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Which animal is traditionally used to hunt for truffles? | Truffle Hunting Has Gone to the Dogs - Modern Farmer
Truffle Hunting Has Gone to the Dogs
By Jake Swearingen on August 30, 2013
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Ilsa, truffle-hunting dog extradonaire, with a recent find.
Kris Jacobson
Want to find a good truffle? Find yourself a good dog.
It’s hard to find a crop more valuable than truffles — prices can go as high as $2,000 per pound for ultra-rare white Alba truffles . The problem is that they grow underground, attached to the roots of trees. To find them, truffle hunters traditionally used pigs, whose natural instinct for rooting behavior helped hunters locate the fancy fungi.
But in reality, pigs have long been out of favor for hunting truffles. Replacing them? The truffle dog. And in Oregon, the truffle-hunting dog scene has absolutely exploded.
Charles Lefevre, president and founder of New World Truffieres and organizer of the annual Oregon Truffle Festival , points out multiple reasons why dogs have surpassed pigs. One, they have more stamina than your average porker. Two, they’re easier to train. Three, dogs are much less likely to try to eat the truffle once they find it. You don’t want to wrestle with a 300-pound hog when it’s interested in chowing down on a truffle. “The lore,” says Lefevre, “is that truffle hunters that use pigs don’t tend to have all their fingers.”
“The lore is that truffle hunters that use pigs don’t tend to have all their fingers.”
Dogs Versus Tweakers
In parts of the Pacific Northwest, there’s a brewing battle between two types of truffle hunters: those that use dogs, and those that use rakes.
While truffle dog owners take pains to say that some rakers are responsible and respectful, there is a breed of truffle raker that dog owners view as destructive and — at times — down right dangerous. Outlaw rakers will criminally trespass on property, set up camp, and work under cover of night, raking up huge swaths of land, grabbing everything they can get. The end result: destroyed truffle grounds and a sinking reputation for domestic truffles, thanks to unripe truffles flooding the market.
For dog lovers, the advantages are clear. Dog will only scent and alert handlers to truffles at peak ripeness, when odor is at it’s strongest, leaving developing, unripe truffles untouched. A hunter with a rake, meanwhile, will turn over the soil and grab whatever truffles they find — ripe or unripe. Worse, rare (and valuable) black Oregon truffles actually produce fruit multiple times throughout the year, unless they’re dug up early with a rake.
It’s hard to not detect an element of classism in all this. Truffle hunting dogs can be expensive — it’s not unheard of to pay $4,000 for a prime Italian Lagotto Romagnolo (a dog renowned for its truffle-finding skills) and then pay $5,000 more to train them. Rakers, meanwhile, are usually more on the economic margins. “Tweakers are what we call them,” says one truffle dog trainer. “People on meth and getting money to support their habit. You have to be careful out there.”
But the real competitive advantage for canines lies in truffle hunting’s furtive nature. Truffle harvesting grounds are carefully kept secrets, with hunters being wildly protective of their turf. “If you have a pig on a leash, everyone knows what you’re doing,” says Lefevre. But if you spot someone with a pooch on a leash, they could just be enjoying some fresh country air.
There is, of course, one thing pigs do have over dogs: They don’t need any training to find truffles. Dogs need a little help.
Which is where guys like Glenn Martyn step in. Martyn, who has trained dogs since 1966, has helped mold canines into everything from bomb and drug-sniffing dogs to canines employed by saw mills to detect smoldering woodchip fires before they break out into full-on infernos. It’s only been in recent years that he’s branched out into truffle dog work, but he finds the principles are much the same.
“The truffle, per se, is not something a dog would naturally search for on its own,” says Martyn. “The truffle has to have some association with something. For most dogs, that positive association is food, and once a dog learns the truffle smell means food, they’ll do whatever it takes to find that truffle smell.” (Other reward methods besides food can work too — a game of tug-of-war, a favorite toy, even just the act of digging can be enough to motivate a dog. Marytn’s truffle dog Ghillie, a 5-year-old English Springer Spaniel, is rewarded by a game of fetch.)
In practice, this means first coating an item in truffle oil and having the dog find it. Then the item is buried under leaves, then rocks, and then actual soil. Eventually an actual ripe truffle is introduced. Et voila: You have a truffle-hunting dog.
The work is a natural fit for dogs and handlers who have been trained in another canine art form: search and rescue. Truffle dog owner Deb Walker spent 12 years training and working with search-and-rescue animals . The thrill of finding someone lost in the wilderness was hard to match, but the lifestyle was rough. “Most of the call-outs are 10:00 or 11:00 pm on a Sunday night. You grab your gear and your dog, and you drive a couple of hours,” Walker says. “You search until five in the morning and you’re exhausted and maybe you find someone. Or you don’t.”
As retirement loomed, Walker began to think of ways to spend her time that didn’t involve late nights and very early mornings. A friend’s suggestion led her into truffle hunting, and Deb now spends her days searching for white and black Oregon truffles through 8,000 acres of timberland with her standard poodle, Tucker. (Tucker’s reward for finding a ripe truffle: a favorite blue rubber ball.)
Walker currently keeps the truffles for herself and friends, as well as for training other truffle-hunting dogs. Her husband, meanwhile, has become quite adept at turning her fresh treasures into truffle oil, but they’re waiting to jump through a few more regulatory loopholes before they begin selling to the public. When they do, the planned name is Tucker’s Truffle Oil.
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A dog learns the tricks of the trade at the Oregon Truffle Festival. Photo Credit: Andrea Johnson
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| Pig (disambiguation) |
Haloumi is a type of what? | Black Truffle Facts: Black Truffles Perigord Truffles
True Perigord Truffle from France
All About Truffles: Black Truffles from Perigord, France
The finest black truffles come from France, particularly the southwestern region known as the Dordogne. Historically as well as currently, the most famous black truffle of all is from a specific part of the Dordogne called the Périgord. In fact, fresh French winter black truffles are often called the "Diamonds of Périgord." They are simply exquisite, and from December to March, French truffle markets feature delectable Périgord black truffles characterized by a subtle aroma and an earthy flavor reminiscent of a rich chocolate. They reach their pinnacle of fragrance and flavor in January and February.
Like other varieties of truffles, the Périgord black truffle (Tuber melanosporum) grows beneath the surface of the soil among the root systems of specific types of trees and develops a symbiotic relationship with those trees, which primarily consist of oak, but also beech, hazelnut, chestnut, birch and poplar. With the exception of the white Alba truffle , Périgord truffles are scarcer, more desirable and higher-priced than other truffles. Within the last 100 years production of these almost incomparable delicacies has significantly diminished from previous levels, but demand among discerning epicures remains justifiably strong.
