeks of gestation is occasionally associated with abnormalities in the newborn, including low birth weight, hypoplasia of an extremity, skin scarring, localized muscular atrophy, encephalitis, cortical atrophy, chorioretinitis, and microcephaly. This constellation of abnormalities, collectively known as congenital varicella syndrome, was first recognized in 1947. The risk of congenital abnormalities from primary maternal varicella infection appears to be very low (less than 2%). Rare reports of congenital birth defects following maternal zoster exist, but virologic confirmation of maternal lesions is lacking. Isolation of varicella virus from clinical specimen Rapid varicella virus identification using PCR (preferred, if available) or DFA Significant rise in varicella IgG by any standard serologic assay Laboratory testing, whenever possible, or epidemiological linkage to a typical case or laboratory-confirmed case should be sought to confirm – or rule out – varicella. Varicella zoster virus polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the method of choice for diagnosis of varicella. VZV may also be isolated in tissue culture, although this is less sensitive and requires several days to obtain a result. The most frequent source of VZV isolation is vesicular fluid. Laboratory techniques allow differentiation of wild-type and vaccine strains of VZV. Rapid varicella virus identification techniques are indicated for a case with severe or unusual disease to initiate specific antiviral therapy. VZV PCR is the method of choice for rapid clinical diagnosis. Real-time PCR methods are widely available and are the most sensitive and specific method of the available tests. Results are available within several hours. If real-time PCR is unavailable, the direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) method can be used, although it is less sensitive than PCR and requires more meticulous specimen collection and handling. Specimens are best collected by unroofing a vesicle, preferably a fresh fluid-filled vesicle, and then rubbing the base of a skin lesion with a polyester swab. Crusts from lesions are also excellent specimens for PCR. Because viral proteins persist after cessation of viral replication, PCR and DFA may be positive when viral cultures are negative. Additional information can be found concerning virus isolation and strain differentiation . A variety of serologic tests for varicella antibody are available commercially including a latex agglutination assay (LA) and a number of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) that can be used to assess disease-induced immunity. Currently available ELISA methods are not sufficiently sensitive to reliably detect seroconversion to vaccine, but are robust enough to screen persons for VZV susceptibility. ELISA is sensitive and specific, simple to perform, and widely available commercially. A commercially available LA is sensitive, simple, and rapid to perform. LA is somewhat more sensitive than commercial ELISAs, although it can result in false-positive results, leading to failure to identify persons without evidence of varicella immunity. This latter concern can be minimized by performing LA as a dilution series. Either of these tests would be useful for screening for varicella immunity. Antibody resulting from vaccination is generally of lower titer than antibody resulting from varicella disease. Commercial antibody assays, particularly the LA test, may not be sensitive enough to detect vaccine-induced antibody in some recipients. Because of the potential for false-negative serologic tests, routine postvaccination serologic testing is not recommended. For diagnosis of acute varicella infection, serologic confirmation would include a significant rise in varicella IgG by any standard serologic assay. Testing using commercial kits for IgM antibody is not recommended since available methods lack sensitivity and specificity; false-positive IgM results are common in the presence of high IgG levels. The National VZV Laboratory at CDC has developed a reliable IgM capture assay. Contact the laboratory by e-mail for details about collecting and submitting specimens for testing. 1-2 days before to 4-5 days after onset of rash may be longer in immunocompromised Varicella and herpes zoster occur worldwide. Some data suggest that in tropical areas varicella infection occurs more commonly among adults than children. The reason(s) for this difference in age distribution are not known with certainty. Reservoir Varicella is a human disease. No animal or insect source or vector is known to exist. Transmission Infection with VZV occurs through the respiratory tract. The most common mode of transmission of VZV is believed to be person to person from infected respiratory tract secretions. Transmission may also occur by respiratory contact with airborne droplets or by direct contact or inhalation of aerosols from vesicular fluid of skin lesions of acute varicella or zoster. Temporal Pattern In temperate areas, varicella has a distinct seasonal fluctuation, with the highest incidence occurring in winter and early spring. In the United States, incidence is highest between March and May and lowest between September and November. Less seasonality is reported in tropical areas. Herpes zoster has no seasonal variation and occurs throughout the year. Communicability The period of communicability extends from 1 to 2 days before the onset of rash until lesions have formed crusts. Vaccinated persons with varicella may develop lesions that do not crust (macules and papules only). Isolation guidance for these persons is to exclude until no new lesions appear within a 24-hour period. Immunocompromised patients with varicella are probably contagious during the entire period new lesions are appearing. The virus has not been isolated from crusted lesions. Varicella is highly contagious. It is less contagious than measles, but more so than mumps and rubella. Secondary attack rates among susceptible household contacts of persons with varicella are as high as 90% (that is, 9 of 10 susceptible household contacts of persons with varicella will become infected). Secular Trends in the United States Varicella In the prevaccine era, varicella was endemic in the United States, and virtually all persons acquired varicella by adulthood. As a result, the number of cases occurring annually was estimated to approximate the birth cohort, or approximately 4 million per year. Varicella was removed from the list of nationally notifiable conditions in 1981, but some states continued to report cases to CDC. The majority of cases (approximately 90%) occurred among children younger than 15 years of age. The highest age-specific incidence of varicella was among children 1–4 years of age, who accounted for 39% of all cases. This age distribution was probably a result of earlier exposure to VZV in preschool and child care settings. Children 5–9 years of age accounted for 38% of cases. Adults 20 years of age and older accounted for only 7% of cases (National Health Interview Survey data, 1990–1994). The incidence of varicella, as well as varicella-related hospitalizations, has decreased significantly since licensure of vaccine in 1995. Despite high one-dose vaccination coverage and success of the vaccination program in reducing varicella morbidity and mortality, varicella surveillance indicated that the number of reported varicella cases appeared to have plateaued in the early 2000s. An increasing proportion of cases represent breakthrough infection (chickenpox occurring in a previously vaccinated person). In 2001–2005, outbreaks were reported in schools with high varicella vaccination coverage (96%–100%). These outbreaks had many similarities: all occurred in elementary schools; vaccine effectiveness was within the expected range (72%–85%); the highest attack rates occurred among the younger students; each outbreak lasted about 2 months; and persons with breakthrough infection transmitted the virus although the breakthrough disease was mild. Overall attack rates among vaccinated children were 11%–17%, with attack rates in some classrooms as high as 40%. These data indicate that even in settings where almost everyone was vaccinated and vaccine performed as expected, varicella outbreaks could not be prevented with the one-dose vaccination policy. These observations led to the recommendation in 2006 for a second routine dose of varicella vaccine. In 2010, varicella vaccination coverage among children 19–35 months in two of the active surveillance areas was estimated to be 95%. Varicella cases declined 97% between 1995 and 2010. Cases declined most among children 5–9 years of age, but a decline occurred in all age groups including infants and adults, indicating reduced transmission of the virus in these groups since implementation of the routine two-dose varicella vaccination program. One-dose varicella vaccine coverage among 19–35-month-old children was estimated by the National Immunization Survey to be 90.8% in 2011. Herpes Zoster 500,000 to 1 million episodes occur annually in the United States Lifetime risk of zoster estimated to be 32% 50% of persons living until age 85 years will develop zoster Herpes zoster is not a notifiable condition. An estimated 500,000 to 1 million episodes of zoster occur annually in the United States. The lifetime risk of zoster is estimated to be at least 32%. Increasing age and cellular immunosuppression are the most important risk factors; 50% of persons living until age 85 years will develop zoster. Top of Page Vaccines Containing Varicella Virus Three VZV-containing vaccines are now licensed in the United States: varicella vaccine (Varivax), combination measles-mumps-rubella-varicella (MMRV) vaccine (ProQuad), and herpes zoster vaccine (Zostavax). Characteristics approved for children 12 months through 12 years Herpes zoster vaccine (Zostavax) approved for persons 50 years and older Varicella vaccine (Varivax, Merck) is a live-attenuated viral vaccine, derived from the Oka strain of VZV. The vaccine virus was isolated by Takahashi in the early 1970s from vesicular fluid from an otherwise healthy child with varicella disease. Varicella vaccine was licensed for general use in Japan and Korea in 1988. It was licensed in the United States in 1995 for persons 12 months of age and older. The virus was attenuated by sequential passage in human embryonic lung cell culture, embryonic guinea pig fibroblasts, and in WI-38 human diploid cells. The Oka/Merck vaccine has undergone further passage through MRC-5 human diploid cell cultures for a total of 31 passages. The reconstituted vaccine contains small amounts of sucrose, processed porcine gelatin, sodium chloride, monosodium L-glutamate, sodium diphosphate, potassium phosphate, and potassium chloride, and trace quantities of residual components of MRC-5 cells (DNA and protein), EDTA, neomycin, and fetal bovine serum. The vaccine is reconstituted with sterile water and contains no preservative. Measles-Mumps-Rubella-Varicella Vaccine In September 2005, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) licensed a combined live-attenuated measles-mumps-rubella and varicella vaccine (ProQuad, Merck) for use in persons 12 months through 12 years of age. The attenuated measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine viruses in MMRV are identical and of equal titer to those in the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine. The titer of Oka/Merck varicella zoster virus is higher in MMRV vaccine than in single-antigen varicella vaccine, a minimum of 9,772 (3.99 log10) plaque-forming units (PFU) versus 1,350 PFU (~3.13 log10), respectively. Each 0.5-mL dose contains small quantities of sucrose, hydrolyzed gelatin, sodium chloride, sorbitol, monosodium L-glutamate, sodium phosphate dibasic, human albumin, sodium bicarbonate, potassium phosphate monobasic, potassium chloride; potassium phosphate dibasic; residual components of MRC-5 cells (DNA and protein) neomycin, bovine calf serum, and other buffer and media ingredients. The vaccine is reconstituted with sterile water and contains no preservative. Herpes Zoster Vaccine In May 2006, the FDA approved herpes zoster vaccine (Zostavax, Merck) for use in persons 60 years of age and older. In March 2011, the FDA approved a label change for zoster vaccine to include persons 50 through 59 years of age. The vaccine contains the same Oka/Merck varicella zoster virus used in varicella and MMRV vaccines but at a much higher titer (a minimum of 19,400 PFU versus 1,350 PFU in varicella vaccine). Each 0.65-mL dose contains small quantities of sucrose, hydrolyzed porcine gelatin, sodium chloride, monosodium L-glutamate, sodium phosphate dibasic, potassium phosphate monobasic, potassium chloride; residual components of MRC-5 cells including (DNA and protein); neomycin and bovine calf serum. The vaccine is reconstituted with sterile water and contains no preservative. Varicella Vaccine Immunogenicity and Efficacy Detectable antibody 97% of children 12 months through 12 years following 1 dose 99% of persons 13 years and older after 2 doses 70% to 90% effective against any varicella disease 90%-100% effective against severe varicella disease Immunogenicity and Vaccine Efficacy Varicella Vaccine After one dose of single-antigen varicella vaccine, 97% of children 12 months through 12 years of age develop detectable antibody titers. More than 90% of vaccine responders maintain antibody for at least 6 years. In Japanese studies, 97% of children had antibody 7 to 10 years after vaccination. Vaccine efficacy is estimated to be 70% to 90% against infection, and 90% to 100% against moderate or severe disease. Among healthy adolescents and adults 13 years of age and older, an average of 78% develop antibody after one dose, and 99% develop antibody after a second dose given 4 to 8 weeks later. Antibody persisted for at least 1 year in 97% of vaccinees after the second dose given 4 to 8 weeks after the first dose. Immunity appears to be long-lasting, and is probably permanent in the majority of vaccinees. Breakthrough infection is significantly milder than infection among unvaccinated persons, with fewer lesions (generally fewer than 50), many of which are maculopapular rather than vesicular. Most persons with breakthrough infection do not have fever. Varicella Breakthrough Infection Breakthrough infection is significantly milder, with fewer lesions No consistent evidence that risk of breakthrough infection increases with time since vaccination Retrospective cohort study of 115,000 children vaccinated in 2 HMOs during January 1995 through December 1999 Risk of breakthrough varicella 2.5 times higher if varicella vaccine administered less than 30 days following MMR No increased risk if varicella vaccine given simultaneously or more than 30 days after MMRM Although findings of some studies have suggested otherwise, most investigations have not identified time since vaccination as a risk factor for breakthrough varicella. Some, but not all, recent investigations have identified the presence of asthma, use of steroids, and vaccination at younger than 15 months of age as risk factors for breakthrough varicella. Classification of varicella infection as breakthrough could be a result of several factors, including interference of vaccine virus replication by circulating antibody, impotent vaccine resulting from storage or handling errors, or inaccurate recordkeeping. Interference from live viral vaccine administered before varicella vaccine could also reduce vaccine effectiveness. A study of 115,000 children in two health maintenance organizations during 1995–1999 found that children who received varicella vaccine less than 30 days after MMR vaccination had a 2.5-fold increased risk of breakthrough varicella compared with those who received varicella vaccine before, simultaneously with, or more than 30 days after MMR. Studies have shown that a second dose of varicella vaccine boosts immunity and reduces the risk of breakthrough disease in children. MMRV Vaccine MMRV vaccine was licensed on the basis of equivalence of immunogenicity of the antigenic components rather than the clinical efficacy. Clinical studies involving healthy children age 12 through 23 months indicated that those who received a single dose of MMRV vaccine developed similar levels of antibody to measles, mumps, rubella and varicella as children who received MMR and varicella vaccines concomitantly at separate injection sites. Herpes Zoster Vaccine Efficacy Vaccine recipients 60 to 80 years of age had 51% fewer episodes of zoster efficacy declines with increasing age significantly reduces the risk of postherpetic neuralgia Reduces the risk of zoster 69.8% in persons 50 through 59 years of age Herpes Zoster Vaccine The primary clinical trial for zoster vaccine included more than 38,000 adults 60 to 80 years of age with no prior history of shingles. Participants were followed for a median of 3.1 years after a single dose of vaccine. Compared with the placebo group, the vaccine group had 51% fewer episodes of zoster. Efficacy was highest for persons 60–69 years of age (64%) and declined with increasing age. Efficacy was 18% for participants 80 years or older. Vaccine recipients who developed zoster generally had less severe disease. Vaccine recipients also had about 66% less postherpetic neuralgia, the pain that can persist long after the shingles rash has resolved. In a subsequent clinical trial that included more than 22,000 persons 50 through 59 years of age, zoster vaccine was shown to reduce the risk of zoster by 69.8% in this age group. The duration of reduction of risk of zoster is not known. Routine vaccination at 12-15 months of age Routine second dose at 4-6 years of age Minimum interval between doses of varicella vaccine is 3 months for children younger than 13 years of age Varicella Vaccine Recommendations Adolescents and Adults All persons 13 years of age and older without evidence of varicella immunity 2 doses separated by at least 4 weeks Do not repeat first dose because of extended interval between doses Varicella Vaccine Varicella vaccine is recommended for all children without contraindications at 12 through 15 months of age. The vaccine may be given to all children at this age regardless of prior history of varicella. A second dose of varicella vaccine should be administered at 4 through 6 years of age, at the same visit as the second dose of MMR vaccine. The second dose may be administered earlier than 4 through 6 years of age if at least 3 months have elapsed following the first dose (i.e., the minimum interval between doses of varicella vaccine is 3 months for children younger than 13 years). However, if the second dose is administered at least 28 days following the first dose, it does not need to be repeated. A second dose of varicella vaccine is also recommended for persons older than 6 years of age who have received only one dose. Varicella vaccine doses administered to persons 13 years or older should be separated by 4-8 weeks. All varicella-containing vaccines should be administered by the subcutaneous route. Varicella vaccine has been shown to be safe and effective in healthy children when administered at the same time as MMR vaccine at separate sites and with separate syringes. If varicella and MMR vaccines are not administered at the same visit, they should be separated by at least 28 days. Varicella vaccine may also be administered simultaneously (but at separate sites with separate syringes) with all other childhood vaccines. ACIP strongly recommends that varicella vaccine be administered simultaneously with all other vaccines recommended at 12 through 15 months of age. Children with a clinician-diagnosed or verified history of typical chickenpox can be assumed to be immune to varicella. Serologic testing of such children prior to vaccination is not warranted because the majority of children between 12 months and 12 years of age without a clinical history of chickenpox are not immune. Prior history of chickenpox is not a contraindication to varicella vaccination. Varicella vaccine should be administered to all adolescents and adults 13 years of age and older who do not have evidence of varicella immunity (see Varicella Immunity section). Persons 13 years of age and older should receive two doses of varicella vaccine separated by 4-8 weeks. If there is a lapse of more than 4 weeks after the first dose, the second dose may be administered at any time without repeating the first dose. Assessment of varicella immunity status of all adolescents and adults and vaccination of those who lack evidence of varicella immunity are important to protect these individuals from their higher risk of complications from varicella. Vaccination may be offered at the time of routine healthcare visits. However, specific assessment efforts should be focused on adolescents and adults who are at highest risk of exposure and those most likely to transmit varicella to others. Varicella Vaccination Recommendations Healthcare Personnel ACIP recommends all healthcare personnel be immune to varicella Prevaccination serologic screening likely cost-effective for persons with uncertain history Postvaccination testing not necessary or recommended The ACIP recommends that all healthcare personnel be immune to varicella. In healthcare settings, serologic screening of personnel who are uncertain of their varicella history, or who claim not to have had the disease is likely to be cost-effective. Testing for varicella immunity following two doses of vaccine is not necessary because 99% of persons are seropositive after the second dose. Moreover, available commercial assays are not sensitive enough to detect antibody following vaccination in all instances. Seroconversion does not always result in full protection against disease, although no data regarding correlates of protection are available for adults. Vaccinated healthcare personnel exposed to VZV should be monitored daily from day 10 to day 21 after exposure through the employee health or infection control program to screen for fever, skin lesions, and systemic symptoms. Persons with varicella may be infectious starting 2 days before rash onset. In addition, healthcare personnel should be instructed to immediately report fever, headache, or other constitutional symptoms and any skin lesions (which may be atypical). The person should be placed on sick leave immediately if symptoms occur. The risk of transmission of vaccine virus from a vaccinated person to a susceptible contact appears to be very low (see Transmission of Varicella Vaccine Virus section), and the benefits of vaccinating susceptible healthcare personnel clearly outweigh this potential risk. Transmission of vaccine virus appears to occur primarily if and when the vaccinee develops a vaccine-associated rash. As a safeguard, medical facilities may wish to consider protocols for personnel who develop a rash following vaccination (e.g., avoidance of contact with persons at high risk of serious complications, such as immunosuppressed persons who do not have evidence of varicella immunity). MMRV Vaccine Approved for children 12 months through 12 years of age (to age 13 years) Do not use for persons 13 years and older May be used for both first and second doses of MMR and varicella vaccines Minimum interval between doses is 3 months MMRV vaccine is approved for vaccination against measles, mumps, rubella and varicella in children 12 months through 12 years of age. Persons 13 years of age and older should not receive MMRV. When used, MMRV vaccine should be administered on or after the first birthday, preferably as soon as the child becomes eligible for vaccination. MMRV may be used for both the first and second doses of MMR and varicella in children younger than 13 years. The minimum interval between doses of MMRV is 3 months. However, if the second dose is administered at least 28 days following the first dose, it does not need to be repeated. For the first dose of measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella vaccines at age 12 through 47 months, either MMR vaccine and varicella vaccine or MMRV vaccine may be used. Providers who are considering administering MMRV vaccine should discuss the benefits and risks of both vaccination options with the parents or caregivers. Unless the parent or caregiver expresses a preference for MMRV vaccine, CDC recommends that MMR vaccine and varicella vaccine should be administered for the first dose in this age group. See the Adverse Reactions section of this chapter for more information. For the second dose of measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella vaccines at any age (15 months through 12 years) and for the first dose at 48 months of age or older, use of MMRV vaccine generally is preferred over separate injections of its equivalent component vaccines (i.e., MMR vaccine and varicella vaccine). Herpes Zoster Vaccine Herpes Zoster Vaccine Approved for persons 50 years and older ACIP does not recommend vaccination of persons younger than 60 years because of supply and lower risk of zoster in this age group Zoster vaccine is approved by FDA for persons 50 years and older. However, ACIP does not currently recommend vaccination of persons younger than 60 years because of concerns about vaccine supply and the lower risk of zoster in this age group. ACIP recommends a single dose of zoster vaccine for adults 60 years of age and older whether or not they report a prior episode of herpes zoster. Persons with a chronic medical condition may be vaccinated unless a contraindication or precaution exists for the condition (see Contraindications and Precautions to Vaccination ). In June 2011, the package insert for zoster vaccine was revised to advise that in a randomized clinical study, a reduced immune response to Zostavax as measured by glycoprotein-based ELISA (gpELISA) was observed in individuals who received Pneumovax 23 (PPSV23) and Zostavax concurrently compared with individuals who received these vaccines 4 weeks apart. A subsequent clinical study did not find a significant increase in the incidence of zoster among persons who received zoster vaccine and PPSV23 at the same visit compared with persons who received the vaccines 30 or more days apart. Consequently, to avoid introducing barriers to patients and providers who are interested in these two important vaccines, CDC has not changed its recommendation for either vaccine, and continues to recommend that zoster vaccine and PPSV be administered at the same visit if the person is eligible for both vaccines. Postexposure Prophylaxis Varicella Vaccine Postexposure Prophylaxis Varicella vaccine is recommended for use in persons without evidence of varicella immunity after exposure to varicella 70%-100% effective if given within 3 days of exposure (possibly up to 5 days) not effective if administered more than 5 days after exposure but will produce immunity if recipient is not infected Varicella Vaccine Data from the United States and Japan in a variety of settings indicate that varicella vaccine is 70% to 100% effective in preventing illness or modifying the severity of illness if used within 3 days, and possibly up to 5 days, after exposure. ACIP recommends the vaccine for postexposure prophylaxis in persons who do not have evidence of varicella immunity. If exposure to varicella does not cause infection, postexposure vaccination should induce protection against subsequent exposure. If the exposure results in infection, there is no evidence that administration of varicella vaccine during the incubation period or prodromal stage of illness increases the risk for vaccine-associated adverse reactions. Although postexposure use of varicella vaccine has potential applications in hospital settings, preexposure vaccination of all healthcare personnel without evidence of varicella immunity is the recommended and preferred method for preventing varicella in healthcare settings. Varicella outbreaks in some settings (e.g., child care facilities and schools) can persist up to 6 months. Varicella vaccine has been used successfully to control these outbreaks. The ACIP recommends a second dose of varicella vaccine for outbreak control. During a varicella outbreak, persons who have received one dose of varicella vaccine should receive a second dose, provided the appropriate vaccination interval has elapsed since the first dose (3 months for persons aged 12 months through 12 years and at least 4 weeks for persons aged 13 years of age and older). MMRV Vaccine MMRV vaccine may be used as described for varicella vaccine, and for measles as described in the Measles chapter . Herpes Zoster Vaccine Exposure to a person with either primary varicella (chickenpox) or herpes zoster does not cause zoster in the exposed person. Herpes zoster vaccine has no role in the postexposure management of either chickenpox or zoster and should not be used for this purpose. Written documentation of age-appropriate vaccination Laboratory evidence of immunity or laboratory confirmation of disease Born in the United States before 1980 Healthcare personnel diagnosis or verification of varicella disease History of herpes zoster based on healthcare provider diagnosis In 2007, the ACIP published a revised definition for evidence of immunity to varicella. Evidence of immunity to varicella includes any of the following: Documentation of age-appropriate vaccination: Preschool-aged children 12 months of age or older: one dose School-aged children, adolescents, and adults: two doses Laboratory evidence of immunity or laboratory confirmation of disease. Commercial assays can be used to assess disease-induced immunity, but they lack adequate sensitivity to reliably detect vaccine-induced immunity (i.e., they may yield false-negative results). Born in the United States before 1980: for healthcare providers and pregnant women, birth before 1980 should not be considered evidence of immunity. Persons born outside the United States should meet one of the other criteria for varicella immunity. A healthcare provider diagnosis or verification of varicella disease. Verification of history or diagnosis of typical disease can be done by any healthcare provider (e.g., school or occupational clinic nurse, nurse practitioner, physician assistant, physician). For persons reporting a history of or presenting with atypical and/or mild cases, assessment by a physician or designee is recommended, and one of the following should be sought: a) an epidemiologic link to a typical varicella case, or b) evidence of laboratory confirmation if laboratory testing was performed at the time of acute disease. When such documentation is lacking, a person should not be considered as having a valid history of disease, because other diseases may mimic mild atypical varicella. History of herpes zoster based on healthcare provider diagnosis. Contraindications and Precautions to Vaccination Varicella and MMRV Vaccines Moderate or severe acute illness Recent blood product (varicella, MMRV) Personal or family (i.e., sibling or parent) history of seizures of any etiology (MMRV only) Varicella Vaccine Use in Persons with Immunosuppression MMRV not approved for use in persons with HIV infection Do not administer zoster vaccine to immunosuppressed persons Contraindications and precautions are similar for all varicella-containing vaccines. Persons with a severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) to a vaccine component or following a prior dose of vaccine should not receive varicella vaccine. Varicella, MMRV, and zoster vaccines all contain minute amounts of neomycin and hydrolyzed gelatin but do not contain egg protein or preservative. Persons with immunosuppression due to leukemia, lymphoma, generalized malignancy, immune deficiency disease, or immunosuppressive therapy should not be vaccinated with a varicella-containing vaccine. However, treatment with low-dose (less than 2 mg/kg/day), alternate-day, topical, replacement, or aerosolized steroid preparations is not a contraindication to vaccination. Persons whose immunosuppressive therapy with steroids has been discontinued for 1 month (3 months for chemotherapy) may be vaccinated Single-antigen varicella vaccine may be administered to persons with impaired humoral immunity (e.g., hypogammaglobulinemia). However, the blood products used to treat humoral immunodeficiency may interfere with the response to vaccination. Recommended spacing between administration of the blood product and receipt of varicella vaccine should be observed (see Chapter 2, General Recommendations on Immunization , for details). Persons with moderate or severe cellular immunodeficiency resulting from infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), including persons diagnosed with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) should not receive varicella vaccine. HIV-infected children with CD4 T-lymphocyte percentage of 15% or higher, and older children and adults with a CD4 count of 200 per microliter or higher may be considered for vaccination. These persons may receive MMR and single-antigen varicella vaccines, but should not receive MMRV. Women known to be pregnant or attempting to become pregnant should not receive a varicella-containing vaccine. To date, no adverse outcomes of pregnancy or in a fetus have been reported among women who inadvertently received varicella vaccine shortly before or during pregnancy. Although the manufacturer’s package insert states otherwise, ACIP recommends that pregnancy be avoided for 1 month following receipt of varicella vaccine. The ACIP recommends prenatal assessment and postpartum vaccination for varicella. Women should be assessed during a prenatal healthcare visit for evidence of varicella immunity. Upon completion or termination of pregnancy, women who do not have evidence of varicella immunity should receive the first dose of varicella vaccine before discharge from the healthcare facility. The second dose should be administered at least 4 weeks later at the postpartum or other healthcare visit. Standing orders are recommended for healthcare settings where completion or termination of pregnancy occurs to ensure administration of varicella vaccine. The manufacturer, in collaboration with CDC, has established a Varicella Vaccination in Pregnancy registry to monitor the maternal–fetal outcomes of pregnant women inadvertently given varicella vaccine. The telephone number for the Registry is 800.986.8999. Varicella Vaccination in Pregnancy Registry 800-986-8999 Vaccination of persons with moderate or severe acute illnesses should be postponed until the condition has improved. This precaution is intended to prevent complicating the management of an ill patient with a potential vaccine adverse event, such as fever. Minor illness, such as otitis media and upper respiratory infections, concurrent antibiotic therapy, and exposure or recovery from other illnesses are not contraindications to varicella vaccine. Although there is no evidence that either varicella or varicella vaccine exacerbates tuberculosis, vaccination is not recommended for persons known to have untreated active tuberculosis. Tuberculosis skin testing is not a prerequisite for varicella vaccination. The effect of the administration of antibody-containing blood products (e.g., immune globulin, whole blood or packed red blood cells, or intravenous immune globulin) on the response to varicella vaccine virus is unknown. Because of the potential inhibition of the response to varicella vaccination by passively transferred antibodies, varicella or MMRV vaccine should not be administered for 3–11 months after receipt of antibody containing blood products. ACIP recommends applying the same intervals used to separate antibody-containing products and MMR to varicella vaccine (see chapter 2, General Recommendations on Immunization and Appendix A [3.1 MB, 32 pages] for additional details). Immune globulin should not be given for 3 weeks following vaccination unless the benefits exceed those of the vaccine. In such cases, the vaccinees should either be revaccinated or tested for immunity at least 3 months later (depending on the antibody-containing product administered) and revaccinated if seronegative. A personal or family (i.e., sibling or parent) history of seizures of any etiology is a precaution for MMRV vaccination. Studies suggest that children who have a personal or family history of febrile seizures or family history of epilepsy are at increased risk for febrile seizures compared with children without such histories. Children with a personal or family history of seizures of any etiology generally should be vaccinated with MMR vaccine and varicella vaccine because the risks for using MMRV vaccine in this group of children generally outweigh the benefits. No adverse events following varicella vaccination related to the use of salicylates (e.g., aspirin) have been reported to date. However, the manufacturer recommends that vaccine recipients avoid the use of salicylates for 6 weeks after receiving varicella or MMRV vaccine because of the association between aspirin use and Reye syndrome following chickenpox. Top of Page Zoster Vaccine As with all vaccines, a severe allergic reaction to a vaccine component or following a prior dose is a contraindication to zoster vaccination. As with other live virus vaccines, pregnancy or planned pregnancy within 4 weeks and immunosuppression are contraindications to zoster vaccination. Zoster vaccine should not be administered to persons with primary or acquired immunodeficiency. This includes persons with leukemia, lymphomas, or other malignant neoplasms affecting the bone marrow or lymphatic system. The package insert implies that zoster vaccine should not be administered to anyone who has ever had leukemia or lymphoma. However, ACIP recommends that persons whose leukemia or lymphoma is in remission and who have not received chemotherapy or radiation for at least 3 months can be vaccinated. Other immunosuppressive conditions that contraindicate zoster vaccine include AIDS or other clinical manifestation of HIV. This includes CD4 T-lymphocyte values less than 200 per mm or less than 15% of total lymphocytes. Persons receiving high-dose corticosteroid therapy should not be vaccinated. High dose is defined as 20 milligrams or more per day of prednisone or equivalent lasting two or more weeks. Zoster vaccination should be deferred for at least 1 month after discontinuation of therapy. As with other live viral vaccines, persons receiving lower doses of corticosteroids may be vaccinated. Topical, inhaled or intraarticular steroids, or long-term alternate-day treatment with low to moderate doses of short-acting systemic corticosteroids are not considered to be sufficiently immunosuppressive to contraindicate zoster vaccine. Low doses of drugs used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and other conditions, such as methotrexate, azathioprine, or 6-mercaptopurine, are also not considered sufficiently immunosuppressive to create safety concerns for zoster vaccine. Low-dose therapy with these drugs is NOT a contraindication for administration of zoster vaccine. The experience of hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients with varicella-containing vaccines, including zoster vaccine is limited. Physicians should assess the immune status of the recipient on a case-by-case basis to determine the relevant risks. If a decision is made to vaccinate with zoster vaccine, the vaccine should be administered at least 24 months after transplantation. The safety and efficacy of zoster vaccine administered concurrently with recombinant human immune mediators and immune modulators (such as the anti–tumor necrosis factor agents adalimumab, infliximab, and etanercept) is not known. It is preferable to administer zoster vaccine before treatment with these drugs. If it is not possible to administer zoster vaccine to patients before initiation of treatment, physicians should assess the immune status of the recipient on a case-by-case basis to determine the relevant risks and benefits. Otherwise, vaccination with zoster vaccine should be deferred for at least 1 month after discontinuation of treatment. As with all vaccines, moderate or severe acute illness is a precaution to vaccination. Current treatment with an antiviral drug active against herpesviruses, such as acyclovir, famciclovir, or valacyclovir, is a precaution to vaccination. These drugs can interfere with replication of the vaccine virus. Persons taking these drugs should discontinue them at least 24 hours before administration of zoster vaccine, and the drugs should not be taken for at least 14 days after vaccination. Persons with a history of varicella are immune and generally maintain a high level of antibody to varicella zoster virus, a level comparable to that found in donated blood and antibody-containing blood products. Receiving anantibody-containing blood product will not change the amount of antibody in the person’s blood. As a result, unlike most other live virus vaccines, recent receipt of a blood product is not a precaution for zoster vaccine. Zoster vaccine can be administered at any time before, concurrent with, or after receiving blood or other antibody-containing blood products. Not all cases caused by vaccine virus Risk from vaccine virus less than from wild-type virus Usually a mild illness without complications such as postherpetic neuralgia Varicella Vaccine The most common adverse reactions following varicella vaccine are local reactions, such as pain, soreness, erythema, and swelling. Based on information from the manufacturer’s clinical trials of varicella vaccine, local reactions are reported by 19% of children and by 24% of adolescents and adults (33% following the second dose). These local adverse reactions are generally mild and self-limited. A varicella-like rash at injection site is reported by 3% of children and by 1% of adolescents and adults following the second dose. In both circumstances, a median of two lesions have been present. These lesions generally occur within 2 weeks, and are most commonly maculopapular rather than vesicular. A generalized varicella-like rash is reported by 4%–6% of recipients of varicella vaccine (1% after the second dose in adolescents and adults), with an average of five lesions. Most of these generalized rashes occur within 3 weeks and most are maculopapular. Systemic reactions are not common. Fever within 42 days of vaccination is reported by 15% of children and 10% of adolescents and adults. The majority of these episodes of fever have been attributed to concurrent illness rather than to the vaccine. Varicella vaccine is a live virus vaccine and may result in a latent infection, similar to that caused by wild varicella virus. Consequently, zoster caused by the vaccine virus has been reported, mostly among vaccinated children. Not all these cases have been confirmed as having been caused by vaccine virus. The risk of zoster following vaccination appears to be less than that following infection with wildtype virus. The majority of cases of zoster following vaccine have been mild and have not been associated with complications such as postherpetic neuralgia. MMRV Vaccine In MMRV vaccine prelicensure studies conducted among children 12–23 months of age, fever (reported as abnormal or elevated greater than or equal to 102°F oral equivalent) was observed 5-12 days after vaccination in 21.5% of MMRV vaccine recipients compared with 14.9% of MMR vaccine and varicella vaccine recipients. Measles-like rash was observed in 3.0% of MMRV vaccine recipients compared with 2.1% of those receiving MMR vaccine and varicella vaccine. Two postlicensure studies indicated that among children 12 through 23 months of age, one additional febrile seizure occurred 5–12 days after vaccination per 2,300–2,600 children who had received the first dose of MMRV vaccine, compared with children who had received the first dose of MMR vaccine and varicella vaccine administered as separate injections at the same visit. Data from postlicensure studies do not suggest that children 4–6 years of age who received the second dose of MMRV vaccine had an increased risk for febrile seizures after vaccination compared with children the same age who received MMR vaccine and varicella vaccine administered as separate injections at the same visit. Herpes Zoster Vaccine Adverse Reactions Local reactions - 34% (pain, erythema) No increased risk of fever No serious adverse reactions identified Herpes Zoster Vaccine In the largest clinical trial of zoster vaccine, local reactions (erythema, pain or tenderness, and swelling) were the most common adverse reaction reported by vaccine recipients (34%), and were reported more commonly than by placebo recipients (6%). A temperature of 101°F or higher within 42 days of vaccination occurred at a similar frequency among both vaccine (0.8%) and placebo (0.9%) recipients. No serious adverse reactions were identified during the trial. Top of Page Transmission of Varicella Vaccine Virus Available data suggest that transmission of varicella vaccine virus is a rare event. Instances of suspected secondary transmission of vaccine virus have been reported, but in few instances has the secondary clinical illness been shown to be caused by vaccine virus. Several cases of suspected secondary transmission have been determined to have been caused by wild varicella virus. In studies of household contacts, several instances of asymptomatic seroconversion have been observed. It appears that transmission occurs mainly when the vaccinee develops a rash. If a vaccinated person develops a rash, it is recommended that close contact with persons who do not have evidence of varicella immunity and who are at high risk of complications of varicella, such as immunocompromised persons, be avoided until the rash has resolved. Transmission of varicella due to vaccine virus from recipients of zoster vaccine has not been reported. Top of Page Vaccine Storage and Handling Varicella-containing vaccine should be stored frozen between -58°F and +5°F (-50°C and -15°C). Manufacturer package inserts contain additional information . For complete information on best practices and recommendations please refer to CDC’s Vaccine Storage and Handling Toolkit [4.33 MB, 109 pages] . Top of Page Varicella Zoster Immune Globulin In March 2013, a VZIG product, VariZIG (Cangene Corporation, Winnipeg, Canada) was licensed by the FDA. It had previously been available as an investigational product. The licensed product can be requested from the sole authorized U.S. distributor, FFF Enterprises (Temecula, California), for patients who have been exposed to varicella and who are at increased risk for severe disease and complications. VariZIG can be obtained by calling FFF Enterprises at 800-843-7477 at any time or by contacting the distributor . VariZIG is a purified human immune globulin preparation made from plasma containing high levels of anti-varicella antibodies (immunoglobulin class G [IgG]) that is lyophilized. When properly reconstituted, VariZIG is approximately a 5% solution of IgG that can be administered intramuscularly. The patient groups recommended by ACIP to receive VariZIG include the following: Immunocompromised patients Neonates whose mothers have signs and symptoms of varicella around the time of delivery (i.e., 5 days before to 2 days after); Preterm infants born at 28 weeks gestation or later who are exposed during the neonatal period and whose mothers do not have evidence of immunity; Preterm infants born earlier than 28 weeks’ gestation or who weigh 1,000g or less at birth and were exposed during the neonatal period, regardless of maternal history of varicella disease or vaccination; and Pregnant women. Addition information concerning the acquisition and use of this product is available in the March 30, 2012, edition of Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report . Acknowledgement The editors thank Dr. Cindy Weinbaum, CDC for her assistance in updating this chapter. Selected References CDC. Prevention of varicella: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR 2007;56(No. RR-4):1–40. CDC. Prevention of herpes zoster. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR 2008;57(No.RR-5). CDC. Simultaneous administration of varicella vaccine and other recommended childhood vaccines – United States, 1995-1999. MMWR 2001;50(No. 47):1058-61. CDC. Use of combination measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella vaccine: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR 2010;59(No. RR-3):1–12. CDC. Immunization of health-care personnel. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR 2011;60(RR-7):1-45. Davis MM, Patel MS, Gebremariam A. Decline in varicella-related hospitalizations and expenditures for children and adults after introduction of varicella vaccine in the United States. Pediatrics 2004;114:786–92. Kuter B, Matthews H, Shinefield H, et al. Ten year follow-up of healthy children who received one or two injections of varicella vaccine. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2004;23:132–7. Leung J, Harpaz R, Molinari NA, et al. Herpes zoster incidence among insured persons in the United States, 1993-2006; evaluation of impact of varicella vaccination. Clin Infect Dis 2011;52:332-40. Oxman MN, Levin MJ, Johnson GR, et. al. A Vaccine to prevent herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia in older adults. NEJM 2005; 352(12): 2271-84. Oxman MN. Zoster vaccine: current status and future prospects. Clin Infect Dis 2010;51:197-213. Tseng HF, Smith N, Sy LS, Jacobsen SJ. Evaluation of the incidence of herpes zoster after concomitant administration of zoster vaccine and polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine. Vaccine 2011;29:3628-32. Seward JF, Watson BM, Peterson CL, et al. Varicella disease after introduction of varicella vaccine in the United States, 1995–2000. JAMA 2002;287:606–11. Seward JF, Zhang JX, Maupin TJ, Mascola L, Jumaan AO. Contagiousness of varicella in vaccinated cases: a household contact study. JAMA 2004;292:704–8. Shields KE, Galil K, Seward J, et al. Varicella vaccine exposure during pregnancy: data from the first 5 years of the pregnancy registry. Obstet Gynecol 2001; 98:14–19. Vazquez M, LaRuissa PS, Gershon AA, et al. Effectiveness over time of varicella vaccine. JAMA 2004;291:851–92.	Chickenpox
Who painted 'The Last Supper'?	Chickenpox (Varicella)-Topic Overview Chickenpox (Varicella) Credits What is chickenpox? Chickenpox (varicella) is a contagious illness that causes an itchy rash and red spots or blisters (pox) all over the body. Chickenpox can cause problems for pregnant women, newborns, teens and adults, and people who have immune system problems that make it hard for the body to fight infection. Chickenpox usually isn't a serious health problem in healthy children. But a child with chickenpox needs to stay home from school. And you may need to miss work in order to care for your child. After you have had chickenpox, you aren't likely to get it again. But the virus stays in your body long after you get over the illness. If the virus becomes active again, it can cause a painful viral infection called shingles . What causes chickenpox, and how is it spread? Chickenpox is caused by the varicella- zoster virus . It can spread easily. You can get it from an infected person who sneezes, coughs , or shares food or drinks. You can also get it if you touch the fluid from a chickenpox blister. A person who has chickenpox can spread the virus even before he or she has any symptoms. Chickenpox is most easily spread from 2 to 3 days before the rash appears until all the blisters have crusted over. You are at risk for chickenpox if you have never had the illness and haven't had the chickenpox vaccine . If someone you live with gets chickenpox, your risk is even higher because of the close contact. What are the symptoms? The first symptoms of chickenpox usually develop about 14 to 16 days after contact with a person infected with the virus. Most people feel sick and have a fever, a decreased appetite, a headache , a cough , and a sore throat . The itchy chickenpox rash usually appears about 1 or 2 days after the first symptoms start. After a chickenpox red spot appears, it usually takes about 1 or 2 days for the spot to go through all its stages. This includes blistering, bursting, drying, and crusting over. New red spots will appear every day for up to 5 to 7 days. It usually takes about 10 days after the first symptoms before all blisters have crusted over. This is when the person with chickenpox can return to day care , school, or work. Continued How is chickenpox diagnosed? Your doctor will ask you about your symptoms and will examine you. This usually gives your doctor enough information to find out if you have chickenpox. A healthy child with chickenpox symptoms may not need to visit a doctor. You may be able to describe your child's symptoms to the doctor over the phone. Teenagers, adults, pregnant women, and people with health problems need to see a doctor for chickenpox. This is especially important for pregnant women, since chickenpox during pregnancy can cause birth defects or serious newborn infection. How is it treated? Most healthy children and adults need only home treatment for chickenpox. Home treatment includes resting and taking medicines to reduce fever and itching . You also can soak in oatmeal baths to help with itching . People with long-term diseases or other health problems may need more treatment for chickenpox. They may need immunoglobulin treatment (IG) or antiviral medicine. Your doctor can give you these soon after you are exposed to the virus to help you feel better sooner. How can you prevent chickenpox? You can prevent chickenpox with the chickenpox vaccine . Children get the chickenpox vaccine as part of their routine immunizations . If you have been around a person who has the virus and you have not had chickenpox or the vaccine , you still may be able to prevent the illness. Get a shot of chickenpox antibodies (immunoglobulin) or the vaccine right away. Frequently Asked Questions	i don't know
What is the Aborigines name for Ayers Rock?	3 Things You Should Know about Uluru's Aboriginal Name Uluru-Ayers Rock: What’s in a Name? Many people ask us what is the Aboriginal name for Ayers Rock means. So we’ve written this page to not only help you to learn what the original name for Ayers Rock is, but also to dispel some of the myths about Ayers Rock’s original name. We often see information written on the internet about Ayers Rock that simply isn’t true. For example, I’ve seen websites stating that Ayers Rock is the heart chakra of the world! Until recently, Wikipedia’s entry claiming that Uluru means ‘island mountain’. I’ve even heard one ignorant tour guide at Uluru’s base spreading this ‘island mountain’ meaning to tourists. Not only is this untrue, it’s also offensive to Aboriginal people who have their own spiritual traditions associated with the Rock. So we want to make sure that you have the real facts about Uluru – and especially about the Aboriginal name for Ayers Rock. On this page, I (Amanda) will share my knowledge as an anthropologist and tell you the real story behind Ayers Rock’s original name. 1. Uluru: The Original Name The Aboriginal name for Ayers Rock is Uluru. Uluru is a Yankunytjatjara word. Yankunytjatjara is the name of the Aboriginal people whose land Ayers Rock is located on. Uluru is not just the name of Ayers Rock itself, but also of the country around Ayers Rock. Uluru is in fact the name of a large tract of land where a particular sub-group of Yankunytjatjara people (anthropologists call this an ‘estate group’) live. 2. What Does Uluru Mean? Uluru is first and foremost a place name. It does not have any specific meaning, although it may have some connection to the Yankunytjatjara words for ‘crying’ and ‘shadows’. As I really wanted to know what the word meant, I asked Senior Traditional owners, Reggie and Cassidy Uluru and well known Alice Springs historian, Richard (Dick) Kimber, about the meaning of Uluru. After a few ignorant comments on this post, I then asked several Yankunytjatjara people who are highly skilled language interpreters about the meaning as well. They all told me that Uluru was the name of the place, and that it had no specific meaning. I also read through the writings of Charles Mountford, one of the first anthropologists to live and work with Yankunytjatjara and Luritja people, and the books of Bill Harney (the first ranger at Ayers Rock). I consulted the anthropological work of Robert Lawton, who worked on land claims in the area during the 1970s. Mountford worked with Aboriginal people at Ayers Rock in the 1930s and 1940s. He records that Uluru is both the name of a Dreaming ancestor, a snake, AND the name of a rockhole that is a Men’s Sacred site located on top of the Rock. Traditionally, only initiated senior men could climb the Rock and visit this special site (this fact is often hidden from public knowledge, but is there in historical and anthropological records for anyone to discover.) Bill Harney arrived at Uluru in the late 1950s. He was told by the Aboriginal custodians of Uluru that it was a place name. Robert Lawton was the anthropologist who interviewed all of the old people for the Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park Land Claim. He also established that Uluru was a place name. After doing this research and asking expert people, the evidence suggested that the Aboriginal name for Ayers Rock, Uluru, is indeed a place name with no specific meaning. Aboriginal people felt that the connection to ‘crying’ or ‘wailing’ was actually associated with ‘Yulara’, which is the name of the township where Ayers Rock Resort is located. There are several named places on the south western side of the Rock (near the Park HQ) which refer to shade or shadows. (The ‘ul-‘ sound refers to shade or shadow in several Central Australian Aboriginal languages ). There may be some connection of the word ‘Uluru’ to shadows or shade, however, the Aboriginal men I spoke with did not suggest this. So we can conclude that just as Niagara Falls is the name of a place, or London or the Amazon River, so too is Uluru. It does not mean ‘Earth Mother’. It does not mean ‘big rock’. It does not mean ‘island mountain’. (This is an error lifted from a description on a topographical map!) It does not mean ‘Rainbow Dreaming’ or ‘Heart Chakra Dreaming’ or any other New Age nonsense. If you are using my page as a source for your own webpages, please make sure that you don’t promote any of the myths about Uluru’s name. Feel free to use this information, knowing that it is the real truth. 3. One Rock, but Many Names and Places Another thing that’s useful to know is that there not just one Aboriginal name for Ayers Rock, but that Aboriginal people have named many of the individual features of Uluru, such as caves and waterholes, as well. For example, all of the caves, valleys, waterholes and even a particular place right on the top of Ayers Rock have specific names. Many of these named places on Uluru are sacred sites. Although Yankunytjatjara and Pitjantjatjara people consider all of Ayers Rock to be spiritually significant, they strongly distinguish between sacred sites and the rest of the Rock. The photo below is a satellite photo, and I’ve labelled all of the places names and sacred sites around the Rock. It’s important for visitors to understand the distinction between a place name and a sacred site. All Aboriginal people in Central Australia have a word in their languages that means ‘sacred site’. To an Aboriginal person, when a place is deemed as a sacred site, there are often restrictions on who can visit, when they may visit and the rituals and songs they need to know to visit such places. This means that some places on Ayers Rock may only be seen by initiated men, or by Aboriginal women. Places become sacred sites because Dreamtime beings travelled through, or performed some action, at that particular place and are still considered to be there, performing that action. Although Aboriginal people acknowledge that non-Aboriginal people want to visit their sacred places (and in Central Australia, most of the ‘top’ destinations are sacred sites), there are some places which they request that people stay away from. This is why that Aboriginal people at Ayers Rock request that visitors don’t climb the Rock, and in some places, request that photographs aren’t taken. So you can see that the Aboriginal name for Ayers Rock is at first glance, just a place name. However, Uluru has not just one named place, but many and these are often of great spiritual importance to Aboriginal people. Please Read This: Even after furnishing all of this evidence, we still receive comments and emails from people who do not accept that Uluru has no special meaning. We have recently had someone insist that an unnamed ‘elder’ at Uluru told her that the name meant ‘island mountain’. This person refused to believe not only the anthropological and historical evidence, but the evidence given by Aboriginal Elders with whom we have worked over a long period of time. This is deeply insulting, ignorant and ethnocentric. So, all we ask is that if you do not believe what is written here, that you seek out the original sources mentioned above. If you are very lucky, you may be able to speak with some of the true Elders at Uluru (they will NOT be tour guides or rangers – they are now all very old people in their late 70s and 80s). Lastly, if you’ve found this page interesting and useful, please share it via Twitter, Facebook or Google+.	Uluru
What villain was portrayed in Batman by Jim Carrey?	Uluru History Uluru History Uluru History Overview Debate continues on when the first Aborigines moved into the area but the best evidence suggests that it was at least 20 000 years ago. The notes of Uluru National Park explain the Aboriginal understanding of Uluru in the following terms: 'In the beginning the world was unformed and featureless. Ancestral beings emerged from this void and journeyed widely, creating all the living species and the characteristic features of the desert landscape you see today. Uluru and Kata Tjuta provide physical evidence of feats performed during the creation period. Anangu are the direct descendants of these beings and are responsible for the protection and appropriate management of these ancestral lands.' The arrival of Europeans in the area was part of the exploration of the centre during the 1870s. Ernest Giles travelled through the area in 1872 and named both Lake Amadeus and Mount Olga. Giles returned to the area in 1873 but was beaten to Uluru by William Gosse who sighted the monolith on 19 July and named it after the Chief Secretary of South Australia, Sir Henry Ayers. Giles also was the first European to climb the rock which he did accompanied by an Afghan camel driver. The inhospitable nature of the terrain ensured that few Europeans ventured into the region. Pastoralists were defeated by the lack of water and the only Europeans to pass through the area were trappers, miners, and the occasional missionary. The area was declared the Petermann Aboriginal Reserve in the early 1900s and this existed until the 1940s. Ayers Rock was created a national park in 1950. In 1957 Bill Harney came to the area and in 1958, when the rock was combined with the Olgas to form the Ayers Rock National Park, he was appointed the first official curator. In 1959 a motel lease was granted near the rock and soon after an airstrip was built. In 1976 the Commonwealth Government set up the lease at Yulara and in 1983-84 the old tourist locations near the rock were closed down. In 1985 the title to the rock was handed back to the traditional owners who, in turn, granted the Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service a 99 year lease on the park. To make a Reservation call 1300 559 390 (within Australia) or email us [email protected]	i don't know
Which country is bordered by both the Atlantic and Indian Oceans?	Indian Ocean \| The 7 Continents of the World The 7 Continents of the World Types of Pollution Indian Ocean The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world’s five oceans , making up about 20% of Earth’s water. Named after the country of India, it is bordered by Asia to the north, Antarctica to the south, Australia to the east, and Africa to the west. The Indian Ocean boasts an area of approximately 28,360,000 square miles (73,440,000 sq km), including the Persian Gulf, Red Sea , Andaman Sea, Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, Flores Sea, Great Australian Bight, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Oman, Java Sea, Mozambique Channel, Savu Sea, Strait of Malacca, Timor Sea, and other tributary water bodies. The Indian Ocean is the youngest of the world’s major oceans. Geography: Above and Below the Surface There are a number of islands that line the continental edges of the Indian Ocean. Some of these major island nations include Madagascar, Comoros, Seychelles, Maldives, Mauritius, and Sri Lanka. In addition, there are several large rivers that flow into the Indian Ocean. These include the Indus, Ganges, Zambezi, Shatt al-Arab, Narmada, Brahmaputra, Jubba, and Irrawaddy rivers. Beneath the surface, the Indian Ocean has active spreading ridges that are part of the worldwide system of mid-ocean ridges. The ocean floor is most heavily occupied by the Mid-Indian Ocean Ridge. It is further divided by both the Southeast and Southwest Indian Ocean Ridges and the Ninety East Ridge. Climate The Indian Ocean is the warmest ocean in the world. It is affected by a monsoon climate, which accounts for a characteristic reversal of surface currents. The northeast monsoon occurs between the months of December and April, when high-pressure systems from cold, winter air cause strong, north-east winds to blow. Inversely, the southwest monsoon occurs from June to October. Its strong southwest winds are a direct result of low atmospheric pressure from hot, summer air. This unique reversal of surface currents often causes tropical cyclones from May to June and October to November. Economy/Trade The Indian Ocean was opened to trade earlier than both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Not only are its waters fairly calm, but its powerful monsoons also enable easy sailing for ships traveling west early in the season. The Indian Ocean is vital to the trade industry, as it provides major sea routes that connect the Middle East, Africa, and East Asia with Europe and the Americas. Approximately 40% of the world’s offshore oil production comes from the Indian Ocean, with especially heavy traffic of petroleum and petroleum products coming from the oil fields of the Persian Gulf and Indonesia. The Indian Ocean provides its beaches with all kinds of valuable minerals. Countries like India, Pakistan, South Africa, Indonesia, Thailand, and Sri Lanka benefit from this. In addition, fishing fleets from bordering countries as well as Russia, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan also take advantage of the Indian Ocean, as fish are extremely important to both consumption and trade.	South Africa
In which year did Elvis die?	Indian Ocean \| The 7 Continents of the World The 7 Continents of the World Types of Pollution Indian Ocean The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world’s five oceans , making up about 20% of Earth’s water. Named after the country of India, it is bordered by Asia to the north, Antarctica to the south, Australia to the east, and Africa to the west. The Indian Ocean boasts an area of approximately 28,360,000 square miles (73,440,000 sq km), including the Persian Gulf, Red Sea , Andaman Sea, Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, Flores Sea, Great Australian Bight, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Oman, Java Sea, Mozambique Channel, Savu Sea, Strait of Malacca, Timor Sea, and other tributary water bodies. The Indian Ocean is the youngest of the world’s major oceans. Geography: Above and Below the Surface There are a number of islands that line the continental edges of the Indian Ocean. Some of these major island nations include Madagascar, Comoros, Seychelles, Maldives, Mauritius, and Sri Lanka. In addition, there are several large rivers that flow into the Indian Ocean. These include the Indus, Ganges, Zambezi, Shatt al-Arab, Narmada, Brahmaputra, Jubba, and Irrawaddy rivers. Beneath the surface, the Indian Ocean has active spreading ridges that are part of the worldwide system of mid-ocean ridges. The ocean floor is most heavily occupied by the Mid-Indian Ocean Ridge. It is further divided by both the Southeast and Southwest Indian Ocean Ridges and the Ninety East Ridge. Climate The Indian Ocean is the warmest ocean in the world. It is affected by a monsoon climate, which accounts for a characteristic reversal of surface currents. The northeast monsoon occurs between the months of December and April, when high-pressure systems from cold, winter air cause strong, north-east winds to blow. Inversely, the southwest monsoon occurs from June to October. Its strong southwest winds are a direct result of low atmospheric pressure from hot, summer air. This unique reversal of surface currents often causes tropical cyclones from May to June and October to November. Economy/Trade The Indian Ocean was opened to trade earlier than both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Not only are its waters fairly calm, but its powerful monsoons also enable easy sailing for ships traveling west early in the season. The Indian Ocean is vital to the trade industry, as it provides major sea routes that connect the Middle East, Africa, and East Asia with Europe and the Americas. Approximately 40% of the world’s offshore oil production comes from the Indian Ocean, with especially heavy traffic of petroleum and petroleum products coming from the oil fields of the Persian Gulf and Indonesia. The Indian Ocean provides its beaches with all kinds of valuable minerals. Countries like India, Pakistan, South Africa, Indonesia, Thailand, and Sri Lanka benefit from this. In addition, fishing fleets from bordering countries as well as Russia, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan also take advantage of the Indian Ocean, as fish are extremely important to both consumption and trade.	i don't know
Which King founded the Church of England?	BBC - Religions - Christianity: Church of England Church of England Last updated 2011-06-30 An explanation of the Church of England, established or state church in England and part of the worldwide Anglican Communion; its structure, history and current issues. On this page History and role St Botolph's Church, Boston, England © The Church of England is the established or state church in England. It is divided into two provinces - Canterbury in the South of England and York in the North. Each province has a head or Primate - the Archbishops of Canterbury and York . The Church of England is part of the Anglican Communion, which is a worldwide family of churches in more than 160 different countries. On any one Sunday more than a million people attend Church of England services, making it the largest Christian denomination in the country. The Established Church The Church of England is the established church, meaning, amongst other things: the Monarch is the the Supreme Governor of the church (theologically Jesus is the head), the Church performs a number of official functions, Church and State are linked History The Church of England traces its roots back to the early church, but its specifically Anglican identity and its links to the State date back to the Reformation. Henry VIII started the process of creating the Church of England after his split with the Pope in the 1530s. Henry was anxious to ensure a male heir after his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, had borne him only a daughter. He wanted his marriage annulled in order to remarry. In 1534 after several attempts to persuade the Pope to grant an annulment, Henry passed the Act of Succession and then the Act of Supremacy. These recognised that the King was "the only supreme head of the Church of England called Anglicana Ecclesia". Henry adopted the title given to him by the Pope in 1521, that of Defender of the Faith. In order to see this content you need to have both Javascript enabled and Flash installed. Visit BBC Webwise for full instructions Window in St Peter's, Hockwold, Norfolk © Role of the Monarch Today the Monarch retains the title Defender of the Faith and is still the Supreme Governor of the Church. He or she has to: approve the appointment of archbishops, bishops and deans (on the recommendation of the Prime Minister) formally open each new session (every five years) of the General Synod (the church's governing body) promise to maintain the Church in his or her coronation oath. Legislative role The Church of England also has a law-making role in Britain. Twenty-six bishops (including the two Archbishops) sit in the House of Lords and are known as the Lords Spiritual. They are thought to bring a religious ethos to the secular process of law. However, in an increasingly multi-cultural society, questions are being asked as to whether that role needs to be specifically fulfilled by Church of England Bishops. Future reform of the House of Lords could see the Lords Spiritual made up of a variety of Christian denominations and other faiths to reflect the religious make-up of Britain. Civic duties The Church of England, as the established church, fulfils a civic responsibility too. Its bishops and priests are responsible for performing state weddings and funerals, acts of remembrances, memorial services as well as grand occasions like the coronation. After events like the Gulf War or major disasters, the country 'comes together' to mourn under the spiritual guidance of the Church of England. In recent years, such occasions have become more ecumenical and multi-faith as the Church of England acknowledges Britain's changing religious landscape. Hierarchy Southwark Cathedral © There are 43 dioceses in England covering the two provinces of Canterbury and York, plus the Diocese in Europe, with chaplaincies from the Arctic Circle to the Canaries. Each diocese has a bishop and usually at least one suffragan or assistant bishop. Each diocese is split into archdeaconries run by archdeacons. They are responsible for the administration of that part of the diocese. Each archdeaconry is split up into deaneries, which is a collection of parishes. The parish is the heart of the Church of England. Each parish is overseen by a parish priest, usually called a vicar or rector. Sometimes they are assisted by a curate or deacon or parish worker. The latter is a lay post. Parishes Each parish church is run by the priest in collaboration with the PCC or Parochial Church Councils. This group is usually made up of the congregation but is open to anyone on the electoral roll. It, along with the bishop or other patron, appoints the priest. It also decides on the style of services and maintains the church buildings. The parish structure means that the church is there for everyone. Ideally, everyone in England has a parish priest to whom they can turn. Everyone lives in a parish. This means it's an organisation for everyone, not just believers. Cathedrals Each diocese has a Cathedral which is the 'seat' of the bishop but is run independently of him. Deans are in charge of Cathedrals, assisted by Canons and supported by a Greater Chapter including lay appointees. A number of newer parish church Cathedrals used to be headed by Provosts until the Cathedrals Measure 1999. Governance The Church of England is described as being episcopally-led (there are 108 bishops in total) and synodically governed. This means it's led by bishops and its practices are decided by the General Synod. All Saints, Horsey, Norfolk in the snow © The General Synod is elected from the laity and clergy of each diocese and meets in London or York at least twice a year. There are three houses: the house of bishops; the house of clergy; the house of laity. Each synod member is elected to serve for five years. Complex rules govern how church law is passed. Some has to go through Parliament and all must be given Royal assent. Beliefs and worship The Church of England is a broad church, representing a wide spectrum of theological thought and practice. However, as part of the Anglican Communion there are some distinctively Anglican ideas which can be identified in the Church of England. They are: a belief that the Bible contains the core of all Christian faith and thought a loyalty to a way of worship and life that was first set out in the Book of Common Prayer celebration of the sacraments ordained by Jesus - that of Baptism and Eucharist or Holy Communion a system of Church order that stems from ancient times and is focused in the ordained ministry of Bishop, Priest and Deacon a firm commitment to the ministry of the whole people of God, lay and ordained together a way of Christian thinking that involves Scripture, Tradition and Reason held together in creative tension. Individual parishes can decide how many services they hold in the week, how often they conduct Eucharistic services and how they structure the service to include hymns/songs, readings, the Creed, a sermon and prayers. Despite this flexibility, each priest is expected to conduct a service which has been authorised by the church in the service book. Decline, ordination of women, homosexuality Current issues Purleigh Church, Essex © As the established church, the Church of England and the comments and decisions its leaders make frequently attract media attention. These are just a few of the key issues facing the church at the beginning of the twenty-first century: Decline in church attendance The Church of England is responsible for more than 16,000 churches and 42 Cathedrals in England, yet the number of people attending services has been in decline in recent decades. In 2002 the average number of people attending church on Sundays declined by 4% to just over a million. If you include those who attended during the week, the number rises to approximately 1.2 million. Many of those attending are of the older generations, with statistics showing that few 15 to 30 year olds go to church. Despite the slow decline in average attandance, giving to parish churches continues to increase by more than inflation every year. Individual congregations themselves are responsible for the financial maintenance of the church, despite its national church status. The Church Commissioners are responsible for managing the Church's historic assets, paying clergy pensions earned up to 1998 and helping to support parish ministry. Since 1998, parishes have been paying into a fund to provide pensions earned by clergy from that date. There are now more people claiming a clergy pension than there are ordained stipendiary (paid) clergy. This is putting even greater pressure on the parish system with more and more priests being asked to take on additional parishes. As ever, bald statistics obscure signs of hope for the Church of England: the Diocese of London has an increasing churchgoing population due to the rise in immigrants from Africa and the importance of the church in African and Caribbean communities. many people still attend church for major festivals like Christmas. A poll carried out in 2003 revealed that nearly 40% of adults attended a church service over Christmas Eve and Christmas Day in 2002. the Church of England has had to think of new ways of "doing church". Many parishes provide services during the week so as not to compete with leisure pastimes associated with the weekend. In one diocese, Oxford, an online parish has been established for those who want to opt out of the traditional parish structure. St Martin's in the Bullring, Birmingham © The ordination of women In 1992 when General Synod passed a vote to ordain woman not everyone in the Church of England was in agreement. In 1993 it passed the Act of Synod setting up an official structure to enable parishes to refuse women's ministry. Male priests and their congregations could accept an alternative bishop known as a Provincial Episcopal Visitor or "flying bishop", who also rejected women as priests. This system, although criticised as institutionalising discrimination against women, has been credited with avoiding a split in the Church of England over the issue. Two other options were set up to allow male priests to reject women's ministry. Firstly, a scheme allowed men to leave the priesthood with appropriate financial support until they had resettled. Secondly, the Roman Catholic Church allowed married (and non-married) Anglican priests to join its priesthood. In 1994 in Bristol the first women priests were ordained. Now, more than ten years on, one in five Church of England licensed priests is female. Pressure is growing to now allow women to be Bishops. A working party, set up by General Synod, has published a theological study of women in the Episcopate and the impact such a move would have both on the Church of England and the wider Anglican Communion. The Synod will debate it in 2005. Homosexuality and the Church of England Many of the headlines regarding the Church of England since 2002 have regarded the rights of homosexual priests. The Church of England allows for the ordination of gay priests as long as they are celibate. In 2003 Canon Jeffrey John was appointed as Bishop of Reading. Despite his pro-gay views (he's written articles and pamphlets outlining why gay couples should live in faithful, permanent, stable relationships) he made it clear that he was celibate. His appointment, and the subsequent election of an openly gay bishop in America, prompted a national and international examination on the rights of homosexual clergy. Canon Jeffrey John stood down as Bishop-elect of Reading but has subsequently been installed as Dean of St Albans. Alongside issues of homosexual clergy, the wider Anglican Communion has been wrestling with whether to sanction same-sex blessings. Both these issues could cause divisions within the Anglican Communion with the provinces of the global south (Nigeria, South East Asia, South America among many others) threatening to split permanently from those sanctioning the blessing of same-sex relationships and the ordination of non-celibate gay clergy - mainly in North America. A commission set up by the Archbishop of Canterbury and headed by Dr Robin Eames, Primate of Ireland made recommendations on the matter in autumn 2004.	Henry VIII of England
What is the correct term to use when addressing the Pope?	History: Timeline \| Episcopal Church History: Timeline 1517: Martin Luther publishes 95 Theses , sparking the Protestant Reformation. 1521: Pope designates Henry VIII "Defender of the Faith." English monarchs to this day retain the title. 1529-36: Henry VIII and Parliament take over the administration of the Church in England . Destruction of monasteries ensues. 1547: Henry dies. He is succeeded by Edward VI, with Edward's uncle as Lord Protector. 1552: The second Book of Common Prayer is approved. 1553: Edward VI dies at age 16. Mary becomes Queen, restores Roman Catholicism, and burns Cranmer, Latimer, and Ridley at the stake. She marries Philip II, the Roman Catholic monarch of Spain. 1558: Elizabeth I becomes Queen upon Mary's death and re-establishes the Church of England, with the English monarch as its highest earthly authority. 1559: The third Book of Common Prayer is approved. Puritans protest. 1563: The Thirty-Nine Articles are prepared; they are approved by Parliament in 1571. 1579: The first English-language Communion service is held in the Western Hemisphere (California) by Sir Francis Drake's chaplain. 1603: Elizabeth I dies at age 70; James I, of Scotland becomes king and authorizes a new translation of the Bible. 1607: The Church of England is established in the first permanent English-speaking settlement in the New World, Jamestown, Virginia. The Church of England is then also established in other mid-Atlantic and southern colonies. 1620: Pilgrims (Puritan religious refugees) land at Plymouth Rock. 1636: Harvard College is founded to train Congregational (Puritan) clergy. 1645: The Book of Common Prayer is outlawed by Puritan-controlled Parliament. 1649: King Charles I is executed in a revolution led by Puritan leader Oliver Cromwell, who became Lord Protector in 1653. 1658: Oliver Cromwell dies, and is succeeded by son Richard. 1660: Richard Cromwell is overthrown, and Charles II becomes king. 1662: The fourth Book of Common Prayer is approved, which is still in use by the Church of England. 1693: The College of William & Mary (Williamsburg, Virginia) is started by Church of England. 1699: The Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (SPCK) is founded. 1701: Yale College is founded to educate Congregational clergy. 1701: The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts is founded. 1607-1785: The Church of England in New World is overseen by the Bishop of London. The vestry system develops. Clergy are paid from taxes. George Washington and Thomas Jefferson serve on vestries. 1776: The Declaration of Independence is signed. Most Anglican clergy, who have sworn loyalty to the King in their ordinations, stay loyal. 1783: The Treaty of Paris ends the Revolutionary War. 1784: Samuel Seabury of Connecticut is consecrated the first overseas Anglican bishop by Scottish non-juring bishops, after being elected in Connecticut and rejected by Church of England bishops, who, legally, could not ordain him. Seabury promised to use the Scottish 1764 Communion service, based on the Eastern Orthodox service. 1785: The First General Convention of Episcopal Church is held, with clergy and lay representatives from Delaware, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, and Virginia. The General Convention authorizes the preparation of an American Prayer Book and names itself the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America. 1786: The proposed American Book of Common Prayer is approved for use on a state-by-state basis. 1787: Samuel Provoost of New York and William White of Philadelphia are consecrated bishops by the Church of England. Seabury's Scottish consecration helped motivate Parliament and the Church of England to do this. Both continue to be rectors. The second General Convention adopts basically the present Episcopal Church structure. A revised Book of Common Prayer , prepared by White, is adopted; this version of the Book of Common Prayer is based on the 1662 Prayer Book with the exception of the 1764 Scottish Communion Service. 1804: Absalom Jones is ordained the first black priest in the Episcopal Church. Early 1800s: Bishop Provoost of New York secures for New York a fair share of inheritance left by Queen Anne (d. 1714). Methodism gains strength in England and United States. 1817: General Convention authorizes the founding of the General Theological Seminary in New York City. 1823: The Diocese of Virginia establishes a second Episcopal seminary, Virginia Theological Seminary, in Alexandria. 1839: The Diocese of Virginia establishes the first high school in Virginia, Episcopal High School (adjacent to Virginia Theological Seminary). 1833: The Oxford Movement (Anglo-Catholic) begins in England. In the following decades, many new Religious Orders (i.e., monastic communities) were formed. 1861-65: During the American Civil War, Southern Episcopal dioceses join the Protestant Episcopal Church of the Confederate States of America, but are welcomed back after war ends. Other denominations experience long term (100+ years) splits. 1873: Evangelical, "low church"-oriented Reformed Episcopal Church is founded. 1885: The House of Bishops adopts the Chicago Quadrilateral. General Convention approves the Quadrilateral in 1886. 1888: The Lambeth Conference of Anglican bishops adopts the Chicago-Lambeth Quadrilateral . 1892: Minor revisions are made to the Book of Common Prayer . 1919: The National Council (now the Executive Council) is established by General Convention. The Office of the Presiding Bishop is established to oversee national church programs. 1928: The revised Book of Common Prayer includes language updates and a new translation of Psalms. "Love, honor, and obey" is dropped from the bride's vows in the service of Holy Matrimony. 1940: A new Hymnal is approved. 1944: Henry St. George Tucker becomes the Episcopal Church's first full-time Presiding Bishop. 1961: John Hines of Texas is elected Presiding Bishop. Strong social justice commitments elicit negative reaction from conservatives. 1970: The first authorized women members join the House of Deputies. 1973: John Allin of Mississippi is elected Presiding Bishop for 12-year term. 1974: The first eleven women are ordained to priesthood in an “irregular” service in Philadelphia. 1976: General Convention approves the ordination of women, and "regularizes" 1974-75 ordinations. First reading on new Prayer Book. 1979: Second reading approves new (present) Book of Common Prayer . 1982: A new Hymnal is approved. 1985: Edmond Browning of Hawaii is elected Presiding Bishop for a 12-year term. 1989: Barbara Harris is consecrated the first woman bishop in the Anglican Communion . 1995: $2.2-million embezzlement by the church's treasurer, Ellen Cooke, is uncovered. She is subsequently imprisoned. 1997: Frank Griswold of Chicago is elected Presiding Bishop for a 9-year term. 2000: General Convention approves "Called to Common Mission," a revised version of the Lutheran Concordat, establishing full communion between the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) and the Episcopal Church, effective January 1, 2001. 2003: General Convention approves the Diocese of New Hampshire's election of the Rev. Canon Gene Robinson, an openly gay priest in a long-term committed relationship, as Bishop Coadjutor. 2006: Katharine Jefferts Schori of Nevada is elected the 26th Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church for a 9-year term. She is the first and only woman to be a churchwide leader in the Anglican Communion. 2009: General Convention charges the Standing Commission on Liturgy and Music to develop theological and liturgical resources for same-sex blessings and report back to the General Convention in 2012. 2011: The Episcopal Church inaugurates a full-communion relationship with the Northern and Southern provinces of the Moravian Church in North America . 2012: The Episcopal Church approves the trial use of an official liturgy to bless same-sex couples and their unions, called "The Witnessing and Blessing of a Lifelong Covenant." 2015: The Most Reverend Michael Bruce Curry was installed as the 27th Presiding Bishop and Primate of The Episcopal Church on November 1, 2015.	i don't know
In which book would you find the manservant Pas Partout?	In which book would you find the manservant Pas Partout - My wiki My wiki In which book would you find the manservant Pas Partout Answer Around the World in Eighty Days Jean Passepartout, a character in Jules Verne's novel, Around the World in Eighty Days, is the French valet of the novel's English main character, Phileas Fogg. His surname translates literally to "goes everywhere," but this is an idiom for "skeleton key" in French. It is also a play on the English word "Passport.[citation needed]" At the beginning of the novel, Passepartout has just been hired by Phileas Fogg after Fogg's previous valet failed to meet his exacting standards. Passepartout, who has lived an irregular and well-travelled life, is looking forward to a restful employment, as Fogg is known for his regular habits which never take him farther afield than the Reform Club. Ironically, on Passepartout's first day at work, Fogg makes a bet with his friends at the Club that he can circumnavigate the world in no more than eighty days and Passepartout is obliged to accompany him. In addition to the wager, the valet has an additional incentive to complete the journey quickly: he left a gaslight burning in his room and the resulting expense of wasted gas will be docked from his salary.	Around the World in Eighty Days
What is the staple food of one third of the world’s population?	In which book would you find the manservant Pas Partout - My wiki My wiki In which book would you find the manservant Pas Partout Answer Around the World in Eighty Days Jean Passepartout, a character in Jules Verne's novel, Around the World in Eighty Days, is the French valet of the novel's English main character, Phileas Fogg. His surname translates literally to "goes everywhere," but this is an idiom for "skeleton key" in French. It is also a play on the English word "Passport.[citation needed]" At the beginning of the novel, Passepartout has just been hired by Phileas Fogg after Fogg's previous valet failed to meet his exacting standards. Passepartout, who has lived an irregular and well-travelled life, is looking forward to a restful employment, as Fogg is known for his regular habits which never take him farther afield than the Reform Club. Ironically, on Passepartout's first day at work, Fogg makes a bet with his friends at the Club that he can circumnavigate the world in no more than eighty days and Passepartout is obliged to accompany him. In addition to the wager, the valet has an additional incentive to complete the journey quickly: he left a gaslight burning in his room and the resulting expense of wasted gas will be docked from his salary.	i don't know
Who wrote the Harry Potter books?	J.K. Rowling - © J.K. ROWLING 2016 Harry Potter and Fantastic Beasts Publishing rights © J.K. Rowling Harry Potter and Fantastic Beasts characters, names and related indicia and trademarks of and © Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc. All Rights Reserved. J.K. ROWLING’S WIZARDING WORLD is a trademark of J.K. Rowling and Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc.	J. K. Rowling
Who assassinated John F. Kennedy?	Writing - J.K. Rowling Writing Fantastic Beasts and Where To Find Them J.K. Rowling’s Wizarding World The first Harry Potter book, Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone, was published in 1997 to immediate popular and critical acclaim. Six further best-selling books and eight blockbuster films followed. The books have been translated into 79 languages, won multiple awards, and sold more than 450 million copies worldwide, becoming the best-selling book series in history. In 2016, a new era of the Wizarding World was unveiled with the launch of Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them, an original screenplay by J.K. Rowling and a major film release from Warner Bros. Pottermore , launched in 2012, is the digital heart of the Wizarding World, bringing fans news, features and articles as well as original content by J.K. Rowling. It is also the global digital publisher of Harry Potter and J.K. Rowling’s Wizarding World. Fantastic Beasts and Where To Find Them Robert Galbraith The Cormoran Strike series is classic contemporary crime fiction set in London, where war veteran turned private detective, Cormoran Strike, solves brutal murders with the help of his trusted assistant Robin Ellacott. Seeking to return to the beginning of a writing career in a new genre after Harry Potter, J.K. Rowling chose to write crime fiction under the pseudonym of Robert Galbraith to be published without expectation or tainted critique. The first Cormoran Strike novel, The Cuckoo’s Calling, was published in 2013 to critical acclaim by both reviewers and fellow crime writers. It wasn’t long, however, before her cover was blown and Robert Galbraith’s true identity was unexpectedly revealed. Two more books have since followed: The Silkworm (2014) and Career of Evil (2015). J.K. Rowling continues to write The Cormoran Strike series under the name of Robert Galbraith to maintain the distinction from her other writing. The books are currently being adapted for a major new television series for BBC One, produced by Brontë Film and Television. The Robert Galbraith website can be found here - http://robert-galbraith.com/	i don't know
Which country is known as 'the roof of the world'?	Which Country is known as the Roof of the World? Share Tweet Tibet, which lies in the north eastern part of the Himalayas in Asia, is popularly known as the “Roof of the World”. The Tibetan plateau is one of the highest regions on earth. It is at an elevation of 4900 meters or 16000 feet. This is the reason why it is known as the “Roof of the World”. The Tibetan Plateau is surrounded by mountain ranges, in the south, by the Himalayas, in the north by the Kunlun range, in the west, by the Kakoram range of mountains and in the east by the Hengduan Mountains. Some of the world’s tallest mountains are located in Tibet. Mount Everest the highest mountain in the world shares its border with Tibet/China. Many important rivers like the Yellow River, Yangtze, Ganges, Salween and the Indus have their origin in Tibet. Tibet has the world’s highest and largest plateau which covers an area of 2.5 million square kilometers. Tibet is also the home to several beautiful lakes including the Mansarovar. Lhasa: Tibet comprises of about 800 settlements. Lhasa is the capital city of Tibet. World Heritage sites like the Potala Palace and the Norbulingka are located in Lhasa. Lhasa is the second most populated city in Tibet after Xining. It is situated at an altitude of 3490 metres. In Tibetan language, Lhasa means “Place of Gods”. Lhasa is a prefecture level city that comprises of one district and seven counties. Economy: Tibet’s economy is dependent on tourism and service industries. Traditional agriculture and animal husbandry are also practiced here. Copper, Lead and Zinc mines are found in Tibet. Farmers here practice subsistence agriculture which means they cultivate crops that are sufficient to fend their own families. Arable land is limited. Wheat, barley, rye, buckwheat, potatoes, fruits and vegetables are grown. Tourism is actively promoted by the government. Most of the income in tourism comes from the sale of handicrafts. Tibet is famous for its traditional hats, gold and silver jewelry, wooden items, quilts, fabrics and clothing, Tibetan rugs and carpets. Population: Tibetan flag is represented by six bands which denote the six original ancestors of Tibetan people, Se, Mu, Dong, Tong, Dru and Ra. There are several other ethnic groups like Lhoba, Hui, Han, Dongxiang, Mosuo, Salar and Yi people. As per the latest census in 2010, 90% of Tibet’s population comprises of ethnic Tibetans and they are around 3 million in number. Loading... Religion: Religion plays a very important role in Tibet and it casts its influence on every aspect of their lives. Tibetan Buddhism has eclipsed the ancient religion of Tibet known as Bon. Tibetan Buddhism has several traditions but four of them are important. Gelugpa This order was started in 14th century and is based on Kadampa tradition. The Dalai Lama belongs to this school. He is known as an embodiment of Bodhisattva of Compassion. Kagyupa This lineage is an oral tradition and concentrates on the experiential dimension of meditation. Nyingmapa This is the oldest order, founded by Padmasambhava.	Tibet
Which country is known as 'the land of the midnight sun'?	What is the Roof of the World? (with pictures) What is the Roof of the World? Last Modified Date: 06 January 2017 Copyright Protected: 10 hilariously insightful foreign words The Roof of the World is an area of very high overall elevation in Central Asia. It is sometimes referred to as "High Asia," and it is generally regarded as the highest area in the world, not least because it hosts Mount Everest, the world's tallest mountain. This region has become famous as a cultural site, and some very unique cultures and peoples have emerged from the area. This region consists of very high mountains and plateaus that have been created by India's slow collision with the tectonic plate which houses the rest of Asia. As India presses into Asia, it causes buckling and folding, leading to an area of high elevation where the two plates meet. The elevation gives the Roof of the World a very unique climate and perspective, and visitors to the region often express awe when they are taken to see its peaks. Several countries are included within the region, including Tibet, India, China, Pakistan, and Tajikistan. The high elevation has provided some very distinctive challenges to native peoples, who must eke out a living from land that is often barren and difficult to work. Residents rely heavily on pack animals like yaks, along with durable farm animals such as goats, and despite the hardship of life in High Asia, they have developed rich, colorful cultures with distinctive artistic traditions. Historically, the Roof of the World was viewed as very intimidating by people who were not familiar with the area. Even in the summer months, the mountain passes can be difficult to navigate, especially for historic traders trying to get goods across Asia on pack animals. Bandits were a notorious problem in the area, and freak storms, generally bad weather, and grim conditions made travel in the area extremely unpleasant, albeit ruggedly beautiful. The hostile environment of this mountainous region in Asia also made it largely uninteresting to the residents of neighboring areas, who saw no reason to attempt to colonize or subdue the area as long as they had access to fertile lowland plains. In the 20th century, however, parts of the Roof of the World began to be seen as potentially valuable sites from a tactical perspective by nations like Russia and China, and numerous, often unsuccessful, incursions were made into the area in an attempt to gain a foothold. Ad	i don't know
Which country is known as 'the land of the rising sun'?	Which country is known as the land of the rising sun? - Quora Quora JAPAN. The characters here mean "sun" and "origin". This name is believed to have the following derivation. Nihon appeared in Chinese history during the Tang (Japanese Tou, 唐) dynasty, when at the end of 7th century a delegation from Japan introduced their country as Nihon. In about 605, Prince Shotoku, the then Regent of Japan (the Empress was Suiko), sent a mission to China with a letter in which he called himself `the Emperor of the Land in which the Sun rises'. So, the notion of Nihon might have originated in this period. The reading of the message in Japanese is: ”Hi iduru tokoro no Tensi, Sho wo Hi bossuru tokoro no Tenshi ni itasu. Tsutsuga nakiya?” Which means： "The Emperor of the land where Sun rises sends a letter to the Emperor of the land where Sun sets. Are you healthy?" Having read the letter, the Emperor of China became angry, and ordered such barbarian things not to be shown to him. This letter was sent in the early period of the 7th century, either 605, 608 or 612. The message is recorded in the official history book of the Sui (in Japanese Zui, 隋) dynasty.♡" You can read more about names given to Japan at the site below. Historically Japan has had many names. This page lists a few of the most important ones...	Japan
According to the rhyme, what is 'Monday's child'?	Which country is known as the land of the rising sun? Information of the world Which country is known as the land of the rising sun? Home » Sciences » Geography » Which country is known as the land of the rising sun? Japan is known as the land of the rising sun. As the sun rises in the East and sets in the West, and consequently most Japanese live on the eastern side of Japan. Japan	i don't know
The Vulgate is a version of which book?	What is the Latin Vulgate Bible? What is the Latin Vulgate Bible? Subscribe to our Question of the Week : Question: "What is the Latin Vulgate Bible?" Answer: “The Vulgate” is the popular name given to the Latin version of the Bible, a translation usually attributed to Jerome. Before Jerome’s time, as the number of Latin-speaking Christians grew, the Bible was translated into Latin so that the Christians of the time could understand it. It is believed that the first Latin translation was completed around A.D. 200, although no manuscripts of this era exist today. The first Latin manuscripts were surely created in North Africa, for it seems that the church in North Africa was Latin-speaking from the start as compared to the predominantly Greek-speaking churches in Asia and Europe. Two centuries later Pope Damasus I commissioned a scholar by the name Jerome to produce one standard Latin text of the Bible; there were as many different Latin versions of the Bible as there were different forms of the text, and Damasus wanted the church to have a standard version to promote universal doctrine. Jerome completed the translation in A.D. 400, and his version was known as the editio vulgate (the current text of Holy Scripture), because he used the common (or vulgar) language of early medieval times. Jerome started by revising the Gospels, using the Greek manuscripts available. This he did because of the vast differences he found in the various Latin texts that were available. About the same time, he started revising the Old Testament by using the Septuagint (a Greek version of the Old Testament). Jerome also translated the Old Testament into Latin by using the Hebrew text, a task he did without ecclesiastical sanction. The present Vulgate contains elements which belong to every period of its development, including (1) an unrevised Old Latin text of the Book of Wisdom, Ecclesiasticus, 1 and 2 Maccabees, and Baruch; (2) an Old Latin form of the Psalter, which Jerome corrected from the Septuagint; (3) Jerome's free translation of the books of Job and Judith; (4) Jerome's translation from the Hebrew Old Testament excluding the Psalter; (5) an Old Latin revision of the Gospels from Greek manuscripts; (6) an Old Latin New Testament, revised. Some of the books mentioned belong to a division known as the " Apocrypha ," normally considered books of Jewish origin which lie outside the canon of the Old Testament.	Bible
The sternum is the medical name for what?	Bible: Latin Vulgate + DRC - Android Apps on Google Play Bible: Latin Vulgate + DRC ( 35) Description Read the Bible in the 1598 Latin text of the Clementine Vulgate. The Douay-Rheims-Challoner English translation is included (which seems to be conspicuously missing from most other Android bible apps). This is version 2.0 and a complete rewrite from my older app. The Bible can be browsed by book, chapter, verse, or a full search text performed on the Bible for any keyword in Latin or English! In addition, a Latin lexicon with short definitions (this is not Lewis & Short) is now included. Read more 1 0 Peter Donnelly Needs work Provides full-text search, unlike some others; but annoyingly, after a search the keyboard pops up again. Includes a useful lexicon. I don't care for the hide/show English button, which wastes screen space on a phone, or for the magnify buttons that reappear every time you scroll. The user should be able to set defaults and forget it. Also the action bar, which should tell you what book and chapter you're in, doesn't update properly and has a way of disappearing when you scroll back. John Bostock Text fixes More text fixes please! There are a lot of brackets in the Latin text for the last few books of the Old Testament. Needs an update desperately. It hasn't been updated in over 2 years! Make it easier to enlarge the text please. Sheldon Noray The True Bible Not loading keep getting an error saying license check failed. I got a new phone and it works perfectly thanks keep up the good work for this is the true Bible. Jeremiah Stoddard Fantastic! This was always a decent app for reading the Vulgate. The optional in-line English is great for those who might struggle with the occasional phrase, and the recent addition of a lexicon has turned this into a fantastic and convenient resource. Well worth the small price for the paid version. Mary Bryan staying with free version even though I bought this I am going back to the free version. my preference is white type on black as it is much easier on the eyes with the lights off at night. Reese Marisa	i don't know
Who, when asked at US customs if he had anything to declare, replied 'only my genius'?	Oscar Wilde in America :: I Have Nothing To Declare Except My Genius DUBIOUS QUOTATION: I have nothing to declare except my genius. There is no primary source evidence that Wilde made this statement. commentary One of the most celebrated quotations by anyone is the remark attributed to Oscar Wilde at New York Customs at the start of his lecture tour of America in 1882. But what exactly did he say, and what is the source of the quotation? Until my research some years ago the earliest source typically cited (if a source was given at all) was Frank Harris' Oscar Wilde: His Life and Confessions (1916), Vol. 1, Chap. V. For example, this is the source given in The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations (1999) p. 819, and in Beckson . However, in 2002 (in a review for the OWSOA now superseded by this article) I identified what is still the earliest known allusion to the remark in print or otherwise. It appeared in a book published by Arthur Ransome a year earlier than Harris; the source is: The date of this book (1912) immediately provides us with a primary reason for doubt: The first reference to the quotation appeared thirty years after it was allegedly made. Not only is it suspicious that it took thirty years for the quotation to emerge, it is equally surprising that there is no contemporary evidence for it, as many of Wilde's remarks were seized upon by the press in 1882 and widely, often immediately, reported. There is also no mention of it in interviews given by Wilde, including approximately a hundred given to American journalists in 1882, many soon after his arrival where he was widely quoted. Neither does Wilde make any reference to the remark in any of the over 1500 letters of his that survive, including those at the time from New York that are often detailed. Indeed, there is no other written or oral record of the remark by anyone else during Wilde's time. When Wilde died in November, 1900, it did not take long for the first biography to be published. This was: Oscar Wilde; the story of an unhappy friendship, (1902) by his devoted friend Robert Sherard. The biography does not mention the incident, but does report the " disappointed in the Atlantic " comment that Wilde did make upon arrival. Another biography In Memoriam, Oscar Wilde (1905) by André Gide, Franz Blei, and Ernest La Jeunesse, refers to Wilde's genius several times (pp. 49, 87, 91, 101) and even quotes Wilde on French customs officers (p. 55); but still there is no mention of the New York incident. The only biographical references to the remark are post-Ransome. So it is to him we must return. Below is what Ransome wrote and, unfortunately, he gave no source: Arthur Ransome (1884-1967) Arthur Michell Ransome was an English author and journalist, best known for the Swallows and Amazons series of children's books. Ransome wasn't alive at the time of the alleged remark and, indeed, never met Wilde. In 1912, he wrote his Critical Study of Wilde with the assistance and support of Robert Ross, Wilde's literary executor. Can we take Ransome at face value? On balance I believe we can take Ransome at face value. There is no reason to suspect that the unassuming son of a history professor would have fabricated the incident. After all, his book, A Critical Study, is just that: a literary study—it is not primarily autobiographical nor makes any attempt at levity or sensation. However, we should note that Ransome cites the remark as reported speech and not as a direct quotation. Should we make anything of this? Does it, perhaps, hint at a conversational origin for the quote? Or is Ransome implying a figurative 'announcement' that Wilde was making by his presence, rather than a spoken one? I think neither: Ransome places the remark amid three statements, two of which are factual, including a known quotation ( disappointed in the Atlantic ) and he is specific about the circumstances. It is safe to infer that Ransome intended the remark to be an actual quotation, so he appears to be as good as his source. So what was Ransome's source? It is reasonable to assume that Ransome came across the incident in his research for the book. It is unlikely that the story was in writing at the time—at least no prior printed or manuscript evidence has been found. It is more likely that Ransome learned of the story orally. He talked to Wilde's two sons, as well to others who had known Wilde, from whom, as he put it in the Preface, he gained "valuable reminiscence". Could the story have come from Ross? Ross generously allowed Ransome access to Wilde's correspondence and Ross' influence is apparent in the book, indeed Ransome dedicated to him. A good example of this influence can be seen in the relevant passage itself, in which Ransome cites a Wilde lecture 'Art and the Handicraftsman', which was a title never used by Wilde but erroneously created by Ross for his Complete Works some years earlier (see Lecture Titles ). As an intimate friend of both Ransome and Wilde, Ross, even though he did not meet Wilde himself until well after 1882, is the most likely source. Unfortunately, no one to whom Ransome is likely to have spoken, including Ross, could have known about an incident at New York harbor first-hand. Thus we have a second major reason for doubt: The remark was based on hearsay. What possibilities exist? It is just possible that the story might have existed for some time before Ransome, perhaps with an element of urban mythology, having undergone a corruption or misattribution similar to several of Wilde's remarks. One is reminded that much history, especially quotation, is apocryphal: too good not to have been said. It would be a seductive notion if any oral history of the incident included Wilde himself, but there is no evidence for it. However, the idea introduces the possibility that Wilde, even if he did not make the remark at New York Customs, might later have claimed to have done, or perhaps wished that he had. It would not be unlike Wilde to revel in the public's belief of a rumor about himself. But if this is so, why did the rumor not emerge until 1912? More likely is that the story emerged as Ransome was preparing his book, either intentionally created as apropos to Wilde (perhaps by Ross) or innocently misremembered. But lacking contemporary evidence it is not possible to be definitive about whether the remark is genuine, and reasonable inference must be towards doubt. Research for an earlier source is ongoing. © John Cooper, OWIA	Oscar Wilde
Which female singer finished second in the 2009 'Britain’s Got Talent Show'?	Irish Customs Regulations and Duty-Free Imports By Bernd Biege Updated January 03, 2017. What goods can you bring into Ireland – duty-free and legal? How many cigarettes, bottles of wine, or simply gifts? Generally speaking, Irish customs regulations are very easy to grasp. And when you have to clear customs upon arrival in Ireland, this should thus be an easy feat, if you are playing by the rules. But just what are the rules? Here is an overview of Irish customs regulations that pertain to the traveler. General Customs Information for Ireland Be aware that customs within the European Union (EU) generally use three channels - the blue channel is for travelers within the EU only, and should not be used if your flight originated outside the EU. That leaves the green and red channels for transatlantic travelers. You must use the red channel if you have any goods to declare. Otherwise you may use the green channel, spot checks are possible here. Note that your nationality does not come into the equation – customs are only concerned with the movements of goods between countries, not by whom they are moved (with the exception of minors, who for instance have no allowance for alcohol and tobacco). continue reading below our video Before Your Road Trip, Watch This Beware of Banned Goods! poultry, birds, or eggs, hay or straw (even when used as packaging material), and meat, dairy, and meat or dairy products (unless produced within the EU and identified by an EU health mark, in quantities for personal consumption only). Note that chewing tobacco is also banned in the Republic of Ireland, but not in Northern Ireland . Only Import Under License! For importing the following, you will need to obtain a license (before you travel), and follow certain regulations: Domestic cats and dogs (pets), firearms and ammunition, fireworks and explosives. A full list with detailed explanations on how to get licenses will be found on the customs websites: Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs - www.gov.uk . Importing Duty-Free Goods Into Ireland Duty-free does not necessarily mean cheap (it pays to do some research), but generally speaking cigarettes will be less expensive than in Ireland, often alcohol as well. But there are strictly enforced allowances for importing duty-free goods into Ireland (and other EU countries, should you make a stop-over in, for instance, Frankfurt or Paris). The maximum quantities that can be imported without incurring duties and taxes are: 200 cigarettes or 250 grams of tobacco (all per adult); 1 liter of spirits (e.g. whiskey, gin or vodka) or 2 liters of intermediate products (e.g. sparkling or fortified wine, port, sherry), 4 liters of still wine, 16 liters of beer (all per adult); goods (mainly gifts, or anything you won’t take back home with you) to the maximum value of € 430 per adult and € 215 per child under 15 years. Please note that allowances for flight crews are much lower. Just in case nobody told you in training. Importing Cheap Goods From Other EU Countries Into Ireland If you are buying goods in other EU countries, all dues and taxes should already be paid – hence according to the “free movement of goods” that is part of the EU treaties, you can bring your stuff across the border without problems. But only within reason, and for “personal use”. To have a guideline for travelers, the following quantities are generally accepted to be for your personal use (as an adult): Cigarettes – 800. spirits like whiskey, vodka, or gin – 10 liters, intermediate Products like sherry, port, or similar – 20 liters wine – 90 liters, but a maximum of 60 liters may be sparkling wine, beer – 110 liters. Note that there is no distinction between brands and/or quality – 60 liters of sparkling wine may be Dom Pérignon’s finest vintage, or the cheapest plonk you grabbed in a German discount supermarket. However, a distinction is being made as to the origin of cigarettes, a maximum of 300 cigarettes purchased in Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, or Romania may be imported. How to Handle Customs in Style Generally speaking you should be friendly, answer any questions truthfully, and if in doubt ask an officer for assistance. Paying taxes is always cheaper than getting caught smuggling. Though this low-key approach might not be for everyone: Oscar Wilde was once asked by US Customs whether he had anything to declare. "Nothing but my genius," quipped the Irish author.	i don't know
What is the American name for a shorthand typist?	Shorthand typist - definition of shorthand typist by The Free Dictionary Shorthand typist - definition of shorthand typist by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/shorthand+typist Also found in: Thesaurus , Legal , Wikipedia . shorthand typist n (Professions) Brit a person skilled in the use of shorthand and in typing. US and Canadian name: stenographer shorthand typist secretarial assistant , secretary - an assistant who handles correspondence and clerical work for a boss or an organization Translations shorthand typist n → stenodattilografo/a Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: stenographer References in periodicals archive ? Mrs Fredman, a retired personal assistant and shorthand typist, added that she is "very fond" of birds and animals, She is a member of the RSPB, RSPCA, Peta (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals) and World Animal Protection. Still on the right road Doreen was born in Brixton, South London, in September 1923 and worked as a shorthand typist for the Director of Public Prosecutions at Temple. I didn't get down on one knee to ask her. I might not have got back up... WORLD'S OLDEST NEWLYWEDS She spent much of her career as a shorthand typist for the Director of Public Prosecutions, where she had to type out transcripts of court cases including that of Moors murderers Ian Brady and Myra Hindley.	Shorthand