Black Truffle Hunting
Although experimentation has resulted in the successful cultivation of some types of truffles, results are mixed and the finest black truffles are still the fresh, wild truffles discovered by rabassiers (French truffle hunters) amid the woods and forests of the Périgord region. The centuries-old traditional method used by rabassiers to locate and unearth a Périgord truffle is essentially identical to the technique used by trifolai (Italian truffle hunters) when hunting Alba white truffles in northern Italy. In short, the truffle hunters use pigs or dogs to locate and uncover the wild truffles growing beneath trees. Female pigs have an innate ability to detect truffles beneath the ground by using their acute sense of smell. Sows are naturally attracted to truffles because they contain a compound very similar to a pheromone secreted by boars. Unfortunately, truffle pigs also have a tendency to eat the truffles they unearth, and as a result, more and more truffle hunters are now using specially-trained truffle dogs to find their quarry.
The highly prized nature of the Périgord winter black truffle makes truffle hunting with a dog or pig something similar to a woodsy treasure hunt. Rabassiers claim nothing is better than hunting for (and finding!) fresh winter black truffles on a cold, crisp December day accompanied and assisted by an eager truffle pig or dog sniffing and rooting in the earth.
The truffle-hunting process is time consuming and labor intensive, factors which are partially responsible for the high prices fresh winter Périgord black truffles so easily command. Truffle markets can be found throughout many regions of France, but the largest French truffle market, located in the tiny village of Richerenches in southeastern France, is almost certainly the largest truffle market in the world. Southwestern France's largest truffle market is located in Lalbenque, not far from Périgord. The perfume of a winter black truffle is at its height in January and February, and that is when truffle markets are at their busiest. Fresh winter black truffles have been known to sell for wholesale prices of €1,000 per kilogram in these "farmer's markets," but prices in a retail setting easily approach €4,000 per kilogram.
Fresh winter black truffles from Périgord are prized by chefs and epicures throughout the world for their incomparable flavor and aroma. They are an exquisite blend of "chocolate and earth" and richly deserve being referred to as the "Diamonds of Périgord."
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Vast areas of grassland in South Africa are called what? | Grasslands
Health and Science > Environment and Nature > Environment > Major Biomes of the World
Grasslands
Grasslands are places with hot, dry climates that are perfect for growing food. They are known throughout the world by different names. In the U.S. they are called prairies and extend from the Midwest to the Rocky Mountains. In South Africa, grasslands are called the veld. Hot, tropical grasslands called savannas are found in South America and Africa. In Eurasia, temperate zone grasslands are called steppes; in South America, pampas.
Special features:
This inland biome is made of vast areas of grassy field. It receives so little rain that very few trees can grow. The U.S. prairies are used to graze cattle and to raise cereal crops. There is little variety of animal life. Some original prairie animals like the wolf and bison have come close to being eliminated from the habitat by hunters. Today, some of the most common grassland animals include the prairie dog and the mule deer in North America, the giraffe and the zebra in Africa, and the lion in Africa and Asia.
| Veld |
The Russian Revolution occurred in which year? | South Africa's plant life
grassland, and
desert.
These biomes, or ecological life zones, have distinct environmental conditions and related sets of plant and animal life.
Around 10% of the world’s flowering species are found in South Africa, the only country in the world with an entire plant kingdom inside its borders: the Cape Floral Kingdom. While it represents less than 0.5% of the area of Africa, it is home to nearly 20% of the continent’s flora.
Also called the Cape Floristic Kingdom, it contains 9 000 species, 69% of them endemic – and 1 435 identified as threatened. It is a World Heritage site and a biodiversity hotspot.
The Cape Peninsula alone boasts more plant species than the whole of Great Britain.
See Unesco’s World Heritage site and Conservation International’s information on bidodiversity hotspots for more detail on the Cape Floral Kingdom
Fynbos
This southwestern area of South Africa is the home of the fynbos (an Afrikaans word meaning “fine bush”), which is composed of ericas (heathers), proteas and the grass-like restios.
Most spectacular in flower are the proteas (Proteaceae), which include the king protea – the national flower – and others of broadly similar shape, the pincushion leucospermum types, and spiky leucadendrons. The colour range is vast.
The ericas (Ericaceae), the largest genus of flowering plants in South Africa, are more delicate, repaying close examination of their almost infinite variety of colour and form. One or other of these species will be found in bloom at almost any time of the year.
These share their Cape home with such beauties as the red disa orchid, one of South Africa’s 479 wild orchids, which grows in the mountains, as well as numerous irises, pelargoniums and many more.
South Africa’s pelargoniums, in particular, have contributed greatly to gardens all over the world, as have the arum lilies – the classic white species is from this area, the yellow and pink from elsewhere in the country.
The world’s gardens also have South Africa to thank for the agapanthus, gladiolus, Barberton daisy and Gardenia thunbergia, to name a few.
Carpet of flowers
The Cape in the spring is a breathtaking sight, but even more astonishing is Namaqualand. Dry, rocky and desert-like for the rest of the year, it yields its floral wealth for a short few weeks in the spring in dazzling sheets of colour.
The golden yellow and orange Namaqualand daisies are predominant, but in between them are a wide variety of flowers, including the iridescent succulent mesembryanthemums.
Colours here are particularly intense, although there is also much fascination in less colourful species such as the quiver tree (the San, or Bushmen, used to make quivers from its fibrous stem) and the bizarre-looking tall succulent known as the halfmens (half human).
And anyone interested in plants’ abilities to adapt to harsh circumstances in a myriad different ways (not all are succulents) need not wait for spring to visit the area.
Forests
Although South Africa has more than a thousand indigenous trees, large species are relatively scarce in many parts of the country.
But they are very much at home in some areas, such as the Knysna-Tsitsikamma forest with its tall stinkwoods, black ironwoods and yellowwoods, and the northeastern region in Mpumalanga and Limpopo, home to the ancient cycads and Lowveld species such as the “fever tree”, so called because of its association with malaria areas.
It is also in the north that one finds the famous thick-stemmed baobab, which according to African myth was accidentally planted upside down, accounting for the odd shape of its branches.
Then there are the forests of KwaZulu-Natal, where the beautiful shade-loving orange Clivia miniata, a now much cultivated member of the amaryllis family, is found.
Another popular orange (and purple) garden flower, now the emblem of the US city of Los Angeles, originates in the Eastern Cape: the strelitzia. In much the same colour range, South Africa’s winters are marked by the flowering of some of the country’s 125 species of aloes.
The Eastern Cape’s Greater Addo National Park, which stretches across 180 000 hectares from the coast to the Karoo, includes samples of five of the eight South African biomes mentioned above.
Medicinal plants and thorn trees
There is virtually no area of South Africa without its particular floral treasure or species of special beauty or interest.
These include succulents that look almost exactly like stones (lithops), mangroves, tree ferns, traditional food plants and those that would kill you if you took a bite, and – one of the most promising fields of study in South Africa – a large number of plants of medicinal value.
Some of these, such as the Aloe ferox, a purgative, were discovered to be medicinally useful by the early European colonists; many more have long been known and used by indigenous African people.
Yet for all the spectacular plants to be found, perhaps the landscape that most eloquently conjures up the spirit of South African flora is the typical savannah, with its (often dry) grasses and more-or-less thickly scattered shrubs and thorn trees.
Lingering images may vary widely, from fynbos field to subtropical forest, but for many South Africans the thorn tree is the nesting place of their hearts.
SAinfo reporter
Reviewed: 4 June 2012
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An otter's home is a what? | Otter Habitat - Otter Facts and Information
Otter Habitat
Otter Habitat
Otter Habitat and Distribution
Otters are found on every single continent in the world except for Australia and Antarctica. They enjoy the freshwater but they are also known to live in the saltwater of the oceans as well. Other places you will find them lingering include around rivers, streams, and lakes. They tend to stick to the shallow waters so that they can easily reach land when they are ready to.
You will find the Otter living in areas close to water. They make their home though on land that is called a holt. They live in regions where the water is extremely cold. Thanks to the design of the layers of hair on their bodies the skin is actually kept warm during this process. This is one of the reasons why Otters are believed to have been able to survive for millions of years. Sadly, it is also their fur that has led to humans destroying them.
Otters prefer to live in bodies of water that are close to land offering them wetlands or the woods close by. They even love to live in swamp and marsh areas. They are able to stay well hidden in these types of environments which makes them less like to fall victim to a variety of predators on land. They also stay very close to the shore of the water so that they can avoid common water predators as well.
They will make burrows in the land around the water. They are also found in dens that beavers may have left behind. Some of them like to make a nest from branches and twigs along the rocky edges. Others are found digging burrows in the sandy shores. Otters are very protective of their little habitat though that they have created on land. They don’t tend to be territorial though when they are in the water.
To help mark their habitat on land they will purposely leave droppings behind. If you are in such an area and smell what appears to be fresh cut hay you will know what you are really smelling. However, it isn’t uncommon for them to travel great distances on land or through the water.
Sea otter swimming in Resurrection Bay Alaska.
They may go to them occasionally but always return to what is called their home range. This can be up to 10 square miles though depending on where they live and how many people are in their raft. It is also important to not confuse their home range with their territory. The actual territory that is distinctly their own and not belonging to their entire raft is very small.
Some assume that Otters migrate due to these types of movements. However, that isn’t true due to the definition of migration that is used by experts. It is hard to get an exact number of Otters out there though due to them hiding on land and spending so much time in the water. Add in their frequently movements and that makes counting them more than once or at all a huge challenge.
One way to learn if there may be Otters in the area is to survey the surroundings. In addition to the dens that are in the ground they may be stockpiling things. For example they may have gathered large mounds of dirt, gravel, sand, grass, and even mud.
Not all of the habitats where Otters live though are a good environment for them. This is why there are concerns about their survival. For example many of them end up dying due to parasites found in the water. It is believed they come from a variety of fish that reside in those same waters.
Categories
| Holt |
The fruit of the granadillo is commonly known as what? | Otter Habitat - Otter Facts and Information
Otter Habitat
Otter Habitat
Otter Habitat and Distribution
Otters are found on every single continent in the world except for Australia and Antarctica. They enjoy the freshwater but they are also known to live in the saltwater of the oceans as well. Other places you will find them lingering include around rivers, streams, and lakes. They tend to stick to the shallow waters so that they can easily reach land when they are ready to.
You will find the Otter living in areas close to water. They make their home though on land that is called a holt. They live in regions where the water is extremely cold. Thanks to the design of the layers of hair on their bodies the skin is actually kept warm during this process. This is one of the reasons why Otters are believed to have been able to survive for millions of years. Sadly, it is also their fur that has led to humans destroying them.
Otters prefer to live in bodies of water that are close to land offering them wetlands or the woods close by. They even love to live in swamp and marsh areas. They are able to stay well hidden in these types of environments which makes them less like to fall victim to a variety of predators on land. They also stay very close to the shore of the water so that they can avoid common water predators as well.
They will make burrows in the land around the water. They are also found in dens that beavers may have left behind. Some of them like to make a nest from branches and twigs along the rocky edges. Others are found digging burrows in the sandy shores. Otters are very protective of their little habitat though that they have created on land. They don’t tend to be territorial though when they are in the water.
To help mark their habitat on land they will purposely leave droppings behind. If you are in such an area and smell what appears to be fresh cut hay you will know what you are really smelling. However, it isn’t uncommon for them to travel great distances on land or through the water.
Sea otter swimming in Resurrection Bay Alaska.
They may go to them occasionally but always return to what is called their home range. This can be up to 10 square miles though depending on where they live and how many people are in their raft. It is also important to not confuse their home range with their territory. The actual territory that is distinctly their own and not belonging to their entire raft is very small.
Some assume that Otters migrate due to these types of movements. However, that isn’t true due to the definition of migration that is used by experts. It is hard to get an exact number of Otters out there though due to them hiding on land and spending so much time in the water. Add in their frequently movements and that makes counting them more than once or at all a huge challenge.
One way to learn if there may be Otters in the area is to survey the surroundings. In addition to the dens that are in the ground they may be stockpiling things. For example they may have gathered large mounds of dirt, gravel, sand, grass, and even mud.
Not all of the habitats where Otters live though are a good environment for them. This is why there are concerns about their survival. For example many of them end up dying due to parasites found in the water. It is believed they come from a variety of fish that reside in those same waters.
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Ash Wednesday follows which day? | Ash Wednesday in the United States
Home Calendar Holidays the United States Ash Wednesday
Ash Wednesday in the United States
Many Christian Americans mark Ash Wednesday as the first day of Lent. It follows Shrove Tuesday , which features Mardi Gras celebrations.
Ash is an important symbol of Ash Wednesday in many Christian churches.
Ash is an important symbol of Ash Wednesday in many Christian churches.
©iStockphoto.com/Ben Beltman
What Do People Do?
Some Christians in the United States attend special Ash Wednesday church services. This includes students who attend Catholic and other church schools. Priests usually place blessed ashes in form of the cross on individuals’ foreheads to remind them of mortality, sorrow for sins, change, and forgiveness.
Ash Wednesday marks the beginning of Lenten discipline for observant Christians. It is traditionally a time of fasting and prayer in preparation for receiving or reaffirming baptism at Easter. For some Christians, Lent is a time to think about one’s life choices and mortality, as well as reflect on life directions. It serves as a wakeup call for some Christians. There are also those who choose this time of the year to donate to charities or take part in charity events as a way to get close to God.
Public Life
| Shrove Tuesday |
Name the stretch of water separating Anglesey from the Welsh mainland? | Ash Wednesday
Ash Wednesday
When Catholics try to out-pagan Hindus!
Why do many Christians act like pagans every spring? Putting ashes on yourforehead for religious purposes is obviously pagan! Ash Wednesday is aRoman Catholic holiday rejecting Jesus Christ and the Word of God. It beginstheir period of fasting called Lent, when they avoid meat. And it follows their day of condoned gluttony and revelry, called Mardi gras (Fat Tuesday) orShrove Tuesday (pancake day). These days follow Collop Monday (bacon and eggs day). On Ash Wednesday, Catholics mark their foreheads with ashes.The Scriptures warn of a great falling away from the pure doctrine andpractice of Jesus Christ and the apostles, and Ash Wednesday is just one moreexample of this apostasy. It is one more abomination in the brothel of Roman Catholicism and her spiritual debauchery and fornication. Are we too harsh? Read the following arguments and see Rome's heresy in light of Scripture.