What is 20% of 50?	Shorthand - definition of shorthand by The Free Dictionary Shorthand - definition of shorthand by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/shorthand n. 1. A system of rapid handwriting employing symbols to represent words, phrases, and letters. 2. A system, form, or instance of abbreviated or formulaic reference: "The classical error is to regard a scientific law as only a shorthand for its instances" (Jacob Bronowski). shorthand (ˈʃɔːtˌhænd) n a. a system of rapid handwriting employing simple strokes and other symbols to represent words or phrases b. (as modifier): a shorthand typist. short•hand (ˈʃɔrtˌhænd) n. 1. a method of rapid handwriting using simple strokes, abbreviations, or symbols that designate letters, words, or phrases. 2. a simplified or abbreviated form or system of communicating. adj. 3. of, pertaining to, or using shorthand. 4. written in shorthand. handwriting , script , hand - something written by hand; "she recognized his handwriting"; "his hand was illegible" Adj. shorthand - written in abbreviated or symbolic form; "shorthand notes" written - set down in writing in any of various ways; "written evidence" Translations to take shorthand → escribir en taquigrafía to take sth down in shorthand → escribir algo taquigráficamente B. CPD shorthand note N → nota f taquigráfica shorthand notebook N → cuaderno m de taquigrafía shorthand speed N → palabras fpl por minuto (en taquigrafía) shorthand typing N → taquimecanografía f shorthand typist N → taquimecanógrafo/a m/f shorthand writer N → taquígrafo/a m/f shorthand (= writing system) → sténo f, sténographie f to take sth down in shorthand → prendre qch en sténo (= shorter reference) shorthand for sth I'm using the term as a shorthand for any religious group → J'utilise le terme pour désigner tout groupe religieux . "He" is not a neutral shorthand for "he or she" → "He" n'est pas une façon neutre de dire "he or she".short-handed [ˌʃɔːrtˈhændɪd] adj → à court de personnel shorthand notebook n → bloc m sténo shorthand typing n → sténodactylo fshorthand typist n → sténodactylo mfshort-haul [ˈʃɔːrthɔːl] (TRANSPORT) n → transport m à courte distance modif [flight, route, aircraft, airline, service] → court-courrier short-haul flights → des vols court-courriers shorthand to take sth down in shorthand → stenografare qc short (ʃoːt) adjective 1. not long. You look nice with your hair short; Do you think my dress is too short? kort قَصير къс curto krátký kurz kort κοντός , που δεν είναι μακρύς corto lühike كوتاه lyhyt court קצר छोटा kratak rövid pendek stuttur corto 短い 짧은 trumpas īss pendek kort kort krótki لنډ، ټيټ، لږ، كم (وخت): لنډ ګنډ، وچ، توند (لكه جواب): نيمګړى، لږ، ناپوره، ناكافي، باقي، پاتې curto scurt короткий krátky kratek kratak kort สั้น kısa 短的 короткий لمبائی میں کم ngắn 短的 2. not tall; smaller than usual. a short man. kort قَصير القامَه нисък baixo malý klein lille κοντός bajo lühike قد كوتاه lyhyt petit נמוך छोटा, नाटा, लघु nizak alacsony pendek lágur, lágvaxinn basso 背の低い 키가 작은 žemas neliels; maza auguma- rendah kort kortvokst , liten niski لنډ قد baixo mic невысокий; низкий malý majhen nizak kort เตี้ย kısa 矮的 низькорослий, низький چھوٹا thấp 矮的 3. not lasting long; brief. a short film; in a very short time; I've a very short memory for details. kort قَصير المُدَّه кратък curto krátký kurz kort σύντομος breve , corto lühike خلاصه lyhyt court קצר कम टिकने वाला kratak kurta singkat stuttur, skammur corto 短い (시간이) 짧은 trumpas īss pendek kort kort krótki خلاصه curto scurt недолгий, короткий krátky kratek kratak kort ชั่วครู่ kısa 短暫的 недовгий, короткочасний مختصر không tồn tại lâu 短暂的 4. not as much as it should be. When I checked my change, I found it was 20 cents short. tekort ناقِص в по-малко de menos chybějící zu wenig mangle λειψός , λιγότερος από ό, τι θα έπρεπε de menos puudu(jääv) ناكافي vajaa manquant חסר कम nedovoljan, manjkav kevesebb kurang tekor sem vantar upp á privo di , in meno 足りない 모자라는 mažesnis 20 centu par maz kurang te kort for lite/kort na minusie, za mało ناكافي de menos lipsă недостающий menej premajhen manje för lite ขาด eksik , noksan 短少的 недостатній, неповний پیمائش میں کم thiếu 短少的 5. (with of) not having enough (money etc). Most of us are short of money these days. kort, het min يَفْتَقِر إلى، يَعوزُه، يَنْقُصُه недостатъчен com falta de v tísni knapp mangle που δεν έχει αρκετά χρήματα corto de ebapiisav, vähe نداشتن به اندازه كافي liian vähän à court de חסר कमी nemati dovoljno vminek szűkében van kekurangan, ketekoran vera peningalítill a corto di 不足の 부족한 stokojantis, trūkstamas trūcīgs; nepietiekams tidak cukup te weinig hebbend som mangler penger odczuwający brak نه لرل په کافی اندازه com falta de a duce lipsă недостаточный v tiesni ne imeti dovolj oskudan ont om ขาดแคลน az , yetersiz 缺少的 такий, у кого бракує (чого) پیسوں کی قلت thiếu (tiền), cạn túi 缺少的 6. (of pastry) made so that it is crisp and crumbles easily. ongesif قَصِف، هَش ронлив crocante křehký mürbe sprød τραγανός quebradizo mure ترد كردن شيريني rapea brisé פריך पेस्ट्री prhak, drobiv omlós dibuat tipis hingga mudah garing stökkur frollo , friabile さくさくする 부스러지기 쉬운 trapus trausls rangup bros sprø , kort kruchy شيرينى جوړول estaladiço proaspăt рассыпчатый krehký drobljiv hrskav mör, skör, som smular sig lätt เปราะบาง gevrek 脆的 крихкий; розсипчастий ڈھیلی پیسٹری giòn 脆的 adverb 1. suddenly; abruptly. He stopped short when he saw me. skielik فَجأه внезапно de repente náhle, náraz kurzerhand brat απότομα , ξαφνικά bruscamente , en seco äkki يك مرتبه kesken kaiken net פתאום अचानक nenadano, odjednom hirtelen secara tiba-tiba snögglega di colpo , improvvisamente 急に 갑자기 netikėtai, staiga pēkšņi; spēji tiba-tiba plotseling brått , plutselig nagle په لنډه توګه، لنډ په لنډه de repente brusc резко , внезапно náhle, zrazu nenadoma iznenada tvärt, plötsligt อย่างกะทันหัน anîden, birden 突然地，猛然 різко, раптом اچانک bất thình lình 突然，急忙 2. not as far as intended. The shot fell short. nie so ver nie مُقَصِّر عن الهَدَف късо muito perto před cílem zu kurz mislykket όχι τόσο μακριά όσο προοριζόταν sin alcanzar (kavatsetust) vähem بي مقدمه lyhyeksi ne pas atteindre לִפנֵי הַמצוּפֶּה मनचाही दूरी तक नहीं जाना prekratko vmin innen tidak sampai ná ekki settu marki (tutt'a un tratto) とどかない 미치지 못하게 per arti, ne tiek, kiek reikia, per mažai tuvāk; ne tik tālu; par tuvu singkat niet ver genoeg (komme) til kort za blisko په لنډه توګه a curta distância aproape близко , недалеко pred cieľom prekratek blizu för kort โดยสังเขป kısa 未達目標 передчасно مطلوبہ طول سے کم trước thời hạn chờ đợi 达不到预想程度地 ˈshortness noun kortheid قِصَر краткост deficiência krátkost die Kürze korthed βραχύτητα, συντομία , έλλειψη brevedad lühidus كوتاهي lyhyys brièveté נָמוּך קוֹמָה छोटापन kratkoća, nedostatak rövidség; hiány; törékenység pendeknya, kurangnya stuttleiki, skammleiki brevità ; 短いこと 짧음 trumpumas, stoka īsums; nepietiekamība kependekan kortheid korthet ; kort vekst krótkość, braki, kruchość لنډوالى، لنډون، لږوالى deficiência scurtime краткость krátkosť kratkost kratkoća korthet, kortvarighet, knapphet ความสั้น kısalık 短，矮 стислість; нестаток قلت sự ngắn gọn, sự tinh giòn 短，矮 ˈshortage (-tidʒ) noun a lack; the state of not having enough. a shortage of water. tekort نَقْص، نُقْصان недостиг falta nedostatek die Knappheit mangel έλλειψη falta , escasez kitsikus, puudus كمبود puute manque , pénurie מחסור कमी, अभाव, अल्पता nedostatak, nestašica hiány kekurangan skortur scarsità , mancanza 不足 부족 stygius (kaut kā) trūkums kekurangan tekort mangel , skort , knapphet brak كمې، كموالى، لږوالى كسر: نښتوالى falta lipsă, penurie нехватка , недостаток nedostatok pomanjkanje nedostatak brist, knapphet, underskott ความขาดแคลน kıtlık , darlık 缺少 недостача, дефіцит کمی sự thiếu, số lượng thiếu 缺少 ˈshorten verb to make or become shorter. The dress is too long – we'll have to shorten it. verkort, inkort يُقَصِّر скъсявам (се) encurtar zkrátit kürzen forkorte κονταίνω acortar , reducir lühendama, lühenema كوتاهكردن lyhentää raccourcir לְקַצֵר कम करना, कम हो जाना skratiti, prikratiti (meg)rövidít memendekkan stytta accorciare 短くする 단축하다 (su)trumpinti []īsināt memendekkan verkorten forkorte skracać لنډول: لنډېدل encurtar a scurta укорачивать skrátiť skrajšati (se) skratiti korta [av], förkorta ทำให้สั้นลง kısal(t)mak 弄短，變短 скорочувати(ся) چھوٹا کرنا یا ہونا làm ngắn hơn 弄短，缩短 ˈshortening noun (especially American) the fat used for making pastry. smeer دُهْن يُسْتَعْمَل في عَمَل الفَطائِر мазнина banha tuk (do pečiva) das Backfett fedtstof til bagning λίπος για ζύμη γλυκισμάτων manteca , grasa küpsetusmargariin روغن تردكننده شيريمي leivontarasva graisse végétale שוּמָן אֲפִייָה चर्बी masnoća koja tijestu daje prhkost (növényi) zsiradék lemak untuk membuat kue kering feiti (smjör, smjörlíki, svínafita) grasso ショートニング 쇼트닝 konditeriniai riebalai tauki (cepumu mīklas trauslumam) lelemak bakvet margarin , fett tłuszcz cukierniczy غوړ (په تېره نباتي): تبۍ banha grăsimi vegetale жир , добавляемыи в тесто tuk (do pečiva) rastlinska mast biljna mast matfett ไขมันใช้ทำขนมให้กรอบร่วน mutfak yağı (尤在美國)製作糕點時所使用的油脂 жир для тіста ڈھیلی پیسٹری بنانے میں استعمال ہونے والی چکنائی sự thu ngắn lại 食用油脂（酥油/雪白奶油） ˈshortly adverb soon. He will be here shortly; Shortly after that, the police arrived. kortliks قَريبا، عَمّا قَريب не след дълго logo brzy bald snart σύντομα , σε λίγο dentro de poco , en breve varsti به زودي pian bientôt בקרוב शीघ्रता से, संक्षेप में uskoro, ukratko rövidesen segera innan skamms presto すぐに 곧 netrukus drīz; pēc brītiņa sekejap lagi binnenkort snart , om kort tid , kort etter niedługo دستي، په بيړه logo curând скоро , вскоре skoro kmalu ubrzo kort, inom kort ในไม่ช้า hemen , az sonra 不久 незабаром, невдовзі عنقریب، جلدی trong thời gian ngắn 不久，即刻 shorts noun plural short trousers for men or women. kortbroek سِروال قَصير шорти bermuda šortky die Shorts(pl.) shorts σορτσάκι pantalones cortos ðortsid شلوارك shortsit shorts מִכנָסַיִים קְצָרִים हाफपैंट kratke hlače sort celana pendek stuttbuxur pantaloncini ショートパンツ 반바지 šortai šorti seluar pendek korte broek kortbukse , shorts szorty پتلون calçOes şort, pantaloni scurţi шорты šortky kratke hlače šorts kortbyxor, shorts กางเกงขาสั้น şort 短褲 трусики; шорти گھٹنے تک کا ستر پوش quần soóc 短裤 ˈshortbread noun a kind of crisp, crumbling biscuit. brosbrood فَطيرَة الشّاي маслен сладкиш biscoito amanteigado sušenka der Mürbekuchen mørdejskage είδος τραγανού μπισκότου galleta hecha de mantequilla mureküpsis كلوچه ترد murokeksi sablé עוּגִייַת חֶמאָה खस्ता डबलरोटी prhak, drobiv kruh (kolač) omlóskeksz sejenis biskuit kering smákaka, kex pasta frolla ビスケットの一種 (버터 등의 쇼트닝을 듬뿍 넣어 구운 파삭파삭한 trapūs sausainiai smilšu cepums kek rapuh sprits mørdeigkake kruche ciasto غوړكيك، كروسنده، ميوه لرونكى كيك biscoito amanteigado biscuite uscat песочное печенье sušienka krhek kolač vrsta kolača mördegskaka ขนมปังรสหวาน kurabiye 奶油酥餅 пісочне печиво ایک قسم کا خستہ بسکٹ bánh bơ giòn 奶油脆饼 ˌshort-ˈchange verb to cheat (a buyer) by giving him too little change. met kleingeld verneuk يَغُش البائِع بإعْطائِه أقل مما يَجِب връщам по-малко ресто enganar no troco dát málo (drobných) nazpět zu wenig Wechselgeld herausgeben snyde med byttepenge κλέβω στα ρέστα dar mal el cambio, dar de menos en el cambio (ostjat) tagasiantava rahaga tüssama كم دادن پول antaa liian vähän vaihtorahaa tromper qqn en rendant la monnaie לַתֵת פָּחוֹת מִדָי עוֹדֶף धोखेबाजी करना prevariti, uzvratiti manje novca kevesebbet ad vissza (vkinek) menipu dengan memberi kembalian kurang gefa minna til baka en rétt er (dare il resto sbagliato) 釣銭をごまかす 거스름 돈을 적게 주다 apsukti apkrāpt (sīknaudas atlikumā) menipu dengan memulangkan baki yang tidak mencukupi te weinig wisselgeld geven snyte , gi for lite penger tilbake wydać za mało پيسى كمى وركول enganar no troco a fura la rest обсчитывать , недодавать сдачу zle vydať drobné opehariti zakinuti na kusuru ge för lite växel tillbaka โกง (เงินทอน) parasının üstünü eksik vermek 少找零錢欺騙客人 недодавати здачі بھنانے کی صورت میں ناکافی خوردہ lừa đảo 故意少找给顾客零头 short circuit the missing out by an electric current of a part of an electrical circuit (verb ˌshort-ˈcircuit) kortsluiting veroorsaak عُطل تَماس късо съединение curto-circuito krátké spojení der Kurzschluß kortslutning βραχυκύκλωμα , βραχυκυκλώνω cortocircuito lühis اتصالي كردن oikosulku court-circuit קצר लघु पथ kratki spoj rövidzárlat korsleting skammhlaup corto circuito ショート 단락 trumpas sujungimas (strāvas) īssavienojums litar pintas kortsluiting kortslutning ; kortslutte zwarcie نښل کول curto-circuito a scurtcircuita) короткое замыкание krátke spojenie kratek stik kratak spoj kortslutning ทำให้ลัดวงจร kısa devre 短路 коротке замикання برقی دور کی روانی میں رکاوٹ đoản mạch 短路 ˈshortcoming noun a fault. tekortkoming عَيْب، نُقْطَة ضَعْف дефект falha chyba, vada die Unzulänglichkeit mangel ελάττωμα , αδυναμία , έλλειψη defecto puudujääk تصور puute défaut חיסרון दोष, कमजोरी nedostatak, mana hiba kekurangan galli difetto 欠点 단점 trūkumas trūkums; nepilnība kelemahan tekortkoming mangel , feil , lyte wada خیال falha defect недостаток chyba, nedostatok hiba mana brist, fel จุดอ่อน kusur 缺點 недолік, вада کوتاہی، خامی، نقص thiếu sót 缺点 ˈshortcut noun a quicker way between two places. I'm in a hurry – I'll take a shortcut across the field. kortpad طَريق مُخْتَصَر пряк път atalho zkratka die Abkürzung genvej ο συντομότερος δρόμος atajo otsetee راه ميان بر oikotie raccourci תספורת छोटा रास्ता prečac útrövidítés jalan pintas styttri leið scorciatoia 近道 지름길 trumpesnis kelias īsākais/taisnākais ceļš jalan pintas kortere weg bein-/snarvei skrót سارت كټ، لنډه لار atalho scurtătură кратчайший путь skratka bližnjica prečica genväg ทางลัด kestirme 捷徑 найкоротший шлях نسبتہ مختصر راستہ đường tắt 近路，捷径 ˈshorthand noun a method of writing rapidly, using strokes, dots etc to represent sounds. snelskrif إخْتِزال، كِتابَه مُخْتَزَلَه стенография estenografia těsnopis die Kurzschrift stenografi στενογραφία taquigrafía kiirkiri تند نويسي pikakirjoitus sténographie קצרנות आशुलिपि stenografija gyorsírás steno hraðritun stenografia 速記 속기 stenografavimas stenogrāfija trengkas stenografie stenografi stenografia نډليك، يو ډول ګړندۍ ليكنه چې دكلمو پرځاى مخففات استعمالوي estenografia stenografie стенография stenografia stenografija stenografija stenografi ชวเลข steno 速記 стенографія مختصر نویسی phép tốc kí 速记 ˌshort-ˈhanded adjective having fewer workers than are necessary or usual. te min werkers hê يَنْقُصُه عُمّال с недостатъчно персонал com falta de pessoal s nedostatkem pracovníků knapp an Arbeitskräften underbemandet που έχει έλλειψη εργατών, προσωπικού falta de mano de obra liiga väheste töölistega نيروي انساني كافي vajaalukuinen à court de main-d'œuvre חֲסַר כּוֹחַ אֲדָם श्रमिकों की कमी से ग्रस्त bez dovoljno radne snage túl kevés munkaerővel rendelkező kekurangan tenaga fáliðaður (a corto di manodopera) 人手不足の 일손이 모자라는 stingantis darbo rankų nepietiekami apgādāts ar darbaspēku tidak cukup kakitangan met te weinig personeel underbemannet odczuwający brak pracowników يو وزرې، بي مرستياله، بې ملاتړه، دكومكيانو او كار ګرو له پلوه نيمګړى com falta de pessoal care nu are mână de lucru нуждающийся в рабочих руках s nedostatkom pracovníkov brez delavcev bez dovoljno radne snage underbemannad ขาดคน yeteri sayıda işçisi olmayan 缺乏人手的 такий, якому бракує робочих рук عملے کی کمی سے دو چار thiếu nhân s 缺乏人��的 ˈshort-list noun a list of candidates selected from the total number of applicants for a job etc. kortlys قائِمَة مُخْتَصَرَه списък с избрани за работа кандидати lista dos aprovados užší seznam die engere Wahl slutliste τελικός κατάλογος επιλογής προσωπικού lista de preseleccionados väljavalitud kandidaatide nimekiri در فهرست بهترين متقاضيان قراردادن lista loppusuoralle selviytyneistä liste des candidats sélectionnés רְשִימָה סוֹפִית שֶׁל מוֹעֲמָדִים अल्प सूची uži izbor szűkített névsor daftar calon yang terpilih úrtökulisti yfir þá umsækjendur sem koma til greina (rosa dei candidati) 最終選考者名簿 최종 선발자 명단 galutinis kandidatų sąrašas kandidātu saraksts (pēc atlases) senarai pendek voordracht den endelige søkerlista ostateczna lista شارت ليست كول lista dos apurados lista candidaţilor selectaţi/acceptaţi/admişi список наиболее подходящих кандидатов užší zoznam seznam izbranih uži izbor slutlista ผู้ได้รับคัดเลือกในรอบสุดท้าย son elemeye kalanlar listesi 決選名單 список кандидатів після відсіву امیدواروں میں سے پہلے دور کے انتخاب کی فہرست danh sách sơ tuyển 决选名单 verb to put on a short-list. We've short-listed three of the twenty applicants. op kortlys sit يَخْتَصِر القائِمَه избирам кандидат за работа apurar vzít do užšího výběru in die engere Wahl ziehen føre på slutliste; shortliste βάζω κπ. στον τελικό κατάλογο επιλογής προσωπικού seleccionar väljavalitud kandidaatide nimekirja kandma كوتاه مدت valita jatkoon retenir la candidature לְהַכנִיס בִּרְשִימָה סוֹפִית שֶׁל מוֹעֲמָדִים अल्प सूची तैयार करना uzeti u uži izbor szűkített listába felvesz membuat daftar calon yang terpilih setja á úrtökulista (mettere nella rosa dei candidati) 予備選考する 최종 선발자 명단�� 올리다 įtraukti į galutinį kandidatų sąrašą ierakstīt kandidātu sarakstā memilih voordragen bli innstilt wyselekcjonować کوتاه مدت apurar a reţine candidatura вносить в список zaradiť do užšieho výberu izbrati staviti u uži izbor sätta upp på slutlistan คัดเลือกเป็นครั้งสุดท้าย son elemeye kalanlar listesine koymak 列入決選名單 складати список кандидатів після відсіву پہلے انتخاب کی فہرست نکالنا đưa vào danh sách sơ tuyển 列入决选名单 ˌshort-ˈlived (-ˈlivd) , ((American) -ˈlaivd) adjective living or lasting only for a short time. short-lived insects; short-lived enthusiasm. van korte duur قَصير الأجَل който не живее дълго de curta duração žijící krátce kurzlebig med et kort liv; kortvarig βραχυχρόνιος efímero lühiajaline, lühiealine زمان كوتاه lyhytikäinen éphémère קְצָר יָמִים अल्पायु kratkovječan, kratkotrajan rövid életű berumur pendek skammlífur effimero 短命の 단명한 trumpai gyvenantis, trumpalaikis īslaicīgs; īsu laiku dzīvojošs tidak kekal lama kortdurend som lever kort tid krótko żyjący, krótkotrwały لنده وقت de pouca duração efemer недолговечный, живущий недолго; мимолётный majúci krátky život; krátko trvajúci kratkotrajen kratkoročan kortlivad, kortvarig ซึ่งมีช่วงอายุสั้น kısa ömürlü/süreli 短命的 недовговічний; скороминущий مختصر وقت کے لیے tồn tại trong một thời gian ngắn 短命的 ˌshort-ˈrange adjective 1. not reaching a long distance. short-range missiles. kortafstand قَصير المَدى на близко разстояние de curto alcance s krátkým doletem Kurzstrecken-... kortdistance- μικρού βεληνεκούς de corto alcance lähimaa- كوتاه مدت lyhyen kantaman à courte portée טְווָח קָצָר लघु परिसर malog dometa rövid távú jarak dekat skammdrægur a corto raggio 射程の短い 단거리 artimo nuotolio neliela darbības rādiusa- jarak dekat korteafstands- kortdistanse- o krótkim zasięgu کوتاه مدت de curto alcance distanţă scurtă с малым радиусом действия s krátkym doletom kratkega dosega kratkog dometa kortdistans- ซึ่งมีระยะใกล้ kısa mesafeli 短程的 такий, що має малий радіус дії محدود tầm ngắn 短程的 2. not covering a long time. a short-range weather forecast. korttyd قَصير المُدَّه (за) кратък период a curto prazo krátkodobý kurzfristig korttids- βραχυπρόθεσμος , που δεν καλύπτει μεγάλο χρονικό διάστημα a corto plazo lühiajaline بي دوام lyhyen ajan à court terme טְווָח קָצָר सीमित kratkoročan, kratkog daha rövid távú waktu singkat skammtíma- (a breve scadenza) 短期の 단기 trumpalaikis īslaicīgs; tuvākā laika- jangka pendek op korte termijn kortsiktig krótkoterminowy بی دوام a curto prazo durată scurtă краткосрочный krátkodobý kratkoročen kratkoročan kortsiktig, för den närmaste tiden ไม่นาน kısa süreli 近期的 розрахований на короткий строк مختصر ngắn hạn 近期的 ˌshort-ˈsighted adjective seeing clearly only things that are near. I don't recognize people at a distance because I'm short-sighted. bysiende قَصير النَّظَر късоглед míope krátkozraký kurzsichtig nærsynet μύωπας miope , corto de vista lühinägelik نزديك بيني likinäköinen myope קוֹצֶר רְאִייָה निकटदर्शी kratkovidan rövidlátó buta ayam, penglihatan dekat nærsÿnn miope 近視の 근시의 trumparegis tuvredzīgs rabun bijziend nærsynt krótkowzroczny لنډ نطري: لنډپاري míope miop близорукий krátkozraký kratkoviden kratkovid närsynt ซึ่งมีสายตาสั้น miyop , uzak görmez 近視的，短視的 короткозорий کوتاہ نظر cận thị 近视的，目光短浅的 ˌshort-ˈsightedly adverb bysiende بِقِصَر نَظَر късогледо com miopia krátkozrace kurzsichtig nærsynet μυωπικά con miopía lühinägelikult نزديك بينانه lyhytnäköisesti sans prévoyance קְצַר רוֹאִי निकटदर्शी से kratkovidno rövidlátó módon secara cupet, melihat secara dekat af skammsÿni senza previdenza 近視で 근시안적인 trumparegiškai tuvredzīgi tidak jelas bijziend kortsynt , kortsiktig krótkowzrocznie لنډ نطري com miopia neprevăzător, lipsit de prevedere близоруко krátkozrako kratkovidno kratkovido på ett närsynt sätt อย่างสั้น ileriyi göremeden 近視地，短視地 недалекоглядно کوتاہ نظری سے cận thị 近视地，目光短浅地 ˌshort-ˈsightedness noun bysiendheid قِصَر النَّظَر късогледство miopia krátkozrakost die Kurzsichtigkeit nærsynethed μυωπία miopía lühinägelikkus كوتاه نظري likinäköisyys myopie ; imprévoyance קוֹצֶר רְאִייָה निकटदर्शीता kratkovidnost rövidlátás kecupetan, kedangkalan wawasan skammsÿni miopia ; imprevidenza 近視 근시안 trumparegystė tuvredzība kerabunan bijziendheid nærsynthet ; kortsiktighet krótkowzroczność لنډ نطري miopia miopie; lipsă de prevedere близорукость krátkozrakosť kratkovidnost kratkovidost närsynthet สายตาสั้น miyopluk; ileriyi görememe 近視，短視 недалекоглядність نزدیکی بصارت sự cận thị 近视，目光短浅 ˌshort-ˈtempered adjective easily made angry. My husband is very short-tempered in the mornings. liggeraak سَريع الغَضَب сприхав irritadiço popudlivý reizbar hidsig; opfarende ευέξαπτος de genio vivo kergesti ärrituv از كوره دررفته äkkipikainen irritable רגזן चिड़चिड़ा, क्रोधी nagao, raspaljiv indulatos mudah marah uppstökkur irritabile 短気な 성마른 irzlus viegli aizkaitināms; straujas dabas- mudah marah opvliegend hissig , kort i lunta nerwowy , wybuchowy هغه څوك چې زر عصبى كيږى irritadiço irascibil вспыльчивый, раздражительный prchký, výbušný jeznorit naprasit häftig, lättretad โกรธง่าย çabuk kızan 易怒的 нестримний, запальний بدمزاج hay cáu 脾气坏的，易怒的 ˌshort-ˈterm adjective 1. concerned only with the near future. short-term plans. korttermyn قَصير الأجَل близък (за време) a curto prazo krátkodobý kurzfristig korttids- βραχυπρόθεσμος a corto plazo lähemaajaline, lähi- اخير lyhyen aikavälin à court terme לִזמָן קָצָר अल्पकालिक kratkoročan rövid határidejű/távú jangka pendek skammtíma- a breve scadenza 短期の 단기 artimiausias īstermiņa- jangka pendek op korte termijn kortsiktig krótkoterminowy اخیر a curto prazo pe termen scurt на короткий период krátkodobý kratkoročen kratkoročni kortsiktig ช่วงสั้น kısa vadeli/süreli 短暫的 короткостроковий مختصر عرصہ تک ngắn hạn 短期的 2. lasting only a short time. a short-term loan. kort termyn قَصير الأمَد краткосрочен a curto prazo krátkodobý kurzfristig kortfristet βραχυπρόθεσμος a corto plazo lühiajaline كوتاه مدت lyhytkestoinen à court terme זְמָן קָצָר अल्पावधिक kratkoročan rövid lejáratú jangka pendek skammtíma- a breve scadenza 短期の 단기 trumpalaikis īslaicīgs jangka pendek op korte termijn korttids- krótkoterminowy کوتاه مدت a curto prazo de scurtă durată краткосрочный krátkodobý kratkoročen kratkoročni kortfristig ระยะสั้น kısa vadeli 短期的 короткостроковий مختصر وقت کے لیے trong thời gian ngắn 短期延续的 by a short head by a very small amount. to win by a short head. met min, met bietjie بِكَميَّة صَغيرَه спечелвам с малко por uma cabeça o prsa einen sehr kleinen Betrag med en hårsbredde με μικρή διαφορά por poco napilt مختصر pienellä kaulalla de justesse בְּכָּמוּת קְטָנָה बहुम कम मात्रा से za dlaku, za manje od dužine konjske glave orrhosszal tipis með litlum mun (di stretta misura) わずかの差で 가까스로 menku skirtumu ar ļoti niecīgu pārsvaru tipis op het nippertje så vidt o włos مختصر por uma unha negra ненамного o pol hlavy (pri dostihoch), o prsia (pri behu) za las za dlaku [vinna] knappt ปริมาณน้อย az farkla 少量的，小幅度的 з невеликою перевагою تھوڑی مقدار میں کم ہونا chỉ một chút 小胜 for short as an abbreviation. His name is Victor, but we call him Vic for short. in 't kort للإخْتِصار за по-кротко para abreviar pro zkrácení der Kürze halber som en forkortelse για συντομία para abreviar lühendatult اختصار lyhyemmin pour abréger בקיצור संक्षिप्त skraćeno, ukratko röviden singkatan, singkatnya til styttingar (per brevità) 略して 생략하여 trumpai, sutrumpintai saīsināti sebagai singkatan als afkorting som forkortelse w skrócie, dla skrócenia اختصار para abreviar pe scurt для краткости stručne na kratko kraće kort [och gott] ชื่อย่อ kısaca 簡稱(或簡寫)為... скорочено مختصرا viết tắt 简称（或简写）为... go short to cause oneself not to have enough of something. Save this carton for tomorrow, or else we'll go short (of milk). nie genoeg hê nie يَنْقُصُه лишавам се от ter falta de mít málo knapp werden mangle έχω έλλειψη από κτ., μου τελειώνει κτ. faltar mitte piisama, puudu tulema با كمبود چيزي مواجه بودن joutua puutteeseen manquer לִהיוֹת בְּמַחֲסוֹר कमी पड़ना ponestati kifogy vmije menjadi kekurangan verða uppiskroppa (restare a corto di) 不足する 없이 지내다 pristigti pietrūkt kekurangan niet genoeg hebben slippe opp for , gå tom zabraknąć komuś په کمبود کی متوجه کیدل ter falta de a rămâne fără испытывать недостаток, нуждаться mať málo ne imeti imati manjak få ont om ขาดแคลน ...-siz olmak/kalmak 使...缺少 не вистачати کم پڑ جانا không có đủ 缺少 in short in a few words. in 't kort باخْتِصار накратко em resumo zkrátka kurzum i få ord; kort sagt με λίγα λόγια en pocas palabras lühidalt خلاصه lyhyesti bref בקיצור कुछ शब्दों में ukratko pár szóval singkatnya í stuttu máli in breve 要するに 짧게 말하면 trumpai (tariant) īsumā; pāris vārdos dengan sepatah dua kata kortom kort sagt w paru słowach خلاصه em resumo pe scurt вкратце , короче говоря skrátka skratka ukratko i korthet, kort sagt อย่างสั้น ๆ kısaca 總之 коротко, стисло مختصر الفاظ میں nói tóm lại 简而言之，总之 in short supply not available in sufficient quantity. Fresh vegetables are in short supply. min hoeveelheid غَير مُتَوَفِّر има недостиг на em pouca quantidade v malém množství knapp findes kun i begrænsede mængder που σπανίζει, που δεν είναι διαθέσιμο σε επαρκή ποσότητα escasez de defitsiitne كمبود olla kiven alla en quantité réduite בְּמַחֲסוֹר कमी malo, mala količina kevés van belőle kekurangan cadangan í takmörkuðu magni (in quantità ridotta) 不足して 공급 부족 trūkstamas, nepakankamas nepietiekami; par maz tidak cukup bekalan schaars mangelvare w niewystarczających ilościach کموالی em pouca quantidade în cantitate redusă в дефиците v malom množstve primanjkovati (česa) nedostajati knapp tillgång på มีปริมาณไม่เพียงพอ az 供應不足，缺乏的 дефіцитний کمیاب không nhiều, hiếm 供应不足 make short work of to dispose of very quickly. The children made short work of the ice-cream. vinnig weggewerk يَتَخَلَّص بِسُرْعَه، يُنْهي отървавам се набързо despachar udělat krátký proces kurzen Prozeß machen mit gøre kort proces med τελειώνω στα γρήγορα despachar lõppu peale tegema كلك كاري يا چيزي را زود كندن tehdä nopeasti selvää jstk expédier לְחַסֵל जल्दी समाप्त कर देना svršiti što brzo gyorsan elfogyaszt vmit memakan dengan cepat klára í hvelli (fare fuori velocemente) さっさと片付ける 재빨리 해치우다 greitai sudoroti ātri tikt galā (ar kaut ko) menghabiskan dengan cepat korte metten maken met gjøre kort prosess med rozprawić się szybko z يو كار په چټكى سره تر سره كول despachar a termina rapid быстро (рас)справиться urobiť krátky koniec hitro opraviti (s čim) brzo potrošiti avverka snabbt, göra processen kort med จัดการอย่างรวดเร็ว çabucak tüketmek 迅速解決 швидко справитися جلد ختم کرنا giải quyết nhanh chóng 迅速处置某事 run short 1. (of a supply) to become insufficient. Our money is running short. word te min يَنْفَذ свършвам acabar docházet knapp werden slippe op τελειώνω , δεν επαρκώ acabarse mitte piisama كم آمدن loppua kesken commencer à manquer (de) לֶאֱזוֹל खत्म होना ponestati vmije kifogy menjadi tidak cukup verða uppiskroppa finire 不足する 부족해지다 baigtis, sekti izsīkt; iet uz beigām semakin berkurang op raken ikke strekke til wyczerpywać się لږ acabar-se a deveni insuficient иссякать , кончаться dochádzať zmanjkovati ponestati börja (hålla på att) ta slut ขาดแคลน azalmak , tükenmek 變缺(少的) вичерпуватися کمیابی ہونا thiếu, không đủ 快用完了，不够 2. (with of) not to have enough. We're running short of money. word te min يعوزُه، يَفْتَقِر إلى не ми достигат acabar mít málo knapp werden løbe tør for μου τελειώνει κτ. acabarse mitte piisama كم آوردن olla vähissä être à court de לֶאֱזוֹל अपर्याप्त होना nemati dovoljno nincs elég tidak cukup, kehabisan eiga ekki nóg af essere a corto 不足する (~이) 떨어지다 stigti aptrūkt; izsīkt kekurangan bijna zonder iets zitten slippe opp for odczuwać brak لږ acabar-se a fi pe terminate не хватать, быть на исходе mať málo ne imeti dovolj imati manjak börja få slut på มีไม่เพียงพอ azalmak , suyunu çekmek 缺少 бракувати, не вистачати کفایت نہیں ہونا thiếu 缺少 short and sweet His reply was short and sweet: `Get out!' he shouted. kort en kragtig مُخْتَصَر مُفيد кратък и мил direto krátký a jasný kurz und bündig kort og godt κοφτός , κατευθείαν στο θέμα claro , directo lühike ja selge مختصر و مفيد lyhyt ja ytimekäs clair et net קָצָר וּמָתוֹק संक्षिप्त एवं उपयुक्त kratak i sadržajan rövid, de velős singkat dan padat stuttur og laggóður conciso , essenziale 簡潔な 간략하고 요령 있는 trumpas ir aiškus īss un skaidrs; skaidri un gaiši ringkas kort en bondig kort og godt krótki i zwięzły مختصر اوګتور directo scurt şi cuprinzător коротко и ясно krátky a jasný kratek in jedrnat odsečan kortfattad สั้น ๆ kısa ve yerinde 簡短扼要 коротко і ясно مختصر و مؤثر ngắn gọn nhưng dễ chịu 简短扼要 short for an abbreviation of. `Phone' is short for `telephone'; What is `Ltd.' short for? 'n kort vorm vir إخْتِصار لِ съкращение abreviatura zkratka pro die Abkürzung für en forkortelse for σύντμηση , συντομογραφία abreviación de lühend مختصر lyhenne abréviation de קִיצוּר שֶׁל- संक्षेप skraćeno rövidítve, röviden singkatan stytting á abbreviazione di ～の省略形 단축형인 sutrumpinimas saīsinājums no (vārda) singkatan untuk een afkorting van forkortelse for skrót od مختصر abreviatura сокращение skratka pre okrajšava skraćenica za kort (förkortning) för ย่อมาจาก kısaltma 是...的略語,簡稱 скорочення مخفف، اختصار viết tắt của cái gì 是…的缩写，简写 short of not as far as or as much as. Our total came to just short of $1,000; We stopped five miles short of London. net minder, net voor ناقِص، أقَل بِ преди perto de téměř, ani ne kurz vor lidt mindre; før λιγότερο από, μακριά από casi ligi, peaaegu, enne كمتر از jäädä vajaaksi jstk presque ; juste avant בְּמֶרחָק מְ- से पहले ne toliko daleko kao ili ne toliko koliko; nedostajati vmin kívül; majdnem(vmennyi); vmi híján tidak sampai minna/styttra en quasi ; prima di ～に達しない 못 미쳐 netoli, beveik, nepasiekus gandrīz; turpat; nepilni lagi onder , voor litt under przed ليږ perto de aproape; chiar înainte не достигнув; не доходя takmer, ani nie skoraj; pred jedva knappt, [... när vi hade fem miles] kvar [till London] มี (บางสิ่ง) ไม่พอ eksik 缺乏，不足 не доїжджаючи سے کمتر، کے سوا không xa như, không nhiều bằng 缺少，差一点 shorthand	i don't know
What is the name for water that collects in the bottom of a boat?	Boating Glossary of Terms \| Discover Boating Boating Glossary Of Terms Boating Glossary of Terms \| Discover Boating A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z aerate To force air and oxygen into livewells to keep fish or bait alive. Also, to force air under the running surface of a hull. aft The rear of the boat. aft cabin Sleeping quarters beneath the aft or rear section of the boat (sometimes called a mid cabin when located beneath the helm). alee The side of a boat or object away from the direction of the wind. aloft Above deck in the rigging. aluminum fish boat Small, lightweight, durable trailerboat constructed of aluminum that is either welded or riveted; generally used for freshwater fishing. amidships Center section of a boat. anchorage A location intended or suited for anchoring. anti-fouling paint A special paint applied to a boat's hull to prevent marine growth. apparent wind The direction and velocity of wind as felt in a moving boat. astern The direction toward or beyond the stern. athwart Perpendicular to a boat's centerline aweigh An anchor that is off the bottom. axle ratio The relationship of revolutions of a tow vehicle's axle to that of its driveshaft or transaxle, e.g. 2.74:1. backing down Maneuvering in reverse when offshore fishing while attempting to land a fish. backstay A support for the mast to keep it from falling forward. bail To remove water with a bucket or pump. Also, a component that controls fishing line on a spinning reel. bait station Area on a fishing boat for preparing bait. baitwell Compartment on a fishing boat for holding live bait, usually with a pump to circulate the water and an aerator to provide oxygen. ballast Weight added to the bottom of a boat to improve stability. bass boat Low-profile, outboard-powered boat, generally no more than 22 feet long and typically equipped with rod lockers, casting decks with pedestal seats and livewells. bay boat Low-profile, inshore fishing boat intended for use in protected coastal waters, and frequently made with rolled-edge construction. beach catamaran Small, lightweight sailboat less than 25 feet long that can be easily launched and retrieved from a beach. beam Measurement of a boat at its widest point. Also, a transmitted radio, sonar or radar signal. bear off To turn away from the wind. bearing A place to sleep aboard a boat. Also, a boat slip. bilge Lowest section inside a boat's hull where water collects. bimini top A canvas cover over the helm or cockpit area. bitt Vertical post extending above the deck to secure docking lines. bluewater fishing boat Mid-size to large deep-V boats suitable for offshore fishing. They are typically fitted with outriggers, fish boxes, aluminum towers, a host of electronics and large fuel tanks. boom A spar attached to a sail at its foot. bow Forward portion of a boat. bow eye A stainless steel U-bolt on a boat's bow stem used to secure tow lines or trailer winch hooks. bow stop Rubber blocks on a boat trailer into which the boat's stem rests. bowrider A runabout boat with open-bow seating. bowsprit A spar extending forward of the bow on a sailboat. breakaway lanyard Emergency safety cable on a boat trailer that activates trailer brakes in the event the trailer comes detached from the tow vehicle while underway. bridge clearance Distance from waterline to a boat's highest point. bulkhead Transverse wall in a boat that usually bears weight and supplies hull support. bunks Long carpeted sections of a boat trailer that support the boat's weight. buoy An anchored floating object that serves as a navigation aid. Also used to mark a mooring spot. burgee Small flag that bears a yacht club's symbol. camber Cylindrical navigation buoy with a flat top, generally green in color. capsize To flip a boat over. capstan A winch used for hauling heavy objects such as anchors. cast off To unfasten all lines in preparation for departure. casting platform Elevated deck clear of obstruction used by anglers to make casts, often equipped with pedestal chairs. catamaran A twin hulled boat, either power or sail. catboat Small, simple sailboat with one mast and sail set far forward. cavitation Inefficient low-pressure pockets on propellers form bubbles that collapse against the blades resulting in premature wear. center console boat Fishing boat with the helm station located amidships for maximum walk-through space around the perimeter of the boat. centerboard A keel-like pivoting device, typically in a trunk, that can be lowered or raised to act as a keel. channel The navigable portion of a waterway. chart plotter Electronic navigation device that displays charts for use in plotting a course. chart recorder An electronic depth sounder that records bottom structure data on paper. charts Paper or electronic navigation maps. chine Portion of the hull where the bottom and sides intersect (can be rounded or angled). chopped fiberglass Fiberglass strands cut and simultaneoulsy mixed with resin by and applied to a boat mold by using a chopper gun. chumming Placing fish or fish parts in the water to attract gamefish. class I hitch Trailer hitch with a weight-carrying capacity up to 2,000 pounds; available as a bumper mount, step bumper or bumper/frame mount. class II hitch Frame-mounted trailer hitch with a weight-carrying capacity of up to 3,500 pounds. class III hitch Frame-mounted trailer hitch with a weight-carrying capacity of up to 5,000 pounds. class IV hitch Frame-mounted trailer hitch with a weight-carrying capacity of up to 10,000 pounds. cleat Hardware piece on a boat or a dock to which lines are attached. clew The after-most corner of a sail. close-hauled Sailing as close to the wind as possible. coaming A raised edge, as around the cockpit or around a hatchway, to keep water out. Coast Guard safety package Basic safety gear required by federal law consisting of personal flotation device, throwable flotation device, visible distress signals, fire extinguisher and a horn, whistle or bell. cockpit Deck space for the crew of a boat, typically recessed. COLREGS Coast Guard term for the navigation rules of the road; full name is International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea. come about To tack or change heading relative to the wind. companionway Entryway from the deck to the belowdeck cabin area. convertible A bluewater fishing boat typically more than 35 feet long with a full cruising salon, a fish-fighting cockpit and many other saltwater fishing features. coring material Any of a variety of lightweight materials used between layers of fiberglass laminates to add strength. Corinthian The act of two propellers spinning in opposite directions on a single shaft. coupler Component on a boat trailer that connects to the hitchball. course Direction in which a boat is steered. cruiser A boat with overnight accommodations. cuddy cabin Belowdecks accommodations in the bow area for overnighting and stowage. cure Hardening process for resin-soaked fiberglass laminates. curtains Attachable front and side enclosures that protect the helm area from weather. cutter Single-masted sailboat similar to a sloop, but with the mast farther aft to allow for a double headsail. daggerboard A keel-like device that is manually raised and lowered vertically without using a hinge. davit A small crane used to hoist a boat or dinghy or other object. day sailing To go sailing for a few hours on a small, open sailboat. daysailer Small, open sailboat sometimes raced or short-distanced cruised, primarily used for recreational sailing. dead ahead Directly ahead of the bow. deadrise Degrees of V-shape hull angle measured at the transom of planing powerboats. deck boat Blunt-bowed power boat generally characterized by an open deck and generous passenger seating. deep-V A hull shape characterized by a sharp deadrise, typically more than 20 degrees. depth sounder Electronic sonar device that displays water depth. deviation The amount of error from displaying magnetic north in a boat's compass caused by the boat's own magnetic interference. differential GPS (DGPS) A highly accurate global positioning system (GPS) that utilizes a differential radio beacon and receiver to compute and correct the error of all visible satellites sending data to a conventional GPS unit. dinette A small dining area usually consisting of a table and facing bench seats; it can often be converted into a berth. dinghy A small sailboat often raced that can be sailed on and off a beach. Also a tender, either rowed or equipped with power, used to go to and from a larger vessel. direct drive An engine configuration in which the drive shaft runs in a straight driveline through the bottom of the hull. displacement The weight of water displaced by a hull. Also, a type of hull that smoothly displaces water as opposed to riding on top of it. displacement hull A hull shape designed to run through water rather than on top of it in the manner of a planing hull. downrigger A gunwale-mounted weighted line device used for deep-water trolling. draft Vertical distance a boat penetrates the water. drogue Weight of the boat without fuel and fresh water. dual-console boat A type of boat with twin dashboards separated by a centerline walk-through deck leading to the bow. EPIRB Acronym for emergency positioning indicating radio beacon. When this electronic device is activated it transmits a radio signal with user registration data and positioning information to a network of satellites that assist the Coast Guard in conducting an emergency rescue. express cruiser A cruising boat without a deck-level salon. Sometimes called a sunbridge cruiser. fathom Nautical depth measurement equaling six feet. fender A cylindrical or round cushion used to protect the hull sides of a boat, typically used when tied up at dock. fetch To clear a buoy, point of land or object without having to make a tack. fiberglass Glass fibers either loose or woven, reinforced with resin and used in the construction of many boats. fighting chair A fix-mounted chair used to help land large gamefish on bluewater fishing boats equipped with a footrest, gimbal-mounted rod holder, safety harness and other fish-fighting gear. fin keel A keel shaped like the fin of a fish that is shorter and deeper than a full-length keel. fishfinder Electronic device that uses sonar to locate and display fish on a monitor. fix The position of a boat recorded in coordinates or bearings. flare A pyrotechnic device used to indicate distress. Also, the outward curvature of the sides on the bow of a boat. flat-bottom boat Type of boat or hull shape with very little or no deadrise. flats boat Type of small, inshore saltwater fishing boat with moderate deadrise and draft, usually equipped with a raised platform aft used by a guide pushing a long pole to silently maneuver the boat through shallow tidal water. flying bridge Raised, second-story helm station, often located above the primary helm. following sea Wave pattern running in the same direction as the boat. foot The bottom edge of a sail. fore Located at the front of a boat. foredeck Forward part of the main deck, ahead of the superstructure. foul-weather gear Jacket, pants and hat used during inclement weather. founder To sink. four-cycle engine A gasoline- or diesel-powered internal combustion engine that takes four cycles or strokes of the piston to complete its power phase. Also called four-stroke engine. frame-mount hitch Hitch fastened to the frame of a tow vehicle. freeboard Vertical distance between the waterline and the top of the hull side. furling Rolling or folding a sail on its boom. gaff A metal pole with a hooked end used to boat a fish. Also a pole or spar that holds the upper portion of a four-sided sail. galley The kitchen area on a boat. gelcoat A combination of resin and pigment that comprises the smooth outside coating of a fiberglass boat. genoa Another name for a gas- or disel-powered electric generator. give way Yield to other traffic. GPS Acronym for global positioning system, a satellite-based navigation system that uses trasmitted signals and mathematical triangulation to pinpoint location. gross axle weight rating (GAWR) The maximum weight an axle is designed to carry. gross combined weight rating (GCWR) The maximum allowable weight of a fully loaded tow vehicle plus its fully loaded trailer, including passengers and cargo. gross trailer weight rating (GTWR) The maximum allowable weight of trailer and its cargo. gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) The maximum allowable weight of a fully equipped tow vehicle including passengers and cargo. gunkhole To explore creeks, coves marshes or other shallow areas near shore. gunwale The upper edge of the side of a boat. gybe Also spelled jibe. To change the course of a boat so that the boom swings over to the opposite side. halyard Line used to hoist a spar or sail. harbor master The person at a harbor in charge of anchorages, berths and harbor traffic. hard chine A sharp-angle at the intersection of the hull's side and bottom. hard over Turning the steering wheel or tiller all the way in one direction. hard-top A large fiberglass roof or platform over the helm area. hatch To lift a boat from the water. hawse pipe Fittings in the deck or gunwale through which the anchor rode or dock lines run. head Toilet facilities or room where they are located. head seas Waves coming from the direction a boat is heading. heading The direction a boat is pointed. headsail Any sail set forward of the mast. headway Forward motion of a boat in the water. heave To pull on a line. Also to throw a line. heaving to Setting the sails so the boat makes little headway, either used in a storm or a waiting situation. heel To temporarily tip or lean to one side. helm Area of a boat where operational controls are located. high-performance boat A type of boat capable of running at high speeds, often equipped with high-horsepower and exotic propulsion systems, sometimes used for racing. hike To lean out on the windward side of a sailboat to achieve optimal speed by offsetting heeling. hitch Steel framework on a tow vehicle used to hook up a trailer. hitch ball The ball-shaped component of the hitch that fits into the trailer coupler. holding tank Storage tank for gray water. houseboat A large, flat-bottom boat with square sides and house-like characteristics, such as comfortable furniture and living accommodations. hull The structural body of the boat that rests in the water. inboard engine An internal combustion engine often mounted amidships that runs a drive shaft through the hull bottom. inboard/outboard (I/O) Capable of being inflated either with air, as in a life raft or life vest. inflatable boat A type of boat with air chambers into which air is pumped either manually or automatically for buoyancy, some having rigid bottoms. inner liner Smooth-finished, molded fiberglass structure adjacent to the inside portion of the hull. inverter Device that changes 12-, 24- or 32-volt direct current (DC) from a battery to 120-volt alternating current (AC). jack plate A mounting device for an outboard motor that enables operators to vertically raise or lower the motor, thereby controlling propeller depth in the water. jet boat A boat powered by an engine with a water-pump used to create propulsion. jib Triangular sail projecting ahead of the mast. jibe The bottom-most portion or longitudinal centerline of a hull. ketch A sailboat similar in appearance to a yawl with a tall main mast and a shorter mizzen mast ahead of the rudder post. kicker motor A small auxiliary outboard motor. kill switch A switch with a lanyard that automatically shuts off an engine if disconnected. kite fishing A technique that involves attaching a fishing line to a kite to present bait at a distance from the boat. knot Speed measured in nautical miles per hour. laminate A single layer of material used in multi-layered fiberglass construction. lamination schedule A list of the sequential layers of materials used in fiberglass construction. latitude Geographic distance north or south of the equator expressed in degrees and minutes. leaning post Wide, padded bolster at the helm used instead of or in lieu of conventional seats. lee Direction toward which the wind blows. lee side The side of an object that is sheltered from the wind. leeway To slip sideways downwind while moving forward. lifeline Safety lines on deck that are grabbed to prevent falling overboard. list A continuous lean to one side due to improper weight distribution. livewell Compartment on a fishing boat designed to keep fish or bait alive. LOA Length overall; the distance between the most forward part of the boat and the most aft part. locker A stowage compartment, whether equipped with a lock or not. longitude Geographic distance east or west of the prime meridian expressed in degrees and minutes. Loran C Electronic navigation system that measures the time difference in the reception of radio signals from land-based transmitters. luff The leading edge of a sail. mainsail The largest regular sail on a sailboat. make fast A large, luxurious yacht, typically longer than 100 feet midships Location near the center of a boat. mizzen mast A shorter mast located aft of the main mast on a yawl or ketch. modified-V hull A modification of the deep-V hull shape with a deadrise of less than 20 degrees. mold A hollow reinforced cavity that is the mirror-image or reverse-image of the boat and into which fiberglass, gel coat and resin are laid during composite-hull construction. monohull A boat with a single hull. mooring Permanent ground tackle fixed to a buoy that boats can tie to. motorsailer A hybrid boat that has sails and powerful engines. motoryacht A large powerboat greater than 40 feet with luxurious interior accommodations for long-range cruising. multihull A boat with more than one hull, such as a catamaran or trimaran. nautical mile A distance of 6,076.12 feet or 1,852 meters, which is about 15 percent longer than a statute mile. Equivalent to one minute of latitude on a navigation chart. nun buoy Conical navigation buoy that is usually red. outboard bracket Support device for mounting outboard engines that extends aft of the transom. outboard motor Internal combustion engine mounted at the transom that incorporates motor, driveshaft and propeller. outdrive The lower unit of a stern-drive motor that houses the drive gears and to which the propeller fastens. outrigger Poles designed to spread out fishing lines and keep them from tangling while trolling. overboard Over the side of a boat and into the water. personal flotation device (PFD) A safety vest or jacket capable of keeping an individual afloat. personal watercraft (PWC) A small, lightweight craft designed to be either sat-on or stood-on with motorcycle-like handlebars and squeeze throttle, usually jet-propelled. piling A post driven into the ground below the waterline to support a pier, dock, etc. pilot house A fully enclosed helm compartment. pitch Theoretical distance a propeller would travel in one revolution. Also, the rise and fall of a boat's bow and stern. planing hull A boat hull designed to ride on top of the water rather than plowing through it. pleasure boating Recreational day boating in runabouts, deck boats, pontoon boats, bowriders and sportboats. plot To plan a navigation course using a chart. poling platform Small elevated stand on a flats boat used by a fisherman to silently pole through shallow water and scout for fish. pontoon boat A type of boat with a flat deck attached to airtight flotation tubes or logs. port The left side of a boat when facing the bow. Also, a marina harbor or commercial dock. power catamaran A multihulled powerboat with two identical side-by-side hulls. power cruiser A powerboat with overnight accommodations, typically up to 40 feet long. propeller A rotating multi-blade device that propels a boat through the water. pulpit Forward deck and railing structure at the bow of a boat. PWC The after side of a boat from amidships to stern. quartering The practice of aiming the boat's bow at a 45-degree angle to oncoming waves. quarters Living and sleeping areas of a vessel. racer A sailboat designed primarily for speed and competition with a minimum of built-in creature comforts. racer/cruiser A fast sailboat designed with comfortable accommodations. radar Electronic device using high frequency radio waves to detect objects and display their positions on a monitor. range Distance a boat can travel at cruising speed on a tank of fuel. Also, the distance to an object. Lastly, in intracoastal navigation, a set of two markers that, when lined up one behind the other, indicate the deepest part of the channel. reach To sail across the wind. ready about Last warning given by a helmsman before tacking and turning the bow into the wind, notifying the crew that the boom and sail will cross the boat. receiver box Part of a hitch that receives and holds the hitch bar or shank. receiver hitch A hitch with a receiver from which a hitch bar or shank can be removed. resin Liquid substance used in fiberglass composite construction that, when combined with a catalyst, bonds laminate materials together. reverse chine A chine that angles downward from the hull designed to direct spray out and awayfrom the boat. RIB (rigid inflatable boat) An inflatable boat fitted with a rigid bottom. rigging Wire cables, rods, lines, hardware and other equipment that support and control the mast and spars. rocket launcher A device designed for a fishing boat that bolts to the cockpit floor or is incorporated into a bench seat, to hold multiple fishing rods. rod holder Device designed to safely and securely hold fishing rods either vertically or horizontally. rode Line, chain, cable or any combination of these used to connect the anchor to the boat. rolled-edge skiff A fishing boat designed to run in coastal waters constructed of a simple, one-piece fiberglass hull without a top deck and characterized by rounded top edges without true gunwales. roller trailer A trailer outfitted with rollers instead of bunks. rubrail Protective outer bumper that runs around the boat at the point where the top deck meets the hull. rudder Underwater fin mounted below the hull near the stern that controls boat steering. runabout A kind of small, lightweight, freshwater pleasurecraft intended for day use. running lights Required navigation lights that a vessel uses at night to indicate position and status. running rigging Lines used in the setting and trimming of sails. safety chains Legally mandated chains that connect the trailer to the tow vehicle as a safety measure in case the coupler detaches. safety harness A harness worn by a boater attached to the boat with a tether to reduce the chances of going overboard. sag To slide or drift off course. sail plan Arrangement of sails on a boat. sailboat A boat that is at least partially propelled by capturing the force of wind in sails. salon Full-sized, well-appointed cabin on the main deck level of a motoryacht, convertible or megayacht used for entertaining. saltwater fishing boat Any fishing boat used in the ocean or coastal waters that's specially equipped to handle the harsh saltwater environment. schooner A large sailboat with two or more masts where the foremast is shorter than aft mainmast. scope The ratio of anchor rode to vertical depth. scud To run before the wind in bad weather. scuppers Gravity fed drain in a boat to allow water to drain out and overboard. scuttle To cut holes or open ports to purposely let water in to make a boat sink. scuttlebutt Gossip. So named after a water cask around which sailors used to gather and drink. sea anchor A canvas, cone-shaped device deployed to keep the bow headed into the wind to help safely ride out a storm. Also called a drogue. sea cock Through-hull fitting with a valve between the interior and the exterior of the boat. seaworthy Ability to handle rough weather. Also called sea-kindly. sedan cruiser A type of large boat equipped with a salon and a raised helm or bridge. selective availability Intentional degradation of GPS signal used for position fixing by the U.S. Department of Defense for purposes of national security. With selective availability turned on, positions can be fixed to about 300 meters. With selective availability turned off, positions can be fixed to about 100 meters. self-bailing Drains water overboard automatically. semi-displacement hull A hull shape with soft chines or a rounded bottom that enables the boat to achieve minimal planing characteristics. sheer Line of the deck or gunwale from bow to stern as viewed from outside the boat. sheet Line used to trim a sail. shroud Mast support rigging, usually a wire, that runs from the mast to the side of the boat. side console A dash-panel unit affixed to the side of a boat. If only one, helm controls are affixed to it. skeg A fin or vertical projection below the hull that provides directional stability. Also, a fin-like projection at the bottom of an outboard. skiff A small, simple, shallow-draft boat. skiing/wakeboarding boat Low profile, pleasure boats with minimal deadrise specifically designed for waterskiing and/or wakeboarding. These boats are usually characterized by an inboard engine and a towing pylon. Wakeboard boats are often equipped with a tower or extremely tall pylon to fasten the tow line in a manner to aid vertical jumping and water-ballast devices to increase the weight of the boat. slip A boat berth between two piers or floats. Also, the slight loss of efficient power delivery as a propeller spins in the water. sloop A single-masted sailboat in which the mast is set forward of midships. sole The deck floor. sonar A method to locate objects and determine distance by transmitting sound waves through water and measuring the time it takes the echo to bounce back. Used in depth finders and fishfinders. sounding Masts, booms, gaffs and poles used in sailboat rigging. sportfish A type of bluewater fishing boat with at least two sleeping cabins and many dedicated fish-fighting features. spring line A docking line attached amidships to control fore and aft movement. stand by An order to crewmen to be ready, be prepared. stand on Maintain course and speed. standing rigging The shrouds and stays that support the mast but are not adjusted while working a boat. starboard The right side of the boat looking toward the bow. stateroom A room with sleeping quarters, a cabin. statute mile Distance of 5,280 feet, the standard measure of distance on land and most inland waterways. stay Wire, rod or other rigging that runs fore and aft of the mast. stem The most forward section of the hull. step Socket that holds the base of the mast. stepped hull A high-performance hull design with lateral notches, or steps, in the keel. stern Aft portion of a boat. stern drive Propulsion system composed of an inboard engine connected to a steerable drive unit extending through a cut-out in the transom. stow To put an object away onboard a boat, to store. strakes Small linear protrusions that run longitudinally on both sides of the keel to give a planing hull lift and lateral stability. stringers Internal beams and braces that give a fiberglass hull structural support. surge brakes Hydraulic trailer brake system activated by the sudden inertia of a trailer pushing against the tow vehicle during a hard stop. swamp To fill a boat with water. sway Side-to-side wandering of a trailer under tow. swim platform A wide platform at the transom equipped with a ladder to help ease the effort of reboarding after going into the water. T-top Short, aluminum tower with overhead canvas to protect the helm. tack The lower corner of a sail. Also, each leg of a zigzag course. tender A fitting or object that goes all the way through a hull. tiller A bar connected to the rudder and used to steer the boat. tiller handle outboard A small, outboard motor that uses a handle fitted with engine controls to steer instead of a steering wheel. tongue jack Adjustable jack on the trailer tongue that raises and lowers the coupler. tongue weight The measurement of trailer weight when loaded with a boat on the hitch ball. topsides The hull above the waterline. Also, everything above deck as opposed to below deck. tow rating Maximum weight a vehicle is rated to tow. trailer tongue Forward portion of a trailer where the coupler is mounted. trailer winch Device that uses a crank and cable to assist in launching and retrieving a boat. transducer An electronic sensing device mounted in a boat's bilge or at the bottom of the transom to provide data for a depth sounder. transom The rear section of the hull connecting the two sides. transom shower A plastic hose and shower head located near the transom that draws from a fresh water supply. trawler A pleasure boat more than 25 feet in length with a displacement hull. trim The way a boat floats in relation to the horizon, bow up, bow down or even. Also, to adjust a boat's horizontal running angle by directing the outboard or stern drive's thrust up or down. Also, to set a sail in correct relation to the wind. trim tabs Hydraulically adjusted horizontal plates located on the bottom of the transom that control the trim angle of a boat at speed. trimaran A type of boat with three side-by-side hulls, the center of which is usually larger with crew accommodations. trolling To fish by towing an array of baited lines or lures behind the boat. true wind Direction and velocity of wind as measured on land, distinct from apparent wind. tuna tower Tall aluminum tower used for spotting fish in the distance, often equipped with a second set of helm controls. two-cycle engine A gasoline- or diesel-powered internal combustion engine that takes two cycles or strokes of the piston to complete its power phase. Also called two-stroke engine. underway A boat in motion. utility boat A type of small, open powerboat, constructed of either fiberglass or aluminum, with minimal features. These include jon boats, skiffs and work boats. V-berth A bed or berth located in the bow that has a V-shape. V-drive Propulsion system where the drive shaft initially runs forward into a gear box and then runs aft and down through the hull. The driveline forms a V-shape with the gear box at the pivot point. variation Compass variable that accounts for the difference in degrees between true north and magnetic north. ventilation Air introduced into a spinning propeller from the water's surface. VHF Very high frequency; a bandwidth designation commonly used by marine radios. wake Waves created by a moving boat. walkaround A type of offshore fishing boat with a small to mid-size cabin and a perimeter deck that allows easy passage around the entire boat. waterline The intersection of the hull and the surface of the water. waypoint The coordinates of a specific location. weigh	Bilge
In which Republic of Ireland county would you find Killarney?	Nautical terms that refer to hulls and boat construction. Part of the inner stem of a boat. The inner top part. Baseline When you draw a boat from measurements, that is you loft it, a baseline is a straight line from which you start your measurements. Batten Seam In a batten seam the planks (or plywood pieces) are fastened by gluing or screwing to longitudinal battens, which are usually inside the hull. If the batten connects the side plank and the bottom plank, it is called a chine log. (Its also a stiffening wood or fiberglass piece used inside sails) Another meaning of batten is a long flexible rod used to connect the points when you are lofting. (Drawing out the boat from measurements.) The flexible batten connects the points and fills in the curve smoothly. Beam or breadth (B) is the width of the hull. Bow The FRONT of the boat. Bilge The lowest inner part of a ship's hull. The parts of a vessel between the lowermost floorboards and the bottom, or where the sides curve in to form the bottom. Bilge Water accumulates in the bilge. Breasthook Triangular piece in the bow of a boat. Image is from my Skerry Build BWL The maximum beam at the waterline Bearding Line A line on the side of the sternpost, keel, deadwoods, and stem of a boat that shows where these parts intersect the outer face of the frames. In other words it is where the inside of the planking meets the backbone of the boat, keel, stems etc. Brightwork Usually refers to the wooden parts of a boat that are varnished. It sometimes also means the metal parts that are polished rather than painted. Bulkhead A bulkhead is an upright wall within the hull of a boat. Bulkheads provide support and usually separate different sections to reduce the risk of flooding. In small boats bulkheads might enclose flotation chambers, or might provide rigidity or support a seat. Camber Decks normally have a slight curvature to assist with drainage and impart stiffness. This is the deck Camber or Crown. Carvel (or Caravel) Planked carvel planking is a method of constructing wooden boats by attaching planks to a frame. The planks butt up edge to edge to each other and form a smooth hull. Caulking is required between the joints. It is a heavier method of boat building than Clinker (Lapstrake). When a boat is built a strong frame is first made then the planks are attached to the frame. Centreboard A shaped plank often made of metal or weighted wood, which can be pivoted into the water to act as a keel to provide resistance to lateral drift and lift, as well as extra stability. When lifted, the centerboard fits into a well in the hull. Chine The edge where 2 plank meet. The corner formed when 2 planks come together. If a boat is moulded and round shaped it has no chines. If the boat is made from distinct angles as in plywood boats then it has chines. Chined or hard Chined Hulls These are hulls made up of flat panels (commonly made of plywood, or more traditionally with planking) which meet at a sharp angle known as the chine. Grand bank dories are hard chined hulls. Multichine hulls allow a round hull shape to be approximated. Chine Log These are pieces of wood to which the 2 flat edges are attached in a hard chined hull and which strengthen the joints. see Chine Clench Built Made with planks overlapping downwards and fastened with clenched nails (as opposed to carvel-built, with planks flush). Lapstrake (or clinker built) can be secured with clenched nails or with rivets. Nails were driven through the overlapped planks from the outside, the points were then bent back using a chunky rounded iron dolly. The point was driven back into the planks and stayed in securely. Clenching nails were often iron in Viking ships but copper is more common now. Clevis Pin A pin secured by a cotterpin, a ring, or threaded which is used to close a shackle or other fastening. Clevis pins are common on sailboat rigging. Clinker Built Similar to Lapstrake. When long boards are overlapped then fastened either with clinched nails or with rivets. This kind of boat construction creates long ridges the length of the boat. This adds rigidity and strength to the hull. Viking boats were Clinker built. Carvel planking makes a smooth hull, Clinker has the ridges. Daggerboard A shaped plank which can be lowered into the water to act as a keel to provide resistance to lateral drift and to provide lift. Daggerboards are usually found in sailing dinghies. The cross section shape of the daggerboard can have a significant effect on performance. Experts speak of the NACA foils. Deadrise The amount of V shape in the bottom of a hull. Deadrise is the angle of the bottom measured upward from the horizontal at keel level. The greater the angle of deadrise, the more v shaped the hull is. The smaller the deadrise, the flatter the bottom of the boat. Its not a constant angle in most boats. Often a boat is more v shaped at the bow and flattens out at the back. The deadrise has implication if the hull is to plane or cut through waves. Displacement Hull Hulls that do not plane are called displacement hulls. Hulls that, once they reach a certain speed, stay on top of the water are called planing hulls. Displacement hulls don't generally go any faster than the theoretical hull speed, which is linked to the length of the boat. Planing hulls can exceed hull speed. Double Ended Is said of a boat that is pointy at both ends such as a canoe or a peapod. To Fair To smooth out. When building a boat great care is taken to smooth out the sides so that curves are smooth and there are no irregularities. This is fairing. Fillet In Stitch and glue boatbuilding, a bead of thickened epoxy is squeezed onto joints to strengthen them. This is a fillet. The process is just about the same as caulking a bathtub. Flare The sides on the hull of a boat sometimes goes outward as it rises. This is flare. When it comes back towards the inside it is tumblehome. Many old fashioned canoes have tumblehome. Sometimes it is straight up (as in an Optimist). Frame Wooden boat hulls are usually made of planking attached to frames. In carvel type of boatbuilding the frames are quite substantial and heavy and add a great deal of strength to the boat. In Clinker built or Lapstrake the frames are much lighter and sometimes added after the hull is assembled. Freeboard The distance between the water line and the top of the gunwale. Boats designed to be used in quiet water often have very little freeboard such as punts. Boats that typically have to face stronger waves are built with more freeboard, such as dories. Garboard The Board or strake that is immediately next the the keel. The first strake from the bottom. Gudgeon Part of the rudder hardware. Gudgeons have holes in which pintles fit and make a hinge for the rudder to pivot on. Gunwale The upper protective band installed on the top of the sides of the boat. The gunwales are on the outside and often have oarlocks attached to them. Sometimes spelled gunnels. The inside gunwale is called the inwale Hawsepipe A pipe or moulding in a boats side where the anchor rode fits through the hull. Hawsepipes are not usually found in dinghies and small boats but occasionally sailing yachts have them. Hog A structural board installed on top of the keel to help attach the garboard plank. Hogged A hull deformation which is the opposite of sagging. The hogged keel has a hollow in the middle when the boat is on a flat surface. Sometimes it happens as a wave reaches the middle of the boat and causes it to bend upwards. When permanent it is a defect. Hull Speed The maximum efficient speed of a displacement-hulled vessel. Hull speed increases with the length of the hull. When you see a motor boat with its nose way up in the air it is trying to go faster than its hull speed and a huge amount of energy is wasted keeping the nose in the air. Formula :Hull speed in Knots = 1.34 * LWL^� Inwale The inside part of the Gunwale. The inwale faces the inside of the boat, the outwale faces the outside. Keel The central beam running the length of the bottom. It can be quite shallow of quite deep. The shape of the keel determines how well a boat can sail into the wind and how well it can turn or track straight. Boats that are intended to be beached often have a very shallow keel. In sailing yatch the keel is often cast iron or lead. In lapstrake the garboard or first board attaches to the keel. The keel is the backbone of wooden boats. It connects to the stem at the front and back of the boat. Keelson The inside part of the keel is the keelson. It helps make the boat more rigid and strengthens the connection of ribs and other parts of the boat to the keel. Knee A piece of wood connecting and supporting two parts roughly at right angles. Knees are often seen supporting seats in canoes and wooden dinghies. Lapstrake Similar to Clinker built. A type of boat construction where long boards (strakes) are overlapped and fastened together along the edge by clinched nails, rivets or glue. Viking boats are a well known example. Lee Board Shaped blades which are used as temporary keels. Often seen in boats such as Thames river barges. The Lee board is pivoted from the side of a boat rather than the center of the hull as is the daggerboard. Often 2 lee boards are used and lowered as the boat tacks. Lining off The process of projecting the final plank layout onto the hull in boat building LOA Length Overall, is measured from one end (stern or bow) of the hull to the other end along the center line of the hull. Mast Partner A support roughly at the height of the gunwales through which the mast is inserted. The partner supports the mast in its proper position. It can be as simple as a thwart with a hole or can be an elaborate support. The foot of the mast is inserted in the step. Mast Step Cuplike depression or support where the bottom of the mast is inserted when stepped. Usually the mast step is supported by the keelson or keel and has drainage to prevent water from sitting at the base of the mast. Offsets The measurements used to Loft. The offsets are usually presented in the form of a table of numbers, the table of offsets. The lofter makes a baseline and marks the offset points then joins them with a flexible batten to get a smooth curve. If you look at old books on boatbuilding you will often see a table of numbers mostly too small to see because they have been reduced from the original. These are the offsets. Outwale The outside part of the Gunwales, inside is inwale. Painter A line attached to the front of a boat to tow or moor. Usually used on small boats such as canoes, tenders and dinghies. Pintle A pin shaped metal part attached to a rudder. The pintle fits into gudgeons to attach the rudder to the transom or stern of a boat. Port Sitting in the boat facing the bow, your port side is on the left. Starboard is on the right. Push Pull Rudder A form of rudder tiller that allows the rudder to be controlled from one side or another. The Skerry is built with a push-pull rudder as are many faerings and other scandinavian boats. It keeps the tiller out of the way but requires an adjustment in the steering method at first. Raked Transom Transoms can have forward or backward angles or be straight up and down rake Another word for angle. Nautical types talk about the rake of the mast, or of the daggerboard. Motorboaters also speak of the rake of the propeller blades. Rubrail In wooden boats a rubrail is a protective piece of wood that is installed somewhat below the gunwale along the side of the boat. In fiberglass boats a rubrail is usually vinyl or other plastic strip installed at the gunwale position to protect the boat from bumping injuries. A boat's bumper strip. Rocker If you put a boat on dry land rocker is what makes it rock forward and back. Boat with a lot of rocker turn easily. Drift boats are built with huge rocker to make them ultra manoeuvrable in rapids and fast water. Rove A small metal plate or washer for a rivet to pass through and be clenched over. Used in lapstrake boat building. Scantling The dimensions or measurements. Scarf A joint in a board or a piece of plywood to make it longer. Usually each side of the board is cut in a long wedge and the 2 sides of the wedge glued together. This increases the glueline and makes a solid scarf. A ratio of 7 times the width of the scarfed board is considered adequate, longer is better. A scarf can also be secured by rivets as are scarfs in faerings. Sheer If you look at the shape of a boat from the side, The top of the hull often curves up (or rarely down) at the bow and stern. This is sheer. Usually the bow and stern are higher to maximize the freeboard at the bow and stern where the boat meets waves. The curve at the keel level is called rocker. When looking at the boat hull from the side, sheer is the line where the hull meets the gunwale. Skeg A downward or sternward projection from the keel in front of the rudder or in rowboats at the stern. A skeg helps a boat to track straight. A wormshoe is sometimes attached to the sked and provides a replaceable strip to protect the skeg. Spiling The process of measuring a plank to figure out its final shape when on the flat so it can be cut. Sometimes done with a spiling batten. Spelt with only one l. Stanchion Vertical post near a deck's edge that supports life-lines. A vertical support under a seat. A vertical support that hold oarlocks when the rower is standing up. Starboard When you are in a boat facing the bow, starboard is on the right. When you are sailing and the wind is coming from starboard and your sail is leaning towards port side, you are in a starboard tack and have right of way over a boat on a port tack. Stem The stem connects to the keel and extends it to the front and back. Sometimes the stem is carved and decorated. Stern The back of the boat, bow at the front stern at the back. Strake	i don't know
In which year was the Falklands War?	30 Years Since the Falklands War - The Atlantic The Atlantic 41 Photos In Focus Next Monday, April 2, will mark the 30th anniversary of the start of the Falklands War -- or, as the Argentinians refer to it, la Guerra de las Malvinas. The Falklands, an Atlantic archipelago 460 km (290 mi) east of Argentina, are the subject of a long-standing dispute between Argentina and the United Kingdom. In 1982, Argentinian junta leader General Leopoldo Galtieri sent 600 troops to take the islands, which then had a population of 1,800 people. The British government was surprised by the attack, but quickly organized a task force and sailed south to retake the territory. A brief but bloody series of battles took place at sea, in the air, and on the ground, ending with a British victory on June 14 -- 74 days after the initial invasion. In all, more than 900 people were killed and more than 2,000 injured. The loss marked the beginning of the end of Galtieri's junta, but not the dispute over the islands. Current president Cristina Fernandez has been ratcheting up pressure on Britain to engage in new talks over what her countrymen call the Malvinas.	one thousand nine hundred and eighty two
Name the resort in New Jersey USA famous for it's boardwalk?	Will 2015 be the Year of the Second Falklands War? - Commentary Magazine Commentary Magazine Facebook Twitter Google+ Email Print A In 1982, Argentina, beset by its own economic woes and looking for a way to rally its people around the flag, launched a surprise attack on the Falkland Islands, a British crown colony since 1840 and occupied sporadically by British forces for decades before . The invasion caught the British—and the world—by surprise . Great Britain, which once controlled an empire upon which the sun never set and which once controlled the high seas, was caught flatfooted. Domestic entitlements had eroded Britain’s military budget for years, as did a false sense of security that the age of outright military aggression had ended. In short, British policymakers had allowed their military power to decline precipitously. The British military had to lease Cunard cruise line’s Queen Elizabeth II to transport troops to the islands. In the end, the British reconquered the islands, but took far greater casualties than it would have had it been militarily prepared. Then again, had the Argentine junta believed Britain was more than a paper tiger, it likely would not have invaded the Falklands in the first place. Fast forward more than three decades. British military strength is now at a nadir, lower than it has been in decades if not centuries relative to the rest of the world. Meanwhile, Argentina is once again in a morass of its own making. The Argentine economy is again in the dumps ; it defaulted on its loans last year for the second time in just 13 years, and the rich are fleeing the country. Argentine President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner has responded Hugo Chavez-style, by voicing outlandish plots that go from the ridiculous to the sublime. While Kirchner is term limited, there are ways around such legal obstacles when presidents put ego above the law. At the very least, Kirchner has been maneuvering to place her son in the presidency, continuing the family dynasty that started with Néstor Carlos Kirchner, her late husband, in 2003. Through it all, the Argentine government has begun making noises again with regard to its claim that the Falkland Islands, which it calls the Islas Malvinas, should return to it by any means necessary. In 2013, rhetoric in Argentina again reached a fever pitch . During the 1982 crisis, the Reagan administration briefly considered neutrality before siding with its British allies. In 2015, Argentina would be right to question whether there is any such resolve in the White House. President Obama has used ( or tried to use ) the Argentine name for the islands. Kirchner has interpreted Obama’s about-face on Cuba as evidence that such a reversal could be in store for the Falklands. “If the Yankees took 53 years to say that Fidel Castro is right, how would they not sit down to discuss something that everyone is calling for,” she asked. Add to this the New York Times, which uses its space to sponsor debates about whether to accede or compromise with Argentina’s demands. Regardless, even if Obama were to give his firmest red line against Argentine military adventurism, it is doubtful anyone in Argentina or back in America would believe him. Then, of course, there is also oil and gas. There has long been suspicion that the Falklands sat above and in the midst of tremendous oil and gas reserves. No longer is this simply suspicion. The decline in the price of oil makes Falkland energy less economical to exploit, but what goes down does rise up and a desperate Argentina might do anything. Is it likely that Argentina will again play the aggressor? No, but then again most everyone agreed it unlikely that Argentina would invade the first time in 1982 or that Iraq would invade Kuwait in 1990, or that Russia would invade Ukraine in 2014. The point is that the British navy has never been weaker , the United States doesn’t have its ally’s back, and weakness invites aggression whereas populism often invites it. What once seemed impossible is now in the realm of the possibility. Join us—you'll be in good company. Everyone worth reading is reading (and writing for) COMMENTARY: “ There’s an enormous amount of shouting in the wild west of conservative media. That has its place, and is often a sign of the energy on the right. But amidst the cacophony there’s a special need for serious, considered, and compelling argument, presented in the hope of persuading, not just punishing. This is where COMMENTARY has always shined, perhaps more now than ever before. It aims to tackle the best arguments of its intellectual opponents, not just the easiest targets. It’s a journal I’ve read for nearly 30 years and I can’t think of a time when I’ve valued it more. „ Jonah Goldberg “ There is more commentary in the world than ever before—whether in print, on the air, or on the Internet. But there is still a dearth of serious, informed commentary that reports, analyzes, and argues without ever stooping to name-calling or vitriol. If you further narrow down the segment of the commentariat that looks at the world from a conservative and Jewish perspective—well, you’re left with only one choice. The magazine you are now reading. COMMENTARY has changed over the years—for instance, it now publishes this blog—but one thing that has not changed is its steadfast commitment to providing the best analysis from the most informed writers of the most important ideas in the world, all written in clear prose that appeals to a general audience. There is nothing else like it. Never has been, never will be. „ Max Boot “ Every month in print, and every day online, COMMENTARY somehow manages to pull off a dazzling balancing act: intellectual but unpretentious, serious but never boring, timely but not fleeting. On the leading questions of the day, it offers fresh and unfamiliar insights. And on the emerging questions that will dominate the years to come, it often sees things first and clearest. It is simply indispensable. „ Yuval Levin “ In 1975 the Economist said of COMMENTARY: “The world's best magazine?” Take away the question mark and that statement still stands, thirty-eight years later. It's still the magazine America's liberals dread most, and the one America's enemies can't afford to ignore. It's the point of the conservative spear in the never-ending fight against the insanity of the left, whether it's in foreign policy or economic policy, social and cultural issues, or the arts—and no one does a better job standing up for Western culture and America's interests and those of its allies, including Israel. In fact, surviving the next three years—the Obama administration home stretch—and building the foundations for an American resurgence afterward will be impossible without reading COMMENTARY in print and online. „ Arthur Herman “ For decades, COMMENTARY has opened its pages to the most serious uncompromising defense of the American creed—exemplar of ordered liberty at home, pillar of the free world abroad—in an era when it has been most under attack. From the exceptionally influential manifestoes of Daniel Patrick Moynihan and Jeane Kirkpatrick to today's counterattack against the empowered advocates of the entitlement state and of American decline, COMMENTARY remains what it has been for more than a generation: fearless, informative, indispensable. „ Charles Krauthammer “ COMMENTARY isn’t just an important magazine. It’s an indispensable one. It’s been indispensable for half a century, and it is today. It’s indispensable for understanding the moment we live in, and it’s indispensable for laying out a path forward. The challenges we confront are great, but COMMENTARY is used to facing grave challenges without fearful cowering or wishful thinking. So we need COMMENTARY today as much as we ever have, and we need it to be as strong as it’s ever been. „ William Kristol “ COMMENTARY’s writing is predictably engaging and edgy, but its content is anything but homogeneous. Center-right perspectives characterize contributions, but not predictably so. Jewish affairs are thematic, but not always. Controversies of the day are the usual subjects, yet offered only with reflection well apart from the frenzied 24/7 news cycle. Intellectual honesty and analytical rigor characterize COMMENTARY and that is why even its political critics concede that they are still enlightened by the very arguments they often oppose. „ Victor Davis Hanson “ COMMENTARY is an indispensable read on the Arab Spring, the Afghan war, the future of American conservatism, and all the other crazy stuff out there. But you already knew that. What I really love about it is that it’s a full-service operation, and its back-of-the-book guys—the fellows who write about music, literature, and all the things that make life worth living as the world goes to hell—are the best in the business. There is an observation in a Terry Teachout piece on the wonderful singer Nancy LaMott about “Moon River” that has stayed with me for almost two decades. I fished it out from the back of my mind to impress a gal at a Goldwater Institute reception only the other day, and it worked a treat. So thank you, COMMENTARY! Likewise, my differences with the arts’n’culture crew unsettle me far more than the geopolitical ones: reasonable people can disagree on how large a nuclear arsenal those wacky mullahs should be permitted to own, but I’m still agog at the great Andrew Ferguson’s mystifying praise for the New York Times obituaries page a couple of issues back. That’s COMMENTARY for you—provocative to the end, on matters large and small. In these turbulent and dismaying times, we can all use a huckleberry friend waiting round the bend, in the mailbox each month and on the computer screen every morning. For any journal of opinion, as “Moon River” teaches us, there’s such a lot of world to see. COMMENTARY sees most of it with piercing clarity: it can’t know all the answers, but it asks all the right questions, and with great farsightedness. It deserves your wholehearted support. „ Mark Steyn “ COMMENTARY has played an invaluable role in American political discourse for decades, offering thoughtful analysis on issues rather than sound bites or bumper stickers. Especially when it comes to U.S. foreign and defense policy, COMMENTARY has time and time again been ahead of the crowd, anticipating trends and developments that others react to only after the fact. I can't imagine not being a COMMENTARY subscriber. „ John Bolton “ In the midst of today’s political rancor, COMMENTARY Magazine provides a rare venue for thoughtful discussion. COMMENTARY’s talented writers provide insightful analysis of foreign affairs, domestic policy, and the politics of the day. COMMENTARY is a treasure not only for conservatives, but for anyone looking for in-depth exploration of the issues that influence America’s public dialogue and shape the nation’s future. „ Karl Rove “ It's notorious, and true, that government officials hardly read anything. Memos, sure; nowadays, emails and tweets as well. But magazines? People barely have time to eat lunch or see their kids, so how can an intellectual monthly affect public affairs? The question is a good one. How did COMMENTARY do it? The answer is that officials, like all citizens following American foreign policy, need a way to understand the world around them. When prevailing theories fail, when conventional wisdom is clearly at variance with what they see before their eyes, the outcome for senators and congressmen and White House officials is what the shrinks call cognitive dissonance. They may say one thing but believe another, or simply be unable to square previous beliefs and policies with the clear effects of U.S. conduct. They've lost the ability to explain the world. And then came COMMENTARY, offering month after month of piercing, bracing analysis—and value judgments of right and wrong, and clear writing about American gains and losses. Here was an insistence on looking reality in the face. Here was plain argument, seeking no quarter intellectually and giving none. And it mattered. It shamed some people, and emboldened others; COMMENTARY demanded that we conform policy to the opportunities and dangers that really faced America. In years of confusion and obfuscation, that striking clarity changed policies, and changed American conduct, because it changed the way we understood the world. „ Elliott Abrams “ For more than 60 years, COMMENTARY has been a go-to source on matters of the greatest importance to our nation and our civilization. Today, its full-throated defense of the United States and freedom is as eloquent as it was a half-century ago, and no less urgent. Issues of the day will change, news cycles come and go, but COMMENTARY remains an indispensable authority in the battle of ideas that help to shape our world. Its continued success is both an indication, and source, of the country’s intellectual health. „ Donald Rumsfeld “ COMMENTARY is America's most important monthly journal of ideas, period. For nearly seven decades it has published the best and most exciting writing from the most important thinkers: Saul Bellow and Lionel Trilling; Daniel Patrick Moynihan and Jeane Kirkpatrick; Paul Johnson and Ruth Wisse; Cynthia Ozick and—of course—Norman Podhoretz and Midge Decter. Is there anything remotely like it? No. It is the lamp by which America, and Israel, and the Jewish people, may find their way to safety. I'm proud to be published in its pages. „ Bret Stephens “ Irving Kristol once called COMMENTARY the most influential magazine in Jewish history. Certainly, no publication had a greater influence on me as I evolved from adolescent reader (arguing over its articles with my father and older brother) into a “frequent contributor” who made it my intellectual home. The magazine did not exploit American freedom to escape from civilizing duty but rather activated the intertwined responsibilities of citizens and members of a group. American Jewry can boast of many contributions to the welfare of this country and the Jewish people, but few as fortifying as COMMENTARY. „ Ruth R. Wisse “ Edward Shils noted that there are four means of education in the modern world: the classroom, bookstores (especially used-bookstores), the conversation of intelligent friends, and intellectual magazines. For me intellectual magazines were more important than any of the other three, and no magazine among them more so than COMMENTARY. I first happened on COMMENTARY as a student browsing in the University of Chicago Bookstore in 1957. I have not missed an issue since. The magazine spoke to my intellectual interests and passions, and still does. As a reader and as a writer, I should be lost without it. „ Joseph Epstein “ Why does COMMENTARY matter? Since 1945, no other monthly magazine has so consistently published serious, provocative argument and analysis. No other monthly magazine has viewed America and the world through such a wide angle, encompassing economics, politics, society, culture, religion, and diplomacy. No other monthly magazine has published such a celebrated and wide-ranging list of editors and contributors. Cerebral, critical, and committed, the point of view found in its pages is as unique as it is formidable. And in a world of Iranian nukes, rising anti-Semitism, radical Islam, American disarmament, bipartisan neo-isolationism, and disintegrating institutions, reading COMMENTARY is more than a pleasure. It is a necessity. „ Matthew Continetti “ COMMENTARY has long been an unmissable landmark on the American intellectual landscape. These days it shapes debate, propels argument, and explains society with renewed vigor and force. It is one of the small group of essential reads for anybody engaged in politics, Judaism, foreign policy, national manners, and morals. „ David Brooks “ Anyone looking for a definitive exposition of a significant historical moment—whether UC Berkeley's Free Speech Movement, say, or the battles over "general education" at Harvard—has at his fingertips an inestimable gift: COMMENTARY's archives, which contain countless gems of reporting and analysis. Today's generation of COMMENTARY writers is building an equally invaluable store of knowledge for future researchers and scholars. „ Heather Mac Donald “ I first subscribed to COMMENTARY in 1973, as a recovering liberal who had invested four years of my young life in writing speeches for a constellation of McGovernite candidates and office-holders. Living in Berkeley at the time, I relished COMMENTARY as a guilty pleasure, feeling grateful that the magazine arrived each month discreetly disguised in a plain, brown wrapper that concealed its suspiciously neo-conservative content. In the militantly leftist community in which I functioned forty years ago, receiving regular monthly installments of the most degrading porn would have produced far less embarrassment than my growing devotion to the persuasive prose of Norman Podhoretz and Co. Yes, my personal journey from left to right-center involved the usual biographical factors, including the three P’s: paychecks, parenthood, and prayer. Paychecks, because they arrived with shocking subtractions in the form of onerous and incomprehensible taxes; parenthood, because responsibility for a new generation forced a longer-term perspective; and prayer, because my own growing Jewish observance led to the conclusion that my “idealistic” ’60s generation, with all its narcissism and preening self-regard, might not provide life’s ultimate answers after all. Fortunately for me, reading COMMENTARY with near-religious regularity helped to organize my onrushing insights and experience into a more coherent world view. In a dark time in our nation’s history, while surviving (temporarily) in the most unhinged corner of the continent, this incomparable publication persuaded me that I wasn’t alone. „ Michael Medved “ Just as one begins to despair of hearing the strong voice of sanity and courage, leavened with charm and good humor, in our modern polity, COMMENTARY arrives, and once a month one can be reminded that there are indeed some clear-sighted and articulate people who seem actively to enjoy the battle for truth. „ Andrew Roberts “ In a time of passion, COMMENTARY champions reason. Against lies, COMMENTARY speaks for truth. Confronting those who would doom to death the Jewish people, COMMENTARY is a magnificent continuing achievement of American Jewish life. „ David Frum “ COMMENTARY has become my new go-to website for news analysis because it is measured, substantive, thoughtful, and written for news consumers of all shapes and sizes. When juggling all the issues of the day and thinking them through, I find myself going back to COMMENTARY again and again to see if there’s anything more that can help me add the ingredients needed to finalize an argument. I like the mix of foreign policy and national political news, as well as the discussions about America’s place in the world and what it should be. I’m a print subscriber and a frequent website visitor, and I follow all of the writers on Twitter. Thank you, COMMENTARY, for providing such consistently helpful content. „ Dana Perino Subscribing to COMMENTARY gives you full access to every article, every issue, every podcast—the latest stories as well as over 70 years of archives, the best that has been thought and written since 1945. Join the intellectual club, today. Like us on Facebook to see more of our articles: Will 2015 be the Year of the Second Falklands War? Must-Reads from Magazine Facebook Twitter Google+ Email Print A For Chuck Schumer, this is a winter of profound regret. Chief among the new Senate minority leader’s lamentations is what he now says was his party’s ill-considered decision to “nuke” the filibuster for confirming all executive branch appointments save those to the Supreme Court. “Wish it hadn’t happened,” Schumer insisted . The New York Democrat sang a different tune about the need for a rules change in 2013. He contended that such a change would not only be justified but desirable since, in his view, Republican opposition to confirming presidential appointments was not predicated on an individual nominee’s merits but was simply a proxy means of expressing frustration with the president who nominated them. This standard is set to haunt Democrats. Writing in the New Yorker , CNN legal analyst Jeffrey Toobin hopes to make what he dubs a recent precedent stick in his post—advising Democrats on a strategy for making the next Supreme Court confirmation process a hard one: “Democrats will have to make a fast decision after Trump names his choice. (If they’re smart, they’re making up their minds about various candidates right now.) If they greet Trump’s nomination with politely stern vows of serious consideration and rigorous questioning at a hearing, confirmation will be nearly a certainty.” This is serious and smart political advice in a piece headlined “How to Stop a Trump Supreme Court Nominee.” It does, however, betray the likelihood that Democrats are likely to oppose and poison the confirmation process for any Trump-backed Supreme Court nominee. It is the obligation of an opposition party to, well, oppose. There is no shame in Democratic efforts to make achieving Republican political objectives difficult; they owe that to their voters. That is why it was so wildly imprudent for Democrats to suggest Republican opposition to Obama was some species of treason. It was Toobin himself who argued that GOP opposition to Obama’s nominee, Merrick Garland, was based not on opposition to the man but the president who nominated him. He has called Garland “extremely qualified” and of “impeccable legal background” who was an “uncontroversial choice” for the Court. Of course, Garland was only uncontroversial if you refuse to consider the explicit Republican objection to his nomination. Like it or not, the Republican argument for refusing to confirm a new Supreme Court justice in 2016 had nothing to do with the nominee and everything to do with the election. Republicans argued that it should be the privilege of the next president to make a lifetime appointment to the high court. Democrats disagreed. That question, among others, was put before the voters in November. We have a verdict. In October, when it seemed likely that Republicans would lose the White House (and perhaps even their Senate majority), Republicans like John McCain and Ted Cruz unwisely suggested that a narrow GOP majority could block a Clinton nominee indefinitely. McCain’s office quickly walked back that unrealizable pledge, but Democrats were dutifully scandalized. “Think about that,” Toobin marveled at the time. “That’s never happened in American history, that every member of one party has voted against a president’s nominee to the Supreme Court, and that really raises the possibility that if the Republicans control the Senate, we are at eight justices for the foreseeable future.” But Clinton lost, and this unprecedented outcome never came to pass. What Toobin effectively argues now is that Democrats should set this precedent themselves. Or, at least, he contends the minority party should reprise the defenestration of another imminently qualified nominee that ignominiously rendered the surname “Bork” a verb. It’s a remarkable bit of partisan ideological dexterity, but one that has become rather commonplace on the precipice of the age of Trump. Join us—you'll be in good company. Everyone worth reading is reading (and writing for) COMMENTARY: “ There’s an enormous amount of shouting in the wild west of conservative media. That has its place, and is often a sign of the energy on the right. But amidst the cacophony there’s a special need for serious, considered, and compelling argument, presented in the hope of persuading, not just punishing. This is where COMMENTARY has always shined, perhaps more now than ever before. It aims to tackle the best arguments of its intellectual opponents, not just the easiest targets. It’s a journal I’ve read for nearly 30 years and I can’t think of a time when I’ve valued it more. „ Jonah Goldberg “ There is more commentary in the world than ever before—whether in print, on the air, or on the Internet. But there is still a dearth of serious, informed commentary that reports, analyzes, and argues without ever stooping to name-calling or vitriol. If you further narrow down the segment of the commentariat that looks at the world from a conservative and Jewish perspective—well, you’re left with only one choice. The magazine you are now reading. COMMENTARY has changed over the years—for instance, it now publishes this blog—but one thing that has not changed is its steadfast commitment to providing the best analysis from the most informed writers of the most important ideas in the world, all written in clear prose that appeals to a general audience. There is nothing else like it. Never has been, never will be. „ Max Boot “ Every month in print, and every day online, COMMENTARY somehow manages to pull off a dazzling balancing act: intellectual but unpretentious, serious but never boring, timely but not fleeting. On the leading questions of the day, it offers fresh and unfamiliar insights. And on the emerging questions that will dominate the years to come, it often sees things first and clearest. It is simply indispensable. „ Yuval Levin “ In 1975 the Economist said of COMMENTARY: “The world's best magazine?” Take away the question mark and that statement still stands, thirty-eight years later. It's still the magazine America's liberals dread most, and the one America's enemies can't afford to ignore. It's the point of the conservative spear in the never-ending fight against the insanity of the left, whether it's in foreign policy or economic policy, social and cultural issues, or the arts—and no one does a better job standing up for Western culture and America's interests and those of its allies, including Israel. In fact, surviving the next three years—the Obama administration home stretch—and building the foundations for an American resurgence afterward will be impossible without reading COMMENTARY in print and online. „ Arthur Herman “ For decades, COMMENTARY has opened its pages to the most serious uncompromising defense of the American creed—exemplar of ordered liberty at home, pillar of the free world abroad—in an era when it has been most under attack. From the exceptionally influential manifestoes of Daniel Patrick Moynihan and Jeane Kirkpatrick to today's counterattack against the empowered advocates of the entitlement state and of American decline, COMMENTARY remains what it has been for more than a generation: fearless, informative, indispensable. „ Charles Krauthammer “ COMMENTARY isn’t just an important magazine. It’s an indispensable one. It’s been indispensable for half a century, and it is today. It’s indispensable for understanding the moment we live in, and it’s indispensable for laying out a path forward. The challenges we confront are great, but COMMENTARY is used to facing grave challenges without fearful cowering or wishful thinking. So we need COMMENTARY today as much as we ever have, and we need it to be as strong as it’s ever been. „ William Kristol “ COMMENTARY’s writing is predictably engaging and edgy, but its content is anything but homogeneous. Center-right perspectives characterize contributions, but not predictably so. Jewish affairs are thematic, but not always. Controversies of the day are the usual subjects, yet offered only with reflection well apart from the frenzied 24/7 news cycle. Intellectual honesty and analytical rigor characterize COMMENTARY and that is why even its political critics concede that they are still enlightened by the very arguments they often oppose. „ Victor Davis Hanson “ COMMENTARY is an indispensable read on the Arab Spring, the Afghan war, the future of American conservatism, and all the other crazy stuff out there. But you already knew that. What I really love about it is that it’s a full-service operation, and its back-of-the-book guys—the fellows who write about music, literature, and all the things that make life worth living as the world goes to hell—are the best in the business. There is an observation in a Terry Teachout piece on the wonderful singer Nancy LaMott about “Moon River” that has stayed with me for almost two decades. I fished it out from the back of my mind to impress a gal at a Goldwater Institute reception only the other day, and it worked a treat. So thank you, COMMENTARY! Likewise, my differences with the arts’n’culture crew unsettle me far more than the geopolitical ones: reasonable people can disagree on how large a nuclear arsenal those wacky mullahs should be permitted to own, but I’m still agog at the great Andrew Ferguson’s mystifying praise for the New York Times obituaries page a couple of issues back. That’s COMMENTARY for you—provocative to the end, on matters large and small. In these turbulent and dismaying times, we can all use a huckleberry friend waiting round the bend, in the mailbox each month and on the computer screen every morning. For any journal of opinion, as “Moon River” teaches us, there’s such a lot of world to see. COMMENTARY sees most of it with piercing clarity: it can’t know all the answers, but it asks all the right questions, and with great farsightedness. It deserves your wholehearted support. „ Mark Steyn “ COMMENTARY has played an invaluable role in American political discourse for decades, offering thoughtful analysis on issues rather than sound bites or bumper stickers. Especially when it comes to U.S. foreign and defense policy, COMMENTARY has time and time again been ahead of the crowd, anticipating trends and developments that others react to only after the fact. I can't imagine not being a COMMENTARY subscriber. „ John Bolton “ In the midst of today’s political rancor, COMMENTARY Magazine provides a rare venue for thoughtful discussion. COMMENTARY’s talented writers provide insightful analysis of foreign affairs, domestic policy, and the politics of the day. COMMENTARY is a treasure not only for conservatives, but for anyone looking for in-depth exploration of the issues that influence America’s public dialogue and shape the nation’s future. „ Karl Rove “ It's notorious, and true, that government officials hardly read anything. Memos, sure; nowadays, emails and tweets as well. But magazines? People barely have time to eat lunch or see their kids, so how can an intellectual monthly affect public affairs? The question is a good one. How did COMMENTARY do it? The answer is that officials, like all citizens following American foreign policy, need a way to understand the world around them. When prevailing theories fail, when conventional wisdom is clearly at variance with what they see before their eyes, the outcome for senators and congressmen and White House officials is what the shrinks call cognitive dissonance. They may say one thing but believe another, or simply be unable to square previous beliefs and policies with the clear effects of U.S. conduct. They've lost the ability to explain the world. And then came COMMENTARY, offering month after month of piercing, bracing analysis—and value judgments of right and wrong, and clear writing about American gains and losses. Here was an insistence on looking reality in the face. Here was plain argument, seeking no quarter intellectually and giving none. And it mattered. It shamed some people, and emboldened others; COMMENTARY demanded that we conform policy to the opportunities and dangers that really faced America. In years of confusion and obfuscation, that striking clarity changed policies, and changed American conduct, because it changed the way we understood the world. „ Elliott Abrams “ For more than 60 years, COMMENTARY has been a go-to source on matters of the greatest importance to our nation and our civilization. Today, its full-throated defense of the United States and freedom is as eloquent as it was a half-century ago, and no less urgent. Issues of the day will change, news cycles come and go, but COMMENTARY remains an indispensable authority in the battle of ideas that help to shape our world. Its continued success is both an indication, and source, of the country’s intellectual health. „ Donald Rumsfeld “ COMMENTARY is America's most important monthly journal of ideas, period. For nearly seven decades it has published the best and most exciting writing from the most important thinkers: Saul Bellow and Lionel Trilling; Daniel Patrick Moynihan and Jeane Kirkpatrick; Paul Johnson and Ruth Wisse; Cynthia Ozick and—of course—Norman Podhoretz and Midge Decter. Is there anything remotely like it? No. It is the lamp by which America, and Israel, and the Jewish people, may find their way to safety. I'm proud to be published in its pages. „ Bret Stephens “ Irving Kristol once called COMMENTARY the most influential magazine in Jewish history. Certainly, no publication had a greater influence on me as I evolved from adolescent reader (arguing over its articles with my father and older brother) into a “frequent contributor” who made it my intellectual home. The magazine did not exploit American freedom to escape from civilizing duty but rather activated the intertwined responsibilities of citizens and members of a group. American Jewry can boast of many contributions to the welfare of this country and the Jewish people, but few as fortifying as COMMENTARY. „ Ruth R. Wisse “ Edward Shils noted that there are four means of education in the modern world: the classroom, bookstores (especially used-bookstores), the conversation of intelligent friends, and intellectual magazines. For me intellectual magazines were more important than any of the other three, and no magazine among them more so than COMMENTARY. I first happened on COMMENTARY as a student browsing in the University of Chicago Bookstore in 1957. I have not missed an issue since. The magazine spoke to my intellectual interests and passions, and still does. As a reader and as a writer, I should be lost without it. „ Joseph Epstein “ Why does COMMENTARY matter? Since 1945, no other monthly magazine has so consistently published serious, provocative argument and analysis. No other monthly magazine has viewed America and the world through such a wide angle, encompassing economics, politics, society, culture, religion, and diplomacy. No other monthly magazine has published such a celebrated and wide-ranging list of editors and contributors. Cerebral, critical, and committed, the point of view found in its pages is as unique as it is formidable. And in a world of Iranian nukes, rising anti-Semitism, radical Islam, American disarmament, bipartisan neo-isolationism, and disintegrating institutions, reading COMMENTARY is more than a pleasure. It is a necessity. „ Matthew Continetti “ COMMENTARY has long been an unmissable landmark on the American intellectual landscape. These days it shapes debate, propels argument, and explains society with renewed vigor and force. It is one of the small group of essential reads for anybody engaged in politics, Judaism, foreign policy, national manners, and morals. „ David Brooks “ Anyone looking for a definitive exposition of a significant historical moment—whether UC Berkeley's Free Speech Movement, say, or the battles over "general education" at Harvard—has at his fingertips an inestimable gift: COMMENTARY's archives, which contain countless gems of reporting and analysis. Today's generation of COMMENTARY writers is building an equally invaluable store of knowledge for future researchers and scholars. „ Heather Mac Donald “ I first subscribed to COMMENTARY in 1973, as a recovering liberal who had invested four years of my young life in writing speeches for a constellation of McGovernite candidates and office-holders. Living in Berkeley at the time, I relished COMMENTARY as a guilty pleasure, feeling grateful that the magazine arrived each month discreetly disguised in a plain, brown wrapper that concealed its suspiciously neo-conservative content. In the militantly leftist community in which I functioned forty years ago, receiving regular monthly installments of the most degrading porn would have produced far less embarrassment than my growing devotion to the persuasive prose of Norman Podhoretz and Co. Yes, my personal journey from left to right-center involved the usual biographical factors, including the three P’s: paychecks, parenthood, and prayer. Paychecks, because they arrived with shocking subtractions in the form of onerous and incomprehensible taxes; parenthood, because responsibility for a new generation forced a longer-term perspective; and prayer, because my own growing Jewish observance led to the conclusion that my “idealistic” ’60s generation, with all its narcissism and preening self-regard, might not provide life’s ultimate answers after all. Fortunately for me, reading COMMENTARY with near-religious regularity helped to organize my onrushing insights and experience into a more coherent world view. In a dark time in our nation’s history, while surviving (temporarily) in the most unhinged corner of the continent, this incomparable publication persuaded me that I wasn’t alone. „ Michael Medved “ Just as one begins to despair of hearing the strong voice of sanity and courage, leavened with charm and good humor, in our modern polity, COMMENTARY arrives, and once a month one can be reminded that there are indeed some clear-sighted and articulate people who seem actively to enjoy the battle for truth. „ Andrew Roberts “ In a time of passion, COMMENTARY champions reason. Against lies, COMMENTARY speaks for truth. Confronting those who would doom to death the Jewish people, COMMENTARY is a magnificent continuing achievement of American Jewish life. „ David Frum “ COMMENTARY has become my new go-to website for news analysis because it is measured, substantive, thoughtful, and written for news consumers of all shapes and sizes. When juggling all the issues of the day and thinking them through, I find myself going back to COMMENTARY again and again to see if there’s anything more that can help me add the ingredients needed to finalize an argument. I like the mix of foreign policy and national political news, as well as the discussions about America’s place in the world and what it should be. I’m a print subscriber and a frequent website visitor, and I follow all of the writers on Twitter. Thank you, COMMENTARY, for providing such consistently helpful content. „ Dana Perino Subscribing to COMMENTARY gives you full access to every article, every issue, every podcast—the latest stories as well as over 70 years of archives, the best that has been thought and written since 1945. Join the intellectual club, today. Facebook Twitter Google+ Email Print A Yesterday, President-elect Donald Trump gave his critics a preview of what may turn out to be a very frustrating four years. With a couple of tweets, Trump intimidated a House Republican caucus that had spent years riding roughshod over both its own leadership and the Obama White House. The caucus’s ill-considered plans to undermine congressional ethics oversight was abandoned in part due to Trump’s gentle criticism of it. For good measure, he also reaped the benefits of tweets criticizing U.S. manufacturers for exporting jobs when Ford Motor announced that it was canceling plans to build a $1.6 billion car factory in Mexico and would instead invest $700 million on a new facility in Michigan. A pair of wins on that scale would constitute a pretty good day for any president, but they are extraordinary considering that Trump won’t be sworn in for another 16 days and that he did it singlehandedly using social media rather than traditional methods involving copious staff work. While we still have a lot to learn about what Trump presidency will mean, these achievements should provide a very late wakeup call to those who mistakenly assume that his unorthodox methods can’t provide results or that he would be putty in the hands of Congress or big business. Most of us in the media consistently underestimated Trump throughout the primaries and the general election, and have been compelled to acknowledge he may know a lot more about politics than we thought. Faced with the enormous burdens of the job and the complex competing forces that the occupant of the Oval Office must manage, there are still many who believe his tricks can’t translate into successful governance. They may yet be proven correct, but this is the moment when his critics should be reconsidering their evaluation of his abilities. For all of the complaints of recent presidents about the ability of the opposition to thwart the will of the executive branch (something that President Obama never stopped whining about), the power of the modern presidency is immense. As Obama demonstrated, not even the adamant opposition of congressional Republicans or public opinion was enough to stop him from getting his way on the issues he prioritized, such as ObamaCare or the Iran nuclear deal. Obama’s executive orders on immigration and the imposition of environmental rules changes also created facts that may not be completely erased by his successor. By using social media to manipulate opinion and to even give the most obstreperous congressional faction in decades the bum’s rush, Trump seems to understand something that Obama did not. Trump’s willingness to inject himself into any political argument that interests him seems reckless and undisciplined, but he’s teaching us a lesson. When the immediacy and accessibility of social media is paired with the power of the presidency, the impact can be devastating. Can Trump govern solely by tweet? Of course he can’t. He will need every bit of Vice President-elect Mike Pence’s Congressional experience and Ryan’s cooperation to get substantial victories when it comes to repealing and replacing ObamaCare. Nor will Twitter suffice to conduct foreign policy. Sooner or later, Trump will have to learn to pick his shots. A stray tweet that might cause misunderstandings among allies and enemies could cost him more than a news cycle. But Twitter has worked very well for him so far, and there is no reason for him to stop until forced to do so by events. Trump has demonstrated he understands the power of public opinion and how to shame opponents as well as members of his own coalition into waving the white flag. Join us—you'll be in good company. Everyone worth reading is reading (and writing for) COMMENTARY: “ There’s an enormous amount of shouting in the wild west of conservative media. That has its place, and is often a sign of the energy on the right. But amidst the cacophony there’s a special need for serious, considered, and compelling argument, presented in the hope of persuading, not just punishing. This is where COMMENTARY has always shined, perhaps more now than ever before. It aims to tackle the best arguments of its intellectual opponents, not just the easiest targets. It’s a journal I’ve read for nearly 30 years and I can’t think of a time when I’ve valued it more. „ Jonah Goldberg “ There is more commentary in the world than ever before—whether in print, on the air, or on the Internet. But there is still a dearth of serious, informed commentary that reports, analyzes, and argues without ever stooping to name-calling or vitriol. If you further narrow down the segment of the commentariat that looks at the world from a conservative and Jewish perspective—well, you’re left with only one choice. The magazine you are now reading. COMMENTARY has changed over the years—for instance, it now publishes this blog—but one thing that has not changed is its steadfast commitment to providing the best analysis from the most informed writers of the most important ideas in the world, all written in clear prose that appeals to a general audience. There is nothing else like it. Never has been, never will be. „ Max Boot “ Every month in print, and every day online, COMMENTARY somehow manages to pull off a dazzling balancing act: intellectual but unpretentious, serious but never boring, timely but not fleeting. On the leading questions of the day, it offers fresh and unfamiliar insights. And on the emerging questions that will dominate the years to come, it often sees things first and clearest. It is simply indispensable. „ Yuval Levin “ In 1975 the Economist said of COMMENTARY: “The world's best magazine?” Take away the question mark and that statement still stands, thirty-eight years later. It's still the magazine America's liberals dread most, and the one America's enemies can't afford to ignore. It's the point of the conservative spear in the never-ending fight against the insanity of the left, whether it's in foreign policy or economic policy, social and cultural issues, or the arts—and no one does a better job standing up for Western culture and America's interests and those of its allies, including Israel. In fact, surviving the next three years—the Obama administration home stretch—and building the foundations for an American resurgence afterward will be impossible without reading COMMENTARY in print and online. „ Arthur Herman “ For decades, COMMENTARY has opened its pages to the most serious uncompromising defense of the American creed—exemplar of ordered liberty at home, pillar of the free world abroad—in an era when it has been most under attack. From the exceptionally influential manifestoes of Daniel Patrick Moynihan and Jeane Kirkpatrick to today's counterattack against the empowered advocates of the entitlement state and of American decline, COMMENTARY remains what it has been for more than a generation: fearless, informative, indispensable. „ Charles Krauthammer “ COMMENTARY isn’t just an important magazine. It’s an indispensable one. It’s been indispensable for half a century, and it is today. It’s indispensable for understanding the moment we live in, and it’s indispensable for laying out a path forward. The challenges we confront are great, but COMMENTARY is used to facing grave challenges without fearful cowering or wishful thinking. So we need COMMENTARY today as much as we ever have, and we need it to be as strong as it’s ever been. „ William Kristol “ COMMENTARY’s writing is predictably engaging and edgy, but its content is anything but homogeneous. Center-right perspectives characterize contributions, but not predictably so. Jewish affairs are thematic, but not always. Controversies of the day are the usual subjects, yet offered only with reflection well apart from the frenzied 24/7 news cycle. Intellectual honesty and analytical rigor characterize COMMENTARY and that is why even its political critics concede that they are still enlightened by the very arguments they often oppose. „ Victor Davis Hanson “ COMMENTARY is an indispensable read on the Arab Spring, the Afghan war, the future of American conservatism, and all the other crazy stuff out there. But you already knew that. What I really love about it is that it’s a full-service operation, and its back-of-the-book guys—the fellows who write about music, literature, and all the things that make life worth living as the world goes to hell—are the best in the business. There is an observation in a Terry Teachout piece on the wonderful singer Nancy LaMott about “Moon River” that has stayed with me for almost two decades. I fished it out from the back of my mind to impress a gal at a Goldwater Institute reception only the other day, and it worked a treat. So thank you, COMMENTARY! Likewise, my differences with the arts’n’culture crew unsettle me far more than the geopolitical ones: reasonable people can disagree on how large a nuclear arsenal those wacky mullahs should be permitted to own, but I’m still agog at the great Andrew Ferguson’s mystifying praise for the New York Times obituaries page a couple of issues back. That’s COMMENTARY for you—provocative to the end, on matters large and small. In these turbulent and dismaying times, we can all use a huckleberry friend waiting round the bend, in the mailbox each month and on the computer screen every morning. For any journal of opinion, as “Moon River” teaches us, there’s such a lot of world to see. COMMENTARY sees most of it with piercing clarity: it can’t know all the answers, but it asks all the right questions, and with great farsightedness. It deserves your wholehearted support. „ Mark Steyn “ COMMENTARY has played an invaluable role in American political discourse for decades, offering thoughtful analysis on issues rather than sound bites or bumper stickers. Especially when it comes to U.S. foreign and defense policy, COMMENTARY has time and time again been ahead of the crowd, anticipating trends and developments that others react to only after the fact. I can't imagine not being a COMMENTARY subscriber. „ John Bolton “ In the midst of today’s political rancor, COMMENTARY Magazine provides a rare venue for thoughtful discussion. COMMENTARY’s talented writers provide insightful analysis of foreign affairs, domestic policy, and the politics of the day. COMMENTARY is a treasure not only for conservatives, but for anyone looking for in-depth exploration of the issues that influence America’s public dialogue and shape the nation’s future. „ Karl Rove “ It's notorious, and true, that government officials hardly read anything. Memos, sure; nowadays, emails and tweets as well. But magazines? People barely have time to eat lunch or see their kids, so how can an intellectual monthly affect public affairs? The question is a good one. How did COMMENTARY do it? The answer is that officials, like all citizens following American foreign policy, need a way to understand the world around them. When prevailing theories fail, when conventional wisdom is clearly at variance with what they see before their eyes, the outcome for senators and congressmen and White House officials is what the shrinks call cognitive dissonance. They may say one thing but believe another, or simply be unable to square previous beliefs and policies with the clear effects of U.S. conduct. They've lost the ability to explain the world. And then came COMMENTARY, offering month after month of piercing, bracing analysis—and value judgments of right and wrong, and clear writing about American gains and losses. Here was an insistence on looking reality in the face. Here was plain argument, seeking no quarter intellectually and giving none. And it mattered. It shamed some people, and emboldened others; COMMENTARY demanded that we conform policy to the opportunities and dangers that really faced America. In years of confusion and obfuscation, that striking clarity changed policies, and changed American conduct, because it changed the way we understood the world. „ Elliott Abrams “ For more than 60 years, COMMENTARY has been a go-to source on matters of the greatest importance to our nation and our civilization. Today, its full-throated defense of the United States and freedom is as eloquent as it was a half-century ago, and no less urgent. Issues of the day will change, news cycles come and go, but COMMENTARY remains an indispensable authority in the battle of ideas that help to shape our world. Its continued success is both an indication, and source, of the country’s intellectual health. „ Donald Rumsfeld “ COMMENTARY is America's most important monthly journal of ideas, period. For nearly seven decades it has published the best and most exciting writing from the most important thinkers: Saul Bellow and Lionel Trilling; Daniel Patrick Moynihan and Jeane Kirkpatrick; Paul Johnson and Ruth Wisse; Cynthia Ozick and—of course—Norman Podhoretz and Midge Decter. Is there anything remotely like it? No. It is the lamp by which America, and Israel, and the Jewish people, may find their way to safety. I'm proud to be published in its pages. „ Bret Stephens “ Irving Kristol once called COMMENTARY the most influential magazine in Jewish history. Certainly, no publication had a greater influence on me as I evolved from adolescent reader (arguing over its articles with my father and older brother) into a “frequent contributor” who made it my intellectual home. The magazine did not exploit American freedom to escape from civilizing duty but rather activated the intertwined responsibilities of citizens and members of a group. American Jewry can boast of many contributions to the welfare of this country and the Jewish people, but few as fortifying as COMMENTARY. „ Ruth R. Wisse “ Edward Shils noted that there are four means of education in the modern world: the classroom, bookstores (especially used-bookstores), the conversation of intelligent friends, and intellectual magazines. For me intellectual magazines were more important than any of the other three, and no magazine among them more so than COMMENTARY. I first happened on COMMENTARY as a student browsing in the University of Chicago Bookstore in 1957. I have not missed an issue since. The magazine spoke to my intellectual interests and passions, and still does. As a reader and as a writer, I should be lost without it. „ Joseph Epstein “ Why does COMMENTARY matter? Since 1945, no other monthly magazine has so consistently published serious, provocative argument and analysis. No other monthly magazine has viewed America and the world through such a wide angle, encompassing economics, politics, society, culture, religion, and diplomacy. No other monthly magazine has published such a celebrated and wide-ranging list of editors and contributors. Cerebral, critical, and committed, the point of view found in its pages is as unique as it is formidable. And in a world of Iranian nukes, rising anti-Semitism, radical Islam, American disarmament, bipartisan neo-isolationism, and disintegrating institutions, reading COMMENTARY is more than a pleasure. It is a necessity. „ Matthew Continetti “ COMMENTARY has long been an unmissable landmark on the American intellectual landscape. These days it shapes debate, propels argument, and explains society with renewed vigor and force. It is one of the small group of essential reads for anybody engaged in politics, Judaism, foreign policy, national manners, and morals. „ David Brooks “ Anyone looking for a definitive exposition of a significant historical moment—whether UC Berkeley's Free Speech Movement, say, or the battles over "general education" at Harvard—has at his fingertips an inestimable gift: COMMENTARY's archives, which contain countless gems of reporting and analysis. Today's generation of COMMENTARY writers is building an equally invaluable store of knowledge for future researchers and scholars. „ Heather Mac Donald “ I first subscribed to COMMENTARY in 1973, as a recovering liberal who had invested four years of my young life in writing speeches for a constellation of McGovernite candidates and office-holders. Living in Berkeley at the time, I relished COMMENTARY as a guilty pleasure, feeling grateful that the magazine arrived each month discreetly disguised in a plain, brown wrapper that concealed its suspiciously neo-conservative content. In the militantly leftist community in which I functioned forty years ago, receiving regular monthly installments of the most degrading porn would have produced far less embarrassment than my growing devotion to the persuasive prose of Norman Podhoretz and Co. Yes, my personal journey from left to right-center involved the usual biographical factors, including the three P’s: paychecks, parenthood, and prayer. Paychecks, because they arrived with shocking subtractions in the form of onerous and incomprehensible taxes; parenthood, because responsibility for a new generation forced a longer-term perspective; and prayer, because my own growing Jewish observance led to the conclusion that my “idealistic” ’60s generation, with all its narcissism and preening self-regard, might not provide life’s ultimate answers after all. Fortunately for me, reading COMMENTARY with near-religious regularity helped to organize my onrushing insights and experience into a more coherent world view. In a dark time in our nation’s history, while surviving (temporarily) in the most unhinged corner of the continent, this incomparable publication persuaded me that I wasn’t alone. „ Michael Medved “ Just as one begins to despair of hearing the strong voice of sanity and courage, leavened with charm and good humor, in our modern polity, COMMENTARY arrives, and once a month one can be reminded that there are indeed some clear-sighted and articulate people who seem actively to enjoy the battle for truth. „ Andrew Roberts “ In a time of passion, COMMENTARY champions reason. Against lies, COMMENTARY speaks for truth. Confronting those who would doom to death the Jewish people, COMMENTARY is a magnificent continuing achievement of American Jewish life. „ David Frum “ COMMENTARY has become my new go-to website for news analysis because it is measured, substantive, thoughtful, and written for news consumers of all shapes and sizes. When juggling all the issues of the day and thinking them through, I find myself going back to COMMENTARY again and again to see if there’s anything more that can help me add the ingredients needed to finalize an argument. I like the mix of foreign policy and national political news, as well as the discussions about America’s place in the world and what it should be. I’m a print subscriber and a frequent website visitor, and I follow all of the writers on Twitter. Thank you, COMMENTARY, for providing such consistently helpful content. „ Dana Perino Subscribing to COMMENTARY gives you full access to every article, every issue, every podcast—the latest stories as well as over 70 years of archives, the best that has been thought and written since 1945. Join the intellectual club, today. Facebook Twitter Google+ Email Print A The dark night of fascism is about to descend on America. Or at least so a full-page from “ refusefascism.org ” in today’s New York Times proclaims. The ad is signed by the likes of Bill Ayers, who co-founded the Weather Underground–a group of 1960’s radicals who engaged in such neo-fascist behavior as blowing things up and robbing Brinks trucks (murdering three people in the process); Alice Walker, the Pulitzer-Prize-winning author; Niles Eldridge, a very distinguished biologist and paleontologist; and a bunch of people I’ve never heard of including a “performance artist” with the interesting name of Dread Scott. The ad calls for “a month of resistance that reaches its crescendo by the January 20th, 2017 inauguration,” with millions in the streets. It also says that “The Trump Regime Must and Can Be Stopped Before It Starts!” That sounds like calling for a coup d’état to me. Fascism, according to its formal dictionary definition is, “a political philosophy, movement, or regime … that exalts nation and often race above the individual, and that stands for a centralized autocratic government headed by a dictatorial leader, severe economic and social regimentation, and forcible suppression of opposition.” But, today, the word fascism is actually completely empty of actual meaning—just as calling someone an S.O.B. doesn’t imply that his mother has a cold, wet nose and wags her tail. It is simply an epithet applied to anyone the left doesn’t like, such as Donald Trump. Unlike in many West European countries, including even the U.K, there has never been a fascist movement in this country. Indeed, the brown shirts are and always have been all on the left. It is the left that riots in the street (and calls for more in expensive newspaper ads) when they don’t like an election result. It is the left that utilizes mobs of thugs to disrupt events on college campuses and to prevent speakers from having their say. It is the left that uses political correctness to stifle free speech and force social regimentation. It is the left that calls for concentrating power in an ever more centralized government. Needless to say, none of what “refusefascism.org” calls for is going to happen. For the 45th consecutive time in American history, power will pass from one duly elected leader to another and American democracy, a glorious light unto the world, will continue. Join us—you'll be in good company. Everyone worth reading is reading (and writing for) COMMENTARY: “ There’s an enormous amount of shouting in the wild west of conservative media. That has its place, and is often a sign of the energy on the right. But amidst the cacophony there’s a special need for serious, considered, and compelling argument, presented in the hope of persuading, not just punishing. This is where COMMENTARY has always shined, perhaps more now than ever before. It aims to tackle the best arguments of its intellectual opponents, not just the easiest targets. It’s a journal I’ve read for nearly 30 years and I can’t think of a time when I’ve valued it more. „ Jonah Goldberg “ There is more commentary in the world than ever before—whether in print, on the air, or on the Internet. But there is still a dearth of serious, informed commentary that reports, analyzes, and argues without ever stooping to name-calling or vitriol. If you further narrow down the segment of the commentariat that looks at the world from a conservative and Jewish perspective—well, you’re left with only one choice. The magazine you are now reading. COMMENTARY has changed over the years—for instance, it now publishes this blog—but one thing that has not changed is its steadfast commitment to providing the best analysis from the most informed writers of the most important ideas in the world, all written in clear prose that appeals to a general audience. There is nothing else like it. Never has been, never will be. „ Max Boot “ Every month in print, and every day online, COMMENTARY somehow manages to pull off a dazzling balancing act: intellectual but unpretentious, serious but never boring, timely but not fleeting. On the leading questions of the day, it offers fresh and unfamiliar insights. And on the emerging questions that will dominate the years to come, it often sees things first and clearest. It is simply indispensable. „ Yuval Levin “ In 1975 the Economist said of COMMENTARY: “The world's best magazine?” Take away the question mark and that statement still stands, thirty-eight years later. It's still the magazine America's liberals dread most, and the one America's enemies can't afford to ignore. It's the point of the conservative spear in the never-ending fight against the insanity of the left, whether it's in foreign policy or economic policy, social and cultural issues, or the arts—and no one does a better job standing up for Western culture and America's interests and those of its allies, including Israel. In fact, surviving the next three years—the Obama administration home stretch—and building the foundations for an American resurgence afterward will be impossible without reading COMMENTARY in print and online. „ Arthur Herman “ For decades, COMMENTARY has opened its pages to the most serious uncompromising defense of the American creed—exemplar of ordered liberty at home, pillar of the free world abroad—in an era when it has been most under attack. From the exceptionally influential manifestoes of Daniel Patrick Moynihan and Jeane Kirkpatrick to today's counterattack against the empowered advocates of the entitlement state and of American decline, COMMENTARY remains what it has been for more than a generation: fearless, informative, indispensable. „ Charles Krauthammer “ COMMENTARY isn’t just an important magazine. It’s an indispensable one. It’s been indispensable for half a century, and it is today. It’s indispensable for understanding the moment we live in, and it’s indispensable for laying out a path forward. The challenges we confront are great, but COMMENTARY is used to facing grave challenges without fearful cowering or wishful thinking. So we need COMMENTARY today as much as we ever have, and we need it to be as strong as it’s ever been. „ William Kristol “ COMMENTARY’s writing is predictably engaging and edgy, but its content is anything but homogeneous. Center-right perspectives characterize contributions, but not predictably so. Jewish affairs are thematic, but not always. Controversies of the day are the usual subjects, yet offered only with reflection well apart from the frenzied 24/7 news cycle. Intellectual honesty and analytical rigor characterize COMMENTARY and that is why even its political critics concede that they are still enlightened by the very arguments they often oppose. „ Victor Davis Hanson “ COMMENTARY is an indispensable read on the Arab Spring, the Afghan war, the future of American conservatism, and all the other crazy stuff out there. But you already knew that. What I really love about it is that it’s a full-service operation, and its back-of-the-book guys—the fellows who write about music, literature, and all the things that make life worth living as the world goes to hell—are the best in the business. There is an observation in a Terry Teachout piece on the wonderful singer Nancy LaMott about “Moon River” that has stayed with me for almost two decades. I fished it out from the back of my mind to impress a gal at a Goldwater Institute reception only the other day, and it worked a treat. So thank you, COMMENTARY! Likewise, my differences with the arts’n’culture crew unsettle me far more than the geopolitical ones: reasonable people can disagree on how large a nuclear arsenal those wacky mullahs should be permitted to own, but I’m still agog at the great Andrew Ferguson’s mystifying praise for the New York Times obituaries page a couple of issues back. That’s COMMENTARY for you—provocative to the end, on matters large and small. In these turbulent and dismaying times, we can all use a huckleberry friend waiting round the bend, in the mailbox each month and on the computer screen every morning. For any journal of opinion, as “Moon River” teaches us, there’s such a lot of world to see. COMMENTARY sees most of it with piercing clarity: it can’t know all the answers, but it asks all the right questions, and with great farsightedness. It deserves your wholehearted support. „ Mark Steyn “ COMMENTARY has played an invaluable role in American political discourse for decades, offering thoughtful analysis on issues rather than sound bites or bumper stickers. Especially when it comes to U.S. foreign and defense policy, COMMENTARY has time and time again been ahead of the crowd, anticipating trends and developments that others react to only after the fact. I can't imagine not being a COMMENTARY subscriber. „ John Bolton “ In the midst of today’s political rancor, COMMENTARY Magazine provides a rare venue for thoughtful discussion. COMMENTARY’s talented writers provide insightful analysis of foreign affairs, domestic policy, and the politics of the day. COMMENTARY is a treasure not only for conservatives, but for anyone looking for in-depth exploration of the issues that influence America’s public dialogue and shape the nation’s future. „ Karl Rove “ It's notorious, and true, that government officials hardly read anything. Memos, sure; nowadays, emails and tweets as well. But magazines? People barely have time to eat lunch or see their kids, so how can an intellectual monthly affect public affairs? The question is a good one. How did COMMENTARY do it? The answer is that officials, like all citizens following American foreign policy, need a way to understand the world around them. When prevailing theories fail, when conventional wisdom is clearly at variance with what they see before their eyes, the outcome for senators and congressmen and White House officials is what the shrinks call cognitive dissonance. They may say one thing but believe another, or simply be unable to square previous beliefs and policies with the clear effects of U.S. conduct. They've lost the ability to explain the world. And then came COMMENTARY, offering month after month of piercing, bracing analysis—and value judgments of right and wrong, and clear writing about American gains and losses. Here was an insistence on looking reality in the face. Here was plain argument, seeking no quarter intellectually and giving none. And it mattered. It shamed some people, and emboldened others; COMMENTARY demanded that we conform policy to the opportunities and dangers that really faced America. In years of confusion and obfuscation, that striking clarity changed policies, and changed American conduct, because it changed the way we understood the world. „ Elliott Abrams “ For more than 60 years, COMMENTARY has been a go-to source on matters of the greatest importance to our nation and our civilization. Today, its full-throated defense of the United States and freedom is as eloquent as it was a half-century ago, and no less urgent. Issues of the day will change, news cycles come and go, but COMMENTARY remains an indispensable authority in the battle of ideas that help to shape our world. Its continued success is both an indication, and source, of the country’s intellectual health. „ Donald Rumsfeld “ COMMENTARY is America's most important monthly journal of ideas, period. For nearly seven decades it has published the best and most exciting writing from the most important thinkers: Saul Bellow and Lionel Trilling; Daniel Patrick Moynihan and Jeane Kirkpatrick; Paul Johnson and Ruth Wisse; Cynthia Ozick and—of course—Norman Podhoretz and Midge Decter. Is there anything remotely like it? No. It is the lamp by which America, and Israel, and the Jewish people, may find their way to safety. I'm proud to be published in its pages. „ Bret Stephens “ Irving Kristol once called COMMENTARY the most influential magazine in Jewish history. Certainly, no publication had a greater influence on me as I evolved from adolescent reader (arguing over its articles with my father and older brother) into a “frequent contributor” who made it my intellectual home. The magazine did not exploit American freedom to escape from civilizing duty but rather activated the intertwined responsibilities of citizens and members of a group. American Jewry can boast of many contributions to the welfare of this country and the Jewish people, but few as fortifying as COMMENTARY. „ Ruth R. Wisse “ Edward Shils noted that there are four means of education in the modern world: the classroom, bookstores (especially used-bookstores), the conversation of intelligent friends, and intellectual magazines. For me intellectual magazines were more important than any of the other three, and no magazine among them more so than COMMENTARY. I first happened on COMMENTARY as a student browsing in the University of Chicago Bookstore in 1957. I have not missed an issue since. The magazine spoke to my intellectual interests and passions, and still does. As a reader and as a writer, I should be lost without it. „ Joseph Epstein “ Why does COMMENTARY matter? Since 1945, no other monthly magazine has so consistently published serious, provocative argument and analysis. No other monthly magazine has viewed America and the world through such a wide angle, encompassing economics, politics, society, culture, religion, and diplomacy. No other monthly magazine has published such a celebrated and wide-ranging list of editors and contributors. Cerebral, critical, and committed, the point of view found in its pages is as unique as it is formidable. And in a world of Iranian nukes, rising anti-Semitism, radical Islam, American disarmament, bipartisan neo-isolationism, and disintegrating institutions, reading COMMENTARY is more than a pleasure. It is a necessity. „ Matthew Continetti “ COMMENTARY has long been an unmissable landmark on the American intellectual landscape. These days it shapes debate, propels argument, and explains society with renewed vigor and force. It is one of the small group of essential reads for anybody engaged in politics, Judaism, foreign policy, national manners, and morals. „ David Brooks “ Anyone looking for a definitive exposition of a significant historical moment—whether UC Berkeley's Free Speech Movement, say, or the battles over "general education" at Harvard—has at his fingertips an inestimable gift: COMMENTARY's archives, which contain countless gems of reporting and analysis. Today's generation of COMMENTARY writers is building an equally invaluable store of knowledge for future researchers and scholars. „ Heather Mac Donald “ I first subscribed to COMMENTARY in 1973, as a recovering liberal who had invested four years of my young life in writing speeches for a constellation of McGovernite candidates and office-holders. Living in Berkeley at the time, I relished COMMENTARY as a guilty pleasure, feeling grateful that the magazine arrived each month discreetly disguised in a plain, brown wrapper that concealed its suspiciously neo-conservative content. In the militantly leftist community in which I functioned forty years ago, receiving regular monthly installments of the most degrading porn would have produced far less embarrassment than my growing devotion to the persuasive prose of Norman Podhoretz and Co. Yes, my personal journey from left to right-center involved the usual biographical factors, including the three P’s: paychecks, parenthood, and prayer. Paychecks, because they arrived with shocking subtractions in the form of onerous and incomprehensible taxes; parenthood, because responsibility for a new generation forced a longer-term perspective; and prayer, because my own growing Jewish observance led to the conclusion that my “idealistic” ’60s generation, with all its narcissism and preening self-regard, might not provide life’s ultimate answers after all. Fortunately for me, reading COMMENTARY with near-religious regularity helped to organize my onrushing insights and experience into a more coherent world view. In a dark time in our nation’s history, while surviving (temporarily) in the most unhinged corner of the continent, this incomparable publication persuaded me that I wasn’t alone. „ Michael Medved “ Just as one begins to despair of hearing the strong voice of sanity and courage, leavened with charm and good humor, in our modern polity, COMMENTARY arrives, and once a month one can be reminded that there are indeed some clear-sighted and articulate people who seem actively to enjoy the battle for truth. „ Andrew Roberts “ In a time of passion, COMMENTARY champions reason. Against lies, COMMENTARY speaks for truth. Confronting those who would doom to death the Jewish people, COMMENTARY is a magnificent continuing achievement of American Jewish life. „ David Frum “ COMMENTARY has become my new go-to website for news analysis because it is measured, substantive, thoughtful, and written for news consumers of all shapes and sizes. When juggling all the issues of the day and thinking them through, I find myself going back to COMMENTARY again and again to see if there’s anything more that can help me add the ingredients needed to finalize an argument. I like the mix of foreign policy and national political news, as well as the discussions about America’s place in the world and what it should be. I’m a print subscriber and a frequent website visitor, and I follow all of the writers on Twitter. Thank you, COMMENTARY, for providing such consistently helpful content. „ Dana Perino Subscribing to COMMENTARY gives you full access to every article, every issue, every podcast—the latest stories as well as over 70 years of archives, the best that has been thought and written since 1945. Join the intellectual club, today. A The Palestinian Authority, the “moderate” alternative to Hamas, has become notorious for celebrating terrorism against Israel. A recent example occurred on October 9, when, as CAMERA reports , a “Palestinian terrorist named Musabh Abu Sbeih murdered two Israelis, a 60-year-old grandmother, Levana Malihi and a 30-year-old police officer, Yosef Kirma, in a shooting rampage in Jerusalem.” Sbeih, who wounded five others before he was killed by police, was hailed by Fatah, the dominant political party in the Palestinian Authority, as a “shahid,” or martyr. It was not long before Fatah published a celebratory cartoon “depicting a hand waving a machine gun from the top of the Dome of the Rock.” In the cartoon’s corner was “a pool of blood and two helmets with Stars of David, symbolizing two murdered Israelis.” It is this mindset, rather than, as Secretary of State John Kerry and the United Nations seem to imagine, Israeli settlements in the West Bank that prevent the conclusion of peace between Israelis and Palestinians. Granted, Israelis are sometimes guilty of brutality against Palestinians as well. The difference is that Israel is a rule-of-law country where those who commit human-rights violations against Palestinians, of the kind that are inevitable in all struggles against terrorism, have a good chance of being tried and convicted. The latest case in point is Sergeant Elor Azaria, an Israeli army medic who was videotaped shooting in the head a wounded Palestinian assailant who was lying on the ground motionless in the West Bank city of Hebron after having stabbed and wounded an Israeli soldier. Some Israelis on the far-right —including the current defense minister, Avigdor Lieberman–celebrated Azaria as a victim whose actions were excusable in the war on terrorism. The Israeli Defense Forces high command took a very different view of this shocking breach of the laws of war. Azaria was court-martialed, and now he has been convicted of manslaughter by a military court. The court proceedings shredded Azaria’s contradictory defense, with the sergeant’s lawyers telling the court that the man he shot, Abed al-Fatah al-Sharif, “appeared to pose a danger because he was still moving” while also “bringing medical witnesses who asserted that he was already dead by the time Sergeant Azaria shot him in the head.” Americans know from own experience how difficult it is to hold errant soldiers to account for crimes committed during the course of a conflict. Witness the My Lai Massacre in 1968, when soldiers from the Americal Division murdered hundreds of Vietnamese civilians. The only soldier convicted of this terrible crime was Lieutenant William Calley, a platoon leader. Though he was found guilty of 22 counts of murder, he would serve only three and a half years under house arrest , thanks to the misguided leniency extended by President Nixon. It is never easy and seldom popular to hold soldiers to account. The IDF understands that such discipline is essential in order to keep the military’s honor clean and to maintain the moral high ground over adversaries who violate the most basic laws of war, to say nothing of the tenets of humanity. Israel can hold its head high for holding Sergeant Azaria to account even if it will get no credit from the rest of the world. UPDATE: Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu is doing himself no credit by issuing a call for President Reuven Rivlin to pardon Azaria. Such an act would not only deal an unwarranted blow to Israel’s public image; more importantly, it would be an insult to all IDF soldiers who conduct themselves according to the highest standards of ethics and professionalism even in the face of grievous provocations. Join us—you'll be in good company. Everyone worth reading is reading (and writing for) COMMENTARY: “ There’s an enormous amount of shouting in the wild west of conservative media. That has its place, and is often a sign of the energy on the right. But amidst the cacophony there’s a special need for serious, considered, and compelling argument, presented in the hope of persuading, not just punishing. This is where COMMENTARY has always shined, perhaps more now than ever before. It aims to tackle the best arguments of its intellectual opponents, not just the easiest targets. It’s a journal I’ve read for nearly 30 years and I can’t think of a time when I’ve valued it more. „ Jonah Goldberg “ There is more commentary in the world than ever before—whether in print, on the air, or on the Internet. But there is still a dearth of serious, informed commentary that reports, analyzes, and argues without ever stooping to name-calling or vitriol. If you further narrow down the segment of the commentariat that looks at the world from a conservative and Jewish perspective—well, you’re left with only one choice. The magazine you are now reading. COMMENTARY has changed over the years—for instance, it now publishes this blog—but one thing that has not changed is its steadfast commitment to providing the best analysis from the most informed writers of the most important ideas in the world, all written in clear prose that appeals to a general audience. There is nothing else like it. Never has been, never will be. „ Max Boot “ Every month in print, and every day online, COMMENTARY somehow manages to pull off a dazzling balancing act: intellectual but unpretentious, serious but never boring, timely but not fleeting. On the leading questions of the day, it offers fresh and unfamiliar insights. And on the emerging questions that will dominate the years to come, it often sees things first and clearest. It is simply indispensable. „ Yuval Levin “ In 1975 the Economist said of COMMENTARY: “The world's best magazine?” Take away the question mark and that statement still stands, thirty-eight years later. It's still the magazine America's liberals dread most, and the one America's enemies can't afford to ignore. It's the point of the conservative spear in the never-ending fight against the insanity of the left, whether it's in foreign policy or economic policy, social and cultural issues, or the arts—and no one does a better job standing up for Western culture and America's interests and those of its allies, including Israel. In fact, surviving the next three years—the Obama administration home stretch—and building the foundations for an American resurgence afterward will be impossible without reading COMMENTARY in print and online. „ Arthur Herman “ For decades, COMMENTARY has opened its pages to the most serious uncompromising defense of the American creed—exemplar of ordered liberty at home, pillar of the free world abroad—in an era when it has been most under attack. From the exceptionally influential manifestoes of Daniel Patrick Moynihan and Jeane Kirkpatrick to today's counterattack against the empowered advocates of the entitlement state and of American decline, COMMENTARY remains what it has been for more than a generation: fearless, informative, indispensable. „ Charles Krauthammer “ COMMENTARY isn’t just an important magazine. It’s an indispensable one. It’s been indispensable for half a century, and it is today. It’s indispensable for understanding the moment we live in, and it’s indispensable for laying out a path forward. The challenges we confront are great, but COMMENTARY is used to facing grave challenges without fearful cowering or wishful thinking. So we need COMMENTARY today as much as we ever have, and we need it to be as strong as it’s ever been. „ William Kristol “ COMMENTARY’s writing is predictably engaging and edgy, but its content is anything but homogeneous. Center-right perspectives characterize contributions, but not predictably so. Jewish affairs are thematic, but not always. Controversies of the day are the usual subjects, yet offered only with reflection well apart from the frenzied 24/7 news cycle. Intellectual honesty and analytical rigor characterize COMMENTARY and that is why even its political critics concede that they are still enlightened by the very arguments they often oppose. „ Victor Davis Hanson “ COMMENTARY is an indispensable read on the Arab Spring, the Afghan war, the future of American conservatism, and all the other crazy stuff out there. But you already knew that. What I really love about it is that it’s a full-service operation, and its back-of-the-book guys—the fellows who write about music, literature, and all the things that make life worth living as the world goes to hell—are the best in the business. There is an observation in a Terry Teachout piece on the wonderful singer Nancy LaMott about “Moon River” that has stayed with me for almost two decades. I fished it out from the back of my mind to impress a gal at a Goldwater Institute reception only the other day, and it worked a treat. So thank you, COMMENTARY! Likewise, my differences with the arts’n’culture crew unsettle me far more than the geopolitical ones: reasonable people can disagree on how large a nuclear arsenal those wacky mullahs should be permitted to own, but I’m still agog at the great Andrew Ferguson’s mystifying praise for the New York Times obituaries page a couple of issues back. That’s COMMENTARY for you—provocative to the end, on matters large and small. In these turbulent and dismaying times, we can all use a huckleberry friend waiting round the bend, in the mailbox each month and on the computer screen every morning. For any journal of opinion, as “Moon River” teaches us, there’s such a lot of world to see. COMMENTARY sees most of it with piercing clarity: it can’t know all the answers, but it asks all the right questions, and with great farsightedness. It deserves your wholehearted support. „ Mark Steyn “ COMMENTARY has played an invaluable role in American political discourse for decades, offering thoughtful analysis on issues rather than sound bites or bumper stickers. Especially when it comes to U.S. foreign and defense policy, COMMENTARY has time and time again been ahead of the crowd, anticipating trends and developments that others react to only after the fact. I can't imagine not being a COMMENTARY subscriber. „ John Bolton “ In the midst of today’s political rancor, COMMENTARY Magazine provides a rare venue for thoughtful discussion. COMMENTARY’s talented writers provide insightful analysis of foreign affairs, domestic policy, and the politics of the day. COMMENTARY is a treasure not only for conservatives, but for anyone looking for in-depth exploration of the issues that influence America’s public dialogue and shape the nation’s future. „ Karl Rove “ It's notorious, and true, that government officials hardly read anything. Memos, sure; nowadays, emails and tweets as well. But magazines? People barely have time to eat lunch or see their kids, so how can an intellectual monthly affect public affairs? The question is a good one. How did COMMENTARY do it? The answer is that officials, like all citizens following American foreign policy, need a way to understand the world around them. When prevailing theories fail, when conventional wisdom is clearly at variance with what they see before their eyes, the outcome for senators and congressmen and White House officials is what the shrinks call cognitive dissonance. They may say one thing but believe another, or simply be unable to square previous beliefs and policies with the clear effects of U.S. conduct. They've lost the ability to explain the world. And then came COMMENTARY, offering month after month of piercing, bracing analysis—and value judgments of right and wrong, and clear writing about American gains and losses. Here was an insistence on looking reality in the face. Here was plain argument, seeking no quarter intellectually and giving none. And it mattered. It shamed some people, and emboldened others; COMMENTARY demanded that we conform policy to the opportunities and dangers that really faced America. In years of confusion and obfuscation, that striking clarity changed policies, and changed American conduct, because it changed the way we understood the world. „ Elliott Abrams “ For more than 60 years, COMMENTARY has been a go-to source on matters of the greatest importance to our nation and our civilization. Today, its full-throated defense of the United States and freedom is as eloquent as it was a half-century ago, and no less urgent. Issues of the day will change, news cycles come and go, but COMMENTARY remains an indispensable authority in the battle of ideas that help to shape our world. Its continued success is both an indication, and source, of the country’s intellectual health. „ Donald Rumsfeld “ COMMENTARY is America's most important monthly journal of ideas, period. For nearly seven decades it has published the best and most exciting writing from the most important thinkers: Saul Bellow and Lionel Trilling; Daniel Patrick Moynihan and Jeane Kirkpatrick; Paul Johnson and Ruth Wisse; Cynthia Ozick and—of course—Norman Podhoretz and Midge Decter. Is there anything remotely like it? No. It is the lamp by which America, and Israel, and the Jewish people, may find their way to safety. I'm proud to be published in its pages. „ Bret Stephens “ Irving Kristol once called COMMENTARY the most influential magazine in Jewish history. Certainly, no publication had a greater influence on me as I evolved from adolescent reader (arguing over its articles with my father and older brother) into a “frequent contributor” who made it my intellectual home. The magazine did not exploit American freedom to escape from civilizing duty but rather activated the intertwined responsibilities of citizens and members of a group. American Jewry can boast of many contributions to the welfare of this country and the Jewish people, but few as fortifying as COMMENTARY. „ Ruth R. Wisse “ Edward Shils noted that there are four means of education in the modern world: the classroom, bookstores (especially used-bookstores), the conversation of intelligent friends, and intellectual magazines. For me intellectual magazines were more important than any of the other three, and no magazine among them more so than COMMENTARY. I first happened on COMMENTARY as a student browsing in the University of Chicago Bookstore in 1957. I have not missed an issue since. The magazine spoke to my intellectual interests and passions, and still does. As a reader and as a writer, I should be lost without it. „ Joseph Epstein “ Why does COMMENTARY matter? Since 1945, no other monthly magazine has so consistently published serious, provocative argument and analysis. No other monthly magazine has viewed America and the world through such a wide angle, encompassing economics, politics, society, culture, religion, and diplomacy. No other monthly magazine has published such a celebrated and wide-ranging list of editors and contributors. Cerebral, critical, and committed, the point of view found in its pages is as unique as it is formidable. And in a world of Iranian nukes, rising anti-Semitism, radical Islam, American disarmament, bipartisan neo-isolationism, and disintegrating institutions, reading COMMENTARY is more than a pleasure. It is a necessity. „ Matthew Continetti “ COMMENTARY has long been an unmissable landmark on the American intellectual landscape. These days it shapes debate, propels argument, and explains society with renewed vigor and force. It is one of the small group of essential reads for anybody engaged in politics, Judaism, foreign policy, national manners, and morals. „ David Brooks “ Anyone looking for a definitive exposition of a significant historical moment—whether UC Berkeley's Free Speech Movement, say, or the battles over "general education" at Harvard—has at his fingertips an inestimable gift: COMMENTARY's archives, which contain countless gems of reporting and analysis. Today's generation of COMMENTARY writers is building an equally invaluable store of knowledge for future researchers and scholars. „ Heather Mac Donald “ I first subscribed to COMMENTARY in 1973, as a recovering liberal who had invested four years of my young life in writing speeches for a constellation of McGovernite candidates and office-holders. Living in Berkeley at the time, I relished COMMENTARY as a guilty pleasure, feeling grateful that the magazine arrived each month discreetly disguised in a plain, brown wrapper that concealed its suspiciously neo-conservative content. In the militantly leftist community in which I functioned forty years ago, receiving regular monthly installments of the most degrading porn would have produced far less embarrassment than my growing devotion to the persuasive prose of Norman Podhoretz and Co. Yes, my personal journey from left to right-center involved the usual biographical factors, including the three P’s: paychecks, parenthood, and prayer. Paychecks, because they arrived with shocking subtractions in the form of onerous and incomprehensible taxes; parenthood, because responsibility for a new generation forced a longer-term perspective; and prayer, because my own growing Jewish observance led to the conclusion that my “idealistic” ’60s generation, with all its narcissism and preening self-regard, might not provide life’s ultimate answers after all. Fortunately for me, reading COMMENTARY with near-religious regularity helped to organize my onrushing insights and experience into a more coherent world view. In a dark time in our nation’s history, while surviving (temporarily) in the most unhinged corner of the continent, this incomparable publication persuaded me that I wasn’t alone. „ Michael Medved “ Just as one begins to despair of hearing the strong voice of sanity and courage, leavened with charm and good humor, in our modern polity, COMMENTARY arrives, and once a month one can be reminded that there are indeed some clear-sighted and articulate people who seem actively to enjoy the battle for truth. „ Andrew Roberts “ In a time of passion, COMMENTARY champions reason. Against lies, COMMENTARY speaks for truth. Confronting those who would doom to death the Jewish people, COMMENTARY is a magnificent continuing achievement of American Jewish life. „ David Frum “ COMMENTARY has become my new go-to website for news analysis because it is measured, substantive, thoughtful, and written for news consumers of all shapes and sizes. When juggling all the issues of the day and thinking them through, I find myself going back to COMMENTARY again and again to see if there’s anything more that can help me add the ingredients needed to finalize an argument. I like the mix of foreign policy and national political news, as well as the discussions about America’s place in the world and what it should be. I’m a print subscriber and a frequent website visitor, and I follow all of the writers on Twitter. Thank you, COMMENTARY, for providing such consistently helpful content. „ Dana Perino Subscribing to COMMENTARY gives you full access to every article, every issue, every podcast—the latest stories as well as over 70 years of archives, the best that has been thought and written since 1945. Join the intellectual club, today. Facebook Twitter Google+ Email Print A The trial and today’s conviction of Israeli soldier Elor Azaria is being celebrated by some as an example of how Israel’s justice system has vindicated the honor of the nation. That’s true. Sergeant Azaria was convicted of killing a terrorist who had already been captured and disabled. A video of the shooting appears to prove Azaria is guilty of manslaughter and the court rejected the attempts of his defenders to claim that his actions were appropriate or an effort to save his comrades from a danger that not longer existed. And yet it must be said that, contrary to the arguments of Israel’s critics, a wave of support inside Israel for the defendant among the general public and many politicians is not an indication that 50 years of “occupation” has destroyed the country’s moral compass. If, despite the evidence that compelled the court to convict Azaria, so many Israelis on both the right and the left view this as more than a simple case of manslaughter, it is not because they are immoral or indifferent to Arab suffering. Rather, it is because the context of this controversy is a brutal war in which Israel’s youth is placed in harm’s way by their country’s foes; not an ordinary criminal case. The context of the shooting was a brutal stabbing attack on a group of Israeli soldiers by two Palestinians. The terrorists managed to wound one Israeli. One of the assailants was shot dead during the struggle while the other was wounded. The latter, Abed al-Fatah al-Sharif, was lying on the ground seemingly incapacitated when Azaria arrived on the scene six minutes later. While he claimed afterward that he shot al-Sharif because he thought he was still a threat, his comments on the scene seemed to indicate that his motive was revenge for the stabbing of a fellow soldier rather than an effort to avert an imminent danger. General Gadi Eisenkot, the chief of staff of the Israel Defense Forces, was right to assert that the IDF’s rules of engagement allow soldiers to defend themselves against terrorists without engaging in actions that can amount to the murder of a subdued prisoner. He’s also correct to point out that the effort to depict Azaria as “everyone’s child,” whose mistakes should therefore excused, miss the fact that the although he was a 19-year-old conscript, the sergeant was a well-trained soldier. He should have been expected to obey orders and had no right to shoot anyone except when it was necessary. Moreover, Israel’s pride in the “purity of arms” of its soldiers is not just a matter of moral preening. An army whose soldiers do not follow the rules for dealing with prisoners is one that is likely going to have all sorts of other disciplinary problems that will undermine its ability to defend the nation. Letting anyone, let alone a soldier, get away with what amounts to vigilante actions undermines the rule of law that is the foundation of any democratic society. Still, as much as the evidence made a guilty verdict inevitable, is it really so strange that, in a nation where most 18-year-olds are drafted for army service and are then placed on the front lines against terrorists, many Israelis would sympathize with Azaria? In a conflict in which Palestinian leaders and official media not only preach hate for Jews but honor those who act on their urgings as heroes, is it any surprise that most Israelis have little sympathy for those, like al-Sharif, whose only goal was to kill any Jew he met? Nor can we be shocked that parents of other young soldiers identify with the mental anguish of a teenager who has just seen one of his friends bleeding after a terrorist attack. Israel is a country where their enemies mark its entire people for murder. If some see the death of one of those foes—even if it was the result of a blatantly illegal act—as less grievous than the possibility that a young man who was serving his country will have his life ruined for acting impulsively, that just shows they are human and justifiably angry about the violence that is directed at their children. Nor is this a case of the occupation chickens coming home to roost. To treat the downed terrorist, as some on the left seem willing, as if he were the moral equivalent of an African-American youth unfairly targeted for violence by the police is to misunderstand the situation. The “stabbing intifada” was just the latest round of terrorism that Israelis have been forced to endure that has little to do with settlements. Palestinian-Arab terror attacks on Jews rooted in anti-Zionist and anti-Semitic intolerance for the Jewish presence in the country have been going on for more than a century. While the verdict in the case was just, the high-handed condemnations of Azaria’s supporters by foreign critics are not. And if, despite the fact that his actions were unjustified, Azaria’s sentence ends up being on the light side or winds up being commuted or if he was pardoned — a move Prime Minister Netanyahu has said he would support — it won’t be a sign that Israel has been corrupted by occupation. It would be an indication that the court and the government understands the difficult circumstances of a case that cannot be separated from the context of the ongoing war on the Jewish state. Join us—you'll be in good company. Everyone worth reading is reading (and writing for) COMMENTARY: “ There’s an enormous amount of shouting in the wild west of conservative media. That has its place, and is often a sign of the energy on the right. But amidst the cacophony there’s a special need for serious, considered, and compelling argument, presented in the hope of persuading, not just punishing. This is where COMMENTARY has always shined, perhaps more now than ever before. It aims to tackle the best arguments of its intellectual opponents, not just the easiest targets. It’s a journal I’ve read for nearly 30 years and I can’t think of a time when I’ve valued it more. „ Jonah Goldberg “ There is more commentary in the world than ever before—whether in print, on the air, or on the Internet. But there is still a dearth of serious, informed commentary that reports, analyzes, and argues without ever stooping to name-calling or vitriol. If you further narrow down the segment of the commentariat that looks at the world from a conservative and Jewish perspective—well, you’re left with only one choice. The magazine you are now reading. COMMENTARY has changed over the years—for instance, it now publishes this blog—but one thing that has not changed is its steadfast commitment to providing the best analysis from the most informed writers of the most important ideas in the world, all written in clear prose that appeals to a general audience. There is nothing else like it. Never has been, never will be. „ Max Boot “ Every month in print, and every day online, COMMENTARY somehow manages to pull off a dazzling balancing act: intellectual but unpretentious, serious but never boring, timely but not fleeting. On the leading questions of the day, it offers fresh and unfamiliar insights. And on the emerging questions that will dominate the years to come, it often sees things first and clearest. It is simply indispensable. „ Yuval Levin “ In 1975 the Economist said of COMMENTARY: “The world's best magazine?” Take away the question mark and that statement still stands, thirty-eight years later. It's still the magazine America's liberals dread most, and the one America's enemies can't afford to ignore. It's the point of the conservative spear in the never-ending fight against the insanity of the left, whether it's in foreign policy or economic policy, social and cultural issues, or the arts—and no one does a better job standing up for Western culture and America's interests and those of its allies, including Israel. In fact, surviving the next three years—the Obama administration home stretch—and building the foundations for an American resurgence afterward will be impossible without reading COMMENTARY in print and online. „ Arthur Herman “ For decades, COMMENTARY has opened its pages to the most serious uncompromising defense of the American creed—exemplar of ordered liberty at home, pillar of the free world abroad—in an era when it has been most under attack. From the exceptionally influential manifestoes of Daniel Patrick Moynihan and Jeane Kirkpatrick to today's counterattack against the empowered advocates of the entitlement state and of American decline, COMMENTARY remains what it has been for more than a generation: fearless, informative, indispensable. „ Charles Krauthammer “ COMMENTARY isn’t just an important magazine. It’s an indispensable one. It’s been indispensable for half a century, and it is today. It’s indispensable for understanding the moment we live in, and it’s indispensable for laying out a path forward. The challenges we confront are great, but COMMENTARY is used to facing grave challenges without fearful cowering or wishful thinking. So we need COMMENTARY today as much as we ever have, and we need it to be as strong as it’s ever been. „ William Kristol “ COMMENTARY’s writing is predictably engaging and edgy, but its content is anything but homogeneous. Center-right perspectives characterize contributions, but not predictably so. Jewish affairs are thematic, but not always. Controversies of the day are the usual subjects, yet offered only with reflection well apart from the frenzied 24/7 news cycle. Intellectual honesty and analytical rigor characterize COMMENTARY and that is why even its political critics concede that they are still enlightened by the very arguments they often oppose. „ Victor Davis Hanson “ COMMENTARY is an indispensable read on the Arab Spring, the Afghan war, the future of American conservatism, and all the other crazy stuff out there. But you already knew that. What I really love about it is that it’s a full-service operation, and its back-of-the-book guys—the fellows who write about music, literature, and all the things that make life worth living as the world goes to hell—are the best in the business. There is an observation in a Terry Teachout piece on the wonderful singer Nancy LaMott about “Moon River” that has stayed with me for almost two decades. I fished it out from the back of my mind to impress a gal at a Goldwater Institute reception only the other day, and it worked a treat. So thank you, COMMENTARY! Likewise, my differences with the arts’n’culture crew unsettle me far more than the geopolitical ones: reasonable people can disagree on how large a nuclear arsenal those wacky mullahs should be permitted to own, but I’m still agog at the great Andrew Ferguson’s mystifying praise for the New York Times obituaries page a couple of issues back. That’s COMMENTARY for you—provocative to the end, on matters large and small. In these turbulent and dismaying times, we can all use a huckleberry friend waiting round the bend, in the mailbox each month and on the computer screen every morning. For any journal of opinion, as “Moon River” teaches us, there’s such a lot of world to see. COMMENTARY sees most of it with piercing clarity: it can’t know all the answers, but it asks all the right questions, and with great farsightedness. It deserves your wholehearted support. „ Mark Steyn “ COMMENTARY has played an invaluable role in American political discourse for decades, offering thoughtful analysis on issues rather than sound bites or bumper stickers. Especially when it comes to U.S. foreign and defense policy, COMMENTARY has time and time again been ahead of the crowd, anticipating trends and developments that others react to only after the fact. I can't imagine not being a COMMENTARY subscriber. „ John Bolton “ In the midst of today’s political rancor, COMMENTARY Magazine provides a rare venue for thoughtful discussion. COMMENTARY’s talented writers provide insightful analysis of foreign affairs, domestic policy, and the politics of the day. COMMENTARY is a treasure not only for conservatives, but for anyone looking for in-depth exploration of the issues that influence America’s public dialogue and shape the nation’s future. „ Karl Rove “ It's notorious, and true, that government officials hardly read anything. Memos, sure; nowadays, emails and tweets as well. But magazines? People barely have time to eat lunch or see their kids, so how can an intellectual monthly affect public affairs? The question is a good one. How did COMMENTARY do it? The answer is that officials, like all citizens following American foreign policy, need a way to understand the world around them. When prevailing theories fail, when conventional wisdom is clearly at variance with what they see before their eyes, the outcome for senators and congressmen and White House officials is what the shrinks call cognitive dissonance. They may say one thing but believe another, or simply be unable to square previous beliefs and policies with the clear effects of U.S. conduct. They've lost the ability to explain the world. And then came COMMENTARY, offering month after month of piercing, bracing analysis—and value judgments of right and wrong, and clear writing about American gains and losses. Here was an insistence on looking reality in the face. Here was plain argument, seeking no quarter intellectually and giving none. And it mattered. It shamed some people, and emboldened others; COMMENTARY demanded that we conform policy to the opportunities and dangers that really faced America. In years of confusion and obfuscation, that striking clarity changed policies, and changed American conduct, because it changed the way we understood the world. „ Elliott Abrams “ For more than 60 years, COMMENTARY has been a go-to source on matters of the greatest importance to our nation and our civilization. Today, its full-throated defense of the United States and freedom is as eloquent as it was a half-century ago, and no less urgent. Issues of the day will change, news cycles come and go, but COMMENTARY remains an indispensable authority in the battle of ideas that help to shape our world. Its continued success is both an indication, and source, of the country’s intellectual health. „ Donald Rumsfeld “ COMMENTARY is America's most important monthly journal of ideas, period. For nearly seven decades it has published the best and most exciting writing from the most important thinkers: Saul Bellow and Lionel Trilling; Daniel Patrick Moynihan and Jeane Kirkpatrick; Paul Johnson and Ruth Wisse; Cynthia Ozick and—of course—Norman Podhoretz and Midge Decter. Is there anything remotely like it? No. It is the lamp by which America, and Israel, and the Jewish people, may find their way to safety. I'm proud to be published in its pages. „ Bret Stephens “ Irving Kristol once called COMMENTARY the most influential magazine in Jewish history. Certainly, no publication had a greater influence on me as I evolved from adolescent reader (arguing over its articles with my father and older brother) into a “frequent contributor” who made it my intellectual home. The magazine did not exploit American freedom to escape from civilizing duty but rather activated the intertwined responsibilities of citizens and members of a group. American Jewry can boast of many contributions to the welfare of this country and the Jewish people, but few as fortifying as COMMENTARY. „ Ruth R. Wisse “ Edward Shils noted that there are four means of education in the modern world: the classroom, bookstores (especially used-bookstores), the conversation of intelligent friends, and intellectual magazines. For me intellectual magazines were more important than any of the other three, and no magazine among them more so than COMMENTARY. I first happened on COMMENTARY as a student browsing in the University of Chicago Bookstore in 1957. I have not missed an issue since. The magazine spoke to my intellectual interests and passions, and still does. As a reader and as a writer, I should be lost without it. „ Joseph Epstein “ Why does COMMENTARY matter? Since 1945, no other monthly magazine has so consistently published serious, provocative argument and analysis. No other monthly magazine has viewed America and the world through such a wide angle, encompassing economics, politics, society, culture, religion, and diplomacy. No other monthly magazine has published such a celebrated and wide-ranging list of editors and contributors. Cerebral, critical, and committed, the point of view found in its pages is as unique as it is formidable. And in a world of Iranian nukes, rising anti-Semitism, radical Islam, American disarmament, bipartisan neo-isolationism, and disintegrating institutions, reading COMMENTARY is more than a pleasure. It is a necessity. „ Matthew Continetti “ COMMENTARY has long been an unmissable landmark on the American intellectual landscape. These days it shapes debate, propels argument, and explains society with renewed vigor and force. It is one of the small group of essential reads for anybody engaged in politics, Judaism, foreign policy, national manners, and morals. „ David Brooks “ Anyone looking for a definitive exposition of a significant historical moment—whether UC Berkeley's Free Speech Movement, say, or the battles over "general education" at Harvard—has at his fingertips an inestimable gift: COMMENTARY's archives, which contain countless gems of reporting and analysis. Today's generation of COMMENTARY writers is building an equally invaluable store of knowledge for future researchers and scholars. „ Heather Mac Donald “ I first subscribed to COMMENTARY in 1973, as a recovering liberal who had invested four years of my young life in writing speeches for a constellation of McGovernite candidates and office-holders. Living in Berkeley at the time, I relished COMMENTARY as a guilty pleasure, feeling grateful that the magazine arrived each month discreetly disguised in a plain, brown wrapper that concealed its suspiciously neo-conservative content. In the militantly leftist community in which I functioned forty years ago, receiving regular monthly installments of the most degrading porn would have produced far less embarrassment than my growing devotion to the persuasive prose of Norman Podhoretz and Co. Yes, my personal journey from left to right-center involved the usual biographical factors, including the three P’s: paychecks, parenthood, and prayer. Paychecks, because they arrived with shocking subtractions in the form of onerous and incomprehensible taxes; parenthood, because responsibility for a new generation forced a longer-term perspective; and prayer, because my own growing Jewish observance led to the conclusion that my “idealistic” ’60s generation, with all its narcissism and preening self-regard, might not provide life’s ultimate answers after all. Fortunately for me, reading COMMENTARY with near-religious regularity helped to organize my onrushing insights and experience into a more coherent world view. In a dark time in our nation’s history, while surviving (temporarily) in the most unhinged corner of the continent, this incomparable publication persuaded me that I wasn’t alone. „ Michael Medved “ Just as one begins to despair of hearing the strong voice of sanity and courage, leavened with charm and good humor, in our modern polity, COMMENTARY arrives, and once a month one can be reminded that there are indeed some clear-sighted and articulate people who seem actively to enjoy the battle for truth. „ Andrew Roberts “ In a time of passion, COMMENTARY champions reason. Against lies, COMMENTARY speaks for truth. Confronting those who would doom to death the Jewish people, COMMENTARY is a magnificent continuing achievement of American Jewish life. „ David Frum “ COMMENTARY has become my new go-to website for news analysis because it is measured, substantive, thoughtful, and written for news consumers of all shapes and sizes. When juggling all the issues of the day and thinking them through, I find myself going back to COMMENTARY again and again to see if there’s anything more that can help me add the ingredients needed to finalize an argument. I like the mix of foreign policy and national political news, as well as the discussions about America’s place in the world and what it should be. I’m a print subscriber and a frequent website visitor, and I follow all of the writers on Twitter. Thank you, COMMENTARY, for providing such consistently helpful content. „ Dana Perino Subscribing to COMMENTARY gives you full access to every article, every issue, every podcast—the latest stories as well as over 70 years of archives, the best that has been thought and written since 1945. Join the intellectual club, today.	i don't know
Who played Mike Baldwin in Coronation St.?	Mike Baldwin \| Coronation Street Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Johnny Briggs Michael Vernon "Mike" Baldwin was a London -born businessman who owned and managed the Baldwin's Casuals and Underworld factories in Coronation Street from 1976 to 2006 . Mike started his career as a market stall holder but within a few years was running his own factory. In 1976 , he opened denim-maker Baldwin's Casuals in Weatherfield and moved there, ending his relationship with his common-law wife Anne Woodley . As an employer, Mike was uncompromising, quick to threaten his machinists with the sack if they slacked and taking a dim view of workers getting above themselves. Away from the factory, Mike lived a bachelor's life, using his Cockney charm and bulging wallet to attract women, although most of them eventually saw through him. While he wanted a family, he found it difficult to make relationships last and didn't raise any of his three sons; his eldest son Danny was a result of an affair between Mike and his brother Harry 's wife Viv , and the secret of his parentage was kept until Harry's death in 2005 . Mark Redman , Mike's second son, was born in 1983 , after his mother Maggie had left Mike, and he didn't even know of his third son Adam Barlow 's existence until 2001 as Adam's mother Susan left Mike in 1987 when he pushed her into getting pregnant even though she wanted a career. Two of Mike's lasting relationships were with Deirdre and Ken Barlow . In 1983, Mike had an affair with Deirdre but it ended when Deirdre decided to stay with husband Ken rather than leave him for Mike. Mike continued to hold a torch for Deirdre but they never got together again, while the affair triggered a feud between Ken and Mike which lasted for many years. In 1989 , Mike sold Baldwin's Casuals and lost a fortune in a bad deal. The 1990s saw him rebuild his empire as he married Jackie Ingram , hoping to get his hands on her late husband's factory, but his heart lay with ex-partner Alma Sedgewick , who he pursued and later married after Jackie left him. His investments during the period included garage MVB Motors , flats in Crimea Street , and factory Kbec , before he returned to the rag trade with knicker factory Underworld in 1997 . Alma left Mike when he slept with Julia Stone but Mike found solace in the arms of Linda Sykes , one of his machinists, and in 2000 they got married, despite a considerable age difference. It wasn't until 2001 , a year after Mike had forgiven Linda for having an affair with his son Mark, that Mike realised Linda was only after his money and threw her out. The latter years of Mike's life saw him re-connected with his sons. In 2004 , he made Danny a partner in the business and later told Danny that he was his father. Mike died in 2006 after a short battle with Alzheimer's Disease. Contents Edit His on/off relationship with Alma Sedgewick looked over when he married wealthy widow Jackie Ingram instead, but the bride realised that Mike only wanted the money and factory that she had inherited from her late husband, Peter (who ironically died of a heart attack while shouting at Mike), and their marriage lasted just a week, Jackie threatening Mike with a shotgun if he didn't get out of her sight. A couple of years later, after almost breaking up, Mike and true love Alma finally married. Mike ran his business, and Alma ran Jim's Cafe with Gail Platt ; their marriage hit rocky patches at times. As his business went through a rough patch in 1998, Mike slept with Julia Stone , who turned out to be a former prostitute, and blackmailed him for large sums of cash. Long-suffering Alma finally found out the truth, and walked out on Mike; upon divorcing him, Alma reverted to her maiden name of Halliwell. 1999-2006: Fourth marriage, later years and Alzheimer's Edit Mike Baldwin's family history was retconned in 2004 when his nephew Danny Baldwin was introduced. Prior to this, Mike was always referred to as an only child. After leaving Coronation Street , Johnny Briggs reprised the role of the ghost of Mike Baldwin, visiting Norris Cole in a one-off sketch show as part of ITV 's Text Santa charity initiative which was broadcast on 21st December 2012 . Quotes "If I come back and find another card school, it's down the road for the lot o' yer." (First line) --- "Well it's a rough old pub and it needs a rough old bird to keep charge of it!" (about Bet Lynch and the Rovers ) --- "You're finished, Barlow ! Deirdre loves me. She's mine, I..." (Final line, just before suffering a fatal heart attack)	John Briggs
Who had a hit single called French Kissing in the USA?	Mike Baldwin - List of appearances \| Coronation Street Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Mike Baldwin - List of appearances 20,144pages on Johnny Briggs played Mike Baldwin in 2351 episodes of Coronation Street from 1976 to 2006 as well as the (non-canonical) spin-off video The Life and Loves of Elsie Tanner in 1987 and the charity sketch Text Santa in 2012 . Note: (u) denotes an uncredited appearance (v) denotes a voice-only appearance.	i don't know
Amy Johnson was the first woman to fly solo to Australia in which year?	Amy Johnson - Children's Web Magazine Where it's at Amy Johnson Amy Johnson was the first woman to have flown solo from England to Australia in May 1930. In 1936 just over seventy years ago she also achieved a record breaking solo flight from England to South Africa. She was born on July 1st 1903 in Kingston - upon - Hull England. Her father had a thriving fish business, he was also a Methodist and the family were brought up in the faith. Amy was the eldest of four girls. She was very bright and was able to go to university, which was quite uncommon in those days. She obtained her BA degree in economics and worked as a secretary as she found it hard to get a job worthy of her skills. Then one fine day she came across a notice saying "London Aeroplane Club Private" she ignored the word private and went in with an overwhelming desire to learn to fly. She not only obtained a private pilots license in 1929, she also obtained an engineers license the following year. A few months later she made her first solo flight from England to Australia. In order to do this she had to convince people it was possible for a woman, who hadn't been flying long and on a journey that was not proven, this seemed some undertaking. But she got the backing of the oil company Castrol and her father who gave her the financial support to be able to do it. There was not only her lack of experience; this was also unfamiliar territory for her. There would also be many hazards such as bad weather, mechanical problems and so on and on top of all that she was also trying to beat the record of flying solo to Australia in a light aircraft. Although she failed to achieve that record what she did achieve as the first woman to undertake the journey solo was quite an incredible feat. She didn't stop there either. By the end of the year she had also obtained her commercial pilots license. At the beginning of 1931 she attempted to fly solo from England to China but due to bad weather the attempt failed. Then in July she successfully flew from England to Japan and it would be the first flight to take this route. In July 1932 she married the aviator James Mollison and around four months later she completed a record breaking flight from England to South Africa. In July 1933 she and her husband did a transatlantic flight from England to America. It was the first non - stop flight from the two countries. In October 1934 she attempted a flight again with her husband from England to India but engine problems prevented it from being successful. After her record breaking flight flying solo from England to South Africa in May 1936, a dramatic change was about to occur. In 1937 another female pilot Amelia Earhart disappeared while attempting to fly around the world. The shock had such an effect on Amy Johnson that she stopped flying for two years. Her marriage to James Mollison ended in 1939 they had undergone difficulties within their marriage. Her return to flying was not easy having achieved so much from it; she had received a number of awards for what she had accomplished. Because of this nobody really wanted to take her on perhaps because she had done so much and become so well known and admired. Not only did she find fame hard to cope with, people may have rejected her for being famous or used her fame for there own means of making money. That together with the fact that she was also a woman in a mans world made finding employment hard. However she did find that she was able to do good and important work during the Second World War. In 1940 she joined the Air Transport Auxiliary (ATA) this was an organization that was set up so pilots could ferry any aircraft from the factory to the airfields that were operational. It was during one of these ferrying missions that Amy Johnson died. What exactly happened on that fateful day 5th January 1941 remains a mystery. It could have been bad weather, she could have been shot down as it was 1941 and during the war. All that is definite is she died that day and her body was never discovered. Like so many she died serving her country. Amy Johnson had also made the world realize through her determination that women could achieve at certain things as well as men and that women pilots didn't have to occur purely in the rich people's playground. © Children's Web Magazine 2006	1930
In which European country will you find a town called Condom?	Amy Johnson Festival AMY JOHNSON FESTIVAL A Moth for Amy! 2016 is the 75th anniversary of the death of Amy Johnson, Hull’s flying heroine. Born in Hull in 1903, Amy Johnson CBE was one of the most influential and inspirational women of the twentieth century. She was the first woman to fly solo from England to Australia and set a string of other records throughout her career. During the 1920s and 1930s aviation was dominated by the rich and famous and most female pilots were titled women such as Lady Heath, the Duchess of Bedford and Lady Bailey. But Amy was the first woman to gain a ground engineer’s “C” licence and, whilst working as a secretary, she took flying lessons. In 1929 she was awarded her pilot’s licence and just a year later set of solo for Australia! Amy Johnson Festival marked this anniversary and celebrated Amy’s life, achievements and legacy. The "Moth for Amy" sculpture trail lives on beyond the festival as a reminder of Amy, well into 2017.	i don't know
Which is the world’s smallest and oldest republic?	Which country can claim to be the World's oldest democracy? \| Notes and Queries \| guardian.co.uk Which country can claim to be the World's oldest democracy? Russell Campbell, Dunedin, New Zealand Lots of them can. And do. Greece has a pretty good claim having invented the concept in the first place. However, long spells as an Ottoman colony or under military junta might put it out of the running if you're looking for longest continuously democratic country. Britain has a decent claim but it depends what you mean by democracy. As Rowan Atkinson put it in Blackadder: "take Manchester for instance. Population: 60,000. Electoral roll: 3". America frequently claims to be but this is because they define democracy so narrowly and in their own image such that on their criteria they're the worlds only democracy and on any other criteria they still aren't and never have been. Seth, Edinburgh, Scotland Perhaps Iceland can - their parliament, the Althing, is the oldest one still in use. It was formed in 930 by Vikings. Johan van Slooten, Urk, Netherlands The Native American people of the Six Nations, also known by the French term Iroquois and who know themselves as the Hau De-no Sau-nee (People of the Long Houses) claim to be the oldest living participatory democracy. Their homeland, country, nation or however you'd like to classify it as, was in the region now known as New York State, between the Adirondack Mountains and Niagara Falls. The other tribes included in the Six Nations also included the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas, joined in the 18th Century by the Tuscaroras, who did not have a vote. Archeological evidence indicates the Iroquois had lived on their lands for a very long time, with the earliest longhouses dated to at least 1100 A.D. Although there is no precise date for the establishment of the league, The Six Nations claim to have enjoyed a system of consensus government for over 800 years, well established long before the arrival of the Europeans. Founded to maintain peace and resolve disputes between its members, the Six Nations primary law was the Kainerekowa, the 'Great Law of Peace' which stated, simply, that Iroquois should not kill each other. They had a written constitution, laws dealing with ownership and trade routes and a funeral rite that allowed shared mourning at the passing of leaders from other tribes. From 1660, the nations combined to form a united front in negotiations with the European settlers. With the focus on maintaining peace with their neighbours, the Iroquois tribes were free to develop their predominantly agragian society. Their leaders were chosen, by their women, for their knowledge of the earth and their skills at providing for their villages. John Maguire, Dublin, Ireland A great many can claim it. It rather depends what you mean by democracy. The Isle of Man has the oldest Parliament, but it has not always been elected by universal suffrage. Did the UK have to await the extension of the franchise to 18 year olds? Or was it 1929, when women got the vote on the same terms as men - at least for Parliament, only householders voted in local authority elections at the time? Switzerland has an ancient confederation, but governments never get voted out of power, due to the permanent coaltion. The same four parties have been in power since 1959, two of them for over a century. Switzerland, like California, makes great use of direct democracy, at both confederal and cantonal level. But in some cantons women didn't get the vote until the 1970s. Australia and New Zealand were both early to give women the vote, but neither elects their Head of State. Quentin Langley, Woking UK If we mean by that, 'Which country has ensured that all adult citizens regardless of sex, race, or ethnicity, may choose reprentatives to exercise the powers of government longest?', then the answer is New Zealand. Universal adult suffrage was first established there in 1893. Fragano Ledgister, Atlanta, USA Seth, I'm surprised at you. Britain does not have a claim to being the world's oldest democracy, as it has only existed since, at the earliest, 1707. Cameron King-Black, Glasgow, Scotland NZ wasn't the first to have universal suffrage. By 1893, universal suffrage had been established on the Isle of Man for 12 years (1881). Iceland is generally held to be the oldest Parliament, starting in 930. The oldest continuous Parliament is the Tynwald (Isle of Man), which started in 979, although its roots go further back. Laura, Douglas, Isle of Man The Isle of Man has the oldest continuous parliament in the world. The Althing, the Icelandic parliament, is older, but it did not function for a number of years, so it is not the oldest continuous government. Arthur D. Armstrong, Medford, Oregon, USA I'm biased, of course, but the United States has the oldest continuous democracy, dating back to 1776 when the 13 states declared independence and eventually gave the British a mighty whoopin'. Since then, for 231 years, every leader has been elected and there have been no kings, no queens, no military juntas, no conquerors and no dictatorships. End of discussion. Bob, Milford Michigan I might be biased as well Bob from Michigan but you talk rubbish. Britain actually won more battles in the Revolution and when they faced just the US alone it was the US that got a 'whooping'. Your claim that that the US has the oldest democracy frankly does not hold any water as Britain goes back to 1707 so do your Maths. I would say the Isle of Man has a good claim, Don't know if England on it's own has a claim? Glenn, Crowmarsh Gifford UK Bob from Michigan I must comment on some of your statements : 1) The American Colonists hardly gave the British a “mighty whoopin”, but rather it was a joint effort, as are most things. Many countries directly or indirectly affected the outcome of the American Revolutionary War. Most of the gunpowder used by the Continental Army came from France. Direct French support starting in 1788 and before the wars end the Spanish and Dutch were fighting the British as well. Not directly in ally with the Americans, but the combined navy of these countries exceeded that of the British fleet and keep the British busy on many fronts. Catherine the Great of Russia created the League of Armed Neutrality which put further pressure on British resources and allowed supplies to reach the war engaged colonies. Meanwhile, the US Continental Army often took the stand of conducting a war of attrition rather than engagement in open decisive conflicts. Indeed, militarily speaking, Washington had only one real decisive military victory: at Yorktown. The rest were great public relations (e.g. his crossing of the Delaware), but of little military value. Yet the overall strategy won. Yorktown did not end the war, but it and the other ongoing pressures brought the British to the bargaining table. 2) The existing US government was not established in 1776, nor was it even the start of the Revolutionary war, which started in 1775. 1776 was just a year of declaring independence; it did not mean instant government formation. The Constitution, which forms the basis for the modern US government only came into effect, by its own self definition, in 1788 and the government it defined started operations on March 4, 1789, even though Rhode Island did not ratify the document until the next year. Thus we must decrease your accounting to 218 or 219 years of continue government depending on which date you select. 3) From 1861-1865 there were two governments that claimed sovereignty over 11 southern states, and those 11 states had no say in the federal election of 1864, nullifying their presidential democratic contribution in that election. After the Civil War the US congress considered the southern states as conquered provinces and set up marital law during post war reconstruction. Thus only a geographical part of the US can be said to have participated in a continual democracy, without military rule, since 1789. The ruling of Texas vs. White, in 1869, states the Supreme Court's position that the Union was indivisible and indissoluble matters little, as the above mentioned exclusion of democratic contributions can not be undone. Kevin, Los Angeles US Not to mention that the United States is not a democracy, but a republic. A minor point, but one that is constantly mistated. Joe, Marital law in the southern U.S.? Does that mean southern bachelors couldn't vote before 1861? Jamie, Bath, England Has no-one mentioned Iceland? Their parliament, the Althingi, was created in the early 11th century. Dave, Portsmouth UK In 1776, what percent of the world's nations had democratic systems of any kind and no royalty? Switzerland and Iceland qualify...what others were there? Eager for your answers. Having been assaulted by those who like to do as the neighbors do, rather than follow their own conscience, I think it is stunning that the USA didn't follow the crowd and become a kingdom but rather created their own unique "democratic" government. Jacqueline Kroschell, New York, USA Everyone could have saved a lot of typing responding to Bob with these two words: "Gerald Ford". He wasn't elected. He was appointed. Democracy is not my beloved birth-nation's strong suit. Our strength lies in finding just how far we can push the boundaries of Democracy. Turns out it's pretty stretchy. Chad, Austin, TX USA Funny that some claim America have the oldest democracy, even more so since up until the early 60's people of color and women were not eligible to vote Philippe, London UK Technically, black people could vote in 1870, with the ratification of the 15th amendment, and women could vote in 1920, with the ratification of the 19th amendment. It is true that black people were pretty much kept away from the polls until the 60s, but from a strictly historical standpoint they were given the right much earlier. And women could vote earlier than 1920 in some states. Merideth Wilson, Orangeville United States Philippe, you might want to check your facts on that one... David, United States Actually I have heard that Faeroe Islands has the oldest democracy. But they are still under the Danish, so I do not know how that would count and I do not know when they formed their parliament. Gudni, Reykjavik Iceland Finland gave full rights to women to vote in 1906 and they were also good for being candidates in every elections on that date. That's earlier than anywhere else. That can be called oldest democracy by modern means. Remember, we had no slavery, nor was the right only in paper like for black Americans till 1960s. Pekka, Finland Oldest Democracy of the World- Malana Nalla, India Malana is a tribal village, which is considered as the oldest democracy in the world. The permission must be obtained by the head of the villagers to visit the important places in the village and one have to be very careful to not touch the untouched places (sacred places and monuments). In that case the villagers can claim the fine to the person who touched the places intentionally or not. Simran Jagdev, Chandigarh, India If you use Universal Suffrage as your guide, the prize goes to New Zealand. The Faero Islands, Isle of Man and the various Native American democracies are automatically disqualified due to the fact that they're not actually independent countries. Iceland only regained its independence in 1944. Using the looser standard of a democratic or republican form of government regardless of the extent of the franchise, the world's oldest continuous Democracy is The Republic of San Marino, who repulsed their last would-be conqueror in 1739 (unless you count the retreating German Army and pursuing American Army in 1944, which amounted to no more than armed trespassing). The American states didn't win their independence until 1781, and the Swiss cantons had a wildly unpopular and less-than-democratic "Helvetic Republic" imposed upon them by the French Republican armies from 1798 to 1803. Scott Alberts, Philadelphia, USA The USA cannot claim to have been a democracy prior to the abolition of slavery after the civil war. I'm sorry, the two just don't go hand in hand even if some states of the union had abolished slavery before the war. If Australia and New Zealand were early in giving the right to vote to women, but are not functioning democracies because they don't elect their heads of state, then that same situation exists for every member state of the British Commonwealth, including Britain, including the Isle of Man. Either the queens' representative or, in the case of Britain, the Queen is officially head of state and unelected (even if they are just figureheads these days...they cannot really exercise power over elected governments any more). This also applies to any other constitutional monarchies like Sweden, Norway, Denmark, the Netherlands, Spain and Belgium. Monarchs are heads of state but nevertheless unelected. The biggest black mark against Australian democracy has of course been the substandard treatment of Australia's indigenous peoples, also known as the Aboriginals. They were not even counted in the census or given the vote till 1967. The indigenous question remains Australia's greatest failing as a democratic state and it is an issue which cannot be ignored, much as we have swept it under the carpet in the past. Still all democracies have their bete noirs which they prefer to sweep under the carpet. Bete noirs must always be dealt with sooner or later of course. If we leave out the constitutional monarchy factor (probably sensible) then Australia and New Zealand at least gave universal franchise (not counting Aboriginals) before most other democracies. In Australia's case that goes back to well before the American Civil war years when the present day states of Australia considered themselves to be separate colonies of Britain, but had still extended the franchise as already outlined. After the states federated in 1901 then that franchise became national... but it had certainly existed long before the existence of the Commonwealth of Australia. Over the last 30 or so years the word Commonwealth has been unofficially dropped and Australia is just called Australia these days. There have been no interruptions to the continuity or stability of democracy in either Australia or New Zealand since their inception, making them amongst the world's oldest functioning stable democracies, or at least they are considered to be such. Malcolm Chalmers, Sydney, Australia After reading all the competition entries, I declare the winner of the oldest democracy to be...Iceland. (Isle of Man had to be eliminated on a technicality; it's not strictly a "country" as specified in the original question.) I recognise my decision will lead to considerable re-printing expenses in the United States at a time of great financial duress. I'm really sorry. Robert Ashe, Wellington, New Zealand The Faroese have LÃ¸gtingiÃ°, which is the oldest parliament in the world! Respecting the fact, that the Faroes were explored earlier than Iceland and had the same Norse rules, there is not much doubt, that the Faroese ting is older than that of Iceland, which was founded in 930. Leon Absalonsen, Copenhagen, Denmark Scott, the Isle of Man is an independent nation, often wrongly considered part of the UK. It is not and never has been. It has a very good claim to being the world's oldest democracy, with the oldest continuously existing parliament in the world dating from AD 979. Paul Tiere, London, UK A good contender for the earliest parliament, though not necessarily by universal suffrage, was the Tinganes established by the Vikings in the Faero Islands of the north Atlantic which can be dated back to 825AD. Charles Boyle, Perth, Australia Can a country be really considered to be democratic until every citizen, male or female, black or white were given the vote? I know women here in New Zealand were given the vote in 1893 but not sure if that was the first. Nigel Christopher Johnson, Wellington, New Zealand Canada has been a continuous democracy since 1867. Lynne McCarthy, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Having a parliament does not alone make you a democratic institution. Iceland had a king. I think most reasonable people would say if you have a king you can't truly be a democratic institution as most Americans think. They didn't even get true independence from Denmark until 1918. It is LAUGHABLE to think a country is a democracy if it is in FACT controlled by some other country?! That said, if not all citizens are allowed to vote I think the same can be said. Blacks didn't get the right to vote until about 100 years ago, women didn't get the right to vote until 80 years ago. That is a much stronger argument for why America is not the oldest "democracy." Besides, technically the US is classified as a Republic, as is most other "democracies." Nobody on this topic will ever agree because everyone on this topic has a different definition of what a democracy is. I would define a democracy as ALL citizens get to vote for EVERY leadership position including the top position. Vectors Rule, Chapel Hill United States Democracy is a Greek Word. Socrates drank hemlock 400 years before Jesus rather than live elsewhere, and it was a Jury of his Peers that condemned him to death. What, in fact, caused his death was his rejection of his own democratic leadership. John Galt, UK I suspect the oldest democracy may be San Marino. Whilst its constitution was recorded in 1600, the form of government had been established since 301. This predates all the claims, except possibly Mullana (which did not have a date associated). Michael McGann, Cleveland, USA The December 2009 issue of National Geographic Magazine has this quote at p.141: "...the Holy Community - the world's longest continually functioning parliament -..." This in reference to the self-governing peninsula of Mount Athos, off northern Greece. It has been occupied by a community of Christian monks, who eventually built their first large monastery in 963. John Kay, Tacoma, WA, USA You forget one thing all the time: it isn't enough that you have the right to vote - you must also have the right to be a CANDIDATE! These are two different things. Women were allowed to vote in New Zealand in 1893 but they were not eligible until 1919. Also, Icelandic parliament didn't have a real universal suffrage until the 20th century. Finland was the first state to give women the right to be a candidate in 1906 and Finland had the first female members of parliament in the world in 1907. Therefore, Finland was the first country with true universal democracy. Also all the minorities and the landless people had the same rights. At that time Finland was an autonomous part of the Russian Empire and got full independence later, in 1917. In essence, Finland was a monarchy with its own parliament but the Russian tsar as the head of the state. I think you can't call a country democratic if it excludes women, minorities or poor people from elections/eligibility. That is what has happened everywhere in the world until the 20th century. Finland was the first to have universal rights. Jonas, Helsinki, Finland Switzerland is the only true Democracy. Only the citizens or this country can make laws, or resend them. They have had this current Switzerland is the only true Democracy. Only the citizens or this country can make laws, or resend them. They have had this current government since 1322, when they wrote the Arch Bishop of Austria and declared their independence. The have had the same government rules since then, all changes have to be approved by the citizens of this country. There was never a round fired in their succession from the Austrian Empire. The politicians only rule over parliamentary procedure, as in Roberts rule of order. James Lee, Gilbertsville, USA All the above who are stating that everyone in the country needs to vote to be considered a democracy is utterly wrong, you are thinking of a REPUBLIC in which the rights of the individual are supreme. Unfortunately in democracy it is the GROUP elected which has the power, nothing to do with any individuals or who voted for said individuals. Isle of Man is in fact part of the British Empire, as a dependent country(if you don't realize Queen Elizabeth II is the RULER of the Isle of Mann you are an idiot). Iceland is out because it was under Danish rule until mid 1900's. USA would rule supreme as over 230 years old. Steven Stewart, Arizona, USA My immediate answer would have to be Greece, since Socrates actually coined the word, but they certainly don't have the longest running one unless we want to ignore that whole junta thing that went on back in the early 70s. Malana would have to be eliminated since it is a tribal village owing allegiance to India. Also, in Malana, anyone who is not from Malana is untouchable. This would probably indicate that they cannot vote. So, what's the definition of a Democracy? I would put it like this: "Any type of government in which the powers exercised as representative of the people are exercised by officials elected by the citizens." This would eliminate the judiciary branch in most systems since their powers are interpretive, not representative. Using the US as an example, then, officials in the executive and legislative branches are elected by the citizens. Following that train of thought would seem to indicate that representative forms of government which exclude citizens from voting (eg. women's suffrage) would not qualify for the longest-running Democracy. Therefore, I'd have to nominate New Zealand which gave universal suffrage in 1893, pre-dating Finland by about 15 years and the US by about 30. Scott, Austin, Texas, USA People seem to think that just because you have royalty you cannot have parliament. After the British Civil War the royalty never had the same power it used to and even though there is/was a monarch in place it does not mean that you cannot also have a democratic parliament. Once again, Americans getting the facts wrong. Most of what they have in place is based on parts of what other countries had in place. This is not to say that the end product was not different (and very good). Gary Brown, Llanelli, Wales, UK Athens was never a democracy, the greater part of the population, women and slaves, had no vote. Greece has even less claim. It was also part of the Ottoman Empire and post World War II it was a military dictatorship. Robin Wynn, Rodney Bay, St Lucia The Faroe Islands have the oldest parliament in the world, founded in the year 850 or 900 by the Vikings (The LÃ¸gting). GrÃmr Kamban, Funningur, Faroe Islands I just want to clear something up about monarchy. There is a difference between absolute monarchy and constitutional monarchy. An absolute monarchy rules absolutely and undemocratically without recourse to parliament. A constitutional monarchy on the other hand is merely a ceremonial, figurehead. Executive power r rests in the hands of the prime minister and the cabinet. All monarchies in Western Europe and Japan are of this sort and completely demotic. Now, not all rebuilds are democracies. There are many republics around the world which are not democratic and where the individual does not rule supreme. Republics as and of themselves are not necessarily democratic. Just as monarchies are not all undemocratic. Most are democratic n the modern World. The final thing I want to say is that most democracies prior to the late 19th Century were partial or limited democracies only, such as Great Britain and the USA. Both of these countries were slave owning societies to one extent or the other. Slavery was abolished in d the UK in 1807 and in the British colonies as a whole in 1834. America did not finally abolish slavery until 1865 and black men and Native American men the vote until 1870. Both the USA and the UK compete for the claim of first democracy status but I mean, itÂs a funny kind of democracy that is also slave owning society. Antony Mann, London Well there are many arguments which have merit here. In the UK you are not a citizen but a subject, property of the Crown (as is most land), to be disposed of as the Crown sees fit. You may have the right to vote but this is relatively new in that at one time you had to pay for that right and the price was set high so that most commoners could not afford to participate. The Iroquois Confederacy was like most North American societies prior to the annexation or conquest by Europeans, matriarchies. As for the Norse lands, they were slave owning societies so were not fully enfranchised . So we have the odd one out... the Isle of Man... always independent of the British Crown even though in the British seas. Martin Topple, San Lorenzo, USA Clearly the only true democracy is Saudi Arabia. Fariq Al Sahim, Riyadh, Saudia Arabia In the UK we no longer think of ourselves as subjects of the Crown but citizens. In the British passport it clearly states that we are British Citizens not subjects of the Crown. This has been the case for many decades and anyway was only ever nominal, unless you go right back to Early Modern times. We are citizens with rights enshrined in law that goes back to the Middle Ages, e.g. the Act of Habeas Corpus. To say that UK citizens are the property of the Crown is ludicrous and naive. It is not true that people have had to pay to vote, at least not in the Modern Era. However, there were property qualifications that excluded a large section of society from the franchise. These property qualifications were abolished in the Mid-Nineteenth century. Property qualifications were also abolished in the US at a similar time but Native Americans did not get the vote until as late as 1924. In response to MartinÂs peculiar view of British land ownership and property rights, in fact most land is held in freehold by individuals or corporations, as in the U.S. Crown Land is in actuality held and administered by the Government. It is Crown Land in name only. The Monarch herself owns some private land. Antony Mann, London, UK I have heard some drivel in my time but this is ridiculous. The Isle of Man has the OLDEST CONTINUOUS PARLIaMENT in the world, Tynwald. This is a parliament that has been renewed every time by the Lord of Man; the Lord of Man may change but the parliament stays the same. For any Americans that's like when you get a new president. As for Iceland it was not functioning for several years making it restart from after the period of outage in the 1800s. The king or Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland happens to be the Current Lord of Man. The Island is an independent nation with its own currency and language. Australia still has a monarch; does that make it part of the British Empire, answer to some retarded ill thought comments. What's really funny is that the question posed was 'Which country can claim to be the World's oldest democracy?' No mention of continuous or interruption, just oldest. We can take from that many ideas, some examples being the time it was started (Greeks) the total of years operating as a democracy (don't know) or the type, total democracy (Switzerland) or limited democracy (Russia) so I would say the question is still un-answered. One point for the Isle of Man people, parliament does not mean democracy. For everyone else democracy is a system whereby everyone has equal access to power and to make decisions about the future of oneself and the place they live in. My money is on Switzerland, where this has been possible for everyone for quite some time. Sven Debnam, Morecambe, Lancashire, UK Sorry, Joe.... although the US was established as a Republic, where the States Independence had precedence over any Federal laws, the Republic has been turned into a Top-Down democracy where even our inalienable rights no longer take precedence. The problem became even more compounded and utterly ironic when "Republicans" like Ronald Reagan started forcing laws like 21-year-old drinking age on the States by withholding Federal Interstate Highway funds about 25 years ago. Now they do it any time they don't like a State Law and can't get it labeled "Unconstitutional" by the Supreme Court. The US is no longer a Republic... not by a long shot! J.R., Milwaukee, US I would not go as far as to say that Sven is talking complete drivel but the idea of the Isle of Man as the WorldÂs oldest democracy is questionable. For two reasons: 1. Until the 19th Century, the Isle of Man was a man only democracy (It seems that the Isle of Man was just about as slow as anyone else as giving the whole population the vote. ) and 2. The island is not a sovereign country, it is a dependent territory. It is part of the United Kingdom. For me a true democracy has to enfranchise women. My money is on New Zealand, which gave women the vote in 1893. Sharon Cox, Sandhurst, UK I am not claiming that Prophet Mohammed was the first to create a consultancy government. However Koran did insist that Islamic ruling should depend on consultancy between all heads of tribes. Unfortunately this has since changed and those claim to be an Islamic countries do not apply Islamic values. Nooruddin Ebrahim, Hidd, Bahrain I don't think the United States is or ever has been a democracy. Unless you're filthy rich you can not be a candidate! Christo, Johannesburg, South Africa The United States can't even be called a democracy because if it were Al Gore would have been president for winning the popular vote. K. Weston, Detroit Michigan United States I just heard President Obama address the Indian Parliament. He said "Greetings to the World's largest democracy from the World's oldest democracy." I guess that settles it. Unless, of course, you think Mr. Obama is full of excrement. Colleen, Everywhere USA How Barack Obama can claim that America is the world's oldest democracy is beyond me. Only ten years ago George Bush was voted into power on a minority vote. Al Gore achieved more votes than George Bush in the 2000 election. Indeed in the state of Florida spoiled votes were not recounted and in the end George Bush was voted into power by the courts rather than the people, and that only happened because the republican judges, who were in the majority in that court, voted in a party partial way. That my friends in America is not democracy so stop telling the world that you are the world's oldest democracy. Les Rutledge Leslie Rutledge, Pembroke Wales In listening to President Obama speak in the Indian Parliament, it was interesting when he said India was the largest Democracy in the world, there was thunderous applause in the chamber; however, in the next breath, when he stated the US is the oldest Democracy in the world, there was deafening silence. Sometimes, silence speaks louder than words. All I would say is this type of comment makes as much sense to me as saying President Obama is the 'leader of the free world.' I would venture to guess, there would be less than 100% agreement on that particular statement, as well. A proud Canadian Frank Lavandier, Summerside Canada There never has been - and probably never will be - any true 'democracy' in the strictest sense of the word. That said, the word 'democracy' is usually only ever used to represent a constitutional republic (as opposed to a monarchy or some other form of governance). So, the question is actually what is the oldest nation to have always had a constitution and democratically-elected officials. Stephen, Chapel Hill USA As much as I like Barack Obama, I was appalled to hear him say in a speech to the Indian parliament that the USA was the world's oldest democracy. His speechwriters have gotten this one wrong. It is typical of the attitude that the "USA is the best country in the World' statement I hear over and over again....or "America is a shining beacon to the rest of the world." Yes, the US has the world's largest economy, and perhaps the World's most powerful military (let's hope we never have to find out), but Americans have heard this mantra since birth and most of them believe it. That's why there's so much anger in the US electorate. They're hurting economically, the standard of living is going down, and someone has to be blamed. Wake up--You are at fault. Other countries have good ideas. Just because it's not the way you do things doesn't mean universal health care is communist, or a better safety net is socialist. You don't have the oldest democracy. Blacks were slaves for much of your history and their vote was actively repressed until the 60's and more subtly repressed in Florida for the election of the disaster of Bush's. Unless you admit to yourselves that you are not the ultimate in all things you will never be able to compete in this changing world, secure in the knowledge that you are the best. Frank Edgley, Windsor Canada Vaishali or Vesali (Pali) or Vaishali republic,the capital city of the Licchavi in eastern Indian province of bihar has the rare distinction of being the seat of first democratic government of the world as early as in the 6th century bc B.C its adjecent city patliputra,present day patna was the world's largest city, with a population of 150,000-300,000. visit: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishali_%28ancient_city%29 gaurav, bodh gaya india I have to agree with the guy from South Africa. When they break up the two party dictatorship that rules the United States and actually let people have more options, then we can finally become a democracy. Right now our whole election system is a sham. The best part - votes by the people in the U.S.A really do not matter. What matters is how the electoral college votes. If they so choose they could elect the loser to be president even though they promised to vote for a certain candidate. In other words, in November the people may have elected one candidate, the electoral college may choose to elect another. And the electoral college's choice will be the next president. Wish they would have done that back in 2000 and overrode Bush's win, We could have avoided a costly war in Iraq. Josh, Alma, Michigan, USA I am sure the first and longest running democracy has to be the city of Athens. Democracy and Republic are very specific. A democracy is a government in which the power is vested in ALL the people. Athens randomly voted people to run the city every 4 years. That means ANYONE could have been voted to run the government. What I find hilarious though more then anything is after 234 years it's amazing how pissy the Brits still are about losing the American Revolution. We did beat you in several major and important battles before the French would even touch the US. One of the angry UKer's oh wait, I mean English responders since you certainly aren't a kingdom anymore should re-read your history books if you think Washington's only victory was Yorktown. It was the combination of victories at Trenton, Saratoga, and Nathanael Greene's victories in the south that beat the British. The French only started supplying the US after we walloped you at Saratoga. The British officers were too busy trying to screw their subordinates wives then fight. The French did help immensely but to act like the US wasn't giving you guys a good fight makes you sound like a bunch of angry idiotic school children. It's pathetic. The US isn't perfect by any means but beating the biggest superpower of that time and maintaining the same government for 234 years is not a bad stretch. Also the help America gave you and Europe in WWII is so quickly forgotten, I just don't get it where all the bitterness comes from but that's a whole other story. Bitter, bitter, bitter. Dave Piccolo, Danbury,CT USA The claim that many people are making about the United States not being a democracy at all is absurd, come live here and you'll see that it's much nicer from the inside than it is from the outside. I live in a city of about 600,000 people and I personally know two members of city council (one of them is my History teacher's brother), have met both of our senators and live blocks away from the ex-governor. None of these people are rich tycoons, none of these people are in any way evil; they all work towards serving freedom and serving the ideals that the United States have put forward as a democracy. I think that when a 14 year old kid can have all these connections to his government and his politics, democracy is working pretty damn well! -Griffin Griffin, Portland The United States of America Oh Dave, you say it's "hilarious" how "pissy" Brits get when it is suggested that the US did at all well in their revolution, and then you go on to puff and preen about what a big achievement it really was, and can't everyone acknowledge how well you all did against such a big mean super power. I can only imagine how much in awe of Afghanistan you must be, as they've pretty much fought off TWO superpowers (USSR & USA), and managed both within the past half century rather than more than two and a half centuries ago... And, indeed, that they managed it without having many of the decisive battles lead by a foreign general, with half foreign troops, and their enemy cut off from resupply by a foreign naval blockade, and distracted by other wars elsewhere in the world. Now that is a REAL achievement. But the USA did pretty well too, so good on you. I'll put a lovely ribbon in the mail for you. Oh, and thanks for saving everyone in world war two. I'm not sure why Americans always want thanking for this, but it was very nice of you to only sit and watch fascism spread over the world for three years before jumping in. I have every confidence that without your involvement Hitler would have won, and then would have stopped, and in no way tried to attack the USA form a position of strength. He was a very good little boy about that sort of thing. So cheers for being a pal there. Alex, Canada It was Lichhavi Dystany which was existing 400 to 750 years before Budha and Wikipedia says:Licchavi (also Lichchhavi, Lichavi) was an ancient kingdom in Nepal, which existed in the Kathmandu Valley from approximately 400 to 750. Centuries earlier, at the start of the Buddhist era a powerful republic known as Licchavi existed in what is today Bihar. There is no conclusive evidence of any ethnic or historic links between the two states. The language of Licchavi inscriptions is Sanskrit, and the particular script used is closely related to official Gupta scripts, suggesting that India was a significant cultural influence. This was likely through Mithila - the northern part of modern Bihar, India. The term 'Licchavi' term probably derives from Rikshavi possibly Sanskritized to Rkshvavati. Riksha or Rksha in Sanskrit means Star. A table of the evolution of certain Gupta characters used in Licchavi inscriptions prepared by Gautamavajra Vajrācārya can be found online. In that period there is no official record about US,UK or any other Western civilization. Alok K. Jha, Patna, India Well what about the 5000 year old government of Ancient Egypt??? Maxemilion, UK I think Dave Piccolo from CT is paranoid. We Brits do not exactly spend much of our time thinking about the American Revolution and there canÂt be many of us who are still sore about losing a war that took place over two hundred years ago. For most British people the American Revolution wouldnÂt even be on their radar but, obviously Dave in his vivid imagination envisions a British nation still seething at the loss of its American Colonies. Doubtless, to Americans the revolution is still important but to us British itÂs a side issue to the main story of European history. IÂm a history graduate and on our course we did not even touch on American history. Tony Mann, London, UK All utterly wrong. One of the first and obviously the longest lasting democratic government of any breed existed in San Marino circa 301 AD. Now the fun part. 1. Britain endured an oligarchic parliamentary government for most of it's "democratic" history. No modern democracy existed until 1918 in the Representation of the People Act in 1918, women only found themselves represented in reality in 1928 and the current equal suffrage at 18 system did not appear until 1969. Britain's Parliamentary phase preceded America's existence as an entity, but it would also be classified as an indirect democracy. While parliamentary sovereignty was a major facet of the political sphere one also cannot deny early royal influence. 2. Iceland, respectably well-aged in it's practices endured a Tribal Council; holding some benefits but hardly enjoying anything resembling a real democracy. As an elite council however it had an early life, but was stifled for years by Monarchical rule. There was no clear line from 930 to today of anything consistent. 3. America, founded in 1776 held a base and rudimentary form of democracy. Only in the Jackson era and early 20th century reform era was the franchise actually expanded, but the nation still existed as a democratic entity with all organs of government stemming from a free electorate, well maintained by an active press and civil society. 4. The Isle of Man enjoyed an old Parliamentary system but is a dependency of the British Crown. The Queen has little influence on theirs or English affair, but since the Manx do not participate in English governance they lack total dominion over their own affairs. 5. The People of the Longhouse; there's an interesting situation. Councils of Female Elders did at a point select male leaders in one portion of their history. However applying logic used against western democracies that refused suffrage to women, men had little say in governance at this point. After a brief spell in this period the reverse arose with militaristic warriors and warlords seizing the reins of governance with no representation or accountability whatsoever. The massive portion of the population that was assimilated and forced to live among them also lacked representation. 