Ash Wednesday
Putting ashes on the forehead is not hinted at in the Bible. Jesus and the apostles never thought of such a thing: it was adopted from paganism. African and Indian pagan rites have involved ashes on the forehead. This manmade tradition of the Catholics makes the worship of God of no effect and adds to the commandments of Jesus Christ (Matt 15:7-9; 28:18-20).
God's people sat in ashes or covered themselves with ashes to show deep grief and repentance before God. They did not make a little mark on their forehead to pretend grief and repentance. The marking of a cross on the forehead merely shows pagan superstition and manmade tradition (Esther 4:1,3; Job 2:8; Is 58:5; Jer 6:26; Dan 9:3; Jonah 3:6; Luke 10:13).
Why is the forehead chosen for ashes? Why not the left elbow? Why not the right knee? Jesus condemned publicly disfiguring your face to indicate you were fasting (Matt 6:16-18). Catholics defy the teaching of Jesus Christ in their self-righteous show of religion. And their practices are as repulsive to God as were those of the Jews (Is 1:10-15; Matt 23:1-39).
Why is the forehead chosen for ashes? The only Bible reference to men marking their foreheads, other than Pharisee tradition with phylacteries, is the mark of the antichrist beast (Matt 23:5; Rev 13:6; 20:4). God-fearing persons would not want to follow Rome with a mark on their forehead!
Why is the forehead chosen for ashes? Because it has the third eye chakra of the Hindus. Surely you have seen Hindu women marked between their eyes. Tilaka is the mark of auspiciousness of Hindus, which may be done by marking the forehead with sacred ashes. Ash Wednesday did not come from the Bible, and it appears by similarity to have come from Hinduism.
Abstaining from meat, which faithful Catholics do on Fridays, Ash Wednesday, December 7, and December 24, is a doctrine of the devil and proof of their apostasy from the Christian religion (I Tim 4:1-3). Ever wonder why you had fish sticks on Friday in school? Now you know! The Holy Spirit is clear in this text, and you can easily understand its force.
What is Mardi gras? It is French for Fat Tuesday. It is the day before Ash Wednesday, when Catholics gorge and carouse before fasting for Lent. Mardi gras in the French Quarter of New Orleans is something Jesus and His apostles would totally reject (Luke 21:34; Rom 13:13; I Pet 4:3). They never gorged and partied in preparation for fasting and repentance!
What is Shrove Tuesday? It is the Tuesday before Ash Wednesday, when Catholics gorge and carouse before fasting for Lent. It is commonly called pancake day, for the custom of eating pancakes filled with the local food of choice. Sometimes there are pancake tossing contests and pancake races. The purpose is to enjoy as much as possible before fasting for Lent.
What is Collop Monday? It is the Monday before Ash Wednesday, when Catholics gorge and carouse before fasting for Lent. It is commonly called collop and egg day, for the fare of choice and tradition is fried bacon and eggs. The purpose is to enjoy as much as possible before fasting for Lent. But Jesus did not gorge and carouse after His baptism and before fasting!
Why is Lent 40 days long? Because Catholics took the 40 days of fasting of Jesus Christ after His baptism and before His public ministry to create a manmade tradition. But Jesus did not gorge on Sundays, as Catholics do on the six Sundays during Lent. Their Lent is actually 46 days long!
Why does Lent involve fasting? Because Catholics took the 40 days of fasting of Jesus after His baptism and before His public ministry to create a manmade tradition. But Catholics do not fast at all like Jesus. He went without food! They give up television or chewing gum, while still eating three meals a day, gorging on fish, and drinking anything they wish.
The Bible is very plain in its condemnation of manmade traditions in the worship of God (Gen 4:1-5; Lev 10:1-2; Deut 5:32; 12:32; I Chron 15:13; Prov 30:5-6; Is 29:13-14; Matt 15:7-9; 28:18-20; Rom 16:17-18; Gal 1:6-9; Col 2:16-23; II Thess 3:6). Every God-fearing Christian will take heed!
The Bible is very plain in its condemnation of any voluntary association with paganism or the world (Deut 12:1-4,29-31; Jer 10:1-4; Ezek 8:15-18; 23:30; Rom 12:1-2; I Cor 10:19-22; II Cor 6:14-18; James 4:4; I John 2:15-17; Rev 18:4). Every God-fearing Christian will take heed!
This study does not surprise Bible readers, because they know Daniel's little horn, Paul's man of sin, and John's great whore and beast are prophecies of the popes and church of Rome and their wicked rebellion against God and His word (Dan 7:1-28; II Thess 2:1-12; Rev 17:1-18).
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P is the chemical symbol for which element? | Phosphorus»the essentials [WebElements Periodic Table]
Element News
Phosphorus: the essentials
Phosphorus is commonly misspelled "phosphorous". It is an essential component of living systems and is found in nervous tissue, bones and cell protoplasm. Phosphorus exists in several allotropic forms including white (or yellow), red, and black (or violet). White phosphorus has two modifications. Ordinary phosphorus is a waxy white solid. When pure, it is colourless and transparent. It is insoluble in water, but soluble in carbon disulphide. It catches fire spontaneously in air, burning to P4O10, often misnamed as phosphorus pentoxide. When exposed to sunlight, or when heated in its own vapour to 250°C, it is converted to the red variety. This form does not ignite spontaneously and it is a little less dangerous than white phosphorus. The red modification is fairly stable and sublimes with a vapour pressure of 1 atmosphere at 417°C.
This sample is from The Elements Collection , an attractive and safely packaged collection of the 92 naturally occurring elements that is available for sale.
Phosphorus: historical information
Phosphorus was discovered by Hennig Brand in 1669 at Germany. Origin of name : from the Greek word "phosphoros" meaning "bringer of light" (an ancient name for the planet Venus?).
Phosphorus was discovered in 1669 by Hennig Brand, who prepared it from urine. Not less than 50-60 buckets per experiment in fact, each of which required more than a fortnight to complete.
Sometime prior to the autumn of 1803, the Englishman John Dalton was able to explain the results of some of his studies by assuming that matter is composed of atoms and that all samples of any given compound consist of the same combination of these atoms. Dalton also noted that in series of compounds, the ratios of the masses of the second element that combine with a given weight of the first element can be reduced to small whole numbers (the law of multiple proportions). This was further evidence for atoms. Dalton's theory of atoms was published by Thomas Thomson in the 3rd edition of his System of Chemistry in 1807 and in a paper about strontium oxalates published in the Philosophical Transactions. Dalton published these ideas himself in the following year in the New System of Chemical Philosophy. The symbol used by Dalton for phosphorus is shown below. [See History of Chemistry, Sir Edward Thorpe, volume 1, Watts & Co, London, 1914.]
Phosphorus around us
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Phosphorus is a key component of biological molecules such as DNA and RNA. Phosphorus is a component of bones, and teeth, and many other compounds required for life. Chronic poisoning of people working unprotected with white phosphorus leads to necrosis of the jaw ("phossy-jaw").