6. Switzerland holds a respected but unbreakable coalition government and representation for women occurred startlingly late in its history. 7. India, no. Simply no. Arguments that it is the world's oldest, or longest reigning democracy are founded upon the most biased, ignorant and nationalistic stance. India hardly even existed throughout history and when it did it endured authoritarian empires. 8. In 1775 we saw the birth of the Corsican republic, pre-dating the United States. Democratic institutions were later crushed by French forces, but there are arguments to be made. Nowadays it participates in French governance and therefore is represented in all facets of it's affairs, if not as an independent entity. Rourke Carlyle, Brentwood, US Griffin, as an English ex-patriot living for the past twelve years in the USA, I can assure you that the reality is far uglier than the glossy image. A democracy perhaps, but a very, very poor one. The entire electoral and administrative system is controlled either indirectly or, increasingly, directly by large corporations. Colin Lewis, Maine, USA To get an agreeable answer you should find a common definition for democracy first. But keep on posting, it's quite entertaining. Peter, Hamburg, Germany Catalonia, now an autonomous region of Spain, has one of the oldest democratic parliaments in the world and the oldest that has lasted until today. Parliament was born 1283 and its first president was named the 1359. Despite its suppression during times of absolute monarchy and dictatorship, the Parliament continues today, having passed and 129 presidents. Xavi , Barcelona, Catalonia (Spain) The U.S. is one of, if not the oldest government in continuous existence. Other contenders that I have heard make this claim or have had this claim made on their behalf include Australia, Canada, Catalonia, Iceland, Isle of Man, New Zealand, San Marino, and UK. The Commonwealth of Australia was formed on January 1, 1901 when the six Australian colonies formed a single federation. Canada celebrates its independence in 1867 when four of the provinces came together to form a union. Catalonia is an ÂautonomousÂ region within Spain, but still subject to Spanish authority. Iceland was actually under the rule of Denmark until 1918, and under German rule during WWII. Isle of Man is a self-governing British Crown Dependency. It is not a country. New Zealand became self-governing in 1852, after having been a colony of the British Empire. While it had the same constitution in continuous existence from 1600, San Marino was under the control of the Fascist Party from 1923 to 1943. The current democratic system of government in the UK began with the Reform Bill of 1832. On July 4, 1776, the American colonies issued the Declaration of Independence, which proclaimed their right to self-determination and their establishment of a cooperative union. They defeated the British Empire in the American Revolution, the first successful colonial war of independence, and the current United States Constitution was adopted on September 17, 1787; its ratification the following year made the states part of a single republic. It is also the oldest democracy in continuous existence. While some have questioned whether or not it is a true democracy, and whether it could be considered a democracy when it allowed slavery and women did not have the vote, no democracy is a true democracy. Most of the countries we call democracies are actually republican democracies, in which the electorate elect representatives to represent them in carrying out the responsibilities of government. They retain control, however, through a combination of periodic elections, term limits, and the right to recall. And no nation has universal suffrage. Most nations allowed slavery into the 1800s, many still tolerate it today, and many even allow certain forms of it legally. Most nations did not allow women to vote until the Twentieth Century. Almost none allow children, felons, the mentally incompetent, and non-citizens to vote. George Denise, Saratoga USA The US is the oldest. Well I do not perceive UK as a democratic country because queen still has got the legal right to sign the prime minister and lead the army !! seriously 9 out of 10 human being out there in the world have no idea where the hell is Isle of the man!!?? Shahab , Iran Iran San Marino is the oldest republic in the world and their constitution was written in 3rd century. It has also never been conquered so I think it is the oldest democracy. Jakob, Ljubljana Slovenia The first problem in this debate is that no uniform definition of a Democracy exists. However, numerous historical examples exist which reflect aspects of modern democratic governments, including ancient Athens, Iceland, the Iroquois, and so forth. In many cases these models emerge as these societies evolved from tribal governments, and those that survived often did so because they were sufficiently isolated from the political currents that led to increasingly large and powerful nation-states headed by absolute monarchs backed by aristocracies and clergy. No rule is absolute, but this does tend to hold up in most cases. Britain began evolving toward what we might call democracy during the early modern era, and many of those developments were paralleled in their young colonies in the Americas. Although America did manage to break from Britain both nations continued to develop stronger democratic traditions in spite of their differing labels (Constitution or Monarchy aside). Both nations gradually enfranchised more and more voters right through to the twentieth century. It can be said that modern Democracy developed in the English speaking world, but not in just one nation. America and Britain certainly share kudos for the fact though. Aaron, Vermont United States The US is not a Democracy! It is an Aristocratic Oligarchy. Bryce, Narberth, PA USA The text book definition of democracy varies from text to text. deÂ·mocÂ·raÂ·cy- government by the people; a form of government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised directly by them or by their elected agents under a free electoral system. (dictionary.com) the concept of democracy is implausible, as there always has been and always will be those who take advantage, lie, and cheat. a classic example would be the Watergate scandal during the Reagan era http://www.watergate.info/ another great example is the assassination of Julius Caesar http://www.vroma.org/~bmcmanus/caesar.html and my final example is in reference to Adolf Hitler http://www.fff.org/freedom/fd0403a.asp and his rise to power over the German people. Gage Witt, Fremont, Ohio united states The US is not a democracy at all, it is a "republic" and anyone who buys into the Orwellian hogwash, whether they be a US citizen or not, quickly appear to be ignorant of the US's true governmental structure. I am shocked to see how many take jabs at the US for no apparent reason. The more I see these nasty, misguided, and wholly ignorant anti-US comments, the more I think "you people" are just projecting a vague dislike onto us. Very juvenile. Ross, Long Island, NY US The issue of democracy is not as clear as everyone states. We in America get to chose our leaders based on a small selection of rich politicians who have basically bought their right to run for president. The whole system is corrupt and has been since God told us that we would be under oppression with a King( or universal governing body). There is only one King and he is the King of all Nations. We would be best served to take the advise of the Bible, take care of yourself, your neighbors, love your God, and mind your own business. Everything else causes strife in the world. End of story. David Hicks, Snyder, Tx United States Some might say Australia is still on a path to independence as we are still technically ruled by the British monarchy, even though that monarchy does not have any right to interfere with Australian laws. Gary Collett, Brisbane Australia @Bob.....America was founded as a Constitutional REPUBLIC, not a "democracy"! You have done NO research at all it seems !!! Buck, America Canada is the oldest continuous democratic federation in the world. Rufus Jones, Winnipeg Canada Whether its Iceland or Finland the most important mark of the longest democracy is 'That every citizen can vote and apply as a candidate for any position, prime minister or president." This precludes all constitutional monarchies as candidates for the world's longest democracies. Noel Obrien, Sydney Australia The Tynwald on the Isle of Man has been in existence since 979 and is still going strong. George, London UK Patriarchate of Aquileia in Friuli (italy) had a parliament since 1231, and lasted since the arrival of Napoleon (1805). The participants of the session were nobles, clergy and even the representations of the municipalities. In addition there was an organism called "Contadinanza" (literally Farmance) that represented the farmers of Friuli Fabio, Udine Friulian To answer the question, you first have to define what you mean by "democracy". I'd suggest it means that those who exercise real legislative or executive power are elected by, and accountable to, the general citizenry. Having a figurehead head of state (whether hereditary or appointed) does not matter if they exercise no real power. If you accept that democracy means political offices with real power are elected and accountable, then the following candidates advocated by other contributors are definitely out of the running for the oldest democracy: - UK: One legislative chamber is, to this day, not elected. The House of Lords consists mainly of people appointed for life, with some hereditary peers. Although the Lords is not as powerful as the Commons, it does still exercise legislative power. So scratch the UK. - Canada: One legislative chamber is appointed, not elected. The Canadian Senate exercises actual legislative power but is not elected by, or directly accountable to, the citizenry. - US: Until the 17th amendment took effect in 1913, the US Constitution provided that US senators were appointed by State legislatures, not directly elected by voters. As Senators serve six year terms, it wasn't until January 1919 that citizen-elected Senators completely replaced State-appointed Senators. And as late as 1860, at least one State (South Carolina) did not give its citizens any direct say in the election of the US President; the State's legislature appointed members of the State's electoral college to cast the State's votes for the presidency. In contrast, many comparable large democracies have directly elected all political office-holders since the establishment of their current constitutions. Examples include India, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, France and Germany. Of these, I think only Australia (1901) and New Zealand (1906) (and possibly France) have had completely democratic (i.e. fully elected) governance longer than the US. Some Australian States had direct election by citizens of all political office-holders even earlier; for example Victoria from 1856. But none of these come close to the Isle of Man or Iceland, which seem to get the prize. Mark Miller, Melbourne Australia The United States is neither a true democracy or a true republic. The electorial college, for which I see no reason, has the power to elect the president over the majority vote of the people. Which they have done. Big corporations and government entities such as DOE and TVA have no accountability. The EPA supposedly oversees that the environment is not overly harmed but they are also a government entity. Big money wins over environmentalism. The US does not provide health care or secondary education to its citizens. While claiming equality, the rich get richer and the poor get poorer. Presidential candidates are always very wealthy. The US also likes to ignore the fact that it was founded on the genocide and annihilation of one race ( The Native Americans )and the enslavement of another (Africans). Tammy Lyle, South of the River USA Earth to Tony Mann, you stated "I'm a history graduate and on our course we did not touch on American History." What a simple course. You do not qualify as a WORLD history graduate, I'm so sorry old chap. William Lorigan Brady, Niagara falls, NY USA I almost gave in to the temptation to be a smartass 'who cares...all that matters is who is standing in the end' kind of thing. But it is really intriguing when you think that after all this time we still do not have a clear determination of what constitutes a democracy. Robert C Potter, Sebastian United States The early African Kingdoms date 500 B.C before the writings of the classical Greek scholar Herodotus. The Akamba tribe of East Africa were organised into many clans for the purpose of governing. Their governmental system was very strong because elders were elected to the office of leadership by the virtue of their character,integrity and honesty. Their government is best described as government by agreement. They had no written language and had no books to keep their records, except by the word of mouth. Akamba established rules and regulations to run their daily tribal affairs. In time of war against other tribes they elected a war chief-----a man of physical discipline, outstanding oratorical ability and one who was willing to be accepted as a war chief. The elders were also the judges of the tribe, and their government was ruled by a consensus. No elder or any other speaker was allowed to speak or address the council with a forceful tone of anger that would only weaken his point. Solomon Kimuyu, Muumandu Kenya I saw a lot of letters from American preening and being..well loud mouthed americans about their 'whooping' Britain. All I can say is that the British treated the people in their colonies and in their own country with equality. The British were certainly far more cultured, advanced in treating people from other cultures and race than the Americans. Blacks in USA led a nightmarish life well upto the middle of the 20th Century. As for the Red Indians whose land was looted with impunity, the less said the better for American 'democracy'. Isa Mani, Chennai, India While the Isle of Man certainly has the oldest continuous parliament in the world, nobody can really claim that it was democratic for most of its history. Until the 19th century its members were appointed. The longevity of Tynwald is a red herring in this debate. The island's real claim to being the oldest democracy comes from giving women the vote earlier than any other country. Manxmen AND WOMEN had the vote from 1881, well ahead of the United Kingdom, United States and two years before New Zealand. On the basis that a country that denies the right to vote to citizens/subjects on grounds of gender or race is not really a democracy, the Isle of Man (and Woman) wins. Roger Spencer, Onchan Isle of Man Forgot to say: prisoners also get the vote in the Isle of Man, unlike those in the United Kingdom. How is that for democracy and human rights, Guardian fans? Roger Spencer, Onchan Isle of Man So sorry to have offended William from Niagara Falls, NY, but my postings were in response to the arrogant posting of Bob from Michigan. ItÂs been some months since I posted those messages and I am not as angry as I was. Some of what I wrote was not my considered opinion. Again, apologies old chap (Not that Âold chap is a phrase I would normally use.) Tony Mann, London, UK All this wind overlooks the many limitations on the franchise in the U.S. In some places, you'll need a prescribed photo of yourself in order to vote this year. In others, a picture of Benjamin Franklin on a $100 bill is just as good. In most places, a convicted felon is not allowed to vote, and nearly everywhere we allow or even encourage absolute idiots to exercise the franchise. Don Bliss, Seattle, Wasington U.S. It appears that there is no correct way to define a democracy. According to what I have read above. No matter. The U.S. is a Republic, pure and simple. I hope it stays that way. The people in power would like to think it was a democracy. Why? I don't know. We do not have a majority vote in elections, and read section 14, article 14 of the constitution. AND-- I haven't heard anyone pledge allegiance to the flag , and to the democracy it stands for. And I never sang the Battle Hymn of the democracy. I fought for my Republic in World War 2 and I hope it stays that way. Have a good day. Ronald Green, Elmira, New York, U.S.A. Jeremy, you are 100% wrong on pretty much everything. The Crusades were quite successful in stopping the advance of the Muslim hordes and even managed to hold the fort in the middle of enemy territory for quite a long time, without supplies or reinforcements. The Muslims were always and still are criminal barbarians who never achieved anything themselves. All the alleged "thinkers" of Islam are either Jewish, European, Persian, Indian or Berber and only just after Islam was imposed on them, i.e. while they still were connected with their former, non-Muslim culture. As soon as they had been living under Islam for 2 or 3 generations, all intelligence, innovation and decency was driven out. When people claim that Muslims were allegedly "in advance", Europe build gigantic cathedrals that took centuries to build, yet that were completely planned out from the beginning. e.g. the Cathedral of Lausanne was built starting in the 11th century. Musulims never built anything even remotely comparable. All the wealth of Islam was due to THEFT. They created nothing. Pesants and workers were looked down on by Mohammed, who was a trader himself and who knew nothing else. He never even stopped to think about the fact that any good he traded had to be created first. The decline of the Musllim power had to come as an absolute necessity as soon as they could not win any further battles. Stefan Metzeler, Lausanne, Switzerland With the exception of women's suffrage, the USA is, without question, the oldest continual sovereign democratic republic on earth, dating to the ratification and enactment of the current US constitution in 1789. Marc Haakenson, Raleigh USA With the exception of womenÂs suffrage, the suffrage of indigenous people and the suffrage of black people, the USA would have been the oldest continual sovereign democratic republic on earth, if it were not for the fact that until 1865, the USA was also a slave-owning society. Slave-owning is just about as profoundly UN-democratic as it gets. Modern, democratic America began in 1865; at least thatÂs my opinion Tony Mann, London, United Kingdom Oldest democracy ? An interesting question but not really of much moment. A better question is : what country currently has the best values and ideals and endeavors to live by the simple creed espoused by Google: Do no harm. By this I mean that the government of the candidate country should care for ALL its citizens (using some meaningful definition of equality........there are many definitions ) and, just as importantly, should do no harm to the citizens of other countries. Obviously some countries geopolitical stature is very prominent and they stride the world stage in a "loud" manner. Metaphorically , if we liken the world to the proverbial "school yard" and the world's countries to kids on the school yard, then who are the well behaved kids? Who are the school bullies? Who are the prefects ? Who is the Dux of the school? In an imperfect world these are important questions for all of us. Which country is an exemplar of good behavior ? Peter Zimmermann, Sydney, Australia Switzerland Charles Gill ,D.Sc., Gambier,Ohio USA Er, the "American Revolution" wasn't called that at the start. Thomas Jefferson himself referred to it as a Civil War, and considered himself a British Citizen, part of the group of British Americans going to war with their British cousins over a lack of political representation (fair enough, can't blame them for wanting to be part of a Democracy) If it had been the native American Indians trying to kick out the Colonial Oppressors we could talk about giving "them" a whooping, but actually it was British Citizens fighting British Citizens... with help on both sides from mercenaries. Anyway, despite the Second Civil War in the 1860s, the ex-slaves didn't get to vote or be treated as full citizens until the 1960s, so the US can't be the oldest Democracy. The UK is not even now a full Democracy because of the unelected House of Lords (though the system works well despite that). Can any Country accepting laws written by unelected EU Officials currently be considered truly Democratic? I have lived in the US, UK and EU, and enjoyed and respected all. However, the country in which I now live, Switzerland, feels more Democratic than any of them, and the people trust themselves to make decisions by voting, rather than voting every few years to elect someone to take decisions for them. Yes women only got the vote in the last of 26 Cantons in the 1970s, but before that it was considered that men voted on behalf of their family's views, including their children's, not their personal views. Not ideal of course, but who is to say that the current cutoff at 18 in most countries is correct? They also make sure their children are educated well enough to make an informed voting decision, and to take their responsibility seriously, unlike in some other countries. The Swiss also allow non-citizens to vote in local elections after five years residence (unlike the Ancient Greeks and Romans...). Democracy isn't the perfect system, but it's the least bad one we have, rather like Capitalism... David J.P.Pierce Jones, Geneva, Switzerland In the school yard of the world, the USA has been the teacher, keeping the peace on the playground from the bullies. Are we the best behaved and the best liked? No. Teachers have to maintain order and exact penalties of one kind or another. Who likes that? Who cares when it's power and respect that's required, not niceness. Jim Russell, San Diego, USA The Greeks had slaves, ergo no democracy. The Haudenosaunee (iroquois) women participated in the only true democracy on the planet hundreds of years before any other people considered women more than chattel. Ladies of the court were made available to the king in England. The Matriarchal system of the Haudenosaunee so scared the church and state that they rounded up aboriginal children and slaughtered them in residential schools up until the 70's in Canada. Gene Jonathan, Ohsweken, Canada Generally speaking i would say the USA for the simple reason that in 1920 all citizens (including women) could vote where as the same only applies to Britain after 1928, so my personal view is that the USA is the worlds first modern democracy Les, Newcastle upon Tyne England I have read many of the entries above and can not believe that anybody can even consider a country democratic without universal suffrage - isn't that the point of democracy? So the US is OUT! The US did not give women the vote until 1920 and Native Americans were not given citizenship until 1924. Australia is really out as they did not give the vote to Aborigines till 1967 - so Australia is a pretty new democracy. Somebody even entered Switzerland (!) but they have only been democratic for 41 years having only granted women suffrage in 1971. I believe that New Zealand is the longest standing democracy, having granted women the vote in 1893. However, I take the point that some people have made that a parliamentary constitutional monarchy is not a true democracy. However, if one goes by the Polity IV scale, the wildly used to measure democracy, or the Democracy Index, then constitutional monarchies such as New Zealand, Australia, Canada and Scandinavian countries come out on top as being the most democratic in the world. I would also like to posit that democracies that have a first past the post system are not as democratic as those with systems of proportional representation like say, Mixed Member Proportional representation (MMP). While New Zealand used to have FPP, MMP has been in place for nearly 20 years. I think this helps the case that New Zealand is the oldest democracy. Can people please refrain from entering countries that did not have universal suffrage before 1893 - it's pointless and well, somewhat insulting. Jill, Auckland, New Zealand I agree with Jill, the first democracy based on Universal Adult Suffrage was New Zealand in 1893. However, New Zealand did not become an independent sovereign state until 1901 at the earliest when it achieved Dominion status. I disagree over the issue of constitutional monarchy, since such a monarchy is ceremonial and does not interfere into the workings of the executive or government. Therefore in all practical senses a constitutional monarchy is as democratic as any republic. There are plenty of republics around the World which are not even vaguely democratic. The first ÂdemocracyÂ based on Universal Male Suffrage is much more difficult to pin down. With the exception of indigenous people, the U.S. achieved Universal Male Suffrage in 1870. However, to a large extent this was on paper only. Black people were openly discouraged from voting in many Southern states until the 1960s. ItÂs a complex issue, for example the Soviet Union achieved Universal Adult Suffrage in 1918 but no one would want to call the USSR a democracy of any real sort. So maybe democracy is more than just UAS. Perhaps itÂs UAS plus free speech. Antony, London UK Repeat: Isle of Man women's suffrage 1881. Earlier than New Zealand. Also, prisoners can vote in Manx elections. Roger Spencer, Onchan Isle of Man No one has definitively answered this question. Just like most documents, it is how a person interprets the word democracy. Heck, we cannot even agree on one interpretation of the Bible. Good luck - like most governments y'all will agree to disagree. Jeff B, Anywhere, Texas USA I'm still confused. Edward, Athen Singapore I think if you want to answer that you need a definite definition of democracy. You also need to specify if you mean an entire country as a whole or any one province, state, region, town, kingdom, city, etc. of a country. If you mean any one part than Greece in the city of Athens. If you mean an entire country than like I said, "you need a definite definition of democracy." So basically we can almost all CLAIM to be the world's oldest democracy and we can argue about it all we want, but I don't think we'll come to an accurate and definite decision we all agree on. Hope this helps! Leah, Middleton MA USA How people can say the United States is the longest democracy is beyond me considering there treatment of both native and blacks. Blacks for example, after the War of Independence in America they called themselves the land of the free however Blacks in law were not allowed to vote and have the rights that white Americans did until the Civil war. Even then it wasn't until Johnson that they could actually vote in the south as after the civil war states in the south pass black laws called the Jim Crow laws restricting black rights. kieran, Liverpool United Kingdom AMERICANS have you Heard of the "Iroquois Confederacy" ? Look it up, Benjamin Franklin not only visited the Iroquois (Native American Tribe) He formed the american constitution based on how the Natives were Governing themselves. Sam, Ontario Canada I find this discussion fascinating, the way that it slows after Jill's intelligent input. Till her words, I read in disbelief the endless waring for the claim to "world's oldest democracy" whilst noting the lack of feminine input. We have perhaps come a long way but we still have so far to go. heather mann, france There is no exact answer. So I'm seeing on these answers that if females and minorities could not vote that it doesn't count as democracy ? That's an individual opinion. The laws change all the time an loop holes are made. It's a democracy with a chaser of republic added in the system. Current operating systems in power is China USA and UK as far as Economy management. The passed longest power were more than Likley India, Egypt and sum young dynasty. There is still many many question we don't know. Like we're do we come from? Monkeys? Read the bible an make a true choice an last as long as you can here on earth. Chris, Oakley USA Simplest way to put the US argument to bed? George Bush 2000. Oliver, London UK First of all I would like to clarify to someone who said a lot of bad things about Muslims being barbarians. Well tell you what can you blame Washington for all the slave troubles that America had and call him a human rights violater of the worst kind by creating a country that supports slavery. Can you blame King John for all those barbaric acts which gave birth to magna Carta or award him for enacting that? Can you blame the Christian clergy for starting the crusadeses? Just like that you cannot blame Muhammad for the atrocities commuted after his death. His is the system that was perfect that brought peace and prosperity to the deserts of Arabia were savages lived before him. As far as his character goes well pick up a Damn book and read the history first then you can say all you want. I completely agree that a lot of atrocities have been committed in the name of Islam and Muslims both in the distant past and the recent past something of which the true Muslims are highly ashamed but you cannot blame the true Muslims of the early 500s for it. As for the debate on democracy goes well I would put it on the day hazrat Abu bakr stood in the Centre of Madina after having chosen by the companions of the holy prophet (the electoral college of sort) and then asking the people who had come from all over Arabia upon the death of the holy prophet whether they would agree to him leading them and asking them that whenever they felt that he has misled them that day they should stop following him. This is the story of late 520s and probably the first stone of a democratic system that was lost later. And please read before you comment harshly on anyone it will answer your all queries. Imran, Peshawar Pakistan Obviously the standards for democracy, what it should mean, should be completely different when talking about really old ones like San Marino, Isle of Man and such. When talking about oldest, still existing democracies the race is between those countries. A second thing is the modern variant. Determining when all adults in a country can elect a Government free to decide without other interference in which case Finland will probably win and for instance the UK is slowing trying to become one; not because its a kingdom, but because of the House of Lords. More interesting is the quality of democracy, to what extend does it function? Buying votes, free press, direct or indirect representation, first past the post or coalitions, are not absolute. Scandinavian countries, Australia and New Zealand typically score highest. People in the USA like to consider unique, the best, first in everything. Relax. Do you know the name of the first country to recognize your country as independent? The united provinces of the Netherlands. And yes this confederation was rather democratic, no slavery and obviously an important inspiration/ example to american declaration writers in those times. The Netherlands has become a (parliamentary) kingdom and the quality of the democracy nowadays is amongst the best in the world, like the USA. Mirko, New York Us I'm assuming a very liberal interpretation of the word democracy. I'm counting anything in which the general populace is permitted some form of input in the government. I'm also considering that we are not counting a period of time before the nation was a democracy. And finally, I'm throwing out the pre-nation state feudal "democracies", for two reasons. 1.) They weren't countries as we know them yet, and 2.) most of those were more or less advisory councils rather than having any actual legislative power. (However, if you DO count these, Sweden becomes your answers). The United Kingdom has only been a democracy since the mid 1800s. It's hard to pin down a date, but the real start of it was the Reform Act of 1832, so a very liberal interpretation would be 131 years (well short of the USs 230 years, counting since the Treaty of Paris). The oldest continually sovereign nation on Earth is Turkey, who was last under foreign rule in 1243; however, its only been democratic since the 1920s. The United States was at one point the only truly democratic nation on Earth at one point. I note a few people above claiming universal sufferage to be the start-point in their arguments. By that measure, it's New Zealand. AJ Dembroski, Orlando, FL USA I cannot believe how many in this country(USA) have no idea what a republic is. I've noticed in the recent Republican hate anything about Democrats era, that Republicans think "Democracy" has anything to do with Democrats, or that "Republic" means Republican. Republic is the type of country we are. Meaning we do not have a Monarchy in place. The country "belongs" to the people. But, and it's a big BUT; we are a Constitutional Liberal(boy are the Republicans going to hate that world, which simply means the citizens have protected basic rights in this instance) Representative Democracy(in that we elect people and endow them with our democratic power to govern.) This does not mean a Monarchy, such as the UK is not a democracy, it, too is a Liberal Representative Democracy, that is also a Constitutional Monarchy. Republicans think calling the country a Republic means it has something to do with them. Read your history, the original Democratic-Republicans wanted a more loose Federal control(oh yeah the U.S. is also Federation) the Federalists were a party that wanted more central power in the Federal government. The Democratic-Republicans, eventually just became the Democrats. The Federalists died out and were eventually replaced by the Republicans. The first Republican president, Lincoln, believed in an indivisible U.S., while the Democrats believed in states rights to separate during the civil war. These ideas have been switched between parties in the modern era. A lot of that happened during the 1960's civil rights era when a lot of southern Democrats became Republicans. The U.S.A. can be a Republic(type of country), Liberal(the rights of the citizen protected) Democracy(the government is elected by the people, either directly or indirectly), and even a Federation(power shared by a central government and other sovereign entities, i.e. the states)So please enough of this the U.S.A. is a Republic not a Democracy rubbish because I know you are only saying that because you believe somehow that means Republicans are the best, when the term has nothing to do with the party who were originally formed for a stronger central government. Republic simply means no monarchy. Iran is an Islamic Republic, the U.S. is a Democratic Republic. You can be a republic without being a democracy, but in the case of the U.S., it is both. Darrel, Columbus, OH. USA With regard to the House of Lords, its representatives are not there by birth right but by merit. They are not real lords or aristocrats. They are selected. The House of Lords has no right to introduce legislation, only to modify existing bills. They have no power whatsoever to modify finance bills. They act as a safeguard. I see no reason why this should affect our status as a democracy. No common sense person would deny that Britain is a modern democracy. Just as no commons sense person would deny the US is a modern democracy. Tony, LONDON UK Democracy = government by the people. I don't think government by an oligarchy chosen by a minority of the people from a list of (usually very wealthy) prospective oligarchs counts as democracy. I see 'democracy' as a kind of 'branding', which is applied to various kinds of government in order to make them look more attractive. (It's rather like the word 'natural' on food packaging.) I'm not aware of any country which is governed by its people. If anyone here knows of one then please give us details. Paul, Oxford UK It would seem that everyone can agree that there is no 'true or absolute democracy' in existence. Thus the question should naturally be modified as what is the country with the oldest existing 'form' of democracy? Jezza, Sydney, Australia We already know the one with the oldest form of democracy it's Greece. We are looking for the one with the longest standing uninterrupted. Alexandros, SYDNEY Australia The ISO (International Organization for Standardization) now classifies the Isle of Man as a country! So perhaps you cannot so easily dismiss the Isle of Man by saying it's 'not a country'. Additionally, the Isle of Man is not, and has never been, part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and (Northern) Ireland. Ian, Sydney Australia With your learned (thus almost instinctive) look at Western civilization for your answers, you overlook the native Americans (Indians). Though no one knows how long they have held fully participatory democracies, the origins of a great confederacy uniting five great nations in peace, was established on the afternoon of August 31, 1142 (soon after a total eclipse). As native tribes are still "nations" by law and tradition, theirs are the longest standing. This makes sense in that they did not use money or barter as a medium of exchange. There was no land ownership, as it is understood today. There were chiefs, but they did only as instructed after deliberations by all members of the tribe. They weren't of a higher class than the rest of the tribe. They were also a matriarchal society, and it was a woman's responsibility to keep the peace which was maintained through democracy. GailG3, Myrtle Beach, SC USA Such an interesting topic - the main issue is how does one define 'democracy'. If one speaks of the oldest AND continuous democracies, then any country that was invaded or where martial law has been declared, or where the constitution has provisions allowing for it's suspension will not make the list. Most European nations are out (Nazi invasion), USA is out (martial law). What is left are (mostly) the constitutional monarchies - Great Britain, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Sweden and the republic of Switzerland. New Zealand and Australia gave women the vote earlier than most. Interestingly, if one goes to the UN website, it makes a distinction between 'true' democracies and 'flawed' democracies. Many of the 'true' democracies are constitutional monarchies. The US is a 'flawed' democracy according to the site - although I confess to not actually knowing why! Andrew, Melbourne Australia Ancient Greece was not a democracy and neither was the early USA. No country where a significant percentage of the population is made up of slaves can possibly claim to be democratic. Max Sommers, Brookmans Park UK People of Texas please stop posting your advice if it at all is going to reference the bible or god. Do you know how long I have been trying to prove that not all Texans are bible thumping ignorant hicks? Jaime Wilken, Austin, Texas USA How come people keep on forgetting about Finland all the time? True universal suffrage - where women were also eligible for election, not just voting - was implemented already in 1906, with world's first female parliamentarians taking their seats the year after. Obviously Finland would go on for another decade before becoming truly independent, but nevertheless ALL citizens of this Nordic republic have enjoyed universal suffrage for over a century now. THAT should determine the true meaning of DEMOCRACY and not just whether there has been some kind of a parliament for ages or not. Eric, Stockholm Sweden The first polity to introduce Universal Suffrage was New Zealand in 1893, not Finland. Tony, Lodon UK Thanks Jill for posting some common sense on the debate, not that there haven't been other good points made by others. As a fellow Kiwi I would also put forward New Zealand as the world's oldest continuous democracy. The Isle of Man is well known for it early experience of universal suffrage but I just can't see it as a country, a sovereign state eligible for the United Nations and so forth. 1893 for full universal suffrage puts NZ ahead of all other countries (and New Zealand voting rights to indigenous people from 1852) put it ahead of Finland and other Scandinavian countries, and ahead of Canada, Australia and so on who refused to recognise indigenous rights until the 1960s. The other point, which has been made by others, is that Norway, Denmark, and Finland have been invaded and occupied by foreign powers in the 20th century so their democracies cannot qualify as continuous. And sorry Switzerland, the gnomes of Zurich didn't give their wives the full vote until the 1970s. Stephen, Auckland, New Zealand Anyone thought about the Australian Aborigines - 40,000 years? Conrad Artkinson, San Francisco, US 1a. Government by the people, especially: rule of the majority 1b. A government in which the supreme power is in the people and exercised by them directly or indirectly through a system of representation usually involving periodically held free. Nowhere does it mention universal suffrage, just the rule of the majority - the people rule, not a dictator. The USA is the oldest democracy in the world. Kyle, Buffalo, NY, US The US cannot really be comsidered a true democracy when some US states do not allow US citizens to stand for public office if they do not believe in fairy tales - sorry, I mean God. Everybody in a democracy whether they are non believers or believers in religious fairy tales should stand in any public office, just like we do in Britain. The current Labour party leader is modern as he is an athiest. Graham, Ludlow, UK President Obama, representing the USA, has done it again! In his speech addressing the problems in Syria (with respect to chemical weapons and the calling for intervention, 11 September 2013) Obama stated: "America is the worlds oldest democracy" (I forget the precise words used now, but words to that effect). Wrong! For all the reasons mentioned already in this thread, there are a myriad of other nations with longer historic claims, one way or another, to this title. How can Obama (and his advisers/speech writing team), think that this was a good statement to make? He was talking to a global audience with incorrect historic and geographic facts. That one phrase probably instantly put 95% of his listeners off, or at least deflected their attention from his cause. If you cannot even get geo-historic-political facts right, when you are talking about current geopolitical issues then people will turn off. That aside it was a phrase irrelevant to the "humanitarian cause" anyway. As soon as Obama said those words I started researching 'history facts' and came across this thread as a result. In fact I did not listen to the rest of his speech as I was researching this. Perhaps that shows that history is more important than some people realise. Not only was Obama's asserted fact wrong, but how can he be stupid enough to have preached that statement to a global audience. Please Mr Obama / White House, drop this incorrect historic claim in an attempt to pat yourself on the back. The eyes of the world were upon you. That attitude is only turning the global audience away. With Obama's intellect and culturally mixed background, I am even more surprised to hear him say this. I am surprised factually, politically and diplomatically that you even said that. Wrong, wrong, wrong. This Guardian thread has dominated over world current affairs (for me)! Mike, Lymington, UK Great comments. I think the Republic of San Morino wins the claim to oldest democracy. A democracy is simply a government in which people vote for their leaders. The requirements for citizenship vary in all nations and universal suffrage is always limited. Immigrants, for example, can reside in all countries for long periods of time without gaining suffrage and becoming citizens, yet the countries in which they live are still democracies in which the leaders are elected. I would point out, however, that the celebration of democracy evident in these comments can be traced back to the Declaration of Independence and the revolutionary assertion that governments derive their authority not from God, but from the consent of the governed. Justin Pope, Washington DC, US I was looking at the 1788 Constitution of South Carolina this afternoon, which was not revised until some 50 years later. I was interested in its pivotal role in the presidential election of 1800, when the US House of Representatives broke the draw in the electoral college and declared for Jefferson. Whereas freeholders with property worth 40 shillings could vote for county members of parliament in England (there was no such restriction for MPs from boroughs), voters in South Carolina had to own property worth 50 pounds, or its taxable equivalent in town lots. They had to be white adult males, of course. They also had to declare belief in God, and in a future state of reward and punishment. Members of the state's General Assembly had to be Protestants. Members of the lower chamber, if not resident in their district, had to own property there worth 3,500 pounds, clear of debt. Members of the Senate had to own property worth 2,000 or, if non-resident, 7,000 pounds. The Governor and Lt-Governor had to own property worth 10,000 pounds in the state. And be Protestants, obviously. In 1800, the population of South Carolina was 346,000. There were about 39,000 adult white males. 13,000 cast votes in the election for the US House of Representatives. As it happened, this was the nearest they ever got to voting for the President, thanks to the deadlock. They did not vote for the US Senators, who were selected by the General Assembly. They did not vote for members of the electoral college, which chose the President, because they were elected by the General Assembly. Thanks to huge variation in the size of the Congressional districts, the House delegation could be quite different in its balance to that of the General Assembly, and therefore that of the electoral college delegation, as was the case in 1800. The notion that the United States was set up as a democracy is a delusion. The Founders abhorred democracy. The country was set up as an oligarchy or, as optimistic Jefferson hoped, an aristocracy. Hamilton had wanted an elected monarchy, with a lifetime term. In fact, the powers of the President were almost precisely modelled on those of George IV, and they have increased over time, although his Cabinet members are not members of Congress and political patronage is far more extensive. David Harley, South Bend, US I am utterly astonished by the number of comments stating Britain or Iceland or USA. The oldest form of democracy in recorded history is Athens. Though it did not allow everybody to vote, it allowed the most important people. Obviously their democracy would be ridiculous by today's standards, that does not change the fact that they were the first. It could be argued that some level of democracy was present as far back as ancient Sumeria, where the kings had not total power but had to cosult with free men. Regardless, claiming that democracy started after Athens is ridiculous Eoghan Dwyer, Longford, Ireland I feel sorry for the UK. Most of the people in the UK are biased, and claim that the UK made everything. I beg to differ, because we must not forget the Germanic Empire and Roman Empire, which was far greater than the British empire in terms of influence, lol. Where do you limeys think English came from, lol. English came from Germanic invaders, lol. As for the Revolutinary War in the USA. Well, the UK didn't beat the USA by its lonesome, lol. The UK had massive troop shortages, so the UK had to bring in Hesians, aka Germans to help them fight. Half of the UK fighting force in the USA was Hesian, aka German. However, the UK will distort this bona fide fact and take all of the credit, lol. Can anyone blame the Americans, when they asked France for help. You Brits came in with a foreign fighting force and even had the Native Americans on your side as well. Haha, the UK is good at telling fibs. As for the oldest Democracy in the World, any idiot would know it's the Republic of San Marino, hahaha. Its not the Isle of man, lol. Also, France is older than England and it has a far greater past from the roman tribes. Rome is the greatest Empire that ever existed, not the UK. JAFO, Seattle, Wa USA The Republic of San Marino is the oldest. Yep, it's a country inside of Italy. It's hard to miss, but it's the oldest Democracy in the World. Machine, Munich Germany You silly people. The USA is the oldest Democracy in the modern World. The UK is still a Constitutional monarchy. Which means that a King or Queen is still the head of state. The UK isn't its own Gov for the people, because of the monarchy. In the USA, the people are the US.Gov. In the UK, the Queen or King represents the people of the UK. A US President is a normal person that came from the people elected by the people, and the same is true for Congress and the Senate. In the UK, a King or Queen has to be born out of the stock that has been brewing for 100s of years. So, how could the UK be a Democracy? When the head of state has to be born into power. The people don't get to choose who their head of state will be in the UK. They have to settle for the same brew centuy after century. Whereas in the USA, the people spawn its leaders and you're always getting a new generation of leaders, not the same old soup from the pot. The same holds true for Greece and Italy. They had kings or Leaders born into power as well. I don't need an educated British rebuttal, because the Queen or King of the UK still has powers: Declare war, dissolve parliament, appoint PM, fire PM, and do the same stuff in her commonwealth realm. Hence, she's dissolved Canadian parliament 3 times in the last 8 years, lol. There is a difference between a Queen and King ran country, vs a country that lets the people vote on its leader. Grab a book people. Adam, NYC USA The president said the U.S. is the Âoldest democracy in the world.Â HeÂs not the first to say it. President George W. Bush said it before him. Filmmaker Michael Moore said it. Hillary Clinton said it. WhatÂs the truth? Other nations developed working democracies long before the U.S., so taken charitably the statement probably is supposed to mean that the U.S. has the longest run as a democracy up through the present. Using that understanding, the U.S. might qualify as the oldest democracy if one narrows the term sufficiently. A confederacy of Indian tribes and Iceland both lay claim to reasonable challenges, though both the Iroquois and Icelandic claims are open to question on the basis of continuity. Great Britain and tiny San Marino also make claims as the oldest democracy. The spotty history and weak current state of the Six Nations along with IcelandÂs relatively recent constitution could serve to weaken their claims . Some might disqualify Great Britain because of its monarchy and extensive parliamentary reform. Some might disqualify San Marino on the basis of its small size. With careful parsing one might sustain the claim that the U.S. is the oldest modern democracy. We donÂt see much point in pressing the claim. Nor do we see much point in disputing it. The U.S. is the most obvious sustained model of self-governance in the world. LetÂs just leave it at that. Dennis , Kent UK Barbados House of Assembley began meeting in 1639. Barbados is the oldest legislative body in the western hemisphere. John Walrond, Bridgetown, Caribbean Just to clarify, the UK is a Constitutional Monarchy, not an Absolute Monarchy. That is to say, a democracy and not a tyranny. The monarch has no power of arrest or power to legislate. The role of the monarch is ceremonial. True executive power lies in the hands of the Prime Minister, who like the American president, comes from the people. The first democracy on the basis of Universal Adult Suffrage is New Zealand. The first democracy on the basis of Universal Male Suffrage is probably the US. However, America has two problems, because prior to the Civil War, the US was a slave owning society and slave owning is just about as undemocratic as it gets. Second, the conquest of the West, so called manifest destiny, i.e. an extension of US territory into the land of the indigenous people at gunpoint, by bad guys like General Custer. Again, hardly what may be described as democratic. Tony, LONDON UK	san morino
What is the surname of TV's Judge Judy?	Which country can claim to be the World's oldest democracy? \| Notes and Queries \| guardian.co.uk Which country can claim to be the World's oldest democracy? Russell Campbell, Dunedin, New Zealand Lots of them can. And do. Greece has a pretty good claim having invented the concept in the first place. However, long spells as an Ottoman colony or under military junta might put it out of the running if you're looking for longest continuously democratic country. Britain has a decent claim but it depends what you mean by democracy. As Rowan Atkinson put it in Blackadder: "take Manchester for instance. Population: 60,000. Electoral roll: 3". America frequently claims to be but this is because they define democracy so narrowly and in their own image such that on their criteria they're the worlds only democracy and on any other criteria they still aren't and never have been. Seth, Edinburgh, Scotland Perhaps Iceland can - their parliament, the Althing, is the oldest one still in use. It was formed in 930 by Vikings. Johan van Slooten, Urk, Netherlands The Native American people of the Six Nations, also known by the French term Iroquois and who know themselves as the Hau De-no Sau-nee (People of the Long Houses) claim to be the oldest living participatory democracy. Their homeland, country, nation or however you'd like to classify it as, was in the region now known as New York State, between the Adirondack Mountains and Niagara Falls. The other tribes included in the Six Nations also included the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas, joined in the 18th Century by the Tuscaroras, who did not have a vote. Archeological evidence indicates the Iroquois had lived on their lands for a very long time, with the earliest longhouses dated to at least 1100 A.D. Although there is no precise date for the establishment of the league, The Six Nations claim to have enjoyed a system of consensus government for over 800 years, well established long before the arrival of the Europeans. Founded to maintain peace and resolve disputes between its members, the Six Nations primary law was the Kainerekowa, the 'Great Law of Peace' which stated, simply, that Iroquois should not kill each other. They had a written constitution, laws dealing with ownership and trade routes and a funeral rite that allowed shared mourning at the passing of leaders from other tribes. From 1660, the nations combined to form a united front in negotiations with the European settlers. With the focus on maintaining peace with their neighbours, the Iroquois tribes were free to develop their predominantly agragian society. Their leaders were chosen, by their women, for their knowledge of the earth and their skills at providing for their villages. John Maguire, Dublin, Ireland A great many can claim it. It rather depends what you mean by democracy. The Isle of Man has the oldest Parliament, but it has not always been elected by universal suffrage. Did the UK have to await the extension of the franchise to 18 year olds? Or was it 1929, when women got the vote on the same terms as men - at least for Parliament, only householders voted in local authority elections at the time? Switzerland has an ancient confederation, but governments never get voted out of power, due to the permanent coaltion. The same four parties have been in power since 1959, two of them for over a century. Switzerland, like California, makes great use of direct democracy, at both confederal and cantonal level. But in some cantons women didn't get the vote until the 1970s. Australia and New Zealand were both early to give women the vote, but neither elects their Head of State. Quentin Langley, Woking UK If we mean by that, 'Which country has ensured that all adult citizens regardless of sex, race, or ethnicity, may choose reprentatives to exercise the powers of government longest?', then the answer is New Zealand. Universal adult suffrage was first established there in 1893. Fragano Ledgister, Atlanta, USA Seth, I'm surprised at you. Britain does not have a claim to being the world's oldest democracy, as it has only existed since, at the earliest, 1707. Cameron King-Black, Glasgow, Scotland NZ wasn't the first to have universal suffrage. By 1893, universal suffrage had been established on the Isle of Man for 12 years (1881). Iceland is generally held to be the oldest Parliament, starting in 930. The oldest continuous Parliament is the Tynwald (Isle of Man), which started in 979, although its roots go further back. Laura, Douglas, Isle of Man The Isle of Man has the oldest continuous parliament in the world. The Althing, the Icelandic parliament, is older, but it did not function for a number of years, so it is not the oldest continuous government. Arthur D. Armstrong, Medford, Oregon, USA I'm biased, of course, but the United States has the oldest continuous democracy, dating back to 1776 when the 13 states declared independence and eventually gave the British a mighty whoopin'. Since then, for 231 years, every leader has been elected and there have been no kings, no queens, no military juntas, no conquerors and no dictatorships. End of discussion. Bob, Milford Michigan I might be biased as well Bob from Michigan but you talk rubbish. Britain actually won more battles in the Revolution and when they faced just the US alone it was the US that got a 'whooping'. Your claim that that the US has the oldest democracy frankly does not hold any water as Britain goes back to 1707 so do your Maths. I would say the Isle of Man has a good claim, Don't know if England on it's own has a claim? Glenn, Crowmarsh Gifford UK Bob from Michigan I must comment on some of your statements : 1) The American Colonists hardly gave the British a “mighty whoopin”, but rather it was a joint effort, as are most things. Many countries directly or indirectly affected the outcome of the American Revolutionary War. Most of the gunpowder used by the Continental Army came from France. Direct French support starting in 1788 and before the wars end the Spanish and Dutch were fighting the British as well. Not directly in ally with the Americans, but the combined navy of these countries exceeded that of the British fleet and keep the British busy on many fronts. Catherine the Great of Russia created the League of Armed Neutrality which put further pressure on British resources and allowed supplies to reach the war engaged colonies. Meanwhile, the US Continental Army often took the stand of conducting a war of attrition rather than engagement in open decisive conflicts. Indeed, militarily speaking, Washington had only one real decisive military victory: at Yorktown. The rest were great public relations (e.g. his crossing of the Delaware), but of little military value. Yet the overall strategy won. Yorktown did not end the war, but it and the other ongoing pressures brought the British to the bargaining table. 2) The existing US government was not established in 1776, nor was it even the start of the Revolutionary war, which started in 1775. 1776 was just a year of declaring independence; it did not mean instant government formation. The Constitution, which forms the basis for the modern US government only came into effect, by its own self definition, in 1788 and the government it defined started operations on March 4, 1789, even though Rhode Island did not ratify the document until the next year. Thus we must decrease your accounting to 218 or 219 years of continue government depending on which date you select. 3) From 1861-1865 there were two governments that claimed sovereignty over 11 southern states, and those 11 states had no say in the federal election of 1864, nullifying their presidential democratic contribution in that election. After the Civil War the US congress considered the southern states as conquered provinces and set up marital law during post war reconstruction. Thus only a geographical part of the US can be said to have participated in a continual democracy, without military rule, since 1789. The ruling of Texas vs. White, in 1869, states the Supreme Court's position that the Union was indivisible and indissoluble matters little, as the above mentioned exclusion of democratic contributions can not be undone. Kevin, Los Angeles US Not to mention that the United States is not a democracy, but a republic. A minor point, but one that is constantly mistated. Joe, Marital law in the southern U.S.? Does that mean southern bachelors couldn't vote before 1861? Jamie, Bath, England Has no-one mentioned Iceland? Their parliament, the Althingi, was created in the early 11th century. Dave, Portsmouth UK In 1776, what percent of the world's nations had democratic systems of any kind and no royalty? Switzerland and Iceland qualify...what others were there? Eager for your answers. Having been assaulted by those who like to do as the neighbors do, rather than follow their own conscience, I think it is stunning that the USA didn't follow the crowd and become a kingdom but rather created their own unique "democratic" government. Jacqueline Kroschell, New York, USA Everyone could have saved a lot of typing responding to Bob with these two words: "Gerald Ford". He wasn't elected. He was appointed. Democracy is not my beloved birth-nation's strong suit. Our strength lies in finding just how far we can push the boundaries of Democracy. Turns out it's pretty stretchy. Chad, Austin, TX USA Funny that some claim America have the oldest democracy, even more so since up until the early 60's people of color and women were not eligible to vote Philippe, London UK Technically, black people could vote in 1870, with the ratification of the 15th amendment, and women could vote in 1920, with the ratification of the 19th amendment. It is true that black people were pretty much kept away from the polls until the 60s, but from a strictly historical standpoint they were given the right much earlier. And women could vote earlier than 1920 in some states. Merideth Wilson, Orangeville United States Philippe, you might want to check your facts on that one... David, United States Actually I have heard that Faeroe Islands has the oldest democracy. But they are still under the Danish, so I do not know how that would count and I do not know when they formed their parliament. Gudni, Reykjavik Iceland Finland gave full rights to women to vote in 1906 and they were also good for being candidates in every elections on that date. That's earlier than anywhere else. That can be called oldest democracy by modern means. Remember, we had no slavery, nor was the right only in paper like for black Americans till 1960s. Pekka, Finland Oldest Democracy of the World- Malana Nalla, India Malana is a tribal village, which is considered as the oldest democracy in the world. The permission must be obtained by the head of the villagers to visit the important places in the village and one have to be very careful to not touch the untouched places (sacred places and monuments). In that case the villagers can claim the fine to the person who touched the places intentionally or not. Simran Jagdev, Chandigarh, India If you use Universal Suffrage as your guide, the prize goes to New Zealand. The Faero Islands, Isle of Man and the various Native American democracies are automatically disqualified due to the fact that they're not actually independent countries. Iceland only regained its independence in 1944. Using the looser standard of a democratic or republican form of government regardless of the extent of the franchise, the world's oldest continuous Democracy is The Republic of San Marino, who repulsed their last would-be conqueror in 1739 (unless you count the retreating German Army and pursuing American Army in 1944, which amounted to no more than armed trespassing). The American states didn't win their independence until 1781, and the Swiss cantons had a wildly unpopular and less-than-democratic "Helvetic Republic" imposed upon them by the French Republican armies from 1798 to 1803. Scott Alberts, Philadelphia, USA The USA cannot claim to have been a democracy prior to the abolition of slavery after the civil war. I'm sorry, the two just don't go hand in hand even if some states of the union had abolished slavery before the war. If Australia and New Zealand were early in giving the right to vote to women, but are not functioning democracies because they don't elect their heads of state, then that same situation exists for every member state of the British Commonwealth, including Britain, including the Isle of Man. Either the queens' representative or, in the case of Britain, the Queen is officially head of state and unelected (even if they are just figureheads these days...they cannot really exercise power over elected governments any more). This also applies to any other constitutional monarchies like Sweden, Norway, Denmark, the Netherlands, Spain and Belgium. Monarchs are heads of state but nevertheless unelected. The biggest black mark against Australian democracy has of course been the substandard treatment of Australia's indigenous peoples, also known as the Aboriginals. They were not even counted in the census or given the vote till 1967. The indigenous question remains Australia's greatest failing as a democratic state and it is an issue which cannot be ignored, much as we have swept it under the carpet in the past. Still all democracies have their bete noirs which they prefer to sweep under the carpet. Bete noirs must always be dealt with sooner or later of course. If we leave out the constitutional monarchy factor (probably sensible) then Australia and New Zealand at least gave universal franchise (not counting Aboriginals) before most other democracies. In Australia's case that goes back to well before the American Civil war years when the present day states of Australia considered themselves to be separate colonies of Britain, but had still extended the franchise as already outlined. After the states federated in 1901 then that franchise became national... but it had certainly existed long before the existence of the Commonwealth of Australia. Over the last 30 or so years the word Commonwealth has been unofficially dropped and Australia is just called Australia these days. There have been no interruptions to the continuity or stability of democracy in either Australia or New Zealand since their inception, making them amongst the world's oldest functioning stable democracies, or at least they are considered to be such. Malcolm Chalmers, Sydney, Australia After reading all the competition entries, I declare the winner of the oldest democracy to be...Iceland. (Isle of Man had to be eliminated on a technicality; it's not strictly a "country" as specified in the original question.) I recognise my decision will lead to considerable re-printing expenses in the United States at a time of great financial duress. I'm really sorry. Robert Ashe, Wellington, New Zealand The Faroese have LÃ¸gtingiÃ°, which is the oldest parliament in the world! Respecting the fact, that the Faroes were explored earlier than Iceland and had the same Norse rules, there is not much doubt, that the Faroese ting is older than that of Iceland, which was founded in 930. Leon Absalonsen, Copenhagen, Denmark Scott, the Isle of Man is an independent nation, often wrongly considered part of the UK. It is not and never has been. It has a very good claim to being the world's oldest democracy, with the oldest continuously existing parliament in the world dating from AD 979. Paul Tiere, London, UK A good contender for the earliest parliament, though not necessarily by universal suffrage, was the Tinganes established by the Vikings in the Faero Islands of the north Atlantic which can be dated back to 825AD. Charles Boyle, Perth, Australia Can a country be really considered to be democratic until every citizen, male or female, black or white were given the vote? I know women here in New Zealand were given the vote in 1893 but not sure if that was the first. Nigel Christopher Johnson, Wellington, New Zealand Canada has been a continuous democracy since 1867. Lynne McCarthy, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Having a parliament does not alone make you a democratic institution. Iceland had a king. I think most reasonable people would say if you have a king you can't truly be a democratic institution as most Americans think. They didn't even get true independence from Denmark until 1918. It is LAUGHABLE to think a country is a democracy if it is in FACT controlled by some other country?! That said, if not all citizens are allowed to vote I think the same can be said. Blacks didn't get the right to vote until about 100 years ago, women didn't get the right to vote until 80 years ago. That is a much stronger argument for why America is not the oldest "democracy." Besides, technically the US is classified as a Republic, as is most other "democracies." Nobody on this topic will ever agree because everyone on this topic has a different definition of what a democracy is. I would define a democracy as ALL citizens get to vote for EVERY leadership position including the top position. Vectors Rule, Chapel Hill United States Democracy is a Greek Word. Socrates drank hemlock 400 years before Jesus rather than live elsewhere, and it was a Jury of his Peers that condemned him to death. What, in fact, caused his death was his rejection of his own democratic leadership. John Galt, UK I suspect the oldest democracy may be San Marino. Whilst its constitution was recorded in 1600, the form of government had been established since 301. This predates all the claims, except possibly Mullana (which did not have a date associated). Michael McGann, Cleveland, USA The December 2009 issue of National Geographic Magazine has this quote at p.141: "...the Holy Community - the world's longest continually functioning parliament -..." This in reference to the self-governing peninsula of Mount Athos, off northern Greece. It has been occupied by a community of Christian monks, who eventually built their first large monastery in 963. John Kay, Tacoma, WA, USA You forget one thing all the time: it isn't enough that you have the right to vote - you must also have the right to be a CANDIDATE! These are two different things. Women were allowed to vote in New Zealand in 1893 but they were not eligible until 1919. Also, Icelandic parliament didn't have a real universal suffrage until the 20th century. Finland was the first state to give women the right to be a candidate in 1906 and Finland had the first female members of parliament in the world in 1907. Therefore, Finland was the first country with true universal democracy. Also all the minorities and the landless people had the same rights. At that time Finland was an autonomous part of the Russian Empire and got full independence later, in 1917. In essence, Finland was a monarchy with its own parliament but the Russian tsar as the head of the state. I think you can't call a country democratic if it excludes women, minorities or poor people from elections/eligibility. That is what has happened everywhere in the world until the 20th century. Finland was the first to have universal rights. Jonas, Helsinki, Finland Switzerland is the only true Democracy. Only the citizens or this country can make laws, or resend them. They have had this current Switzerland is the only true Democracy. Only the citizens or this country can make laws, or resend them. They have had this current government since 1322, when they wrote the Arch Bishop of Austria and declared their independence. The have had the same government rules since then, all changes have to be approved by the citizens of this country. There was never a round fired in their succession from the Austrian Empire. The politicians only rule over parliamentary procedure, as in Roberts rule of order. James Lee, Gilbertsville, USA All the above who are stating that everyone in the country needs to vote to be considered a democracy is utterly wrong, you are thinking of a REPUBLIC in which the rights of the individual are supreme. Unfortunately in democracy it is the GROUP elected which has the power, nothing to do with any individuals or who voted for said individuals. Isle of Man is in fact part of the British Empire, as a dependent country(if you don't realize Queen Elizabeth II is the RULER of the Isle of Mann you are an idiot). Iceland is out because it was under Danish rule until mid 1900's. USA would rule supreme as over 230 years old. Steven Stewart, Arizona, USA My immediate answer would have to be Greece, since Socrates actually coined the word, but they certainly don't have the longest running one unless we want to ignore that whole junta thing that went on back in the early 70s. Malana would have to be eliminated since it is a tribal village owing allegiance to India. Also, in Malana, anyone who is not from Malana is untouchable. This would probably indicate that they cannot vote. So, what's the definition of a Democracy? I would put it like this: "Any type of government in which the powers exercised as representative of the people are exercised by officials elected by the citizens." This would eliminate the judiciary branch in most systems since their powers are interpretive, not representative. Using the US as an example, then, officials in the executive and legislative branches are elected by the citizens. Following that train of thought would seem to indicate that representative forms of government which exclude citizens from voting (eg. women's suffrage) would not qualify for the longest-running Democracy. Therefore, I'd have to nominate New Zealand which gave universal suffrage in 1893, pre-dating Finland by about 15 years and the US by about 30. Scott, Austin, Texas, USA People seem to think that just because you have royalty you cannot have parliament. After the British Civil War the royalty never had the same power it used to and even though there is/was a monarch in place it does not mean that you cannot also have a democratic parliament. Once again, Americans getting the facts wrong. Most of what they have in place is based on parts of what other countries had in place. This is not to say that the end product was not different (and very good). Gary Brown, Llanelli, Wales, UK Athens was never a democracy, the greater part of the population, women and slaves, had no vote. Greece has even less claim. It was also part of the Ottoman Empire and post World War II it was a military dictatorship. Robin Wynn, Rodney Bay, St Lucia The Faroe Islands have the oldest parliament in the world, founded in the year 850 or 900 by the Vikings (The LÃ¸gting). GrÃmr Kamban, Funningur, Faroe Islands I just want to clear something up about monarchy. There is a difference between absolute monarchy and constitutional monarchy. An absolute monarchy rules absolutely and undemocratically without recourse to parliament. A constitutional monarchy on the other hand is merely a ceremonial, figurehead. Executive power r rests in the hands of the prime minister and the cabinet. All monarchies in Western Europe and Japan are of this sort and completely demotic. Now, not all rebuilds are democracies. There are many republics around the world which are not democratic and where the individual does not rule supreme. Republics as and of themselves are not necessarily democratic. Just as monarchies are not all undemocratic. Most are democratic n the modern World. The final thing I want to say is that most democracies prior to the late 19th Century were partial or limited democracies only, such as Great Britain and the USA. Both of these countries were slave owning societies to one extent or the other. Slavery was abolished in d the UK in 1807 and in the British colonies as a whole in 1834. America did not finally abolish slavery until 1865 and black men and Native American men the vote until 1870. Both the USA and the UK compete for the claim of first democracy status but I mean, itÂs a funny kind of democracy that is also slave owning society. Antony Mann, London Well there are many arguments which have merit here. In the UK you are not a citizen but a subject, property of the Crown (as is most land), to be disposed of as the Crown sees fit. You may have the right to vote but this is relatively new in that at one time you had to pay for that right and the price was set high so that most commoners could not afford to participate. The Iroquois Confederacy was like most North American societies prior to the annexation or conquest by Europeans, matriarchies. As for the Norse lands, they were slave owning societies so were not fully enfranchised . So we have the odd one out... the Isle of Man... always independent of the British Crown even though in the British seas. Martin Topple, San Lorenzo, USA Clearly the only true democracy is Saudi Arabia. Fariq Al Sahim, Riyadh, Saudia Arabia In the UK we no longer think of ourselves as subjects of the Crown but citizens. In the British passport it clearly states that we are British Citizens not subjects of the Crown. This has been the case for many decades and anyway was only ever nominal, unless you go right back to Early Modern times. We are citizens with rights enshrined in law that goes back to the Middle Ages, e.g. the Act of Habeas Corpus. To say that UK citizens are the property of the Crown is ludicrous and naive. It is not true that people have had to pay to vote, at least not in the Modern Era. However, there were property qualifications that excluded a large section of society from the franchise. These property qualifications were abolished in the Mid-Nineteenth century. Property qualifications were also abolished in the US at a similar time but Native Americans did not get the vote until as late as 1924. In response to MartinÂs peculiar view of British land ownership and property rights, in fact most land is held in freehold by individuals or corporations, as in the U.S. Crown Land is in actuality held and administered by the Government. It is Crown Land in name only. The Monarch herself owns some private land. Antony Mann, London, UK I have heard some drivel in my time but this is ridiculous. The Isle of Man has the OLDEST CONTINUOUS PARLIaMENT in the world, Tynwald. This is a parliament that has been renewed every time by the Lord of Man; the Lord of Man may change but the parliament stays the same. For any Americans that's like when you get a new president. As for Iceland it was not functioning for several years making it restart from after the period of outage in the 1800s. The king or Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland happens to be the Current Lord of Man. The Island is an independent nation with its own currency and language. Australia still has a monarch; does that make it part of the British Empire, answer to some retarded ill thought comments. What's really funny is that the question posed was 'Which country can claim to be the World's oldest democracy?' No mention of continuous or interruption, just oldest. We can take from that many ideas, some examples being the time it was started (Greeks) the total of years operating as a democracy (don't know) or the type, total democracy (Switzerland) or limited democracy (Russia) so I would say the question is still un-answered. One point for the Isle of Man people, parliament does not mean democracy. For everyone else democracy is a system whereby everyone has equal access to power and to make decisions about the future of oneself and the place they live in. My money is on Switzerland, where this has been possible for everyone for quite some time. Sven Debnam, Morecambe, Lancashire, UK Sorry, Joe.... although the US was established as a Republic, where the States Independence had precedence over any Federal laws, the Republic has been turned into a Top-Down democracy where even our inalienable rights no longer take precedence. The problem became even more compounded and utterly ironic when "Republicans" like Ronald Reagan started forcing laws like 21-year-old drinking age on the States by withholding Federal Interstate Highway funds about 25 years ago. Now they do it any time they don't like a State Law and can't get it labeled "Unconstitutional" by the Supreme Court. The US is no longer a Republic... not by a long shot! J.R., Milwaukee, US I would not go as far as to say that Sven is talking complete drivel but the idea of the Isle of Man as the WorldÂs oldest democracy is questionable. For two reasons: 1. Until the 19th Century, the Isle of Man was a man only democracy (It seems that the Isle of Man was just about as slow as anyone else as giving the whole population the vote. ) and 2. The island is not a sovereign country, it is a dependent territory. It is part of the United Kingdom. For me a true democracy has to enfranchise women. My money is on New Zealand, which gave women the vote in 1893. Sharon Cox, Sandhurst, UK I am not claiming that Prophet Mohammed was the first to create a consultancy government. However Koran did insist that Islamic ruling should depend on consultancy between all heads of tribes. Unfortunately this has since changed and those claim to be an Islamic countries do not apply Islamic values. Nooruddin Ebrahim, Hidd, Bahrain I don't think the United States is or ever has been a democracy. Unless you're filthy rich you can not be a candidate! Christo, Johannesburg, South Africa The United States can't even be called a democracy because if it were Al Gore would have been president for winning the popular vote. K. Weston, Detroit Michigan United States I just heard President Obama address the Indian Parliament. He said "Greetings to the World's largest democracy from the World's oldest democracy." I guess that settles it. Unless, of course, you think Mr. Obama is full of excrement. Colleen, Everywhere USA How Barack Obama can claim that America is the world's oldest democracy is beyond me. Only ten years ago George Bush was voted into power on a minority vote. Al Gore achieved more votes than George Bush in the 2000 election. Indeed in the state of Florida spoiled votes were not recounted and in the end George Bush was voted into power by the courts rather than the people, and that only happened because the republican judges, who were in the majority in that court, voted in a party partial way. That my friends in America is not democracy so stop telling the world that you are the world's oldest democracy. Les Rutledge Leslie Rutledge, Pembroke Wales In listening to President Obama speak in the Indian Parliament, it was interesting when he said India was the largest Democracy in the world, there was thunderous applause in the chamber; however, in the next breath, when he stated the US is the oldest Democracy in the world, there was deafening silence. Sometimes, silence speaks louder than words. All I would say is this type of comment makes as much sense to me as saying President Obama is the 'leader of the free world.' I would venture to guess, there would be less than 100% agreement on that particular statement, as well. A proud Canadian Frank Lavandier, Summerside Canada There never has been - and probably never will be - any true 'democracy' in the strictest sense of the word. That said, the word 'democracy' is usually only ever used to represent a constitutional republic (as opposed to a monarchy or some other form of governance). So, the question is actually what is the oldest nation to have always had a constitution and democratically-elected officials. Stephen, Chapel Hill USA As much as I like Barack Obama, I was appalled to hear him say in a speech to the Indian parliament that the USA was the world's oldest democracy. His speechwriters have gotten this one wrong. It is typical of the attitude that the "USA is the best country in the World' statement I hear over and over again....or "America is a shining beacon to the rest of the world." Yes, the US has the world's largest economy, and perhaps the World's most powerful military (let's hope we never have to find out), but Americans have heard this mantra since birth and most of them believe it. That's why there's so much anger in the US electorate. They're hurting economically, the standard of living is going down, and someone has to be blamed. Wake up--You are at fault. Other countries have good ideas. Just because it's not the way you do things doesn't mean universal health care is communist, or a better safety net is socialist. You don't have the oldest democracy. Blacks were slaves for much of your history and their vote was actively repressed until the 60's and more subtly repressed in Florida for the election of the disaster of Bush's. Unless you admit to yourselves that you are not the ultimate in all things you will never be able to compete in this changing world, secure in the knowledge that you are the best. Frank Edgley, Windsor Canada Vaishali or Vesali (Pali) or Vaishali republic,the capital city of the Licchavi in eastern Indian province of bihar has the rare distinction of being the seat of first democratic government of the world as early as in the 6th century bc B.C its adjecent city patliputra,present day patna was the world's largest city, with a population of 150,000-300,000. visit: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishali_%28ancient_city%29 gaurav, bodh gaya india I have to agree with the guy from South Africa. When they break up the two party dictatorship that rules the United States and actually let people have more options, then we can finally become a democracy. Right now our whole election system is a sham. The best part - votes by the people in the U.S.A really do not matter. What matters is how the electoral college votes. If they so choose they could elect the loser to be president even though they promised to vote for a certain candidate. In other words, in November the people may have elected one candidate, the electoral college may choose to elect another. And the electoral college's choice will be the next president. Wish they would have done that back in 2000 and overrode Bush's win, We could have avoided a costly war in Iraq. Josh, Alma, Michigan, USA I am sure the first and longest running democracy has to be the city of Athens. Democracy and Republic are very specific. A democracy is a government in which the power is vested in ALL the people. Athens randomly voted people to run the city every 4 years. That means ANYONE could have been voted to run the government. What I find hilarious though more then anything is after 234 years it's amazing how pissy the Brits still are about losing the American Revolution. We did beat you in several major and important battles before the French would even touch the US. One of the angry UKer's oh wait, I mean English responders since you certainly aren't a kingdom anymore should re-read your history books if you think Washington's only victory was Yorktown. It was the combination of victories at Trenton, Saratoga, and Nathanael Greene's victories in the south that beat the British. The French only started supplying the US after we walloped you at Saratoga. The British officers were too busy trying to screw their subordinates wives then fight. The French did help immensely but to act like the US wasn't giving you guys a good fight makes you sound like a bunch of angry idiotic school children. It's pathetic. The US isn't perfect by any means but beating the biggest superpower of that time and maintaining the same government for 234 years is not a bad stretch. Also the help America gave you and Europe in WWII is so quickly forgotten, I just don't get it where all the bitterness comes from but that's a whole other story. Bitter, bitter, bitter. Dave Piccolo, Danbury,CT USA The claim that many people are making about the United States not being a democracy at all is absurd, come live here and you'll see that it's much nicer from the inside than it is from the outside. I live in a city of about 600,000 people and I personally know two members of city council (one of them is my History teacher's brother), have met both of our senators and live blocks away from the ex-governor. None of these people are rich tycoons, none of these people are in any way evil; they all work towards serving freedom and serving the ideals that the United States have put forward as a democracy. I think that when a 14 year old kid can have all these connections to his government and his politics, democracy is working pretty damn well! -Griffin Griffin, Portland The United States of America Oh Dave, you say it's "hilarious" how "pissy" Brits get when it is suggested that the US did at all well in their revolution, and then you go on to puff and preen about what a big achievement it really was, and can't everyone acknowledge how well you all did against such a big mean super power. I can only imagine how much in awe of Afghanistan you must be, as they've pretty much fought off TWO superpowers (USSR & USA), and managed both within the past half century rather than more than two and a half centuries ago... And, indeed, that they managed it without having many of the decisive battles lead by a foreign general, with half foreign troops, and their enemy cut off from resupply by a foreign naval blockade, and distracted by other wars elsewhere in the world. Now that is a REAL achievement. But the USA did pretty well too, so good on you. I'll put a lovely ribbon in the mail for you. Oh, and thanks for saving everyone in world war two. I'm not sure why Americans always want thanking for this, but it was very nice of you to only sit and watch fascism spread over the world for three years before jumping in. I have every confidence that without your involvement Hitler would have won, and then would have stopped, and in no way tried to attack the USA form a position of strength. He was a very good little boy about that sort of thing. So cheers for being a pal there. Alex, Canada It was Lichhavi Dystany which was existing 400 to 750 years before Budha and Wikipedia says:Licchavi (also Lichchhavi, Lichavi) was an ancient kingdom in Nepal, which existed in the Kathmandu Valley from approximately 400 to 750. Centuries earlier, at the start of the Buddhist era a powerful republic known as Licchavi existed in what is today Bihar. There is no conclusive evidence of any ethnic or historic links between the two states. The language of Licchavi inscriptions is Sanskrit, and the particular script used is closely related to official Gupta scripts, suggesting that India was a significant cultural influence. This was likely through Mithila - the northern part of modern Bihar, India. The term 'Licchavi' term probably derives from Rikshavi possibly Sanskritized to Rkshvavati. Riksha or Rksha in Sanskrit means Star. A table of the evolution of certain Gupta characters used in Licchavi inscriptions prepared by Gautamavajra Vajrācārya can be found online. In that period there is no official record about US,UK or any other Western civilization. Alok K. Jha, Patna, India Well what about the 5000 year old government of Ancient Egypt??? Maxemilion, UK I think Dave Piccolo from CT is paranoid. We Brits do not exactly spend much of our time thinking about the American Revolution and there canÂt be many of us who are still sore about losing a war that took place over two hundred years ago. For most British people the American Revolution wouldnÂt even be on their radar but, obviously Dave in his vivid imagination envisions a British nation still seething at the loss of its American Colonies. Doubtless, to Americans the revolution is still important but to us British itÂs a side issue to the main story of European history. IÂm a history graduate and on our course we did not even touch on American history. Tony Mann, London, UK All utterly wrong. One of the first and obviously the longest lasting democratic government of any breed existed in San Marino circa 301 AD. Now the fun part. 1. Britain endured an oligarchic parliamentary government for most of it's "democratic" history. No modern democracy existed until 1918 in the Representation of the People Act in 1918, women only found themselves represented in reality in 1928 and the current equal suffrage at 18 system did not appear until 1969. Britain's Parliamentary phase preceded America's existence as an entity, but it would also be classified as an indirect democracy. While parliamentary sovereignty was a major facet of the political sphere one also cannot deny early royal influence. 2. Iceland, respectably well-aged in it's practices endured a Tribal Council; holding some benefits but hardly enjoying anything resembling a real democracy. As an elite council however it had an early life, but was stifled for years by Monarchical rule. There was no clear line from 930 to today of anything consistent. 3. America, founded in 1776 held a base and rudimentary form of democracy. Only in the Jackson era and early 20th century reform era was the franchise actually expanded, but the nation still existed as a democratic entity with all organs of government stemming from a free electorate, well maintained by an active press and civil society. 4. The Isle of Man enjoyed an old Parliamentary system but is a dependency of the British Crown. The Queen has little influence on theirs or English affair, but since the Manx do not participate in English governance they lack total dominion over their own affairs. 5. The People of the Longhouse; there's an interesting situation. Councils of Female Elders did at a point select male leaders in one portion of their history. However applying logic used against western democracies that refused suffrage to women, men had little say in governance at this point. After a brief spell in this period the reverse arose with militaristic warriors and warlords seizing the reins of governance with no representation or accountability whatsoever. The massive portion of the population that was assimilated and forced to live among them also lacked representation. 6. Switzerland holds a respected but unbreakable coalition government and representation for women occurred startlingly late in its history. 7. India, no. Simply no. Arguments that it is the world's oldest, or longest reigning democracy are founded upon the most biased, ignorant and nationalistic stance. India hardly even existed throughout history and when it did it endured authoritarian empires. 8. In 1775 we saw the birth of the Corsican republic, pre-dating the United States. Democratic institutions were later crushed by French forces, but there are arguments to be made. Nowadays it participates in French governance and therefore is represented in all facets of it's affairs, if not as an independent entity. Rourke Carlyle, Brentwood, US Griffin, as an English ex-patriot living for the past twelve years in the USA, I can assure you that the reality is far uglier than the glossy image. A democracy perhaps, but a very, very poor one. The entire electoral and administrative system is controlled either indirectly or, increasingly, directly by large corporations. Colin Lewis, Maine, USA To get an agreeable answer you should find a common definition for democracy first. But keep on posting, it's quite entertaining. Peter, Hamburg, Germany Catalonia, now an autonomous region of Spain, has one of the oldest democratic parliaments in the world and the oldest that has lasted until today. Parliament was born 1283 and its first president was named the 1359. Despite its suppression during times of absolute monarchy and dictatorship, the Parliament continues today, having passed and 129 presidents. Xavi , Barcelona, Catalonia (Spain) The U.S. is one of, if not the oldest government in continuous existence. Other contenders that I have heard make this claim or have had this claim made on their behalf include Australia, Canada, Catalonia, Iceland, Isle of Man, New Zealand, San Marino, and UK. The Commonwealth of Australia was formed on January 1, 1901 when the six Australian colonies formed a single federation. Canada celebrates its independence in 1867 when four of the provinces came together to form a union. Catalonia is an ÂautonomousÂ region within Spain, but still subject to Spanish authority. Iceland was actually under the rule of Denmark until 1918, and under German rule during WWII. Isle of Man is a self-governing British Crown Dependency. It is not a country. New Zealand became self-governing in 1852, after having been a colony of the British Empire. While it had the same constitution in continuous existence from 1600, San Marino was under the control of the Fascist Party from 1923 to 1943. The current democratic system of government in the UK began with the Reform Bill of 1832. On July 4, 1776, the American colonies issued the Declaration of Independence, which proclaimed their right to self-determination and their establishment of a cooperative union. They defeated the British Empire in the American Revolution, the first successful colonial war of independence, and the current United States Constitution was adopted on September 17, 1787; its ratification the following year made the states part of a single republic. It is also the oldest democracy in continuous existence. While some have questioned whether or not it is a true democracy, and whether it could be considered a democracy when it allowed slavery and women did not have the vote, no democracy is a true democracy. Most of the countries we call democracies are actually republican democracies, in which the electorate elect representatives to represent them in carrying out the responsibilities of government. They retain control, however, through a combination of periodic elections, term limits, and the right to recall. And no nation has universal suffrage. Most nations allowed slavery into the 1800s, many still tolerate it today, and many even allow certain forms of it legally. Most nations did not allow women to vote until the Twentieth Century. Almost none allow children, felons, the mentally incompetent, and non-citizens to vote. George Denise, Saratoga USA The US is the oldest. Well I do not perceive UK as a democratic country because queen still has got the legal right to sign the prime minister and lead the army !! seriously 9 out of 10 human being out there in the world have no idea where the hell is Isle of the man!!?? Shahab , Iran Iran San Marino is the oldest republic in the world and their constitution was written in 3rd century. It has also never been conquered so I think it is the oldest democracy. Jakob, Ljubljana Slovenia The first problem in this debate is that no uniform definition of a Democracy exists. However, numerous historical examples exist which reflect aspects of modern democratic governments, including ancient Athens, Iceland, the Iroquois, and so forth. In many cases these models emerge as these societies evolved from tribal governments, and those that survived often did so because they were sufficiently isolated from the political currents that led to increasingly large and powerful nation-states headed by absolute monarchs backed by aristocracies and clergy. No rule is absolute, but this does tend to hold up in most cases. Britain began evolving toward what we might call democracy during the early modern era, and many of those developments were paralleled in their young colonies in the Americas. Although America did manage to break from Britain both nations continued to develop stronger democratic traditions in spite of their differing labels (Constitution or Monarchy aside). Both nations gradually enfranchised more and more voters right through to the twentieth century. It can be said that modern Democracy developed in the English speaking world, but not in just one nation. America and Britain certainly share kudos for the fact though. Aaron, Vermont United States The US is not a Democracy! It is an Aristocratic Oligarchy. Bryce, Narberth, PA USA The text book definition of democracy varies from text to text. deÂ·mocÂ·raÂ·cy- government by the people; a form of government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised directly by them or by their elected agents under a free electoral system. (dictionary.com) the concept of democracy is implausible, as there always has been and always will be those who take advantage, lie, and cheat. a classic example would be the Watergate scandal during the Reagan era http://www.watergate.info/ another great example is the assassination of Julius Caesar http://www.vroma.org/~bmcmanus/caesar.html and my final example is in reference to Adolf Hitler http://www.fff.org/freedom/fd0403a.asp and his rise to power over the German people. Gage Witt, Fremont, Ohio united states The US is not a democracy at all, it is a "republic" and anyone who buys into the Orwellian hogwash, whether they be a US citizen or not, quickly appear to be ignorant of the US's true governmental structure. I am shocked to see how many take jabs at the US for no apparent reason. The more I see these nasty, misguided, and wholly ignorant anti-US comments, the more I think "you people" are just projecting a vague dislike onto us. Very juvenile. Ross, Long Island, NY US The issue of democracy is not as clear as everyone states. We in America get to chose our leaders based on a small selection of rich politicians who have basically bought their right to run for president. The whole system is corrupt and has been since God told us that we would be under oppression with a King( or universal governing body). There is only one King and he is the King of all Nations. We would be best served to take the advise of the Bible, take care of yourself, your neighbors, love your God, and mind your own business. Everything else causes strife in the world. End of story. David Hicks, Snyder, Tx United States Some might say Australia is still on a path to independence as we are still technically ruled by the British monarchy, even though that monarchy does not have any right to interfere with Australian laws. Gary Collett, Brisbane Australia @Bob.....America was founded as a Constitutional REPUBLIC, not a "democracy"! You have done NO research at all it seems !!! Buck, America Canada is the oldest continuous democratic federation in the world. Rufus Jones, Winnipeg Canada Whether its Iceland or Finland the most important mark of the longest democracy is 'That every citizen can vote and apply as a candidate for any position, prime minister or president." This precludes all constitutional monarchies as candidates for the world's longest democracies. Noel Obrien, Sydney Australia The Tynwald on the Isle of Man has been in existence since 979 and is still going strong. George, London UK Patriarchate of Aquileia in Friuli (italy) had a parliament since 1231, and lasted since the arrival of Napoleon (1805). The participants of the session were nobles, clergy and even the representations of the municipalities. In addition there was an organism called "Contadinanza" (literally Farmance) that represented the farmers of Friuli Fabio, Udine Friulian To answer the question, you first have to define what you mean by "democracy". I'd suggest it means that those who exercise real legislative or executive power are elected by, and accountable to, the general citizenry. Having a figurehead head of state (whether hereditary or appointed) does not matter if they exercise no real power. If you accept that democracy means political offices with real power are elected and accountable, then the following candidates advocated by other contributors are definitely out of the running for the oldest democracy: - UK: One legislative chamber is, to this day, not elected. The House of Lords consists mainly of people appointed for life, with some hereditary peers. Although the Lords is not as powerful as the Commons, it does still exercise legislative power. So scratch the UK. - Canada: One legislative chamber is appointed, not elected. The Canadian Senate exercises actual legislative power but is not elected by, or directly accountable to, the citizenry. - US: Until the 17th amendment took effect in 1913, the US Constitution provided that US senators were appointed by State legislatures, not directly elected by voters. As Senators serve six year terms, it wasn't until January 1919 that citizen-elected Senators completely replaced State-appointed Senators. And as late as 1860, at least one State (South Carolina) did not give its citizens any direct say in the election of the US President; the State's legislature appointed members of the State's electoral college to cast the State's votes for the presidency. In contrast, many comparable large democracies have directly elected all political office-holders since the establishment of their current constitutions. Examples include India, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, France and Germany. Of these, I think only Australia (1901) and New Zealand (1906) (and possibly France) have had completely democratic (i.e. fully elected) governance longer than the US. Some Australian States had direct election by citizens of all political office-holders even earlier; for example Victoria from 1856. But none of these come close to the Isle of Man or Iceland, which seem to get the prize. Mark Miller, Melbourne Australia The United States is neither a true democracy or a true republic. The electorial college, for which I see no reason, has the power to elect the president over the majority vote of the people. Which they have done. Big corporations and government entities such as DOE and TVA have no accountability. The EPA supposedly oversees that the environment is not overly harmed but they are also a government entity. Big money wins over environmentalism. The US does not provide health care or secondary education to its citizens. While claiming equality, the rich get richer and the poor get poorer. Presidential candidates are always very wealthy. The US also likes to ignore the fact that it was founded on the genocide and annihilation of one race ( The Native Americans )and the enslavement of another (Africans). Tammy Lyle, South of the River USA Earth to Tony Mann, you stated "I'm a history graduate and on our course we did not touch on American History." What a simple course. You do not qualify as a WORLD history graduate, I'm so sorry old chap. William Lorigan Brady, Niagara falls, NY USA I almost gave in to the temptation to be a smartass 'who cares...all that matters is who is standing in the end' kind of thing. But it is really intriguing when you think that after all this time we still do not have a clear determination of what constitutes a democracy. Robert C Potter, Sebastian United States The early African Kingdoms date 500 B.C before the writings of the classical Greek scholar Herodotus. The Akamba tribe of East Africa were organised into many clans for the purpose of governing. Their governmental system was very strong because elders were elected to the office of leadership by the virtue of their character,integrity and honesty. Their government is best described as government by agreement. They had no written language and had no books to keep their records, except by the word of mouth. Akamba established rules and regulations to run their daily tribal affairs. In time of war against other tribes they elected a war chief-----a man of physical discipline, outstanding oratorical ability and one who was willing to be accepted as a war chief. The elders were also the judges of the tribe, and their government was ruled by a consensus. No elder or any other speaker was allowed to speak or address the council with a forceful tone of anger that would only weaken his point. Solomon Kimuyu, Muumandu Kenya I saw a lot of letters from American preening and being..well loud mouthed americans about their 'whooping' Britain. All I can say is that the British treated the people in their colonies and in their own country with equality. The British were certainly far more cultured, advanced in treating people from other cultures and race than the Americans. Blacks in USA led a nightmarish life well upto the middle of the 20th Century. As for the Red Indians whose land was looted with impunity, the less said the better for American 'democracy'. Isa Mani, Chennai, India While the Isle of Man certainly has the oldest continuous parliament in the world, nobody can really claim that it was democratic for most of its history. Until the 19th century its members were appointed. The longevity of Tynwald is a red herring in this debate. The island's real claim to being the oldest democracy comes from giving women the vote earlier than any other country. Manxmen AND WOMEN had the vote from 1881, well ahead of the United Kingdom, United States and two years before New Zealand. On the basis that a country that denies the right to vote to citizens/subjects on grounds of gender or race is not really a democracy, the Isle of Man (and Woman) wins. Roger Spencer, Onchan Isle of Man Forgot to say: prisoners also get the vote in the Isle of Man, unlike those in the United Kingdom. How is that for democracy and human rights, Guardian fans? Roger Spencer, Onchan Isle of Man So sorry to have offended William from Niagara Falls, NY, but my postings were in response to the arrogant posting of Bob from Michigan. ItÂs been some months since I posted those messages and I am not as angry as I was. Some of what I wrote was not my considered opinion. Again, apologies old chap (Not that Âold chap is a phrase I would normally use.) Tony Mann, London, UK All this wind overlooks the many limitations on the franchise in the U.S. In some places, you'll need a prescribed photo of yourself in order to vote this year. In others, a picture of Benjamin Franklin on a $100 bill is just as good. In most places, a convicted felon is not allowed to vote, and nearly everywhere we allow or even encourage absolute idiots to exercise the franchise. Don Bliss, Seattle, Wasington U.S. It appears that there is no correct way to define a democracy. According to what I have read above. No matter. The U.S. is a Republic, pure and simple. I hope it stays that way. The people in power would like to think it was a democracy. Why? I don't know. We do not have a majority vote in elections, and read section 14, article 14 of the constitution. AND-- I haven't heard anyone pledge allegiance to the flag , and to the democracy it stands for. And I never sang the Battle Hymn of the democracy. I fought for my Republic in World War 2 and I hope it stays that way. Have a good day. Ronald Green, Elmira, New York, U.S.A. Jeremy, you are 100% wrong on pretty much everything. The Crusades were quite successful in stopping the advance of the Muslim hordes and even managed to hold the fort in the middle of enemy territory for quite a long time, without supplies or reinforcements. The Muslims were always and still are criminal barbarians who never achieved anything themselves. All the alleged "thinkers" of Islam are either Jewish, European, Persian, Indian or Berber and only just after Islam was imposed on them, i.e. while they still were connected with their former, non-Muslim culture. As soon as they had been living under Islam for 2 or 3 generations, all intelligence, innovation and decency was driven out. When people claim that Muslims were allegedly "in advance", Europe build gigantic cathedrals that took centuries to build, yet that were completely planned out from the beginning. e.g. the Cathedral of Lausanne was built starting in the 11th century. Musulims never built anything even remotely comparable. All the wealth of Islam was due to THEFT. They created nothing. Pesants and workers were looked down on by Mohammed, who was a trader himself and who knew nothing else. He never even stopped to think about the fact that any good he traded had to be created first. The decline of the Musllim power had to come as an absolute necessity as soon as they could not win any further battles. Stefan Metzeler, Lausanne, Switzerland With the exception of women's suffrage, the USA is, without question, the oldest continual sovereign democratic republic on earth, dating to the ratification and enactment of the current US constitution in 1789. Marc Haakenson, Raleigh USA With the exception of womenÂs suffrage, the suffrage of indigenous people and the suffrage of black people, the USA would have been the oldest continual sovereign democratic republic on earth, if it were not for the fact that until 1865, the USA was also a slave-owning society. Slave-owning is just about as profoundly UN-democratic as it gets. Modern, democratic America began in 1865; at least thatÂs my opinion Tony Mann, London, United Kingdom Oldest democracy ? An interesting question but not really of much moment. A better question is : what country currently has the best values and ideals and endeavors to live by the simple creed espoused by Google: Do no harm. By this I mean that the government of the candidate country should care for ALL its citizens (using some meaningful definition of equality........there are many definitions ) and, just as importantly, should do no harm to the citizens of other countries. Obviously some countries geopolitical stature is very prominent and they stride the world stage in a "loud" manner. Metaphorically , if we liken the world to the proverbial "school yard" and the world's countries to kids on the school yard, then who are the well behaved kids? Who are the school bullies? Who are the prefects ? Who is the Dux of the school? In an imperfect world these are important questions for all of us. Which country is an exemplar of good behavior ? Peter Zimmermann, Sydney, Australia Switzerland Charles Gill ,D.Sc., Gambier,Ohio USA Er, the "American Revolution" wasn't called that at the start. Thomas Jefferson himself referred to it as a Civil War, and considered himself a British Citizen, part of the group of British Americans going to war with their British cousins over a lack of political representation (fair enough, can't blame them for wanting to be part of a Democracy) If it had been the native American Indians trying to kick out the Colonial Oppressors we could talk about giving "them" a whooping, but actually it was British Citizens fighting British Citizens... with help on both sides from mercenaries. Anyway, despite the Second Civil War in the 1860s, the ex-slaves didn't get to vote or be treated as full citizens until the 1960s, so the US can't be the oldest Democracy. The UK is not even now a full Democracy because of the unelected House of Lords (though the system works well despite that). Can any Country accepting laws written by unelected EU Officials currently be considered truly Democratic? I have lived in the US, UK and EU, and enjoyed and respected all. However, the country in which I now live, Switzerland, feels more Democratic than any of them, and the people trust themselves to make decisions by voting, rather than voting every few years to elect someone to take decisions for them. Yes women only got the vote in the last of 26 Cantons in the 1970s, but before that it was considered that men voted on behalf of their family's views, including their children's, not their personal views. Not ideal of course, but who is to say that the current cutoff at 18 in most countries is correct? They also make sure their children are educated well enough to make an informed voting decision, and to take their responsibility seriously, unlike in some other countries. The Swiss also allow non-citizens to vote in local elections after five years residence (unlike the Ancient Greeks and Romans...). Democracy isn't the perfect system, but it's the least bad one we have, rather like Capitalism... David J.P.Pierce Jones, Geneva, Switzerland In the school yard of the world, the USA has been the teacher, keeping the peace on the playground from the bullies. Are we the best behaved and the best liked? No. Teachers have to maintain order and exact penalties of one kind or another. Who likes that? Who cares when it's power and respect that's required, not niceness. Jim Russell, San Diego, USA The Greeks had slaves, ergo no democracy. The Haudenosaunee (iroquois) women participated in the only true democracy on the planet hundreds of years before any other people considered women more than chattel. Ladies of the court were made available to the king in England. The Matriarchal system of the Haudenosaunee so scared the church and state that they rounded up aboriginal children and slaughtered them in residential schools up until the 70's in Canada. Gene Jonathan, Ohsweken, Canada Generally speaking i would say the USA for the simple reason that in 1920 all citizens (including women) could vote where as the same only applies to Britain after 1928, so my personal view is that the USA is the worlds first modern democracy Les, Newcastle upon Tyne England I have read many of the entries above and can not believe that anybody can even consider a country democratic without universal suffrage - isn't that the point of democracy? So the US is OUT! The US did not give women the vote until 1920 and Native Americans were not given citizenship until 1924. Australia is really out as they did not give the vote to Aborigines till 1967 - so Australia is a pretty new democracy. Somebody even entered Switzerland (!) but they have only been democratic for 41 years having only granted women suffrage in 1971. I believe that New Zealand is the longest standing democracy, having granted women the vote in 1893. However, I take the point that some people have made that a parliamentary constitutional monarchy is not a true democracy. However, if one goes by the Polity IV scale, the wildly used to measure democracy, or the Democracy Index, then constitutional monarchies such as New Zealand, Australia, Canada and Scandinavian countries come out on top as being the most democratic in the world. I would also like to posit that democracies that have a first past the post system are not as democratic as those with systems of proportional representation like say, Mixed Member Proportional representation (MMP). While New Zealand used to have FPP, MMP has been in place for nearly 20 years. I think this helps the case that New Zealand is the oldest democracy. Can people please refrain from entering countries that did not have universal suffrage before 1893 - it's pointless and well, somewhat insulting. Jill, Auckland, New Zealand I agree with Jill, the first democracy based on Universal Adult Suffrage was New Zealand in 1893. However, New Zealand did not become an independent sovereign state until 1901 at the earliest when it achieved Dominion status. I disagree over the issue of constitutional monarchy, since such a monarchy is ceremonial and does not interfere into the workings of the executive or government. Therefore in all practical senses a constitutional monarchy is as democratic as any republic. There are plenty of republics around the World which are not even vaguely democratic. The first ÂdemocracyÂ based on Universal Male Suffrage is much more difficult to pin down. With the exception of indigenous people, the U.S. achieved Universal Male Suffrage in 1870. However, to a large extent this was on paper only. Black people were openly discouraged from voting in many Southern states until the 1960s. ItÂs a complex issue, for example the Soviet Union achieved Universal Adult Suffrage in 1918 but no one would want to call the USSR a democracy of any real sort. So maybe democracy is more than just UAS. Perhaps itÂs UAS plus free speech. Antony, London UK Repeat: Isle of Man women's suffrage 1881. Earlier than New Zealand. Also, prisoners can vote in Manx elections. Roger Spencer, Onchan Isle of Man No one has definitively answered this question. Just like most documents, it is how a person interprets the word democracy. Heck, we cannot even agree on one interpretation of the Bible. Good luck - like most governments y'all will agree to disagree. Jeff B, Anywhere, Texas USA I'm still confused. Edward, Athen Singapore I think if you want to answer that you need a definite definition of democracy. You also need to specify if you mean an entire country as a whole or any one province, state, region, town, kingdom, city, etc. of a country. If you mean any one part than Greece in the city of Athens. If you mean an entire country than like I said, "you need a definite definition of democracy." So basically we can almost all CLAIM to be the world's oldest democracy and we can argue about it all we want, but I don't think we'll come to an accurate and definite decision we all agree on. Hope this helps! Leah, Middleton MA USA How people can say the United States is the longest democracy is beyond me considering there treatment of both native and blacks. Blacks for example, after the War of Independence in America they called themselves the land of the free however Blacks in law were not allowed to vote and have the rights that white Americans did until the Civil war. Even then it wasn't until Johnson that they could actually vote in the south as after the civil war states in the south pass black laws called the Jim Crow laws restricting black rights. kieran, Liverpool United Kingdom AMERICANS have you Heard of the "Iroquois Confederacy" ? Look it up, Benjamin Franklin not only visited the Iroquois (Native American Tribe) He formed the american constitution based on how the Natives were Governing themselves. Sam, Ontario Canada I find this discussion fascinating, the way that it slows after Jill's intelligent input. Till her words, I read in disbelief the endless waring for the claim to "world's oldest democracy" whilst noting the lack of feminine input. We have perhaps come a long way but we still have so far to go. heather mann, france There is no exact answer. So I'm seeing on these answers that if females and minorities could not vote that it doesn't count as democracy ? That's an individual opinion. The laws change all the time an loop holes are made. It's a democracy with a chaser of republic added in the system. Current operating systems in power is China USA and UK as far as Economy management. The passed longest power were more than Likley India, Egypt and sum young dynasty. There is still many many question we don't know. Like we're do we come from? Monkeys? Read the bible an make a true choice an last as long as you can here on earth. Chris, Oakley USA Simplest way to put the US argument to bed? George Bush 2000. Oliver, London UK First of all I would like to clarify to someone who said a lot of bad things about Muslims being barbarians. Well tell you what can you blame Washington for all the slave troubles that America had and call him a human rights violater of the worst kind by creating a country that supports slavery. Can you blame King John for all those barbaric acts which gave birth to magna Carta or award him for enacting that? Can you blame the Christian clergy for starting the crusadeses? Just like that you cannot blame Muhammad for the atrocities commuted after his death. His is the system that was perfect that brought peace and prosperity to the deserts of Arabia were savages lived before him. As far as his character goes well pick up a Damn book and read the history first then you can say all you want. I completely agree that a lot of atrocities have been committed in the name of Islam and Muslims both in the distant past and the recent past something of which the true Muslims are highly ashamed but you cannot blame the true Muslims of the early 500s for it. As for the debate on democracy goes well I would put it on the day hazrat Abu bakr stood in the Centre of Madina after having chosen by the companions of the holy prophet (the electoral college of sort) and then asking the people who had come from all over Arabia upon the death of the holy prophet whether they would agree to him leading them and asking them that whenever they felt that he has misled them that day they should stop following him. This is the story of late 520s and probably the first stone of a democratic system that was lost later. And please read before you comment harshly on anyone it will answer your all queries. Imran, Peshawar Pakistan Obviously the standards for democracy, what it should mean, should be completely different when talking about really old ones like San Marino, Isle of Man and such. When talking about oldest, still existing democracies the race is between those countries. A second thing is the modern variant. Determining when all adults in a country can elect a Government free to decide without other interference in which case Finland will probably win and for instance the UK is slowing trying to become one; not because its a kingdom, but because of the House of Lords. More interesting is the quality of democracy, to what extend does it function? Buying votes, free press, direct or indirect representation, first past the post or coalitions, are not absolute. Scandinavian countries, Australia and New Zealand typically score highest. People in the USA like to consider unique, the best, first in everything. Relax. Do you know the name of the first country to recognize your country as independent? The united provinces of the Netherlands. And yes this confederation was rather democratic, no slavery and obviously an important inspiration/ example to american declaration writers in those times. The Netherlands has become a (parliamentary) kingdom and the quality of the democracy nowadays is amongst the best in the world, like the USA. Mirko, New York Us I'm assuming a very liberal interpretation of the word democracy. I'm counting anything in which the general populace is permitted some form of input in the government. I'm also considering that we are not counting a period of time before the nation was a democracy. And finally, I'm throwing out the pre-nation state feudal "democracies", for two reasons. 