Phosphorus is never found as the free element but is widely distributed in many minerals. Phosphate rock, (apatite, impure calcium phosphate), is an important source of the element. Large deposits are found in Morocco, in Russia, and in the USA.
Abundances for phosphorus in a number of different environments. More abundance data »
Location
| Phosphorous |
St Helier is the largest town in which islands? | Phosphorus»the essentials [WebElements Periodic Table]
Element News
Phosphorus: the essentials
Phosphorus is commonly misspelled "phosphorous". It is an essential component of living systems and is found in nervous tissue, bones and cell protoplasm. Phosphorus exists in several allotropic forms including white (or yellow), red, and black (or violet). White phosphorus has two modifications. Ordinary phosphorus is a waxy white solid. When pure, it is colourless and transparent. It is insoluble in water, but soluble in carbon disulphide. It catches fire spontaneously in air, burning to P4O10, often misnamed as phosphorus pentoxide. When exposed to sunlight, or when heated in its own vapour to 250°C, it is converted to the red variety. This form does not ignite spontaneously and it is a little less dangerous than white phosphorus. The red modification is fairly stable and sublimes with a vapour pressure of 1 atmosphere at 417°C.
This sample is from The Elements Collection , an attractive and safely packaged collection of the 92 naturally occurring elements that is available for sale.
Phosphorus: historical information
Phosphorus was discovered by Hennig Brand in 1669 at Germany. Origin of name : from the Greek word "phosphoros" meaning "bringer of light" (an ancient name for the planet Venus?).
Phosphorus was discovered in 1669 by Hennig Brand, who prepared it from urine. Not less than 50-60 buckets per experiment in fact, each of which required more than a fortnight to complete.
Sometime prior to the autumn of 1803, the Englishman John Dalton was able to explain the results of some of his studies by assuming that matter is composed of atoms and that all samples of any given compound consist of the same combination of these atoms. Dalton also noted that in series of compounds, the ratios of the masses of the second element that combine with a given weight of the first element can be reduced to small whole numbers (the law of multiple proportions). This was further evidence for atoms. Dalton's theory of atoms was published by Thomas Thomson in the 3rd edition of his System of Chemistry in 1807 and in a paper about strontium oxalates published in the Philosophical Transactions. Dalton published these ideas himself in the following year in the New System of Chemical Philosophy. The symbol used by Dalton for phosphorus is shown below. [See History of Chemistry, Sir Edward Thorpe, volume 1, Watts & Co, London, 1914.]
Phosphorus around us
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Phosphorus is a key component of biological molecules such as DNA and RNA. Phosphorus is a component of bones, and teeth, and many other compounds required for life. Chronic poisoning of people working unprotected with white phosphorus leads to necrosis of the jaw ("phossy-jaw").
Phosphorus is never found as the free element but is widely distributed in many minerals. Phosphate rock, (apatite, impure calcium phosphate), is an important source of the element. Large deposits are found in Morocco, in Russia, and in the USA.
Abundances for phosphorus in a number of different environments. More abundance data »
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Anne Frank's famous diary was written in which city? | Anne Frank - World War II - HISTORY.com
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Anne Frank’s Childhood
Anne Frank was born Anneliese Marie Frank in Frankfurt, Germany, on June 12, 1929, to Edith Hollander Frank (1900-45) and Otto Frank (1889-1980), a prosperous businessman. Less than four years later, in January 1933, Adolf Hitler became chancellor of Germany and he and his Nazi government instituted a series of measures aimed at persecuting Germany’s Jewish citizens.
Did You Know?
In 1960, the building at Prinsengracht 263, home to the Secret Annex, opened to the public as a museum devoted to the life of Anne Frank. Her original diary is on display there.
By the fall of 1933, Otto Frank moved to Amsterdam, where he established a small but successful company that produced a gelling substance used to make jam. After staying behind in Germany with her grandmother in the city of Aachen, Anne joined her parents and sister Margot (1926-45) in the Dutch capital in February 1934. In 1935, Anne started school in Amsterdam and earned a reputation as an energetic, popular girl.
In May 1940, the Germans, who had entered World War II in September of the previous year, invaded the Netherlands and quickly made life increasingly restrictive and dangerous for Jewish people there. Between the summer of 1942 and September 1944, the Nazis and their Dutch collaborators deported more than 100,000 Jews in Holland to extermination camps.
Anne Frank’s Family Goes into Hiding
In early July 1942, after Margot Frank received a letter ordering her to report to a work camp in Germany, Anne Frank’s family went into hiding in an attic apartment behind Otto Frank’s business, located at Prinsengracht 263 in Amsterdam. In an effort to avoid detection, the family left a false trail suggesting they’d fled to Switzerland.
A week after they had gone into hiding, the Franks were joined by Otto’s business associate Hermann van Pels (1898-1944), along with his wife Auguste (1900-45) and their son Peter (1926-45), who were also Jewish. A small group of Otto Frank’s employees, including his Austrian-born secretary, Miep Gies (1909-2010), risked their own lives to smuggle food, supplies and news of the outside world into the secret apartment, whose entrance was situated behind a movable bookcase. In November 1942, the Franks and Van Pels were joined by Fritz Pfeffer (1889-1944), Miep Gies’ Jewish dentist.
Life for the eight people in the small apartment, which Anne Frank referred to as the Secret Annex, was tense. The group lived in constant fear of being discovered and could never go outside. They had to remain quiet during daytime in order to avoid detection by the people working in the warehouse below. Anne passed the time, in part, by chronicling her observations and feelings in a diary she had received for her 13th birthday, a month before her family went into hiding.
Addressing her diary entries to an imaginary friend she called Kitty, Anne Frank wrote about life in hiding, including her impressions of the other inhabitants of the Secret Annex, her feelings of loneliness and her frustration over the lack of privacy. While she detailed typical teenage issues such as crushes on boys, arguments with her mother and resentments toward her sister, Frank also displayed keen insight and maturity when she wrote about the war, humanity and her own identity. She also penned short stories and essays during her time in hiding.
The Franks are Captured by the Nazis
On August 4, 1944, after 25 months in hiding, Anne Frank and the seven others in the Secret Annex were discovered by the Gestapo, the German secret state police, who had learned about the hiding place from an anonymous tipster (who has never been definitively identified).
After their arrest, the Franks, Van Pels and Fritz Pfeffer were sent by the Gestapo to Westerbork, a holding camp in the northern Netherlands. From there, in September 1944, the group was transported by freight train to the Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination and concentration camp complex in German-occupied Poland. Anne and Margot Frank were spared immediate death in the Auschwitz gas chambers and instead were sent to Bergen-Belsen, a concentration camp in northern Germany. In March 1945, the Frank sisters died of typhus at Bergen-Belsen; their bodies were thrown into a mass grave. Several weeks later, on April 15, 1945, British forces liberated the camp.