1.) They weren't countries as we know them yet, and 2.) most of those were more or less advisory councils rather than having any actual legislative power. (However, if you DO count these, Sweden becomes your answers). The United Kingdom has only been a democracy since the mid 1800s. It's hard to pin down a date, but the real start of it was the Reform Act of 1832, so a very liberal interpretation would be 131 years (well short of the USs 230 years, counting since the Treaty of Paris). The oldest continually sovereign nation on Earth is Turkey, who was last under foreign rule in 1243; however, its only been democratic since the 1920s. The United States was at one point the only truly democratic nation on Earth at one point. I note a few people above claiming universal sufferage to be the start-point in their arguments. By that measure, it's New Zealand. AJ Dembroski, Orlando, FL USA I cannot believe how many in this country(USA) have no idea what a republic is. I've noticed in the recent Republican hate anything about Democrats era, that Republicans think "Democracy" has anything to do with Democrats, or that "Republic" means Republican. Republic is the type of country we are. Meaning we do not have a Monarchy in place. The country "belongs" to the people. But, and it's a big BUT; we are a Constitutional Liberal(boy are the Republicans going to hate that world, which simply means the citizens have protected basic rights in this instance) Representative Democracy(in that we elect people and endow them with our democratic power to govern.) This does not mean a Monarchy, such as the UK is not a democracy, it, too is a Liberal Representative Democracy, that is also a Constitutional Monarchy. Republicans think calling the country a Republic means it has something to do with them. Read your history, the original Democratic-Republicans wanted a more loose Federal control(oh yeah the U.S. is also Federation) the Federalists were a party that wanted more central power in the Federal government. The Democratic-Republicans, eventually just became the Democrats. The Federalists died out and were eventually replaced by the Republicans. The first Republican president, Lincoln, believed in an indivisible U.S., while the Democrats believed in states rights to separate during the civil war. These ideas have been switched between parties in the modern era. A lot of that happened during the 1960's civil rights era when a lot of southern Democrats became Republicans. The U.S.A. can be a Republic(type of country), Liberal(the rights of the citizen protected) Democracy(the government is elected by the people, either directly or indirectly), and even a Federation(power shared by a central government and other sovereign entities, i.e. the states)So please enough of this the U.S.A. is a Republic not a Democracy rubbish because I know you are only saying that because you believe somehow that means Republicans are the best, when the term has nothing to do with the party who were originally formed for a stronger central government. Republic simply means no monarchy. Iran is an Islamic Republic, the U.S. is a Democratic Republic. You can be a republic without being a democracy, but in the case of the U.S., it is both. Darrel, Columbus, OH. USA With regard to the House of Lords, its representatives are not there by birth right but by merit. They are not real lords or aristocrats. They are selected. The House of Lords has no right to introduce legislation, only to modify existing bills. They have no power whatsoever to modify finance bills. They act as a safeguard. I see no reason why this should affect our status as a democracy. No common sense person would deny that Britain is a modern democracy. Just as no commons sense person would deny the US is a modern democracy. Tony, LONDON UK Democracy = government by the people. I don't think government by an oligarchy chosen by a minority of the people from a list of (usually very wealthy) prospective oligarchs counts as democracy. I see 'democracy' as a kind of 'branding', which is applied to various kinds of government in order to make them look more attractive. (It's rather like the word 'natural' on food packaging.) I'm not aware of any country which is governed by its people. If anyone here knows of one then please give us details. Paul, Oxford UK It would seem that everyone can agree that there is no 'true or absolute democracy' in existence. Thus the question should naturally be modified as what is the country with the oldest existing 'form' of democracy? Jezza, Sydney, Australia We already know the one with the oldest form of democracy it's Greece. We are looking for the one with the longest standing uninterrupted. Alexandros, SYDNEY Australia The ISO (International Organization for Standardization) now classifies the Isle of Man as a country! So perhaps you cannot so easily dismiss the Isle of Man by saying it's 'not a country'. Additionally, the Isle of Man is not, and has never been, part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and (Northern) Ireland. Ian, Sydney Australia With your learned (thus almost instinctive) look at Western civilization for your answers, you overlook the native Americans (Indians). Though no one knows how long they have held fully participatory democracies, the origins of a great confederacy uniting five great nations in peace, was established on the afternoon of August 31, 1142 (soon after a total eclipse). As native tribes are still "nations" by law and tradition, theirs are the longest standing. This makes sense in that they did not use money or barter as a medium of exchange. There was no land ownership, as it is understood today. There were chiefs, but they did only as instructed after deliberations by all members of the tribe. They weren't of a higher class than the rest of the tribe. They were also a matriarchal society, and it was a woman's responsibility to keep the peace which was maintained through democracy. GailG3, Myrtle Beach, SC USA Such an interesting topic - the main issue is how does one define 'democracy'. If one speaks of the oldest AND continuous democracies, then any country that was invaded or where martial law has been declared, or where the constitution has provisions allowing for it's suspension will not make the list. Most European nations are out (Nazi invasion), USA is out (martial law). What is left are (mostly) the constitutional monarchies - Great Britain, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Sweden and the republic of Switzerland. New Zealand and Australia gave women the vote earlier than most. Interestingly, if one goes to the UN website, it makes a distinction between 'true' democracies and 'flawed' democracies. Many of the 'true' democracies are constitutional monarchies. The US is a 'flawed' democracy according to the site - although I confess to not actually knowing why! Andrew, Melbourne Australia Ancient Greece was not a democracy and neither was the early USA. No country where a significant percentage of the population is made up of slaves can possibly claim to be democratic. Max Sommers, Brookmans Park UK People of Texas please stop posting your advice if it at all is going to reference the bible or god. Do you know how long I have been trying to prove that not all Texans are bible thumping ignorant hicks? Jaime Wilken, Austin, Texas USA How come people keep on forgetting about Finland all the time? True universal suffrage - where women were also eligible for election, not just voting - was implemented already in 1906, with world's first female parliamentarians taking their seats the year after. Obviously Finland would go on for another decade before becoming truly independent, but nevertheless ALL citizens of this Nordic republic have enjoyed universal suffrage for over a century now. THAT should determine the true meaning of DEMOCRACY and not just whether there has been some kind of a parliament for ages or not. Eric, Stockholm Sweden The first polity to introduce Universal Suffrage was New Zealand in 1893, not Finland. Tony, Lodon UK Thanks Jill for posting some common sense on the debate, not that there haven't been other good points made by others. As a fellow Kiwi I would also put forward New Zealand as the world's oldest continuous democracy. The Isle of Man is well known for it early experience of universal suffrage but I just can't see it as a country, a sovereign state eligible for the United Nations and so forth. 1893 for full universal suffrage puts NZ ahead of all other countries (and New Zealand voting rights to indigenous people from 1852) put it ahead of Finland and other Scandinavian countries, and ahead of Canada, Australia and so on who refused to recognise indigenous rights until the 1960s. The other point, which has been made by others, is that Norway, Denmark, and Finland have been invaded and occupied by foreign powers in the 20th century so their democracies cannot qualify as continuous. And sorry Switzerland, the gnomes of Zurich didn't give their wives the full vote until the 1970s. Stephen, Auckland, New Zealand Anyone thought about the Australian Aborigines - 40,000 years? Conrad Artkinson, San Francisco, US 1a. Government by the people, especially: rule of the majority 1b. A government in which the supreme power is in the people and exercised by them directly or indirectly through a system of representation usually involving periodically held free. Nowhere does it mention universal suffrage, just the rule of the majority - the people rule, not a dictator. The USA is the oldest democracy in the world. Kyle, Buffalo, NY, US The US cannot really be comsidered a true democracy when some US states do not allow US citizens to stand for public office if they do not believe in fairy tales - sorry, I mean God. Everybody in a democracy whether they are non believers or believers in religious fairy tales should stand in any public office, just like we do in Britain. The current Labour party leader is modern as he is an athiest. Graham, Ludlow, UK President Obama, representing the USA, has done it again! In his speech addressing the problems in Syria (with respect to chemical weapons and the calling for intervention, 11 September 2013) Obama stated: "America is the worlds oldest democracy" (I forget the precise words used now, but words to that effect). Wrong! For all the reasons mentioned already in this thread, there are a myriad of other nations with longer historic claims, one way or another, to this title. How can Obama (and his advisers/speech writing team), think that this was a good statement to make? He was talking to a global audience with incorrect historic and geographic facts. That one phrase probably instantly put 95% of his listeners off, or at least deflected their attention from his cause. If you cannot even get geo-historic-political facts right, when you are talking about current geopolitical issues then people will turn off. That aside it was a phrase irrelevant to the "humanitarian cause" anyway. As soon as Obama said those words I started researching 'history facts' and came across this thread as a result. In fact I did not listen to the rest of his speech as I was researching this. Perhaps that shows that history is more important than some people realise. Not only was Obama's asserted fact wrong, but how can he be stupid enough to have preached that statement to a global audience. Please Mr Obama / White House, drop this incorrect historic claim in an attempt to pat yourself on the back. The eyes of the world were upon you. That attitude is only turning the global audience away. With Obama's intellect and culturally mixed background, I am even more surprised to hear him say this. I am surprised factually, politically and diplomatically that you even said that. Wrong, wrong, wrong. This Guardian thread has dominated over world current affairs (for me)! Mike, Lymington, UK Great comments. I think the Republic of San Morino wins the claim to oldest democracy. A democracy is simply a government in which people vote for their leaders. The requirements for citizenship vary in all nations and universal suffrage is always limited. Immigrants, for example, can reside in all countries for long periods of time without gaining suffrage and becoming citizens, yet the countries in which they live are still democracies in which the leaders are elected. I would point out, however, that the celebration of democracy evident in these comments can be traced back to the Declaration of Independence and the revolutionary assertion that governments derive their authority not from God, but from the consent of the governed. Justin Pope, Washington DC, US I was looking at the 1788 Constitution of South Carolina this afternoon, which was not revised until some 50 years later. I was interested in its pivotal role in the presidential election of 1800, when the US House of Representatives broke the draw in the electoral college and declared for Jefferson. Whereas freeholders with property worth 40 shillings could vote for county members of parliament in England (there was no such restriction for MPs from boroughs), voters in South Carolina had to own property worth 50 pounds, or its taxable equivalent in town lots. They had to be white adult males, of course. They also had to declare belief in God, and in a future state of reward and punishment. Members of the state's General Assembly had to be Protestants. Members of the lower chamber, if not resident in their district, had to own property there worth 3,500 pounds, clear of debt. Members of the Senate had to own property worth 2,000 or, if non-resident, 7,000 pounds. The Governor and Lt-Governor had to own property worth 10,000 pounds in the state. And be Protestants, obviously. In 1800, the population of South Carolina was 346,000. There were about 39,000 adult white males. 13,000 cast votes in the election for the US House of Representatives. As it happened, this was the nearest they ever got to voting for the President, thanks to the deadlock. They did not vote for the US Senators, who were selected by the General Assembly. They did not vote for members of the electoral college, which chose the President, because they were elected by the General Assembly. Thanks to huge variation in the size of the Congressional districts, the House delegation could be quite different in its balance to that of the General Assembly, and therefore that of the electoral college delegation, as was the case in 1800. The notion that the United States was set up as a democracy is a delusion. The Founders abhorred democracy. The country was set up as an oligarchy or, as optimistic Jefferson hoped, an aristocracy. Hamilton had wanted an elected monarchy, with a lifetime term. In fact, the powers of the President were almost precisely modelled on those of George IV, and they have increased over time, although his Cabinet members are not members of Congress and political patronage is far more extensive. David Harley, South Bend, US I am utterly astonished by the number of comments stating Britain or Iceland or USA. The oldest form of democracy in recorded history is Athens. Though it did not allow everybody to vote, it allowed the most important people. Obviously their democracy would be ridiculous by today's standards, that does not change the fact that they were the first. It could be argued that some level of democracy was present as far back as ancient Sumeria, where the kings had not total power but had to cosult with free men. Regardless, claiming that democracy started after Athens is ridiculous Eoghan Dwyer, Longford, Ireland I feel sorry for the UK. Most of the people in the UK are biased, and claim that the UK made everything. I beg to differ, because we must not forget the Germanic Empire and Roman Empire, which was far greater than the British empire in terms of influence, lol. Where do you limeys think English came from, lol. English came from Germanic invaders, lol. As for the Revolutinary War in the USA. Well, the UK didn't beat the USA by its lonesome, lol. The UK had massive troop shortages, so the UK had to bring in Hesians, aka Germans to help them fight. Half of the UK fighting force in the USA was Hesian, aka German. However, the UK will distort this bona fide fact and take all of the credit, lol. Can anyone blame the Americans, when they asked France for help. You Brits came in with a foreign fighting force and even had the Native Americans on your side as well. Haha, the UK is good at telling fibs. As for the oldest Democracy in the World, any idiot would know it's the Republic of San Marino, hahaha. Its not the Isle of man, lol. Also, France is older than England and it has a far greater past from the roman tribes. Rome is the greatest Empire that ever existed, not the UK. JAFO, Seattle, Wa USA The Republic of San Marino is the oldest. Yep, it's a country inside of Italy. It's hard to miss, but it's the oldest Democracy in the World. Machine, Munich Germany You silly people. The USA is the oldest Democracy in the modern World. The UK is still a Constitutional monarchy. Which means that a King or Queen is still the head of state. The UK isn't its own Gov for the people, because of the monarchy. In the USA, the people are the US.Gov. In the UK, the Queen or King represents the people of the UK. A US President is a normal person that came from the people elected by the people, and the same is true for Congress and the Senate. In the UK, a King or Queen has to be born out of the stock that has been brewing for 100s of years. So, how could the UK be a Democracy? When the head of state has to be born into power. The people don't get to choose who their head of state will be in the UK. They have to settle for the same brew centuy after century. Whereas in the USA, the people spawn its leaders and you're always getting a new generation of leaders, not the same old soup from the pot. The same holds true for Greece and Italy. They had kings or Leaders born into power as well. I don't need an educated British rebuttal, because the Queen or King of the UK still has powers: Declare war, dissolve parliament, appoint PM, fire PM, and do the same stuff in her commonwealth realm. Hence, she's dissolved Canadian parliament 3 times in the last 8 years, lol. There is a difference between a Queen and King ran country, vs a country that lets the people vote on its leader. Grab a book people. Adam, NYC USA The president said the U.S. is the Âoldest democracy in the world.Â HeÂs not the first to say it. President George W. Bush said it before him. Filmmaker Michael Moore said it. Hillary Clinton said it. WhatÂs the truth? Other nations developed working democracies long before the U.S., so taken charitably the statement probably is supposed to mean that the U.S. has the longest run as a democracy up through the present. Using that understanding, the U.S. might qualify as the oldest democracy if one narrows the term sufficiently. A confederacy of Indian tribes and Iceland both lay claim to reasonable challenges, though both the Iroquois and Icelandic claims are open to question on the basis of continuity. Great Britain and tiny San Marino also make claims as the oldest democracy. The spotty history and weak current state of the Six Nations along with IcelandÂs relatively recent constitution could serve to weaken their claims . Some might disqualify Great Britain because of its monarchy and extensive parliamentary reform. Some might disqualify San Marino on the basis of its small size. With careful parsing one might sustain the claim that the U.S. is the oldest modern democracy. We donÂt see much point in pressing the claim. Nor do we see much point in disputing it. The U.S. is the most obvious sustained model of self-governance in the world. LetÂs just leave it at that. Dennis , Kent UK Barbados House of Assembley began meeting in 1639. Barbados is the oldest legislative body in the western hemisphere. John Walrond, Bridgetown, Caribbean Just to clarify, the UK is a Constitutional Monarchy, not an Absolute Monarchy. That is to say, a democracy and not a tyranny. The monarch has no power of arrest or power to legislate. The role of the monarch is ceremonial. True executive power lies in the hands of the Prime Minister, who like the American president, comes from the people. The first democracy on the basis of Universal Adult Suffrage is New Zealand. The first democracy on the basis of Universal Male Suffrage is probably the US. However, America has two problems, because prior to the Civil War, the US was a slave owning society and slave owning is just about as undemocratic as it gets. Second, the conquest of the West, so called manifest destiny, i.e. an extension of US territory into the land of the indigenous people at gunpoint, by bad guys like General Custer. Again, hardly what may be described as democratic. Tony, LONDON UK	i don't know
Pteronophobia is the fear of what?	Pteronophobia - feather fear, being tickled by feathers, feather phobia, being tickled by feathers phobia, fear of feathers, fear of being tickled by feathers, phobia of feathers, phobia of being tickled by feathers Websites Welcome to my site for Pteronophobia. In hopes of trying to provide some helpful information, I have searched the Internet looking for information on Pteronophobia (feather fear, being tickled by feathers, feather phobia, being tickled by feathers phobia, fear of feathers, fear of being tickled by feathers, phobia of feathers, phobia of being tickled by feathers). Please note I am not a doctor and only provide this site for informational purposes. I hope you will find some benefit in the site. Best wishes! ~Edd~ What is Pteronophobia? Pteronophobia is the fear of feathers or being tickled by feathers. The origin of the word ptero is Greek (meaning feather) and phobia is Greek (meaning fear). Pteronophobia is considered to be a specific phobia, which is discussed on the home page. What are the causes? It is generally accepted that phobias arise from a combination of external events (i.e. traumatic events) and internal predispositions (i.e. heredity or genetics). Many specific phobias can be traced back to a specific triggering event, usually a traumatic experience at an early age. Social phobias and agoraphobia have more complex causes that are not entirely known at this time. It is believed that heredity, genetics, and brain chemistry combine with life-experiences to play a major role in the development of phobias. (Wikipedia - phobia). What are the symptoms? As with any phobia, the symptoms vary by person depending on their level of fear. The symptoms typically include extreme anxiety, dread and anything associated with panic such as shortness of breath, rapid breathing, irregular heartbeat, sweating, excessive sweating, nausea, dry mouth, nausea, inability to articulate words or sentences, dry mouth and shaking. . Can I take medicine? Medicine can be prescribed, but please note that these medications can have side effects and/or withdrawal systems that can be severe. It is also important to note that medicines do not cure phobias, at best they only temporarily suppress the systems. However, there are treatments for phobias, which include counseling, hypnotherapy, psychotherapy, and Neuro-Linguistic programming. Please click on the link at the top of the page called “Treatment Information” to find out more information on these types of treatments. Note: If you are going to do a search, some common Pteronophobia search terms include Pteronophobia, feather fear, being tickled by feathers, feather phobia, being tickled by feathers phobia, fear of feathers, fear of being tickled by feathers, phobia of feathers, phobia of being tickled by feathers. DISCLAIMER: PLEASE READ - By printing, downloading, or using you this information, you agree to the following: 1) I am only providing this material for information and research purposes. 2) The information is "AS IS", "WITH ALL FAULTS". 3) You understand the information was gathered by doing a general search on Internet search engines for the following terms: Pteronophobia, feather fear, being tickled by feathers, feather phobia, being tickled by feathers phobia, fear of feathers, fear of being tickled by feathers, phobia of feathers, phobia of being tickled by feathers. 4) User assumes all risk of use, damage, or injury. 5) Information may have errors or be outdated. 6) Some information is from historical sources or represents opinions of the author. 7) You agree that we have no liability for any damages. 8) I are not liable for any consequential, incidental, indirect, or special damages. Finally, if you do not agree to terms, do not use the information. It is for informational and research purposes only! If you have any questions please contact me [email protected]	being tickled by feathers
From what is banana oil made?	What is fear? Information on the causes of fear and help for overcoming fear. Dilation of the pupils (to let in more light) Increased sweating People who have experienced this will often remember the moment when disaster stuck and how time seemed to slow down. They knew exactly what to do without consciously thinking about it, they had great strength (some have even been able to lift a car to save their trapped child) and they felt no pain. All these are protective mechanisms to increase our chances of survival. There are numerous causes of fear. Some are better known than others, such as the fear of spiders (Arachnophobia), fear of blood (Hemaphobia), fear of heights (Acrophobia) and fear of exams (Testophobia). Others types of fear not so well known are fear of mirrors (Catoptrophobia), fear of hair (Chaetophobia), fear of being tickled by feathers (Pteronophobia), and fear of work (Ergophobia). Still, new causes of fear are being diagnosed. Diagnosing Fear What is fear? Fear is not always adaptive. A small amount of fear before an important speech serves a purpose – it encourages you to focus on your topic and avoid making a fool of yourself. This is one of the types of fear that can be useful to sharpen our minds. However, some types of fear that are excessive can become crippling, or even make you feel like escaping when it is not appropriate to do so. When fear gets out of control, or when we fear something that cannot actually harm us, it can escalate to a point where it effects our daily functioning. Fear is no longer adaptive if we find we are constantly afraid of events that haven’t happened yet. Future-orientated fear is known as anxiety. While fear happens at the moment danger arises, anxiety is characterized by apprehension because we don’t know what’s going to happen next, and we cannot control upcoming events. Experiencing an alarm response when there is in fact nothing to be afraid of is known as panic. Many people are familiar with this type of fear and it is often (although not always) accompanied by a phobia. Panic is an immediate physical response to unrealistic and irrational fears. This can have a huge affect on both your emotional and physical well-being – as well as your ability to reach your full potential. What Causes Fear? While it is important to be aware of potential and real threats, it is just as important to react appropriately to them. For most of us, our initial startle response subsides as soon as we realize that there is no actual threat or danger. However, this is not always the case. There are many people for whom fear becomes maladaptive, as they struggle with anxiety, phobias and panic attacks. Children are also at risk of overactive fear, as they are not always able to rationalize fears that are unrealistic or unfounded. What is fear like for children? Children experiencing fears and phobias feel very real threats and parents often have difficulty consoling or reassuring their child that there is actually nothing to fear. Childhood anxiety can have a negative impact on their healthy development and may predispose them to problems in later life. Common Causes of Fear in Children When a child grows older (especially around the age of 2), fears that were never an issue before suddenly rear their ugly heads. At the age of 2 and above, most children now know what it is like to be injured, scolded, or even lost. One of the major fears in children is the act of being separated from his/her parents. Fear of separation is common for both toddlers and scholl aged children, this is due to them being left at the babysitters, nursery, or school. While some children fret over their parent’s departure and return, others may fear their teachers, surroundings, or other children. Most of the time, this fearfulness with others will subside as children start to spend more time with their teacher and classmates. Another fear in children is fear of the dark. Fear of the dark is usually one of the biggest and hardest fears to conquer in children. Children usually have this fear well into their school aged years. Fear of the dark resonates differently with age, while younger children may be fearful of monsters lurking in the shadows, older children may fear burglars. Most families find it beneficial to leave a light on at night, with a gradual reduction happening over an extended period of time. More Information on Fear Helpful Tips for when Fear Strikes After a shock or a near miss your body uses large amounts of glucose in your blood to prepare for the flight and fight response. After a shock or trauma, it is a good idea to drink something sweet (like a glass of sugar water) to quickly replenish blood sugar levels. If you feel that fear is getting the better of you, take a moment to pause. Close your eyes, take deep slow breaths and focus your attention on the sound of your breathing. Try not to let your mind get carried away with negative thoughts. Keep focused and concentrate on the "now". By living in the moment, you will meet the need in front of you as it arises without getting caught up in the "what-ifs" and "should-haves". Put your fears into perspective. Fear can sometimes take over all rational thought. Take a second (even if it’s after the feared event) and logically think of what you were afraid of. Ask yourself: "What was the realistic threat?" and "What is the rational way of dealing with such a threat?". Learn to let it go. Sometimes after something scares us, we feel the effects long after the event has occurred. Our minds tend to hold on to negative feelings, self-criticisms and apprehension. Try letting it all go once the threat has passed and talk out your feelings with someone you trust or a therapist (this is also called "debriefing"). Meditation and yoga are two other useful ways of putting negative thoughts and emotions to rest. Try not to avoid the objects or situations that induce irrational, non-dangerous fear. Instead face them little by little in ‘bite size’ chunks – thereby allowing yourself to slowly gain confidence and overcome the fear. Close	i don't know
Who joined forces with the Russians when they were defeated by Napoleon at the 'Battle of Austerlitz' in 1805?	Battle of Austerlitz, 2 December 1805 Battle of Austerlitz, 2 December 1805 Aftermath Background The battle of Austerlitz (2 December 1805), or the Battle of the Three Emperors, was one of Napoleon's most impressive victories and saw him inflict a crushing defeat on an Austro-Russian army, in the process knocking Austrian out of the War of the Third Coalition. At the start of the War of the Third Coalition the Austrians and Russians prepared for operations on a wide front. The largest Austrian army, under the Archduke Charles, was sent to Italy where Napoleon had won his earlier great victories and where he was expected to return in 1805. A smaller Austrian army, under General Mack , advanced west along the Danube to invade Bavaria, and ended up at Ulm. A number of Russian armies were making their way into Austria and were expected to arrive soon. Napoleon didn't act as expected. Instead he decided to attack across the Rhine in the hope that he could defeat Mack's army before the Russians arrived, then eliminate the Russians before Charles could return from Italy. The first part of the plan was a great success. The French crossed the Rhine and swept through Germany, reaching the Danube well to the east of Ulm. Mack missed a number of chances to escape from the trap after all but one division of the French army moved to the south bank of the river, but Napoleon soon recovered from this mistake, and on 20 October Mack and most of his command surrendered at Ulm . Jean-de-Dieu Soult The triumph at Ulm was followed by Napoleon's first failure of the campaign. The first of the Russian armies, under Kutuzov , had finally crossed the Danube and was advancing west towards Ulm when Mack surrendered. Kutuzov was now Napoleon's next target, but the Russians were able to outrun the French, and crossed to the north bank of the Danube to the west of Vienna. The French were able to occupy the Austrian capital and also captured a key bridge across the Danube intact, but Kutuzov was able to escape north to Olmutz where he joined up with a second Russian force under Buxhowden and some scattered Austrian forces. He was also joined by Tsar Alexander and the Emperor Francis. Napoleon followed the Russians north from Vienna, before calling a halt to the pursuit and pausing for a rest at Brunn, south-west of the Allied position. At their most advanced the French positions extended past Austerlitz, which Soult's infantry captured on 21 November. Napoleon was now in a very dangerous position. His army was tired and was hundreds of miles from home in the middle of enemy territory. He had to detach strong forces to guard his flanks, while his opponents were expected sizable reinforcements. The Archduke Ferdinand was approaching from the north-west. The Archdukes Charles and John were coming from Italy, although would probably arrive too late. Nearer to hand were 4,000 Austrians under Merveldt and 12,000 Russians under Essen. These two forces actually joined the defeated Allied army two and four days after the battle! Napoleon was already outnumbered and the situation could only get worse. He realised that his best chance of avoiding a potentially disastrous retreat was to win a crushing battlefield victory. Even a standard victory wouldn't be enough, with enemy reinforcements on their way from every direction. Napoleon's Plan The French army was now quite scattered. Murat's cavalry reserve and IV Corps (Soult) were east of Brunn facing the Allies. The Guard and Lannes (V Corps) were at Brunn. Bernadotte's I Corps was north-west of Brunn guarding against the Archduke Ferdinand. Davout's III Corps was near Vienna, but part of it would reach the battlefield in time to take part in the fighting. The number of troops on each sides isn't entirely certain, but the Allies had around 85,000 men while Napoleon fought with around 73,000. Davout, 1770-1823 Other parts of Napoleon's army weren't close enough to take part in the battle – Mortier's VIII Corps remained around Vienna, Marmont's II Corps was watching the Alps and Ney's VI Corps was in Carinthia. After occupying Brunn Napoleon examined the ground he expected to fight over. On 21 November he visited what would become the battlefield of Austerlitz. The Santon mound close to the road captured his attention and he ordered its eastern slopes to be steeply scarped and 14-20 captured Austrian light cannon to be placed on the summit. He also examined the famous Pratzen Heights and the valleys around them. The basic outline of Napoleon's plan was simple. He hoped to trick the Allies into moving south to attack the French right wing. Most of his army would be concentrated on the French left. Once the Allies were committed on the right, the French left would sweep around their northern flank (the allied right). Davout's corps, advancing from Vienna, would attack the Allied southern flank (left). The entire Allied army would be trapped between three French forces, cut off from its supplies at Olmutz and forced to surrender. This wasn't actually what happened during the battle. Two elements of Napoleon's original plan failed to fall into place. First, the Allies didn't move their entire army south, but instead left a strong force under Bagration to guard their right wing. This prevented Napoleon from launching his grand envelopment from the north. Second despite an impressive march Davout's corps didn't arrive in time or in enough strength to form the southern wing of the planned grand envelopment. These two developments forced Napoleon to adopt a new plan after the fighting had started. Soult's corps, in the centre-right of the French line, managed to capture the Pratzen Heights, in the centre of the Allied line. After fighting off a spirited Allied counterattack the French on the heights turned right, and attacked the isolated left flank of the Allied army. This move allowed Napoleon to win his crushing victory, although it wasn't quite as devastating as he had originally hoped. After the battle Napoleon claimed that the attack in the Allied centre had been his plan all along, Napoleon's detailed plans went through three versions. In the first he envisaged a total envelopment of the Allied armies. The main attack from the north was to get behind them while Davout coming from Vienna was to complete the trap. The second version was adopted when it became clear that the Allies were moving further south than expected while Davout was slower and his men more tired. Davout's role became to help defend the line of the Goldbach, Soult was to lead the main assault, supported by the rest of the French left. The third version was adopted on the night of 1-2 December after the Allies threatened Telnitz at the southern end of the French line. Napoleon went to inspect the situation. This was followed by an impromptu torch-lit procession, after which he came up with his third plan. Soult's corps now had the task of defending the Goldbach, while two of his brigades were to form the right-hand side of the French attack, supported on their left by the French left wing. This was the plan that was put into operation on 2 December, although as we will see it had to be modified during the battle. None of these detailed plans would have been of any value if the Allies had behaved more sensibly. The French were isolated and unlikely to receive any reinforcements, while fresh troops were advancing to join the Allied army. Even a delay of four days would have significantly altered the balance of power, allowing 16,000 extra Allied troops to arrive. Napoleon knew that he had to trick the Allies into attacking him. He achieved this with a simple deception plan. Two of his corps were posted at some distance from the eventual battlefield – Bernadotte to the north-west to watch the Archduke Ferdinand, Davout to the south at Vienna. The Allies thus believed that the French army was rather smaller than it really was. In the days before the battle Napoleon abandoned his most advanced positions, which reached beyond Austerlitz town towards the Allied camp. He send General Savary to the Allies as an envoy, officially to attempt to negotiate a truce but actually to spy on the Allies and to try and convince them that Napoleon feared a battle. Finally, on 1 December Napoleon ordered his men to make a 'panicked' retreat from the apparently crucial Pratzen heights. Allied Plan All of these efforts worked perfectly. The Allied supreme command structure was a mess. Kutuzov was officially the commander-in-chief, but Tsar Alexander took real control of the army. He was dominated by a group of his young friends, whose general attitude was aggressive. Kutuzov realised that the best way to defeat Napoleon was to simply wait him out, but the Tsar listened to his friends and not to his experienced commander-in-chief. The Austrian Emperor Francis was present with the army, but after the defeat at Ulm the Russians had a very low opinion of the Austrian army, and Francis had little influence. The Allied plan was almost exactly what Napoleon had hoped for. Their aim was to move most of Allied army onto the French right flank, outflank Napoleon and cut his lines of communication with Vienna. The French might be forced to retreat without a fight, but if not then the Allies would overwhelm their right flank. In order to protect their right flank and the road back to their camp the Allies decided to post General Bagration and the army advance guard on their right, guarding the main highway. This meant that Bagration was facing the main part of the French left wing, in an area where Napoleon didn't expect to find any enemy troops. If both plans had worked out as expected then the two armies could have ended up rotating in a clock-wise direction around the centre of the battlefield, but neither side's main attack made as much progress as expected. The main allied attack was to be made by four columns. On the far left was a small Austrian force under the Austrian General Kienmayer. He had around 7,000 men with an equal mix of infantry and cavalry. Next to him was the First Column under Lieutenant-General Dmitri Doctorov (or Dokhturov). All three columns on the Allied left were overwhelmingly infantry formations – Doctorov had 13,240 infantry and only 250 cavalry. He was to cross the Goldbach at Telnitz and then curve around to the right. The Second Column was commanded by Lieutenant-General A. Langeron, a French émigré, with 11,250 infantry and 300 cavalry. His task was to cross the stream between Telnitz and Sokolnitz. The Third Column, under Lieutenant-General I. Przbyswski or Prebyshevsky, was smaller, with only 7,700 infantry, and contained a mix of Austrian and Russian troops. Its task was to capture the castle at Sokolnitz and advance beyond it. All three of these columns were under the overall command of General Buxhowden. The Fourth Column was under the joint command of Lieutenant-Generals M.A. Miloradovich and J. K. Killowrath. It was much stronger, with 23,900 infantry, and was to cross the stream north of Sokolnitz. On the right of the army Lieutenant-General Peter I. Bagration and the 9,200 infantry and 4,500 cavalry of the Advance Guard was posted on the main road. To his left-rear was the Russian Imperial Guard under Grand Duke Constantine , the only reserve force. To his left was the Fifth (Cavalry) Column, commanded by Lieutenant-General Prince Johann von Lichtenstein. His task was to guard against the French cavalry and to shield the first four columns as they moved south. The Allied plan wasn't intrinsically flawed, but it did have two serious failings. First, it assumed that the French were already beaten and thus would neither offer any serious opposition at the Goldbach stream nor launch an offensive of their own. It also assumed that the Allied army was capable of carrying out such a complex manoeuvre. Even if the army's high command had been more capable, work on translating the orders from German into Russian didn't begin until 3am on the day of the battle, and some commanders didn't receive their orders until after the start of the fighting! Opening Moves Marshal Joachim Murat The Allies decided to attack Napoleon on 24 November. At first they hoped to move on the following day, but they weren't organised to achieve this and instead began to move on the 27th. Wischau, north-east of Austerlitz, and the heights of Raussnitz were captured on 28 November. In order to encourage the Allied attack Napoleon ordered Murat and Soult to abandon their positions around Austerlitz, and take up a new position west of the Goldbach stream. On the same day Bernadotte and Davout were ordered to rejoin the main army. Early on 29 November Murat and Soult moved into their new positions. The Guard and the Grenadier Division moved north to join them, forming a powerful left wing. On the same day the Allies moved four or five miles to the south. The day also saw Napoleon meet with Prince Dolgoruky, a Russian envoy and an arrogant member of the war party. On 1 December the Allies occupied the Pratzen Heights. Their progress looked impressive, but at the end of the day the fourth column was too close to the third and the cavalry was too far to the rear. This would cause some confusion in the hours before the battle began. As the Allies advanced Murat was ordered to fake a panicked retreat from the heights, in the hope that this would entice the Allies to continue on south into Napoleon's trap. By the end of 1 December most of Napoleon's men were in position. Lannes' V Corps was on the left, near the Santon. Lannes had around 12,700 men in his corps. Bernadotte's I Corps was behind V Corps, hidden from Allied sight. Bernadotte had around 13,000 men. To their right were the 5,500 men of the Imperial Guard under Marshal Bessières , the 5,700 men of the Grenadier Division under General Oudinot and Murat's 7,400 strong Cavalry Reserve. The centre and right of the French line was made up of Soult's IV Corps, the largest in the French army with 23,600 men. Soult had three infantry divisions and one light cavalry division. His men were spread along the Goldbach. Two of his three divisions were allocated to the main attack onto the Pratzen Heights. Further south Davout's III Corps was approaching from Vienna. Not all of Davout's troops reached the battlefield in time to fight. Friant's 2nd infantry division and Bourcier's 4th Dragoon Division arrived, as did part of the 1st Division, giving Davout around 6,300 men on the day. His main role would be to support Soult's right wing on the Goldbach. The Battlefield The battlefield was dominated by two features – the valley of the Goldbach Stream and the Pratzen Heights. It was bordered to the north by the Moravian Switzerland, an area of low wooded hills. The northern end of the battlefield was marked by the road from Brunn to Olmutz. This ran east-west across most of the battlefield, then split in two close to the north-east corner of the field, with one branch heading north-east to Olmutz and the other south-east to Austerlitz. Just to the north of the road, on the eastern side of the stream, was a small hillock known to the French as the Santon. Napoleon examined this feature well before the battle and ordered his men to steepen the eastern face, looking towards the Allied army. The Goldbach formed the dividing line between the two armies at the start of the battle. It flowed south from the Moravian Switzerland, and ran through a low marshy valley before joining the Littawa amongst a series of ponds (the Satschan Mere and Menitz Mere). At the end of the battle these ponds became the site of one of the great legends of Austerlitz, after the 30th Bulletin of the Grande Armée claimed that some 20,000 Allied troops drowned when French cannons broke the ice as they were attempting to escape across the frozen ponds. This was entirely false. Although some men might have died in the meres only two bodies were recovered when they were drained after the battle, and only 5,000 or so Allied troops were even in the area! The stream was lined with a series of villages. The southernmost villages became important in the battle. First was Tellnitz, closest to the meres. This was at the southern end of the fighting for most of the day. Next was Sokolnitz, with a castle and a walled peasantry to its north. The last of the key villages on the river was Kobelnitz. To the east are the Pratzen Heights, a triangular plateau with the narrow end at the south, widening to the north. A side-stream flows east from close to Kobelnitz towards the village of Pratzen, on the western edge of the plateau. The plateau had two main summits that became important in the fighting – the Staré Vinohrady to the north and the Pratzeberg to the south. The town of Austerlitz lies just beyond the eastern edge of the battlefield. The Ambush The night of 1-2 December was foggy. This played into French hands, hiding the deployment of their army, but it greatly added to the confusion on the Allied side. The Allied fourth column didn't start moving until the Tsar ordered it into action, about an hour after the first fighting. The cavalry column cut right across the army, cutting in front of the fourth column and possible cutting another column in two. The first fighting came at Telnitz, where Kienmayer's Austrians arrived on time. Five battalions attacked the French in the village, but the Austrians were repulsed. Buxhowden made one of his few positive contributions to the battle, ordering the first column to attack Tellnitz. The French were forced to retreat, but instead of advancing around Napoleon's flank Doctorov decided to wait for the second column to arrive on his right. When these columns did arrive they came up against parts of Soult's corps, and were held up (see below). While the Allies were raggedly moving south Napoleon and Soult were waiting for the right moment to attack. At around 8.45 Napoleon asked Soult how long it would take him to reach the top of the Pratzen Heights. Soult replayed that it would take less than 20 minutes, and so Napoleon decided to wait for another 15 minutes. Soult's two attacking divisions ( Saint-Hilaire and Vandamme ) were hidden in the fog in the valley bottom, and Napoleon wanted to wait until the entire Allied army had moved off the heights. At about 9am Soult was finally ordered to advance. Saint-Hilaire was on the right and was to take the summit of the Pratzeberg while Vandamme was to take the Staré Vinohrady, one mile further north. Napoleon was hoping that Soult would be advancing into the space behind the advancing Allies, although the sounds of heavy fighting from the north suggested that not everything was going as planned. In fact Soult's men advanced into a gap between the Third and Fourth Allied columns. Their advance also brought them within a few hundred years of the Tsar and Kutuzov The French swept through Pratzen village, sending a wave of defeated Russian troops past the Tsar and Kutuzov. Kutuzov attempted to repair the damage, ordering the fourth column, which had just dropped off the heights, to turn back and take up a position north of Pratzen while Lichtenstein's cavalry was ordered onto the heights. None of these troops arrived in time to prevent the French from capturing the Pratzeberg or the Staré Vinohrady, giving them control of the Pratzen Heights, but the Allies weren't entirely defeated yet – Kutuzov had his fourth column, the Russian Imperial Guard and part of Langeron's column with which to attack Soult, while further south the first three Allied columns still had a chance to restore the situation – if they could get across the Goldbach and swing north then Soult might be isolated on the plateau. At the end of this first phase of the battle the Allied supreme command had been effectively destroyed. The Tsar had been separated from his staff and was an isolated figure. Kutuzov faired a little better but became drawn into a series of individual fights and had no impact on the overall direction of the battle. The Hard Fight The Heights At this stage the French were in a good position, but not as good as Napoleon had hoped. He had expected the entire Allied army to move over the Pratzen, allowing his strong left and centre to get behind them. Instead the French left had been held up by Bagration. Soult had successfully occupied the Pratzen Heights, but he now faced a fierce and unexpected battle to hold onto his new position. The first fighting came when part of the Second Column attacked the 10th Line, part of Saint-Hilaire's division. This attack was beaten off with the aid of Saint-Hilaire, who led reinforcements to the scene. An Austrian force then attempted to get close by taking advantage of the similarity between their white uniforms and those of Napoleon's Bavarian allies. This ruse failed when the 'Bavarians' were seen to communicate with nearby Russians and the Austrians were repulsed after a fierce half-hour battle. General Langeron led the next attack on the Heights, but the Kursk Regiment was badly mauled and the Podolia Regiment retreated back into the Goldbach valley. By now the Tsar had fled east, while Kutuzov had been wounded and forced to retreat to the safety of an Austrian unit. The South While the French were winning the battle on the heights the Allies were struggling in the Goldbach valley. Friant's division of Davout's corps had finally reached the battlefield, and at about the same time as the Allied second and third columns arrived at the river a French counterattack temporarily pushed them out of Telnitz. The French were still outnumbered at this end of the line, and were soon pushed back out of the village. The Allied second column (Longeron) now arrived and attacked Sokolnitz, followed soon afterwards by the third column (Prebyshevsky), which attacked north of the village, aiming at Sokolnitz Castle and the Peasantry. The first column paused to wait for the battle at Sokolnitz to end. By about 10am the Russians had forced the 26th Light out of the village, but this was a short-lived success. At about 10 the 2nd and 3rd brigades of Friant's division launched a counterattack and a prolonged battle developed around the village. The 48th Line was left in Sokolnitz, while Friant went on to attack the Allied third column. The battle in this part of the field now became something of a stalemate, with strong Allied forces unable to force their way across the Goldbach. The Russians and Austrians were never able to force the French back from the Goldbach, and the main Allied thrust came to a halt. The North 10 April 1769-1809 An almost entirely separate battle took part on the northern part of the battlefield, where Bagration's advance guard faced Lannes, Bernadotte and a large French cavalry force. As the fighting began further south the French had a screen of light cavalry at the front. Two heavy cavalry divisions were next, on either side of the main road, with Lannes and Bernadotte just behind and Murat's cavalry reserve in the rear. On the Russian side Bagration had his Jaeger infantry on the right and left, two lines of cavalry on the centre-right and his line infantry on the centre-left. Prince Lichtenstein's cavalry was to his left-rear and the Russian Imperial Guard even further to the left-rear (south-east). Most of these reserves would eventually be drawn into the fighting on the heights. The fighting in the north began when Bagration sent 4,000 cavalry to attack Lannes. This first cavalry attack was repulsed by French artillery fire, but the Grand Duke Constantine Uhlans insisted on making an unsupported attack in which they suffered 400 casualties, losing most of their strength. Next was a series of attacks on Kellermann's division. The second of these attacks saw Murat and his staff dragged into the melee, and the situation was only saved when Nansouty's heavy cavalry joined the fight. This was followed by a French infantry attack towards the village of Bläsowitz, to the south of the road. After an early success the Russians abandoned this position, which was now threated by French troops on the Pratzen Heights, just to its south. On the opposite flank Bagration's men were attacking towards Bosenitz, from where they threatened the Santon mound. The French counter-attacked from the mound and pushed the Russians back. At about midday Lannes went onto the offensive. Bagration was forced to retreat back past the road junction and there was a real danger that he would be forced away to the north-east, isolating him from the rest of the army. Instead some Austrian artillery arrived just in time to halt the French advance. Bagration's wing had suffered a defeat, but it was a fairly minor one and he had avoiding being cut off from the rest of the army. Allied Defeat The stage was now set for the most important action of the day. At about noon Napoleon decided to move to the Pratzen Heights. At the same time the Imperial Guard, Grenadier Division and Bernadotte's corps were all ordered to advance in the same direction. On the Allied side the Russian Imperial Guard, under the command of the Tsar's brother Constantine, was about to enter action. Constantine had received a request for help from his brother as the fighting developed on the heights. He decided to try and find the fourth column, and so at around 11.30 the Russian Guard began to move across the north-eastern flank of the Staré Vinohrady. The Russian Guard moved to Krzenowitz, east of the heights. There it came under fire from Vandamme's artillery on the Staré Vinohrady. Constantine responded by forming up on the eastern flank of the ill with the Semenovsky infantry on the left, the Preobrazhensky infantry on the right, jaeger infantry on their flanks and cavalry at the outside. They were ordered to clear the eastern flank of the hill, but not to make a full scale assault on the French. This changed when the advancing Russians were attacked by Schinner's 3rd Brigade of Vandamme's Division, and at around 1pm Constantine was forced to order a full scale assault on the Staré Vinohrady. This began well. A force of 3,000 Russian Grenadiers broke the first French line, but they were stopped by artillery fire before reaching the second line. The Russians withdrew to reform, and Napoleon ordered Vandamme to apply pressure to them. During this movement Vandamme's left flank became exposed, and Constantine ordered his cavalry to attack. The French 4th Line formed squares, but the Russians stopped short, unveiled six light artillery pieces and bombarded the square. The Russian cavalry was then able to break into the French square, despite an attempt by the 24th Light to rescue them. The Russians captured the 4th Line's Eagle, the only French trophy captured by the allies during the battle. The 24th Light formed a line but was also broken, and the refugees from the two regiments fled past Napoleon (greeting him with 'Vive l'Empereur' as they passed!). The gap in the French line was plugged by the French Guard cavalry. A costly battle now developed between the two Imperial Guards. At first the Russians had the best of the encounter, but the arrival of a brigade of infantry from I Corps allowed the French to move reinforcements up and the cavalry battle eventually ended as a major French victory. The Russian Chevalier Gardes, recruited from noble families, suffered very heavy casualties during this battle. Napoleon now had a commanding position, but he had to decide what to do next. His original plan, for a grand envelopment of the entire Allied army, was no longer possible. From his position on the Pratzen Heights he realised that Bagration was too far east to be easily destroyed and so he decided to turn his attention south. The brunt of the new attack fell on Saint-Hilaire and Vandamme, supported by Legrand's division. Bernadotte's I Corps, which hadn't made much contribution to the fighting, was ordered to hold the Pratzen Heights. Saint-Hilaire, supported by one brigade from Vandamme and with General Legrand on his right advanced towards Sokolnitz, while Vandamme with his two remaining brigades moved to the southern edge of the Pratzen Heights, from where he could threaten Buxhowden's line of retreat. The French attack hit the first three Allied columns. By now it was clear to the Allies that the battle was lost, and instead of attempting to coordinate a defence the various Allied commanders focused on attempting to escape from the trap. Some were luckier than others. Langeron with the 8th Jaeger and Viborg Regiments escaped to the south. The Perm Musketeers and 7th Jaeger were forced north-west, attempted to defend Sokolnitz Castle and made another stand further north before surrendering. The Galician and Butyrsk Regiments with fragments from other units moved further north and surrendered against the Sokolnitz mere. 4,000 prisoners were taken there. To the south parts of Langeron's, Doctorov's and Kienmayer's forces were cut off to the south and came under attack from three sides. Many of these troops were able to escape to the south, with some crossing the frozen Satschan and Menitz ponds. One of the great myths of Austerlitz took place here. French gunners fired on the ice of the ponds, cracking it in places. The 30th Bulletin of the Grande Armée claimed that 20,000 Russians drowned here. After the battle the ponds were drained – 38 guns and 130 horses were found but only two men. Only 5,000 Allied troops were even in the area. It is possible that some men did indeed drown in the ponds, although they were very shallow, but the famous mass drowning on the ice never happened. Aftermath The battle was a dramatic and crushing French victory. French casualties were around 9,000, but the Allies had lost 27,000 men – 12,000 prisoners, the rest dead and wounded left on the battlefield. One third of the Allied army had been lost. The surviving Allied troops retreated east, while the French rested on the battlefield. On the night of 2-3 December Prince Lichtenstein appeared at the French camp under a flag of truce, and arranged a meeting between Napoleon and the Emperor Francis, to be held on 4 December. This was a clear sign that the Austrians were about to leave the Third Coalition. While Francis prepared to make peace, Tsar Alexander prepared to retreat to Hungary. Reinforcements were now arriving – 4,000 Austrians under Merveldt arrived on the 4th, 12,000 Russians under Essen on the 6th, but Alexander and Kutuzov refused to consider continuing the fight in Austria. Napoleon and Francis met at 2pm on 4 December. The meeting lasted for two hours and Francis apparently left in a more cheerful mood than he had arrived. Even so the resulting Peace of Pressburg was a disaster for Austria. France took much of the eastern coast of the Adriatic, including Trieste, the Croatian coast and Dalmatia. Cleves and Berg on the eastern bank of the Rhine also went to France. Bavaria was given the Tyrol and Wurzburg. The Duke of Wurttemberg received Swabia. In an attempt to keep Prussia out of the war they were given Hanover. In this Napoleon failed – Prussia soon joined the war, before suffering her own defeat at Jena - Auerstadt (14 October 1806). Russian remained in the conflict into 1807, but came to terms after the battle of Friedland (14 June 1807) . For a few short years Napoleon dominated Europe, although the British naval victory at Trafalgar , which came on 21 October, the day after Ulm, prevented his triumph from being complete.	Austria
What is contained in a dish described as Lyonnais?	Battle of Austerlitz animated map Show Larger Map Battle of Austerlitz summary The Battle of Austerlitz, also known as the Battle of the Three Emperors, was one of Napoleon's greatest victories, where the French Empire effectively crushed the Third Coalition. On 2 December 1805 (20 November Old Style, 11 Frimaire An XIV, in the French Republican Calendar), a French army, commanded by Emperor Napoleon I, decisively defeated a Russo-Austrian army, commanded by Tsar Alexander I and Holy Roman Emperor Francis II, after nearly nine hours of difficult fighting. Austerlitz (Slavkov u Brna) is located 10 km (6 mi) south-east of Brno in Moravia and was at that time part of the Austrian Empire (present day Czech Republic). Napoleon had 72,000 men and 157 guns while the Allies had about 85,000 soldiers, seventy percent of them Russian, and 318 guns. Napoleon was hoping that the Allied forces would attack, and to encourage them on this mission he deliberately weakened his right flank. Napoleon believed that the Allies would throw too many troops to envelop his right flank in order to cut the French communication line from Vienna. As a result, the Allies' center and left flank would be exposed and become vulnerable. In order to encourage them to do so, Napoleon even abandoned the strategic position on the Pratzen Heights, further faking the weakness of his forces and his own nervousness. Napoleon's main force was to be concealed in a dead ground opposite the Heights. The battle began at about 8 a.m. with the Allies attacked the village of Telnitz. Several ferocious Allied charges evicted the French from the town and forced them onto the other side of the Goldbach Brook. The first men of Davout's corps arrived at this time and threw the Allies out of Telnitz A new attack by hussars forced the French to re-abandoned the town. Additional Allied attacks out of Telnitz were checked by French artillery. Allied columns started pouring against the French right, but they moved at slow speed and the French were mostly successful in curbing their attacks. Also a cavalry detachment under Liechtenstein on the Allied left flank had to be placed in the right flank and in the process ran into and slowed down other troop movements. The Allies attacked the village of Sokolnitz, which was defended by the 26th Light Regiment and the Tirailleurs, but their assaults proved unsuccessful. Allied General Langeron ordered the bombardment of the village. The barrage forced the French out of Sokolnitz. The French, however, counterattacked and regained the village. A new Allied attack gave them the village once again. Sokolnitz was perhaps the most fought over area in the battlefield and would change hands several times as the day progressed. While the allied troops attacked the French's right flank, Kutuzov's IV Corp stopped at Pratzen height and stayed still. Just like Napoleon, Kutuzov realized the importance of Pratzen and decided to protect the position. The young Tsar Alexander I did not share Kutuzov's correctly caucious approach, so he moved the IV Corp from Pratzen height and, so, pushed the Allied army into her grave. The French now advanced against the Allied center. The attacks by St. Hilaire and Vandamme just to the north of Pratzen split the Allied army in two and left the French in a golden strategic position to win the battle. At about 8:45 a.m., satisfied at the weakness in the enemy center, Napoleon asked Soult to attack the Pratzen Heights. A dense fog helped to cloud the advance, but as the French went up the slope the legendary Sun of Austerlitz ripped the mist apart and encouraged them forward. Russian soldiers and commanders on top of the heights were stunned to see so many French troops coming towards them. They faught valiantly and with Austrian help forced the French to withdraw down the slopes. However, the French of St. Hilaire's division attacked again and took the heights. To the north, General Vandamme's division attacked an area called Staré Vinohrady ( Old Vineyards ) and through talented skirmishing and deadly volleys broke several Allied battalions. Napoleon ordered Bernadotte's I Corps to support Vandamme's left were the Russian Imperial Guard under Grand Duke Constantine, Tsar Alexander's brother, counterattacked in Vandamme's section of the field. To help Vandamme Napoleon ordered his own heavy Guard cavalry forward. With help form their infantry and artillery the French Cavalry forced the Russians to retreat and pursued them. By 1400 hours, the Allied army had been dangerously separated. Napoleon now had the option to strike at one of the wings, and he chose the Allied left since other enemy sectors had already been cleared or were conducting fighting retreats. In the north prince Liechtenstein's heavy cavalry began to assault Kellerman's lighter cavalry forces but with help from their infantry and cuirassiers the French ultimately prevailed. Bagration's Russians were also forced to retreat. Napoleon now turned his attention to the South where the French and the Allies were still fighting over Sokolnitz and Telnitz. A double-pronged assault from North and West smashed through Sokolnitz and forced the Allies to retreat. General panic now seized the Allied army and it abandoned the field in any and all possible directions.	i don't know
Which African country has the shilling as it's currency?	by Elayne Wangalwa Last Updated: Fri, 17 Jul 2015 08:55:22 GMT 0 Kenyan shilling: Photo: Wikipedia The Kenya shilling has lost more than 8 per cent of its value this year. The shilling has been performing poorly against the US dollar and has reached three and a half year lows. This downward spiral of the Kenyan currency has been mainly attributed to the strengthening of the dollar against most currencies. Since April, the shilling has been on a dwindling spiral and recently reached lows of 103 against the greenback. Nonetheless, the strengthening of the dollar is not the only factor contributing to the weak shilling. The country has faced a shortfall in its foreign exchange reserves from the tourism and agriculture sector that have been performing poorly. The tourism sector that has been the jewel in the crown for the East African country has been hit by terror attacks resulting in travel advisories by key tourist markets. Meanwhile, the agricultural sector, a backbone to the economy, has recorded mixed performance predominantly attributable to unreliable rains with some regions experiencing depressed rainfall. As a result of the weakening of the shilling, the Central Bank of Kenya (CBK) has mopped up excess liquidity from the money markets to keep the currency afloat. In addition, CBK’s Monetary Policy Committee held an emergency meeting in June to discuss a way forward to stem the shilling. The committee raised its key lending rate by 150 basis points to 10 per cent for the first time since 2013. Nevertheless, this move did not tame the shilling and the committee met again to increase the benchmark lending rate by another 150 basis points. The shilling has led to the increase of fuel prices in East Africa’s biggest economy, the rise in inflation figures albeit still with the government target of 2.5 to 7.5 per cent, which in turn has resulted to the rise in cost of living. With this in mind, CBK recently released a statement reassuring its commitment to dampen volatility in the market. “The central bank is monitoring the situation very closely and is taking appropriate measures to eliminate disorderly market developments…The CBK stands ready to enhance its open market operations and other measures, including intervening through direct sales of US dollars to commercial banks,” the bank said in a statement. Moreover, CBK has implied that it has adequate foreign exchange reserves to prevent any further weakening of the shilling for the short term. In 2011, the CBK was unable to tackle internal and external shocks shaking the economy and pushing the currency to its highest mark of 107 Kenya shillings against the dollar. TAGS:	Kenya
What was the spin-off to the TV series 'Yes Minister'?	Kenya: Is the Shilling Under Speculative Attack? - allAfrica.com Kenya: Is the Shilling Under Speculative Attack? more By Joseph Bonyo Nairobi — A mid-morning transaction at a local commercial bank on Monday last week is suspected to have sent the foreign exchange market into panic, triggering a steady fall in the value of the Kenya shilling to record lows on Thursday. The transaction was made by a local manufacturing company and is said to have been "quite significant," according to insiders at the bank. "It was huge, and in fact we saw the shilling drop to new lows within an hour after the transaction," a senior dealer at the bank said on condition of anonymity citing client confidentiality. That day, the money markets opened trade at an average of Sh88 against the dollar, having closed the previous week at almost the same level. But when this transaction was concluded, the local currency caught a chill. At Sh89.40, the trend frayed many nerves and earlier indications pointed to an attack by speculators who took advantage of the tremble in the currency market to suppress the shilling. This piled more pressure on the local unit and it was only a matter of time before it slipped past the Sh90 mark. Genesis of currency woes "It is alarming and something needs to be done soon. If things are left as they are, it's only a matter of days before we head to all time lows," another dealer told the Smart Company on Wednesday. On Thursday, after showing signs of regaining lost ground, the scale tilted against the shilling again, sending it plunging further. This was notably as a result of the crisis in the Euro zone, according to the Central Bank of Kenya, more so the debt crisis in Greece that sent the euro skidding against the dollar. In the day's trading session on Friday, Kenya shilling averaged Sh90.50, and at one point touching Sh91.05 against the greenback. This was the lowest the currency had hit in about 20 years. The last time these lows were witnessed, market trends show, was during the infamous Goldenberg scandal. The scam caused a dramatic slide in the value of the Kenya shilling and a large jump in the inflation rate. It is also at the same time that calls for the Central Bank of Kenya to step in and help firm up the shilling grew louder. The bank has, however, remained steadfast to its non-intervention policy in the currency market. "The CBK is closely monitoring the foreign exchange market on a continuous basis.... Although there has been demand for foreign exchange from the energy sector, the demand has been within the normal range," Central Bank of Kenya governor Prof Njuguna Ndung'u said. Trading in foreign exchange is largely dominated by commercial banks with forex bureaus only dealing with a small portion of the market, which players say is negligible. On average, a mid-sized bank deals about $50 million (about Sh4 billion) daily, while larger banks transact more. According to CBK, the foreign exchange market transacts on average $300 (Sh24 billion) to $330 million (Sh26 billion) in a day. This limit yet to be exceeded, with current high demand for the dollar not expected to last long. It is within this circles that a lot of speculation that has been linked to the weakening of the shilling largely lies. This has been due to heightened inter-bank dollar demand, with reports that most banks are using up their daily limits. Shilling among poor performers "This is what we do when trading in currency. I'd rather not call it speculation but proprietary trading. "It is why we are in this market at the end of the day," another dealer said when asked whether speculation was the reason for the thinning value of the shilling. With pressure piling on the currency, the shilling has been rated among the top five poor performing in the world in just a week. It has depreciated by almost 10 per cent since the beginning of the year in what the CBK notes is not a unique case. "Emerging markets currencies have depreciated in the recent past following increased uncertainty in the global financial markets emanating from the Euro debt crisis and political unrest in North Africa and Middle East. "This has reduced the investors risk appetite making them prefer to hold the relatively safer US dollar," CBK, which is the financial markets regulator, said. Bank of Uganda was forced to sell $20 million in the exchange market on Wednesday to stabilise the country's shilling, promising to act again to curb speculation in the domestic currency. The central bank acted after the market recorded an outflow of $30 million because of speculation, Mr Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile, the bank's governor, told reporters in Kampala on Monday "We shall not hesitate to enter the market to stem speculation," Mr Mutebile said, adding "I have the capacity to burn their fingers." The Uganda shilling has weakened by 5.1 per cent since January. The shilling is selling at an average of Ush2,433 for every green back and is Africa's fourth-worst performing currency so far, after the Kenyan shilling, the Sudanese pound and the Tanzanian shilling, according to Bloomberg data. Inflation in the East African country surged to a 17-year high of 16 per cent in May as food and fuel prices increased. Price growth may slow to 6 per cent by the end of this year because "the drivers have started to dissipate," Mr Mutebile said. Meanwhile, while the export market is nourishing, the import business is taking a hit from the weak shilling. Kenya is a net importer of goods - which increases the current account deficit - and this might soon be reflected in higher consumer prices. Ms Betty Maina, chief executive officer of the Kenya manufacturers Association indicated that this does not augur well for business. "We rely mainly on imports and the pressure on the shilling might result in more inflation which is already up," she notes. Mr Ragnar Gudmundsson, the Kenyan Representative for International Monetary Fund (IMF) links the depreciation of the shilling to increased inflation expectations. This in turn has been driven by the increase in prices of food and fuel and strong domestic demand, which have translated into higher domestic price levels, with core inflation running at about 7.5 per cent at end of May, he said. Central Bank is taking measures to deal with these inflationary pressures, most notably by allowing interest rates to rise, including for the its benchmark Central Bank Rate (which was recently raised by 25 points to 6.25 per cent), repurchase operations (repo), and Treasury bills. "With interest rates higher, the opportunity cost of holding onto foreign currency increases as well," says Mr Gudmundsson. "As inflation returns to low and stable levels, the currency can be expected to appreciate again." On the other hand, exporters are having it nice with indications that initial gains made by the shilling after falling to lows of Sh89 went to the sector. Dealers noted that increased inflows of the dollar in the market were mainly from the tea and horticulture sector, which temporarily took up the shilling to trade at Sh88 against the dollar. Some analysts attribute the current predicament facing the shilling to a build-up of events traced back to 2008. According to Mr David Cowan, an economist with Citi Bank in charge of African economy, the shilling started receiving a beating when Kenya experienced post-election violence. This resulted in a sharp fall of the shilling's value in the first half of that year due to raised political uncertainty. Additionally, falling interest rates and widening current account deficit have not made things easier for the shilling. "All these have driven a prolonged period of Kenya shilling weakening," notes Mr Cowan on his outlook for the Kenyan economy. High current account deficit In the past one month, Kenya's current account deficit has largely increased on account of rising food and oil prices. The market has reported increased demand of the dollar from the energy and agricultural sectors (maize, wheat and rice) as traders import to meet consumer demand due to local supply shortfalls. An analysis by Renaissance Capital notes that delayed withdrawal by the government of the fiscal stimulus programme will continue to widen the account deficit. "The stimulus programme has increased demand for machinery and capital equipment over the past two-to-three years, most of which had to be imported. "So, as the fiscal deficit increased on the back of this programme, there was a concurrent widening of the deficit," says Ms Yvonne Mhango, Renaissance Capital's economist in charge of sub-Saharan Africa. CBK's policy of leaving the shilling at the mercy of market forces has not gone down well with some market players. Ms Mhango notes that the market expects further monetary policing tightening. "We expect the CBK to continue to tighten policy in the second half of 2011, and a bolder 50-basis point hike in interest rates is looming," she says. The CBK has never made a more than 25-basis points increase since the Monetary Policy Committee signal rate was introduced in 2006. However, the bank has remained steadfast to this call, urging that it's only a matter of time before the shilling firms up. "Whenever there is volatility in any market there's panic buying and speculative behaviour by market players," says Prof Ndung'u. "This creates the over-shooting tendency initially and then stabilises. This has also contributed to the weakening of the local currency. "The other East African countries are experiencing a similar tide of effects." Mr Gudmundsson of the IMF says Kenya's flexible exchange rate has served the country well, and this flexibility should be maintained. "A flexible exchange rate," he says," is a tool allowing the economy to adjust to external shocks such as those that we have been witnessing in recent months." Additional reporting by Luke Mulunda. Copyright © 2011 The Nation. All rights reserved. Distributed by AllAfrica Global Media ( allAfrica.com ). To contact the copyright holder directly for corrections — or for permission to republish or make other authorized use of this material, click here. AllAfrica publishes around 700 reports a day from more than 140 news organizations and over 500 other institutions and individuals , representing a diversity of positions on every topic. We publish news and views ranging from vigorous opponents of governments to government publications and spokespersons. Publishers named above each report are responsible for their own content, which AllAfrica does not have the legal right to edit or correct. Articles and commentaries that identify allAfrica.com as the publisher are produced or commissioned by AllAfrica . To address comments or complaints, please Contact us .	i don't know
Where is the body of Charles Darwin interred?	Westminster Abbey » Charles Darwin Burial Date: 26 Apr, 1882 Field: Scientist; writer Location in the Abbey: Nave, north choir aisle Type of memorial: Grave; bust Type of material: Bronze Charles Robert Darwin, naturalist, is buried in the north aisle of the nave of Westminster Abbey, not far from Sir Isaac Newton . He was born in Shrewsbury on 12 February 1809, son of Robert Waring Darwin (1766-1848) and Susannah, daughter of Josiah Wedgwood. He studied with his brother Erasmus at Edinburgh University but disliked the idea of following in his father's footsteps as a doctor. At Cambridge University he became very much interested in natural history and sailed on the ship HMS Beagle in 1831 to South America and the Galapagos islands. In 1839 he married his cousin Emma Wedgwood and they went to live at Downe, a small village in Kent. His famous work "The Origin of Species by natural selection" was published in 1859 and he continued working although his health was often poor. He died at Down House on 19 April 1882. Burial The Dean of Westminster, George Granville Bradley, was away in France when he received a telegram forwarded from the President of the Royal Society in London saying "…it would be acceptable to a very large number of our fellow-countrymen of all classes and opinions that our illustrious countryman, Mr Darwin, should be buried in Westminster Abbey". The Dean recalled " I did not hesitate as to my answer and telegraphed direct…that my assent would be cheerfully given". The body lay overnight in the Abbey, in the small chapel of St Faith, and on the morning of 26 April the coffin was escorted by the family and eminent mourners into the Abbey. The pall-bearers included Sir Joseph Hooker, Alfred Russel Wallace , James Russell Lowell (U.S. Ambassador), and William Spottiswoode (President of the Royal Society). The burial service was held in the Lantern, conducted by Canon Prothero, with anthems sung by the choir. The chief mourners then followed the coffin into the north aisle of the Nave where Darwin was buried next to the eminent scientist Sir John Herschel, and a few feet away from Sir Isaac Newton. The simple inscription on his gravestone, which is of pale Carrara marble, reads "CHARLES ROBERT DARWIN BORN 12 FEBRUARY 1809. DIED 19 APRIL 1882". Although an agnostic, Darwin was greatly respected by his contemporaries and the Bishop of Carlisle, Harvey Goodwin, in a memorial sermon preached in the Abbey on the Sunday following the funeral, said "I think that the interment of the remains of Mr Darwin in Westminster Abbey is in accordance with the judgment of the wisest of his countrymen…It would have been unfortunate if anything had occurred to give weight and currency to the foolish notion which some have diligently propagated, but for which Mr Darwin was not responsible, that there is a necessary conflict between a knowledge of Nature and a belief in God…". A later, widely believed, rumour of a "deathbed conversion" to Christianity was denied by his daughter, who was actually present at his death. Memorial bust A bronze memorial, with a life-sized relief bust, was erected by his family in the north choir aisle, near to the grave, in 1888. The sculptor was Sir J.E. Boehm. The inscription just says simply DARWIN. Photos of the grave and memorial can be purchased from Westminster Abbey Library Further reading:	Westminster Abbey
Which duo had a hit with 'Something Stupid'?	The Demise of Charles Darwin \| Creation Moments Home > The Demise of Charles Darwin > The Demise of Charles Darwin in Author: Ian Taylor It was four o'clock on Wednesday afternoon of April 19, 1882, when Charles Darwin took his last breath. His final hours had been accompanied by much chest pain and vomiting as his heart struggled to keep going through several attacks. The weakened heart did not survive the final attack and, with the signal death gasp, Charles Darwin left this mortal life. He had lived for 73 years and the last 40 of those years were spent quietly at his house in the village of Downe, just southeast of London. Darwin's eldest daughter, Henrietta, aware of the importance of the last words of famous men, sat poised with pen in hand to catch every last word of her father. Darwin's wife, Emma, was in another part of the house at the moment of departure but was soon beside Henrietta and her son Francis. After a few moments alone with their thoughts they quickly composed themselves and decided that they must let the rest of the family and friends know the sad news. Letters were hand written and sent to sons William, George, Leonard, and Horace, then to cousin Francis Galton and the family friend, Thomas Huxley. Most of these people lived in London and received their letters via the penny post by the afternoon of the following day. The horse and train postal service of a century ago was not only much less expensive but a great deal speedier than that of today. The national newspapers also had the news of Darwin's death and within 24 hours had announced that his body would be buried in the family vault at St. Mary's Anglican churchyard in Downe. Darwin's elder brother, Erasmus, had died at 77 and his body had been placed in this same vault the year before. Before going further with this account, some readers may have read or heard somewhere that in his last hours Darwin became a Christian. Science historian James Moore has spent 20 years investigating this story and provides the fascinating details in his book The Darwin Legend. It turns out that the story originated in the fertile imagination of evangelist Lady Hope. Elizabeth Reid Cotton (1842-1922) was born in Tasmania, emigrated with her family as a young child to India then finally to England where she became an evangelist. She married the elderly admiral Sir James Hope at the age of 35 then he died four years later and she retained the title Lady Hope throughout the remainder of her evangelistic career. She worked with D. L. Moody during his English campaign then remarried T. Anthony Denny at the age of 51. She was widowed again 16 years later and, although quite wealthy, she mismanaged her money, became poverty stricken and in a desperate effort made her way to America and the Moody family. It was at this time that she wrote her account of her visit to Charles Darwin over thirty years earlier. She was a skilled writer having written 30 books and told her story in a way that led the reader to conclude that she had discovered that Charles Darwin had had a conversion experience. She had actually visited Darwin at his home at his invitation seven months before he died, in September 1881. The occasion was precipitated by the visit of two well-known atheists, one of whom was Dr. Aveling, Karl Marx's son-in-law, the day before. Darwin's wife, Emma although a Unitarian attending St. Mary's Anglican church in the village, was always concerned about her husband's salvation and it seems that in order to appease his wife's concern after the visit of Aveling and his friend, Darwin had invited Lady Hope to call upon him. She had been visiting a Mr. Fegan, another evangelist, who lived in the village. It was likely that Darwin's invitation was purely a matter of domestic expediency. In her article, Lady Hope said that she had brought up the subject of evolution and cleverly worded her report: "... his fingers twitched nervously and he said that as a young man he had had some foolish ideas." She went on to say that Darwin had asked her to arrange a prayer meeting in his garden house and talk about Jesus. From this and other statements like it, the reader would naturally conclude that Darwin was a genuine Christian but she had been careful not to say so. Following the publication of this article in the Watchman-Examiner (Boston, 1915), Lady Hope immediately became the darling of the Christian talk circuit of the day and her fortunes changed. As a result of this publicity and the endlessly repeated editions of Lady Hope's story, the Darwin family was besieged with Christian inquiry and they did their best to protest that Charles Darwin did not become a Christian nor did he make any death bed confession. Afterall, Henrietta was there with pen in hand to record every last word. To return to events surrounding Darwin's death and burial we are reminded from Scripture that anytime God steps into the affairs of men it is never, "something done in a corner" (Acts 26:26) but is always done openly. The details of Darwin's burial, not in St. Mary's churchyard but in Westminster Abbey, were quite definitely "done in a corner." It is a classic case of England's "old boy network" in action and worth a closer look. Victorian London had an obsession with men's clubs. The capital city had sufficient number of wealthy men to support hundreds of places of comfortable refuge. Each man had his own motive for being a member; for many, it was a place to meet like-minded men to discuss business or politics, for others, it was simply a place of sanctity from their family and the world. Francis Galton, Darwin's younger cousin, was a member of the exclusive Athenaum Club. He had spent his life quite convinced that every human function could be quantified and developed statistical techniques still used to this day. His mechanistic view had quickly accepted Darwin's evolution and, with survival of the fittest as his credo, he advocated controlled breeding to produce England's future ruling classes. It was Galton who had introduced the word "eugenics," meaning "pure born" or "clean birth," to the English language. Upon receiving the letter announcing his cousin's death, Galton was determined that Darwin be buried with the highest honors, next to Sir Isaac Newton's tomb in Westminster Abbey. He raced over to the Royal Society to find the president, William Spottiswoode. Mathematician, linguist and co-owner of the publishing company that still bears his name, Spottiswoode was an extremely influential member of the Athenaum Club and the inner-circle, X-Club. In his publishing position as Queen's Printer he was able to virtually control everything issuing from the academic press. One of the primary functions of the X-Club was to ensure that all evidence supportive of Darwin's Theory was published as widely as possible. At the same time, contrary evidence such as that submitted by the creationists of the day, was effectively suppressed. The X-Club was founded in 1864 and consisted of nine members, all of whom were also members of the Athenaum Club located in London's Pall Mall. The X-Club had been in operation for 29 years and dissolved with the death of Spottiswoode; most of the members were, by then, quite elderly and worn out with the battle for Darwinism. Thomas Huxley, Darwin's chief apostle, died only two years later. The Athenaum Club opened in the 1830's and is named after the Greek goddess of wisdom, Athene. There is a gilded statue of the goddess on top of the portico over the front entrance to the club. One of the most exclusive clubs in Britain, it is intended for Britain's intellectual elite; mitred bishops and theologians hobnob with agnostic authors and scientists over glasses of sherry served by liveried waiters. A man can only become a member by invitation and vote — very similar to the Masonic lodge. When Thomas Huxley received notice of Darwin's death he went immediately to the Athenaum Club where he was a member and sought out others who would want to know the news and who would be sympathetic to the idea of Darwin being buried among the famous in the Abbey. Darwin had openly rejoiced that his older friend, Charles Lyell, had made it to the Abbey in 1875, and it was reasonably supposed by Huxley that Darwin would have no objection to being placed there himself, perhaps next to Charles. He was. However, there was not only the Darwin family to persuade but the Church hierarchy. Huxley had had a running battle with the Church for almost a quarter century but even so did have some friends in high places at the Club among whom was the canon of Westminster, Rev. Frederick Farrar. When approached, Farrar was quite open to the idea and suggested that Huxley ask the Dean of Westminster, Rev. George Bradley. This was an easy matter, because Bradley had been sponsored for election to the Club in 1873 by Galton, Huxley and Spottiswoode. How could the man refuse? Sir John Lubbock was Charles Darwin's younger friend and rather wealthy neighbor in Downe. When he received his letter he went that Friday to the House of Commons where he was member of Parliament for the Liberal Party. He quickly gathered a petition of 28 names from within the 150 members on the benches that day who were in favor of Darwin being placed in the Abbey. At the same time, Rev. Charles Pritchard was persuaded to write a letter to a conservative national newspaper advocating that Darwin not be buried in some obscure churchyard but in the national shrine where thousands could pay their respects. It was by such back-room efforts that arrangements were completed in a very short time, and the funeral took place exactly one week later at noon on Wednesday, April 26. There were ten pall bearers, four of whom were combined members of the X-Club and the Athenaum Club; the others were sons of the family and rather strangely, the Duke of Argyle who was an active creationist. The casket was finally lowered into its sandy grave beneath one of the flagstones in the north aisle of the Abbey and next to Sir Isaac Newton. It is known as "scientist's corner" since many famous names in science have made their way to this spot. There is an interesting little sequel to this account which became focused only in recent years when the authorities began to charge admission to the Abbey. While there is J. Boehm's marble plaque on the wall to commemorate Charles Darwin , his actual burial place is beneath the flagstone in the centre of the north aisle. It is precisely at this location that there is an ornamental iron choir screen that divides the aisle; this screen has a gate and a ticket booth stands just inside the gate. Darwin's grave is just at this gate, thus, every one of the thousands of visitors who file past to pay their admission fee must step on Darwin's grave. In Numbers 19:16 we read: Whoever in the field touches one who is slain by a sword or who has died, or a bone of a man, or a grave, shall be unclean seven days. Reporting on Darwin's funeral, the Guardian, a tabloid of the High Anglican Church, said, "... lest the sacred pavement of the Abbey should cover a secret enemy of the Faith..." Christianity may rejoice in Darwin's burial at Westminster as a visible sign of, "...reconciliation between Faith and Science." In retrospect, this statement is seen to be self-denial of prophetic words, because without doubt the sacred pavement does hide a secret enemy of the Church. That enemy has not only destroyed the faith of thousands from his grave but according to Scripture, renders spiritually unclean even those who pay respects to his grave. Footnotes: Hope, Lady [Elizabeth Reid Denny, née Cotton] "Darwin and Christianity" Watchman-Examiner (Boston), n.s., 3, August 19, 1915, p.1071. Moore, James. 1994. The Darwin Legend. Grand Rapids, MI. Baker Books. Photo: Lady Hope (Elizabeth Cotton) in 1887. Related Articles	i don't know
In which London art gallery will you find the greatest number of J M W Turner paintings?	Joseph Mallord William Turner \| artist \| 1775 - 1851 \| National Gallery, London Joseph Mallord William Turner Go to artist A-Z Turner is perhaps the best-loved English Romantic artist. He became known as 'the painter of light', because of his increasing interest in brilliant colours as the main constituent in his landscapes and seascapes. His works include water colours, oils and engravings. Joseph Mallord William Turner, ‘Self Portrait’, about 1799, Tate Gallery, London © The Art Archive / Tate Gallery, London / Eileen Tweedy Turner was born near Covent Garden in London and entered the Royal Academy Schools in 1789. His earliest works form part of the 18th-century topographical tradition. He was soon inspired by 17th-century Dutch artists such as Willem van der Velde , and by the Italianate landscapes of Claude and Richard Wilson . He exhibited watercolours at the Royal Academy from 1790, and oils from 1796. In 1840 he met the critic John Ruskin, who became the great champion of his work. Turner became interested in contemporary technology, as can be seen from 'The Fighting Temeraire' and 'Rain, Steam and Speed' . At the time his free, expressive treatment of these subjects was criticised, but it is now widely appreciated. Turner bequeathed much of his work to the nation. The great majority of the paintings are now at Tate Britain.	Tate
Who's famous catch-phrase is 'How tickled I am'?	J.M.W. Turner 1775 - 1851 "He is the only painter who has ever represented the surface of calm, or the force of agitated water; who has represented the effects of space on distant objects, or who has rendered the abstract beauty of natural colour". – John Ruskin (1848) The best-loved English Romantic artist known as “the painter of light,” Joseph Mallord William Turner’s extensive body of work ranges from local topography to atmospheric storms and includes watercolours, oils and engravings. He was inspired by seventeenth century Dutch marine painting, especially Willem van der Velde, and by the Italianate landscapes of Claude Lorrain and Richard Wilson. Despite an early success, the influence of Turner’s atmospheric technique would have its greatest impact later on in the nineteenth century. The son of a London barber and wigmaker, Turner showed early signs of talent. Turner’s first known watercolour was painted when he was twelve. By his late teens he was a master of the then traditional style and technique of topographical drawing and watercolour. Entering the Royal Academy Schools at the age of 14, Turner first exhibited his watercolours the following year and his oil paintings six years later. He sought additional training outside the Academy and, working as a colourist and copyist with Thomas Girtin, he copied drawings by John Robert Cozens, a renowned figure in early English watercolour. By age 27 he was elected full Academician of the Royal Academy. That same year the Treaty of Amiens brought a temporary peace between warring England and France, permitting Turner to carry out the first of several trips abroad. During five decades, he filled hundreds of sketchbooks with his visual records of England, Scotland, Wales, Belgium, France, Holland, Italy, the Rhineland, Switzerland and elsewhere. Watercolour was the first medium in which Turner made his reputation. At 21, his first exhibited paintings were of English monuments and landscapes such as Christ Church, Oxford, from near Carfax and Hilly Landscape with a Large Tree . He continued to practice watercolour throughout his life and was considered the greatest watercolourist of his time. In search of topographical material in the late seventeen nineties, Turner discovered the sea which left a deep and lasting impression on him. Out on the water, he would sketch rapidly recording the sensations of traveling over the ocean to later work up in oils in the studio. Shoeburyness Fishermen Hailing a Whitstable Hoy is an example of this practice. He was happy with bad weather: wind and waves causing convulsions of the sea that were expressive of his spirit. After Turner’s first visit to Italy (1819) a shift occurred in his style – not only in his chromatic scales and the increasingly intense effects of light, but also in the freedom of his technique. When Turner exhibited Mercury and Argus in 1836, the reviews were unanimously hostile. However, the art critic John Ruskin, championed Turner’s work. Ruskin repeatedly praised Mercury and Argus in his treatise on art, Modern Painters (1840), asserting the painting’s “truth to nature.” In his later life, Turner would send unfinished canvases to the Academy exhibitions and complete them on “Varnishing Days” – performances that became legendary. At his death at the age of 76, Turner bequeathed some 300 paintings and 20,000 drawings and watercolour sketches to the British Nation. He joins notable Britons buried in Saint Paul’s Cathedral . Photo Credit : Clore Collection, Tate Gallery, London / Art Resource, NY Birth name	i don't know
What does a 'bouquet garni' consist of?	3 Ways to Make Bouquet Garni - wikiHow Fresh Version 1 Gather together fresh herbs, making sure they have long stems. For a traditional bouquet garni, the herbs should consist of 3 sprigs of parsley, 2 sprigs of rosemary and 1 bay leaf. 2 Tie the bunch with kitchen twine and leave a tail that you can use to haul the bunch in and out of your pot. Method Dried Version 1 Gather dried herbs. Mix 1 tablespoon (14.8 ml) parsley, 1 teaspoon thyme, 2-3 peppercorns and 1 bay leaf. 2 Wrap in a cheesecloth and tie with kitchen twine, again leaving some length for hauling in and out of the pot. Method Usage 1 If this question (or a similar one) is answered twice in this section, please click here to let us know. Video If you add sage, use only a small bit as it has an overpowering effect. Try to use pesticide-free, organic herbs wherever possible. For a change that adds flavour, tie with a strip of cleaned leek leaf. Other possible additions to your bouquet garni include: chervil, marjoram, summer savory, lemon zest, tarragon, orange peel, rosemary, leek, celery leaves, celeriac, tarragon, basil, burnet, celery pieces, lime zest, carrot, onion, potato, cloves, peppercorns, coriander seeds etc. You can mix dried and fresh herbs if you wish but you will need to use cheesecloth to protect the dried herbs. Warnings Wash all fresh herbs, no matter whether you grew them or purchased them, to avoid possible contamination Things You'll Need Fresh or dried herbs - at the very least parsley, thyme and a bay leaf Cheesecloth	Herb
What is the capital of Mongolia?	How To Make A Bouquet Garni AddThis How To Make A Bouquet Garni Mediterranean herbs are a great way of adding flavor to your dishes. We provide some tips on how to incorporate them into a bouquet garni By Rose Y. Colón-Singh on August 11, 2012 The Mediterranean is a land famous for its beautiful sights, healthy diet and flavors. Many of those flavors stem from herbs native to this region like basil, mint, parsley, rosemary and thyme. With this abundace of herbs, it's no wonder cooks have developed creative ways of incorporating them into their dishes. One of the secrets to adding flavor to soups, stocks and sauces is the bouquet garni, a bundle of herbs wrapped in a cheesecloth that is added to the pot and later removed. This is no secret to the French, after all, they are credited with inventing this particular technique and countless other classic cooking practices. But what are the ingredients in a bouquet garni? The classic French method of making this ''garnished bouquet'' varies on the cook. When I attended culinary school, I was instructed to bundle parsley stems, thyme , a bay leaf and black peppercorns . However, you can tailor the bouquet garni to suit your needs. Some people add sage, basil , rosemary or tarrragon. Personally, I include cilantro stems in a bouquet garni when cooking beans Latin style. So now that you know what goes in a bouquet garni, how do you actually make one? The process is very simple. Just cut a piece of cheesecloth big enough to fit the herbs you've selected. Lay your herbs in the center of the cheesecloth and wrap the remaining cloth around them. Now tie it with some kitchen twine, remembering to leave a piece of string long enough so you can tie the bundle to your pot handle. If you don't have any twine on hand you can tie the cheesecloth into a little sachet and use a ladle to remove it from the pot. You see? Mastering a classic French technique is that easy. Now you can make a bouquet garni with your own combination of Mediterranean herbs. Tags	i don't know
In which country is the famous 'Copa Cobana' beach?	Copacabana \| RIO.com Copacabana Search for hotels in Rio de Janeiro : Loading... Search for Flights to Rio de Janeiro : Round-trip Sign up to receive exclusive offers from Rio.com Subscribe Copacabana Copacabana - Princess of the Sea Copacabana, the very name itself provokes images of beauty, sand and ocean. The magnificent jungle-clad mountains rise from the ocean and seem to blend into the beautiful bend of Copacabana Beach , now a world renowned hotspot for tourists from around the world. The neighborhood lives up to its nickname, A Princesinha do Mar or Princess of the Sea. Copa (short for Copacabana) is a paradise with stunning beaches, lively streets, where the party never seems to stop. Apart from being Rio’s egalitarian and eclectic neighborhood, romance and glamour are its obvious trademarks. The pristine Copacabana Beach stretches for over 5 kilometers and beckons one and all to its alluring waters. Sun, sea and beautiful bodies are what represent the pleasure-seeking side of the neighborhood. The magnificent Sugar Loaf Mountain and Morro do Leme look resplendent in the background presenting a picture perfect landscape that lures tourists from all over the globe. As far as hospitality goes, you can always expect the very best at Copacabana, with hotels , bars and restaurants known for their exemplary service. A Bit of History Historically, Copacabana has much to offer as compared to other places in Brazil. The region around Sugar Loaf Mountain , known as Guanabara Bay, was a French colony under Villegaignon in 1555. The area in front of the bay is now a naval academy. The Portuguese took over in 1566, changed the name to São Sebastião and eventually renamed it as Rio de Janeiro and the capital of Brazil in 1763. The region was home to the first protestant settlement with the population growing steadily only in the early 20th century. According to historians, a XVII century image of Our Virgin Lady of Copacabana was installed in a chapel which was later demolished to give way for Forte de Copacabana, which was made to defend the area. During the late 19th century, Copacabana was nothing more than a small fishing village covered with sand, dunes and shrubs. With the construction of Tunel Velho, connecting the area to Botafogo and Downtown Rio, Copacabana began to grow with the inauguration of Av. Atlantica along the beach. Ever since the Copacabana Palace Hotel opened in 1923, there was no looking back in terms of development in tourism as well, while wealthy Cariocas soon made Copa their home. However, fame also brought with it the development of the Favelas, which is very much a part of Rio’s life today. Geography Copacabana is located in the southern zone of the city of Rio de Janeiro. The area extends from Posto Dois (lifeguard watchtower Two) which is on Princesa Isabel Avenue to Posto Seis (lifeguard watchtower Six). Avenue Atlantica is the main street that runs the full length of Copacabana Beach and is home to a number of restaurants, bars and hotels on one side. The neighborhood has a well networked transport system with 40 different bus routes and three subway Metro stations namely Siqueira Campos, Cantagalo and Cardeal Arcoverde. Getting there With three subway Metro stations and the General Osório Station in Ipanema a stone’s throw away, the neighborhood is well connected to the other parts of Rio. Atlantic Avenue connects to the beachside, while Nossa Senhora de Copacabana connect with the other twenty-four streets that form the three major arteries. The subway is safe and reliable so tourists do not have a problem getting around the neighborhood. Taxis are also easily available. If you plan to rent a car, it would be prudent to engage a driver in order to get around the city which is known for its chaotic traffic in certain areas. ATTRACTIONS Copacabana Beach One of the main reasons why visitors come to Copacabana is, undoubtedly, the beach. It is perhaps the most famous after Ipanema Beach . Sunbathing beauties, bars, restaurants, this is truly a beach-lover’s paradise. The beauty of it all is you get to see people from a variety of lifestyles either strolling, exercising, roller skating or simply basking in the sunshine all through the day. From businessmen to entertainers and fun seekers, Copacabana Beach has room for everyone. If you haven’t watched Capoeira, a Brazilian martial arts form, you will get a chance to see some of the most well trained performers in action at the beach. Most beach kiosks are open around the clock, offering some of the most delicious traditional snacks and caipirinhas, a local alcoholic beverage. Apart from cold beer, they also serve a delicious snack called refeição, a favorite with many tourists. The Brazilians are a sport-loving race and beach soccer and volleyball are favorite sports that are promoted at arenas along Copacabana Beach. During the summer, the World Cup International Beach Volleyball competition is held at the beach so if you are in town don’t forget to catch up with a game. Swimmers and surfers are an integral part of the beach and represent the true Carioca lifestyle. While sunbathing may cease in the evenings, the beach comes alive at night with many of the barracas or beach bars doing brisk business through the night. The Sambadrome isn’t the only place where all the action is during the Rio Carnival . Copacabana Beach has some of the liveliest festivities taking place, with the Copacabana Palace Hotel taking the lead with the Magic Ball . Many vendors make their living at the beach offering drinks, snacks, bracelets, shirts, towels and much more. This is a great place to pick up some small souvenirs to take home. The beach isn’t short of entertainment too. You will find magicians, tattooists and jugglers, all trying to be at their creative best. Forte De Copacabana The old Copacabana Chapel made way for Forte de Copacabana, which was built in 1908. Formerly a military establishment, the fort is now a cultural center where visitors are welcome. The view of Copacabana Beach from the fort is simply astounding and a great place to take a photos of Arpoador Park, Ipanema and Leblon as well. The highlight of Rio’s New Year’s Eve festival is fireworks that are set up along Forte de Copacabana. Copacabana Palace Hotel The hotel is undoubtedly Rio’s most famous and glamorous since the early 1920s. Celebrities always find their way to the hotel be it for a luxurious stay, sumptuous meal or the infamous Magic Ball during the carnival celebrations. From Kings and Queens to Presidents and Prime Ministers, Copacabana Palace Hotel plays host to everyone from around the globe. The hotel is worth a visit even if you are on a budget. Enjoy an afternoon tea by the poolside and soak in the wonderful architecture and beautiful natural surroundings of Sugar Loaf Mountain and Corcovado Mountain. Apart from a refreshing outdoor swimming pool, the hotel also offers an assigned area to Copacabana Beach which includes free personal beach service with towels, umbrellas, lounge beds and security. For fitness enthusiasts, the hotel has a well-equipped gym and a rooftop tennis court. Who would want to miss an opportunity to be pampered at the Copacabana Palace Spa, which is the perfect place to relax and enjoy a soothing sauna? In addition, the full-service spa offers numerous types of holistic treatment with indigenous herbs and hydro-massage therapies. Bairro Peixoto Amidst the urban environment of Copacabana lies a peaceful art-deco district that still exudes a small-town ambience. Here is a place you will find some of the most exquisite buildings not more than 4-stories high. Bairro is only a few blocks away from the beach. It is wonderful to find quiet area where the elderly play chess while the children romp around on the playground. The area has clear boundaries, clean streets ling with tall trees and less traffic, making it hard to believe that it is a Carioca neighborhood. The small community takes pride in distinguishing itself from the rest of urban Copacabana. Bairro is enclosed within Henrique Oswald Street to the north, Tonelero street to the south, Santa Clara to the west and Tabajaras Hillside to the east. Within the small community of about 9,000 is a health care facility, shopping mall, hotel, Baptist church, day care center and a police station. Take a visit to Edmundo Bitencourt Square and you will get the best view of neo-colonial style houses built in the 1940s and 1950s, which peacefully coexists with a few high-rise buildings built in the 1960s. To experience a different side of Copacabana, Bairro Peixoto is the place to visit. Barata Ribeiro Another peaceful community living area is Barata Ribeiro with its small-town charm that is home to some of the most stunning neo-classical buildings and several tiny apartments. Fishermen’s Corner The area is a traditional fishing spot for over a century right next to Forte de Copacabana. Take a trip before sunrise to see fishermen go about making their living. The fisher folk are friendly and will let you join in pulling the fishnets out of the water. You have a variety of fish to choose from, as most trading takes place at the corner. Lido Lido is an area that features a number of art-deco and neoclassical buildings, which are reminiscent of Rio’s glamorous past. Some of these buildings have as many as 5-bedroom apartments with only one bathroom. Lido extends from Copacabana Palace Hotel to Av. Princesa Isabel. Itahy, a building on Av. Copacabana 252 is among the architectural masterpieces of the area. Lido has a bustling nightlife with some of the most famous strip clubs and bars in the vicinity. Among them are Cicciolina, Niko’s, Baccara and Scotch Bar to name a few. These clubs are hard to miss since they have neon signs at the door. Shopping Copacabana is definitely a shopper’s paradise. From sophisticated boutiques to discount and specialty stores, the choice is endless. The region around Av. Copacabana and Rua Santa Clara offer some of the best shopping opportunities. Those looking for antiques will find Shopping Casino Atlantico the ideal place. Princesa Isabel Avenue is the place for bikini wear and lingerie. Flea markets and outdoor markets are often held along Avenida Atlantica. One of the most famous flea markets are held at Praça do Lido on weekends between 8 am and 6 pm. Sugar Loaf Mountain Copacabana Beach presents the most magnificent view of Sugar Loaf Mountain which is the most famous tourist attraction in Rio. Its height, unique outline and splendid view from the top, draws tourists from all over the world. A cable car takes you to the top of Sugar Loaf in two stages. The first leg takes you to Morro de Açúcar from Praia Vermelha, which is at a height of 220 meters above sea level. There are shops, restaurants and an amphitheatre on this plateau. The second leg takes you to Pão de Açúcar from where you get the best view of the city, the Atlantic Ocean and the surrounding mountains including the Tijuca National Park. The cable cars offer a 360 degree view of the surroundings, which is one of the most exhilarating sights you may ever experience. The cable cars depart every 20 minutes between 8 am and 8 pm. However, make sure you go early so that you can make the most of your trip. Places to Eat Copacabana isn’t short of places to wine and dine. From beachside shacks to churrascarias or steakhouses and fine dining, Copacabana dishes out some of the best gourmet delights. One of the most popular steakhouses is located in Lido Square, the heart of Copacabana. Churrascaria Carretão Lido on Rua Ronald de Carvalho, 55 A e B, Lido, serves some of the most sumptuous traditional cuisine and offers authentic Brazilian rodízio (fixed-price buffets) where you can eat as much as you want. The restaurant offers the finest cuts of meat so do make it a point to visit the restaurant while on vacation. They do have the finest collection of wines and the traditional caipirinha and cachaça as well. Corner shops are among the cheaper options that sell beans, rice, fruit juices, pizzas, hamburgers and hotdogs, apart from other traditional Brazilian snacks. There are over a hundred in Copacabana alone. A walk down Rua Barata Ribeiro and Constante Ramos is enough to find a place of your choice. You can have a real treat which includes a chicken fillet, salad, rice and a fruit juice. For traditional Bahia cuisine, you ought to visit Siri Mole on Rua Francisco Otaviano 50. The restaurant is famous for its rendition of moqueca, a stew made with coconut milk, onions, garlic, hot pepper and dende oil, a Brazilian olive oil, along with shrimp or crab meat. How can you visit Brazil and not have a taste of some exotic cuisine from the Amazon. Arataca on Rua Domingos Ferreira 41, Copacabana, serves some of the most delicious traditional dishes and is a popular haunt of many tourists. You can eat either at the restaurant or at the deli. Top 5 Restaurants in Copacabana Arataca \| Siri Mole & Cia \| Le Pré Catalan \| Santa Satisfação \| Don Camillo Budget Food One of the cheapest rodizios that offers some of the best BBQ is Monchique on Av. Nossa Senhora de Copacabana 796 map. What are most attractive are the price and a decent ambience that the restaurant offers. For a great salad buffet and sushi, Frontera on Av. Nossa Senhora de Copacabana 1144 map is among the popular por kilo or pay-by-weight restaurants. The staff is known for their exemplary service while the food is tossed up by some of the finest chefs in the country. Another popular por kilo restaurant is Temperarte on Avenida NS Copacabana, 266, very close to the beach at Posto 2. Those looking for exclusive dining options must visit Marius on Av. Atlântica 290 map. Apart from the rodizio traditional meat BBQ you can also opt for seafood and end up eating as many oysters and crabs as you can. The restaurant gets crowded on weekends so it would be prudent to reserve a table a day before. Confeitaria Colombo is one café in Copa that you will get to dine in the company of the who’s who in Rio. This is the best place for an afternoon meal. Located at Forte de Copacabana, the restaurant also offers a beautiful view of the famous bend of Copacabana. Cervantes on Av. Prado Junior, Copacabana, is the place to grab a quick bite. The restaurant is famous for its sandwiches. Artists, musicians and poets, all make up the interesting list of clientele that the restaurant attracts. Try the ham sandwiches with pineapple filling, which most people say are the best sandwiches in Rio. Copacabana is blessed with beaches so eating at the beach is a popular option for many tourists. Beachside shacks offer a variety of cheap food including pastries and chips and plenty of beer. Besides, you get the best view of the beach as well.	Brazil
What does the Spanish word 'Manana' mean in English?	Rio's Best Beaches - Rio De Janeiro - TravelChannel.com Rio de Janeiro Rio's Best Beaches From sexy Ipanema and Copacabana, to more secluded and slightly lesser-known stretches of sand, like Prainha Beach, Brazil's Rio de Janeiro is best known for its beaches. Grab your sunscreen and Brazilian bikinis and head to the sunny shores of Rio's best beaches. 1. Copacabana Thinkstock We forgive you for humming Barry Manilow's "Copacabana" when visiting Copacabana Beach, Rio's first in a string of Atlantic Ocean-facing beaches. The iconic (and crowded) 2 1/2-mile stretch of sand is flanked by mountains in the background, high-rise hotels in the foreground and a bustling, mosaic-covered promenade, Avenida Atlantica in between perfect for a stroll and people watching. While many beachgoers bake in the sun or swim and surf in the turquoise waters at Copacabana, others opt for land-based action: It's common to find groups playing soccer or having an impromptu dance party -- yes, Brazilians know how to have a very good time. Numerous kiosks line the beach, so plan to grab a cold drink and watch the revelry unfold. As night falls, do be careful. The neighborhood can be a bit seedy and there is crime in the area, so plan to stay off the sands and stick to the well-lit promenade. 2. Ipanema Thinkstock Just past Copacabana, you'll reach the decidedly more upscale neighborhood and beach Ipanema, made famous by the catchy tune "The Girl from Ipanema." This famous beach truly seems to be teeming with tan and lovely girls, as well as a slew of well-toned and tanned men. Yes, Ipanema is where you'll want to see and be seen. Meanwhile, countless vendors walk the beach, selling what seems like an endless array of things to buy, like bathing suits, beers, beach towels, books and even coconuts. The waterfront action barely ceases here. Be prepared to encounter volleyball games, soccer and water sports like surfing and wakeboarding. The most vital thing you'll want to do at Ipanema is to soak it all in: the swath of sands, the 2 mountains towering above the end of the beach, the gorgeous locals, the hustle and bustle of beach action. Make like a local and grab a cold beer while you stretch out on the sand; vendors stroll the beach incessantly proffering the cold stuff. 3. Barra da Tijuca Beach Thinkstock Barra da Tijuca, Rio's longest beach, stretches a whopping 11 miles, and with its usually excellent waves and water conditions, will be home to many of the Summer Olympics 2016 venues. Not surprisingly, Barra has become a mecca for the athletically inclined, and attracts scores of long and short board surfers, bodyboarders, kite surfers and windsurfers taking advantage of the prime conditions. Novices can stop by one of the many surf schools along the beach to sign up for a lesson should they be moved to join the throngs, rather than watch from the sandy shores. And should your appetite kick in, don't be alarmed; many kiosks line the beach selling food and coconut water. 4. Prainha Beach Thinkstock If you've tired of the see-and-be-seen beaches of Brazil, make your way farther along the coast to Prainha Beach, a blissfully quiet, stunning crescent of sand flanked by rainforest-covered mountains. The sands here are soft and white, and the waves of the bright blue waters attract many surfers, though it's also common to see families enjoying the secluded shore here. There are a handful of kiosks selling food and drinks. To reach Prainha, it's easiest for tourists to take a taxi from their hotel as it's not easy to reach via public transportation. Have your concierge schedule a taxi in advance with a fixed rate. 5. Praia Vermelha Thinkstock Praia Vermelha may be one of Rio's smallest beaches, but it really packs a lot in for visitors: Besides the reddish-hued sands and secluded setting, there's also a cable car that takes tourists to the top of 1,300-foot-tall Sugarloaf Mountain (in Portuguese, Pão de Açúcar) as well as a mile-long paved hiking trail along the rocky coastline. The beach lies in a cove, so the sheltered area sees typically calm water. A small park sits behind the beach. Plan to visit one of the kiosks here for an inexpensive bite to eat, and relax as you overlook the beach and surrounding mountains. Again, the best way to reach Vermelha is via taxi; organize the trip through your hotel. The Hot List	i don't know
Which camel has only one hump?	The Difference Between One-Hump and Two-Hump Camels The Difference Between One-Hump and Two-Hump Camels Advertisement For years scientists believed that camels - like unicorns, mermaids, and the American Indian - were just a mythical creature used to market cigarettes. That was until scientists discovered the existence of real-life camels in the Egyptian desert in 1967. But seriously speaking, there are three types of camels, which are one-hump camels, two-hump camels, and camel cigarettes. I am only going to address the first two types. Dromedary is the name for one-hump camels. This type of camel is common to Africa and the Middle East. It was exported all over the world and is now relatively common in Australia and North America, where is has been used sporadically over the years as a pack animal. Dromedary camels are much more common than two hump camels and much less common than camel cigarettes. Bactrian Camels are much less common than dromedary (one-hump). Bactrian camels are native to the Gobi Desert in Mongolia. Aside from the obvious difference of the number of humps, Bactrian Camels differ in a few other key ways. For example, the Bactrian camel grows a thick coat of hair each winter. That coat of hair falls off every spring. This is to deal with the extreme variation of temperature in the Gobi desert where summer highs often top 100 degrees Fahrenheit, and winter months can see significant amounts of snow. In general, Bactrian camels are much more mild-mannered than their hot-tempered dromedary kin. (The Dromedary camel has a uniform length of hair year round.) Estimates for the number of Bactrian Camels in North America range from about 400-800 head. It is possible to cross breed the two types of camels. Some people would expect that by breeding a one-hump camel with a two-hump camel that the result might be a three hump camel. The actual math equation is closer to this: one-hump camel + two-hump camel=a camel with one really large hump. Due to lower numbers, and the higher regard in the eyes of breeders, Bactrian camels command much higher prices than Dromedary camels. by Cameron Hatch	Dromedary
What's the common name for the Chile Pine tree?	Difference Between Camel and Dromedary Home / Science & Nature / Nature / Animals / Difference Between Camel and Dromedary Difference Between Camel and Dromedary Posted on Camel vs Dromedary When it comes to camels, dromedary is one type that is not much discussed as they have only one hump compared to the two-humped Bactrian. Therefore, the importance of discussing dromedaries becomes high. This article intends to discuss camels in general and dromedary camels in particular in two separate sections. In addition, the discussed differences between them in this article would be interesting, as it brings about to the attention on the specific characteristics of dromedaries. Camel Camel belongs to the Family: Camelidae and Genus: Camelus. Camels are native to the Western and Central Asian dry deserts. The weight of a camel could vary from 400 to 750 kilograms. They have sealable nostrils, long eyelashes, and ear hairs. Those are protective measures against the sand in the desert. Their widen feet prevent from sinking into loose sand of desert while walking. The presence of humps on their back is amongst the most discussed characteristics. There are two species of true camels, known as Bactrian camel and Dromedary camel. The two humps on the back of Bactrian camel make them more interesting. The camel humps have fatty tissues that are useful to generate water via biochemical or metabolic processes. Therefore, the animal wouldn’t suffer from dehydration in a water scarcity condition, especially in deserts. In addition, the fat deposition in humps make sure that there is no fat left in body tissues. Therefore, the heat is not trapped inside tissues, or in other words, it minimizes heat-trapping insulation in body organs of camels. Moreover, this minimizing of heat trapping prevents body organs from being exhausted in the intense heat of the deserts. Therefore, their hump is one of the greatest adaptations for a desert lifestyle. These exceptionally well adapted desert creatures are always interesting to explore. Dromedary Dromedary, dromedary camel or Arabian camel, Camelus dromedarius, is a domesticated animal, and there is no one surviving in wild most probably. However, their domestic distribution ranges from North and North-Eastern Africa through the Middle East countries up to India. Interestingly, there are feral populations in central regions of Australia. Their size could be stated as enormous. That is because their weight ranges from 400 to 650 kilograms, height is easily over two metres and the body length measures more than three metres. Dromedary camel has a hump on their back as an adaptation to a desert life. The described heat trapping prevention mechanisms in the above section apply for dromedary camels, as well. Their eyelashes are thick, and the ears are hairy. A Dromedary camel becomes sexually matured around 3 – 4 years of age and their lifespan is about 40 years. What is the difference between Camel and Dromedary? • Camels include two species, dromedary is one of those, and the other is Bactrian camel. • Camels could have either one or two humps according to the species of concern, whereas dromedaries always have only one hump. • Dromedaries do not have a thick and long coat of fur, whereas camels as a whole have long hairs (e.g. Bactrian camel) forming a thick overcoat. • Dromedaries naturally range in the North and North-Eastern Africa through the Middle East countries up to Pakistan and India. However, camels (especially Bactrian camels) together have a natural range in the Central Asian regions of China and Mongolia. • There are no subspecies of dromedaries, but camels in general have distinct subspecies. Related posts:	i don't know
Which country was inaded by Russia in 1979?	Afghanistan was invaded by Russia in 1979 the Russians - CIS - 231 View Full Document Afghanistan was invaded by Russia in 1979 (the Russians withdrew ten years later). After the September 11, 2001, Al Qaeda terrorist attacks, the U.S. military deposed the Afghan government (the Taliban), which had harbored the terrorist organization. The new Afghan government faces many challenges as it attempts to consolidate power and promote development. Asia, home to over half the world’s population, produces less than 25 percent of the world’s GDP. Asia is unique in that it is a source of both high- and low-quality products and of both expensive and inexpensive labor. ²urther, the region attracts MNC investments, and is a major supplier of capital to non-Asian countries. Moreover, its companies are increasingly pressuring European and North American companies to improve their operations. Japan Japan, with a population of 128 million, has enjoyed rapid growth over the last 50 years in part because of the close relationship between the Ministry of International Trade and Investment and the industrial sector. Japan, through the use of keiretsus, has also made it di³cult for foreign Frms to penetrate its marketplace. A keiretsu is a large family of interrelated Frms. Sogo Soshas (export trading companies that serve as the marketers for the keiretsu in international markets) facilitate the exports of keiretsu members. Although Japan is frequently criticized for its exports, it should be recognized that its exports are a smaller portion of its GDP than is the case for many nations. However, the country seemingly restricts importers from competing for its domestic market. This topic will be discussed in more depth in Chapter Nine. Japan's economy slowed in the 1990s, averaging only .7 percent growth (compared to 2.7 percent average growth in the world economy). Australia and New Zealand Australia and New Zealand are traditional economic powers in PaciFc Asia. Some 40 percent of its population lives in Sydney or Melbourne. Australia’s exports capitalize on its natural resources (gold, iron ore, coal, etc.) and land-intensive agricultural goods (wool, beef, and wheat). New Zealand, the other traditional industrial power in PaciFc Asia, has aggressively moved to deregulate and privatize its economy. Australia, Japan, and the United States account for approximately half of New Zealand's exports and imports. The Four Tigers The ²our Tigers – South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, and Hong Kong – enjoy the position of being among the fastest industrializing nations in the world. While many publications still classify the ²our Tigers as Emerging Markets, they have in fact already emerged as indicated by their having achieved high income classiFcation by the World Bank for more than a decade. South Korea has grown rapidly through tight cooperation between the government and chaebol. Chaebol are large, privately owned conglomerates such as Samsung, Hyundai, and Daewoo. Today, however, many of the chaebol are experiencing Fnancial di³culties as a result of the Asian currency crisis. South Korea has followed a similar recipe for economic This preview has intentionally blurred sections. Sign up to view the full version. This is the end of the preview. Sign up to access the rest of the document. TERM "Employee Monitoring: Watch This Way" Daintry Duffy, CSO February 01, 2003 www.csoonl business last	Afghanistan
Who was the lead singer in The Police?	Soviet tanks roll into Afghanistan - Dec 24, 1979 - HISTORY.com This Day in History: 12/24/1979 - Soviets enter Afghanistan What was the most televised broadcast in history? The answer to this question is quite surprising. The most televised broadcast in history occurred on December 24, 1968, when the Apollo 8 read from the Bible while orbiting the Earth for the first time. In addition, on December 24, 1979, Russia waged a nine year war against Afghanistan that would deplete their supplies and lead to the collapse of the Soviet Union. December 24 also marks the composition of one of the most famous Christmas songs of all time; Silent Night in 1818 by an Austrian composer. The last major event that occurred on December 24th, this time in 1923, was President Coolidge's lighting of the first public Christmas tree. To learn more, watch the This Day in History Video: December 24th. Lead Story Soviet tanks roll into Afghanistan Share this: Soviet tanks roll into Afghanistan Author Soviet tanks roll into Afghanistan URL Publisher A+E Networks On December 24, 1979, the Soviet Union invades Afghanistan, under the pretext of upholding the Soviet-Afghan Friendship Treaty of 1978. As midnight approached, the Soviets organized a massive military airlift into Kabul, involving an estimated 280 transport aircraft and three divisions of almost 8,500 men each. Within a few days, the Soviets had secured Kabul, deploying a special assault unit against Tajberg Palace. Elements of the Afghan army loyal to Hafizullah Amin put up a fierce, but brief resistance. On December 27, Babrak Karmal, exiled leader of the Parcham faction of the Marxist People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA), was installed as Afghanistan’s new head of government. And Soviet ground forces entered Afghanistan from the north. The Soviets, however, were met with fierce resistance when they ventured out of their strongholds into the countryside. Resistance fighters, called mujahidin, saw the Christian or atheist Soviets controlling Afghanistan as a defilement of Islam as well as of their traditional culture. Proclaiming a “jihad”(holy war), they gained the support of the Islamic world. The mujahidin employed guerrilla tactics against the Soviets. They would attack or raid quickly, then disappear into the mountains, causing great destruction without pitched battles. The fighters used whatever weapons they could grab from the Soviets or were given by the United States. The tide of the war turned with the 1987 introduction of U.S. shoulder-launched anti-aircraft missiles. The Stingers allowed the mujahidin to shoot down Soviet planes and helicopters on a regular basis. New Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev decided it was time to get out. Demoralized and with no victory in sight, Soviet forces started withdrawing in 1988. The last Soviet soldier crossed back across the border on February 15, 1989. It was the first Soviet military expedition beyond the Eastern bloc since World War II and marked the end of a period of improving relations (known as détente) in the Cold War. Subsequently, the SALT II arms treaty was shelved and the U.S. began to re-arm. Fifteen thousand Soviet soldiers were killed. The long-term impact of the invasion and subsequent war was profound. First, the Soviets never recovered from the public relations and financial losses, which significantly contributed to the fall of the Soviet empire in 1991. Secondly, the war created a breeding ground for terrorism and the rise of Osama bin Laden. Related Videos	i don't know
Which animal is associated with the beginning of an MGM film?	MGM Lion Killed Its Trainer? : snopes.com Claim: The lion used for the original MGM logo killed its trainer and his assistants. FALSE Example: [Collected via e-mail, July 2012] I encountered this story on Facebook: "The lion used in the original MGM movie logo killed its trainer and two assistants the day after the logo was filmed." Origins: The roaring lion appearing at the beginning of films produced by the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) studio and in the company's logo is one of the world's most widely recognized mascots. According to a history of that logo, the choice of a lion as a mascot preceded the 1924 merger of Metro Pictures Corporation, Goldwyn Pictures, and Louis B. Mayer Pictures that created the MGM motion picture studio: The logo was first designed for Goldwyn Pictures Corporation, in 1916. Howard Deitz, a Publicity Executive, chose to use a lion as the studio’s mascot, paying tribute to his alma mater, Columbia University. The inspiration was the school's fight song "Roar, Lion, Roar." Mr. Deitz is also credited for writing our motto "Ars Gratia Artis," Latin meaning "Art for Art's Sake." "Slats" was the first lion used on Goldwyn Pictures logo from 1917 until 1924, first appearing on the 1917 release "Polly of the Circus." After the 1924 merger that created MGM, "Slats" was retained and continued to appear on our logo until 1928. He appeared on MGM's first release "He Who Gets Slapped," starring Lon Chaney, in 1924. As chronicled at The Silver Screen Affair blog, a number of different lions have been used for the MGM logo over the years, the most well known being Leo , who is MGM's longest-lived lion and has been appearing on MGM films since 1957. The MGM lion is prominent enough to have featured in urban legends, one of which we first encountered in 2004: Lately, I've heard a neat Urban Legend about the MGM Lion's roar. It goes that the lion was originally meant to be standing proud and silent, but roared when two burglars rushed into the warehouse. The burglars in question were Boris Regina and Karl Maninovsky. Supposedly, Regina and Maninovsky would regularly rob banks and stash their loot at a warehouse a few blocks away. One day, while the burglars' warehouse was normally empty, MGM and their lion were recording there. The lion roared at Regina and Maninovsky as they entered, after which MGM stopped recording. The lion then jumped off the platform and mauled Maninovsky, who died two days later. Regina ran out of the warehouse and got run over by a police car heading to the bank he had just robbed. This tale was nothing more than an amusing fabrication, one of a number of invented urban legends presented in video form on the JKCinema web site: A similar claim about the original MGM lion's having "killed its trainer and two assistants" the day after he was filmed for the first MGM logo was promulgated by Factropolis.com , one of a number of sites whose raison d'être was passing off fictional factoids as real information. This claim is clearly not true, as the trainer of Slats, the lion first used by Goldwyn Pictures in 1917 (and subsequently by MGM) was Volney Phifer , a prominent animal trainer who long outlived Slats and passed away in retirement in the 1970s: "Slats" was trained to roar on cue by Volney Phifer, Hollywood's premier animal trainer, and toured the world to signify MGM's launch. He was born at the Dublin Zoo and died in 1936. By that time Mr. Phifer had retired to his farm in Gillette, New Jersey, where he boarded animals used on Broadway. Upon "Slats"' death he was buried on the farm, where a small blank block of granite marked the grave. Additionally, Mr. Phifer planted a pine tree directly over the grave, insisting that its roots would "hold down the lion's spirit," which is a part of a secret of European wisdom. Simply put, none of the several lions filmed by MGM for use in their logos was involved in incidents that killed their trainers. All of those animals were handled by professional trainers who were well known in show business circles and whose deaths in any lion-mauling attacks would have been prominent news. Although Slats was the first MGM lion, he wasn't technically the first one to "roar" for the studio, as his career as MGM's mascot spanned the silent film era. It was his replacement, Jackie, whose roar was first recorded for playback to filmgoing audiences: In 1928 a new Lion was introduced, "Jackie," selected because he was a lookalike for "Slats." The most famous MGM title he appeared on was "The Wizard of Oz" in 1939. However, that was not to be "Jackie"'s most significant contribution to history. He was the first of our lions to be heard by our audience, via a gramophone recording, on July 31, 1928 on "White Shadow of the Seven Seas," the first sounded MGM production. This was to be the first of several technological advances that our logo would display over the next 8 decades. "Jackie" continued to appear on all of MGM's black and white films until 1956, even with the development of color film. Last updated: 21 March 2015 Tags:	Lithium-ion battery
In snooker, what colour is the ball that begins a game in the centre of the table?	Louis B. Mayer - Biography - IMDb Louis B. Mayer Jump to: Overview (5) \| Mini Bio (2) \| Spouse (2) \| Trivia (26) \| Personal Quotes (12) Overview (5) 5' 6" (1.68 m) Mini Bio (2) Mayer was born Lazar Mayer in the Ukraine and grew up in Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada after his parents fled Russian oppression in 1886. He had a brutal childhood, raised in poverty and suffering physical and emotional abuse from his nearly-illiterate peddler father. In the early 1890s, he changed his name to Louis and fudged his birth date to reflect the more "patriotic" date of July 4, 1885. He moved to Boston in 1904 and struggled as a scrap-metal dealer until he was able to purchase a burlesque house. Although he made large sums by showing films (he made a sizable fortune off The Birth of a Nation (1915)), his early business ventures favored legitimate theater in New England. As his theater empire expanded, he had acquired and refurbished enough small movie theaters that he was able to move his business to Los Angeles and venture into movie production in 1918. Along with Samuel Goldwyn and Marcus Loew of Metro Pictures, he formed a new company called Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM). Over the next 25 years, MGM was "the Tiffany of the studios," producing more films and movie stars than any other studio in the world. Mayer became the prime creator of the enduring Hollywood of myth, home to stars like Clark Gable , Judy Garland , Joan Crawford , and Jean Harlow . Mayer became the highest-paid man in America, one of the country's most successful horse breeders, a political force and Hollywood's leading spokesman. Both he and MGM reached their peaks at the end of World War II, and Mayer was forced out in 1951. He died of leukemia in 1957. - IMDb Mini Biography By: Anonymous Born Lazar Mayer sometime between 1880-1886 (his actual birth date is unknown), he overcame a particularly brutal poverty-stricken childhood at the hands of his near-illiterate father, who moved his family to Eastern Canada to avoid Jewish persecution. The only regular trade his father undertook was as a scrap metal dealer, a highly sanitized term for scrounging bits of metal and participating in the rare windfall of stripping a shipwreck. Lazar would grow up with few fond memories of his childhood, other than an idealized vision of his mother. He was short, built like a tank and had a quick, perceptive mind. Few, if any, studio moguls suffered as much as Mayer growing up as he literally had to scratch and claw out a meager living using his wits. He moved to Boston in 1904 and became enthralled with the theatrical business; he diligently saved enough money for a theater, a burlesque house and soon afterward was alternating live shows with the latest rage, motion pictures. He courted and married Margaret Shenberg in 1904; the union would produce 2 daughters and last 43 years. Mayer slowly moved up into the ranks of the middle class and struck gold with The Birth of a Nation (1915), which he was able to acquire on a states rights basis. He came to realize the future was in film production and, alarmed at the strong arm tactics of the Edison Trust, moved his family west to Hollywoodland. Fortune smiled on Mayer when he was able to hire the disgruntled ex-Universal Pictures boy-genius, Irving Thalberg as his production manager and the two men set about creating a small but profitable venture immodestly called Louis B. Mayer Productions. Mayer, who was always hyper conscious about his image, even in the early days when he was an unknown, gave himself a patriotic birth date (July 4, 1885) and added a fictitious initial (and later turning it into a middle name) to his biography. His east Los Angeles studio specialized in low-budget turgid melodramas that were sold off to the hundreds of film exchanges around the country. Mayer was the macro-manager and Thalberg immersed himself with the minute details of film production; this relationship would remain unchanged for nearly 20 years, although their personal relationship would morph dramatically. In 1924 Mayer was approached by the legal representative of Loew's Inc., a burgeoning theatrical empire headed by Marcus Loew . The mogul was desperate for someone competent to helm his newly and uncomfortably merged film production operations, Metro Pictures and Samuel Goldwyn Pictures. Loew's vision was to supply his huge theater chain with a steady stream of quality films, but these individual companies had previously entered into two projects, Greed (1924) and Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ (1925) that had the potential to sink his dream. After heated negotiations regarding Irving Thalberg 's position (incredibly, Marcus Loew didn't initially want him) and profit participation, a deal was cut. Louis B. Mayer's company was rolled into the Goldwyn facility, which was then state-of-the-art. Mayer and Thalberg worked furiously to assess strengths and weaknesses, hiring and firing stars and unproductive staff and simultaneously tackling the problem productions. Thalberg reigned in Erich von Stroheim 's unmarketable nightmare that was still underway in the torturous Death Valley Desert. He ordered severe edits - some said butchered - and gave it a truncated release. For the Italian-based production of Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ (1925), they fired the director, scrapped the existing Italian footage and ultimately opted to bring the production back to Los Angeles at tremendous expense. Although it attracted huge crowds, an unfavorable contract with the stage producers and weighed down by the staggering negative cost, prevented profitability. They put the best face on these two inherited "prestige" pictures and vowed to never allow anything like this to happen again (although troubled homegrown productions such as The Mysterious Island (1929) and Trader Horn (1931) would cause alarm). With Marcus Loew 's deep pockets, these early nightmares were brushed aside and Metro-Goldwyn Pictures (Mayer's name would soon be added) set out to produce its own original productions, beginning with He Who Gets Slapped (1924), a property acquired from Broadway and produced as a Lon Chaney vehicle. The studio would quickly surpass Universal Pictures as the world's premier studio and establish itself as the pinnacle of the major studios. Its first truly home-grown monster hit, The Big Parade (1925) grossed $15 million on a $250,000 investment, becoming the studio's single most profitable production for the next 14 years (the film was such a shocking success that Mayer felt compelled to force it's director King Vidor out of his profit participation contract). Mayer faced his first real test of power when Marcus Loew unexpectedly died in 1926. Loew's hand-picked replacement was Nicholas Schenck and it wasn't an ideal relationship. While Mayer's success and massive stock holdings assured his position out in Hollywood, the distrust the two men harbored for each other was only exacerbated by an underhanded attempt Nicholas Schenck made to sell the studio to Fox in 1929. The move was thwarted by Mayer's political connections in Washington D.C. In the fall of 1927, the studio capitalized on the domestic demise of Pathe and entered into a distribution and financing deal with independent producer Hal Roach to distribute his popular "Our Gang," "Laurel & Hardy" shorts and occasional features; this deal would remain in effect until Mayer became alarmed at Roach's dealings with Benito Mussolini in 1937 (Mayer would eventually buy the "Our Gang" series from Hal Roach in 1937 where it would continue with ever-decreasing returns into 1944). MGM was extremely slow to adapt to talkies, probably in consideration of parent Loew's monumental task of converting it's theater empire over to sound, along with the early technical battle between competing sound-on-film and the unwieldy sound-on-disc formats. Thalberg crafted a system of producing crowd-pleasing films around the teaming of a trio of popular stars, with Jean Harlow , Joan Crawford , Norma Shearer (Thalberg's wife), or Myrna Loy competing for the interchangeable affections of Clark Gable , William Powell , Robert Montgomery &/or Spencer Tracy (substitute Franchot Tone , James Stewart , Cary Grant as the decade wore on) with occasional galaxy productions like Grand Hotel (1932) and Dinner at Eight (1933) that became remarkable hits. The rift between Mayer and Thalberg occurred in early 1934 after Schenck awarded Thalberg a particularly large incentive bonus to remain with MGM after suffering a heart attack. Mayer was insulted over both the amount and the fact that he, as Thalberg's ostensible superior, wasn't consulted. After a year's recuperation in Europe, Irving Thalberg returned to the studio only to find that Mayer had revamped the various production units, diminishing his power and to some degree, authority. In the reduced capacity of a unit production manager, Thalberg still had the ability to green-light productions and continued to score hits. Mayer reveled in his status and enjoyed pulling the strings of his stars' personal lives (he intervened in Van Johnson and Keenan Wynn 's marital triangle, detrimentally manipulated Judy Garland 's health and personal life and for decades kept Robert Taylor 's salary the lowest of any major Hollywood star). He was a master of reading peoples' weaknesses and capitalizing on them while still maintaining a veneer of paternalism. If necessary, he'd beg, threaten, cry and scream as if on cue in order to get his way; many considered him to be the best actor on the lot. Irving Thalberg's 1936 death didn't cause Mayer to miss a step and with his other established unit producers, guided MGM through increased profitability and cunning business moves, culminating with the stunning deal to obtain the distribution rights for Gone with the Wind (1939), which otherwise would've been distributed by United Artists. Demonstrating that his son-in-law's blood wasn't thicker than water, he capitalized on David O. Selznick 's desperation not once but twice: formerly for the use of Clark Gable and a relatively minor production loan and in the latter, outright ownership of the film when David O. Selznick fell into dire financial straits after World War II. This deal would prove to be a boon to MGM for decades to come. While MGM prospered during the war years, it would rapidly become obvious that Mayer fell seriously out of touch with changing post-war tastes. While there are several Depression-era examples of MGM films that deviated wildly from Mayer's traditional values ( The Big House (1930), Possessed (1931), The Beast of the City (1932), even the The Thin Man (1934)), he stood defiant against the tide of film noir and so-called "message pictures" in the following decade. Mayer seemed far more comfortable signing off on lavish musicals and dramas promoting women capable of projecting qualities he personally admired ( Greer Garson is a classic example) than chasing current cinematic trends. Like the other major studios, MGM could masterfully play out a profitable film series, but it seemed that the studio's inability to generate (or possibly muster the enthusiasm for) replacements for the long-running "Andy Hardy" and "Doctor Gillespie" films coincided with Mayer's refusal to embrace change after the war. He also rejected television outright (admittedly, so did almost every other major studio, with the exceptions of Paramount and Columbia); in retrospect, a serious financial error. By mid-1947 MGM had slipped considerably from it's ranking among the major studios and by the next year would be surpassed by Paramount and Columbia with the men in New York examining Mayer's every move. Mayer found himself confronted with his last great professional challenge in the re-appearance of Dore Schary in 1948; he'd been connected with MGM off and on since the early 1930's as a screen writer but had came and went, disgusted by studio politics and his perennial nemesis, producer Harry Rapf . Schary, who had impressed Nicholas Schenck in a chance meeting aboard a train, had just left RKO in similar disgust over Howard Hughes 's erratic behavior, was the very antithesis of Louis B. Mayer: he was a college-educated liberal and, most alarmingly, he had the ear of Nick Schenck at a time when MGM was faltering. Schary's affection for "message pictures" sickened Mayer but his nemesis' stock rose considerably with the hit Battleground (1949) which was produced over Mayer's objections ( Howard Hughes had previously rejected it for RKO), and being proven wrong never sat well with the aging mogul. In truth, Dore Schary 's track record was choppy at best, but he seemed to remain in Loew's favor despite himself. Schary scored another big hit with the gritty classic The Asphalt Jungle (1950), which was again produced over Mayer's loud protests. On a personal note, Mayer was divorced and remarried in 1948 to Warner Bros. contract actress Lorena Layson [1907-1985], who was a mere 2 weeks older than his daughter Irene) and gained considerable notoriety as a stellar horse breeder. His working relationship with Dore Schary continued to erode. By the early summer of 1951, things came to a head during the production of The Red Badge of Courage (1951), yet another film made over Mayer's earlier veto. Always hyper-sensitive to any perceived slight, Mayer appealed directly to Nicholas Schenck , who overruled his decision for the final time. Mayer then tested Nicholas Schenck by resigning, likely expecting a refusal and an apology. It didn't happen and the unthinkable occurred: L.B. Mayer was out. At the time of his resignation (or ouster, depending upon the story), Mayer was still heavily involved in production details related to the lavish Italian epic, Quo Vadis (1951) (ironically produced at the same Italian studio that Hal Roach had intended to use under the RAM - "Roach And Mussolini" organization). Ironically, Mayer's instincts were ultimately proven correct. Schary's civil war film, regarded as a minor classic today, bombed badly while the public paid millions to see Mayer's Christians thrown to the lions. Although he was a multi-millionaire, Mayer made a miserable retiree. He was wholly unsuited for the "new" Hollywood of the 1950's: independent production. The combination of advancing age and having effectively plotted industry strategy for nearly 30 years effectively precluded reinventing himself as an independent producer. Mayer spent the next five years dabbling in real estate, granting occasional interviews decrying the modern state of the American movie business and closely observing his vaulted former studio fall into an irreversible decline in the face of television (which he continued to despise) and the Supreme Court's decision to force theater divestment, which eventually devastated his old studio after his forced departure. Mayer contracted leukemia and died in 1957. - IMDb Mini Biography By: Jack Backstreet Spouse (2) Had appeared as a character in the musical play "In Hell With Harlow". One of the 36 founders of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Was highest paid American business executive throughout the 1930s. In his will, excluded daughter Edith ( Edith Mayer ) and her husband, former MGM executive William Goetz . Was lampooned by author/MGM writer Aldous Huxley in "Ape and Essence", in which Huxley's character Lou is purported to have denied Jesus Christ a pay raise. Uncle of production manager Al Shenberg , producer Jack Cummings , and directors Fred M. Wilcox and Gerald Mayer . Inducted into the Haverhill [Massachusetts] Citizens Hall of Fame. Brother of J.G. Mayer and Ida Mayer Cummings. Father-in-law of producer David O. Selznick Mayer, according to Peter Hays' 1991 book "When the Lion Roars", idealized his mother. He was her favorite son, and she was the main influence on his life. She died in 1913, and Mayer kept a picture of her over his bed the rest of his life. With his mother an icon in his eyes, Mayer revered the concept of motherhood. When director Erich von Stroheim expressed the opinion to Mayer that all women were whores, Mayer asked him if he thought of his own mother that way, and then punched him in the face. Mayer told screenwriter Frances Marion , at their first meeting, that she should never write anything that would embarrass Mayer's own wife and two daughters. He told her, "I worship good women, honorable men and saintly mothers.". A self-made man who rose from his apprenticeship at his father's scrap metal business in Canada to become the highest paid corporate executive in the United States, Mayer was not above changing the particulars of his biography. Born in Imperial Russia in Vilna (in what is now Lithuania), Mayer later claimed his birthplace was Minsk (in what is now Belarus), or a village located between the two cities. He changed the year of his birth from 1882 to 1885 (the latter being the date on his tomb), and after being naturalized as an American citizen, he decided that he would celebrate his birthday on the Fourth of July (the exact date of his birth was uncertain, though he knew he had been born in the summer). He added a "B." as his middle initial to give his name more "dignity", and said that it stood for "Burt" or "Burton". Was the father-in-law of producer/studio boss William Goetz (1903-1969), married to Mayer's daughter Edith ( Edith Mayer ). As one of the initial investors in Darryl F. Zanuck 's fledgling 20th Century Pictures (which would soon merge with ailing Fox), Mayer insisted that his son-in-law be hired so as to get him out of MGM. Goetz served as executive vice president of 20th Century-Fox, heading the studio during Zanuck's leave of absence to serve in the military in 1942. Zanuck, fearful of his underling's ambitions, forced him out of the company upon his return in 1943. Ironically, both Mayer and Zanuck felt that Goetz was decidedly unimaginative and a mediocre film executive. That same year Goetz formed International Pictures, which merged with Universal in 1946. Goetz would go on to become one of the most successful movie moguls in the post-television era. He was a master manipulator, and it was generally acknowledged that of all the great actors on the lot--the Barrymores, Spencer Tracy , Lon Chaney , Greta Garbo --Mayer was the best. He was not above--or beneath--crying, begging, threatening, charming or cursing (often within the same conversation) anyone out on the lot if it meant getting his way. When Robert Taylor tried to hit him up for a raise, Mayer advised the young man to work hard, respect his elders, and in due time he'd get everything he deserved. He hugged Taylor, cried a little and walked him to the door. Asked if he got his raise, the now tearful Taylor is said to have answered, "No, but I found a father." Taylor remained a good company man--and one of the most underpaid top actors on the lot--and enjoyed a 25-year career with the studio. The father of two daughters, Mayer originally thought of production chief Irving Thalberg as a son, but Thalberg's ambitions and his view of himself as the man behind the success of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer eventually brought them into conflict. After Thalberg's first heart-attack forced the young executive to take a long vacation, Mayer introduced a producer system he likened to a college of cardinals to replace Thalberg as central producer. When Thalberg returned to MGM, he became just an ordinary producer, albeit one who had first choice on projects and MGM resources, including its stars, due to his closeness to Nicholas Schenck , the president of MGM corporate parent Loews's Inc. Schenck, who was the true power and ultimate arbiter at the studio, usually backed up Thalberg. Some Hollywood observers believe that Mayer was relieved by Thalberg's untimely death, though he professed a great deal of grief publicly and likely was saddened by his former mentor's demise, as Thalberg had been instrumental in building MGM into the greatest studio in Hollywood and the world. During his career at MGM, Mayer only answered to two men: Marcus Loew --who died on September 25, 1927--and his replacement at MGM parent Loew's Inc., Nicholas Schenck . It was an uncomfortable relationship for both men. Schenck inherently understood Mayer's value as a the head of MGM but resented his price. The two men would fight bitterly over the years over business matters, with Schenck repeatedly planting spies (including E.J. Mannix who soon became a Mayer loyalist) to monitor Mayer's business dealings. Lived at 332 Saint Cloud Road in Bel Air, California (Mayer's original home has been torn down). Last words (spoken to Howard Strickling on October 28, 1957): "Nothing matters! Don't let them worry you. Nothing matters!" L.B. was hallucinating under a morphine drip. Salary as head of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1937, $1,300,000. Katharine Hepburn wrote in her autobiography, "L.B. Mayer was a shrewd man with enormous understanding of an artist. He was not stupid, not crude. He was a very sensible fellow, and extremely honest. In all my dealings with Mayer, I can say that he was the most honest person I ever dealt with in my life.". Active in Republican Party politics, serving as the vice chairman of the Republican Party of California from 1931 to 1932 and as its state chairman between 1932 and 1933. He was posthumously awarded a Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1637 Vine Street in Hollywood, California on February 8, 1960. Sidney Skolsky wrote that the joke on the MGM lot was that "L.B." Mayer stood for "Lionel Barrymore" Mayer because he was the "best actor" on the lot in things he did to persuade people, including melodramatically fainting and crying. Founder of Louis B. Mayer Productions. President of Anita Stewart Productions, formed to make pictures for Anita Stewart in 1918. It dissolved in 1920. Production executive for John M. Stahl Productions, formed in 1921, in 1922. Personal Quotes (12)	i don't know
How many legs does an insect have?	How many legs does an insect have? \| Reference.com How many legs does an insect have? A: Quick Answer An insect has six legs. Insects' legs are jointed, and the movement of these joints is controlled by a combination of partial musculature and passive biomechanical non-muscular structures. Some insects also have a clawlike structure on the last segments of their legs. Full Answer All insects also have three major body regions, which typically consist of a head, a thorax and an abdomen. All insects also have bilateral symmetry. Insects begin their lives as eggs and undergo a metamorphosis before becoming adults. Winged insects have either one pair of wings (such as a housefly or a mosquito) or two pairs of wings (such as a bee or a dragonfly).	6
In the Australian TV series, what type of animal was `Skippy`?	10 Fascinating Facts About Caterpillars 10 Fascinating Facts About Caterpillars 10 Fascinating Facts About Caterpillars Interesting Behaviors and Traits of Caterpillars Arthur Tiley/The Image Bank/Getty Images By Debbie Hadley Updated May 09, 2016. Surely you've seen a caterpillar in your lifetime, and you've probably even handled one, but how much do you know about Lepidopteran larvae? These cool facts about caterpillars will give you new respect for what remarkable creatures they are. 1. A caterpillar has just one job – to eat. During the larval stage, the caterpillar must consume enough to sustain itself into adulthood. Without proper nutrition, it may not have the energy to complete its metamorphosis, or may be unable to develop eggs as an adult. Caterpillars can eat an enormous amount during a life cycle stage that typically lasts several weeks. Some consume 27,000 times their body weight during this life phase. 2. Caterpillars increase their body mass by as much as 1,000 times or more. The larval stage of the life cycle is all about growth. Within the span of a few weeks, the caterpillar will grow exponentially. Because its cuticle, or skin, is only so pliable, the caterpillar will molt multiple times as it gains size and mass. continue reading below our video 10 Facts About the Titanic That You Don't Know The stage between molts is called an instar , and most caterpillars go through 5-6 instars before pupating. 3. A caterpillar's first meal is usually its eggshell. In most cases, when a caterpillar ecloses (hatches) from its egg, it will consume the remainder of the shell. The outer layer of the egg, called the chorion, is rich in protein, and provides the new larva with a nutritious start. 4. A caterpillar has as many as 4,000 muscles in its body. That's one seriously muscle-bound insect! By comparison, humans have just 629 muscles in a considerably larger body. The caterpillar's head capsule alone consists of 248 individual muscles, and about 70 muscles control each body segment. Remarkably, each of the 4,000 muscles is innervated by one or two neurons. 5. Caterpillars have 12 eyes. On each side of its head, a caterpillar has 6 tiny eyelets, called stemmata, arranged in a semi-circle. One of the 6 eyelets is usually offset a bit, and located closer to the antennae. You would think an insect with 12 eyes would have excellent eyesight, but that's not the case. The stemmata serve merely to help the caterpillar differentiate between light and dark. If you watch a caterpillar, you'll notice it sometimes moves its head from side to side. This most likely helps it judge depths and distances. 6. Caterpillars produce silk. Using modified salivary glands along the sides of their mouth, caterpillars can produce silk as needed. Some caterpillars, like gypsy moths , disperse by "ballooning" from the treetops on a silken thread. Others, such as eastern tent caterpillars or webworms , construct silk tents in which they live communally. Bagworms use silk to join dead foliage together into a shelter. Caterpillars also use silk when they pupate, either to suspend a chrysalis or to construct a cocoon. 7. Caterpillars have 6 legs, just as adult butterflies or moths do. But wait! There are way more than 6 legs on most caterpillars you've seen, right? Most of those legs are false legs, called prolegs, which help the caterpillar hold onto plant surfaces and allow it to climb. The 3 pairs of legs on the caterpillar's thoracic segments are the true legs, which it will retain in adulthood. A caterpillar may have up to 5 pairs of prolegs on its abdominal segments, usually including a terminal pair on the hind end. The 8. Caterpillars move in a wavelike motion, from back to front. Caterpillars with a full complement of prolegs move in a fairly predictable motion. Usually, the caterpillar will first anchor itself using the terminal pair of prolegs, and then reach forward with one pair of legs at a time, starting from the hind end. There's more going on than just leg action, though. The caterpillar's blood pressure changes as it moves forward, and its gut, which is basically a cylinder suspended inside its body, advances in sync with the head and rear end. Inchworms and loopers, which have fewer prolegs, move by pulling their hind ends forward in contact with the thorax, and then extending their front half. 9. Caterpillars get creative when it comes to self defense. Life at the bottom of the food chain can be tough, so caterpillars employ all kinds of strategies to avoid becoming a bird snack. Some caterpillars, such as the early instars of black swallowtails , look like bird droppings. Certain inchworms in the family Geometridae mimic twigs, and bear markings that resemble leaf scars or bark. Other caterpillars use the opposite strategy, making themselves visible with bright colors to advertise their toxicity. A few caterpillars, like the spicebush swallowtail, display large eyespots to deter birds from eating them. If you've ever tried to take a caterpillar from its host plant , only to have it fall to the ground, you've observed it using thanatosis to thwart your efforts to collect it. A swallowtail caterpillar can be identified by its smelly osmeterium , a special defensive stink gland just behind the head. 10. Many caterpillars use the toxins from their host plants to their own advantage. Caterpillars and plants co-evolve. Some host plants produce toxic or foul-tasting compounds meant to dissuade herbivores from munching their foliage. But many caterpillars can sequester the toxins in their bodies, effectively using these compounds to protect themselves from predators. The classic example of this is the monarch caterpillar and its host plant, milkweed. The monarch caterpillar ingests glycosides produced by the milkweed plant. These toxins remain within the monarch through adulthood, making the butterfly unpalatable to birds and other predators. Sources: Caterpillar locomotion: A new model for soft-bodied climbing and burrowing robots, Barry A. Trimmer, Ann E. Takesian, and Brian M. Sweet, Tufts University, 2006.	i don't know
Which famous person in history rode a horse called Black Bess?	A GREEN HORSE is a NATURAL, ECONOMICAL and ECO-FRIENDLY WAY to a HEALTHY HORSE: Horses of Military / War Labels: General , Horsen Around , Horses in History Perhaps the most famous warhorse remains disputed; nonetheless, according to legend The TROJAN HORSE became the instrument allowing access into the city of Troy, thus ultimately the Greek’s victory. The Achaeans fought an unsuccessful war with the people of Troy for ten years, usually dated to the 12th or 11th centuries BC. The Achaeans pondered on the thought, perhaps Troy could be seized by slyness instead of by force. Executing this thought, the construction of The Trojan Horse became the strategy of their victory. The Achaeans hid an armed military force inside the horse and left it in plain view of the Trojans. Simulating a retreat, the Achaeans enticed the Trojans to bring the horse within the walls of their city. The horse had a deceitful inscription: "For their return home, the Achaeans dedicate this thank-offering to Athena." Without the horse, most wars would have died within a very short time. This blog is the first of a series dedicated to horses in history. We felt it appropriate to start here for without the valiant contributions of horses in military and war; man’s march through time would be much different. Horses were the most neglected among the many heroes of war serving by the billions, over the millennia in a variety of ways, large numbers suffered painfully and died in service. Life was not easy for the warhorse and was often ended by disease, starvation, severe injuries or being ridden to extreme exhaustion. Few received proper care, but the majority were mismanaged and cruelly mishandled. The severity of the work is not what killed them but the wretched conditions under which they did their work. Pulling heavy loaded wagons or riding one into battle, the utilization of horses in war changed as time passed. The first use of horses in warfare occurred over 5000 years ago. Images of those early horses pulling wagons in conflict with primitive equipment gave way to the impetus of the chariot. As history goes, new improved designs and tactics replaced the chariot with the cavalry. By 360 BC, the Greek cavalry officer Xenophon wrote an extensive paper on horsemanship. In it, Xenophon details the selection, care, and training of horses for the use both in the military and for the public. This treatise along with numerous improvements in technology including the invention of the saddle, the stirrup, and later, the horse collar transformed the effectiveness of horses in battle. Good horses were always in demand by the military during warfare; riding horses were necessary for cavalry charges, scouting, raiding, communication, and drawing horses were needed for transportation of military supplies and heavy armor. The horse was deeply embedded in military life until after World War I when the method of warfare changed completely. The use of trench warfare, barbed wire, machine guns and tanks rendered traditional cavalry almost obsolete and the cavalry began to phase out. Some horse cavalry units were used extensively for the transport of troops and supplies in World War II, but by the end of the war, horses were rarely seen in battle. For a horse, the best thing man ever did was develop technology to the point that it no longer had to participate in war. They were the unfortunate servants of war; their suffering was extensive and without falter; their heroic performances proven by the immense numbers that have lost their lives throughout history. Many warhorses had their names written upon the scrolls of history by their evident bravery, faithfulness and good judgment on the battlefields and some of them became almost as famous as the brave men who fought with them. Exposed to tedious marches and bullet-swept battlefields, yet somehow realizing their importance in the conflict continuing onward until the end. The horse has contributed to the success of man more than any other animal. Today, the horse in war has almost disappeared, but it remains connected to man’s world. From working on the farm to the leisurely trail ride, the horse and human interactions are rooted in cavalry skills and classical horsemanship of days gone by. The riding and training skills of today were once used by the military on the horses in history. HORSES in HISTORY Military / War After endless reading and viewing thousands of photos in archives, extensive information has been found on certain steeds, while hardly a trace exists for others. To a large degree, names of horses in the American Civil War were easier to obtain for the amount of data available, while horses of various other conflicts were vastly unspecified. As time passes, their identities will be lost forever and they will remain countless, nameless, everlasting, true, unsung heroes. We Honor their Courage and Valor ALMOND EYE was the warhorse of Major General Benjamin F. Butler, nicknamed “Beast Butler” and together they rode into several battles of the American Civil War. Almond Eye acquired his name from the unusual shape of his eyes. BABIECA was the white Andalusia warhorse of Spanish hero, Ruy Diaz, better known as “El Cid”. Babieca was never ridden again after El Cid’s death in 1099. Babieca died 2 years later at the incredible age of 40. Allegedly, upon his death, El Cid left instructions for Babieca to be buried alongside him and his wife at the Monastery of San Pedro de Cardeña and that his body be secured on Babieca in full armor and with sword raised. The request was initially fulfilled but later the remains were exhumed from the monastery and then interred at the cathedral in Burgos where they rest today. BAYARD was the mount for General Bosquet in the Crimean War fought between the British Empire, France, the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Sardinia against the opposing Russian Empire (1853 – 1856). The Crimean War was the first war to introduce technical changes affecting the future course of warfare; first war thoroughly documented in photographs and the first tactical use of railways and the telegraph. BEAUREGARD was the steed of James Russell Wheeler who left Union-held Baltimore under cover of darkness and joined the Confederate Calvary at Richmond, Virginia. Serving with Co. E of the 1st Maryland Calvary, he was captured twice in two years. Because of Wheeler’s capture, Beauregard became the property of his commander, Captain W. I. Rasin, who rode the horse to the surrender at Appomattox. Beauregard survived long after the war. He died in 1883. BIJOU, French for, “jewel”, was the horse of Count Johan Augustus Sandels, in the Finnish War (1808-1809). The Count led the Swedish troops to victory against the Russian forces, at the Battle at Virta Bridge. BILL was the mount of Henry Jackson Hunt, Chief of Artillery in the Army of the Potomac during the American Civil War. BILLY was the powerful and stout warhorse of Major General George Henry Thomas nicknamed, “Slow Trot Thomas”. Thomas was a hefty man weighing nearly two hundred pounds requiring a large steed capable of carrying him. Billy, named after Thomas’ friend, William T. Sherman, was a dark bay about 16 hands high. Billy was, like his owner, calm and measured in all his actions even in the turmoil of battle. Billy carried General Thomas in the march to Nashville, during the Civil War. His master defeated the Confederate arms in the winter of 1864. This was the last battle in which Thomas and Billy participated; it brought both to their death. BLACK BESS was the warhorse ridden by John Hunt Morgan. Morgan led 2,460 troops racing past Union lines into Kentucky, Indiana, and Ohio in July 1863. This campaign known as Morgan's Raid was the farthest north any uniformed Confederate troops infiltrated during the war. Captain H. B. Clay possessed Morgan’s horses after Morgan died at the raid on Greeneville, Tennessee in 1864. Clay lived in Rogersville on Main Street and it was in Rogersville in 1864 when Brigadier General Alvin C. Gilliam attacked the town. While in Rogersville during the surprise raid, Sergeant J. H. Pharr, of Company A the 13th, captured a fine black horse belonging to Captain Clay; it was Black Bess. General Gilliam rode this horse throughout the campaign of East Tennessee. GLENCOE was another horse ridden by Morgan as was SIR OLIVER. Sir Oliver was said to have been a magnificent chestnut sorrel thoroughbred. BLACK HAWK was the favorite ride of Major General William B. Bate during the American Civil War. Bate was wounded three times and had six horses shot from beneath him throughout the war. BLACK JACK was a black Morgan-American Quarter Horse cross. He was foaled in 1947 and was the last of the Quartermaster issue horses. Named to honor General J. (Black Jack) Pershing who is the only person to be promoted in his own lifetime to the highest rank ever held in the United States Army—General of the Armies. Black Jack served a long and respectable military career. He was the riderless horse, with boots reversed in the stirrups, serving more than 1,000 Full Honor Funerals. He was a symbol of a fallen leader. Among the highlights of his career, he participated in four state funerals of presidents John F. Kennedy (1963), Herbert Hoover (1964), Lyndon B. Johnson (1973) as well as a Five-star general, Douglas MacArthur (1964). Black Jack died after a 29-year dedicated, dignified military career on February 6, 1976. He is one of few horses in United States history buried with Full Military Honors. Black Jack was cremated and his remains laid to rest in a plot at Fort Myer, Virginia. Blackjack's Burial Plaque - Photo Courtesy of Ron Williams BLACKIE belonged to Chief Sitting Bull. The Chief was a Sioux holy man who led his people as a war chief during years of resistance to the United States. He was an expert horseback rider. With Federal permission, in 1885, Sitting Bull left the reservation to join Buffalo Bill Cody’s Wild West show. He earned about $50 a week for riding once around the arena, where he was a popular attraction. BOOMERANG had a tendency to move backward hence his name. Owned by the Colonel of the Twelfth Illinois Regiment, Colonel John McArthur who was a Union general during the American Civil War. McArthur became one of the ablest Federal commanders in the Western Theater. BROWN BEAUTY was ridden by Paul Revere during his famous midnight ride on April 18, 1775. Paul was employed by the Boston Committee of Correspondence and the Massachusetts Committee of Safety as an express rider hired to carry news, messages, and copies of resolutions as far away as New York and Philadelphia. On the fateful night, Dr. Joseph Warren instructed Paul Revere to ride to Lexington, Massachusetts, to warn Samuel Adams and John Hancock that British troops were marching to arrest them. After crossing the Charles River to Charlestown, Paul Revere borrowed a horse from his friend Deacon John Larkin. This horse was Brown Beauty. One, if by land and two, if by sea; while in Charlestown, Revere verified that the "Sons of Liberty" had seen his pre-arranged signals. Two lanterns had been hung in the bell-tower of Christ Church in Boston, indicating that troops would row "by sea" across the Charles River to Cambridge. Revere had arranged for these signals the previous weekend. On the way to Lexington, Revere notified the country-side, stopping at each house, and arrived in Lexington about midnight. William Dawes was another rider who had been sent on the same errand by a different route. A third rider, Dr. Samuel Prescott joined them in Concord, Massachusetts. All three were arrested by a British patrol; two escaped while Revere was held for some time and then released. BRIGAND was a large black horse belonging to General William Mahone. During the American Civil War, he attained the rank of major general of the Confederate States Army. Mahone is known for turning the tide of the Battle of the Crater against the Union advance during the Siege of Petersburg in 1864. Because of Mahone’s stature, he was nicknamed “Little Billy”. His wife Otelia served as a nurse in Richmond, Virginia. BUCEPHALUS or BUCHEPHALAS was Alexander the Great's horse and one of the most famous real horses of ancient times. Legend has said Bucephalus was descended from the Mares of Diomed – see ... Horses of Legend, Myth and Folklore . Alexander the Great was an outstanding military leader of his age. Described as having a black coat with a large white star on his brow Bucephalus was a massive creature with a massive head. He was also supposed to have had a "wall", or blue eye, and his breeding was that of the best Thessalian strain. Bucephalus’ name means 'ox-head’, which they believe refers to the broad forehead and slightly concave profile that is characteristic of the local Thessalonian, strain. Philip of Macedon bought Bucephalus and the steed was so unruly no one could ride him. Alexander noted that the horse was afraid of his own shadow and therefore rode him facing into the sun. As one of his chargers, Bucephalus served Alexander in numerous battles. Alexander rode Bucephalus for the last time in 327 BC (or 326BC) in the battle against the Indian King Porus, who they defeated at the Hydaspes River (now modern Pakistan). Bucephalus was 30 years old and died from his wounds at the end of the day. Buried with military honors the horse lies in Jalalpur Sharif outside of Jhelum, Pakistan. Alexander promptly founded a city, Bucephala, in honor of his horse. After the dynamic pair, it was all but expected of a conqueror to own a favorite horse. Statue of Alexander the Great riding Bucephalus, Thessaloniki, Greece BUCEPHALUS was the steed of Sterling Price who served in two wars, the Mexican-American War and the American Civil War. BUTLER was Wade Hampton, III’s favorite horse. Hampton was a Confederate cavalry leader during the American Civil War. Another mount he rode was CAPTAIN. CELER is a Roman name meaning "swift." This is the name of the horse of the Roman Emperor Verus. It was fed on almonds and raisins, covered with royal purple, and stalled in the imperial palace. Lucius Ceionius Commodus, the future Lucius Verus, was the son of Lucius Aelius Caesar. He was born December 15 A.D., 130. In 162 his brother, Emperor Marcus sent Lucius eastward to lead the Parthian campaign. In victory for Rome, Marcus shared the success with Lucius making him co-emperor. In between the wars Lucius participated in for Rome, Lucius Verus enjoyed life of self-indulgent pleasures of many kinds. One such pleasure was chariot racing. According to Lucius Verus, this was ranked above all other "sports”. VOLUCER, his favorite chariot horse, is buried on the Vatican Hill. CETAK or CHETAK was the warhorse of Rana Pratap Mewar in India. Pratap rode Chetak during the gruesome Battle of Haldighati, June 1576 in which Chetak died. This warhorse was of Kathiawari or Marwari breed and a coat with a blue tinge. For this, Rana Pratap is sometime referred to as the Rider of the Blue Horse and both he and Chetak are forever immortalized in the ballads of Rajasthan. CHAMP was the favorite charger of Ambrose Powell Hill. General A.P. Hill was a Confederate general in the American Civil War. He gained early fame as the commander of Hill's Light Division, becoming one of Stonewall Jackson's ablest subordinates. Killed in the Battle of Gettysburg; Sergeant Tucker possessed and rode Champ during the war. CHIEF the last U.S. Army cavalry horse, at the age of eight, was bought by the U.S. Army for the sum of $163, this purchase changed his life forever; he became a cavalry horse. In 1941, he reported for duty at Fort Riley, Kansas for military training. After a year, he rose to the rank of Advanced Cavalry Charger. Many young cavalry officers rode Chief and remarked on the wonderfully obedient mount. Chief served faithfully for eighteen years as a U.S. Cavalry Charger and because of age in 1958 retired to a beautiful pasture at Ft. Riley. In the 1950s and 1960s, all the remaining retired cavalry mounts passed on leaving Chief as the last. Entertaining hundreds of visitors at the Ft. Riley Riding Club each year, Chief represented the millions of dedicated cavalry mounts who served and died before him. Buried on the parade grounds at Fort Riley, Kansas with a military funeral and full honors Chief’s death came at the age of thirty-six on May 24, 1968. Honoring the duties, courage and devotion these horses performed faithfully, the Commanding General of the U.S. Army was in attendance. A marble vault constructed by the Post Engineers allowed Chief’s body to stand upright interred ready to ride again. Buried at the foot of the "Old Trooper" statue lies a plaque of Chief’s final resting place. CHIEFTAIN was the horse belonging to the Confederate General Daniel Harvey Hill. He was brother-in-law to Stonewall Jackson and referred to as “Little General”. With his legs severely shot by a Union soldier, at the Battle of Gettysburg, Chieftain died shortly after. CHARLEMAGNE was Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain’s Horse. Chamberlain was given the honor of commanding the Union troops at the surrender ceremony for the infantry of Robert E. Lee's Army at Appomattox, Virginia. CINCINNATI was General Ulysses S. Grant's most famous horse during the American Civil War. He was the son of Lexington, the fastest four-mile thoroughbred in the United States and the most successful sire during the second half of the nineteenth century. Cincinnati was also the grandson of the great Boston, who sired Lexington. At an early age, Grant emotionally bonded to horses. Grant was an excellent horseman and owned many horses in his lifetime. Cincinnati was a gift during the Civil War and he stood at 17 hands. Handsome and powerful, he quickly became Grant's favorite. After the battle of Chattanooga, General Grant went to St. Louis to recover from contracting dysentery (disease of the lower intestine) during the siege of Vicksburg. During this time, General Grant received a letter from an “S.S. Grant”, requesting the General’s visit for he had something important to say which might be gratifying to hear. With the initials identical of a deceased Uncle, the General’s curiosity created excitement and Grant obliged the offer. Upon General Grant’s arrival, S.S. Grant uttered he had the finest horse in the world. He knew of General Grant's great liking for horses and wanted to give his horse to him with conditions. He desired the horse be in a good home with tender care, no ill-treatment and never fall into the hands of such. This promise was given and General Grant accepted the horse. He called him Cincinnati. Grant rarely permitted anyone to mount the horse but there were two exceptions, Admiral Daniel Ammen and President Lincoln. With Cincinnati’s remarkable bloodlines, the grandson of Boston, the son of Lexington and a half-brother to Kentucky, many offers of money for the magnificent horse were refused by Grant, some as much as $10,000. Cincinnati remained Grant’s battle charger until the end of the war. Grant rode Cincinnati to negotiate Robert E. Lee's surrender at Appomattox Court House and the horse became immortalized. Grant went on to become the 18th President of the United States from 1869 to 1877. Cincinnati, JEFF DAVIS and EGYPT all lived to enter the White House stables when Grant became president in 1869. Albert Hawkins was in charge of those stables at the time. Cincinnati died at his retirement facility, Admiral Ammen's farm in Maryland, in 1878. Grant’s other war horses: DYNAMITE EGYPT was a remarkably beautiful horse seen by some people in Illinois, purchased by them and sent to Grant as a present, in January 1864. Cold Harbor, Virginia. U.S. Grant's horses: on left, EGYPT, center, CINCINNATI, right, JEFF DAVIS 1864 June 14. FOX was a horse that Grant purchased for field service. He was a roan color, very powerful and spirited horse and of great endurance. Grant road Fox during the siege and battles around Fort Donelson and at Shiloh. JACK a gift to Grant while marching from Springfield, Illinois, to Missouri. Camping on the Illinois River for several days a farmer brought in a horse called Jack. The horse was a cream-colored stallion with black eyes, mane, and a tail of silver white. His coat gradually became darker toward his feet. He was noble, high spirited, very intelligent and excellent in every way. Grant used him until after the battle of Chattanooga November 1863, as an extra horse and for parades and ceremonial occasions. At the 1863 Sanitary Fair in Chicago, General Grant gave him to the fair and bringing $4,000 to the Sanitary Commission for wounded soldiers from a raffle. JEFF DAVIS, another wartime mount captured during the campaign and siege of Vicksburg. A cavalry raid or scouting party arrived at Joe Davis' plantation, the brother of Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederacy. The raid participants captured a black pony led it to the rear of the city and presented it to Grant. The horse badly worn reached headquarters with an eye of Grant’s upon it. With care, Jeff Davis began to pick up and soon carried himself in fine shape. Grant kept him until he died, which was long after the Civil War. KANGAROO caught the eye of Grant. The Confederates left behind the horse on the battlefield, after the Shiloh battle. He was in poor condition rawboned and worn out. Jokingly, the officer who found the horse sent it with his compliments to Colonel C.B. Lagow, one of Grant’s aid-de-Camps and Acting Inspector General, a man of means who always kept an excellent mount. When Grant saw the horse, he told the Colonel that the horse was a thoroughbred and a valuable mount. He asked Lagow, if he did not wish to keep the horse, he would be glad to have him. After Grant’s possession and within a short period of rest, feeding and care Kangaroo turned out to be a magnificent animal. Grant used him during the Vicksburg campaign. The horse was named Kangaroo because of his original appearance. METHUSELAH was a white horse and Grant’s first horse on re-entering the Army in 1861. At that time, Colonel Grant rode into Springfield, Illinois and was astride Methuselah. RONDY was the mount Grant rode into his first battle. BUTCHER BOY was a horse Grant purchased when he was president. Grant with his son went on a ride one afternoon. With Grant running fast on his horse, a butcher's delivery wagon drew up and passed them. A bit up the road, it stopped to make a delivery. Soon, it caught up with Grant again and despite all Grant's effort; it passed a second time. Grant read the owner's name on the wagon and the following day he bought the horse pulling the wagon. The animal became a great favorite of Grants and he named him Butcher Boy. President Grant's farm near St. Louis, Missouri, The old Dent homestead depicting ruins of former residence and the main stable. c. 1875	Dick Turpin
What is the name of the city in which The Simpsons live?	Black Bess \| Article about Black Bess by The Free Dictionary Black Bess \| Article about Black Bess by The Free Dictionary http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Black+Bess Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: horse References in classic literature ? For them stage-coaches will have become romances--a team of four bays as fabulous as Bucephalus or Black Bess. Horse burger outrage is just soppy sentiment And I followed that up with a Black Bess, from York Brewery, a rich and smoky stout perfectly suited to a hobbit wanderer on a winter's day. It's a taste of Middle Earth but in Wirral; Your Pub Alistair Houghton has a pint in The White Lion, West Kirby And not too far away, just outside the city walls is his grave, so large that it was rumoured his horse Black Bess was in there too. On the trail of Dick Turpin; He was England's most infamous outlaw, but his tale came to an end in York. EDWARD STEPHENS gets s a taste of the city's colourful history In a bid to evade punishment for one particular bit of extreme naughtiness, Turpin purloined a horse called Black Bess and fled from London to York, where he changed his name to John Palmer.	i don't know
Who had a number one in 1960 called `Only The Lonely`?	Only the Lonely - Roy Orbison \| Song Info \| AllMusic Only the Lonely google+ Song Review by Richie Unterberger Other than "Oh, Pretty Woman," "Only the Lonely" is Roy Orbison's most famous and successful song. It is also the song that, more than any other, defined his career. When Orbison recorded "Only the Lonely" in 1960, he had only a couple of very moderate hits, and some moderate success as a songwriter, to show for about five years in the business. "Only the Lonely" changed all that, not just because it shot to number two, but also because it defined his image and musical identity. Prior to the song, Orbison had been typecast as an also-ran rockabilly singer at Sun Records. Although he wasn't a bad rockabilly act, "Only the Lonely" played to his true strengths: an operatic, pain-stricken pop/rock balladeer, a master of odes to heartbreak and maintaining dignitiy while fighting largely losing battles. The record screamed hit from its first few bars: a team of vocalists gently crooning "dum dum dum, dum-be-doo-wah" and other such syllables to an instantly memorable bittersweet melody, ending by singing the title phrase. That was the cue for a pause and Orbison to enter with his sorrowful yet strong tones, the backup vocalists continuing to act as a Greek chorus of sorts to his lines throughout the verse. The melody and phrasing got especially dramatic in the latter parts of the verses, as the backing arrangement kept dramatically pausing after three rapid bows of the violin in a row, leaving Orbison to muse alone, his range gradually ascending to Caruso territory. As the track progressed, it added symphonic violins that were quite advanced for a 1960 pop/rock production, the strings sometimes swooping in different ways as ripostes to various lines in Orbison's lyric. Roy hit a particularly glass-shattering note at a pause in the last verse, unveiling the full extent of his astonishing upper range. "Only the Lonely" is a great tune and a great production, but much of what puts it over is Orbison's attitude: he may be in wrenching misery, but that's not going to keep him from taking chances on romance in the future. Chris Isaak, who was probably more influenced by early-'60s stars such as Orbison and Ricky Nelson than any other late-20th century rock star, covered "Only the Lonely" on his Baja Sessions album. Appears On	Roy Orbison
What is the name of the poker hand containing three of a kind and a pair?	ROY ORBISON – OFFICIAL BIOGRAPHY Store ROY ORBISON – OFFICIAL BIOGRAPHY Roy Kelton Orbison was born on April 23, 1936 at 3:30 pm, in Vernon, Texas. Nadine, his mother, was a nurse. Orbie Lee, his father, a worker. Roy was their second child. For his sixth birthday, Roy asked for a harmonica, but fortunately his daddy gave him a guitar. Orbie Lee is generally credited with teaching Roy to play guitar. However, he also learned from Charlie Orbison, Orbie Lee’s brother, and Kenneth Schultz, brother of Nadine’s. Together with Clois Russell, Orbie Lee’s neighbor and workmate, they would often play and sing. The first song Roy ever played was the classic “You Are My Sunshine”. He learned very quickly, so that way he could stay up late with the grown-ups and sing.The Orbison family moved to Forth Worth sometime in 1942. In Forth Worth, they found employment in the munitions and aircraft factories that had been expanded due to America’s entry into World War II. But due to epidemic polio in 1944, Roy and his elder brother Grady were sent back to live with their maternal grandmother, a divorcee, in Vernon. Roy Orbison wrote his first song “A Vow of Love”, in front of his grandmother’s house the same year. In 1945 he entered and won a contest on KVWC in Vernon and this led to his own radio show singing the same songs every Saturday. In 1946 a medicine show came to town and Roy entered the talent contest singing “Mountain Dew” and “Jole Blon”, and tied for first place with a 15-year-old kid. The total prize was $15, so he got $7.50 and gave his buddy half of that for carrying his guitar. When the War was over, the family re-united in Vernon and soon moved out west to Wink, Texas, in late 1946. He formed his first band when he was thirteen, in 1949. They called themselves The Wink Westerners. In 1951 Roy had been appearing regularly on KERB radio in Kermit. By 1953 the band, got their own show on KERB sponsored by local businessmen one day a week before school. The Wink Westerner’s first appearance was at one of the school assemblies. They were also featured on the KERB Jamboree on Saturday afternoons with local Country & Western bands. The first songs they played were “Kaw-liga”, “Mexican Joe”, “Caribbean”, and “Under the Double Eagle”. But they were not only country, little by little they began playing and making string arrangements for Big-Band standards and instrumentals like “In The Mood” or “Little Brown Jug” as well as Pop standards. During the summer, Orbison would work for the County shoving tar, or work in the oil fields chopping steel or painting water towers. He used to be part of the marching band and singing octet, and at some point or another tried to play the baritone horn. He even had become the manager of Wink High school’s Kittens football team in 1952. At one of the band’s gigs in McCamey’s Lions Club, somebody offered them to play a dance and pay them for it. The pay for that gig was as good as a hard working week’s pay, so they agreed to do it even though they only knew 4 or 5 songs. They learned some more tunes in a rush practicing at the Community Center, and started getting paid for what they liked doing. They were invited to tour West Texas with R. A. Lipscomb who was running for the office of district governor of the Lions Club in 1953. They attended the 36th International Lions Club Convention in Chicago from July 3rd to July 11th of that year… Together with Mr. Lipscomb, they all stayed at the Conrad Hilton Hotel and the Wink Westerners performed in the front lobby. Roy graduated from Wink High in June 1954 and signed up to attend the fall seminar at the North Texas State College in Denton, returned home for Christmas and played the New Year Dance on December 31st 1954 with the Wink Westerners. Wade Lee Moore and Dick Penner where two college friends of Roy’s at Denton and they had written “The Ooby Dooby”. Dick Penner arranged for them to record his song at Jim Beck’s studio in the outskirts of Dallas, Texas, which is South-East of Denton. Beck had been instrumental in the discovery of Lefty Frizzell and Marty Robbins for Columbia Records, so the band headed for Dallas to record “Ooby Dooby” and “Hey, Miss Fannie” which appears to be a duet of Roy Orbison and James Morrow. The session took place at some point during the summer of 1955 before the boys returned to West Texas. Roy was convinced that they would be signed to Columbia Records, which never happened. During the summer of ’55 the Wink Westerners regrouped back in West Texas. When not appearing at local clubs, they would play at the Saturday Night Jamboree in Jal, New Mexico. The band somehow managed to appear, along with other local Country and Western bands, on a Saturday afternoon television show on KMID-TV Channel 2, out of Midland. In addition to their regular repertoire, they began to play some Rock and Roll numbers including “That’s All Right Mama”, “Rock Around The Clock” and of course, “Ooby Dooby” . They were an instant success and as a result were given their own thirty-minute show on Friday nights on KMID. Orbison enrolled at Odessa Junior College in the fall of 1955 wanting to major in Geology but then changed to History and English. Soon, the band moved in together to a duplex in Walnut Street in Odessa. With a couple of new members they renamed themselves “The Teen Kings” as they were playing more and more Rock and Roll. They got a second weekly local TV show on Saturdays from 4:30 to 5 PM on KOSA-TV, Odessa, Channel 7, which was part of the national CBS network. Johnny Cash and also Elvis Presley came in town to perform around this time and appeared on Roy’s TV show. Roy asked Johnny for advice on how to get a record released and Cash gave him Sam Phillips telephone number in Memphis. He called Mr. Phillips who hung up the phone saying, “Johnny Cash doesn’t run my record company”. Orbison had been approached by local entrepreneur Weldon Rogers, who had an associate by the name of Chester C. C. Oliver. They were just starting up the Je-Wel label and wanted to record Roy and the band. Roy was anxious to take Rogers and Oliver up on their offer and Je-Wel’s first recording session was hastily arranged for March 4, 1956 at Norman Petty Studio in Clovis, New Mexico. This time, Roy and The Teen Kings, recorded The Clover’s “Trying to Get to You” and “Ooby Dooby”. The single was released two weeks later circa March 19, 1956. That same day, Roy took a copy to Cecil Hollifield in Odessa. He was a well-know record dealer in West Texas. “Poppa” Hollifield liked the record and played it on the phone to one of his connections in Memphis. The guy on the other side of the line asked him to send him a copy. His name was Sam Phillips, owner of Sun Records. A few days later “Poppa” telephoned Roy to say that Phillips wanted the Teen Kings in Memphis in three days to record for Sun Records. Roy Orbison and the Teen Kings arrived in Memphis on Monday, March 26, 1956. The next day they re-recorded “Ooby Dooby”, “Trying to Get to You” and “Go Go Go (Down the Line)”. Bob Neal, owner of Starts Inc., signed the group to a booking and management contract. They kicked off with an experimental tour of Southern drive-in movies theaters, performing on the projection house roofs between film showings. Most of the time touring with Carl Perkins, Johnny Cash, Warren Smith, Sonny Burgess, Faron Young, Johnny Horton and then Jerry Lee Lewis and other Country and Rockabilly stars. “Ooby Dooby” peaked at number ..59 on the national charts in June 1956 but the next Sun singles did not chart and Roy started developing his songwriting talent. The Teen Kings split up in December 1956 and Roy used studio musicians for the upcoming Sun sessions. He stayed at Sun until 1958. Bob Neal offered Roy a spot on an Everly Brothers show in Hammond, Indiana in March 1958. The Everlys needed a song for their new single and they asked Roy if he had anything. He sang his new composition “Claudette” and they asked him to write the words down. So he did, on the top of a shoebox. Later, Wesley Rose, from Acuff-Rose Music Publishing in Nashville, signed Roy Orbison with his Nashville publishing company. He also gave Roy a contract with RCA Victor where he briefly worked with Chet Atkins. The Everly’s “Claudette” was released on late March 1958 as the B-side of “All I Have To Do Is Dream”. The A side went to number 1; “Claudette” peaked at Number 30. At this point, his songs were also recorded by Buddy Holly, Jerry Lee Lewis and Rick Nelson. Wesley Rose rapidly got Orbison another contract with the new independent Monument Records when his RCA deal ran out in Mid-1959. Back in Texas, Roy had been writing with Joe Melson, and after a false start they came up with “Uptown” which was recorded and released in late 1959. “Uptown” sold better than any other Orbison record since “Ooby Dooby”, peaking half way up the Hot 100. The sound was something different. It had strings as opposed to fiddles, which were not very common in Nashville. The third single for Fred Foster’s Monument label was “Only the Lonely”, which became the first song that truly probed the frightening potential of Roy Orbison’s voice, and established his uniqueness. The song peaked at number 2 on the Billboard Charts and became number 1 in the UK. The challenge to consolidate “Only the Lonely” was a difficult one. The follow-ups, “Blue Angel” and “I’m Hurtin”, were cloned too closely from “Only the Lonely”, and it took another few tries for Orbison and Melson to come up with something special. That next magical success was “Running Scared”, and it climbed all the way up to number 1 in the USA. A few things contributed to Roy Orbison’s success. The songs, the production, and the performance were key factors. The songs were completely original in structure, sound and style. Totally innovative compositions, that didn’t exist until then. It became a style. Fred Foster really went for quality instead of quantity. He was willing to splash money on a session without any guarantee of payback. He was also willing to take a chance on a sound that did not conform to accepted market norms. After that came “Crying”, “Candy Man”, “Dream Baby”, “Working for the Man”, “Leah”, “In Dreams”, “Pretty Paper”, “Blue Bayou”, “Mean Woman Blues “, “It’s Over”. This became an unbroken string of Top 40 hits that lasted for four years. Roy became the top selling American artist and one of the world’s biggest names . In May 1963, and with the success of “In Dreams”, Wesley Rose eventually accepted an invitation for Roy to tour England on a bill with The Beatles, who meant nothing in the United States at that time. The tour was sold-out in one afternoon. On the first night, Roy did fourteen encores before The Beatles could get on stage. Roy Orbison was one of the few hit-makers to hold his ground, and even to increase his popularity in the wake of the so-called British Invasion. He did it by maintaining a matchless quality of releases, with an original variety of content, structure, tempo and rhythm. He was also an extremely subtle song craftsman, making changes during the course of a session, or between sessions, adding the final commercial gloss to a song. “Oh Pretty Woman” was recorded on August 1st, 1964. It was written by Roy together with his new writing partner Bill Dees and it became Roy’s biggest hit, and in fact the most popular song of all time. Released in August in the US and in September in the UK, it went to number one in every country of the World. By most estimates, the song sold about seven million copies that same year. Orbison toured Australia with the Beach Boys in 1964 and with the Rolling Stones 1965. Roy also toured extensively in Europe. Several major record companies showed interest in Orbison after his tenure with Monument. MGM made and offer of 1,000,000 dollars. The first single, “Ride Away”, was a modest success, but it would be the biggest single in the US that Roy would have for over twenty years. What seemed to be just a change of record labels became a huge turn in Roy’s career. MGM was very successful at that time, but also that was about to change. Monument was Roy’s label, but at MGM he was just one more act. Quantity was chosen over quality and he was required to release certain amount of singles and albums per year which took it’s toll. A dark period ensued as Orbison’s private life began to unravel as well. In 1966, his wife Claudette, who he married in 1957, was killed in a motorcycle accident. Matters turned worse two years later when two of his three children died when his Hendersonville house burned down (Roy sold the lot to his best friend Johnny Cash. Cash’s home at the exact same location would also later burn to the ground.) Roy found himself unable to write songs for a while, but maintained a positive outlook and continued touring. In late 1966 Roy started filming “The Fastest Guitar Alive”, which was his only leading role. His last Top 100 entry in the US for the rest of 1960s and 1970s was “Cry Softly Lonely One” in July 1967. Roy had met a German girl by the name of Barbara Anne Marie Wilhonnen Jacobs in August 1968, in Leeds, England. She moved to the USA in late 1968 and they were married in Nashville on May 25, 1969, and start building a brand new house just one block away from where Roy’s old house used to stand on Old Hickory Lake in Hendersonville, Tennessee. As his MGM contract came to an end in 1973, Roy signed a one-year contract with Mercury Records in 1974 without major acclaim, but as he would say, he always had a record in the charts in some part of the World. For example “Penny Arcade” was number 1 in Australia for weeks on end and “Too Soon to Know” was number 3 in England. After that brief stay with Mercury Records, Roy re-signed with Monument in January 1976 in an attempt to recharge his career in the midst of heavy touring on the Far East, Australia, Asia and Europe. Roy paid the price of heavy smoking, heavy touring and life on the road when he underwent open-heart surgery at the St. Thomas Hospital in Nashville in January 18, 1978, but he was back on the road three weeks later just to prove he could do it. But about this time things started to look a bit brighter in the US. Roy was always out of the shadow in Europe, mainly in England and everybody over there knew who he was, he was still popular and doing more shows overseas than at home, but when Linda Ronstadt had a huge hit with Roy’s “Blue Bayou” which sold about 7 or 8 million copies, Van Halen had an enormous success with “Oh Pretty Woman” and Don McClean did the same with “Crying”, a rejuvenation process started. Key factors contributed to the rebirth of Roy’s career in the USA. A Grammy with Emmylou Harris in 1980 for “That Lovin’ You Feelin’ Again”, “Wild Hearts Run out of Time” being in the film Insignificance, the Class of ’55 LP with fellow Sun record mates, his move to Malibu, California in late 1985, he re-recorded his greatest hits for an upcoming LP for Silver Eagle from Canada, and the use of the song “In Dreams” in the film Blue Velvet, but for sure helped a big deal to put Roy’s music back in the map. Blue Velvet is considered a cult film and it helped Roy to become very contemporary again, as he always wanted to be. It was announced that Roy would be inducted into the 2nd annual Rock and Roll Hall Of Fame in New York in January 21, 1987. He was inducted by Bruce Springsteen who said, “In 1975, when I went into the studio to make Born to Run, I wanted to make a record with words like Bob Dylan that sounded like Phil Spector. But most of all, I wanted to sing like Roy Orbison.” Right after this, Roy signs with Virgin Records who immediately re-releases the greatest hits tapes on an LP called In Dreams-Greatest Hits. There are a few new songwriting collaborators, among them Jeff Lynne. New material is being recorded for the upcoming Virgin LP in Los Angeles and the expectations start to grow. Roy wanted to do a TV Special for a long time. A couple of them were recorded, for instance Roy Orbison at the Los Angeles Country Club and Live in Birmingham, Alabama but nothing ever came close to the beautiful Roy Orbison and Friends – A Black and White Night Live. The event was taped at the legendary Cocoanut Grove in the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles. The band was filled up with familiar faces. Among them were Bruce Springsteen, Elvis Costello, k.d. Lang, Tom Waits, Bonnie Raitt, Jennifer Warnes, T-Bone Burnette, Jackson Browne, J. D. Souther, and they were backed up by Elvis Presley’s TCB band which included James Burton on guitar. This Special was going to air on Cinemax cable TV on January 1988, and subsequently released on video. This became a landmark in Roy career. A duet of “Crying” with k.d. Lang was released as a single and on video. It also gave Roy another Grammy Award. His collaboration with Jeff Lynne was becoming very prolific. Jeff had just produced George Harrison’s Cloud Nine and was working on Roy’s and Tom Petty’s material at the same time. That led to the Traveling Wilburys project which became a huge success. The group features Roy, George Harrison, Jeff Lynne, Tom Petty and Bob Dylan. The record was released in October and entered the Top 10. This was also followed by a beautiful video for their first single “Handle with Care”. Roy’s new solo LP was already finished and scheduled for release in January 1989. Roy landed in Europe in mid-November and appeared on the Diamond Awards Festival in Antwerp, Belgium on November 19th as the main attraction of the evening. The show was filmed and Roy sang to a playback of a brand new song, “You Got It”. It was obvious that Roy had a new band and he looked better than ever sporting a ponytail. Roy’s new look was outstanding and even a bit shocking. He was Roy Orbison again. He came back to America played his last show in Highland Heights, Ohio, had big European and American tours planned out already for the next year. He headed down to Nashville on December 4 and on Tuesday, December 6, spent time shopping for model airplane parts and flying them, but during the afternoon he complained of chest pains. Roy collapsed at his mother’s house right before midnight. He was on top of the charts again, but he was dead at 52. Posthumously released in 1989, Mystery Girl became the biggest selling album of his career. Two cuts from the album became hits: “You Got It” made it in the U.S. Top 10 and Bono’s “She’s A Mystery To Me” climbed to the Top 30 in the U.K. In 1992, Virgin released King of Hearts, a collection of previously unreleased songs, and The Very Best of Roy Orbison in 1996, which documented his career from its beginning through the last years of his life. Roy’s legacy continues to grow as his wife; Barbara devotes her time to managing his estate and releasing Orbison products on her label, Orbison Records. In January 1998, she issued Combo Concert, which is a collection of previously unreleased live recordings from Holland and France made in 1965. A companion video of the same name features a black and white film of the original Dutch television broadcast. In 1998, nearly ten years after his death, Barbara accepted the Recording Academy’s Lifetime Achievement Award bestowed upon Roy for his unparalleled contribution to the recording industry. To commemorate the 10th anniversary of his death, Orbison Records released the ultimate box set, which included the Roy Orbison and Friends: A Black and White Night CD, and video, the In Dreams CD, and a pair of Roy Orbison signature sunglasses. In Authorized Bootleg Collection, Orbison Records brings together four complete Roy Orbison “live” concerts recorded between 1969 and 1980. Previously available only as ragged, passed-around tapes and inferior bootleg pressings, these remarkable outings have been digitally remastered to deliver the most faithful sound reproduction possible (within, of course, the technical limitations of each performance’s time). The wildly successful and critically acclaimed Roy Orbison and Friends: A Black and White Night DVD was released in 2000. This groundbreaking DVD was mastered by respected engineer, Elliott Scheiner and includes never seen before versions of Blue Bayou and Claudette. Orbison Records in collaboration with Image Entertainment released the Austin City Limits DVD in March 2003, included in the special features are a new documentary and exclusive photo gallery. Roy Orbison’s 1982 performance on Austin City Limits was a milestone in the series’ 25-year history. Traditionally featuring only Austin and Texas music, Orbison was the first legend to appear on their stage and the series soared to new heights in terms of national popularity. It was a major national television performance (one hour), and it served to spark renewed American interest in the rock star. Orbison sang his hits and some rarities and the entire set is infused with the sound of a cheering audience and successive standing ovations. In the summer of 2003 Orbison Records aligned with Eagle Rock Entertainment to produce the worldwide release of Roy Orbison’s Greatest Hits DVD. Roy Orbison’s Greatest Hits (Live) brings together some of the best performances by arguably the most unique singer/songwriter in the history of popular music. From his earliest concert performances to the climatic resurgence shortly before his death, this DVD takes you on a journey of the early days of Rock & Roll to the ultimate pinnacle of success and legendary mystique of one of the most influential performers, artists and songwriters of our time. His greatest live performances are restored in Dolby Digital 5.1 Surround and DTS Digital Surround. Also included are never before seen bonus materials that will take you behind the scenes of Roy’s career, including a unique acetate recording discovered in the Orbison vaults and restored especially for this package. In 2004 Orbison Records released the entire MGM Series. Other exciting projects included three new DVD releases, including one never before seen live concert from Australia and the ultimate collector’s DVD. We are also working on a ground breaking Roy Orbison Duets Project and an extended Black & White Night SACD and DVD audio. Don’t forget the return of the greatest super-group of all-time : THE TRAVELING WILBURYS! With the untimely passing of Barbara Orbison in December of 2011, Orbison Enterprises is now managed by her sons Alex and Roy Kelton Orbison, Jr. Stay tuned as there are lots of exciting Orbison times ahead as we push onward in carrying on the legacy of The Soul of Rock and Roll – Roy Orbison. © 2017 · ROYS BOYS LLC · All Rights Reserved	i don't know
Which cartoon show included characters called Thelma and Shaggy?	Scooby-Doo! WrestleMania Mystery (Video 2014) - IMDb Scooby-Doo! WrestleMania Mystery (2014) ** 1/2 (out of 4) The latest mystery has Shaggy and Scooby winning a wrestling video game, which gives them the grand prize of a week at the WWE headquarters. Once there the gang gets involved with the mystery involving a giant glowing bear who is wrecking havoc on the place and plans to ruin the upcoming WrestleMania. The latest movie from Scooby-Doo isn't the greatest and in fact it's a major set back when compared to BIG TOP SCOOBY-DOO but there's no doubt that fans will still want to check it out. While the film remains entertaining for the most part, there's no question that it lacks a certain amount of charm. I'm not sure why on Earth the filmmakers decided to mix in the wrestling stars but it really didn't make for a good combination. I'm not going to lie, I stopped watching wrestling years ago but I thought they could have done a few interesting things with it. Sadly, that really didn't happen as we get the typical types of jokes that you'd expect and of course Shaggy and Scooby eventually have to face down one of the biggest people in the business. The film does have some good stuff in it including the monster bear, which looked excellent and made for a great villain. It's really too bad he wasn't used more. The animation is top-notch as you'd expect and there's no doubt that Scooby is always at the top of his game. The vocal work is good by all, which is another plus. The story itself is pretty standard and it's not too hard to figure out who's going to be behind the mask. Still, even with the flaws, the film manages to be entertaining. 1 of 2 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	Scooby-Doo
What colour is the circle on the Japanese flag?	The DVD Cyber Center: Scooby-doo DVD REVIEW Reviewed October 21st, 2002 by Brian White If you are anything like me, Scooby Doo did not jump out as a ï¿½Must Seeï¿½ movie. In fact, when I saw the ads, I really could not believe that they even made this picture. Did the Scooby character need to evolve into a new medium, or was Warner Bros. just looking to make a buck? The movie certainly has that cookie-cutter summer movie vibe: hot young actors, BIG budget, and itï¿½s a nostalgia flick aimed at teenagers. Once again, I was wrong. I had very low expectations about the picture. A friend suggested that it is better than I thought, so I gave it a try. Perhaps as a result of my low expectations, I was really entertained and amused by this picture. It is perfectly silly. Any movie that achieves everything it sets out to do is fantastic in my books. This is the best Scooby Doo movie that could have been made. It both captures the spirit of the animated show, and mocks it quite well. The opening sequence of the flick is enough to win you over if you have ever seen the show. We see the typical ending of a Scooby Doo episode, where a crazy plan is executed to catch the bad guy. This is not actually the ghost that is suggested, but a crusty old caretaker who used technology to suggest something supernatural. Moreover, he would have gotten away with it, if it wasnï¿½t for those pesky kids and their stupid dog! Scooby Dooby Doo! Sarah Michelle Gellar plays Daphne, the ï¿½stereotypical pretty girl.ï¿½ Mr. Gellar, Freddy Prinze Jr., plays Fred. Matthew Lillard is hilarious as Shaggy. Linda Cardellini is quite good as Thelma. The kids are given a little more personality here. Prinze Jr. is actually pretty brave to play a dolt like Fred. The kids resent the egomaniac Fred taking all their glory, and the troupe breaks up. After a while, they are forced to reunite to solve a mystery that has been plaguing a, surprise, haunted amusement park! Jinkies! One of the reasons that this flick works is that it is not entirely a conversion from its cartoon roots to live action. You have a CGI Scooby bridging the gap between live action and animation. The effect is great. He has all the facial expressions, and physical humor that he did in the cartoon. It is not entirely photo-realistic, but the genre is forgiving enough. One of the filmmakers discusses the effect in the documentary, saying that they wanted the character to be recognizable as Scooby Doo while still looking like a dog. Scoobyï¿½s physicality is more canine than it was in the cartoon. Other standing jokes about the characters are suggested, such as Thelmaï¿½s ï¿½preferencesï¿½ and Shaggyï¿½s love of a given herb. All and all, the cast looks like they are having a blast, and this is a fun movie to watch. It loses steam, like all TV-to-film conversions, but it still manages to do its job well. Added to all this, you see Gellar kick some major booty, almost Buffy style. The transfer for DVD is as good as you would expect from a big budget summer flick. This is a very colorful film, and the sets are very interesting. All of this is represented quite well in the 1.85:1, anamorphic transfer. The disc is available separately in a full screen version. This review is based on the widescreen disc. The Dolby Digital 5.1 surround track is active enough in all of the action scenes. The score uses spooky choir sounds, and they are mixed nicely throughout the mix, as is the music from the soundtrack CD. The mix complements the movie quite well. For extras, there is a behind-the-scenes featurette that has interview footage with the actors, and filmmakers, as well as some of the people behind the original cartoon. Deleted scenes are included with commentary. The most interesting deletion is the original animated titles sequence. A commentary with director Raja Gosnell and the two producers is included. This is more anecdotal than technical, and is full of great information about the making of the flick down under. More entertaining is the cast commentary, which has the four cast members watching the film and sharing their insights. A game and a music video are also included. Please help support our site by buying this DVD title through this link . Thank you kindly.	i don't know
Who played the title role in the 1960 film `Spartacus`?	'Spartacus' star Andy Whitfield dies at age 39 - NY Daily News Andy Whitfield, who starred in 'Spartacus: Blood and Sand,' dies of cancer at 39 'Spartacus' star Andy Whitfield dies at age 39 Andy Whitfield, above as Spartacus, died of non-Hodgkin lymphoma at the young age of 39. (Starz/AP) BY The Associated Press Monday, September 12, 2011, 4:00 AM LOS ANGELES — Andy Whitfield , who played the title role in the hit cable series " Spartacus: Blood and Sand ," has died at age 39, according to representatives and family. Whitfield died Sunday in Sydney, Australia , 18 months after he was diagnosed with non-Hodgkin lymphoma, manager Sam Maydew told the Associated Press . "On a beautiful sunny Sydney spring morning, surrounded by his family, in the arms of his loving wife, our beautiful young warrior Andy Whitfield lost his 18 month battle with lymphoma cancer," Whitfield's wife Vashti said in a statement. "He passed peacefully surrounded by love. Thank you to all his fans whose love and support have help carry him to this point. He will be remembered as the inspiring, courageous and gentle man, father and husband he was." Andy Whitfield — who was born in Wales and moved to Australia in 1999 — was a virtual unknown when he was cast as the legendary Thracian slave in "Spartacus," a role made famous by Kirk Douglas in the 1960 Stanley Kubrick film. The series proved a breakout hit for the Starz network and made waves with its graphic violence and sexuality. Whitfield appeared in all 13 episodes of the first season that aired in 2010, and was preparing to shoot the second when he was diagnosed with cancer. While waiting for Whitfield's treatment and expected recovery, the network produced a six-part prequel, " Spartacus: Gods of the Arena ," that aired earlier this year with only a brief voiceover from the actor. But in January after Whitfield's condition grew worse, the network announced that another Australian actor, Liam McIntyre , would take over the role. "We are deeply saddened by the loss of our dear friend and colleague, Andy Whitfield," Starz President and CEO Chris Albrecht said in a statement Sunday night. "We were fortunate to have worked with Andy in 'Spartacus' and came to know that the man who played a champion on-screen was also a champion in his own life." Whitfield's previous credits included appearances on the Australian TV shows "Packed to the Rafters" and " McLeod's Daughters ."	Kirk Douglas
What is the normal colour of the gem sapphire? Red, Green or Blue?	Andy Whitfield, 'Spartacus' Star, Dead At 39 - MTV mtv Gil Kaufman 09/12/2011 Andy Whitfield, star of the Starz Entertainment sword-and-sandal series "Spartacus," died in Australia on Sunday at the age of 39. The muscled actor succumbed to non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, a type of blood cancer with which he was diagnosed in March 2010, according to The New York Times. Whitfield was born in Wales, but made his home in Australia, where he first came to attention after stints in a number TV shows, including "All Saints" and "Packed to the Rafters." The sometime model had his biggest breakthrough, though, when he was cast in the Starz series "Spartacus: Blood and Sand," in which he played the title role of a soldier who leads a rebellion against the Roman Empire. The series was an instant hit thanks to his turn in the classic role that had previously been filled by such screen icons as Kirk Douglas. Look back when Hollywood Crush named Andy Whitfield a Hump Day Hottie last year. After his diagnosis last March, Whitfield began to undergo treatment in New Zealand, which led to the delay of the second season of the show and the filming of a six-part prequel, "Spartacus: Gods of the Arena," for which he provided some voiceover work. He was initially declared cancer-free a few months after treatment, but suffered a relapse later in the year that forced him to abandon the role, which was recast. His wife, Vashti, issued a statement on Sunday confirming his death. "On a beautiful sunny Sydney morning, surrounded by his family, in the arms of his love wife, our beautiful young warrior Andy Whitfield lost his 18-month battle with lymphoma cancer ... he passed peacefully surrounded by love," the statement said. "Thank you to all his fans whose love and support have helped carry him to this point. He will be remembered as the inspiring, courageous and gentle man, father and husband he was." The cable network Whitfield called home also released a statement on his passing. "We are deeply saddened by the loss of our dear friend and colleague, Andy Whitfield," said Starz President and CEO Chris Albrecht. "We were fortunate to have worked with Andy in 'Spartacus' and came to know that the man who played a champion on-screen was also a champion in his own life. Andy was an inspiration to all of us as he faced this very personal battle with courage, strength and grace. Our thoughts and prayers are with his family during this difficult time. He will live on in the hearts of his family, friends and fans."	i don't know