Edith Frank died of starvation at Auschwitz in January 1945. Hermann van Pels died in the gas chambers at Auschwitz soon after his arrival there in 1944; his wife is believed to have likely died at the Theresienstadt concentration camp in what is now the Czech Republic in the spring of 1945. Peter van Pels died at the Mauthausen concentration camp in Austria in May 1945. Fritz Pfeffer died from illness in late December 1944 at the Neuengamme concentration camp in Germany. Anne Frank’s father, Otto, was the only member of the group to survive; he was liberated from Auschwitz by Soviet troops on January 27, 1945.
Anne Frank’s Diary
When Otto Frank returned to Amsterdam following his release from Auschwitz, Miep Gies gave him five notebooks and some 300 loose papers containing Anne’s writings. Gies had recovered the materials from the Secret Annex shortly after the Franks’ arrest by the Nazis and had hidden them in her desk. (Margot Frank also kept a diary, but it was never found.) Otto Frank knew that Anne wanted to become an author or journalist, and had hoped her wartime writings would one day be published. Anne had even been inspired to edit her diary for posterity after hearing a March 1944 radio broadcast from an exiled Dutch government official who urged the Dutch people to keep journals and letters that would help provide a record of what life was like under the Nazis.
After his daughter’s writings were returned to him, Otto Frank helped compile them into a manuscript that was published in the Netherlands in 1947 under the title “Het Acheterhuis” (“Rear Annex”). Although U.S. publishers initially rejected the work as too depressing and dull, it was eventually published in America in 1952 as “The Diary of a Young Girl.” The book, which went on to sell tens of millions of copies worldwide, has been labeled a testament to the indestructible nature of the human spirit. It is required reading at schools around the globe and has been adapted for the stage and screen.
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The country 'Burkina Faso' was known as what prior to changing it's name in 1984? | Anne Frank House | Excalibur Tours Amsterdam - Incoming Tour Operator - Group Travel
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Anne Frank House is the location where the story of Anne Frank written in her world famous diary took place. It located at the Prinsengracht in the Jordaan of Amsterdam. Various items that belonged to those in hiding helps to illustrate the events that took place during the Second World War. The museum acts as an exhibition space to highlight all forms of persecution and discrimination.
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"""When You Walk In The Room"" was a hit for which group in 1964?" | The Searchers | British Invasion Bands
The Searchers
The Searchers, 1965
The Searchers were on the front lines of the British Invasion. John McNally and Mike Pender founded the band as a skiffle group in Liverpool in the late 50s, taking its name from the 1956 cowboy film starring John Wayne. They were joined by bass player/singer Tony Jackson and drummer Chris Curtis.
The Searchers’ earlier history parallels that of the Beatles and many other of Liverpool’s homegrown bands. They Searchers played at the popular local venues, the Iron Door and The Cavern, performing as many as three shows each night. Like the Beatles, the Searchers traveled to Hamburg in 1962 and performed at the Star-Club in the St. Pauli district.
Back in Liverpool, the Searchers signed on with Pye Records with Tony Hatch as producer. Hatch played piano on some recordings and wrote “Sugar and Spice” — the band’s second number one record — under the name Fred Nightingale; a secret he kept from the band at the time. Their first UK #1 record, “Sweets for my Sweet,” was released in 1963. “Sugar and Spice”, the Searchers’ second single, reached #2 on the charts.
In 1964, the Searchers released a Leiber and Stoller song that was a hit five tears earlier for a group called the Clovers. “Love Potion Number Nine” became the Searchers’ top-selling record in the US.
After scoring with “Needles and Pins” (a song co-written by Sonny Bono and Jack Nitzsche) bassist Tony Jackson left the band and was replaced by Frank Allen, who’s still with the Searchers today.
The Searchers toured with the Rolling Stones in the Far East in 1966, but their string of hit songs began to fade. Musical tastes were beginning to change (the Beatles had recorded Rubber Soul and Revolver), but the Searchers stayed with their original sound and their popularity began to wane. They continued to record for Liberty Records and RCA and had a minor US hit in 1971 with “Desdemona”.
The Searchers continued to tour through the 1970s and in 1979, they signed with Sire Records. Two albums were released: The Searchers and Play for Today (retitled Love’s Melodies outside the UK). While both recordings won critical acclaim, neither one was a hit.
Sire dropped the Searchers, and in 1981, they signed to PRT Records (an offshoot of Pye, their original label) and began recording an album. Soon after the PRT release, Mike Pender left the group and now tours as Mike Pender’s Searchers.
In 1988, the Searchers were signed by Coconut Records and released the “Hungry Hearts” album. It featured new versions of “Needles and Pins” and “Sweets For My Sweet” While the album was not a major hit, it did keep the group in the public eye.
In the summer of 1989, saw the Searchers played to their biggest audiences ever – more than 75,000 people at Wembley Stadium. In 1998 they headlined a major nationwide UK tour with The Swinging Blue Jeans and Helen Shapiro; returned briefly to the US, to play at the Mohegan Sun Casino in Connecticut and gave their regular fans a private show at the fourth Searchers Appreciation Society Convention.
The 21st century Searchers
In 2003, to celebrate the 40th anniversary of the Searchers’ first number-one hit, they headlined another very successful “Solid Silver 60s Tour”, along with Dave Dee, Dozy, Beaky, Mick & Tich, Wayne Fontana, the Dakotas and Barry Ryan.
The Searchers today include founding member John McNally (lead guitar, 12-string guitar, vocals), Frank Allen (bass, vocals ), Spencer James (lead vocals, synthesiser guitar) and Scott Ottaway (drums and percussion)
Where are They Now?
Almost 50 years after they began, the Searchers continue to tour, including electric performances with an acoustic set. To confuse matters, former lead singer Mike Pender also tours, with his own band, Mike Pender’s Searchers, performing old Searchers’ hits in addition to some new material. Pender, who lives in Manchester, England, took part in British Invasion tours of the US in 2014 and 2015. Later in 2015, he’ll be playing in Bangkok, the Netherlands, the Channel Islands, Scandinavia and Germany.
“Needles and Pins,” live on the Ed Sullivan Show, 1964.
The Searchers perform a medley of their greatest hits in Queensland, Australia, in 2007.
The Searchers Hit Singles
Release Date — Title — UK Top chart position — US Top chart Position
1963 “Sweets for My Sweet” #1 –
1963 “Sweet Nothins” #48 –
1963 “Sugar and Spice” #2 #44
1964 “Needles and Pins” #1 #13
1964 “Ain’t That Just Like Me” – #61
1964 “Don’t Throw Your Love Away” #1 #16
1964 “Some Day We’re Gonna Love Again” #11 #34
1964 “When You Walk in the Room” #3 #35
1964 “Love Potion No. 9” – #3
1964 “What Have They Done to the Rain” #13 #29
1965 “Bumble Bee” – #21
1965 “Goodbye My Love” #4 #52
1965 “He’s Got No Love” #12 #79
1965 “When I Get Home” #35 –
1965 “Take Me For What I’m Worth” #20 #76
1966 “Take It Or Leave It” #31 –
1966 “Have You Ever Loved Somebody?” #48 #94
1967 “Popcorn Double Feature” – –
| The Searchers |
"Lonnie Donegan had a Top 10 hit with ""Michael Row The Boat"" in Sept. 1961. Who else had Top 10 hit at the very same time, with the very same song?" | 100 Greatest Songs From 1964
Movie Lists
100 Greatest Songs From 1964
Criteria: These songs were chosen and ranked based on their initial and lasting popularity, and on their impact on the overall scope of musical history.