What was Snow White's coffin made of ?	Snow White \| Once Upon a Time Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia (" The Queen Is Dead ") While on a break in the forest, Snow White is still seated on her horse, as Cora watches nearly. Cora purposely startles the horse into taking off, in which the terrified princess is forced to hold on as her horse gallops onto an estate . Snow's calls for help alert a young woman, Regina , who pulls Snow White to safety. Later, she tells her father about the woman's brave feat. King Leopold, in turn, is so impressed that he proposes to Regina so his daughter can have a stepmother. In the evening, Snow White walks in on Regina kissing a stable boy, Daniel , and runs off to inform her father. Before the princess can get to her father, however, Regina chases her down and explains what she and Daniel have is true love, though her mother Cora will never accept it. Snow is sworn to secrecy but begins to feel sympathy for Cora, who expresses a desire to make Regina happy. Drawing from her own experience in losing her own mother, Snow doesn't wish for Regina to lose hers, and therefore, reveals the truth about Daniel to Cora. Some time later, Snow watches Regina get a fitting for a wedding dress. When she brings up how understanding Cora is, Regina is puzzled by her words. This leads Snow to admit that she told Cora about Daniel and her reasons for doing so. Regina turns away in horrified shock and anger, but she quickly composes herself and instead tells the girl that Daniel ran away, and now she is very happy to marry King Leopold and become her stepmother. Snow, too, is glad things worked out and happily leaves the room, completely oblivious to Regina's rage towards her. (" The Stable Boy ") After Regina marries into the family, Snow White sits in one of the castle rooms as her hair is braided and adorned with flowers by her new stepmother. While admiring the new look, she notices a necklace in Regina's jewelry box. Curiously, the girl inquiries about where the necklace originated from, but Regina doesn't recall. Snow White decides to try it on, and while she is happily admiring the necklace, Regina fantasizes about choking her to death with it. (" We Are Both ") King Leopold, away on a diplomatic mission, leaves his daughter and new wife to tend to the kingdom's affairs. When peasants plead for help about a bandit, Dead Eye, who is terrorizing their villages, Snow White agrees to notify her father, however, Regina gently reasons she can handle it instead. The girl, overcome with fear about taking on this responsibility, chokes out a hasty apology, before fleeing the throne room, much to Regina's veiled satisfaction. Fleeing into the woods, she accidentally falls into a hole, where she is saved by the demi-god Hercules , who needs to complete his Twelve Labors, in order to reach Mount Olympus and become immortal. To help her be the hero her kingdom needs, he persuades her into learning archery from him, because her fear of failing shouldn't keep her from trying. As Hercules teaches her how to hold a bow, he openly flirts with her and tells her about the last Labor he needs to finish, defeating Cerberus . At one village, Snow White shoots an arrow, making it miss Dead Eye and hit a tree, as a warning. She threatens to make the next arrow hit his good eye, and when the bandit dares her to try, she grabs an arrow from her quiver, only to have all the arrows spill out. Snow White fumbles, finally clasping one arrow, when Dead Eye steps on it and tries to bully her into leaving. Using his demi-god ability, Hercules causes a brief earthquake to make the bandit retreat. Miserable over the fiasco, Snow White attempts to break her bow, believing she's not fit to be a queen one day. Drawing from his own past with failure, Hercules tells her about how completing his first Labor almost killed him, but it was from failure that he learned to win. After Snow White looses an arrow that knocks Dead Eye's sword away, she is backed-up by armed villagers, who surround the bandit's men, which forces the outlaws to retreat. While Hercules plans to go after Cerberus, Snow White opts to stay and look out for her kingdom. The two friends, having mutual feelings for each other, say goodbye with a kiss. (" Heartless ") At an older age, Snow White masters horseback riding and earns many medals for her tremendous skill. While the princess happily gallops on her favorite horse in a meadow, Regina angrily regards her from inside the stable window. Later, she poisons Snow White's horse with a dose of the sleeping curse . (" Enter the Dragon ") While in the royal gardens, Snow White meets a new friend of her father's, the former Genie of Agrabah , who he invites to his birthday celebration. At the festivity, King Leopold praises his daughter as the fairest one of them all as she greatly reminds him of Eva. A few days after, her father is found murdered in his bed. After a search of his room and the castle, the royal guards discover a Agrabahn viper , which is native to the land the Genie came from. Although he is believed to be responsible, the Genie himself is never found, and none realize he killed King Leopold in order to win the Queen's favor. (" Fruit of the Poisonous Tree ") After her father's sudden death, Snow White goes into mourning while being consoled by Regina. Despite the affection from her stepmother, she knows Regina desires to get rid of her. During an outing in the woods, she talks with a knight but soon realizes he is actually someone Regina sent to kill her. She hits the man, a Huntsman , with a bag of apples and escapes into the forest, though he catches up. When Snow White learns that the Queen sent him to kill her, she disappears to buy herself time to finish a farewell letter to her stepmother. In it, she expresses hopes that her death will bring an end to Regina's suffering and that the subjects of the kingdom will be ruled justly. After the Huntsman finds her again, she hands him the letter and prepares herself for death. Instead, he is moved to tears by her written words and allows her to go. Before this, the Huntsman fashions a whistle for her to use if she ever finds herself in trouble. (" The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter ") Not long after running off, Snow White wanders to a village and seeks shelter inside a chicken coup, to avoid a howling beast she hears outside. At dawn, she steals eggs from the chicken nests, only to be caught by Red Riding Hood . Instead of being upset, the young woman offers her a place to stay. Assuming the name Mary, Snow White later goes with Red Riding Hood to haul water at the well. Once there, they see the bodies of the hunting party, ripped to shreds by a wolf, scattered all around. To keep herself from being publicly recognized, Snow White partially obscures her face with a scarf while attending a town meeting discussing the ravenous wolf; with Granny determining that no one has the power to kill the beast. Returning home, she brings up a boy, Peter , who Red Riding Hood is in love with, though Granny will never allow it since the dangers of the wolf stand in the way. Red Riding Hood prompts a suggestion about killing the creature themselves. Snow White objects but accompanies her for a tracking expedition. They successfully follow the trail of the wolf tracks, though, to their horror, they slowly turn into human footprints leading to Red Riding Hood's cottage. From this, both have reason to believe Peter is the wolf. That evening, Snow White masquerades as Red Riding Hood by putting on her cloak . Red Riding Hood, on the other hand, breaks the news to Peter in the woods. Snow White is caught by Granny but insists Red Riding Hood and Peter are truly in love. To her confusion, Granny is horrified at the vulnerable situation Peter is left in. On the way there, Snow White is told Red Riding Hood is the wolf and without the cloak, she has no control over transforming . They arrive too late to save Peter, who has already been killed and eaten by wolf Red Riding Hood, but Granny is able to shoot a silver arrow to knock her out. Snow White puts the cloak over Red Riding Hood to turn her back to human, who comes back disoriented until catching a glimpse of what she did to Peter. There is no time to grieve as a hunting party approaches, so Granny stays behind to hold them off while the two girls escape into the night. (" Red-Handed ") Through the woods, they are pursued by the Queen's knights, which Snow White realizes from seeing a wanted poster of herself. They manage to hide out of sight, but Red Riding Hood is terrified that a tear in her cloak will force her to transform again, so she sends Snow White away. She comes back to look for Red Riding Hood and finds a den that is home to other shapeshifting wolves. When she enters, one of the shape-shifters, Quinn , attacks her for intruding, but Red Riding Hood convinces the leader of the tribe, Anita , and the other members of the pack that Snow White means no harm. She is permitted to stay and learns Red Riding Hood has eagerly embraced herself as a wolf and wishes to stay with the tribe. The peaceful moment is wrecked by the appearance of the Queen's knights. In the middle of the disruption, Quinn is struck and killed by one of the knights. Directly after, Anita mournfully tends to Quinn's body and angrily blames Snow White for his death. She begins strangling her as an act of vengeance, though Red Riding Hood shape shifts to defend her friend. As the mother-daughter pair fight, Anita accidentally impales herself on a spike and dies. After Anita is buried, Snow White and Red Riding Hood pay their respects to her grave. Before they resume their journey together, she thanks Snow White for the constant support of both halves of herself as wolf and human. (" Child of the Moon ") In time, Snow accumulates money from selling her some of her old family heirlooms. She interests a nobleman in a brooch, but when he only offers a measly three coppers, she tries to up the price because of its value, only to accept his original payment when he appears to recognize her as Snow White. After she meets up with the Blue Fairy, they are attacked by a masked Woodcutter , a bounty hunter hired by the nobleman to capture Snow and bring her to the Queen. They scare off the man, but Snow is terrified by the run-in, professing that she needs to leave the kingdom right away. Blue insists otherwise because the kingdom's people love and need her, however, Snow doesn't see how love can help with anything. Upon parting ways from Blue, Snow lets down her guard around a stray dog , with the Woodcutter capturing her afterwards and placing her in a locked cart. She attempts to escape, and David tries to help her, but he is soon forced into a fight with the Woodcutter. During this, the Woodcutter punctures a hole in the cart, allowing Snow to grab his arm and hold him back, while David kills him. David prepares to break Snow out, however, she prevents him from seeing her face, in fear if he knows her true identity, the Queen will hurt him. As they talk, she learns he is headed to Longbourn to sell his farm because he doesn't have the funds to keep it anymore. Snow helps him by giving him her money, and decides she can steal from a rich nobleman to survive. David questions if this is something she can do on her own, to which she confirms that since she has his support, she won't be alone. As she passes him the coins from her bag, their hands touch, unknowingly creating the first spark of true love, which grows into a sapling. ("Heartless") Eventually becoming a skilled bandit, Snow becomes wanted by the Queen for false crimes, such as treason and killing King Leopold. While squatting in one of the outer villages, she befriends the inhabitants. After receiving a tip that the Queen's soldiers had discovered her location, Snow White flees. Soon after, she rescues a peasant woman named Wilma from being executed by the Queen's men. Wilma succumbs to fever due to the soldiers' rusty blades, and is cared for by Snow White in the forest. She tells the woman about how Regina saved her as a little girl; revealing that her faith in people and their goodness resulted from this one connection. When Wilma has fully recovered, she and Snow begin traveling through the woods, where Snow declares that she harbors no hatred towards the Queen and would be willing to let her back in and be a family again if she is sincere about changing. Unfortunately, the two arrive at a village, which Snow White previously stayed, and come across a hill of the inhabitants' corpses. Realizing the Queen had all of them killed, a horrified Snow retracts her prior statement about the Queen, and attests there is absolutely no good left in that woman. Strangely, Wilma mentions the matter in how Regina saved Snow White, although this was never brought up in their prior discussion. Snow White, tipped off by this, quickly raises her bow to Wilma, recognizing her as Regina in disguise. Regina fesses up, before attempting to use magic, but nothing works, so she flees from Snow White, who reluctantly lets her go. (" Snow Drifts ", " There's No Place Like Home ") While still living as a bandit, Snow White is chased by Queen's knights and attempts to outrun them. Eventually, she is cornered at a cliff, but jumps headfirst into the water to elude capture. As she begins sinking, a mermaid named Ariel saves her life. Ariel shares her experience falling in love with a prince named Eric and plans to meet him at the upcoming Ursula ball by transforming her tail into human legs. Snow White agrees to assist her, and the two attend the celebration together. She teaches Ariel the name of a fork utensil. Ariel likes the fork so much she keeps it. When Eric strolls in, Snow White pushes a shy Ariel towards him, and the pair begin waltzing. After the dance is over, Ariel rushes back to tell Snow White about the traveling expedition Eric invited her to. As they discuss the matter, Snow White urges Ariel to be honest with Eric about her mermaid self even if she is rejected. Ariel goes to think over her decision and regroups with Snow White at the docks with a solution to both their problems with a bracelet from Ursula. She clasps it on Snow White, which transforms her legs into a tail. Though Ariel considers this a way for her to escape the Queen with a new life under the sea, Snow White still doesn't believe Ursula is real. The Evil Queen interrupts the chat, and only then Ariel realizes she has been tricked by an impostor Ursula. Snow White pushes Ariel to leave to be with Eric; sentiments the Evil Queen agrees with. Ariel apologizes and hurries off, to which the Evil Queen begins choking the life out of a defenseless Snow White. Suddenly, Ariel lunges from behind to stab the Evil Queen in the neck with a fork. In the middle of the distraction, she also pulls off the bracelet from Snow White's wrist, reversing the effects on both of them and they flee by swimming away. After reaching a shoreline, Snow White encourages Ariel to catch up with Eric, who likely is still waiting for her, so the mermaid makes haste. (" Ariel ") Since Snow White's chance meeting with Prince Charming, he lingers in her thoughts frequently. While hiding in the woods of King Midas ' realm, she overhears a conversation from travelers concerning Prince Charming and his upcoming wedding. As she enters a tavern, she hears news of his fiancee, Princess Abigail , who is also King Midas' daughter. Suddenly, a man bursts in to report the Queen has helped a wolf pack seize control of the silver mines and they are terrorizing villagers in their search for Snow White. Worried about innocent lives at stake, Snow White uncloaks herself to the pub patrons and requests that they tell the Queen she will be waiting in the woods. Before reaching her destination, she joins Red Riding Hood, and surprisingly, the Huntsman that once spared her life. They travel to Lake Onondaga where a totem can be used to transform the shape-shifters into normal wolves, but it can be wielded by someone only once. On the way there, she notices a growing closeness between the Huntsman and Red Riding Hood. On glimpsing the lake, Snow White deliberately remarks how romantic it looks, which makes Red Riding Hood blush. While the Huntsman grabs the totem, his companions hold off the wolf pack. However, Snow White and Red Riding Hood fall into the lake as the Huntsman jumps in after them. Due to the totem’s power, all three turn into aquatic creatures. Before regaining human form, the Huntsman convinces Red Riding Hood to talk sense into the pack. They approach the leader, Adair , who refuses to listen and calls out the wolves. To menace the Queen, the Huntsman threatens Adair's life, but she incinerates the man herself; causing the upset wolves to attack her. As the Queen counters them, Red Riding Hood urges the Huntsman to take Snow White away while she ensures the pack's safety. Rather than that, the Huntsman sacrifices his heart to the Queen while the two women escape. Snow White regrets how much Red Riding Hood has given up for her, but the latter wants to continue protecting her in order to honor the Huntsman's wishes. Additionally, Snow White promises to stop the Queen so Red Riding Hood and the Huntsman can be together again. (" Shadow of the Queen ") Secluding herself in an isolated cottage, Snow White attempts to hunt prey, but she misses. Red Riding Hood brings her a basket of food and confirms the wedding between Prince Charming and Abigail is set to happen. This pains Snow White as she longs for a way to forget about him. Red Riding Hood knows of a way but doesn't say anything until Snow White presses for an answer. On Red Riding Hood's instructions, she seeks out a man named Rumplestiltskin who can grant her wish for a price. From him, she gains a potion capable of helping her forget about Prince Charming, and he takes a lock of her hair as payment. On a different day, she prepares to drink the potion when a carrier bird arrives with a letter from Prince Charming. In the letter, he declares his feelings for her and asks that, if she feels the same, to meet him at castle so they can run away together. She enters the castle easily but is caught and thrown into a dungeon. In the cell next to hers, a dwarf , Grumpy , explains his own failed love story that landed him in the dungeon. Soon, another dwarf, Stealthy , arrives to free him. Snow White bids him farewell with the hope that he finds his love again, so Grumpy frees her as well. As they work their way out, Snow White advises using the back exit, but the dwarves go through the front. The guards kill Stealthy, and Grumpy is saved by Snow White, who threatens to burn down the castle if King George does not let him go. In a private chamber, she is forced to submit to King George's request of rejecting Prince Charming's feelings, or he will kill him. Snow White heads into the prince's room and breaks his heart, as well as her own, by affirming she does not love him, and it would be better if he is with someone like Abigail who could. She leaves the castle in tears as Grumpy and his six brothers, both of out gratitude and pity, take her into their home . Again, Snow White tries to ingest the potion, but Grumpy reasons that having pain is a part of herself and promises to help her through it. After staying in the dwarves' cottage, Snow White eventually soothes her heartbreak away by taking the potion. Grumpy rushes in with news of Prince Charming's canceled engagement, but Snow White no longer remembers the man she so desperately loved. (" 7:15 A.M. ") The potion not only erases Snow White's feelings for her prince but turns her into a callous person with little affection for anything or anyone. Her friends stage an intervention with the help of Jiminy Cricket , but instead she decides to take charge by getting rid of her biggest problem, the Evil Queen, by killing her. Grumpy drags her back to Rumplestiltskin, but the potion cannot be undone. She is further encouraged when Rumplestiltskin hands her an enchanted bow , which is famed to never miss a shot, and a map to look for the perfect spot to use it. Prince Charming attempts to break the potion's effects by giving Snow White true love's kiss , however, it does nothing. After knocking him unconscious, she ties Prince Charming up and leaves to continue her mission. While the Evil Queen is traveling on the road below, Snow White readies her aim and fires, only for Prince Charming to take the hit. She is surprised by his feat, especially when Prince Charming says he would rather die than see her become evil. Touched, she kisses him and returns to her normal self. They have a brief reunion just as King George's men kidnap Prince Charming, though she promises to rescue him. She returns to the cottage and apologizes to the dwarves for her previous behavior. When she announces that Prince Charming has been taken by King George, they offer to go with her to save him. (" Heart of Darkness ") In an effort to rescue Prince Charming, Snow White, Red Riding Hood, Granny, the dwarves, and numerous fairies stage an attack on King George's castle. The attack is successful, but when Snow White arrives in the dungeon, she discovers a mirror image of Prince Charming since he is now the Evil Queen's prisoner. After a tearful conversation, the image changes to the Queen, who asks her to come to a certain place, "where it all began", alone and unarmed. She agrees, though her friends do not like the idea. Snow White comes to the old estate of Regina's family and finds her at the stables. The Queen shows her a grave marker and finally reveals what actually happened to Daniel after Snow White told Cora about him. She learns Daniel did not run away but was killed by Cora due to his relationship with Regina. Stunned, Snow White tries to settle the war between them since the Queen hurt her, too, by killing King Leopold. The Queen rejects this proposal and gives her an apple infused with a Sleeping Curse . For the curse to work, Snow White must willingly eat the apple, which she does when the Queen promises that her downfall will keep Prince Charming from harm. She quickly passes out after one bite and is later discovered by her friends. (" An Apple Red as Blood ") To honor her in death, Snow White is laid to rest in a glass coffin . While the dwarves are mourning the loss, Prince Charming arrives and unintentionally breaks the curse with true love's kiss. Later, she accepts his marriage proposal and voices her desire to take back the kingdom. (" Pilot ", " A Land Without Magic ") Snow White puts the plan into full-swing by rallying villagers with a speech exposing the truth about the Queen’s evil ways; including King Leopold's murder and her own plight under the sleeping curse. The townspeople agree the Queen's reign of terror must end, but when she asks them to join her to reclaim the throne, no one speaks up. With the Queen's surprise appearance, the villagers scatter. The Queen asks Snow White to give up her claim to the throne and go into exile, as the real satisfaction isn't killing the princess but taking everything that belongs to her. Then, she orders Snow White to swear on King Leopold’s grave to revoke her own petition to the throne. When Snow White challenges this, the Queen threatens a peasant girl's life. Snow White charges at the Queen, who disappears in a puff of smoke, causing her to fall flat on the ground. The Queen warns them that they must answer before sundown of the next day, and for every day Snow White refuses, one of her loyal subjects will perish. Lastly, she asks Snow White to stop denying that she was a princess, but never a queen. Snow White, doubting her inability to protect the kingdom's subjects, resolves to agree to Queen's offer. While she is practicing archery, Prince Charming informs her that he made a deal with Rumplestiltskin, and he later shows her the Excalibur sword, embedded in stone, which only the kingdom's true ruler can wield. After pulling it out, she turns down the Queen's deal. As the Queen suffocates Grumpy, Prince Charming calms Snow White by reminding her what Excalibur symbolizes. Confidence renewed, she charges at the Queen, who dissipates and reappears, as the sword cuts into her. Declaring her intent to fight for the throne, Snow White stands her ground as the Queen retreats. Afterward, she summons Rumplestiltskin to pay for his deal with Prince Charming. However, the wizard proves the sword is fake by dissolving it into dust, and for wasting his time, he steals her mother's necklace. Upset, she confronts Prince Charming, who explains never doubting she is the proper ruler of the kingdom, but simply wanted her to show the Queen the kind of courage he always knew was there. The two make-up with a kiss. (" Lost Girl ") Sometime during the war with the Evil Queen, Snow White and her allies ambush her at a village. Although they catch her off guard, Regina decides to retreat rather than fight them, since she is feeling generous on her birthday. Later, Regina's father Henry asks to speak with Snow White alone. She shows up to the meeting spot armed and ready to take him out if he tries anything, but Henry tries to persuade her that he just wants the war to stop because going down this path might cost Regina's soul. Suddenly, a second Henry appears behind Snow White, and she turns to retaliate against him, only to have the first Henry rip out her heart. Only then, Snow White sees the Henry she spoke to is actually Cora, while the other is the real Henry. Cora then instructs her to forget this ever happened and go on with her business, which she does. That night, Snow White toasts Prince Charming and her friends to Regina, remarking that she hopes her stepmother spends every birthday not finding her. Within her castle, Regina witnesses this, and in anger, she begins crushing what she believes is Snow White's heart. At once, Snow White stands up, seemingly feeling the pain of her beating heart being squeezed. The more pressure Regina puts on the heart, the more frantically Snow White unravels the knotting of her layered clothes, hoping to alleviate the pressure on her chest. Prince Charming and the dwarves watch Snow White's behavior with concern, until Jiminy falls out from under her shirt, making everyone laugh in amusement. From this, Regina realizes the heart she has is not Snow White's, and that someone switched it out. (" Souls of the Departed ") With the Evil Queen out of the way, Snow White and Prince Charming lay down further groundwork for gaining back the kingdom. From Red Riding Hood, they hear about King George's hit-man , the Leviathan. When King George's forces storm their camp, Prince Charming offers to stay behind and tells Snow White to meet up with him at his mother 's cabin. While fleeing, she is apprehended by the Leviathan, Lancelot , who brings her to King George. When given a cup of water, she drinks it, and only after this, King George smugly explains that the water has cursed her to be barren. Afterward, she is let go, but Lancelot follows her into the forest. Furious at his affiliation with King George, she attacks him, but he begs her to spare him as he, too, was unaware of the poison in the cup. She allows him to come with her and together, they return to Prince Charming, but discover his mother Ruth has been injured by a poisoned arrow. On their journey to Lake Nostos to obtain water to heal the wound, Ruth shows Snow White a necklace her own mother had given her, which can predict the gender of a woman's first child. She tries it out on Snow White, but nothing happens, to which the princess admits to being cursed to never bear children. Finding the lake completely dry except a few water droplets, Snow White refuses Ruth's offer to drink the water and lift her inability to have children. In an act of sacrifice, Ruth secretly pretends to ingest the water, but she later gives the lake water to Lancelot for Snow White. Ruth's wound refuses to heal, which leads everyone to believe she requires more of the lake's water. As her dying wish, she asks to see her son and Snow White married. During the ceremony, Lancelot slips the lake water into a cup and explains it is rumored to have magical properties for immortality, to which Snow White drinks from it. Soon after, Ruth passes away and Prince Charming burns a candle for his mother. Snow White is apologetic that he is losing the last of his family, but Prince Charming is grateful to have her as his wife since they will have children of their own. She looks on, visibly distraught, as he pulls out Ruth's necklace and tests it on her. Miraculously, the necklace begins to swing, leading Snow White to figure out that Ruth had Lancelot switch the lake water into the cup for the marriage ceremony. (" Lady of the Lake ") As the war continues, Regina's allies, King George's army, finally meet their defeat. Snow White then lures the Queen into a conversation in the woods, where the Blue Fairy freezes the Queen with fairy dust, and the war ends with her capture. In a discussion with the war council, they decide the Evil Queen's fate. Snow White is against killing the Queen, but she is outnumbered, as the others believe death is a fitting punishment. At the execution, Regina gives a sorrowful speech which turns into a vehement declaration, as she is only sorry to have not caused more pain. As the executioner's arrows are fired, Snow White calls for them to stop. Prince Charming is adamant that Regina is simply too dangerous and will never change, however, Snow believes there is still some good left in her, and then recalls a moment in the past when Regina saved her life. She receives a knife that Rumplestiltskin enchanted with a protection spell , which will make her and Charming immune against harm. To test whether Regina is capable of changing, Snow enters the former Queen's cell and gives her the opportunity to leave and start a new life. Once Regina has left the cell, she chokes Snow, before taking the knife and attempting to stab her with it. The attack is ineffective, but Snow now has proof that Regina is still as vengeful as ever. Additionally, whoever uses the knife will never be able to harm Snow or Charming as long as they are in the Enchanted Forest. Snow banishes Regina from the kingdom and warns her not to harm anyone again, or she will be executed. (" The Cricket Game ") Some time after this, Regina employs the Count of Monte Cristo to gain Snow and Charming's trust. Snow and her husband arrive at a ruined village which the Queen's knights burned down, where they search for survivors. They find a man named Edmond, who is actually the disguised Count, with burns on his hands that he claims he acquired from putting out the fire. A sympathetic Snow quickly has her handmaiden, Charlotte , tend to Edmond's wounds with a salve. Edmond insists on getting back at the Queen for his village, but Snow reasons that stooping down to Regina's level won't make them any better than her. She persuades him to instead find happiness elsewhere because this is the best kind of revenge against Regina. Because Edmond has lost everything in the village, Snow invites him to return to the castle with them, with Charming suggesting that he can become their wine steward. During one night, Snow and Charming are chatting at the table, oblivious to Edmond adding poison into a wine jug on the Queen's orders. Charlotte, set to leave the castle permanently to tend to her ill mother, joins the couple for a farewell meal. Edmond pours wine into Snow and Charming's cups, and, after a moment of hesitation, does the same for Charlotte's cup. The trio cheerfully clinks their glasses together, but before they can each take a sip of the wine, Edmond stops them, stating that a bottle of match is better suited for the celebration. He then goes to fetch the bottle, while another steward takes away the cups. Edmond later decides not to fulfill the Queen's deal, but Rumplestiltskin banishes him to another land as assurance he won't interfere with his plans for the couple. (" A Bitter Draught ") With peace restored, Snow White and Prince Charming begin residing in the castle and hold a formal wedding ceremony as the kingdom's citizens gather in attendance. The Evil Queen crashes into the room just as the couple is joined in matrimony. As she walks up to them, Snow White shows no fear and unsheathes Prince Charming's sword as a threat. The Evil Queen announces her intent to have revenge on everyone by destroying their happiness. ("Pilot") Upset that the Evil Queen ruined their wedding, Snow White storms off into the war council room. Prince Charming convinces her to let it go so they can enjoy their honeymoon. Instead, Snow White has an idea of how to get rid of the Evil Queen, and since the very item needed for the task is near the old Summer Palace, she asks that they go there for their honeymoon. While her husband goes to make preparations for the journey, Grumpy notifies Snow White that the castle has been secured so the Evil Queen can't come back in. He thinks it's a bad idea to leave when the Evil Queen's threat is at stake, but she hints that there is something at the Summer Palace that will help get rid of their nemesis. Once the couple reaches the Summer Palace, she sneaks out when Prince Charming is away, though he catches her outside. Snow White elaborates on a being called Medusa who has the ability to turn whoever looks into her eyes into stone, and she wants to cut off her head and use it on the Evil Queen. Together, they venture into Medusa's home. While Prince Charming goads the creature to come towards him, Snow White readies her blade. Her sword shatters upon contact with Medusa's neck, and as the couple tries to flee, Prince Charming turns into stone when Medusa forces him to meet her eyes. Left alone, Snow White sees the Evil Queen spying on her through a mirror in a fallen shield. The Evil Queen finds it amusing that Snow White is wreaking havoc on her own life, to which the princess realizes she must let go of her own fears before more damage is done. As Medusa attacks, Snow White holds up the shield, causing the monster to gaze into her own reflection and turn to stone while Prince Charming is freed. That night, she decides to stop worrying about the Queen and start living her life with Prince Charming by trying to have a baby. (" The New Neverland ") Riding back to the castle, Snow White expresses a priority to focus on dealing with the Queen now that their honeymoon is over. Discovering all the guards asleep from the sleeping curse, she and Prince Charming rush past the gates. There, Maleficent and her associates, Cruella De Vil and Ursula , reveal themselves and explain the Queen is planning to cast a curse that will affect themselves and everyone else. To defeat the curse, the trio wants Snow White and Prince Charming to consult the Tree of Wisdom , a being that will only answer questions from two of the most valiant heroes. On the journey there, guards posted at a bridge refuse to let Maleficent and her companions cross. Before the royal pair can persuade the soldiers to relent, Maleficent morphs into a dragon and kills the guards with her fire breath. After camping out one night, Snow White and Prince Charming disappear towards the Tree of Wisdom without the others' notice. Once there, the pair put each of their palms on two rocks and ask their question, but both are ejected backward. When the villainous trio arrives, Maleficent recognizes the tree refused them because Snow White is pregnant, and her child, although born of true love, has great potential to be evil. (" Unforgiven ") Some time after this, Snow White wakes up in bed to see Maleficent before her. She tries shaking her husband awake, but the witch has made it so he won't wake until morning. Assuring the princess that she came alone, Maleficent reveals she, too, is pregnant. Since they are both going to be mothers and want to protect their children, she hopes Snow White will team up with her to defeat the Queen's curse. Instead, Snow White doesn't wish to use dark methods to win against the Queen, and she fears that to do so will jeopardize her own child's potential for good. Maleficent accuses her of putting the kingdom at risk just to keep her child from becoming evil, to which Snow White attests she and her husband will win, but they won't compromise their morals to do it. ("Unforgiven") As a married couple, Snow and Charming attend a King 's ball. Snow bumps into Cinderella there, and the two become friends. Snow sees Prince Thomas has taken notice of Ella, and as Charming comes to whisk her off on a dance, she urges Ella to go to her prince. Later that night, Ella disappears from the ball, leaving behind one of her glass slippers. Thomas, completely besotted with her, vows to find her, which Snow helps with by using her tracking skills to find where Ella went. They reach a home, but no one answers the door, so Thomas proposes that they keep looking elsewhere. Before Snow can leave, a mouse attracts her attention and tells her where Ella is, which helps Thomas to find Ella and propose to her. (" The Price of Gold ") Unsure whether their child will be good or evil, Prince Charming and Snow White touch the horn of a unicorn to glimpse their baby's future. While her husband sees his infant daughter in a basket, she sees her teenage daughter in a pink gown. When Snow White states herself to be her mother, the girl rips out her heart before crushing it. Homebound, the pair help a peddler free his wagon. Having escaped from the west, where Maleficent has claimed territory and laid an egg in a cave, the peddler advises them to go east through Infinite Forest until they reach a cottage. Following his instructions, they meet the Apprentice and ask him for a way to keep their child from becoming evil. The Apprentice can help, but as with all magic, it has a price. By banishing darkness from their child, he must infuse another vessel with darkness. After much thinking, Snow White convinces Prince Charming that they'll use Maleficent's egg since she believes a child of a dragoness will be evil by nature. Knocking out Cruella and Ursula, who are guarding Maleficent's den, with poppy dust , the pair then venture in to steal the egg. Upset, Maleficent retaliates in dragon form before reverting to human and begging them for mercy. Snow White vows to return the egg after things are settled, and then she and Prince Charming flee as a devastated Maleficent makes a failed attempt to stop them. As the Apprentice enacts the spell on the egg, he reveals infusing darkness in it puts this land at risk, so it must go to another world . Realizing they have made a grave mistake, the horrified couple watches a portal open while the egg hatches into a baby. They attempt to save the child but are distracted when Cruella and Ursula arrive to berate them for what they've done. The portal then absorbs not only the baby but Cruella and Ursula as well. Afterward, the Apprentice cautions Snow White and Prince Charming to keep their child on the right path in life. (" Best Laid Plans ") Some months later, Cinderella gifts the expecting parents a unicorn mobile, which only reminds a guilt-ridden Snow White of how she and Prince Charming condemned a child to be inherently bad just for the sake of ensuring their own child will be good. She doesn't believe they can be heroic anymore after what they've done, but Prince Charming suggests that if redemption is possible, they should start by being the best people they can be. ("Best Laid Plans") While nearing the end of her pregnancy, Snow White still worries about the Queen's threat. To ease his wife's mind, he agrees to let her meet with Rumplestiltskin. She makes a deal to gain information about the Evil Queen's revenge, which Rumplestiltskin extracts from using foresight. He states that there will be a curse cast by the Evil Queen, and their only hope to break free of it is Snow White and Prince Charming's unborn child. Rumplestiltskin dubs their child the savior, who will save them all in twenty-eight years. In return, Snow White gives him the name of her child, Emma . Through much discussion with the war council, a decision is reached when the Blue Fairy presents them with the last enchanted tree in the land, which can be carved into a magic wardrobe and protect one person from the curse. They settle for sending Snow White, while she is still pregnant, into the wardrobe to another land and wait twenty-eight years for the prophecy of the savior to come true. ("Pilot") As Geppetto and Pinocchio set out to carve the wardrobe, Snow White questions the Blue Fairy for more details on the Dark Curse as Prince Charming listens on. The Blue Fairy tells her to have faith their plan will work, and if not, the curse will take them to a new land where their memories are erased and they will be slaves to the Queen's will. This is not much assurance, so Snow White further asks how the savior will know how to save them. The Blue Fairy stresses in more vague terms that when the time comes, the savior will learn of their story. Snow White is left more uncertain as the Blue Fairy requests to be trusted as she herself has the one thing they all need, which is hope. After the Blue Fairy's departure, Snow White relates her crushed dreams to Prince Charming of them ever being a family due to the curse. She agonizes over the future, but he believes the unknown isn't always bad and life is full of twists and turns just like the curse. He is sure that even though their chance to be a family is gone, it doesn't mean they can't have a different future together. To this, she affirms her decision to choose hope and believe that things are going to work out for them. (" New York City Serenade ") As the group depart for Sherwood Forest, Snow White notices Regina is not budging from her standing position. She realizes Henry is once again on Regina's mind, but the former Queen changes the topic, proposing to sneak into the palace through underground tunnels and deactivating the shield to allow entry. Snow White arms herself with a bow and arrow when the flying monkey attacks again, which is quickly taken care of when Regina turns the creature into a stuffed animal. In a group discussion, Belle shares knowledge about the flying monkey's origins in the land of Oz , so Regina determines the person in the palace is the Wicked Witch . Snow White wants to help with infiltrating the palace but stays behind since Regina insists she does it alone. A plan is set up to wait for Regina to bring the shield down and then mobilize the whole group into the palace. Once night falls, Grumpy gives the signal when he spots the dissipating barrier as everyone begins heading to their destination. (" Witch Hunt ") After a night's rest in the palace, Snow White awakens to view the beautiful balcony scenery. Happily, she also shares the news with her husband that they are expecting another child and becomes worried when Prince Charming looks shocked, yet insists he is thrilled. Later, while gathered inside the palace with Belle, Regina, Robin Hood, and other residents, Snow White witnesses a long-lost Rapunzel , who Prince Charming helped save, reunite with her parents. Prince Charming admits his fears to Snow White about raising a child when he wasn't there for Emma in the same aspect, but she promises that they will figure out everything together. Henry 's storybook contains several scenes from " Snow Falls ": [1] [image begins]ny woman [image begins]know who she [image begins] agility, cun- [image begins]ce the mud is [image begins] on the idea [image begins] Prince leaps [image begins]e on the [image begins]w he must [image begins] his armor [image begins]al for battle, are [image begins] oot chase. And the thief is so [image begins]ne seems to glide over the foliage and [image begins]ppear into the thickets. As the Prince moves deeper into the forest the trees [image begins]ock out the sunlight. The woodland creatures whisper [image begins]eir echoing songs. They are on her side, he thinks to [image begins]mself. She is companions with the wild. Perhaps she's [image begins]scendant of wolves. Of unwanted children abandoned in the [image begins] only to be adopted by the most terrifying of beasts [image begins]ised in the traditions of hunting raw [image begins] This is who she could be he decided, and knew ("Snow Falls") lace holding a glass bottle . Snow grabbed the necklace and paused. Something about this necklace [illegible]ed Snow to her very core. Her face [two illegible words] and the sweet memories of her past life were [five illegible words]d , replaced by something much darker. [four illegible words] the memory down but it was impos- [illegible/obscured]ing. Too dark. Too wracked with [illegible/obscured]ppiness. The unmistakable face of the Evil [image ends] Snow's memory. Finally, with a deep, [image ends]Snow gingerly tied the bottle around her neck. This was something special to her. It was both her greatest hope and a reminder of her darkest days. An on another day, we may have seen more clues to help discover what this tiny bottle meant to Snow. But on this day, [image ends] there was no time to linger. There was only time for one final [image ends] sweep of her home, then a silent farewell before Snow exited the tree trunk. Snow put her hood on and tried to shake away the jittery her trip down memory lane had left her with. But for some reason, Snow's nerves weren't calming down. Suddenly, Snow had a terrible realization... someone was watching her! But by the time she felt the Prince's eyes on her, it was too late. Snow planted her foot right in the middle of the Prince's snare and with a shocking snap and a blur of dizzying motion, Show found herself suspended high in the air. Trapped like an animal. As Snow swung in the air, her stomach sank with the realization that she'd been tracked. The, as she watched the Prince emerge from his hiding place, her eyes flashed her face went red. It was him?! How could she have let herself be tracked by someone who had never even cooked a a meal for himself a day his entire life? Snow saw the look on his face and knew exactly what had driven him to find her. It was the ring. It must have been even [image ends] than she'd anticipated. And with just [image ends] Snow knew exactly how bad a d[image ends] ("Snow Falls") Another scene from "Snow Falls" reads (note that the opening words, are repeated later in the text): [3] said she was. [sic] Holding out the bag of gold he mutters "So... You probably want this." Snow turns to him with the jewels, "And you can't get married without this." He spills the jewels into his palm. The wedding ring glistens in his hand. Snow eyes it. "Not your style?" the Prince chides her. "Only one way to find out." Snow takes it from his hand and slips it on her finger. It glistens. A perfect fit and for a moment she thinks... but no. "Yeah. Not me at all," and she dismisses the butterflies inside her stomach. The Prince, grateful that she returned to save his life now knew that Snow White could never be what the Evil Queen said she was. Hold- ing onto the bag of gold he mutters, "So...You probably want this. "So... You probably want this." [sic] Snow turns to him with the jewels. [illegible word] would be safe in the kingdom. To fall in love he would have sacrifice his station to live like a fugitive. He would have to forsake his family and break vows which would lead to a war between nations. There are lives on the line, she told herself. The responsibility of a royal is great. Bigger than one's self. And though she was no longer of the court and her kingdom seemed to have turned against her, Snow was none the less raised as a princess and expected to be a queen one day. This would never be taken from her. She knew instinctively the [image ends]e she must make. Snow takes the ring off her finger and hands it to him. [illegible word]. Where ever you go from here, if you need me, I will find you", the Prince offers, "always." And Snow wants to believe it. "Goodbye, Prince Charming," Snow replies. [image ends] Charming grins, "I told you. It's James." Snow [image begins]urns to leave, "I like Charming better." She [image begins] back over her shoulder and they stare into each [image ends][image begins] other's eyes, they didn't need words to express what they felt in their hearts. For it was here, in the shadow of the Troll Bridge , that their love was born. Where they knew, no matter how they were separated, they would always Production Notes The role of Snow White was written specifically for Ginnifer Goodwin . [5] The casting call for her younger self describes her as "12 to 14 years old to PLAY 12, a young and innocent princess, she sees the world through a prism where she believes everyone is capable of the same kindness she and her benevolent father bestow on their kingdom". [6] However, " Shattered Sight " and " Sympathy for the De Vil " establish she was actually ten years old during the events of " The Stable Boy ". Bailee Madison wore green contact lenses for the role as young Snow White, since her eyes are naturally brown. [7] Ginnifer Goodwin became pregnant during Season Three , and for the final episodes of the seasons, her stunt double, Maja Aro , was used as Snow White's double. The stunt woman had to learn all of Snow White's lines for these episodes, and did the dialogue with the other actors on set. Snow White's lines were then dubbed by Ginnifer Goodwin in post-production. [8] Disney	Glass
Which ear did Vincent Van Gogh partially cut off ?	SNOW-WHITE'S DEATH PAGE SNOW WHITE ALTERNATIVE TEXTS Confirmations and Alternatives to "little dwarfs came home at night they found Snow-White lying upon the ground. No breath came from her parted lips, for she was dead. They lifted her tenderly and sought for some poisonous object which might have caused the mischief, unlaced her frock, combed her hair, and washed her with wine and water, but all in vain-dead she was and dead she remained. They laid her upon a bier, and all seven of them sat round about it, and wept as though their hearts would break," Compiled by: Kay E. Vandergrift This page provides alternative or confirming translations and interpretations of the above phrase in thirty-six text versions. The various editions used are listed chronologically. For the convenience of the English reader, German editions have not been included although they have been consulted. Since most picture books do not include pagination, I have counted the pages from the beginning picture and/or text to facilitate finding the appropriate passage. The various spellings of particular words that appear in the texts have been retained; these are not misspellings but reflect textual accuracy. TEXTUAL QUESTIONS AND COMMENTS Does all the weeping indicated in so many texts seem excessive or is it appropriate to the mood and tone of this tale? Is there any special reason for her face to be washed with wine and water? Is the reference to "three days" of lamentation typical of a particular time or culture? Why is the casket/coffin glass or crystal? Why do so many texts emphasize that Snow White is the daughter of a king? Why is Snow White left so vulnerable on a mountainside in several versions? Note that no one is concerned about what the queen might do next? Why must Snow White in death be seen from all sides? Household Stories from the Collection of the Bros. Grimm. Translated by Lucy Crane. Illus. by Walter Crane. London: Macmillan, 1882, pp. 212--221. "The dwarfs, when they came home in the evening, found Snow-white lying on the ground, and there came no breath out of her mouth, and she was dead. They lifted her up, sought if anything poisonous was to be found, cut her laces, combed her hair, washed her with water and wine, but all was of no avail, the poor child was dead, and remained dead. Then they laid her on a bier, and sat all seven of them round it, and wept and lamented three whole days. . . . And they had made a coffin of clear glass, so as to be looked into from all sides, and they laid her in it, and wrote in golden letters upon it her name, and that she was a king's daughter." p. 220. "Gold-Tree and Silver-Tree," in Celtic Fairy Tales. Written and Edited by Joseph Jacobs. Illus. by John D. Batten. New York and London: G. P. Putnam's Sons, n.d. [c. 1892] pp. 97-101. "When the prince came home, and found Gold-tree dead, he was in great sorrow, and when he saw how beautiful she was, he did not bury her at all, but he locked her in a room where nobody would get near her." p. 99 Favorite Fairy Tales: The Childhood Choice of Representative Men and Women. Illus. by Peter Newell. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1907, pp. 173-192. "When the dwarfs came home in the evening they found Snowdrop lying breathless and motionless on the ground. They lifted her up, searched whether she had anything poisonous about her, unlaced her, combed her hair, washed her with water and with wine; but all was useless, for they could not bring the darling back to life. They laid her on a bier, and all the seven placed themselves round it, and mourned for her three long days. . . . "and caused a transparent coffin of glass to be made, so that she could be seen on all sides, and laid her in it, writing her name outside in letters of gold, which told that she was the daughter of a king." p.189. The Fairy Tales of the Brothers Grimm. Translated by Mrs. Edgar Lucas. Illus. by Arthur Rackham. London: Constable & Co., 1909, pp.161-170. "The Dwarfs, when they came at evening, found Snowdrop lying on the ground and not a breath escaped her lips, and she was quite dead. They lifted her up and looked to see whether any poison was to be found, unlaced her dress, combed her hair, washed her with wine and water, but it was no use; their dear child was dead. They laid her on a bier, and all seven sat down and bewailed her and lamented over her for three whole days. . . . And so they had a transparent glass coffin made, so that she could be seen from every side, laid her inside and wrote on it in letters of gold her name and how she was a King's daughter." p.169. Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. Illus. by Dinah. London: Raphael Tuck & Sons, [c. 1936] pp. 1-14. "Now some of Snow White's little forest friends had seen this terrible scene, and they hurried at once to the goldmine to tell the dwarfs what had happened. When the dwarfs returned, and saw their beloved princess asleep on the cottage floor, they were very sad, for they could tell by the flush on her face that she would sleep for a long, long time; they thought perhaps for ever. Then, very gently and lovingly, they took her into a forest glade and laid her on a bed of leaves; and all the little forest creatures knew that they must move silently about her couch in case they should frighten Snow White in her dreams. As for the dwarfs, they were heartbroken, and took it in turn to watch her while she slept." p.14. Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. Freely Translated and Illustrated by Wanda Gag. New York: Coward-McCann, 1938, pp. 9-43. "Snow White lay on the floor and no breath came from her lips. . . . They searched for something poisonous but found nothing. They loosened her bodice, combed her hair and washed her face with water and wine, but nothing helped: the poor child did not move, did not speak, did not open her eyes. . . . Gravely they shook their heads, sadly they stroked their beards, and then they all began to cry.. . .So they made a beautiful crystal casket for Snow White to lie in. It was transparent all over so that she could be seen from every side. On its lid they wrote in golden letters: Snow White-A Princess and when it was all finished they laid Snow White inside and carried it to one of the seven hilltops. p. 3. Walt Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. Story adapted by Jane Werner. Illus. by the Walt Disney Studio adapted by Campbell Grant. Racine, WI: Golden Press, 1952, pp. 1-20. "They were too late. They came racing into the clearing just in time to see the Queen slide away into the shadows. . . . When the dwarfs came home, they found Snow White lying as if asleep. They built her a bed of crystal and gold, and set it up in the forest. There they kept watch, night and day." p. 19. Snow White And Other Stories From Grimm. Retold by Jeanne Cappe. Translated by Marie Ponsot. Illus. by J.L. Huens. New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1957, pp. 3-18. "On the fatal day when Snow White was poisoned, the dwarfs came home from the mine to find her outstretched on the floor. They loosened her belt, undid her hair, and searched for the weapon her stepmother had used.. . When they agreed that she must be dead, the dwarfs wept great tears. . . . For three days they wept, but Snow White showed no sign of life. . . Finally, in order that they might look at her whenever they wanted, they made a glass case and placed her within it on a mattress and pillow of golden silk. On the case, they carved out her name and her title of Princess." p. 14. "Nourie Hadig," in 100 Armenian Tales and Their Folkloristic Relevance. Collected and Edited by Susie Hoogasian-Villa. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 1966, pp. 84-91. "What harm can a ring do?" the gypsy asked. "So Nourie Hadig slipped the ring on her finger. No sooner was it on her finger than she became unconscious, The gypsy put her in bed but could do nothing further. . . . "One day the prince brought another healer to see Nourie Hadig, and although he could not help her in the least, he did not wan to say so. When he was alone with the enchanted girl, he noticed her beautiful ring." p.90. "Myrsina, or Myrtle," in Folktales of Greece. Ed. by Georgios A. Megas. Translated by Helen Colaclides. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1970, pp. 106-113. "And no sooner had she put it on than she fell to the ground like one dead. That evening, when the Months came home and saw Myrsina lifeless, they raised such lamentation as made the countryside ring. And after three days they took her up and dressed her in gold, laid her in a golden casket, and kept her in the house. p. 111. The Fairy Tale Treasury. Selected by Virginia Haviland. Illus. by Raymond Briggs. New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, 1972, pp. 128-137. "The dwarfs, when they cam home in the evening, found Snow-white lying on the ground, and there came no breath out of her mouth, and she was dead. They lifted her up, sought if anything poisonous was to be found, cut her laces, combed her hair, washed her with water and wine, but all was of no avail, the poor child was dead, and remained dead. Then they laid her on a bier, and sat all seven of them round it, and wept and lamented three whole days. . . . They had a coffin made of clear glass, so that it could be looked into from all sides. They laid her in it, and wrote her name upon it in golden letters, and that she was a king's daughter." pp. 135-136. Snow-White and the Seven Dwarfs: A Tale from the Brothers Grimm. Translated by Randall Jarrell. Illus. by Nancy Ekholm Burkert. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1972, pp. 1-26. "When they came home at evening, the dwarfs found Snow-White lying on the ground. No breath came from her mouth, and she was dead. They lifted her up, looked to see if they could find anything poisonous, unlaced her, combed her hair, washed her with water and wine, but nothing helped; the dear child was dead and stayed dead. They laid her on a bier, and all seven of them sat down and wept for her, and wept for three whole days.. . .and had made for her a coffin all of glass, into which one could see from every side, laid her in it, and wrote her name on it in golden letters, and that she was a king's daughter." p.20. The Juniper Tree and Other Tales from Grimm: Selected by Lore Segal and Maurice Sendak. Translated by Lore Segal with four tales translated by Randall Jarrell. Illus. by Maurice Sendak. 2 Volumes. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1973, pp. 256-274. [The translation of "Snow-White and the Seven Dwarfs," is that of Randall Jarrell first published in The Golden Bird and Other Fairy Tales of the Brothers Grimm New York: Macmillan, 1962.] "When they came home at evening, the dwarfs found Snow-White lying on the ground. No breath came from her mouth, and she was dead. They lifted her up, looked to see if they could find anything poisonous, unlaced her, combed her hair, washed her with water and wine, but nothing helped; the dear child was dead and stayed dead. They laid her on a bier, and all seven of them sat down and wept for her, and wept for three whole days. . . . and had made for her a coffin all of glass, into which one could see from every side, laid her in it, and wrote her name on it in golden letters, and that she was the king's daughter." p. 269. The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Knights. Alexander Pushkin. Translated by Peter Tempest. Illus. by V. Konashevich. Moscow, USSR: Progress Publishers, 1973. "By the dead Princess the brothers Bent their heads in tears and uttered Holy prayer to save her soul; Nothing could their grief console. From the bench they raised her, dressed her, Wished within a grave to rest her, Then had second thoughts. For she . . . So that night with solemn ritual In a coffin made of crystal They laid out the body fair Of the Princess and from there To a hollow mountain bore her, Where a tomb they fashioned for her: Iron chains they used to fix Her glass case to pillars six With due caution, and erected Iron railings to protect it." p. 24 Snow White By the Brothers Grimm. Freely Translated from the German by Paul Heins. Illus. by Trina Schart Hyman. Boston, MA: Little Brown, 1974, pp. 1-43. "That night when the dwarfs came home they found Snow White lying on the floor. No breath came from her mouth; she was dead. They picked her up, looked for something poisonous, unlaced her, combed her hair, washed her with water and wine, but nothing helped. The dear child was dead and remained dead. They laid her on a bier, and all seven of them sat round it and wept for her for three days. . . . The dwarfs said, "We cannot bury her in the dark earth," and had a coffin made of glass so that she could be seen on all sides, laid her in it, and wrote her name in golden letters to show she had been a daughter of a king." pp. 33, 36. The Classic Fairy Tales. Iona Opie and Peter Opie. London: Oxford University Press, 1974, pp. 175-182. "When evening came, and the dwarfs returned home, they found Snow-drop lying on the ground; no breath passed her lips, and they were afraid that she was quite dead. They lifted her up, and combed her hair, and washed her face with wine and water; but all was in vain, for the little girl seemed quite dead. So they laid her down upon a bier, and all seven watched and bewailed her three whole days; . . . And they made a coffin of glass, so that they might still look at her, and wrote her name upon it, in golden letters, and that she was a king's daughter." p.180. Grimms' Tales for Young and Old: The Complete Stories. Translated by Ralph Manheim. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1977, pp. 184-191. [Translated from the Winkler-Verlag (Munich) edition of the Complete Kinder- und Hausmaerchen (Tales for Young and Old) by Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm, as first published in 1819.] "When the dwarfs came home at nightfall, they found Snow White lying on the floor. No breath came out of her mouth and she was really dead. They lifted her up, looked to see if they could find anything poisonous, unlaced her, combed her hair, washed her in water and wine, but nothing helped; the dear child was dead, and dead she remained. They laid her on a bier, and all seven sat down beside it and mourned, and they wept for three whole days. . . .and they had a coffin made out of glass, so that she could be seen from all sides, and they put her into it and wrote her name in gold letters on the hilltop. . ." pp. 189-190. "Bella Venezia" [Abruzzo] in Italian Folktales. Selected and Retold by Italo Calvino. Translated by George Martin. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1980, pp. 395-398. When the robbers came home and found her dead, they all burst into tears, tough as they were. They chose a tall tree with a hollow trunk and buried her inside it." p. 397. "Giricoccola," [Bologna] in Italian Folktales. Selected and Retold by Italo Calvino. Translated by George Martin. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1980, pp. 154-156. "This time the moon washed her hands of the matter, selling the statue for three cents to a chimney sweep." p. 156. Best-Loved Folktales of the World. Selected by Joanna Cole. Illus. by Jill Karla Schwarz. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982, pp. 53-61. "The dwarfs, when they came home in the evening, found Snow-White lying on the ground, and there came no breath out of her mouth, and she was dead. They lifted her up, sought if anything poisonous was to be found, cut her laces, combed her hair, washed her with water and wine, but all was of no avail, the poor child was dead, and remained dead. Then they laid her out on a bier, and sat all seven of them around it, and wept and lamented three whole days. . . . And they had made a coffin of clear glass, so as to be looked into from all sides, and they laid her in it, and wrote in golden letters upon it her name, and that she was a king's daughter." pp. 59,60. Favorite Tales from Grimm. Text retold by Nancy Garden. Illus. by Mercer Mayer. New York: Four Winds Press, 1982, pp. 5-19. "That evening when the dwarfs came home they found Snow White lying on the floor, and though they chafed her hands and cheeks, and loosened her sash, and look for combs in her hair and anything new upon her, they found nothing and they could not make her live. And so they wept, and set about making a coffin. "We will make one of glass," the largest dwarf said, " and we will trim it with gold from the mine, for our lovely Snow White is too beautiful to bury deep in the dark ground." "So they made a beautiful glass coffin, richly trimmed, and they wrote "SNOW WHITE-A PRINCESS" on it in gold letters, and they put the coffin in the prettiest part of the woods, right out in the open." pp.15-16. Snow White. Adapted from the Fairy Tales by the Brothers Grimm. Illus. by Bernadette Watts. Winchester, MA: Nord-Sud/Faber & Faber, 1983. Pp. 1-25. "When the dwarfs came home that evening they found Snow White lying dead, no breath in her body. They lifted her up, looked to see if they could find anything poisonous, undid her ribbons, combed her hair and washed her with wine and water, but it was no good. The child was dead. They laid her on a bier and all seven of them sat round it grieving for her and weeping for three whole days.. . .and they made her a coffin with glass sides, laid her in it and wrote her name in gold letters on the top. They placed the coffin on a hill and one of them stayed beside it all the time to keep watch." p.20. My Pop-Up Book of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. Illus. by Anne Grahame Johnstone. London: Deans International, 1983, pp. 1-10. "When the dwarfs returned home they found their beloved Snow White, but there was no poisoned comb this time. There was nothing they could do for her. They made a coffin out of glass and laid her to rest in a clearing in the forest." p. 8. The Brothers Grimm Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. Translated and adapted by Anthea Bell. Illus. by Chihiro Iwasaki. New York: Picture Book Studio, USA., 1984, pp 1-38. "When the dwarves came home they found Snow White lying there dead. They raised her up to see if there was any poisonous thing about her, and combed her hair, and washed her in water and wine, but it was no good; the poor child was dead, and would not come to life again. So they laid her on a bier, and all seven dwarves sat beside it for three days, weeping and mourning. . . . And they made a transparent glass coffin, placed her inside it, and wrote her name on the coffin in golden letters, saying that she was a king's daughter." pp. 32-33. Snow White in New York. Fiona French. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1986, pp. 1-30. "All New York was shocked by the death of beautiful Snow White. . . .The seven jazz-men, their hearts broken, carried the coffin unsteadily up the church steps." pp. 23, 26. Walt Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. Based on Walt Disney's full-length animated classic. Adapted by Suzanne Weyn. New York: Scholastic, 1987. [original copyright 1937] paperback, pp. 1-73. "The dwarfs hurried back to their cottage as fast as they could. They dashed into the front room only to find Snow White on the floor, the poison apple still in her soft hands. Grumpy was the first to break into a loud sob. "We're too late," he wailed, "too late." In minutes the other dwarfs began to cry, and the cottage was filled with the sound of weeping. ". . . They built a coffin of glass and gold, and they kept watch over Snow White day and night." pp. 70-71. The Complete Fairy Tales of the Brothers Grimm: Volume I. Tales I-100. Translated by Jack Zipes. Illus. by John B. Gruelle. New York: Bantam, 1987, pp.213-222. [The present translation is based in part on the first of the Kinder und Hausmaerchen published in two volumes in 1812 and 1815. The first 211 tales in this translation are based on the seventh and final edition published in 1857. Illustrations by John B. Gruelle first appeared in Grimm's Fairy Tales, translated by Margaret Hunt in 1914.] "When the dwarfs came home that evening, they found Snow White lying on the ground. There was no breath coming from her lips, and she was dead. They lifted her up and looked to see if they could find something poisonous. They unlaced her, combed her hair, washed her with water and wine, but it was to no avail. The dear child was dead and remained dead. They laid her on a bier, and all seven of them sat down beside it and mourned over her. They wept for three whole days,. . . Instead, they made a transparent glass coffin so that she could be seen from all sides. Then they put her in it, wrote her name on it in gold letters, and added that she was a princess." p. 220. The Child's Fairy Tale Book. Illus. by Kay Chorao. New York: Dutton, 1990, pp. 6-19. "Back at the cottage, the dwarfs found Snow White lying on the floor. They tried everything they could think of to wake her, but to no avail. The dwarfs were heartbroken. They wept and mourned for three days and three nights. Then they made Snow White a coffin of glass and set it on the mountainside, keeping vigil over it at all times." pp16-17. Snow White. Retold by Josephine Poole. Illus. by Angela Barrett. New York: Knopf, 1991, pp. 1-30. "The good dwarfs came home at sunset. Once more they found their beloved Snow White lying as dead upon the ground, but this time nothing they did could bring her back to life. They unlaced her, combed her hair, washed her with water and wine-it was no use. Then they were full of grief, and prayed and lamented three bitter days, clustered round her bed in tears.. . . So they made a glass coffin, and laid her in it, and wrote on it in letters of gold, "I am Snow White, a king's daughter." p.25. Snow White by the Brothers Grimm. Retold by Jennifer Greenway. Illus. by Erin Augenstine. Kansas City, MS: Ariel Books, 1991. "When the seven dwarfs came home that night they found Snow White lying pale and still on the ground. They called her name and tried to shake her awake, but it was no use. Snow White was truly dead. . . . The seven dwarfs wept over Snow White for three days. . . .So they made her a glass coffin and wrote her name on it in gold letters. Then they set it in the forest." pp. 27-28. Favorite Fairy Tales. Compiled by Cooper Edens and Harold Darling. San Francisco, CA: Blue Lantern Studio/Chronicle Books, 1991, pp. 30-37. "When the dwarfs came home, they again found Snowdrop on the ground. They lifted her up, searched her, unlaced her, combed her hair, but all was useless. Finally, they laid her on a bier and mourned her for three long days. They would have buried her, but she looked so much like she was sleeping that they couldn't bring themselves to do it. Then they placed the coffin on the mountain above and one of the dwarfs stood by it day and night. But there was little need to guard it, for even the wild animals came to mourn for Snowdrop." p. 36. Walt Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. Adapted from the Film by Jim Razzi. Illus. by Fernando Guell and Fred Martin. New York: Disney Press, 1993. "The dwarfs could not bear to bury the princess, so they fashioned a coffin of gold and glass and placed Snow White in it. Then they carried the coffin to a peaceful glen in the woods. Every day, the dwarfs kept vigil at the coffin and placed flowers around it." p.91. The Rainbow Fairy Book: Classic Fairy Tales. Ed. by Andrew Lang. Illus. by Michael Hague. New York: Books of Wonder/Morrow, 1993, pp. 207-221. "When the little Dwarfs came home in the evening they found Snowdrop lying on the ground, and she neither breathed nor stirred. They lifted her up, and looked around everywhere to see if they could find anything poisonous about. They unlaced her bodice, combed her hair, washed her with water and wine, but all in vain; the child was dead and remained dead. Then they placed her on a bier, and all the seven Dwarfs sat around it, weeping and sobbing for three whole days. . . .So they had a coffin made of transparent glass, and they laid her in it, and wrote on the lid in golden letters that she was a royal Princess." p. 218. Politically Correct Bedtime Stories: Modern Tales for Our Life & Times. James Finn Garner. New York: Macmillan, 1994, pp. 43-56. "Later that day, the Seven Towering Giants returned from a retreat in the woods, elaborately decked out in animal skins, feathers, and mud. . . . Apparently our house guest and this other woman got into some sort of catfight and killed each other," surmised one giant." p. 53. Rimonah of the Flashing Sword: A North African Tale. Adapted by Eric A. Kimmel. Illus. by Omar Rayyan. New York: Holiday House, 1995. "When the forty thieves returned they found Rimonah lying lifeless. Their grief was so great that they could not bring themselves to part with her. "Must we commit our sister to the earth?" they asked their leader. "Her flesh is still soft. The smell of the grave is not on her. Can she not stay with us a while longer?" The thieves agreed to keep Rimonah as long as possible. They put her in a glass coffin which they placed in the great hall of their castle, so they could see her every day. "Time passed. Rimonah lay in her coffin, beautiful and unchanging." p. 18. Snow White: A Tale from the Brothers Grimm. Illus. by Charles Santore. New York: Park Lane Press, 1996, pp. 1-44. "When the dwarfs returned home, they found Snow White lying on the ground and were afraid that this time she was truly dead. They lifted her up, and combed her hair, and washed her face. But all was in vain, for Snow White did not awaken. So they laid her down gently upon a long, flat stone, and all seven watched and mourned her for three whole days. . . . Instead they made a coffin of glass so they could continue to look at her, and they wrote her name upon it in golden letters." pp.37,40.	i don't know
Which animal provides the blood for black pudding ?	BBC Food - Halloween food: Cooking with blood Halloween food: Cooking with blood By Michelle Warwicker BBC Food Many people eat black pudding, but not a lot else that is made from blood Butcher's £1m taste buds insured Black pudding is the only food in traditional British cuisine to be made with pure animal blood. Is Halloween a time to embrace other ghoulish blood-based dishes? Ever tasted ox-blood soup? How about starting the day with blood porridge or a blood pancake? Does chocolate and blood pudding appeal as dessert perhaps? These sinister-sounding dishes are reminiscent of childhood horror stories. Impress with scallops and black pudding Black pudding is increasing in popularity in the UK, but that's almost as far as it goes in terms of blood-enriched foods. Animal blood is actually eaten by many cultures around the world, but could the British diet benefit from a bit more blood? "In northern Europe they have breads where they use blood. They make blood pancakes; they use blood in lots of different things," says Jennifer McLagan, the Canada-based Australian author of Odd Bits: How to Cook the Rest of the Animal. For many, the thought of eating blood is inseparable from Eastern European myths of blood-sucking vampires feasting on animals and humans alike. But for those who are brave enough to try it, blood brings a surprising "richness and a creaminess to the dish", says Ms McLagan. Continue reading the main story A taste for blood: The Maasai people of East Africa drink fresh blood extracted from their cattle, which they mix with milk. They pierce the loose skin of a cow's neck and gather the blood in a vessel, before healing the wound. Blood soups are popular in many Asian countries: Vietnamese tiet canh is made with duck blood, and Haejangguk is a Korean soup made with ox blood, said to be a hangover cure. In France, coq au vin is traditionally thickened with the rooster's blood, and French civet of hare can be flavoured with wine and blood from the hare. Watch a BBC presenter drink cow's blood with the Suri people In Asia, blood from pig, ox and duck is used to make soups; it can be added in fresh liquid form or made into congealed jelly to add texture and flavour. In Finland dried-blood pancakes are a popular dish and in France blood is used as a thickener in the same way people in the UK might use eggs. But Britons appear to be a little more squeamish. Some will happily tuck into a slice of black pudding at breakfast. Others however, recoil at the sausage's main ingredient which gives it its distinctive taste and soft texture - pig's blood. Black pudding is the only food in traditional British cuisine to be made with pure animal blood. Should the British be copying their European counterparts and eating more? Chef and author of the cookbook series Nose to Tail Eating Fergus Henderson believes it is "common sense" and "common decency" to eat the whole animal - blood, trotters and all - once it has been "knocked on the head". "It's good food and it's a shame not to eat it." Mr Henderson employs this philosophy at his restaurant St John in London, which has seen offal, boiled pig's head, pig's ears and blood dishes appear on its menu. One of his specialities is blood cake and fried eggs. "[Customers] love it. They can't wait," he says. Jennifer McLagan agrees that blood is a good source of food that is too often wasted in the UK and North America. Fancy fresh pig's blood in a chocolate pudding? "If you're a thinking carnivore, you can't just be throwing away half the animal." "Almost every culture" has a type of "blood pudding", (such as black pudding), because historically people didn't want to want to waste any edible parts of a slaughtered animal. Some cultures do not eat blood because of religious reasons. But Ms McLagan believes that for cultures where eating blood is accepted, "it's a really good source of protein that seems to be wasted in a world where we're always complaining there's not enough to eat". In the UK today, iron deficiency among women is high, and increasingly common in young women in particular. So could eating more blood solve the problem? Pig's blood jelly is a popular addition to soup in Vietnam Blood provides a "certain amount of nutrients" such as protein and iron, but "there's lots more nutrition in other foods" than can be gained "by actually drinking blood," says Helen Bond, spokesperson at the British Dietetic Association. Black pudding is by far the easiest way to sample blood-based food in the UK. An average (75g) portion of the dish would provide "almost over half the RDA (recommended daily allowance) for iron", says Ms Bond. But other ingredients in the pudding means that "quite a high portion of saturated fat" is present, which in high quantities can increase cholesterol levels in the body (one of the risk factors for heart disease and obesity). "You've just got to take [black pudding] in the context of a balanced diet," explains Ms Bond. "It certainly shouldn't be removed, but it's not something I'd encourage on a daily basis." Despite black pudding polarising the opinion of meat-eaters, industry experts are reporting a surge in interest from butchers, customers and restaurants. "Consumers are generally more adventurous these days," says Keith Fisher, master butcher and butchery development manager at British pork industry experts Bpex. He credits independent retailers "who pride themselves on their black pudding" with bringing the food into prominence in recent years. While still strongly associated with the traditional fry-up, black pudding is "not just for breakfast anymore," says Donny Morrison, manager of Stornoway black pudding producer Charles MacLeod, based on the Isle of Lewis off Scotland. "It's getting used for dinners, and starters in particular." The exact method the company uses to make its black pudding is a trade secret, says Mr Morrison. But he does say it uses an old, traditional recipe with "dried blood from Holland, oatmeal, beef suet, onion and seasoning". Still squeamish? People in the UK were not always so. For centuries, inhabitants on the Isle of Lewis used to feed their families with a type of home-made black pudding or "marag dubh", made from sheep' s blood and intestines. The intestines of the animal would be removed and cleaned in the sea before being softened and then used as the pudding's skin. If you are hankering to add a bit more blood to your recipe repertoire, there is one thing to remember. Make sure you don't add too much at a time, or its richness could leave you feeling a little queasy, warns Jennifer McLagan. And that's if you can get hold of it in the first place. "It's not that easy [to find]," says Fergus Henderson. "The problem with butchers is there's not that many butchers left that you can go to. "But it's there somewhere." Butchers are the recommended source for those looking for blood in its purer form. Not all sell it, but some will order it in especially for customers. But for those who may be too afraid or squeamish to try food made with blood, master butcher Keith Fisher has some advice: "Black pudding is available in small pieces, so try a little first." More on This Story	Pig
What colour is the car on monopoly's free parking space ?	What is Blood Pudding? (with pictures) What is Blood Pudding? Originally Written By: Tricia Ellis-Christensen Revised By: C. Mitchell Last Modified Date: 15 December 2016 Copyright Protected: These 10 animal facts will amaze you Blood pudding, also sometimes known as “ black pudding ,” is a type of sausage made with animal blood. It is well known in many parts of the world in the context of a traditional Irish or Scottish breakfast, though there are many different variations. Most cultures have some version of blood sausage in their culinary heritage, though the ingredients, taste, and ultimate use can vary a lot from place to place. All that a sausage really needs to qualify is animal blood and some sort of grain, usually oats , wheat , or rice. Casings are common, but not required; dried fruits and other spices are also frequently included. A lot depends of the culture of the cook and what sorts of ingredients are readily available. Basic Concept Despite its name, blood pudding is not really a true “pudding” at all. Most food scholars believe that it gets this name from the grains that are almost always included to absorb the blood that binds everything together, as in some sense cooks are making a thick pudding that solidifies and congeals within the sausage casing. People who are unfamiliar with the dish or not used to consuming animal blood often find this description somewhat off-putting, and the sausage can sometimes take some getting used to. Those who have grown up eating it or who live in cultures where it is commonly made often consider it a delicacy. Nearly every culture that eats meat has at least one form of blood sausage within its repertoire of traditional recipes. In large part this owes to the industriousness of most butchers. Once meat has been divided into edible portions, there is usually a lot of blood leftover. Blood contains a lot of helpful minerals, particularly iron, and can be very nutritious; on its own, though, it is not usually very appetizing. Combining it with sausage fillings and cooking it into a meat-like mass of its own can be a very economical way of making use of it. Popularity in the UK and Ireland One very common use for blood pudding is as part of a traditional Irish or Scottish breakfast. A “traditional” breakfast usually includes the sausage along with beans, toast, mushroom, and some sort of cooked egg; grilled tomatoes and bacon or sliced ham are also usually on the plate. Irish and Scottish blood sausage almost always centers on pig’s blood, and is usually encased in pig intestine, too. It usually includes oats as the primary binding grain, and raisins or currants are common additions. Many cooks will also incorporate spices like cinnamon and nutmeg to give the sausage a sweet flavor that complements many of the more savory elements of the breakfast plate. Cooks in England make something similar, though the spices and additions are often slightly more understated. Black sausage isn’t always part of an English breakfast, but it is often on pub menus or available as a snack in many restaurants and taverns. Other European Variations Most European countries have their own version of this sausage. Some, like the German Blutwurst or the Spanish morcilla, are decidedly savory and may be stuffed with other cured meats, onions, or potato as well as blood and grain. Others are intended to be sweet. Cooks in many of the Nordic countries add apples or sweet lingonberries to their sausage mixtures, for example, and the pudding is served alongside sweeter dishes like applesauce or fruit reductions in many places. A lot depends on local custom and the sorts of ingredients that are readily available. The blood of almost any kind of animal can be used; livestock like sheep, goat, and cow are the most common, but duck and chicken can be used, too. Similarly, oats are the most common filler ingredient, but barley , rice, or corn are also found in some places. Asian Examples Most of the blood sausages made by traditional Asian chefs do not have casings, which tends to make them slightly lumpier and more free-form than those that have been stuffed into animal intestines. Cooks in nearly every region, from the tropical climates of Southeast Asia to the frigid steppes of Northern China, have some sort of recipe for this dish. Most incorporate rice, but some are little more than blood and spices cooked into a solid mass. “Pig’s blood cake,” a type of blood pudding made with, not surprisingly, pig’s blood and rice, is a popular street food in Taiwan, and is usually served rolled in peanuts and served on a skewer; in Vietnam, the pudding goes by the name doi huyet and typically includes cilantro, green onions, and cumin alongside aromatic shrimp paste. It is common as a snack on its own or served on top of noodles. Consumption in the Americas and Africa In the United States and Canada, blood sausages tend to be the most popular in areas that have strong connections to immigrant groups. The European settlers who colonized much of the Midwestern United States and Eastern Canada left a legacy of German-like blutwurst, for instance, and Italian-style variations are common in many parts of New York. Cajun cooks in Louisiana often make their own rendition, playing on a recipe originally brought by French settlers but adapted to local ingredients and tastes. Most of the sausages found in Central and South America are variations on the Spanish morcilla, usually incorporating local produce and livestock. Cooks in the Caribbean are known for spicy blood sausages that are often served fried up with local vegetables; sweet potatoes and plantains may also factor into the stuffing . People in most parts of Africa also eat blood pudding, though again with twists and tweaks based on what is available. The dish is generally very economical, and can act as something of a “catch all” for stray ingredients or foodstuffs. Nutritional Information and Concerns In general, blood pudding is a good source of iron, protein, and vitamin B12. Depending on how it has been prepared, though, it may not always qualify as a health food. When it is stuffed with animal fat or other meaty tissues, as is common, it may be very high in calories. Eating blood is not usually considered dangerous or harmful so long as it has been cooked completely; underdone or partially raw pudding might contain harmful bacteria that can cause illness, though. Ad	i don't know
What combines with a Tia Maria to make a Tia Moo Moo ?	Tia Moo Moo drink recipe Tia Moo Moo drink recipe Tia Moo Moo drink recipe made with Milk,Tia Maria,. How to make a Tia Moo Moo with all the instructions and ingredients. Recipe Rating: Mix together with crushed ice in a glass and garnish with mint leaves Rate it: Click your social network icon to send this recipe to your friends Thank you for voting. View This Recipe! What our users have to say about Tia Moo Moo recipe: Be the first to comment on this recipe Comments are moderated and will show up after being reviewed and approved: Name:	Milk
Was Shirley Temple 21; 25 or 29 when she made her last film in 1949 ?	Insomniac drink recipe Insomniac drink recipe Insomniac drink recipe made with Coffee,Cream,Frangelico,Milk,Tia Maria,Espresso,. How to make a Insomniac with all the instructions and ingredients. Recipe Rating: Mix together with crushed ice in a glass and garnish with mint leaves Rate it: Click your social network icon to send this recipe to your friends Thank you for voting. View This Recipe! What our users have to say about Insomniac recipe: Be the first to comment on this recipe Comments are moderated and will show up after being reviewed and approved: Name:	i don't know
What was Mrs Fawlty's Christian name in the TV series Fawlty Towers ?	Fawlty Towers (TV Series 1975–1979) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error Hotel owner Basil Fawlty's incompetence, short fuse, and arrogance form a combination that ensures accidents and trouble are never far away. Stars: A moose head to be hung, a fire drill to be conducted, and German guests are all a bit much for Basil to handle while Sybil's in hospital. 9.4 When Mrs. Richards, a demanding woman who is hard of hearing, checks into the hotel, Basil, Sybil and Polly find themselves with a very difficult customer. Meanwhile, Basil bets on a horse that is ... 9.3 Basil and the rest of the staff are in deep trouble when the health inspector turns up and delivers an enormous list of problems with the hotel. Things become even worse when Manuel's rat gets loose ... 9.2 a list of 29 titles created 20 Jan 2012 a list of 45 titles created 10 Apr 2013 a list of 40 titles created 29 Jun 2014 a list of 29 titles created 02 Dec 2015 a list of 28 titles created 1 week ago Search for " Fawlty Towers " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Title: Fawlty Towers (1975–1979) 8.8/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. 5 wins & 2 nominations. See more awards » Photos Stuck in the middle of World War I, Captain Edmund Blackadder does his best to escape the banality of the war. Stars: Rowan Atkinson, Tony Robinson, Stephen Fry In the Tudor court of Elizabeth I, Lord Edmund Blackadder strives to win Her Majesty's favour while attempting to avoid a grisly fate should he offend her. Stars: Rowan Atkinson, Tony Robinson, Tim McInnerny In the Regency era, Mr E. Blackadder serves as butler to the foppish numskull Prince George amidst the fads and crazes of the time. Stars: Rowan Atkinson, Tony Robinson, Hugh Laurie Classic comedy following the misadventures of two Wheeler Dealer brothers Del Boy and Rodney Trotter who scrape their living by selling dodgy goods believing that next year they will be millionaires. Stars: David Jason, Nicholas Lyndhurst, Roger Lloyd Pack The original surreal sketch comedy showcase for the Monty Python troupe. Stars: Graham Chapman, John Cleese, Terry Gilliam Crazy sitcom about 3 priests and their housekeeper who live on Craggy Island, not the peaceful and quiet part of Ireland it seems! Stars: Dermot Morgan, Ardal O'Hanlon, Frank Kelly In the Middle Ages, Prince Edmund the Black Adder constantly schemes and endeavors to seize the crown from his father and brother. Stars: Rowan Atkinson, Brian Blessed, Elspet Gray The story of an office that faces closure when the company decides to downsize its branches. A documentary film crew follow staff and the manager Brent as they continue their daily lives. Stars: Ricky Gervais, Martin Freeman, Mackenzie Crook Alan Partridge a failed television presenter whose previous exploits had featured in the chat-show parody Knowing Me, Knowing You with Alan Partridge, and who is now presenting a programed on local radio in Norwich. Stars: Steve Coogan, Phil Cornwell, Simon Greenall Sherlock Holmes and Dr Watson solve the mysteries of the devil's foot, Silver Blaze, Wisteria Lodge and the Bruce-Partington Plans. Stars: Jeremy Brett, Edward Hardwicke, Rosalie Williams Andy Millman is an actor with ambition and a script. Reduced to working as an extra with a useless agent, Andy's attempts to boost his career invariably end in failure and embarrassment. Stars: Ricky Gervais, Ashley Jensen, Stephen Merchant Red Dwarf (TV Series 1988) Comedy \| Sci-Fi The adventures of the last human alive and his friends, stranded three million years into deep space on the mining ship Red Dwarf. Stars: Chris Barrie, Craig Charles, Danny John-Jules Edit Storyline Inept and manic English hotel owner and manager, Basil Fawlty, isn't cut out for his job. He's intolerant, rude and paranoid. All hell frequently breaks loose as Basil tries to run the hotel, constantly under verbal (and sometime physical) attack from his unhelpful wife Sybil, and hindered by the incompetent, but easy target, Manuel; their Spanish waiter. Written by Rob Hartill 19 September 1975 (UK) See more » Also Known As: Das verrückte Hotel - Fawlty Towers See more » Filming Locations: Did You Know? Trivia The building used for the exterior shots, on the grounds of Buckinghamshire's Wooburn Grange Country Club, was severely damaged by a fire in March of 1991. The building was subsequently demolished and 8 homes were later built on the grounds. See more » Goofs The layout of the hotel from interior shots would place the windowless kitchen hard against the front left of the building, as seem from the outside (if there were space for it at all). In exterior shots there is a large bow window here. See more » Quotes [the phone rings; Basil picks it up] Basil Fawlty : [to Melbury] One second please. [to phone] Basil Fawlty : Hello?... Ah, yes Mr O'Reilly, well it's perfectly simple. When I asked you to build me a wall I was rather hoping that instead of just dumping the bricks in a pile you might have found time to cement them together... you know, one on top of another, in the traditional fashion. [to Melbury, testily] Basil Fawlty : Could you fill it in, please? [to phone] Basil Fawlty : Oh, splendid! Ah, yes, but *... [...] See more » Crazy Credits In the titles sequence of each episode, some of the letters on the Fawlty Towers sign are usually mixed up or missing altogether. The signs appear as follows: 1. Fawlty Towers 2. Fawlty Tower 3. Fawty Tower 4. Fawty Toer 5. Warty Towels 6. NO SIGN 7. Fawlty Tower 8. Watery Fowls 9. Flay Otters 10. Fatty Owls 11. Flowery Twats 12. Farty Towels See more » Connections	Sibyl (disambiguation)
What is the name of Cluedo's colonel ?	Real-life Sybil Fawlty Beatrice Sinclair dies aged 95 \| Daily Mail Online comments The hotelier who was the inspiration behind Basil Fawlty’s wife Sybil in the classic BBC comedy Fawlty Towers has died aged 95. Beatrice Sinclair and her husband Donald were immortalised in fiction by John Cleese after he stayed at their Gleneagles Hotel in Torquay, Devon, in 1971. Mr Cleese was staying in the resort while filming Monty Python's Flying Circus and became impressed by Mr Sinclair’s ‘wonderful’ rudeness. Infamous: An undated picture of Beatrice Sinclair and husband Donald with daughters Ann and Helen. They were the inspiration behind Sybil and Basil Fawlty He is said to have terrorised his guests and at one point threw Eric Idle's suitcase behind a wall in the garden in case it contained a bomb. Mr Sinclair barked and threw maps at them and Mr Cleese found his behaviour so funny he was inspired to write Fawlty Towers and create Basil in his image. It is unclear how much of the character Sybil was based on Mrs Sinclair but during the Python's stay she apparently tried to charge Graham Chapman and Michael Palin a two week fee for a night's stay. RELATED ARTICLES Share this article Share She was also the ‘driving force’ and founder of the hotel and her husband would always address her with 'Yes Dear', just as Basil addressed Sybil, played by Prunella Scales, in the popular TV series. Mrs Donald - who always denied her husband was anything like Basil - died on Monday at the Georgian House care home in Torquay aged 95. The hotel's current owner Brian Shone said: ‘She was the person who drove the business and she was the strong one. Whenever she told Donald what to do he would say “yes dear”. Immortalised: John Cleese and Prunella Scales as Basil and Sybil Fawlty in the classic TV series Fawlty Towers ‘I am sad. It's the end of an era but the era goes on, really. The Fawlty Towers theme is still carrying on and is as strong as ever. ‘We still get Japanese, Australians and Germans here on a daily basis. They just want to take photographs. We have six coaches a day stop outside.’ Mrs Sinclair remained silent for 30 years over the television series before finally speaking out to insist the Fawlty Towers image was not true. She said the image portrayed was unfair to the memory of her retired naval officer husband, who was torpedoed by the Nazis three times. Donald Sinclair died in 1981. Mr Shone bought the hotel for £1.5million in 2005 and says Mrs Sinclair visited a few times to see a refurbishment. He said: ‘She did come to the hotel a couple of times. She was a very, very nice lady. She really did not want to go in the Fawlty Towers direction at all. ‘It was a case of “you get on with it”. Sadly, she did not want to be part of it.’ Mrs Sinclair bought the house, then called Overnstey, for £7,000 in the 1960s while her sailor husband was at sea. She turned it into a hotel before renaming it Gleneagles and eventually persuaded her husband to leave the Royal Navy and join her. Inspiration: John Cleese wrote the series after staying at the Gleneagles Hotel in Torquay, Devon, in 1971, which was owned by the Sinclairs In 1971 while Monty Python were filming in the area the cast and crew stayed in the hotel - a stay that would inspire Fawlty Towers. During their stop one guest asked when the next bus would arrive to take them into town - and Mr Sinclair threw a timetable at him. He then placed Eric Idle's suitcase behind a wall in the garden in case it contained a bomb - while it actually contained a ticking alarm clock. Mr Sinclair also criticised the American-born Terry Gilliam's table manners for being too American because he had the fork in the ‘wrong’ hand. It is believed that incident inspired Basil's treatment of an American visitor in the episode 'Waldorf Salad'. He also ‘flew into a fit of rage’ when he saw some builders having a tea break - thought to have inspired the episode where Basil thrashes his car with a branch. Graham Chapman and Michael Palin decided to leave after just one night - but Mrs Sinclair gave them a bill for two weeks. Mr Cleese’s co-star Palin supported his assessment of the couple, saying that Mr Sinclair saw the Pythons as a ‘colossal inconvenience’. After leaving the hotel, Mrs Sinclair continued to live a short distance from the Gleneagles and later moved into a care home.	i don't know
What group had their first UK hit with three times a lady ?	Three Times A Lady by Commodores Songfacts Three Times A Lady by Commodores Songfacts Songfacts This song was written by Commodores lead singer Lionel Richie, who explained in a 1979 interview with Blues & Soul magazine: "I wrote it back in 1978 and it was a very personal meaning to me. I attended the wedding anniversary of my parents and my father made a speech about how much he loved my mother and appreciated the way she had stood beside him for 37 years. It was beautiful and I started to think about my own life and how my wife stands by me, how she does so many things without being asked or thanked. So, I wrote 'Three Times A Lady' as a dedication to my wife and my mother. I think my next door neighbor summed it up when she said that if a man wanted to buy her a present, all he need do is buy her that record and he wouldn't have to say anything else." This was a breakthrough song for the Commodores and for Lionel Richie as a songwriter. It crossed over to pop, easy listening and even country formats, setting the stage for further Commodores hits and Richie's massive solo success. In the same Blues & Soul interview, Richie said: "The song has given me so much personal satisfaction. I think it is every songwriter's dream to be totally accepted. And from the masses of awards that the song has won, it seems that the whole world really does love that song. It's a great feeling." This validation came after the Commodores song " Easy ," also written by Richie, lost to Leo Sayer's " You Make Me Feel Like Dancing " as the best Rhythm & Blues Song at the 1977 Grammy Awards. The Commodores were more of a funk band before their massive success with sentimental love songs like this one. They had more hits in a similar style with "Still" and "Sail On," and Richie followed the formula all the way to the bank with solo hits like "Truly," "Hello," "Stuck On You" and "Penny Lover." In the UK, this was #1 for five weeks. It was the biggest UK hit for Motown Records. The Commodores had six members at the time, and they all wrote separately and competed to get songs on their albums. The band knew this track was a hit when Lionel Richie brought it in, and they made it the centerpiece of the album. This was the first #1 hit Lionel Richie wrote, but far from his last: he wrote songs that were #1 US hits in each of the next seven years, giving him the record for most consecutive #1s by a songwriter who was never a Beatle (Paul McCartney wrote songs that went to #1 1964-1971).	Commodores
What in horse racing terms are a jockeys hat and shirt called?	UK MUSIC CHARTS, No.1 Singles 1: Al Martino - Here In My Heart - 14/11/1952. 1953 2: Jo Stafford : You Belong To Me - 16/1/1953 3: Kay Starr : Comes A-Long A-Love - 23/1/1953. 4: Eddie Fisher: Outside Of Heaven - 30/1/1953. Feb 5: Perry Como: Don't Let The Stars Get In Your Eyes - 6/2/1953 March 6: Guy Mitchell: She Wears Red Feathers - 13/3/1953 April 7: Stargazers: Broken Wings - 10/4/1953 8: Lita Roza: (How Much Is) That Doggie In The Window - 17/4/1953 9: Frankie Laine: I Believe - 24/4/1953 June 10: Eddie Fisher: I'm Walking Behind You - 26/6/1953 Aug 11: Mantovani Song: from 'The Moulin Rouge' - 14/8/1953 Sept 12: Guy Mitchell: Look At That Girl - 11/9/1953 Oct 13: Frankie Laine: Hey Joe - 23/10/1953 Nov 14: David Whitfield: Answer Me - 6/11/1953 15: Frankie Laine: Answer Me - 13/11/1953 1954 16: Eddie Calvert: Oh Mein Papa 8/1/1954 March 17: Stargazers: I See The Moon 12/3/1954. April 18: Doris Day: Secret Love 16/4/1954 19: Johnnie Ray: Such A Night 30/4/1954 July 20: David Whitfield: Cara Mia 2/7/1954 Sept 21: Kitty Kallen: Little Things Mean A Lot 10/9/1954 22: Frank Sinatra: Three Coins In The Fountain 17/9/1954 Oct 23: Don Cornell: Hold My Hand 8/10/1954 Nov 24: Vera Lynn: My Son My Son 5/11/1954 25: Rosemary Clooney: This Ole House 26/11/1954 Dec 26: Winifred Atwell: Let's Have Another Party 3/12/1954 1955 27: Dickie Valentine: Finger Of Suspicion 7/1/1955. 28: Rosemary Clooney: Mambo Italiano 14/1/1955 Feb 29: Ruby Murray: Softly, Softly 18/2/1955 March 30: Tennessee Ernie Ford: Give Me Your Word, 11/3/1955 April 31: Perez Prez Prado & His Orchestra: Cherry Pink And Apple Blossom White 29/4/1955 May 32: Tony Bennett: Stranger In Paradise 13/5/1955 33: Eddie Calvert: Cherry Pink And Apple Blossom White 27/5/1955 June 34: Jimmy Young: Unchained Melody 24/6/1955 July 35: Alma Cogan: Dreamboat 15/7/1955 36: Slim Whitman: Rose Marie 29/7/1955 Oct 37: Jimmy Young: The Man From Laramie 14/10/1955 Nov 38: Johnston Brothers: Hernando's Hideaway 11/11/1955 39: Bill Haley & His Comets: Rock Around The Clock 25/11/1955 Dec 40: Dickie Valentine: Christmas Alphabet 16/12/1955 1956 41: Tennessee Ernie Ford: Sixteen Tons 20/1/1956. Feb 42: Dean Martin: Memories Are Made Of This 17/2/1956 March 43: Dream Weavers: It's Almost Tomorrow 16/3/1956 44: Kay Starr: Rock And Roll Waltz 30/3/1956 April 45: Winifred Atwell: Poor People Of Paris 13/4/1956 May 46: Ronnie Hilton: No Other Love 4/5/1956 June 47: Pat Boone: I'll Be Home 15/6/1956 July 48: Frankie Lymon And The Teenagers - Why Do Fools Fall in Love 20/7/1956 Aug 49: Doris Day - Whatever Will Be Will Be (Que Sera, Sera) 10/8/1956 Sept 50: Anne Shelton - Lay Down Your Arms 21/9/1956 Oct 51: Frankie Laine - A Woman In Love 19/10/1956 Nov 52: Johnnie Ray - Just Walking In The Rain 16/11/1956 1957 53: Guy Mitchell.. Singing The Blues 4/1/1957 54: Tommy Steele.. Singing The Blues 11/1/1957 55: Frankie Vaughan.. The Garden Of Eden 25/1/1957 Feb 56: Tab Hunter.. Young Love 22/2/1957 April 57: Lonnie Donegan.. Cumberland Gap 12/4/1957 May 58: Guy Mitchell.. Rock-A-Billy 17/5/1957 59: Andy Williams.. Butterfly 24/5/1957 June 60: Johnnie Ray.. Yes Tonight Josephine 7/6/1957 61. Lonnie Donegan.. Puttin' On The Style / Gamblin' Man 28/6/1957 July 62. Elvis Presley.. All Shook Up 12/7/1957 Aug 63. Paul Anka.. Diana 30/8/1957 Nov 64. The Crickets.. That'll Be The Day 1/11/1957 65. Harry Belafonte.. Mary's Boy Child 22/11/1957 1958 66. Jerry Lee Lewis.. Great Balls Of Fire 10/1/1958 67. Elvis Presley.. Jailhouse Rock 24/1/1958 Feb 68. Michael Holliday.. The Story Of My Life 14/2/1958 69. Perry Como.. Magic Moments 28/2/1958 April 70. Marvin Rainwater.. Whole Lotta Woman 25/4/1958 May 71. Connie Francis.. Who's Sorry Now 16/5/1958 June 72. Vic Damone.. On The Street Where You Live 27/6/1958 July 73. Everly Brothers.. All I Have To Do Is Dream / Claudette 4/7/1958 Aug 74. Kalin Twins.. When 22/8/1958 Sept 75. Connie Francis.. Carolina Moon / Stupid Cupid 26/9/1958 Nov 76. Tommy Edwards.. All In The Game 7/11/1958 77. Lord Rockingham's XI.. Hoots Mon 28/11/1958 Dec 78. Conway Twitty.. It's Only Make Believe 19/12/1958 1959 79. Jane Morgan 'The Days The Rains Came' 23/1/1959 80. Elvis Presley 'I Got Stung / One Night' 30/1/1959 Feb 81. Shirley Bassey 'As I Love You' 20/2/1959 March 82. The Platters 'Smoke Gets In Your Eyes' 20/3/1959 83. Russ Conway 'Side Saddle' 27/3/1959 April 84. Buddy Holly 'It Doesn't Matter Anymore' 24/4/1959 May 85. Elvis Presley 'A Fool Such As I / I Need Your Love Tonight' 15/5/1959 June 86: Russ Conway 'Roulette' 19/6/1959 July 87: Bobby Darin 'Dream Lover' 3/7/1959 88: Cliff Richard 'Living Doll' 31/7/1959 Sept 89: Craig Douglas 'Only Sixteen' 11/9/1959 Oct 90: Jerry Keller 'Here Comes Summer' 9/10/1959 91: Bobby Darin 'Mack The Knife' 16/10/1959 92: Cliff Richard 'Travellin' Light' 30/10/1959 Dec 93: Adam Faith 'What Do You Want' 4/12/1959 94: Emile Ford & The Checkmates: What Do You Want To Make Those Eyes At Me For 18/12/1959 1960 95: Michael Holliday 'Starry Eyed' 29/1/1960 Feb 96: Anthony Newley 'Why' 5/2/1960 March 97: Adam Faith 'Poor Me' 10/3/1960 98: Johnny Preston 'Running Bear' 17/3/1960 99: Lonnie Donegan 'My Old Man's A Dustman' 31/3/1960 April 100: Anthony Newley 'Do You Mind' 28/4/1960 May 101: Everly Brothers 'Cathy's Clown' 5/5/1960 June 102: Eddie Cochran 'Three Steps To Heaven' 23/6/1960 July 103: Jimmy Jones 'Good Timin' 7/7/1960 104: Cliff Richard 'Please Don't Tease' 28/7/1960 Aug 105: Johnny Kidd & The Pirates 'Shakin' All Over' 4/8/1960 106: Shadows 'Apache' 25/8/1960 107: Ricky Valence 'Tell Laura I Love Her' 29/9/1960 Oct 108: Roy Orbison 'Only The Lonely' 20/10/1960 Nov 109: Elvis Presley 'It's Now Or Never' 3/11/1960 Dec 110: Cliff Richard 'I Love You' 29/12/1960 1961 111: Johnny Tillotson: Poetry In Motion, 12/1/1961 112: Elvis Presley: Are You Lonesome Tonight, 26/1/1961 Feb 113: Petula Clark: Sailor, 23/2/1961 March 114: Everly Brothers: Walk Right Back, 2/3/1961 115: Elvis Presley: Wooden Heart, 23/3/1961 May 116: The Marcels: Blue Moon, 4/5/1961 117: Floyd Cramer: On The Rebound, 18/5/1961 118: The Temperance Seven: You're Driving Me Crazy, 25/5/1961 June 119: Elvis Presley: Surrender, 1/6/1961 120: Del Shannon: Runaway, 29/6/1961 July 121: Everly Brothers: Temptation, 20/7/1961 Aug 122: Eden Kane: Well I Ask You, 3/8/1961 123: Helen Shapiro: You Don't Know, 10/8/1961 124: John Leyton: Johnny Remember Me, 31/8/196 Sept 125: Shirley Bassey: Reach For The Stars / Climb Ev'ry Mountain, 21/9/1961 Oct 126: Shadows: Kon Tiki - 5/10/1961 127: The Highwaymen: Michael - 12/10/1961 128: Helen Shapiro: Walkin' Back To Happiness - 19/10/1961 Nov 129: Elvis Presley: His Latest Flame - 9/11/1961 Dec 130: Frankie Vaughan: Tower Of Strength - 7/12/1961 131: Danny Williams: Moon River - 28/12/1961 1962 132. Cliff Richard 'The Young Ones' 11/1/1962 Feb 133. Elvis Presley 'Can't Help Falling In Love / Rock-A-Hula Baby' 22/2/1962 March 134. Shadows 'Wonderful Land' 22/3/1962 May 135. B.Bumble & The Stingers 'Nut Rocker' 17/5/1962 136. Elvis Presley 'Good Luck Charm' 24/5/1962 June 137. Mike Sarne with Wendy Richard 'Come Outside' 28/6/1962 jJuly 138. Ray Charles 'I Can't Stop Loving You' 12/7/1962 139. Frank Ifield 'I Remember You' 26/7/1962 Sept 140. Elvis Presley 'She's Not You' 13/9/1962 Oct 142. Frank Ifield 'Lovesick Blues' 8/11/1962 Dec 143. Elvis Presley 'Return To Sender' 13/12/1962 1963 144. Cliff Richard 'The Next Time / Bachelor Boy' 3/1/1963 145. Shadows 'Dance On' 24/1/1963 146. Jet Harris & Tony Meehan 'Diamonds' 31/1/1963 147. Frank Ifield 'Wayward Wind' 21/2/1963 March 148. Cliff Richard 'Summer Holiday' 14/3/1963 149. Shadows 'Foot Tapper' 29/3/1963 April 150. Gerry & The Pacemakers 'How Do You Do It?' 11/4/1963 May 151. Beatles' From Me To You' 2/5/1963 June 152. Gerry & The Pacemakers 'I Like It' 20/6/1963 July 153. Frank Ifield 'Confessin' (That I Love You)' 18/7/1963 Aug 154. Elvis Presley '(You're The) Devil In Disguise' 1/8/1963 155. Searchers 'Sweets For My Sweet' 8/8/1963 156. Billy J. Kramer & The Dakotas 'Bad To Me' 22/8/1963 Sept 157. Beatles 'She Loves You' 12/9/1963 Oct 158. Brian Poole & The Tremeloes 'Do You Love Me' 10/10/1963 159. Gerry & The Pacemakers 'You'll Never Walk Alone' 31/10/1963 Dec 160. Beatles 'I Want To Hold Your Hand' 12/12/1963 1964 161 Dave Clark Five.. Glad All Over 16/1/1964 162 Searchers.. Needles & Pins 30/1/1964 Feb 164 Cilla Black.. Anyone Who Had A Heart 27/2/1964 March 165 Billy J. Kramer & The Dakotas.. Little Children 19/3/1964 April 166. Beatles.. Can't Buy Me Love 2/4/1964 167. Peter & Gordon.. A World Without Love 23/4/1964 May 168. Searchers.. Don't Throw Your Love Away 7/5/1964 169. Four Pennies.. Juliet 21/5/1964 170. Cilla Black .. You're My World 28/5/1964 June 171. Roy Orbison.. It's Over 25/6/1964 July 172. Animals.. The House Of The Rising Sun 9/7/1964 173. Rolling Stones.. It's All Over now 16/7/1964 174. Beatles.. A Hard Day's Night 23/7/1964 Aug 175. Manfred Mann.. Do Wah Diddy Diddy 13/8/1964 176. Honeycombes.. Have I The Right 27/8/1964 Sept 177. Kinks.. You Really Got Me 10/9/1964 178. Herman's Hermits.. I'm Into Something Good 24/9/1964 Oct 179. Roy Orbison.. Oh Pretty Woman 8/10/1964 180. Sandie Shaw.. (There's) Always Something There To Remind Me 22/10/1964 Nov 181. Supremes.. Baby Love 19/11/1964 Dec 182. Rolling Stones.. Little Red Rooster 3/12/1964 183. Beatles.. I Feel Fine 10/12/1964 1965 184. Georgie Fame & The Blue Flames 'Yeh Yeh' 14/1/1965 185. Moody Blues 'Go Now!' 28/1/1965 Feb 186. Righteous Brothers 'You've Lost That Loving Feeling' 4/2/1965 187. Kinks 'Tired Of Waiting For You' 18/2/1965 188. Seekers 'I'll Never Find Another You' 25/2/1965 March 189. Tom Jones 'It's Not Unusual' 11/3/1965 190. Rolling Stones 'The Last Time' 18/3/1965 April 191. Unit Four Plus Two 'Concrete & Clay' 8/4/1965 192. Cliff Richard 'The Minute You're Gone' 15/4/1965 193. Beatles 'Ticket To Ride' 22/4/1965 May 194. Roger Miller 'King Of The Road' 13/5/1965 195. Jackie Trent 'Where Are You Now (My Love)' 20/5/1965 196. Sandie Shaw 'Long Live Love' 27/5/1965 197. Elvis Presley 'Crying In The Chapel' 17/6/1965 198. Hollies 'I'm Alive' 24/6/1965 July 199. Byrds 'Mr Tambourine Man' 22/7/1965 Aug 201. Sonny & Cher 'I Got You Babe' 26/8/1965 Sept 202. Rolling Stones '(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction' 9/9/1965 203. Walker Brothers 'Make It Easy On Yourself' 23/9/1965 204. Ken Dodd 'Tears' 30/9/1965 Nov 205. Rolling Stones 'Get Off Of My Cloud' 4/11/1965 206. Seekers 'The Carnival Is Over' 25/11/1965 Dec 207. Beatles 'Day Tripper / We Can Work It Out' 16/12/1965 1966 208. Spencer Davis Group 'Keep On Running' 20/1/1966 209. Overlanders 'Michelle' 27/1/1966 210. Nancy Sinatra 'These Boots Are Made For Walking' 17/2/1966 March 211. Walker Brothers 'The Sun Ain't Gonna Shine Anymore' 17/3/1966 April 212. Spencer Davis Group 'Somebody Help Me' 14/4/1966 213. Dusty Springfield You 'Don't Have To Say You Love Me' 28/4/1966 May 214. Manfred Mann 'Pretty Flamingo' 5/5/1966 215. Rolling Stones 'Paint It Black' 26/5/1966 June 216. Frank Sinatra 'Strangers In The Night' 2/6/1966 217. Beatles 'Paperback Writer' 23/6/1966 July 218. Kinks 'Sunny Afternoon' 7/7/1966 219. Georgie Fame & The Blue Flames 'Get Away' 21/7/1966 220. Chris Farlowe 'Out Of Time' 28/7/1966 Aug 221. Troggs 'With A Girl Like You' 4/8/1966 222. Beatles 'Yellow Submarine / Eleanor Rigby' 18/8/1966 Sept 223. Small Faces 'All Or Nothing' 15/9/1966 224. Jim Reeves 'Distant Drums' 22/9/1966 Oct 225. Four Tops 'Reach Out I'll Be There' 27/10/1966 Nov 226. Beach Boys 'Good Vibrations' 17/11/1966 Dec 227. Tom Jones 'Green Green Grass Of Home' 1/12/1966 1967 228. Monkees 'I'm A Believer' 19/1/1967 Feb 229. Petula Clark 'This Is My Song' 16/2/1967 March 230. Engelbert Humperdink 'Release Me (And Let Me Love Again)' 2/3/1967 April 231. Frank Sinatra & Nancy Sinatra 'Somethin' Stupid' 13/4/1967 232. Sandie Shaw 'Puppet On A String' 27/4/1967 May 233. Tremeloes 'Silence Is Golden' 18/5/1967 June 234. Procol Harum 'A Whiter Shade Of Pale' 8/6/1967 July 235. Beatles 'All You Need Is Love' 19/7/1967 Aug 236. Scott McKenzie 'San Francisco (Be Sure To Wear Some Flowers In Your Hair)' 9/8/1967 Sept 237. Engelbert Humperdink 'The Last Waltz' 6/9/1967 Oct 238. Bee Gees 'Massachusetts' 11/10/1967 Nov 239. Foundations - 'Baby Now That I've Found You' 8/11/1967 240. Long John Baldry - 'Let The Heartaches Begin' 22/11/1967 Dec 241. Beatles - 'Hello Goodbye' 6/12/1967 1968 242. Georgie Fame - 'The Ballad Of Bonnie & Clyde' 24/1/1968 243. Love Affair - 'Everlasting Love' 31/1/1968 Feb 244. Manfred Mann - 'The Mighty Quinn' 14/2/1968 245. Esther & Abi Ofarim - 'Cinderella Rockefella' 28/2/1968 March 246. Dave Dee, Dozy, Beaky, Mick & Tich - 'Legend Of Xanadu' 20/3/1968 247. Beatles - ''Lady Madonna' 27/3/1968 April 248. Cliff Richard - 'Congratulations' 10/4/1968 249. Louis Armstrong -'What A Wonderful World / Cabaret' 24/4/1968 May 250. Union Gap featuring Gary Puckett -'Young Girl' 22/5/1968 June 251. Rolling Stones- 'Jumpin' Jack Flash' 19/6/1968 July 252. Equals - 'Baby Come Back' 3/7/1968 253. Des O'Connor - 'I Pretend' 24/7/1968 254. Tommy James & The Shondells - 'Mony Mony 31/7/1968 Aug 255. Crazy World of Arthur Brown - 'Fire' 14/8/1968 256. Beach Boys - ''Do It Again' 28/8/1968 Sept 257. Bee Gees - 'I've Gotta Get A Message To You' 4/9/1968 258. Beatles -'Hey Jude' 11/9/1968 259. Mary Hopkin - 'Those Were The Days' 25/9/1968 Nov 260. Joe Cocker - 'With A Little Help From My Friends' 6/11/1968 261. Hugo Montenegro Orchestra - 'The Good The Bad And The Ugly' 13/11/1968 262. Scaffold - 'Lily The Pink' 11/12/1968 1969 263. Marmalade - 'Ob-La-Di Ob-La-Da' 1/1/1969 264. Fleetwood Mac - Albatross 29/1/69 Feb 265. Move - Blackberry Way 05/2/69 266. Amen Corner '(If Paradise Is) Half As Nice' 12/2/1969 267. Peter Sarstedt 'Where Do You Go To My Lovely?' 26/2/1969 March 268. Marvin Gaye 'I Heard It Through The Grapevine' 26/3/1969 April 269. Desmond Dekker & The Aces 'Israelites' 16/4/1969 270. Beatles 'Get Back' 23/4/1969 June 271. Tommy Roe 'Dizzy' 4/6/1969 272. Beatles 'The Ballad Of John & Yoko' 11/6/1969 July 273. Thunderclap Newman 'Something In The Air' 2/7/1969 274. Rolling Stones 'Honky Tonk Women' 23/7/1969 Aug 275. Zager & Evans 'In The Year 2525' (Exorium & Terminus) 30/8/1969 Sept 276. Creedence Clearwater Revival 'Bad Moon Rising' 20/9/1969 Oct 277. Jane Birkin & Serge Gainsbourg 'Je T'Aime... Moi Non Plus' 11/10/1969 278. Bobby Gentry 'I'll Never Fall In Love Again' 18/10/1969 279. Archies 'Sugar Sugar' 25/10/1969 Dec 280. Rolf Harris 'Two Little Boys' 20/12/1969 1970 281. Edison Lighthouse 'Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)' 31/1/1970 March 282. Lee Marvin - 'Wandrin' Star' 7/3/1970 283. Simon & Garfunkel - 'Bridge Over Troubled Water' 28/3/1970 April 284. Dana .. 'All Kinds Of Everything' 18/4/1970 May 285. Norman Greenbaum - 'Spirit In The Sky' 2/5/1970 286. England World Cup Squad -'Back Home' 16/5/1970 June 287. Christie - 'Yellow River' 6/6/1970 288. Mungo Jerry - 'In The Summertime' 13/6/1970 Aug 289. Elvis Presley - 'The Wonder Of You' 1/8/1970 Sept 290. Smokey Robinson & The Miracles 'Tears Of A Clown' 12/9/1970 291. Freda Payne 'Band Of Gold' 19/9/1970 Oct 292. Matthew's Southern Comfort 'Woodstock' 31/10/1970 Nov 293. Jimi Hendrix 'Voodoo Chile' 21/11/1970 294. Dave Edmunds 'I Hear You Knockin' 28/11/1970 1971 295. Clive Dunn - Grandad 9/1/1971 296. George Harrison - 'My Sweet Lord' 30/1/1971 March 297. Mungo Jerry - 'Baby Jump' 6/3/1971 298. T Rex - 'Hot Love' 20/3/1971 May 299. Dave & Ansil Collins - 'Double Barrel' 1/5/1971 300. Dawn - 'Knock Three Times' 15/5/1971 June 301. Middle Of The Road 'Chirpy Chirpy Cheep Cheep' 19/6/1971 July 302. T Rex 'Get It On' 24/7/1971 Aug 303. Diana Ross 'I'm Still Waiting' 21/8/1971 Sept 304. Tams 'Hey Girl Don't Bother Me' 18/9/1971 Oct 305. Rod Stewart 'Maggie May' 9/10/1971 Nov 306. Slade 'Coz I Luv You' 13/11/1971 Dec 307. Benny Hill 'Ernie (The Fastest Milkman In The West)' 11/12/1971 1972 308. New Seekers - 'I'd Like To Teach The World To Sing' 8/1/1972 Feb 309. T Rex 'Telegram Sam' 5/2/1972 310. Chicory Tip 'Son Of My Father' 19/2/1972 March 311. Nilsson' Without You' 11/3/1972 April 312. The Pipes & Drums & Military Band of The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards 'Amazing Grace' 15/4/1972 May 313. T Rex 'Metal Guru' 20/5/1972 June 314. Don McLean 'Vincent' 17/6/1972 July 315. Slade 'Take Me Back 'Ome' 1/7/1972 316. Donny Osmond 'Puppy Love' 8/7/1972 Aug 317. Alice Cooper 'School's Out' 12/8/1972 Sept 318. Rod Stewart 'You Wear It Well' 2/9/1972 319. Slade 'Mama Weer All Crazee Now' 9/9/1972 320. David Cassidy 'How Can I Be Sure' 30/9/1972 Oct 321. Lieutenant Pigeon 'Mouldy Old Dough' 14/10/1972 Nov 322. Gilbert O'Sullivan 'Clair' 11/11/1972 323. Chuck Berry 'My Ding-A-Ling' 25/11/1972 Dec 324. Little Jimmy Osmond 'Long Haired Lover From Liverpool' 23/12/1972 1973 326. Slade 'Cum On Feel The Noize' 3/3/1973 327. Donny Osmond 'The Twelfth Of Never' 31/3/1973 April 328. Gilbert O'Sullivan 'Get Down' 7/4/1973 329. Dawn featuring Tony Orlando 'Tie A Yellow Ribbon Round The Old Oak Tree' 21/4/1973 May 330. Wizzard 'See My Baby Jive' 19/5/1973 June 331. Suzi Quatro 'Can The Can' 16/6/1973 332. 10 CC 'Rubber Bullets' 23/6/1973 333. Slade 'Skweeze Me Pleeze Me' 30/6/1973 July 334. Peters & Lee 'Welcome Home' 21/7/1973 335. Gary Glitter 'I'm The Leader Of The Gang (I Am)' 28/7/1973 Aug 336. Donny Osmond 'Young Love' 25/8/1973 Sept 337. Wizzard 'Angel Fingers (A Teen Ballad)' 22/9/1973 338. Simon Park Orchestra 'Eye Level' 29/9/1973 Oct 339. David Cassidy 'Daydreamer / The Puppy Song' 27/10/1973 Nov 340. Gary Glitter 'I Love You Love Me Love' 17/11/1973 Dec 341. Slade 'Merry Xmas Everybody' 15/12/1973 1974 342. New Seekers 'You Won't Find Another Fool Like Me' 19/1/1974 343. Mud 'Tiger Feet' 26/1/1974 Feb 344. Suzi Quatro 'Devil Gate Drive' 23/2/1974 March 345. Alvin Stardust 'Jealous Mind' 9/3/1974 346. Paper Lace 'Billy Don't Be A Hero' 16/3/1974 April 347. Terry Jacks 'Seasons In The Sun' 6/4/1974 May 349. Rubettes 'Sugar Baby Love' 18/5/1974 June 350. Ray Stevens 'The Streak 15/6/1974 351. Gary Glitter 'Always Yours' 22/6/1974 352. Charles Aznavour 'She' 29/6/1974 July 353. George McCrae 'Rock Your Baby' 27/7/1974 Aug 354. Three Degrees 'When Will I See You Again' 17/8/1974 355. Osmonds 'Love Me For A Reason' 31/8/1974 Sept 356. Carl Douglas 'Kung Fu Fighting' 21/9/1974 Oct 357. John Denver 'Annie's Song' 12/10/1974 358. Sweet Sentation 'Sad Sweet Dreamer' 19/10/1974 359. Ken Boothe 'Everything I Own' 26/10/1974 Nov 360. David Essex 'Gonna Make You A Star' 16/11/1974 Dec 361. Barry White 'You're The First, The Last, My Everything' 7/12/1974 362. Mud 'Lonely This Christmas' 21/12/1974 1975 363. Status Quo 'Down Down' 18/1/1975 364. Tymes 'Ms Grace' 25/1/1975 Feb 366. Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel 'Make Me Smile (Come Up And See Me)' 22/2/1975 March 367. Telly Savalas ''If'' 8/3/1975 368. Bay City Rollers 'Bye Bye Baby 22/3/1975 May 369. Mud 'Oh Boy 3/5/1975 370. Tammy Wynette 'Stand By Your Man 17/5/1975 June 371. Windsor Davies & Don Estelle 'Whispering Grass' 7/6/1975 372. 10 CC 'I'm Not In Love' 28/6/1975 July 373. Johnny Nash 'Tears On My Pillow' 12/7/1975 374. Bay City Rollers 'Give A Little Love' 19/7/1975 Aug 375. Typically Tropical 'Barbados' 9/8/1975 376. Stylistics 'Can't Give You Anything (But My Love)' 16/8/1975 Sept 377. Rod Stewart 'Sailing' 6/9/1975 Oct 378. David Essex 'Hold Me Close' 4/10/1975 379. Art Garfunkel 'I Only Have Eyes For You' 25/10/1975 Nov 380. David Bowie 'Space Oddity' 8/11/1975 381. Billy Connolly 'D.I.V.O.R.C.E'. 22/11/1975 382. Queen 'Bohemian Rhapsody' 29/11/1975 1976 383. Abba 'Mamma Mia' 31/1/1976 Feb 384. Slik 'Forever And Ever' 14/2/1976 385. Four Seasons 'December '63' 21/2/1976 March 386. Tina Charles 'I Love To Love (But My Baby Loves To Dance)' 6/3/1976 387. Brotherhood Of Man ''Save Your Kisses For Me' 27/3/1976 May 396. Chicago 'If You Leave Me Now' 13/11/1976 Dec 397. Showaddywaddy 'Under The Moon Of Love'' 4/12/1976 398. Johnny Mathis 'When A Child Is Born' (Soleado) 25/12/1976 1977 399. David Soul ''Don't Give Up On Us 15/1/1977 Feb 400. Julie Covington 'Don't Cry For Me Argentina 12/2/1977 401. Leo Sayer 'When I Need You 19/2/1977 March 402. Manhattan Transfer 'Chanson D'Amour 12/3/1977 April 403. Abba 'Knowing Me Knowing You 2/4/1977 May 404. Deniece Williams 'Free 7/5/1977 405. Rod Stewart 'I Don't Want To Talk About It / First Cut Is The Deepest 21/5/1977 June 406. Kenny Rogers 'Lucille 18/6/1977 407. Jacksons Show 'You The Way To Go 25/6/1977 July 408. Hot Chocolate 'So You Win Again 2/7/1977 409. Donna Summer 'I Feel Love 23/7/1977 Aug 410. Brotherhood Of Man 'Angelo 20/8/1977 411. Floaters 'Float On 27/8/1977 Sept 412. Elvis Presley 'Way Down 3/9/1977 Oct 413. David Soul 'Silver Lady 8/10/1977 414. Baccara 'Yes Sir I Can Boogie 29/10/1977 Nov 415. Abba 'The Name Of The Game 5/11/1977 Dec 416. Wings 'Mull Of Kintyre / Girls' School 3/12/1977 1978 417. Althia & Donna 'Up Town Top Ranking 4/2/1978 418. Brotherhood Of Man 'Figaro 11/2/1978 419. Abba 'Take A Chance On Me 18/2/1978 March 420. Kate Bush 'Wuthering Heights 11/3/1978 April 421. Brian & Michael 'Matchstalk Men And Matchstalk Cats And Dogs 8/4/1978 422. Bee Gees 'Night Fever 29/4/1978 423. Boney M - 'Rivers Of Babylon / Brown 'Girl In The Ring 13/5/1978 June 424. John Travolta & Olivia Newton John 'You're The One That I Want 17/6/1978 Aug 425. Commodores 'Three Times A Lady 19/8/1978 Oct 426. 10 CC 'Dreadlock Holiday 23/9/1978 427. John Travolta & Olivia Newton 'John Summer Nights 30/9/1978 Nov 428. Boomtown Rats .. 'Rat Trap 18/11/1978 Dec 429. Rod Stewart.. 'Da Ya Think I'm Sexy 2/12/1978 430. Boney M .. 'Mary's Boy Child - Oh My Lord 9/12/1978 1979 431. Village People , Y.M.C.A. 6/1/1979 432. Ian Dury & The Blockheads , Hit Me With Your Rhythm Stick 27/1/1979 Feb 433. Blondie , Heart Of Glass 3/2/1979 March 434. Bee Gees , Tragedy 3/3/1979 435. Gloria Gaynor , I Will Survive 17/3/1979 April 436. Art Garfunkel , Bright Eyes 14/4/1979 May 437. Blondie, Sunday Girl 26/5/1979 June 438. Anita Ward , Ring My Bell 16/6/1979 439. Tubeway Army , Are 'Friends' Electric 30/6/1979 July 440. Boomtown Rats , I Don't Like Mondays 28/7/1979 Aug 441. Cliff Richard , We Don't Talk Anymore 25/8/1979 Sept 442. Gary Numan , Cars 22/9/1979 443. Police , Message In A Bottle 29/9/1979 Oct 444. Buggles - Video Killed The Radio Star 20/10/1979 445. Lena Martell , One Day At A Time 27/10/1979 Nov 446. Dr Hook , When You're In Love With A Beautiful Woman 17/11/1979 Dec 447. Police ,Walking On The Moon 8/12/1979 448. Pink Floyd , Another Brick In The Wall 15/12/1979 1980 449. Pretenders 'Brass In Pocket' 19/1/1980 Feb 450. The Special AKA (Specials) The Specials Live EP (main track: Too Much Too Young) 2/2/1980 451. Kenny Rogers 'Coward Of The County' 16/2/1980 March 453. Fern Kinney 'Together We Are Beautiful '15/3/1980 454. Jam 'Going Underground / Dreams Of Children' 22/3/1980 April 455. Detroit Spinners 'Working My Way Back To You - Forgive Me Girl' 12/4/1980 456. Blondie 'Call Me' 26/4/1980 May 457. Dexy's Midnight Runners 'Geno' 3/5/1980 458. Johnny Logan 'What's Another Year' 17/5/1980 459. Mash 'Suicide Is Painless (Theme from MASH)' 31/5/1980 June 460. Don McLean 'Crying' 21/6/1980 July 461. Olivia Newton John & Electric Light Orchestra 'Xanadu' 12/7/1980 462. Odyssey 'Use It Up And Wear It Out' 26/7/1980 Aug 463. Abba 'The Winner Takes It All' 9/8/1980 464. David Bowie 'Ashes To Ashes' 23/8/1980 Sept 466. Kelly Marie 'Feels Like I'm In Love' 13/9/1980 467. Police 'Don't Stand So Close To Me' 27/9/1980 Oct 468. Barbra Streisand 'Woman In Love' 25/10/1980 Nov 469. Blondie 'The Tide Is High' 15/11/1980 470. Abba 'Super Trouper' 29/11/1980 Dec 471. John Lennon '(Just Like) Starting Over' 20/12/1980 472. St Winifred's School Choir 'There's No One Quite Like Grandma' 27/12/1980 1981 473. John Lennon 'Imagine' 10/1/1981 Feb 474. John Lennon 'Woman' 7/2/1981 475. Joe Dolce Music Theatre 'Shaddup You Face' 21/2/1981 March 476. Roxy Music 'Jealous Guy' 14/3/1981 477. Shakin' Stevens 'This Ole House' 28/3/1981 April 478. Bucks Fizz 'Making Your Mind Up' 18/4/1981 May 479. Adam & The Ants 'Stand And Deliver' 9/5/1981 June 480. Smokey Robinson 'Being With You' 13/6/1981 481. Michael Jackson 'One Day In Your Life' 27/6/1981 July 482. Specials 'Ghost Town' 11/7/1981 Aug 483. Shakin' Stevens 'Green Door' 1/8/1981 484. Aneka 'Japanese Boy' 29/8/1981 Sept 485. Soft Cell 'Tainted Love' 5/9/1981 486. Adam & The Ants 'Prince Charming' 19/9/1981 Oct 487. Dave Stewart & Barbara Gaskin 'It's My Party' 17/10/1981 Nov 488. Police ''Every Little Thing She Does Is Magic' 14/11/1981 489. Queen & David Bowie ''Under Pressure' 21/11/1981 Dec 490. Julio Iglesias ''Begin The Beguine (Volver A Empezar) 5/12/1981 491. Human League ''Don't You Want Me' 12/12/1981 1982 492. Bucks Fizz - Land Of Make Believe 16/1/1982 493. Shakin' Stevens - Oh Julie 30/1/1982 Feb 494. Kraftwerk - The Model / Computer Love 6/2/1982 495. Jam - A Town Called Malice / Precious 13/2/1982 March 496. Tight Fit - The Lion Sleeps Tonight 6/3/1982 497. Goombay Dance Band Seven - Tears 27/3/1982 April 498. Bucks Fizz - My Camera Never Lies 17/4/1982 499. Paul McCartney & Stevie Wonder - Ebony And Ivory 24/4/1982 May 500. Nicole- A Little Peace 15/5/1982 501. Madness - House Of Fun 29/5/1982 June 502. Adam Ant - Goody Two Shoes 12/6/1982 503. Charlene - I 've Never Been To Me 26/6/1982 July 504. Captain Sensible - Happy Talk 3/7/1982 505. Irene Cara - Fame 17/7/1982 Aug 506. Dexy's Midnight Runners - Come On Eileen 7/8/1982 Sept 507. Survivor - Eye Of The Tiger 4/9/1982 Oct 508. Musical Youth - Pass The Dutchie 2/10/1982 509. Culture Club - Do You Really Want To Hurt Me 23/10/1982 Nov 510. Eddy Grant - I Don't Wanna Dance 13/11/1982 Dec 511. Jam - Beat Surrender 4/12/1982 512. Renee & Renato - Save Your Love 18/12/1982 1983 513. Phil Collins 'You Can't Hurry Love' 15/1/1983 514. Men At Work 'Down Under' 29/1/1983 Feb 515. Kajagoogoo 'Too Shy' 19/2/1983 March 516. Michael Jackson 'Billie Jean' 5/3/1983 517. Bonnie Tyler 'Total Eclipse Of The Heart' 12/3/1983 518. Duran Duran 'Is There Something I Should Know' 26/3/1983 April 519. David Bowie 'Let's Dance' 9/4/1983 520. Spandau Ballet 'True' 30/4/1983 May 521. New Edition 'Candy Girl' 28/5/1983 June 522. Police 'Every Breath You Take' 4/6/1983 July 523. Rod Stewart 'Baby Jane' 2/7/1983 524. Paul Young 'Wherever I Lay My Hat' 23/7/1983 Aug 525. K C & The Sunshine Band 'Give It Up' 13/8/1983 Sept 526. UB 40 'Red Red Wine' 3/9/1983 527. Culture Club 'Karma Chameleon' 24/9/1983 Nov 528 Billy Joel 'Uptown Girl 5/11/1983 Dec 529 Flying Pickets 'Only You 10/12/1983 1984 530. Paul McCartney - Pipes Of Peace 14/1/1984 531. Frankie Goes To Hollywood - Relax 28/1/1984 March 532. Nena - 99 Red Balloons 3/3/1984 533. Lionel Richie - Hello 24/3/1984 May 534. Duran Duran - The Reflex 5/5/1984 June 535. Wham! - Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go 2/6/1984 536. Frankie Goes To Hollywood - Two Tribes 16/6/1984 Aug 537. George Michael - Careless Whisper 18/8/1984 Sept 538. Stevie Wonder - I Just Called To Say I Love You 8/9/1984 Oct 540. Chaka Khan - I Feel For You 10/11/1984 Dec 541. Jim Diamond - I Should Have Known Better 1/12/1984 542. Frankie Goes To Hollywood - The Power Of Love 8/12/1984 543. Band Aid - Do They Know It's Christmas 15/12/1984 1985 544. Foreigner 'I Want To Know What Love Is 19/1/1985 Feb 545. Elaine Paige & Barbara Dickson 'I Know Him So Well 9/2/1985 March 546. Dead Or Alive 'You Spin Me Round (Like A Record) 9/3/1985 547. Philip Bailey & Phil Collins 'Easy Lover 23/3/1985 April 548. USA For Africa 'We Are The World 20/4/1985 May 549. Phyllis Nelson 'Move Closer 4/5/1985 550. Paul Hardcastle '19' 11/5/1985 June 551. Crowd ''You'll Never Walk Alone 15/6/1985 552. Sister Sledge ''Frankie 29/6/1985 July 553. Eurythmics 'There Must Be An Angel (Playing With My Heart) 27/7/1985 Aug 554. Madonna 'Into The Groove 3/8/1985 555. UB 40 & Chrissie Hynde 'I Got You Babe 31/8/1985 Sept 556. David Bowie & Mick Jagger 'Dancing in the Street 7/9/1985 Oct 557. Midge Ure 'If I Was 5/10/1985 558. Jennifer Rush 'The Power Of Love 12/10/1985 Nov 559. Feargal Sharkey 'A Good Heart 16/11/1985 560. Wham! 'I'm Your Man 30/11/1985 Dec 561. Whitney Houston 'Saving All My Love For You 14/12/1985 562. Shakin' Stevens 'Merry Christmas Everyone 28/12/1985 1986 563. Pet Shop Boys 'West End Girls 11/1/1986 564. A-Ha 'The Sun Always Shines On TV 25/1/1986 Feb 565. Billy Ocean 'When The Going Gets Tough, The Tough Get Going 8/2/1986 March 566. Diana Ross 'Chain Reaction 8/3/1986 567. Cliff Richard & The Young 'Ones Living Doll 29/3/1986 The first official Comic Relief single April 568. George Michael 'A Different Corner 19/4/1986 May 569. Falco 'Rock Me Amadeus 10/5/1986 570. Spitting Image 'The Chicken Song 17/5/1986 June 571. Doctor & The Medics 'Spirit In The Sky 7/6/1986 572. Wham! 'The Edge Of Heaven 28/6/1986 July 573. Madonna 'Papa Don't Preach 12/7/1986 Aug 574. Chris de Burgh 'The Lady In Red 2/8/1986 575. Boris Gardiner 'I Want To Wake Up With You 23/8/1986 Sept 576. Communards 'Don't Leave Me This Way 13/9/1986 Oct 577. Madonna 'True Blue 11/10/1986 578. Nick Berry 'Every Loser Wins 18/10/1986 Nov 579. Berlin 'Take My Breath Away 8/11/1986 Dec 580. Europe 'The Final Countdown 6/12/1986 581. Housemartins 'Caravan Of Love 20/12/1986 582. Jackie Wilson 'Reet Petite 27/12/1986 1987 583. Steve 'Silk' Hurley 'Jack Your Body 24/1/1987 Feb 584. George Michael & Aretha Franklin 'I Knew You Were Waiting (For Me) 7/2/1987 585. Ben E King 'Stand By Me 21/2/1987 March 586. Boy George 'Everything I Own 14/3/1987 587. Mel & Kim 'Respectable 28/3/1987 April 588. Ferry Aid 'Let It Be 4/4/1987 589. Madonna 'La Isla Bonita 25/4/1987 May 590. Starship 'Nothing's Gonna Stop Us Now 9/5/1987 June 591. Whitney Houston 'I Wanna Dance With Somebody (Who Loves Me) 6/6/1987 592. The Firm 'Star Trekkin' 20/6/1987 July 593. Pet Shop Boys' It's A Sin 4/7/1987 594. Madonna 'Who's That Girl 25/7/1987 Aug 595. Los Lobos 'La Bamba 1/8/1987 596. Michael Jackson ''I Just Can't Stop Loving You 15/8/1987 597. Rick Astley 'Never Gonna Give You Up 29/8/1987 Oct 598. M/A/R/R/S ''Pump Up The Volume / Anitina (The First Time I See She Dance) 3/10/1987 599. Bee Gees 'You Win Again 17/10/1987 Nov 600. T'Pau 'China In Your Hand 14/11/1987 Dec 601. Pet Shop Boys 'Always On My Mind 19/12/1987 1988 602. Belinda Carlisle 'Heaven Is A Place On Earth 16/1/1988 603. Tiffany 'I Think We're Alone Now 30/1/1988 Feb 604. Kylie Minogue 'I Should Be So Lucky 20/2/1988 March 605. Aswad 'Don't Turn Around 26/3/1988 April 606. Pet Shop Boys 'Heart 9/4/1988 607. S'Express 'Theme from S'Express 30/4/1988 May 608. Fairground 'Attraction Perfect 14/5/1988 609. Wet Wet Wet 'With A Little Help From My Friends 21/5/1988 June 610. Timelords 'Doctorin The Tardis 18/6/1988 611. Bros 'I Owe You Nothing 25/6/1988 July 612. Glenn Medeiros 'Nothing's Gonna Change My Love For You 9/7/1988 Aug 613. Yazz & The Plastic Population 'The Only Way Is Up 6/8/1988 Sept 614. Phil Collins 'A Groovy Kind Of Love 10/9/1988 615. Hollies 'He Ain't Heavy He's My Brother 24/9/1988 Oct 617. Whitney Houston 'One Moment In Time 15/10/1988 618. Enya 'Orinoco Flow (Sail Away) 29/10/1988 Nov 619. Robin Beck 'The First Time 19/11/1988 Dec 620. Cliff Richard 'Mistletoe & Wine 10/12/1988 1989 621. Kylie Minogue & Jason Donovan - Especially For You 7/1/1989 622. Marc Almond with Gene Pitney - Somethings Gotten Hold Of My Heart 28/1/1989 Feb 623. Simple Minds - Belfast Child 25/2/1989 March 624. Jason Donovan - Too Many Broken Hearts 11/3/1989 625. Madonna - Like A Prayer 25/3/1989 April 626. Bangles - Eternal Flame 15/4/1989 May 627. Kylie Minogue - Hand On Your Heart 13/5/1989 628. Gerry Marsden, Paul McCartney, Holly Johnson & Christians - Ferry 'Cross The Mersey 20/5/1989 June 629. Jason Donovan - Sealed With A Kiss 10/6/1989 630. Soul II Soul featuring Caron Wheeler - Back To Life 24/6/1989 July 631. Sonia - You'll Never Stop Me Loving You 22/7/1989 Aug 632. Jive Bunny & The Mastermixers -Swing The Mood 5/8/1989 Sept 633. Black Box - Ride On Time 9/9/1989 Oct 634. Jive Bunny & The Mastermixers - That's What I Like 21/10/1989 Nov 635. Lisa Stansfield - All Around The World 11/11/1989 636. New Kids On The Block - You Got It (The Right Stuff) 25/11/1989 Dec 637. Jive Bunny & The Mastermixers - Let's Party 16/12/1989 638. Band Aid II - Do They Know It's Christmas 23/12/1989 1990 639. New Kids On The Block - Hangin' Tough 16/1/1990 640. Kylie Minogue - Tears On My Pillow 27/1/1990 Feb 641. Sinead O'Connor - Nothing Compares 2 U 3/2/1990 March 642. Beats International Dub Be Good To Me 3/3/1990 643. Snap - The Power 31/3/1990 April 646. England New Order - World In Motion 9/6/1990 647. Elton John - Sacrifice / Healing Hands 23/6/1990 July 648. Partners In Kryme Turtle Power 28/7/1990 Aug 649. Bombalurina - Itsy Bitsy Teeny Weeny Yellow Polka Dot Bikini 25/8/1990 Sept 650. Steve Miller - Band The Joker 15/9/1990 651. Maria McKee - Show Me Heaven 29/9/1990 Oct 652. Beautiful South - A Little Time 27/10/1990 Nov 653. Righteous Brothers - Unchained Melody 3/11/1990 Dec 654. Vanilla Ice - Ice Ice Baby 1/12/1990 655. Cliff Richard - Saviour's Day 22/12/1990 1991 656. Iron Maiden - Bring Your Daughter To The Slaughter 5/1/1991 657. Enigma - Sadness Part 1 19/1/1991 658. Queen - Innuendo 26/1/1991 659. KLF - 3 AM Eternal 2/2/1991 660. Simpsons - Do The Bartman 16/2/1991 March 661. Clash - Should I Stay Or Should I Go 9/3/1991 662. Hale & Pace - The Stonk 23/3/1991 The official Comic Relief single 663. Chesney Hawkes - The One And Only 30/3/1991 . May 664. Cher - Shoop Shoop Song (It's In His Kiss) 4/5/1991 June 665. Color Me Badd - I Wanna Sex You Up 8/6/1991 666. Jason Donovan - Any Dream Will Do 29/6/1991 . July 667 Bryan Adams - (Everything I Do) I Do It For You 13/7/1991 Nov 668. U2 - The Fly 2/11/1991 669. Vic Reeves & The Wonder Stuff - Dizzy 9/11/1991 670. Michael Jackson - Black Or White 23/11/1991 Dec 671. George Michael & Elton John - Don't Let The Sun Go Down On Me 7/12/1991 672. Queen - Bohemian Rhapsody / These Are The Days Of Our Lives 21/12/1991 1992 673. Wet Wet Wet.. Goodnight Girl 25/1/1992 Feb 674. Shakespears Sister.. Stay 22/2/1992 April 675. Right Said Fred.. Deeply Dippy 18/4/1992 May 676. KWS.. Please Don't Go / Game Boy 9/5/1992 June 677. Erasure Abba-esque EP 13/6/1992 July 678. Jimmy Nail.. Ain't No Doubt 18/7/1992 Aug 679. Snap.. Rhythm Is A Dancer 8/8/1992 Sept 680. Shamen.. Ebeneezer Goode 19/9/1992 Oct 681. Tasmin Archer.. Sleeping Satellite 17/10/1992 682. Boyz II Men .. End Of The Road 31/10/1992 Nov 683. Charles & Eddie.. Would I Lie To You 21/11/1992 Dec 684. Whitney Houston.. I Will Always Love You 5/12/1992 . 1993 685. 2 Unlimited.. No Limit 13/2/1993 March 686. Shaggy.. Oh Carolina 20/3/1993 April 687. Bluebells.. Young At Heart 3/4/1993 May 688. George Michael & Queen with Lisa Stansfield - Five Live (EP) 1/5/1993 689. Ace Of Base.... All That She Wants 22/5/1993 June 690. UB 40.. (I Can't Help) Falling In Love With You 12/6/1993 . 691. Gabrielle.. Dreams 26/6/1993 . 692. Take That.. Pray 17/7/1993 August 693. Freddie Mercury.. Living On My Own 14/8/1993 694. Culture Beat.. Mr Vain 28/8/1993 Sept 695. Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince (Will Smith).. Boom! Shake The Room 25/9/1993 Oct 696. Take That featuring Lulu.. Relight my Fire 9/10/1993 697. Meat Loaf.. I'd Do Anything For Love (But I Won't Do That) 23/10/1993 . Dec 698. Mr Blobby.. Mr Blobby 11/12/1993 699. Take That.. Babe 18/12/1993 1994 700. Chaka Demus & Pliers - Twist & Shout 8/1/1994 701. D:Ream - Things Can Only Get Better 22/1/1994 Feb 702. Mariah Carey - Without You 19/2/1994 703. Doop - Doop 19/3/1994 704. Take That - Everything Changes 9/4/1994 705. Prince - The Most Beautiful Girl In The World 23/4/1994 May 706. Tony Di Bart - The Real Thing 7/5/1994 707. Stiltskin - Inside 14/5/1994 708. Manchester United 1994 Football Squad - Come On You Reds 21/5/1994 June 709. Wet Wet Wet - Love Is All Around 4/6/1994 Sept 710. Whigfield - Saturday Night 17/9/1994 Oct 711. Take That - Sure 15/10/1994 712. Pato Banton (with Robin & Ali Campbell) - Baby Come Back 29/10/1994 Nov 713. Baby D - Let Me Be Your Fantasy 26/11/1994 Dec 714. East 17 - Stay Another Day 10/12/1994 1995 715. Rednex.. Cotton Eye Joe 14/1/1995 Feb 716. Celine Dion.. Think Twice 4/2/1995 March 717. Cher,Chrissie Hynde,Neneh Cherry & Eric Clapton.. Love Can Build A Bridge 25/3/1995 April 718. Outhere Brothers.. Don't Stop (Wiggle Wiggle) 1/4/1995 719. Take That.. Back For Good 8/4/1995 May 720. Oasis Some.. Might Say 6/5/1995 721. Livin' Joy.. Dreamer 13/5/1995 722. Robson Green & Jerome Flynn.. Unchained Melody / White Cliffs Of Dover 20/5/1995 June 723. Outhere Brothers.. Boom Boom Boom 8/7/1995 Aug 724. Take That.. Never Forget 5/8/1995 725. Blur.. Country House 26/8/1995 Sept 726. Michael Jackson.. You Are Not Alone 9/9/1995 727. Shaggy - Boombastic 23/9/1995 728. Simply Red - Fairground 30/9/1995 Oct 729. Coolio featuring LV Gangsta's.. Paradise 28/10/1995 Nov 730. Robson & Jerome.. I Believe / Up On The Roof 11/11/1995 Dec 731. Michael Jackson.. Earth Song 9/12/1995 1996 732. George Michael - Jesus To A Child 20/1/1996 733. Babylon Zoo, Spaceman 27/1/1996 March 734. Oasis, Don't Look Back In Anger 2/3/1996 735. Take That, How Deep Is Your Love 9/3/1996 . 736. Prodigy, Firestarter 30/3/1996 737. Mark Morrison, Return Of The Mack 20/4/1996 May 738. George Michael, Fastlove 4/5/1996 . 739. Gina G Ooh Aah Just A Little Bit 25/5/1996 June 740. Baddiel, Skinner & Lightning Seeds.. Three Lions 1/6/1996 . 741. Fugees, Killing Me Softly 8/6/1996 July 742. Gary Barlow, Forever Love 20/7/1996 . 743. Spice Girls, Wannabe 27/7/1996 Sept 744. Peter Andre, Flava 14/9/1996 745. Fugees, Ready Or Not 21/9/1996 Oct 746. Deep Blue Something - Breakfast At Tiffany's 5/10/1996 747. Chemical Brothers, Setting Sun 12/10/1996 748. Boyzone, Words 19/10/1996 749. Spice Girls, Say You'll Be There 26/10/1996 Nov 750. Robson & Jerome, What Becomes Of The Broken Hearted / Saturday Night At The Movies / You'll Never Walk Alone 9/11/1996 751. Prodigy, Breathe 23/11/1996 752. Peter Andre, I Feel You 7/12/1996 753. Boyzone, A Different Beat 14/12/1996 754. Dunblane, Knockin' On Heaven's Door / Throw These Guns Away 21/12/1996 755. Spice Girls, 2 Become 1 28/12/1996 1997 756. Tori Amos, Professional Widow (It's Got To Be Big) 18/1/1997 757. White Town, Your Woman 25/1/1997 Feb 759. LL Cool J,, Ain't Nobody 8/2/1997 760. U2, Discotheque 15/2/1997 761. No Doubt, Don't Speak 22/2/1997 March 762. Spice Girls - Mama / Who Do You Think You Are 15/3/1997 "Who Do You Think You Are" was the official Comic Relief single and sold 672,577 copies. April 763. Chemical Brothers - Block Rockin' Beats 5/4/1997 764. R Kelly - I Believe I Can Fly 12/4/1997 May 765. Michael Jackson, Blood On The Dance Floor 3/5/1997 766. Gary Barlow, Love Won't Wait 10/5/1997 . 767. Olive, You're Not Alone 17/5/1997 768. Eternal ft. Bebe Winans - I Wanna Be The One 31/5/1997 . June 770. Puff Daddy & Faith Evans, I'll Be Missing You 28/6/1997 July 771. Oasis, D'you Know What I Mean 19/7/1997 Aug 772. Will Smith, Men In Black 16/8/1997 Sept 773. Verve, The Drugs Don't Work 13/9/1997 774. Elton John, Candle In The Wind 97 / Something About The Way You Look Tonight 20/9/1997 Oct 775. Spice Girls, Spice Up Your Life 25/10/1997 Nov 776. Aqua, Barbie Girl 1/11/1997 777. Various Artists, Perfect Day 29/11/1997 Dec 778. Teletubbies, Teletubbies Say Eh-oh! 13/12/1997 779. Spice Girls, Too Much 27/12/1997 1998 780. All Saints - Never Ever 17/1/1998 781. Oasis - All Around The World 24/1/1998 782. Usher - You Make Me Wanna... 31/1/1998 Feb 783. Aqua - Doctor Jones 7/2/1998 784. Celine Dion - My Heart Will Go On 21/2/1998 785. Cornershop - Brimful Of Asha 28/2/1998 March 787. Run DMC vs Jason Nevins- It's Like That 21/3/1998 May 788. Boyzone - All That I Need 2/5/1998 789. All Saints - Under The Bridge / Lady Marmalade 9/5/1998 790. Aqua - Turn Back Time 16/5/1998 791. Tamperer featuring Maya - Feel It 30/5/1998 June 792. BWitched - C'est La Vie 6/6/1998 793. Baddiel, Skinner & Lightning Seeds - Three Lions '98 20/6/1998 . July 794. Billie - Because We Want To 11/7/1998 795. Another Level - Freak Me 18/7/1998 796. Jamiroquai - Deeper Underground 25/7/1998 Aug 797. Spice Girls - Viva Forever 1/8/1998 798. Boyzone - No Matter What 15/8/1998 Sept 799. Manic Street Preachers - If You Tolerate This Your Children Will Be Next 5/9/1998 800. All Saints - Bootie Call 12/9/1998 801. Robbie Williams - Millennium 19/9/1998 802. Melanie B featuring Missy Elliott - I Want You Back 26/9/1998 Oct 803. BWitched - Rollercoaster 3/10/1998 804. Billie - Girlfriend 17/10/1998 805. Spacedust - Gym & Tonic 24/10/1998 806. Cher - Believe 31/10/1998 807. BWitched - To You I Belong 19/12/1998 808. Spice Girls - Goodbye 26/12/1998 1999 809. Chef - Chocolate Salty Balls (PS I Love You) 2/1/1999 810. Steps - Heartbeat / Tragedy 9/1/1999 811. Fatboy Slim - Praise You 16/1/1999 812. 911 - A Little Bit More 23/1/1999 813. Offspring Pretty Fly (For A White Guy) 30/1/1999 Feb 814. Armand Van Helden featuring Duane Haeden - You Don't Know Me 6/2/1999 815. Blondie - Maria 13/2/1999 816. Lenny Kravitz - Fly Away 20/2/1999 817. Britney Spears - Baby One More Time 27/2/1999 . March 818. Boyzone - When The Going Gets Tough 13/3/1999 The official Comic Relief single 819. BWitched - Blame It On The Weatherman 27/3/1999 April 820. Mr Oizo - Flat Beat 3/4/1999 821. Martine McCutcheon - Perfect Moment 17/4/1999 May 822. Westlife - Swear It Again 1/5/1999 823. Backstreet Boys - I Want It That Way 15/5/1999 824. Boyzone - You Needed Me 22/5/1999 825. Shanks & Bigfoot - Sweet Like Chocolate 29/5/1999 June 826. Baz Luhrmann - Everybody's Free (To Wear Sunscreen): The Sunscreen Song (Class of 99) 12/6/1999 827. S Club 7 - Bring It All Back 19/6/1999 828. Vengaboys - Boom Boom Boom Boom!! 26/6/1999 July 829. ATB - 9PM (Till I Come) 3/7/1999 830. Ricky Martin - Livin' La Vida Loca 17/7/1999 831. Ronan Keating - When You Say Nothing At All 7/8/1999 Aug 832. Westlife - If I Let You Go 21/8/1999 833. Geri Halliwell - Mi Chico Latino 28/8/1999 Sept 834. Lou Bega - Mambo No 5 4/9/1999 835. Vengaboys - We're Going To Ibiza 18/9/1999 836. Eiffel 65 Blue (Da Ba Dee) 25/9/1999 Oct 837. Christina Aguilera - Genie In A Bottle 16/10/1999 838. Westlife - Flying Without Wings 30/10/1999 Nov 839. Five - Keep On Movin' 6/11/1999 840. Geri Halliwell - Lift Me Up 13/11/1999 841. Robbie Williams - She's The One / It's Only Us 20/11/1999 842. Wamdue Project - King Of My Castle 27/11/1999 Dec 843. Cliff Richard - Millennium Prayer 4/12/1999 844. Westlife - I Have A Dream / Seasons In The Sun 25/12/1999 2000 845. Manic Street Preachers - The Masses Against The Classes 22/1/2000 846. Britney Spears - Born To Make You Happy 29/1/2000 Feb 848. Oasis - Go Let It Out 19/2/2000 849. All Saints - Pure Shores 26/2/2000 March 850. Madonna - American Pie 11/3/2000 851. Chicane featuring Bryan Adams - Don't Give Up 18/3/2000 852. Geri Halliwell - Bag It Up 25/3/2000 April 853. Melanie C with Lisa 'Left Eye' Lopes - Never Be The Same Again 1/4/2000 854. Westlife - Fool Again 8/4/2000 855. Craig David - Fill Me In 15/4/2000 856. Fragma Toca's Miracle 22/4/2000 May 857. Oxide & Neutrino - Bound 4 Da Reload (Casualty) 6/5/2000 858. Britney Spears - Oops!... I Did It Again 13/5/2000 859. Madison Avenue - Don't Call Me Baby 20/5/2000 860. Billie Piper - Day & Night 27/5/2000 June 861. Sonique - It Feels So Good 3/6/2000 (3 weeks) 862. Black Legend - You See The Trouble With Me 24/6/2000 July 863. Kylie Minogue - Spinning Around 1/7/2000 864. Eminem - Real Slim Shady 8/7/2000 865. Corrs - Breathless 15/7/2000 866. Ronan Keating - Life Is A Rollercoaster 22/7/2000 867. Five and Queen - We Will Rock You 29/7/2000 Aug 868. Craig David - 7 Days 5/8/2000 869. Robbie Williams - Rock DJ 12/8/2000 870. Melanie C- I Turn To You 19/8/2000 871. Spiller - Groovejet (If This Ain't Love) 26/8/2000 Sept 873. A1 - Take On Me 9/9/2000 874. Modjo - Lady (Hear Me Tonight) 16/9/2000 875. Mariah Carey & Westlife - Against All Odds 30/9/2000 Oct 876. All Saints - Black Coffee 14 Oct 877. U2 - Beautiful Day 21/10/2000 878. Steps - Stomp 28/10/2000 879. Spice Girls - Holler / Let Love Lead The Way 4/11/2000 880. Westlife - My Love 11/11/2000 881. A1 - Same Old Brand New You 18/11/2000 882. LeAnn Rimes - Can't Fight The Moonlight 25/11/2000 Dec 883. Destiny's Child - Independent Women Part 1 2/12/2000 884. S Club 7 - Never Had A Dream Come True 9/12/2000 885. Eminem Stan 16/12/2000 886. Bob The Builder - Can We Fix It 23/12/2000 (3 weeks) 2001 887. Rui Da Silva featuring Cassandra.. Touch Me 13/1/2001 888. Jennifer Lopez.. Love Don't Cost A Thing 20/1/2001 889. Limp Bizkit.. Rollin' 27/1/2001 Feb 890. Atomic Kitten.. Whole Again 10/2/2001 (4 weeks) March 891. Shaggy featuring Rikrok.. It Wasn't Me 10/3/2001 892. Westlife.. Uptown Girl 17/3/2001 893. Hear'Say.. Pure And Simple 24/3/2001 April 894. Emma Bunton.. What Took You So Long 14/4/2001 895. Destiny's Child.. Survivor 28/4/2001 May 896. S Club 7.. Don't Stop Movin' 5/5/2001 897. Geri Halliwell.. It's Raining Men 12/5/2001 June 898. DJ Pied Piper Do You Really Like It 2/6/2001 899. Shaggy featuring Rayvon.. Angel 9/6/2001 900. Christina Aguilera / Lil' Kim, Mya & Pink.. Lady Marmalade 30/6/2001 July 901. Hear'Say.. The Way To Your Love 7/7/2001 902. Roger Sanchez .. Another Chance 14/7/2001 903. Robbie Williams.. Eternity/The Road To Mandalay 21/7/2001 Aug 904. Atomic Kitten.. Eternal Flame 4/8/2001 905. So Solid Crew.. 21 Seconds 18/8/2001 906. Five.. Let's Dance 25/8/2001 Sept 907. Blue.. Too Close 8/9/2001 908. Bob The Builder.. Mambo No 5 15/9/2001 909. DJ Otzi.. Hey Baby 22/9/2001 910. Kylie Minogue.. Can't Get You Out Of My Head 29/9/2001 Oct 911. Afroman.. Because I Got High 27/10/2001 Nov 912. Westlife.. Queen of My Heart 17/11/2001 913. Blue.. If You Come Back 24/11/2001 Dec 914. S Club 7.. Have You Ever 1/12/2001 915. Daniel Bedingfield.. Gotta Get Thru This 8/12/2001 916. Robbie Williams and Nicole Kidman.. Somethin' Stupid 22/12/2001 2002 917. Aaliyah.. More Than A Woman 19/1/2002 918. George Harrison.. My Sweet Lord 26/1/2002 Feb 919. Enrique Iglesias.. Hero 2/2/2002 (4 weeks) March 920. Westlife.. World Of Our Own 2/3/2002 921. Will Young.. Anything Is Possible / Evergreen 9/3/2002 922. Gareth Gates.. Unchained Melody 30/3/2002 (4 weeks) April 923. Oasis.. The Hindu Times 27/4/2002 May 924. Sugababes.. Freak Like Me 4/5/2002 925. Holly Valance.. Kiss Kiss 11/5/2002 926. Ronan Keating.. If Tomorrow Never Comes 18/5/2002 927. Liberty X.. Just a Little 25/5/2002 June 928. Eminem.. Without Me 1/6/2002 929. Will Young.. Light My Fire 8/6/2002 930. Elvis vs JXL.. A Little Less Conversation 22/6/2002 (4 weeks) July 931. Gareth Gates.. Anyone Of Us (Stupid Mistake) 20/7/2002 Aug 933. Sugababes.. Round Round 24/8/2002 934. Blazin' Squad.. Crossroads 31/8/2002 Sept 935. Atomic Kitten.. The Tide Is High (Get The Feeling) 7/9/2002 936. Pink.. Just Like A Pill 28/9/2002 Oct 937. Will Young & Gareth Gates.. The Long And Winding Road / Suspicious Minds 5/10/2002 938. Las Ketchup.. The Ketchup Song (Asereje) 19/10/2002 939. Nelly feat. Kelly Rowland.. Dilemma 26/10/2002 Nov 940. DJ Sammy & Yanou feat. Do Heaven 9/11/2002 941. Westlife.. Unbreakable 16/11/2002 942. Christina Aguilera.. Dirty 23/11/2002 Dec 943. Daniel Bedingfield.. If You're Not The One 7/12/2002 944. Eminem.. Lose Yourself 14/12/2002 945. Blue feat. Elton John.. Sorry Seems To Be The Hardest Word 21/12/2002 946. Girls Aloud.. Sound Of The Underground 28/12/2002 (4 weeks) 2003 947: David Sneddon: Stop Living The Lie 25/1/2003 Feb 948: Tatu: All The Things She Said 8/2/2003 March 949: Christina Aguilera: Beautiful 8/3/2003 950: Gareth Gates: Spirit In The Sky 22/3/2003 April 951: Room 5 feat. Oliver Cheatham: Make Luv 5/4/2003 May 952: Busted: You Said No 3/5/2003 953: Tomcraft: Loneliness 10/5/2003 954: R Kelly: Ignition 17/5/2003 June 955: Evanescence: Bring Me To Life 14/6/2003 July 956: Beyonce: Crazy In Love 12/7/2003 Aug 957: Daniel Bedingfield: Never Gonna Leave Your Side 2/8/2003 958: Blu Cantrell Feat. Sean Paul: Breathe 9/8/2003 Sept 959: Elton John: Are You Ready For Love? 6/9/2003 960: Black Eyed Peas: Where Is The Love? 13/9/2003 (6 weeks) Oct 961: Sugababes: Hole In The Head 25/10/2003 Nov 962: Fatman Scoop: Be Faithful 1/11/2003 963: Kylie Minogue: Slow 15/11/2003 964: Busted: Crashed The Wedding 22/11/2003 965: Westlife: Mandy 29/11/2003 966: Will Young: Leave Right Now 6/12/2003 967: Kelly & Ozzy Osbourne: Changes 20/12/2003 968: Michael Andrews feat. Gary Jules: Mad World 27/12/2003 2004 969: Michelle McManus: All This Time 17/1/2004 February 970: LMC V U2: Take Me To The Clouds Above 7/2/2004 971: Sam & Mark: With A Little Help From My Friends / Measure Of A Man 21/2/2004 972: Busted: Who's David 28/2/2004 March 973: Peter Andre: Mysterious Girl 6/3/2004 974: Britney Spears: Toxic 13/3/2004 975: DJ Casper Cha Cha Slide 20/3/2004 976: Usher: Yeah 27/3/2004 977: McFly: Five Colours In Her Hair 10/4/2004 978: Eamon: Fk It (I Don't Want You Back) 24/4/2004 (4 weeks) May 979: Frankee: F.U.R.B (F U Right Back) 22/5/2004 June 980: Mario Winans feat. Enya & P.Diddy: I Don't Wanna Know 12/6/2004 981: Britney Spears: Everytime 26/6/2004 July 984: Shapeshifters: Lola's Theme 24/7/2004 985: The Streets: Dry Your Eyes 31/7/2004 August 986: Busted: Thunderbirds / 3AM 7/8/2004 987: 3 Of A Kind: Babycakes 21/8/2004 988: Natasha Bedingfield: These Words 28/8/2004 September 989: Nelly: My Place / Flap Your Wings 11/9/2004 990: Brian McFadden: Real To Me 18/9/2004 991: Eric Prydz: Call On Me 25/9/2004 October 992: Robbie Williams: Radio 16/10/2004 November 993: Ja Rule feat. R.Kelly & Ashanti: Wonderful 6/11/2004 994: Eminem: Just Lose It 13/11/2004 995: U2: Vertigo 20/11/2004 996: Girls Aloud: I'll Stand By You 27/11/2004 December 997: Band Aid 20: Do They Know It's Christmas 11/12/2004 (4 weeks) 2005 998: Steve Brookstein - Against All Odds ..8/1/2005 X Factor winner 999: Elvis Presley - Jailhouse Rock .. 15/1/2005 (No.1 Jan 24th 1958) 1000: Elvis Presley - One Night .. 22/1/2005 (No.1 Jan 30th 1959) 1001:Ciara feat. Petey Pablo - Goodies .. 29/1/2005 February 1002: Elvis Presley - It's Now Or Never .. 5/2/2005 (No.1 Nov 3rd 1960) 1003: Eminem - Like Toy Soldiers .. 12/2/2005 1004: U2 - Sometimes You Cant Make It On Your Own .. 19/2/2005 1005: Jennifer Lopez - Get Right .. 26/2/2005 March 1006: Nelly featuring Tim McGraw - Over and Over .. 5/3/2005 1007: Stereophonics - Dakota .. 12/3/2005 1008: McFly - All About You / You've Got A Friend 19/3/2005 Official Comic Relief single 1009: Tony Christie feat. Peter Kay (Is This The Way To) Amarillo .. 26/3/2005 (7) The 2nd Comic Relief single May 1010: Akon - Lonely .. 14/5/05 (2) 1011: Oasis - Lyla .. 28/5/05 (1) June 1012: Crazy Frog - Axel F .. 05/6/2005 (4) in@ No.1 (First RINGTONE to chart in UK) July 1013: 2Pac feat. Elton John - Ghetto Gospel .. 2/7/2005 1014: James Blunt - You're Beautiful .. 23/7/2005 August 1015: McFly - I'll Be OK .. 27/8/2005 September 1016: Oasis - The Importance Of Being Idle .. 3/9/2005 1017: Gorillaz - Dare .. 10/9/2005 1018: Pussycat Dolls Ft Busta Rhymes - Don't Cha .. 17/9/2005 October 1019: Sugababes - Push The Button .. 8/10/2005 (3) 1020: Arctic Monkeys - I Bet You Look Good On The Dancefloor .. 29/10/2005 (1) .. November 1021: Westlife - You Raise Me Up ..5/11/05 (2) 1022: Madonna - Hung Up .. 19/11/05 (3) December 1023: Pussycat Dolls - Stickwitu ..10/12/05 (2) 1024: Nizlopi - JCB Song .. 24/12/05 (1) 1025: Shayne Ward - That's My Goal .. 31/12/05 (4) in@ No.1 X Factor winner 2006 1026: Arctic Monkeys - When The Sun Goes Down .. 28/1/06 (1) in@ No.1 .. February 1027: Notorious BIG/ P Diddy/ Nelly - Nasty Girl .. 4/2/06 (2) 1028: Meck Ft Leo Sayer - Thunder In My Heart Again .. 18/2/06 (2) in@ No.1 .. March 1029: Madonna - Sorry .. 4/3/06 (1) in@ No.1 1030: Chico - It's Chico Time .. 11/3/06 (2) in@ No.1 1031: Orson - No Tomorrow .. 25/3/06 (1) .. April 1032: NeYo - So Sick .. 1/4/06 (1) 1033: Gnarls Barkley - Crazy .. 8/4/06 (9) in@ No.1 June 1034: Sandi Thom - I Wish I A Punk Rocker .. 10/6/06 (1) .. 1035: Nelly Furtado - Maneater .. 17/6/06 (3) July 1036: Shakira Ft Wyclef Jean - Hips Don't Lie .. 8/7/06 (1) 1037: Lily Allen - Smile .. 15/7/06 (2) 1038: McFly - Don't Stop Me Now/please Please .. 29/7/06 (1) in@ No.1 .. August r/e. : Shakira Ft Wyclef Jean - Hips Don't Lie .. 5/8/06 (4) September 1039: Beyonce Ft Jay-z - Deja Vu .. 2/9/06 (1) 1040: Justin Timberlake - Sexyback .. 9/9/06 (1) in@ No.1.. 1041: Scissor Sisters - I Don't Feel Like Dancin' .. 16/9/06 (4) October 1042: Razorlight - America .. 14/10/06 (1).. 1043: My Chemical Romance - Welcome To The Black Parade .. 21/10/06 (2).. November 1044: McFly - Star Girl .. 4/11/06 (1) in@ No.1 .. 1045: Fedde Le Grand - Put Your Hands Up For Detroit ..11/11/06 (1) .. 1046: Westlife - The Rose .. 18/11/06 (1) in@ No.1 1047: Akon Ft Eminem - Smack That .. 25/11/2006 (1) December 1048: Take That - Patience .. 2/12/2006 (4) 1049: Leona Lewis - A Moment Like This .. 30/12/2006 (4) in@ No.1 .. X Factor winner 2007 1050: Mika - Grace Kelly .. 27/01/07 (5) .. March 1051: Kaiser Chiefs - Ruby .. 03/03/07 (1) .. 1052: Take That - Shine .. 10/03/07 (2) 1053: Sugababes Vs Girls Aloud - Walk This Way .. 24/03/07 (2) The official Comic Relief single 1054: Proclaimers/B.Potter/A.Pipkin - I'm Gonna Be (500 Miles) .. 31/03/07 (3) in@ No.1 also released for the Comic Relief charity. Its sales were double that of the "official" Comic Relief single. April 1055: Timbaland/Nelly Furtado/Justin Timberlake - Give It To Me .. 21/04/07 (1) 1056: Beyonce & Shakira - Beautiful Liar .. 28/04/07 (4) .. May 1057: McFly - Baby's Coming Back/Transylvania .. 19/05/07 (1) in@ No.1 1058: Rihanna ft Jay.Z - Umbrella .. 26/05/07 (10) in@ No.1 August 1059: Timbaland Ft Keri Hilson - The Way I Are .. 4/08/07 (2).. 1060: Robyn With Kleerup - With Every Heartbeat .. 18/08/2007 (1) 1061: Kanye West - Stronger .. 25/08/2007 (2) September 1062: Sean Kingston - Beautiful Girls .. 08/09/2007 (4) October 1063: Sugababes - About You Now .. 06/10/2007 (4) November 1064: Leona Lewis - Bleeding Love .. 03/11/2007 (7) in@ No.1 .. December 1065: Eva Cassidy & Katie Melua - What A Wonderful World .. 22/12/2007 (1) in@ No.1 .. 1066: Leon Jackson - When You Believe .. 29/12/2007 (3) in@ No.1 X Factor winner 2008 1067: Basshunter Ft. Dj Mental Theo - Now You're Gone .. w/e 19/01/2008 (5) February 1068: Duffy - Mercy .. w/e 23/02/2008 (5) in@ No.1 March 1069: Estelle Ft Kanye West - American Boy .. w/e 29/03/2008 (4) in@ No.1 .. April 1070: Madonna Ft Justin Timberlake - 4 Minutes .. w/e 26/04/2008 (4) May 1071: Ting Tings - That's Not My Name .. w/e 24/05/2008 (1) in@ No.1 1072: Rihanna - Take A Bow .. 31/05/2008 (2) June 1073: Mint Royale - Singin' In The Rain .. 14/06/2008 (2) in@ No.1 .. 1074: Coldplay - Viva La Vida .. 28/06/2008 (1) in@ No.1 July 1075: Ne-Yo . - Closer .. 05/07/2008 (1) 1076: Dizzee Rascal /Calvin Harris /Chrome - Dance Wiv Me .. 12/07/2008 (4) in@ No.1 August 1077: Kid Rock - All Summer Long .. 09/08/2008 (1) .. 1078: Katy Perry - I Kissed A Girl .. 16/08/2008 (5) September 1079: Kings Of Leon - Sex On Fire .. 20/09/2008 (3) in@ No.1 .. October 1080: Pink - So What .. 11th Oct (3) November 1081: Girls Aloud - The Promise .. 1st Nov (1) in@ No.1 1082: X Factor Finalists - Hero .. 7th Nov (3) in@ No.1 1083: Beyonce - If I Were A Boy .. 29 Nov (1) December 1084: Take That - Greatest Day .. 06 Dec (1) in@ No.1 .. 1085: Leona Lewis - Run .. 13 Dec (2) in@ No.1 1086: Alexandra Burke - Hallelujah .. 27 Dec (3) [email protected] X Factor winner 2009 1087: Lady Gaga - Just Dance .. w/e Jan 17th (3) February 1088: Lily Allen - The Fear.. w/e Feb 07th (4) in@ No.1 March 1089: Kelly Clarkson - My Life Would Suck Without You.. w/e March 07 (1) in@ No.1 1090: Flo Rida Ft Kesha - Right Round.. w/e March 14 (1) in@ No.1 .. No.2 in the charts .. "Just Can't Get Enough" - The Saturdays .. the first official Comic Relief single not to reach No.1 in 14 years. 1091: Jenkins/West/Jones/Gibb - Islands In The Stream.. w/e March 21 (1) in@ No.1 ..The second Comic Relief 2009 single. 1092: Lady Gaga - Poker Face.. w/e March 28 (3) April 1093: Calvin Harris - I'm Not Alone.. w/e April 18 (2) in@ No.1 May 1094: Tinchy Stryder Ft N-dubz - Number 1.. w/e May 02 (3) in@ No.1 1095: Black Eyed Peas - Boom Boom Pow.. w/e May 23 (1) in@ No.1 1096: Dizzee Rascal / Armand Van Helden - Bonkers.. w/e May 30 (2) in@ No.1 June r/e.. : Black Eyed Peas - Boom Boom Pow.. w/e June 13 (1) 1097: Pixie Lott - Mama Do.. w/e June 20 (1) in@ No.1 1098: David Guetta Ft Kelly Rowland - When Love Takes Over.. w/e June 27 (1) .. July 1099: La Roux - Bulletproof.. w/e July 4 (1) in@ No.1 1100: Cascada - Evacuate The Dancefloor.. w/e 11 July (2) in@ No.1 1101: JLS - Beat Again.. w/e 25 July (1) in@ No.1 August 1102: Black Eyed Peas - I Gotta Feeling.. w/e 08 Aug (1) 1103: Tinchy Stryder Ft Amelle - Never Leave You.. w/e 15 Aug (1) in@ No.1 r/e ..: Black Eyed Peas - I Gotta Feeling.. w/e 22 Aug (1) 1104: David Guetta Ft Akon - Sexy Chick.. w/e 29 Aug (1) in@ No.1 .. September 1105: Dizzee Rascal - Holiday.. w/e 05 Sept (1) in@ No.1 1106: Jay-Z Ft Rihanna & Kanye West - Run This Town.. w/e 12 Sept (1) in@ No.1 .. 1107: Pixie Lott - Boys & Girls.. w/e 19 Sept (1) 1108: Taio Cruz - Break Your Heart.. w/e 26 Sept (3) in@ No.1 October 1109: Chipmunk - Oopsy Daisy.. w/e 17 Oct (1) in@ No.1 .. 1110: Alexandra Burke ft. Flo Rida - Bad Boys .. w/e 24 Oct (1) in@ No.1 .. 1111: Cheryl Cole - Fight For This Love.. w/e 31 Oct (2) in@ No.1 .. November 1112: JLS - Everybody In Love.. w/e 14 Nov (1) in@ No.1 .. 1113: Black Eyed Peas - Meet Me Halfway.. w/e 21 Nov (1) .. 1114: X Factor Finalists 2009 - You Are Not Alone.. w/e 28 Nov (1) in@ No.1 December 1115: Peter Kay's Animated All Star Band - BBC Children In Need Medley.. w/e 05 Dec (2) 1116: Lady Gaga - Bad Romance.. w/e 19 Dec (1) 1117: Rage Against the Machine - Killing In The Name.. w/e 26 Dec (1) in@ No.1 2010 1118: Joe McElderry - The Climb.. w/e 02 Jan (1) X Factor winner r/e....: Lady Gaga - Bad Romance.. w/e 09 Jan (1) .. 1119: Iyaz - Replay.. w/e 16 Jan (2) in@ No.1 1120: Owl City - Fireflies.. w/e 30 Jan (3) .. February 1121: Helping Haiti - Everybody Hurts.. w/e 20 Feb (2) in@ No.1 March 1122: Jason Derulo - In My Head.. w/e 06 March (1) in@ No.1 1123: Tinie Tempah - Pass Out.. w/e 13 March (2) in@ No.1 .. 1124: Lady Gaga ft. Beyoncé - Telephone.. w/e 27 March (2) April 1125: Scouting for Girls - This Ain't A Love Song.. w/e 10 April (2) in@ No.1 .. 1126: Usher ft. will.i.am - OMG.. w/e 24 April (1) May 1127: Diana Vickers - Once.. w/e 01 May (1) in@ No.1 1128: Roll Deep - Good Times.. w/e 08 May (3) in@ No.1 .. 1129: B.o.B ft Bruno Mars - Nothin' On You.. w/e 29 May (1) in@ No.1 June 1130: Dizzee Rascal - Dirtee Disco.. w/e 05 June (1) in@ No.1 .. 1131: David Guetta ft. Chris Willis - Gettin' Over You.. w/e 12 June (1) in@ No.1 .. 1132: Shout ft. Dizzee & James Corden - Shout For England.. w/e 19 June (2) in@ No.1 .. July 1133: Katy Perry ft.Snoop Dogg - California Gurls.. w/e 03 July (2) in@ No.1 .. 1134: JLS - The Club Is Alive.. w/e 17 July (1) in@ No.1 .. 1135: B.o.B ft. Hayley Williams - Airplanes.. w/e 24 July (1) .. 1136: Yolanda Be Cool Vs D Cup - We No Speak Americano.. w/e 31 July (1) .. August 1137: Wanted - All Time Low.. w/e 07 Aug (1) in@ No.1 .. 1138: Ne-Yo - Beautiful Monster.. w/e 14 Aug (1) in@ No.1 .. 1139: Flo Rida Club ft. David Guetta - Can't Handle Me.. w/e 21 Aug (1) 1140: Roll Deep - Green Light.. w/e 28 Aug (1) in@ No.1 .. September 1141: Taio Cruz - Dynamite.. w/e 04 Sept (1) in@ No.1 1142: Olly Murs - Please Don't Let Me Go.. w/e 11 Sept (1) in@ No.1 1143: Alexandra Burke ft. Laza Morgan - Start Without You.. w/e 18 Sept (2) in@ No.1 .. October 1144: Bruno Mars - Just the Way You Are (Amazing).. w/e 02 Oct (1) in@ No.1 .. 1145: Tinie Tempah - Written In The Stars.. w/e 09 Oct (1) in@ No.1 .. 1146: Cee Lo Green - Forget You.. w/e 16 Oct (2) in@ No.1 r/e...: Bruno Mars - Just the Way You Are (Amazing).. w/e 30 Oct (1) .. November 1147: Cheryl Cole - Promise This.. w/e 06 Nov (1) in@ No.1 1148: Rihanna - Only Girl (In The World).. w/e 13 Nov (2) .. 1149: JLS - Love You More.. w/e 27 Nov (1) in@ No.1 . December 1150: The X Factor Finalists 2010 - Heroes.. w/e 04 Dec (2) in@ No.1 . 1151: The Black Eyed Peas - The Time (Dirty Bit).. w/e 18 Dec (1). 1152: Matt Cardle - When We Collide.. w/e 25 Dec (3) in@ No.1 X Factor winner 2011 1153: Rihanna ft. Drake - What's My Name.. w/e 15 Jan (1). 1154: Bruno Mars - Grenade.. w/e 22 Jan (2) in@ No.1. February 1155: Kesha - We R Who We R.. w/e 05 Feb (1) 1156: Jessie J ft. B.o.B - Price Tag.. w/e 12 Feb (2) in@ No.1 1157: Adele - Someone Like You.. w/e 26 Feb (4) March 1158: Nicole Scherzinger - Don't Hold Your Breath.. w/e 26 March (1) in@ No.1 April r/e.,.: Adele - Someone Like You.. w/e 02 April (1) 1159: Jennifer Lopez ft. Pitbull - On The Floor.. w/e 09 April (2) in@ No.1 1160: LMFAO - Party Rock Anthem.. w/e 23 April (4). May 1161: Bruno Mars - The Lazy Song.. w/e 21 May (1). 1162: Pitbull ft. Ne-Yo, Afrojack & Nayer - Give Me Everything.. w/e May 28 (3) June 1163: Example - Changed The Way You Kiss Me.. w/e 18 June (2) in@ No.1. July 1164: Jason Derulo - Don't Wanna Go Home.. w/e 02 July (2) in@ No.1. 1165: DJ Fresh ft. Sian Evans - Louder.. w/e 16 July (1) in@ No.1 1166: The Wanted - Glad You Came.. w/e 23 July (2) in@ No.1 August 1167: JLS ft. Dev - She Makes Me Wanna.. w/e 06 Aug (1) in@ No.1 1168: Cher Lloyd - Swagger Jagger.. w/e 13 Aug (1) in@ No.1 1169: Nero - Promises.. w/e 20 Aug (1) in@ No.1 1170: Wretch 32 ft.Josh Kumra - Don't Go.. w/e 27 Aug (1) in@ No.1 September 1171: Olly Murs ft. Rizzle Kicks - Heart Skips A Beat.. w/e 03 Sept (1) in@ No.1. 1172: Example - Stay Awake.. w/e 10 Sept (1) in@ No.1 1173: Pixie Lott - All About Tonight.. w/e 17 Sept (1) in@ No.1. 1174: One Direction - What Makes You Beautiful.. w/e 24 Sept (1) in@ No.1. October 1175: Dappy - No Regrets.. w/e 01 Oct (1) in@ No.1 1176: Sak Noel - Loca People .. w/e 08 Oct (1) in@ No.1. 1177: Rihanna ft.Calvin Harris - We Found Love .. w/e 15 Oct (3) in@ No.1 . November 1178: Professor Green ft.Emeli Sande - Read All About It .. w/e 05 Nov (2) [email protected] . R / E: Rihanna ft.Calvin Harris - We Found Love .. w/e 26 Nov (3) December 1179: The X Factor Finalists 2011 - Wishing On A Star .. w/e Dec 10 (1) [email protected] 1180: Olly Murs - Dance With Me Tonight .. w/e Dec 17 (1) 1181: Little Mix - Cannonball .. w/e Dec 24 (1) [email protected] X Factor winner 1182: Military Wives with Gareth Malone - Wherever You Are .. w/e Dec 31 (1) [email protected] 2012 1183: Coldplay - Paradise .. w/e Jan 7 (1) 1184: Flo Rida - Good Feeling .. w/e Jan 14 (1) 1185: Jessie J - Domino .. w/e Jan 21 (2) February 1186: Cover Drive - Twilight .. Feb 04 (1) [email protected] 1187: David Guetta ft Sia - Titanium .. Feb 11 (1) 1188: Gotye Somebody ft Kimbra - That I Used To Know .. Feb 18 (1) 1189: DJ Fresh ft. Rita Ora - Hot Right Now .. Feb 25 (1) March R / E: Gotye ft Kimbra - SomebodyThat I Used To Know .. March 03 (4) 1190: Katy Perry - Part Of Me .. March 31 (1) in@ No.1 April 1191: Chris Brown - Turn Up The Music .. April 07 (1) [email protected] 1192: Carly Rae Jepsen - Call Me Maybe .. April 14 (4) May 1193: Tulisa - Young .. w/e May 12 (1) [email protected] 1194: Rita Ora ft.Tinie Tempah - R.I.P .. w/e May 19 (2) [email protected] June 1195: fun ft. Janelle Monae - We Are Young .. w/e June 2 (1) 1196: Rudimental ft. John Newman - Feel The Love .. w/e June 9 (1) [email protected] 1197: Gary Barlow & The Commonwealth Band - Sing .. w/e June 16 (1) 1198: Cheryl - Call My Name .. w/e June 23 (1) [email protected] 1199: Maroon 5 ft. Wiz Khalifa - Payphone .. w/e June 30 (1) [email protected] July 1200: will.i.am ft. Eva Simons - This Is Love .. w/e July 7 (1) [email protected] R / E: Maroon 5 ft.Wiz Khalifa - Payphone .. w/e July 14 (1) 1201: Florence + the Machine (Calvin Harris Mix) - Spectrum (Say My Name) .. w/e July 21 (3) August 1202: Wiley ft. Rymez & Ms D - Heatwave .. w/e Aug 11 (2) [email protected] 1203: Rita Ora - How We Do (Party) .. w/e Aug 25 (1) [email protected] September 1204: Sam and The Womp - Bom Bom .. w/e Sept 01 (1) [email protected] 1205: Little Mix - Wings .. w/e Sept 08 (1) [email protected] 1206: Ne-Yo - Let Me Love You (Until You Learn To Love Yourself) .. w/e Sept 15 (1) [email protected] 1207: The Script feat. will.i.am - Hall Of Fame .. w/e Sept 22 (2) October 1208: PSY - Gangnam Style .. w/e Oct 06 (1) 1209: Rihanna - Diamonds .. w/e Oct 13 (1) [email protected] 1210: Swedish House Mafia ft.John Martin - Don't You Worry Child .. w/e Oct 20 (1) [email protected] 1211: Calvin Harris ft.Florence Welch - Sweet Nothing .. w/e Oct 27 (1) [email protected] November 1212: Labrinth ft. Emeli Sande - Beneath Your Beautiful .. w/e Nov 03 (1) 1213: Robbie Williams - Candy .. w/e Nov 10 (2) [email protected] 1214: One Direction - Little Things .. Nov 24 (1) [email protected] December 1215: Olly Murs ft. Flo Rida - Troublemaker .. Dec 01 (2) [email protected] 1216: Gabrielle Aplin - The Power Of Love .. Dec 15 (1) 1217: James Arthur - Impossible .. Dec 22 (1) [email protected] the fastest-selling X Factor single of all time (to date) reaching 255,000 downloads within 48 hours 1218: The Justice Collective - He Ain't Heavy He's My Brother .. Dec 29 (1) [email protected]. 2013 R/E .: James Arthur - Impossible .. Jan 05 (2) 1219: will.i.am feat. Britney Spears - Scream & Shout .. Jan 19 (2) February 1220: Bingo Players ft. Far East Movement - Get Up (Rattle) .. Feb 02 (2) [email protected] 1221: Macklemore - Thrift Shop .. w/e Feb 16 (1) 1222: Avicii vs Nicky Romero - I Could Be The One .. w/e Feb 23 (1) [email protected] March 1223: One Way Or Another (Teenage Kicks) - One Direction .. w/e March 02 (1) [email protected] The official Comic Relief 2013 single. 1224: Justin Timberlake - Mirrors .. w/e March 09 (3) 1225: The Saturdays ft Sean Paul - What About Us .. March 30 (1) [email protected] April 1226: PJ & Duncan - Let's Get Ready To Rhumble .. April 06 (1) first released July 11th 1994 peaking at No.9. ~ re-released in March 2013, with royalties from sales to be donated to the charity ChildLine. 1227: Duke Dumont ft. AME - Need U (100%) .. April 13 (2) [email protected] 1228: Rudimental ft. Ella Eyre - Waiting All Night .. April 27 (1) [email protected] May 1229: Daft Punk ft. Pharrell Williams - Get Lucky .. May 04 (4) June 1230: Naughty Boy ft. Sam Smith - La La La .. June 01 (1) [email protected] 1231: Robin Thicke ft. Pharrell Williams & T.I. - Blurred Lines .. June 08 (4) [email protected] July 1232: Icona Pop ft. Charli XCX - I Love It .. July 06 (1) [email protected] 1233: John Newman - Love Me Again .. July 13 (1) [email protected] R/E .: Robin Thicke ft. Pharrell Williams & T.I. - Blurred Lines .. July 20 (1) 1234: Avicii - Wake Me Up .. July 27 (3) [email protected] August 1235: Miley Cyrus - We Can't Stop .. Aug 17 (1) [email protected] 1236: Ellie Goulding - Burn .. Aug 24 (3) [email protected] September 1237: Katy Perry - Roar .. Sept 14 (2) [email protected] 1238: Jason Derulo ft. 2 Chainz - Talk Dirty .. Sept 28 (2) [email protected] October 1239: OneRepublic - Counting Stars .. Oct 12 (1) 1240: Miley Cyrus - Wrecking Ball .. Oct 19 (1) [email protected] R/E .: OneRepublic - Counting Stars .. Oct 26 (1) November 1241: Lorde - Royals .. Nov 02 (1) [email protected] 1242: Eminem ft Rihanna - The Monster .. Nov 09 (1) [email protected] 1243: Storm Queen - Look Right Through .. Nov 16 (1) 1244: Martin Garrix - Animals .. Nov 23 (1) [email protected] 1245: Lily Allen - Somewhere Only We Know .. Nov 30 (1) December 1246: Calvin Harris/Alesso/Hurts - Under Control .. Dec 07 (1) [email protected] R/E .:.Lily Allen - Somewhere Only We Know .. Dec 14 (2) 1247: Sam Bailey - Skyscaper .. Dec 28 (1) [email protected] Xmas No.1 2014 1248: Pharrell Williams - Happy .. Jan 04 (1). 1249: Pitbull ft Kesha - Timber .. Jan 11 (1) [email protected]. R/E .: Pharrell Williams - Happy .. Jan 18 (2). February 1250: Clean Bandit ft. Jess Glynne - Rather Be .. Feb 01 (4) [email protected] March 1251: Sam Smith - Money On My Mind .. March 01 (1) [email protected]. R/E .: Pharrell Williams - Happy .. March 08 (1). 1252: Route 94 ft. Jess Glynne - My Love .. March 15 (1) [email protected]. 1253: DVBBS & Borgeous ft Tinie Tempah - Tsunami (Jump) .. March 22 (1) [email protected]. 1254: Duke Dumont ft Jax Jones - I Got U .. March 29 (1) [email protected] April 1255: 5 Seconds Of Summer - She Looks So Perfect .. April 05 (1) [email protected]. 1256: Aloe Blacc - The Man .. April 12 (1) [email protected]. 1257: Sigma - Nobody To Love .. April 19 (1) [email protected]. 1258: Kiesza - Hidaway .. April 26 (1) [email protected] May 1259: Mr Probz - Waves .. May 03 (1) [email protected]. 1260: Calvin Harris - Summer .. May 10 (1) [email protected]. R/E .: Mr Probz - Waves .. May 17 (1). 1261: Rita Ora - I Will Never Let You Down .. May 24 (1) [email protected]. 1262: Sam Smith - Stay With Me .. May 31 (1) [email protected] June 1263: Secondcity - I Wanna Feel .. June 07 (1) [email protected] 1264: Ed Sheeran - Sing .. June 14 (1) [email protected] 1265: Ella Henderson - Ghost .. June 21 (2) [email protected] July 1266: Oliver Heldens & Becky Hill - Gecko (Overdrive) .. July 05 (1) [email protected] 1267: Ariana Grande ft Iggy Azalea - Problem .. July 12 (1) [email protected] 1268: Will.i.am ft. Cody Wise - It's My Birthday .. July 19 (1) [email protected] 1269: Rixton - Me And My Broken Heart .. July 26 (1) [email protected] August 1270: Cheryl Cole ft Tinie Tempah - Crazy Stupid Love .. Aug 02 (1) [email protected] 1271: Magic - Rude .. Aug 09 (1) 1272: Nico & Vinz - Am I Wrong .. Aug 16 (2) 1273: David Guetta ft. Sam Martin - Lovers On The Sun .. Aug 30 (1) [email protected] September 1274: Lilly Wood & Robin Schulz - Prayer in C .. Sept 06 (2) . 1275: Calvin Harris ft. John Newman - Blame .. Sept 20 (1) [email protected] 1276: Sigma ft. Paloma Faith - Changing .. Sept 27 (1) October 1277: Jesse J / Grande / Minaj - Bang Bang .. Oct 04 (1) [email protected] . 1278: Meghan Trainor - All About That Bass .. Oct 11 (4) . November 1279: Ed Sheeran - Thinking Out Aloud .. Nov 08 (1) 1280: Cheryl - I Don't Care - Cheryl .. Nov 15 (1) [email protected] 1281: Gareth Malone's All Star Choir - Wake Me Up .. Nov 22 (1) [email protected] 1282: Band Aid 30 - Do They Know It's Christmas .. Nov 29 (1) [email protected] December 1283: Take That - These Days .. Dec 06 (1) [email protected] R/E:.: Ed Sheeran - Thinking Out Aloud .. Dec 13 (1) 1284: Mark Ronson ft. Bruno Mars - Uptown Funk .. Dec 20 (1) [email protected] 1285: Ben Haenow - Something I Need .. Dec 27 (1) [email protected] 2015 R/E:.: Mark Ronson ft. Bruno Mars - Uptown Funk .. Jan 03 (6) February 1286: Ellie Goulding - Love Me Like You Do .. Feb 14 (4) [email protected] March 1287: Years & Years - King .. March 14 (1) [email protected] 1288: Sam Smith ft.John Legend - Lay Me Down .. March 21 (2) [email protected] April 1289: Jess Glynne - Hold My Hand .. April 04 (3) [email protected] 1290: Wiz Khalifa ft. Charlie Puth - See You Again .. April 25 (2) May 1291: OMI - Cheerleader .. May 09 (4) June 1292: Jason Derulo - Want To Want Me .. June 06 (4) [email protected] July 1293: Tinie Tempah ft Jesse Glynne - Not Letting Go .. July 04 (1) WEEK ENDING DATE CHANGES TO FRIDAYS 1294: Lost Frequences - Are You With Me .. July 09 (1) 1295: David Zowie - House Every Weekend .. July 16 (1) 1296: Little Mix - Black Magic .. July 23 (3) [email protected] August 1297: One Direction - Drag Me Down .. Aug 13 (1) [email protected] 1298: Charlie Puth ft Meghan Trainor - Marvin Gaye .. Aug 20 (1) 1299: Jess Glynne - Don't Be So Hard on Yourself .. Aug 27 (1) September 1300: Rachel Platten - Fight Song .. Sept 03 (1) 1301: Justin Bieber - What Do You Mean .. Sept 10 (1) [email protected] 1302: Sigala - Easy Love .. Sept 17 (1) R/E:.: Justin Bieber - What Do You Mean .. Sept 24 (2) October 1303: Sam Smith - Writing On The Wall .. Oct 08 (1) [email protected]. R/E:.: Justin Bieber - What Do You Mean .. Oct 15 (2) 1304: KDA ft Tinie Tempah & Katy B - Turn The Music Louder (Rumble) .. Oct 29 (1) [email protected] November 1305: Adele - Hello .. Nov 05 (3) [email protected] 1306: Justin Bieber - Sorry .. Nov 26 (2) December 1307: Justin Bieber - Love Yourself .. Dec 10 (3) 1308: Lewisham & Greenwich NHS Choir - A Bridge Over You .. Dec 31 (1) [email protected] 2016 January R/E:.: Justin Bieber - Love Yourself .. Jan 07 (3) Jan 8th - Jan 14th Justin Bieber holds the 1st, 2nd, 3rd position on the charts; a first in UK chart history 1309: Shawn Mendes - Stitches . . Jan 28 (2) February 1310: Zayn - Pillowtalk . . Feb 11 (1) in@ No.1 1311: Lukas Graham - 7 Years . . Feb 18 (5) March 1312: Mike Posner - I Tool A Pill In Ibiza .. March 24 (4) April 1313: Drake ft. Wizkid & Kyla - One Dance .. April 21 (15) August 1314: Major Lazer/Justin Beiber/Mo - Cold Water .. Aug 04 (5) September 1315: Chainsmoker ft Halsey - Closer .. Sept 08 (4) October 1316: James Arthur - Say You Won't Let Go .. Oct 06 (3) 1317: Little Mix - Shout Out To My Ex .. Oct 27 (3) [email protected] November 1318: Clean Bandit - Rockabye .. Nov 17 (9) Christmas No.1 2017 January 1319: Ed Sheeran - Shape Of You .. w/e Jan 19 (1) [email protected] "Shape of You" and Ed Sheeran's "Castle on the Hill" debuted on UK Singles Chart at No1 & No.2, the first time in history an artist has taken the top two chart positions with new releases. UPDATED: January 13th 2016. A FEW FACTS (UK Singles charts) Most Consecutive Weeks at No.1 16 weeks: Bryan Adams - (Everything I Do) I Do It For You .. 1991 Most Weeks at No.1 18 weeks: Frankie Laine's - I Believe In 1953 it topped the chart on three separate occasions Longest Time For A Track To Get To No.1 33 Years, 3 Months, and 27 Days. Tony Christie "(Is This The Way To) Amarillo" w/e November 27th 1971 - it reached No.18. w/e March 26th 2005 - it reached No.1 with the re-release, after comedian Peter Kaye sung the song and made an amusing video with it, featuring many other celebrities. It was in aid of Comic Relief. it beat the previous record of 29 Years, 1 Month, and 11 Days Jackie Wilson -"Reet Petite (The Sweetest Girl in Town)" the original subtitle: (The Finest Girl You Ever Want To Meet) w/e November 15th 1957 - it reached No.6 in the UK charts w/e December 29th 1986 - it reached No.1 , two years after his death, when it was re-released after being used on an advert for Levi Jeans . Until 1983, the chart was made available on Tuesdays. Due to improved technology, from January 1983 it was released on the Sunday. The convention of using Saturday as the 'week-ending' date has remained constant throughout. JULY 2015 .. WEEK-ENDING DATE CHANGES TO THURSDAYS AND RELEASED ON FRIDAYS Information up to 2004 is from the "Guinness Book of British Hit Singles & Albums" 2004 onwards from BBC Radio 1 *****************************************	i don't know
Who did Monica marry in the TV series Friends ?	Monica Geller-Bing \| Friends Central \| Fandom powered by Wikia I KNOW! ” Monica Geller (born April 22, 1969) is a fictional character on the popular U.S. television sitcom Friends (1994–2004), played by Courteney Cox . Monica was known as the "Mother Hen" of the group and her Greenwich Village apartment was one of the group's main gathering places. Contents [ show ] Background Monica was born April 22, 1969. Monica is Ross's younger sister, and the daughter of Jack and Judy Geller . Monica, like the rest of her family, is Jewish. She had a slightly difficult childhood, characterized by the bickering which took place between her and her brother (some culminating in memorable events such as the Geller Cup , which took place every Thanksgiving). She also had, and still has, a difficult relationship with her parents, who unconsciously favor Ross over her on various occasions. (Her father did try to fix this by giving her his Porsche in " The One Where Rosita Dies "). High school was a difficult time for Monica, who gained a substantial amount of weight and peaked at 255 pounds. She had few friends; her best friend being Rachel Green . For prom, she even had a date: Roy Gublik . Her first kiss, however, was (by accident) her brother, Ross. [5] She met Chandler Bing at her parents' house on Thanksgiving Day, 1987. She initially had a crush on him (even became a chef because he told her that he liked her macaroni) until she overheard him referring to her as Ross's "fat sister." The shock was so great for her that she became determined to take off all her extra weight by the next time he would see her. She accomplished this goal by Thanksgiving, 1988. [6] She unintentionally got back at him by dropping a knife and severing one of his toes during a failed attempt to seduce him. After college, Monica pursued life in New York as a chef at Iridium . She also lived with Phoebe Buffay , across the hall from Chandler. Phoebe moved out because she was worried that their friendship would suffer due to Monica's obsessive tidiness. She had a crush on Joey Tribbiani when he first moved in with Chandler, although he repelled her by stripping naked in her apartment the day they met. [7] Personality This section is (partially) copied from Wikipedia . There may be an updated version available. While she is kind, caring and friendly, Monica is perhaps most notorious for her obsessive cleanliness (classifying places by cleanliness, where 'Monica-clean' is even cleaner than 'Health-Department-clean' [8] ). She is also known to talk abnormally loudly (such as in The One With The Apothecary Table ) and for her bossiness and unnatural organizational skills (such as The One On The Last Night ). Phoebe and Rachel also call her high-maintenance. [9] Aside from being a neat-freak, Monica can also be bossy and somewhat competitive, hating to lose in competitions. Cleanliness and Orderliness "Neat Freak" Monica is comically obsessive about the state of her apartment. She loves cleaning, describing a dry-cleaning establishment as her Disneyland. This personality trait becomes progressively exaggerated as the series progresses. Examples of this tendency include: In The One With The Embryos , we learn that she organizes towels into 11 categories, including "everyday use", "fancy", "guest", and "fancy guest". Later, boxes can be seen with other categories, "kitchen", "old", and "beach". This leaves 4 of the 11 categories unknown to the audience. She cleans the toilet 17 times a day (even if someone is using it). She labels everything, from dishes to photographs. She even numbers the mugs in her kitchen so that if one of them goes missing, she will know which one is missing. She tries acting like a kook. She pretends that she doesn't care that she has left her shoes in the living room, only to be rendered unable to sleep because she's left to wonder if she should go out and get them. She becomes anxious when Rachel moves the green ottoman while cleaning the apartment. Chandler says to Rachel, "Thank God you didn't try to fan out the magazines. I mean, she'll scratch your eyes right out." She has admitted to purchasing car-cleaning supplies because there was a dirty car parked out front of the building. She washed it... and six others. [10] When Monica tries to force Rachel to go to the eye doctor, Rachel knocks over a box of cereal in an attempt to distract Monica. Monica pretends that she isn't bothered by this, only to turn around and whine to Chandler about it before she leaves with Rachel. (Chandler agrees to clean up the mess.) [11] On Rachel's last night in the apartment, she fails to pack when she is supposed to. She defends herself by claiming that packing her belongings is a gift for Monica. Monica is happy to hear this, and she even apologizes for not getting Rachel a gift. She is obsessive to the point that she cleans her cleaning supplies, using a Dustbuster to remove dirt from a vacuum cleaner and wishing there was a smaller vacuum to clean the Dustbuster. When Phoebe says they can't meet because she is "cleaning and organizing" her apartment before Monica "forgets" and goes to Phoebe's apartment with her label maker. After her birthday party, Rachel offers to help Monica clean up. Monica replies, "Are you kidding? You had your party. Now I'll have mine!" [12] When she finds out that Phoebe has brought rats to Rachel's birthday party, Monica is rendered shell-shocked and she mutters to herself, "So this is what a stroke feels like." When Rachel tells Phoebe about her kiss with Gavin , Monica asks how she didn't see it when it was on her balcony. Phoebe replies, "It was after the party. You were probably ironing the wrapping paper." Monica looks offended, but then replies, "Oh, yeah," reminiscing happily. [13] Chandler cleans the apartment as a surprise for Monica. Ross sees him doing this and says that Monica will kill Chandler if everything is not back in exactly the same place. Monica returns home after a hard day at work and notices that the apartment is different, even though it appears the same. Monica discovers that none of Chandler's CDs are in the right cases when he states, "If I can't find the right case, I just put it in the nearest one." Monica responds nervously, "Okay. No need to panic. Deep breaths, everyone. I'll just have to spend some time putting them back in the right cases." In " The One With The Stain ", Monica comes home to find that the apartment has been cleaned... but not by Chandler. Monica asks, "Oh, no. Was I cleaning in my sleep again?" Chandler replies, "I got a maid." Monica nervously says, "I hope that by 'maid', you mean 'mistress.' 'Cause if some other woman was here cleaning, then --" Chandler tells her, "Honey, I know you don't like to relinquish control." Monica argues, " 'Relinquish' is just a fancy word for 'lose'!" When she becomes anxious about the maid, she tells Chandler, "Usually when I'm this anxious, I clean!" In " The One With Rachel's Other Sister ", Rachel and her sister, Amy, have a fight. Rachel accidentally breaks a plate from Monica's and Chandler's wedding china, causing Monica to nearly faint. In " The One Where Ross Is Fine ", Monica and Chandler are given a binder about adoption, which is perfectly neat and organized. Monica whispers to Chandler, "I think I just had a tiny orgasm." She also forces Chandler wash his hands before he touches the binder because, "It's so pretty and white." When Monica and Chandler discuss having a baby, Monica panics that the baby's stuff will take up so much space that there will be no room for the "ribbon drawer," causing her to scream, "Where will all the ribbons go?!" Chandler suggests they make a baby right now before Monica changes her mind, and Monica says she might have to fake it because she's, "a little shook up." One of the reasons why Monica is able to keep such a clean apartment is because she has a secret closet full of junk. She is deeply ashamed of this, calling herself "sick." She will not allow Chandler to put anything in the closet because he might mess it up. [14] When Chandler is searching for a job, Monica spends "eight hours with [her] label maker," organizing a file system in which she has researched and written about tons of different job fields. Chandler ends up picking the first one and apologizes for all her wasted hard work, to which Monica replies that it was immensely fun and she doesn't mind at all. At one point, Monica is excited about organizing all the photos. She shows Rachel a prototype: a picture of her old dog at her birthday party. Monica says she can find the picture under "birthdays," "dogs," or "dead." When Monica asks Rachel to pass her the box of organized photos and Rachel accidentally spills them, Monica freaks out. While dating Monica, Richard makes the bed as a surprise for his girlfriend. Monica remakes it, explaining that the label should be on the other side and going into detail about the other mistakes. When Ross dates a girl with an unbelievably messy apartment and finally breaks it off with her, Monica shows up at her door with a bucket full of soap suds and a broom. She asks the woman if she can clean her apartment, saying she won't be able to sleep if the woman doesn't let her clean it. When the door is slammed in her face, Monica decides to clean the door frame instead. In " The One With The Two Parties ", Monica hosts Rachel's birthday party and has everyone write down their most embarrassing memory. She repeatedly reminds everyone to put the covers back on the markers, or they'll dry up. Competitiveness Monica is highly competitive, allegedly throwing a plate in a fit of rage during a game of Pictionary and claiming "rules help control the fun!" When Joey and Ross were casually tossing a ball back and forth, Monica joined in and threw the ball too hard at Ross to which he exclaimed, "Monica, stop throwing the ball so hard! We're on the same team." Sometimes, however, she takes her competitive nature too far. One dramatic example of this was when Monica impulsively gambled her and Rachel's apartment during a trivia game created by Ross. When she and Rachel then lost the final question, they were forced to swap apartments with Chandler and Joey. However, they won their apartment back several months later by agreeing to kiss for one minute. Monica also demonstrates athletic prowess, which, coupled with her competitive streak, makes her formidable, especially in foosball. During the group's trip to Barbados , Monica became obsessed with beating Phoebe's boyfriend, Mike , at table tennis, and the two became engaged in a marathon match, lasting hours. Sometimes, however, Monica becomes too rough. While attempting to give Chandler a sensuous massage, she hurts him to the point of his crying out. Later during the episode she becomes very upset that she "loses" at giving massages until Chandler says, "You give the worlds best worst massages," which immensely cheers her up. [15] Moreover, she held firm in an arm wrestle against Chandler. [16] Also, in their youth, Monica broke Ross's nose when a game of touch football turned ugly in an attempt to win the " Geller Cup ." The cup was thrown into a nearby lake. What Ross didn't know was that Monica jumped into the lake to retrieve it. [17] In the series finale, while trying to rescue the birds Joey bought, she managed to destroy the foosball table, without using tools for most of the process. Monica's competitiveness could stem from her constant attempts to make her parents proud of her, and for her to be praised, as opposed to living in Ross's shadow all the time. It could also stem from her childhood and teenage insecurities, particularly as her best friend, Rachel, was a popular school diva with several boyfriends, whereas Monica was obese and relatively unliked. Bossiness Monica is notoriously bossy, and she is often referred to as such by her friends. Her controlling behavior is best seen in her relationship with Chandler, where she frequently wins the upper hand in their disputes. After becoming a couple, Chandler asks, "So I really don't get to win [arguments] anymore?" Monica replies, "How often did you ever really win, anyway?" Chandler has notably won a dispute with Monica. After finding that her parents have squandered her wedding fund, Monica turns to Chandler for help. He reveals that he has a considerable amount of money, and he is outraged when Monica wants to spend the entire fortune on the wedding. Chandler refuses, and Monica later apologizes. [18] The following are more examples of Monica's controlling behavior: When she becomes Phoebe's wedding planner, she drives Phoebe insane by barking orders military style. She ruins the rehearsal dinner by rushing Phoebe through her speech and making sure everything is spotlessly perfect, even if no one likes it. Phoebe becomes fed up and fires Monica in front of everyone. Monica and Phoebe co-ordinate Rachel's surprise birthday party. Monica takes charge of everything except cups and ice, for which she gives Phoebe responsibility. To pay Monica back, Phoebe surprises her by bringing hundreds of plastic cups (which she even decorates with) and various types of ice, including crushed, cubed, and dry mystical. [19] While Monica and Phoebe are living together, Monica apologizes to Phoebe for leaving lipstick on the phone. When Phoebe tells her that she didn't, Monica replies, "Oh. Well, then it must have been you." [7] Series arc In the first episode, Rachel goes to Monica after leaving Barry at the altar. Rachel decides, more or less without any consultation with Monica, to move in with her. During the season, Monica and Rachel once again become best friends. In fact, Rachel lives with Monica for another four years. Monica also hosts Thanksgiving for the first time that year. This fails, as everyone wants to do something else and the food burns. In " The One With The Fake Monica ", when Monica's credit card is stolen, she, along with Phoebe and Rachel, decide to catch the thief, but Monica begins a friendship with her in attempt to make her life more interesting, but the pretender gets put in jail. In the pre-ultimate episode , Monica's nephew is born and she is very pleased with her brother's newborn son. Season 2 Monica E. Geller The season doesn't start very well for Monica. Ross is dating Julie , not knowing that Rachel has fallen for him. Monica becomes friends with Julie for Ross' sake, which causes problems between her and Rachel. Monica also loses her job and she remains single for quite some time. When Monica sees that Ross intended to take Rachel to their high-school prom when Rachel's date, Chip Matthews didn't turn up, she feels proud and is very pleased to see her brother and best friend start a romantic relationship. When she caters a party for a friend of her father, Richard Burke , she falls in love with him. This is the start of a long-term relationship, with a lot of troubles: They had to face revealing their relationship to Monica's parents, who don't like the idea of them dating because of the age difference. [20] Richard bonds with Joey and Chandler, which interferes with his quality time with Monica. The problem is solved when it's revealed that they see him as a father-figure. [21] Monica also reluctantly takes a job at Moondance Diner , where she has to wear a blonde wig, roller skates and massive fake breasts. In the season finale, Richard admits that he doesn't see kids in their future because he dislikes the idea of his life 'just beginning' when their children go to college since he would be an old man. Monica, who wants to have children, breaks up with him. Later, she describes getting over him as one of the hardest things she ever had to do. [22] Season 3 It is at the Moondance Diner that Monica meets Julio, a waiter, who loves to write poems. Julio writes a poem about an empty vase, which Monica and her friends believe is a metaphor for Monica. Julio admits that the poem is about the vapidity of American women in general, and Monica dumps him because of his offensive poem. When Rachel and Ross break up, Monica becomes very distraught. [23] She (along with Phoebe, Joey and Chandler) also finds herself caught in the crossfire when the bitter exes constantly bicker. Monica meets Pete Becker , a man who made billions from designing a widely-used software. Pete courts her, but Monica insists that she is not attracted to him. He wins her over, and they have their first date in Italy for pizza. She still does not have feelings for him. Later, he offers her the head chef position at a restaurant he has bought. Monica won't take the job, because she thinks he still has feelings for her and doesn't want to hurt him. Pete kisses her when she tries to leave, and Monica finally becomes attracted to him. They date for a couple of months, until Pete's obsession with becoming the next Ultimate Fighting Champion leads Monica to call it off. [24] When Monica becomes despondent due to being single once more, Chandler offers to be her boyfriend ... which she finds laughable. While on vacation in Montauk, he tries to convince her to tell her why she's so opposed to him being her boyfriend and he also attempts to help her to realize that he would make a good boyfriend. Season 4 When Monica has to visit the eye doctor, she gets a surprise: Timothy Burke , the son of Richard, works at his father's practice. They become attracted to each other and decide to date. When she invites him to celebrate Thanksgiving together, they break up because it's too weird for them both after they share a kiss that reminds Monica of kissing Richard. When Monica writes a terrible restaurant review, the owner tracks her down and confronts her. After she shows him how to cook, she is offered the job of head chef. She decides to take the job, and is instantly hated by the staff because she is replacing their relative. Monica hires Joey for the sole purpose of firing him in front of his co-workers so she will come across as someone they shouldn't mess with. The plan works, and the staff decide to treat Monica with respect. In an escalated contest between Monica, Rachel, Joey and Chandler, Monica bets the apartment. Rachel and Monica lose the contest, and they are forced to switch apartments with Joey. Monica tries to make the best of the situation by typing out the carpets and refinishing the hardwood floors underneath to make the apartment nicer for her and Rachel, but it is later revealed that she is sleeping in a ball on the floor in Chandler's former room, due to the fact that it's too small for her bed. A few months later, Monica and Rachel win their old apartment back by sharing a one-minute kiss in front of Joey and Chandler. In the season finale , Monica becomes depressed at Ross and Emily's rehearsal dinner. For one thing, Ross is getting married for a second time while Monica doesn't even have a boyfriend. Not only that, but her mother chips away at Monica's ego by suggesting that she'll never get married. Finally. a stranger at the rehearsal dinner mistakes Monica for Ross's mother. Deciding that a night of meaningless sex will make her feel better, Monica searches for Joey, but finds Chandler instead. [25] When Chandler attempts to console her, telling her he thinks she is the most beautiful woman he's seen, Monica throws herself at him and spends the night with him. The next day, things are quite awkward between them. When they meet up at the wedding, they agree that sleeping together was a stupid thing to do. But this is not enough to keep them from agreeing to meet up again. Season 5 Chandler and Monica agree that they won't have sex again once they get back to New York, but decide there's no reason they can't keep doing it as long as they're in London. But every time they try to find a place to be together, they are interrupted. Upon their return to New York, they initially agree to stick to their "not in New York" rule. Moments after Chandler leaves her apartment, Monica starts to follow after him. She stops just before reaching the door, only to have Chandler re-enter her apartment and say, "I'm still on London time. Does that count?" Monica enthusiastically agrees that it counts, and they kiss. [6] Chandler and Monica decide to hide their relationship from the others, but eventually everyone finds out. Joey is the first to discover the relationship, and he is also the only one to actually figure it out without either hearing them or seeing them together. When Chandler and Monica return from a disastrous weekend get-away, they both tell Joey that they saw Donald Trump waiting for an elevator. The hotel calls and leaves a message for Chandler, announcing that they found an eyelash curler in his room. When Monica mentions that she lost her eyelash curler, Joey puts the evidence together and realizes that Monica and Chandler are involved. The couple drag him into a bedroom and beg him to keep their secret, which he agrees to. Rachel finds out about the relationship when she overhears a conversation between Monica and Chandler on the phone. Phoebe, who is standing in Ugly Naked Guy's apartment, discovers the relationship when she sees Chandler and Monica having sex in the ladies' apartment across the street. Rachel and Phoebe decide to mess with Monica and Chandler to expose their relationship and to pay them back for keeping it a secret, resulting in an escalating game of chicken where Phoebe and Chandler pretend they want to sleep with each other and hope that the other will back out first. When things get as far as a kiss, Chandler breaks and tells Phoebe he can't have sex with her because he's in love with Monica. Monica hears this and tells him that she loves him, too. Ross finds out when he's showing his boss, Donald, his new apartment ... which just happens to be the place where Ugly Naked Guy used to live. Monica and Chandler decide to take a trip to Vegas to celebrate their anniversary. This doesn't go really well at first: Phoebe accidentally lets it slip that Monica had lunch with Richard Burke, which makes Chandler jealous. Chandler and Monica make up and start gambling in the casino. They make the ultimate bet: If Monica throws a hard eight, they'll get married. When Monica throws a hard eight, they start making plans to get married. They steal a blue sweatshirt from the hotel gift shop so that Monica will have something new, borrowed, and blue, before they go to a wedding chapel. They are waiting their turn to go in and get married when they see a very drunk Ross and Rachel stumbling out of the chapel. Season 6 Instead of getting married, Chandler and Monica decide to move in with each other. Their decision forces Rachel to move out of the apartment and to live with Phoebe. The couple argue about what they should do with the spare bedroom: Chandler wants to turn it into a game room, while Monica wants to turn it into a guest room. (Monica wins, of course.) Things become tense during Thanksgiving dinner, due to the fact that Monica's parents (who don't know that Monica and Chandler are dating) don't like Chandler. Chandler's plan is to be very charming and to make them like him, then tell them that he is dating Monica and that he is living with her. He sucks up to the Gellers, who don't like Chandler because Ross told them that Chandler smoked pot while in college. Ross finally admits that he was the one who was smoking pot and that he falsely accused Chandler to protect himself. The Gellers take a liking to Chandler and thank him for standing by Ross during his "drug problems" and for "taking on Monica as well." Chandler wants to propose to Monica during a romantic dinner, but the evening is ruined by Richard Burke. Things become worse when Chandler says that he doesn't want to get married at all, wanting to throw Monica off the track so his marriage proposal will be a surprise. Richard shows up at the restaurant where Monica works and declares his love for her, saying that he wants to marry her. Monica becomes conflicted, torn between the two men who love her. Her confusion is ended when Joey tells her about Chandler's plans, and she accepts Chandler's proposal. Season 7 Monica and Chandler start to prepare for their wedding, which causes all kinds of problems: Monica's parents have spent her wedding fund on the beach house. Monica attempts to convince Chandler to use his savings to pay for her dream wedding, which is something he initially refuses to do. The problem is resolved when Chandler tells Monica about his dreams for them, and Monica realizes that she doesn't want a wedding. Instead, she wants the same thing Chandler does: a marriage. They can't take a good engagement picture, because Chandler always looks weird. This problem is solved when he is replaced by Joey. They can't find a decent minister for the wedding, which leads to Joey agreeing to become officiated so he can marry them. Monica finds the dress of her dreams, but another bride-to-be wants the same dress. The other bride books The Swing Kings for her wedding reception, and she is only willing to let Chandler and Monica have the band for their reception if Monica gives up her dress. The problem is resolved when Monica puts Chandler's dream ahead of her own, exchanging her dream dress for Chandler's dream band. The wedding itself is a bit problematic as well: Chandler's parents can't get along. Chandler panics when he hears someone refer to him and Monica as "The Bings," triggering his fear of marriage and causing him to go into hiding. Phoebe finds a pregnancy test in the garbage in Monica's bathroom, assuming that Monica is pregnant. Joey is stuck at the set of the movie he's shooting, and he almost misses out on his chance to perform the ceremony. Season 8 Monica and Chandler are finally married, and Monica gets out of control as she unwraps all the wedding presents without Chandler. While Rachel's pregnancy has just began, Monica is very excited to learn that her brother is the father of her best friend's child (Meaning she will be a blood-related aunt to the child). After she and Chandler go on their honeymoon and meet another married couple, Craig and Jenny, Monica stresses about the fact that they gave her and Chandler a fake phone number. (It turns out that Craig and Jenny gave them an outdated number.) While Rachel is at the end of her pregnancy, Monica and Phoebe bet on when the baby will be born. Monica always bets that it will be very soon, losing lots of money to Phoebe. Ross and Rachel join in on the bet, and Monica loses to them as well. While Rachel is in labor, Monica and Chandler decide they want to have a child and try to make one in a janitor's closet. Rachel finally gives birth to her and Ross's baby Emma and Monica is very pleased with her newborn niece. Season 9 Monica and Chandler decide to have babies, but Chandler accidentally takes a job in Tulsa (he fell asleep in a meeting). This restricts their time for trying, but Chandler only needs to stay in Tulsa for 4 days a week. Monica almost goes with him, but she accepts her dream job in New York, meaning she stays in New York while Chandler is living in two cities. The two manage, but after being forced to stay away at Christmas and New Years Eve, Chandler quits and moves back. . After trying for the year, they decide to visit a fertility clinic. Heartbroken over the fact that the chances of them conceiving a child are slim to none, they discuss their options. Season 10 Having decided to adopt a child, Monica and Chandler meet Erica. In the final episode, Erica gives birth to twins: a boy and a girl. Monica and Chandler name the boy baby Jack, after Monica's father, and they name the girl baby Erica, after the girl who gives birth to their children. Wanting to provide their children with the ideal family life, Chandler and Monica move into a house in Westchester. In the last episode, Monica is very happy to see her brother and best friend get back together for good. Friendships Rachel Green One of Monica's closest friends was Rachel, her friend since they were 6. In their high school years, it is revealed that Rachel was a popular cheerleader with a string of boyfriends, while Monica was her less attractive and overweight best friend. They lost contact for a number of years, but became close again when Rachel left Barry Farber before their wedding and chose to move in with Monica. It is revealed that Monica didn't expect to become close friends with Rachel again: During a flashback episode, [7] set in 1993, Monica and Rachel have a chance encounter that results in Monica remarking: "Ten bucks says I'll never see that woman again in my life." During the period that they lived together, Rachel is revealed to be an exceptionally good roommate. As Monica tells Phoebe, Rachel has sweet little quirks, such as folding back the pages in catalogues of things she thinks Monica would like. She also leaves messages on the mirror when Monica takes a shower, and lets Monica borrow her hundred-plus pairs of boots. Monica grows very concerned when she overhears Rachel and Ross furiously arguing after she discovers that he slept with another woman, and cries when she hears an emotional Rachel break up with a devastated Ross. Joey Tribbiani Monica meets Joey in the hallway, as he is leaving Chandler's apartment after discussing the possibilities of becoming his new roommate. Monica takes a liking to Joey, but loses interest when he strips naked in her apartment after assuming that she wants to have sex with him. In Season 7 episode " The One With The Truth About London ", Phoebe reveals that Monica was looking for Joey instead of Chandler on the night that she and Chandler slept together. In season 1, Monica states that Joey, "has a nice butt, just not a great butt," while flicking through a pack of cards at Central Perk. Family Ross Geller Ross is Monica's brother, and he is a year older than her. They had some of the same friends in high school, like Rachel. Although they have become quite affectionate towards each other, a great deal of competition which existed between them as children has found its way into their adult lives. When they were children, Ross often played older-brother pranks on Monica which were too much for her. Although she has since forgiven him, they often fall back into childish brother/sister arguments. In many episodes, Ross and Monica resort to an odd childhood gesture whereby they knock their fists together with their thumbs pointing outward (as an alternative to "the finger"), a habit which Rachel, Chandler, Joey and Phoebe have picked up. Ross has also said growing up with Monica, "If you didn't eat fast, you didn't eat!" As adults, although occasionally they act like immature kids towards each other, Ross is one of Monica's best friends. Ross is the typical overprotective brother. When he finds out that Chandler and Monica are together, he tells Chandler that he will kick his ass if he (Chandler) ever hurts Monica. This is so out-of-character for the mild, wimpy Ross that Chandler can't take him seriously. Jack & Judy Geller Although their parents favor Ross over Monica, it's their mother who tends to be more critical of Monica. Judy often finds flaws in Monica's apartment (such as dirty places or objects); refuses to answer her calls; and discredits her altogether as her daughter, referring to Ross as her only means to have grandchildren. Some notable examples of Monica feeling neglected by her family include the following: Her parents do not want her to make the toast at their 35th wedding anniversary party. Monica makes the toast, which does not go well at all. Ross makes it up to Jack and Judy with an impromptu toast, which makes people cry. [26] Her old bedroom room was turned into a gym by her parents [27] Her parents confess that they spent her wedding fund to purchase a beach house when she was 23, despite the fact that they were supposed to close the fund by the time she was 30. [18] Her old mementos are destroyed by a flood in her parents' garage because the boxes they are stored in have been used to block the water. Ross's belongings, on the other hand, have remained in perfect condition. To make up for this, Jack gives Monica his Porsche 911, to Ross's indignation. [28] Her mother does not meet her for lunch with the excuse that she is out of town. This claim is proven to be a lie when Judy is able to babysit Emma for Ross and Rachel. [29] Monica has always been closer to her father because of her mother's neglect. It's Jack who visits Monica to check on her when she breaks up with Richard. [30] He is also the one who tells her to ignore her mother's cynical comments, adding how proud he is of her independence. [31] He often refers to her as his "Little Harmonica." It might have been this closeness with her father that inspires Monica and Chandler to name their son Jack. (By Jewish tradition, she is not supposed to do this). Romances Since the first season , Monica has wanted to settle down. [32] Her desire for kids is so strong that she even considers a sperm donor. [33] In Season 2, Monica becomes involved in a long-term relationship with Richard, a friend of her father. Richard, her eye doctor, is 21 years older than she is. [34] The relationship is ended by Monica because of a conflict of interest: Her desire to have children clashes with Richard's desire to avoid having any more, as he already has an adult son and a daughter. In " The One Where Monica And Richard Are Just Friends ", Monica and Richard run into each other at a video rental store and decide to have a "friends with benefits" relationship, which doesn't last long. In " The One With The Proposal, Part 1 " and " The One With The Proposal, Part 2 ," Richard confesses his undying love for Monica and reveals that he has changed his mind about having children with her. Although briefly conflicted, Monica decides to marry Chandler. Main article: Monica and Chandler Their actual relationship starts when Monica becomes depressed at the rehearsal dinner for Ross and Emily's wedding: her brother is getting married for the second time while she doesn't even have a boyfriend, her mother keeps making cracks suggesting she'll never get married and some drunk guy thought she was Ross's mother (" The One With Ross's Wedding, Part 2 "). She decides that maybe a night of meaningless sex will make her feel better and goes looking for Joey. He isn't there, but Chandler is, and when Chandler attempts to console her, telling her he thought she was the most beautiful woman in the room that night, that she was the most beautiful woman in most rooms, Monica throws herself at him and they end up spending the night together. The next day, initially things are quite awkward between them. When they meet up at the wedding they say that sleeping together was a stupid thing to do, but that's not enough to keep them from agreeing to meet up again that night. Although they go on to and have the longest romantic relationship between two of the friends throughout the series, it's not clear at this point how much of their relationship is based on genuine feelings and how much is just about sex. However, in " The One With The Truth About London ", Chandler refers to the first night he and Monica spent together as the most romantic night of his life, so it seems likely that Chandler, at least, already had romantic feelings for Monica by the time their first night together was over. They try to keep their relationship secret from their other friends but they all eventually found out. Joey finds out when he realizes that the two took a trip together (" The One With The Kips "). Rachel overhears a telephone conversation between the two containing sexual innuendo (" The One With All The Resolutions "), although Monica denies this when she is confronted by Rachel (" The One With Chandler's Work Laugh "). Phoebe finds out about Monica and Chandler when she and Rachel go with Ross to check out Ugly Naked Guy's apartment and, looking through the window towards Monica's apartment, she sees the two of them having sex together. Ross finds out the same way in the last scene of the same episode. (" The One Where Everybody Finds Out ") When they all go to Vegas, they're on a winning streak at the craps table when Chandler tells Monica that, if she rolls another hard eight, they should take it as a sign and get married that night. One of the dice comes up with the four and the other rolls off the table. When they go looking for it, they see it could be either a four or a five, but they agree that it's a four and decide to get married. They go to a nearby wedding chapel and are waiting to get married when a very drunk and married Rachel and Ross emerge from the wedding chapel (" The One In Vegas, Part 2 "). Seeing Rachel and Ross wedding disturbs both Monica and Chandler, and they start to think they're moving too fast. They each want to back out on the Vegas wedding, but neither of them wants to disappoint the other, so they decide they're going to leave it up to fate. However, even though they keep getting signs telling them they should get married, they decide they aren't ready yet, but they decide they want to live together instead (" The One After Vegas "). A year later, Chandler decides he's ready to propose to Monica and The takes her out to her favorite restaurant for a romantic evening. However, the evening do go as planned; Richard shows up and is seated at the next table. When they get home, still not engaged, but first Phoebe and then Rachel ask to see Monica's hand, Chandler is upset believing his surprise has been ruined. Joey convinces him Going Doing, that all he needs to do is take a couple of days convincing her that he's nowhere near ready to get married, then it will still be a surprise when he actually does propose. His plan goes off a little too well, and things get even more out of hand when. Richard shows up and tells Monica he still loves her and wants to marry her. Monica is very upset about how unfair it is, saying that "fair" would have been if Richard had wanted to marry her back when she was still in love with him, or if Chandler wanted to marry her now. Meanwhile, Chandler frantically looks for Monica, worried that he'd gone too far in pretending he didn't want to get married and that he might have ruined everything. When he returns to their apartment that evening Joey had already explained everything to Monica, and she was there waiting for Chandler with hundreds of candles burning all over the room. Monica gets down on one knee and tries to propose, but she starts crying so much she can't finish it, so Chandler gets down on one knee as well and asks her to marry him. ("[The One With The Proposal, Part 2]]") In Season 7 , the two planned how their wedding was supposed to be but unfortunately, her parents already spent her money for buying the beach house. (" The One With Rachel's Book ") Chandler has saved exactly the amount they need for Monica's dream wedding but Chandler doesn't want to spend all of his savings on one day. Because Monica wants the perfect wedding, Chandler is willing to spend all the money they have. But Monica decides that she wants a future and not spend their security on the wedding. Chandler's attempt to bond with his future Father-In-Law during a close sauna encounter backfires (" The One With Phoebe's Cookies "). Monica's mom decided to get their wedding announced in the newspaper but Chandler was not photogenic and after numerous failed attempts, the couple realizes that he can't take a good picture with Monica, and uses Joey to sit in for Chandler (" The One With The Engagement Picture "). Joey decided that he would officiate their wedding and gets his minister's certificate on the internet. Monica tells the story of how she and Chandler got together. Chandler finds out that Monica wanted to sleep with Joey when she knocked on the door in London, but Chandler was the only one there. Chandler is really upset and doesn't want Joey to do the wedding. Joey talks to him about how Chandler and Monica are meant for each other and nothing could take that away and Chandler is happy to let Joey do the wedding. (" The One With The Truth About London "). With four weeks left before the wedding, Chandler and Monica are faced with the issue of their wedding vows. With each person dealing with their own problems in writing the vows, they turn to memories of past events to help them. In the end, the only real problem is who will be saying the vows first. (" The One With The Vows "). Ross makes everybody burst into laughter by threatening Chandler physically if he ever hurts his little sister. Chandler and Monica have their rehearsal dinner and after seeing his sexy celebrity mother and drag-queen dad, Chandler suddenly freaks out thinking about becoming "Mr. and Mrs. Bing." He freaks out more when he hears the new answering machine message Monica recorded, so he writes a vague apology note and runs. Ross finds it and goes looking for Chandler while Phoebe and Rachel attempt to divert Monica, who is too wedding-high to notice soon anyway. Rachel and Phoebe find a positive pregnancy test in Chandler's bathroom wastebasket. (" The One With Monica And Chandler's Wedding, Part 1 "). Ross and Phoebe find Chandler in his office. He explains that the reason he was hiding was because he was panicking about becoming "the Bings". Ross gets Chandler to face things one at a time and he feels better. Later smoking in the hall, Chandler overhears the girls about Monica's Is Not pregnancy test, and instead of freaking out he gets her a present and decides a baby isn't too scary. After the ceremony, Monica denies having taken a pregnancy test, Rachel seems to know more. (" The One With Monica And Chandler's Wedding, Part 2 ") In the Season 8 finale, Monica decides that she and Chandler have a baby (" The One Where Rachel Has A Baby, Part 2 "), but it later turns out they are infertile. In one important episode, Chandler learned that he would have to spend Christmas without Monica and the Friends or else be fired from his job. He comes to feel empathy for the employees underneath him who are clearly depressed because they want to be spending Christmas with their families and tells them all to go home. After a female colleague named Wendy decides to stay behind to help him, Monica calls Chandler to wish him a Merry Christmas, and when he makes the mistake of mentioning that Wendy has stayed behind to help him, Chandler ends up inadvertently making it clear that he isn't attracted to Wendy, and assures Monica nothing will happen between them. When Wendy then hits on him, Chandler politely rejects her, saying he's a happily married man and nothing can happen between them because what he has with his wife is great. Wendy responds by asking him why he's spending Christmas with her instead of with his wife if what he has with his wife is so great. Realizing Wendy is right, Chandler decides he's had enough and quits his job before returning home to spend Christmas with Monica and the rest of the Friends, much to their delight. After a year of trying to conceive, Monica and Chandler are still unsuccessful. They go get fertility tests and find out that due to Chandler's low sperm count and Monica's inhospitable environment, that they will most likely not conceive children on their own. Saddened by this,Monica and Chandler resolve to find another way to have kids. (" The One With The Fertility Test "). With surrogacy rejected as Monica had always dreamed of carrying her own child, and donors ruled out because Monica didn't want to carry a baby that wasn't Chandler's, they decided to adopt. In " The One With The Late Thanksgiving " Monica and Chandler receive a call from the adoption agency saying that they were chosen by a pregnant woman in Ohio, to parent her child, Erica . Although there was initially some confusion during the adoption process - Erica had confused Chandler and Monica's file with a couple who were a doctor and a reverend respectively - Chandler eventually convinced Monica to admit the truth, subsequently winning Erica over despite the lie by convincing her that they had only lied because Monica so desperately wanted a child. In the series finale, Erica gives birth, but she didn't know that she is actually pregnant with twins, she had misinterpreted the reference to two heartbeats as referring to her heart and the baby's. Chandler and Monica subsequently name the boy Jack Geller-Bing (after Monica's father) and the girl Erica Geller-Bing, after her birth mother. Richard Burke Dr. Richard Burke first appeared on Friends during the episode of " The One Where Ross and Rachel... You Know ". Richard Burke was for a long period of time married to Barbara and together they had two children, Michelle and Timothy Burke. At some point, he also met and became good friends with Jack and Judy Geller. The reason for Richard and Barbara's divorce is never revealed. He is also the grandfather of his daughter's son, Henry. In Season 2, Monica becomes involved in a long-term relationship with him. He is her eye doctor, and is 21 years older than she is.[34] Richard and Monica are in love for a long time until The One with Barry and Mindy's wedding. When Monica asks about the future. Richard sees themselves in Paris, a happy couple without kids. Monica, however, is keen on having children of her own, but doesn't pursue the subject as she fears it would become uncomfortable. At Barry and Mindy's wedding, she and Richard tackle the subject again; however, neither of them has shifted position from before. While dancing, Richard offers to have kids with Monica if he has to. This, unfortunately, is not good enough for Monica, as she wants to have a baby with someone who wants to, and not just has to, have children. Her desire to have children clashes with Richard's desire to avoid having any more, as he already has an adult son and a daughter. The two break up. In "The One Where Monica And Richard Are Just Friends", Monica and Richard run into each other at a video rental store and decide to have a "friends with benefits" relationship, which doesn't last long. In "The One With The Proposal, Part 1" and "The One With The Proposal, Part 2," Richard confesses his undying love for Monica and reveals that he has changed his mind about having children with her. Although briefly conflicted, Monica decides to marry Chandler. Pete Becker Pete Becker is a millionaire who invented Moss 865 and manages a large computer corporation. Monica meets him at the Moondance Diner, where she is a waitress and he is a customer. Although she wants to stop seeing Peter because she's not physically attracted to him, they share a kiss that makes her change her mind. When he takes part in the Ultimate Fighting Champion tournament, a feat which he fails abysmally to achieve, Monica breaks up with him because she can't stand seeing him getting beaten up. Ethan Monica is in a relationship with Young Ethan in the first season of Friends. Telling Monica that he is a college senior and Monica telling him she's 22 even though she is 26. Ethan later reveals to Monica he is a virgin. Then they have sex when Monica says that she is 26 and Ethan says he is actually a high-school senior. Monica then breaks up because loving someone so young is icky. Career Originally, Monica is a poorly paid chef at a restaurant called Iridium . After accepting a promotion at a restaurant called Café des Artistes, she is fired for accepting a gift from a food distributor. [35] She remains unemployed for a while before being offered a job at a 1950s-themed restaurant called the Moondance Diner . At this time, Monica reveals that she worked at the famous Cafe des Artistes when she said, "I was a sous-chef at Cafe des Artistes. How can I take a job where I have to make something called Laverne and Curly Fries?" At the Moondance, Monica wears a blond wig, roller skates and massive fake breasts. She meets millionaire Pete Becker , one of her boyfriends, at the Moondance. Pete uses his money to open a restaurant and appoints Monica as head chef. After the relationship fails, Monica begins a short-lived catering business with Phoebe. For a time, Monica works for an unnamed food company that hires her to come up with recipes and make them, using substitute food products. One such product is Mockolate, a chocolate substitute that never takes off due to its repulsive flavor and the fact that it causes painful urination. [36] During this time, to avoid taking a job in the Moondance Diner, she buys shares in the stock market using the few savings left in her bank account ($127), despite not knowing anything about how it works. She buys shares from companies only because of their names, not knowing what the companies do or how successful they are. Monica is eventually hired as head chef at a local restaurant, Alessandro's , putting an end to the catering business. At first, her employees dislike her because three of them are the children of the previous head chef, coupled with a fairly vicious review she publishes in a local newspaper about the restaurant. Monica hires Joey as a waiter, solely to fire him, thereby appearing to be a tough boss. It works, as her problems with her employees are reduced. She leaves Alessandro's when Chandler's firm requires him to relocate to Tulsa, Oklahoma. When she contacts a job-hunter about Tulsa restaurant openings, she receives a job as head chef at Javu , an upscale restaurant in Manhattan. [37] Age and Birthday To keep with the line of the series of both Friends and Joey (TV series) being 1 year for each season, Monica's age should have been: 1 (25-26), 2 (26-27), 3 (27-28), 4 (28-29), 5 (29-30), 6 (30-31), 7 (31-32), 8 (32-33), 9 (33-34), 10 (34-35). Production When Courteney Cox Arquette landed on the cast of Friends, she was asked to play the role of Rachel Green but she thought she should take the role of Monica Geller instead. Maggie Wheeler also auditioned for the part but ended up playing recurring character Janice Litman Goralnik (née Hosenstein) instead. Actress Jami Gertz was offered and declined the role of Monica before Friends went into production. The role of Rachel was originally conceived as the oldest of the friends, but was changed after Cox was cast. This is ironic because Cox is older than the rest of the Friends actors except Lisa Kudrow , who played Phoebe. Monica's apartment was one of the main focal points of the series. Many critics of the show began to question how Monica could ever afford the apartment on a chef's salary, so the writers of Friends came up with the explanation that she illegally sublet the apartment from her grandmother , who had moved to Florida. In the series finale, Chandler remarks to his newborn child, "Thanks to rent control, it was a friggin' steal." Early in the series, the writers were going to have a relationship between Monica and Joey rather than Chandler. This can be picked up on the fact that she had a crush on Joey when he first moves in and is even sneaked in when it's revealed that Monica was looking for Joey on the night of her fateful tryst with Chandler in London. During the show finale in Season 10 , Courtney Cox had to revert to baggy clothing to hide her pregnancy, which would have paradoxically coincided with her trouble getting pregnant and reason to adopt revealed earlier in Season 9 .And Season 10 Monica and Chandler having a baby. Trivia Her mother commonly forgets about her. Examples include her thinking she would be childless if Ross died; saying Rachel is like the daughter she never had (" The One With Ross' Inappropriate Song "); and ignoring Monica at her wedding after learning she is not pregnant. Another running gag is her mother stating that Ross is her only means to have grandchildren; which technically turns out to be true, as Monica and Chandler discover they are unable to conceive and have to resort to adoption. This makes her the only female member of the group who has never been pregnant, despite being the only one who tried to conceive. She is always teased about her weight when she was younger. In " The One With The Prom Video ", she says, "The camera adds ten pounds," and Chandler asks, "So how many cameras were actually on you?" She claims that she is allergic to cat hair, but in another episode mentions she once owned a cat. In the episode, " The One With The Cat ", she is able to pet and be around Phoebe's cat with no apparent allergic reaction. She utters the first line in the show: "There's nothing to tell. He's just some guy I work with." Her last line is answering Rachel's offer to have coffee before they leave: "We got some time." During the series, Monica had sex with 14 men. She had the widest age range in her partners of the six friends, ranging from a 17 years old high-school student (9 years younger than her) to a 48 years old man (21 years older than her). This gives a 30 years gap between the oldest and the youngest. She even dated the son of one of her ex-boyfriends. Monica is sometimes referred to as "Monica E. Geller-Bing", indicating that her middle name begins with "E". At the beginning of "The One with the Bullies," Joey asks Monica why she has the business channel on, to which she responds, "Oh, because I was going by it the other day and I saw that there was a stock with my initials - M.E.G - on it." Monica is the only one of the friends to have a full-brother (Rachel has two sisters; Ross's only sibling is Monica herself; Chandler is an only child; Phoebe has a twin sister and a half-brother; and Joey has 7 sisters). Monica has a personality similar to Danny Tanner in the 1980's to 90's sitcom Full House. Courteney Cox was originally offered the role of Rachel , but she insisted on playing Monica. Monica thinks Bing is a weird last name. Curiously, she did later change her last name after marrying Chandler. Monica has lived together with every member of the group, except for Joey. She is older than Rachel, despite the fact they used to be classmates. Monica couldn't tell time until 13 years prior to the reveal and stated "it's hard for some people!"	Chandler Bing
What colour is the centre stripe on the German flag, Red, Black or Gold ?	Monica and Chandler \| Friends Central \| Fandom powered by Wikia Monica and Chandler is the romantic paring between Monica Geller and Chandler Bing . It started in the season finale episode of Season 4 . Contents [ show ] Pre-Series Chandler and Monica have known each other since they were in their late teens. They met at Thanksgiving 1987, when Monica was a Senior in high school and Chandler was Ross's freshman College roommate. However their relationship got off to a rocky start when Monica developed a crush on Chandler and overheard him calling her Ross's 'fat sister'. This insult motivated her to lose weight, and the following year she attempted to get him naked and humiliate him but accidentally cut off his toe instead. (The One With All The Thanksgivings ). They did become friends, and when Chandler graduated from NYU, Monica cared enough to tip him off about Apartment 19 becoming available and they became neighbors. Flashback placing a year before the show starts, imply they were closer before Joey and Rachel became their respective roommates, as they hung out at the bar alone, played pool and it was Chandler who comforted Monica about Phoebe moving out. There are hints of attraction at this point, as he told her she was "the most beautiful women he'd ever known [in real life], "one of his favorite people". ( The One With The Flashback ) Seasons 1-4 Their relationship in the first four seasons portrays them as close friends. In Season 2 , it is revealed they've confided secrets unknown to the rest of the gang, like Chandler having a 'third nipple'. It is Monica who takes the lead in promising Chandler he won't die alone ( The One Where Heckles Dies ), coaching him through his commitment issues with Janice ( The One With The Metaphorical Tunnel ), comforting him over his break up with Kathy ( The One With Joey's Dirty Day ) and even giving him detailed sex advice to better please women. ( The One With Phoebe's Uterus ). It's also hinted Chandler has deeper feelings for Monica. He suggests they be each other's 'back ups' if they're both still single at 40 ( The One With The Birth ) and repeatedly tries to convince her to date him, seemingly offended that he's not 'boyfriend material'. Monica takes it as a joke, though she does admit he's 'sweet and smart' and that she loves him. ( The One At The Beach - The One With The Jellyfish ). They are also occasionally seen sitting very close or cuddling in a chair together, despite just being platonic friends. Their actual relationship starts when Monica becomes depressed at the rehearsal dinner for Ross Emily's wedding: her brother is getting married for the second time while she doesn't even have a boyfriend, her mother keeps making cracks suggesting she'll never get married and some drunk guy thought she was Ross' mother (" The One With Ross's Wedding, Part 2 "). She decides that maybe a night of meaningless sex will make her feel better and goes looking for Joey . He isn't there, but Chandler is, and when Chandler attempts to console her, telling her he thought she was the most beautiful woman in the room that night, that she was the most beautiful woman in most rooms, Monica throws herself at him and they end up spending the night together. The next day, initially things are quite awkward between them. When they meet up at the wedding they agree that sleeping together was a stupid thing to do, but that's not enough to keep them from agreeing to meet up again that night. They say that they will stop once they leave London, but that fails and they begin a relationship. Although they go on to fall in love and have the longest romantic relationship between two of the friends throughout the series, it's not clear at this point how much of their relationship is based on genuine feelings and how much is just about sex. However, in The One With The Truth About London , Chandler refers to the first night he and Monica spent together as the most romantic night of his life, so it seems likely that Chandler, at least, already had romantic feelings for Monica by the time their first night together was over Season 5 They try to keep their relationship secret from their other friends to avoid attracting jokes or questions early on, but they all eventually found out. Joey finds out when he realizes that the two took a trip together (" The One With The Kips ") . They make him promise to not tell anyone, and he agrees even when keeping the secret puts him in embarrassing positions, with Joey only continuing to keep quiet after making up a story that embarrasses Monica in return. Rachel later overhears a telephone conversation between the two containing sexual innuendo (" The One With Chandler's Work Laugh " . Rachel decides to let the two believe that she does not know until Phoebe finds out about Monica and Chandler when she and Rachel go with Ross to check out Ugly Naked Guy's apartment and sees Monica and Chandler having sex when she looks out of the window. Pheobe and Rachel begin to mess with Monica and Chandler which leads to Chandler saying that he loves Monica for the second time (Having previously let it slip at Thanksgiving and then covering up). Ross finds out the same way in the last scene of the same episode. (" The One Where Everybody Finds Out ") The couple face new challenges with their relationship out in the open. The other's teasing about them getting married sparks Chandler's fear of commitment, leading to a fight between them. Chandler eventually proposes to prove he's not afraid to get married, but she quickly reassures him that she doesn't want marriage or kids right away and is happy to help him through his relationship issues. ( The One With The Girl Who Hits Joey ) Later Monica get's worried that they aren't as all over each other as Phoebe and her new boyfriend Gary, but Chandler reassures her that getting past the early stages of the relationship is more exciting for him and what they have is especially special. ( The One With Rachel's Inadvertent Kiss ) In the Season 5 finale, Monica books them a romantic trip to Vegas. However Chandler is devastated when Phoebe accidentally reveals that Monica had lunch with her ex-boyfriend Richard Burke. He eventually admits to Monica that he's jealous because he knows Richard is the love of her life and he can't compare to that. Surprised, Monica promises that he's now the love of her life and comforted they affirm they've never loved anyone else as much as they've loved each other. ( The One In Vegas, Part 1 ) Season 6 When they all go to Vegas, they're on a winning streak at the craps table when Chandler tells Monica that, if she rolls another hard eight, they should take it as a sign and get married that night. One of the dice comes up with the four and the other rolls off the table. When they go looking for it, they see it could be either a four or a five, but they agree that it's a four and decide to get married. They go to a nearby wedding chapel and are waiting to get married when a very drunk and married Rachel and Ross emerge from the wedding chapel (" The One In Vegas, Part 2 ") . Seeing Rachel and Ross disturbs both Monica and Chandler, and they start to think they're moving too fast. They each want to back out on the Vegas wedding, but neither of them wants to disappoint the other, so they decide they're going to leave it up to fate. However, even though they keep getting signs telling them they should get married, they feel they aren't ready yet. Chandler suggests moving in together instead and Monica enthusiastically agrees. (" The One After Vegas "). They face some problems about moving in together, as they argue over how much of Chandler's stuff should be moved and what to do with Rachel's spare room. Monica relents and makes a lot more room for Chandler's things, including his barcalounger and dog and they agree to use the room for something they both enjoy. ( The One Where Ross Hugs Rachel ) The rest of the series imply they adjust well to living together and no further arguments are shown. When the gang contemplate what their lives would have been like if key events turned out differently, Monica and Chandler still end up dating despite Monica still being fat, Chandler 'offering' to sleep with Monica when her then-boyfriend cancelled a planned date and Chandler then admitting to deeper feelings. After living together for a year, Chandler decides he's ready to propose to Monica and he takes her out to her favorite restaurant for a romantic evening. However, the evening doesn't go as planned; Richard shows up and is seated at the next table. When they get home, still not engaged, but first Phoebe and then Rachel asks to see Monica's hand, Chandler is upset believing his surprise has been ruined. Phoebe and Joey convince him it's not, that all he needs to do is take a couple of days convincing her that he's nowhere near ready to get married, then it will still be a surprise when he actually does propose. His plan goes off a little too well, and things get even more out of hand when Richard shows up and tells Monica he still loves her and wants to marry her. Monica is very upset about how unfair it is, saying that "fair" would have been if Richard had wanted to marry her back when she was still in love with him, or if Chandler wanted to marry her now. Meanwhile, Chandler frantically searches for her, worried that he'd gone too far in pretending he didn't want to get married and that he might have ruined everything. When he returns to their apartment that evening Joey had already explained everything to Monica, and she was there waiting for Chandler with hundreds of candles burning all over the room. Monica gets down on one knee and tries to propose, but she starts crying so much she can't finish it, so Chandler gets down on one knee as well and asks her to marry him. (" The One With The Proposal, Part 2 ") Season 7 In Season 7 , the two planned how their wedding was supposed to be but unfortunately, her parents already spent her money for buying the beach house. (" The One With Rachel's Book ") Chandler has saved exactly the amount they need for Monica's dream wedding but Chandler won't spend all of his savings on one day. But Monica wants the perfect wedding Chandler will spend all the money they have but Monica decides that she wants a future and not spend their security on the wedding. Chandler tried to bond with his future Father-In-Law during a close sauna encounter backfires (" The One With The Engagement Picture ") . Joey decided that he would officiate their wedding and gets his minister certificate in the internet. Monica tells the story how they got together. Chandler finds out that Monica wanted to sleep with Joey when she knocked on the door but Chandler was the only one there. Chandler is really upset and doesn't want Joey to do the wedding anymore. Joey talks to him about how Chandler and Monica are meant for each other and nothing could take that away and Chandler is happy to let Joey do the wedding. (" The One With The Truth About London ") . With four weeks left before the wedding, Chandler and Monica faced with the issue of their wedding vows. With each person dealing with their own problems in writing the vows, they turn to memories of past events to help them. In the end, the only real problem is who will be saying the vows first. (" The One With The Vows ") . Ross makes everybody burst into laughter by threatening Chandler physically if he ever hurts his little sister. Chandler and Monica have their rehearsal dinner and after seeing his sexy celebrity mother and drag-queen dad, Chandler suddenly freaks out thinking about becoming "Mr. and Mrs Bing." He freaks out more when he hears the new answering machine message Monica recorded, so he writes a vague apology note and runs. Ross finds it and goes looking for Chandler while Phoebe and Rachel attempt to divert Monica, who is too wedding-high to notice soon anyway. Rachel and Phoebe find a positive pregnancy test in Monica's bathroom waste basket. (" The One With Monica And Chandler's Wedding, Part 1 ") . Ross, Phoebe and Rachel finds out that Chandler is missing, Rachel distracts Monica while the two find Chandler... in his office, the reason he was hiding because he is panicking to become the "Bings" and he'll make Monica unhappy. Ross gets him to face things one at a time and he feels better. Later smoking in the hall, Chandler overhears the girls about Monica's pregnancy test, and instead of freaking out he gets her a present and decides a baby isn't too scary. After the ceremony, Monica denies having taken a pregnancy test, Rachel seems to know more. (" The One With Monica And Chandler's Wedding, Part 2 ") Season 8 In Season 8 they settle in as a married couple. Although earlier episodes imply Monica planned to try for children immediately after marriage, in their first year of marriage they focus on adjusting as newly weds, supporting Ross and Rachel with their pregnancy and comforting Joey about his new-found feelings for Rachel. In the Season 8 finale, Monica jokingly suggests they start trying for children only for Chandler to take her seriously, admitting he's crazy about them and thinks they're ready. Thrilled, they decide to start trying for immediately. (" The One Where Rachel Has A Baby, Part 2 "). Season 9 At the beginning of Season 9 Chandler is forced to relocate to Tulsa for work. Initially Monica plans to go with him, but is offered her dream job in New York, and they organize it so Chandler only has to be in Tulsa for half the week, although they admit it will be hard living away from each other. After several months of a long-distance relationship Chandler learned that he would have to spend Christmas without Monica and the Friends in Tulsa, or else be fired from his job. He comes to feel empathy for the employees underneath him who are clearly depressed because they want to be spending Christmas with their families and tells them all to go home. After a female colleague named Wendy decides to stay behind to help him, Monica calls him to wish him a merry Christmas, and when he makes the mistake of mentioning that Wendy has stayed behind to help him, Monica gets suspicious and grills him, and he ends up inadvertently making it clear that he is attracted to Wendy, but assures Monica nothing will happen between them. When Wendy then hits on him, Chandler politely rejects her, saying he's a happily married man and nothing can happen between them because what he has with his wife is great. Wendy responds by asking him why he's spending Christmas with her instead of with his wife if what he has with his wife is so great. Realizing Wendy is right, Chandler decides he's had enough and quits his job before returning home to spend Christmas with Monica and the rest of the Friends, much to their delight. (" The One With Christmas In Tulsa ") Monica supports Chandler while he's unemployed and encourages him not to go back to his old job but find something he's really passionate about. She eventually helps him find an internship and subsequent job in Advertising. ( The One With The Lottery ). After a year of trying to conceive, Monica and Chandler are still unsuccessful. They go get fertility tests and find out that due to Chandler's sperm having low motility and Monica's inhospitable environment, that they will most likely not conceive children on their own but not impossible. Saddened by this, Monica and Chandler resolve to find another way to have kids. ( "The One With The Fertility Test" ). With surrogacy rejected as Monica had always dreamed of carrying her own child, and Monica rejecting the idea of a sperm donor as she doesn't want to conceive any baby if it's not Chandler's, the couple decide to adopt instead. ( The One With The Donor ) Season 10 In The One With The Late Thanksgiving Monica and Chandler receive a call from the adoption agency saying that they were chosen by a pregnant woman in Ohio, Erica . Although there was initially some confusion during the adoption process - Erica had confused Chandler and Monica's file with a couple who were a doctor and a reverend respectively -, Chandler eventually convinced Monica to admit the truth, subsequently winning Erica over despite the lie by convincing her that they had only lied because Monica so desperately wanted a child. In the series finale , Erica gives birth, but she didn't know that she is actually pregnant with twins, she had misinterpreted the reference to two heartbeats as referring to her heart and the baby's. Chandler and Monica subsequently name the boy Jack Bing (after Monica's father) and the girl Erica Bing (after her birth mother). Trivia Their sexual relationship occurred accidentally. The relationship started out as a secret because the producers were unsure of how the other characters would react to this unusual couple, and were initially thinking of making the 'relationship' just a few episodes of Monica and Chandler having sex in secret before the two developed genuine chemistry. Monica said the first line of the series and Chandler said the last line. ("There's nothing to tell" - "Where?") They have the longest romantic relationship on the show, spanning six years from the beginning of Season 5 to the end of Season 10. Their closest competitors were Ross/Rachel and Phoebe/Mike who were both together for a year (halfway through Season 2 - halfway through Season 3, and all of Season 10).	i don't know

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