Edited By: Bruce
Note: Yearly song lists go by earliest 'release date' (Single, Album, or Country of first release).
Not necessarily the year a song peaked in the U.S. charts.
No.
You've Lost That Lovin' Feeling
Righteous Brothers
House Of The Rising Sun
Animals
Where Did Our Love Go
Supremes
The Times They Are A'Changin'
Bob Dylan
All Day And All Of The Night
Kinks
A Change Is Gonna Come
Sam Cooke
Baby I Need Your Lovin'
Four Tops
No Particular Place To Go
Chuck Berry
Remember (Walkin' In The Sand)
Shangri-Las
How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved By You)
Marvin Gaye
It Hurts To Be In Love
Gene Pitney
Time Is On My Side
Rolling Stones / Irma Thomas
The Way You Do The Things You Do
Temptations
Goin' Out Of My Head
Little Anthony & the Imperials
Everybody Needs Somebody To Love
Solomon Burke
Ain't Nothing You Can Do
Bobby "Blue" Bland
The Little Old Lady (From Pasadena)
Jan & Dean
Can't You See That She's Mine
Dave Clark Five
I Should Have Known Better
Beatles
The Boy From New York City
Ad-Libs
When I Grow Up (To Be A Man)
Beach Boys
(The Best Part Of) Breakin' Up
Ronettes
J. Frank Wilson & the Cavaliers
69
(Just Like) Romeo And Juliet
Reflections
Any Way You Want It
Dave Clark Five
Saturday Night At The Movies
Drifters
Come A Little Bit Closer
Jay & the Americans
Oh Baby Don't You Weep
James Brown
Keep Searchin' (We'll Follow The Sun)
Del Shannon
I Wanna Love Him So Bad
Jelly Beans
Too Many Fish In The Sea
Marvelettes
Oh No, Not My Baby
Maxine Brown
I Had A Talk With My Man
Mitty Collier
When You Walk In The Room
Searchers
The Girl's Alright With Me
Temptations
DigitalDreamDoor Editor Picks for 1964
Bruce's Choice: An unheralded great record from 1964
*
Billy J. Kramer with The Dakotas
Adam's Choice:
Don't Answer The Door (Parts 1 & 2)
Jimmy Johnson
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entertainment, educational, or research purposes only.
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"Which group had a hit with ""Rhythm of the Rain"" in 1963?" | Rhythm of the Rain - John Gummoe & The Cascades
THE CASCADES
The Cascades were born in 1960 aboard the U.S.S. Jason AR-8; a ship home-ported in San Diego and when overseas, in Sasebo, Japan. This group, then known to many of the servicemen and the local inhabitants as The Silver Strands were playing at local venues all around town. Their friend, John Gummoe, also aboard the Jason was their biggest fan and soon began acting as their manager. John had the band playing 5 nights a week before long and had also been working up some duets with Dave Wilson which the group eventually had David and John do on stage as part of their performance. This was the beginning of a group which would soon go on to be The Cascades and they would eventually have the third largest selling record in the world in 1963.
The group soon changed it's name to The Thundernotes and Len Green wrote a song called "Thunder Rhythm" which turned out to be the groups first record release for Bob Keene's Del-Fi Records. This was an instrumental song and on the flip side was a song called "Pay Day" which was also penned by Len Green. This first venture was not successful, but whetted the groups' appetite to do more. At this point, the group was becoming more and more vocally oriented and singing was taking over the direction of the group. At this point, Art Eastlick left the group and Dave Stevens joined the group playing bass and another guitarist was added, Mr. Eddy Snyder. So we now had Len and Eddy on guitar, Dave Stevens on bass, John Gummoe on vocals and percussion and keyboards, Dave Wilson on drums and the dynamic David Szabo on vocals and keyboards. Just prior to signing with Valiant Records though, Len Green left the group to persue other avenues. Len loved country music and eventually went on to be a staff writer with Acuff-Rose Music in Nashville and was once nominated for a CMA award, but his web site speaks well for him so after visiting here, go and learn more about this talented man.
In our pursuit of a recording career, we had the good fortune of meeting Mr. Don Blocker at Liberty Records. Don told us about a young man in San Diego who taught guitar, but he was looking for a talented group to manage and Don suggested we look him up as he lived in San Diego. His name was Andy Di Martino and shortly after performing for Andy and playing him an audition tape with many of our original tunes , Andy found us a home in Hollywood. This turned out to be Valiant Records, a subsidiary of Warner Bros. run by the very talented Barry De Vorzon and Billy Sherman.
Barry De Vorzon had already had great success in the music business as a composer penning "Dreamin" for the late, great, Johnny Burnette and on Valiant had had a hit with the lovely Shelby Flint and her great composition, "Angel on My Shoulder". Valiant also had some great writing talent; among them Body Chandler and Perry Botkin, plus Barry and they were soon to write some great songs for The Cascades to go along with tunes that the group brought to the label.
Next came our first single; a song written by John Gummoe called "There's a Reason". Released in the summer of 1962, it was only a regional hit on the west coast, but served to introduce the radio stations to the sound of The Cascades. This first record on Valiant paved the way for the release of "Rhythm of the Rain" in November 1962. Early in 1963, the record had a regional break-out in Milwaukee, Wisconsin and quickly began to pick up steam across the nation. It hit the Billboard charts at #80 with a bullet and jumped 20 points at a time until it rested comfortably in the top ten. It went to #2; kept out of the magic #1 spot by "Walk Like a Man" by Franki Valli and The Four Seasons. But before too long, "Rhythm of the Rain" was showing up on charts all across the world and in many of these other countries, we DID go to #1. The group was already working on an LP at Gold Star Studios in Hollywood with engineer Stan Ross, who was the technical know-how behind the famous Phil Spector "wall of sound" and engineer to many of the major artists of the time including Sony and Cher and The Rightious Brothers and most of the Spector stable of stars.
Click here to listen to the original "Rhythm of the Rain"
The groups next single was the incredibly lovely song, "The Last Leaf" with "Shy Girl" on the flip side. Both sides of this record did well for the group, but never came close to measuring up to "Rhythm of the Rain". The group stayed together until about 1975 and Dave Wilson and Eddy Snyder were still a part of the group when it disbanded. Eddy continues to tour the west as Eddy Preston doing a "one man band" show in many popular resorts. David Wilson, the original drummer lives in the north-west U.S. with his lovely wife, Terri. John Gummoe lives in southern California and continues to compose and record in his own home studio. He has just completed a dance mix of "Rhythm of the Rain" produced by Christian "B" of KISS radio in Los Angeles and in 1999, Taragon Records released a great compilation CD with many of The Cascades best efforts, including several remixed versions of songs done for RCA Victor that were never released. This CD is entitled, "The Very Best of The Cascades" with liner notes done by John Gummoe and it just so happens to be available at this web site.
| Cascades |
Kon Tiki was a number 1 hit for which British group in 1961? | Amazon.com: Rhythm of the Rain: Various artists: MP3 Downloads
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Rhythm of the Rain
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Original Release Date: May 25, 2014
Release Date: May 25, 2014
Label: Hans Edler Music AB
Copyright: (C) 2014 HEM MUSIC
Total Length: 25:03
By Paul Moreau on September 29, 2013
Format: Audio CD|Verified Purchase
It's always a wonder why some groups make it and some don't. While there's something special about "Rhythm Of The Rain", this album clearly shows that this group was able to turn out some very good rock-n-roll as well as soft ballads. This is a very nice album for those times when you want some soft quiet easy listening music.
Perhaps their sound was a bit too close to that of other groups of the times. Several of these tracks are quite similar to the rock-n-roll sound of Ricky Nelson. Or perhaps simply that their label didn't put enough money behind the promotion of The Cascades. If I were to define a problem in this music, it would be the lack of a driving beat which was the selling point for many other performers. This is soft relaxing music that may not have worked at a time when people were beginning to turn to rock. Whatever the case, this album is as good as any music of the time.
By majormusiclover TOP 500 REVIEWER on April 26, 2010
Format: Audio CD|Verified Purchase
This is a re-issue of the classic 1963 album "Rhythm of the rain" by the Cascades.
It contains the exact 12 songs of original recordings as the original 1963 vinyl l.p. does.
And of course looks just the same as it originally did.
This is complete listening pleasure.
The Cascades are mostly known for there major hit "Rhythm of the rain"
but that same classic sound is continued through out the entire album.
There are certain albums that are just plain timeless, and a staple of the era.
To me THIS is one of those albums!
The C.D. has excelent sound.
Manufactured by "Rhino Enterainment Co." 2004
and distributed by "Collectables Records" 2004.
The songs on this album that made the chart are:
1. "Rhythm of the rain" b/w "Let me be" 1963.
2. "The last leaf" 1963.
3. "Shy girl" 1963.
By Steven Whatley on April 18, 2012
Format: Audio CD|Verified Purchase
I first bought this on vinyl and then purchased it in CD format. I actually knew very little about this group except for their obvious hit Rhythm of the Rain; but this is only the beginning of this CD. For an early sixties pop sound this CD should be recognized as one of the standards to be measured by. I found every tune to be catchy and enjoyable except for a couple of songs and even they weren't bad. I listened to this CD every day for about a month. Nothing is vastly original or innovative but for the genre it represents it doesn't get much better. Buy it and enjoy the innocence of a time long ago!
By George A. Sites on April 4, 2007
Format: Audio CD|Verified Purchase
Although the Cascades really only had one big hit with "Rhythm of the Rain", this entire album is great. Their vocal harmony is fantastic and the songs are just really nice. I've enjoyed this album for years and have just replaced it with a CD. Now the sound is fresher, more crisp and clear. Incredible! What I like best about this CD is you can sing along with just about every song on it - much like an early Beatles album. The other thing I really like is that every song is good, not just a couple like most CD's have. A great album. Be sure to get this if you like harmony such as DooWop and the Four Freshmen style of music.
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The Hollies were apologising to whom in their 1969 hit? | The Hollies on Manchesterbeat - the group and music scene of Manchester in the 60s
Excellent history of the group
The Hollies formed in Autumn 1962 with a line-up of Graham Nash on Lead vocals, rhythm & acoustic guitar (Gibson Jumbo), banjo (b. Graham William Nash, Monday, February 2, 1942, The Maternity Ward, The Kimberly Hotel, Blackpool, Lancashire, UK), Eric Haydock on bass (12-string bass, then Six-string Fender VI) (b. Tuesday, February, 3, 1942, Burnley, Lancashire, UK), Allan 'Clarkie' Clarke on lead vocals, harmonica (b. Harold Allan Clarke, Sunday, April 5, 1942, Salford, Lancashire, UK), Don Rathbone on drums (b. Donald Rathbone, October 1942, Wilmslow, Cheshire, UK) and 17 year-old Vic Steele on lead guitar (Fender Jazz-master) (b. Victor Winston Farrell, Monday, May 5, 1945, Manchester, Lancashire, UK).
Graham Nash was the son of William (b. 6 Skinner Street, Salford, Lancashire d. 1961) and Mary Nash (b. Mary Gallagher d. 1981). He also had two younger sisters, Elaine (b. 1946) and Sharon (b. 1953). They all lived at 1 Skinner Street in Salford.
Graham Nash had met Allan Clarke in 1947, when as five-year old boy's they had met at Ordsall Primary School in Salford. Nash was already at the school and half way through the first term, when a new boy named Allan Clarke arrived at the school and the teacher Mr Burke stood Clarke in front of the class and asked who would like to sit next to this boy. Nash was the only child to put his hand up. So Clarke sat next to him and they became friend's.
As for Allan Clarke he was one of six children, who included one older brother Frank Clarke.
Their first live performance was when Nash and Clarke sang ''The Lord Is My Shepherd'' in two part-harmony at a school assembly. Then they both joined the school chorus and then The Salford Boy's Club at the corner of St Ignatius Walk and Coronation Street in Ordsall, Salford. This club was established in 1903 and opened on January 30, 1904 by Robert Baden-Powell (1857 - 1941), later founder of the Scout movement.
In 1953 Nash passed his eleven plus and went to Salford Grammar School in Chaseley Road, Salford. Allan did not pass, as he was not good at exams and so went to Ordsall Secondary Modern School in Trafford Road, Manchester from 1953 to 1958, where he got his O-Level's in 1958. In spit of having to attended different schools, the boys established a strong musical bond in their early teenage years. At 13 in 1955 Nash got his first cheap acoustic guitar from his father. At the same time Clarke got his father to buy him a guitar and so in their front rooms, they both learned the three chords to ''Rock Island Line'' by Lonnie Donegan (b. Anthony James Donegan, Wednesday, April 29, 1931, Bridgeton, Glasgow, Strathclyde, Scotland, UK d. Sunday, November 3, 2002, Market Deeping, Lincolnshire, UK).
One day in Spring 1955, while Nash and Clarke were rehearsing, thrashing about on their guitars and singing at Clarke's house, his older brother Frank Clarke came in and herd them play a few numbers. He liked the way they sounded and suggested that why did they not go around the corner to The Devonshire Sporting Club in Salford and audition. Frank Clarke was a member of this working-man's association club. So the boys went off the following day to this place and when Frank Clarke put a word in with the owner, a local wrestler called Bill Benny who was a well-known entrepreneur in the area, he asked them to come up. The boys asked for an audition on this particular Saturday night and Benny liked them, and so they turned up the next week to play one night. They played ''Rock Island Line,'' ''Worried Man Blues'' & ''Lucille.'' They went down like a storm, the crowd loved them for their innocence especially as they were both in short trousers and when they came off stage they got ten bob each from Benny. He also told them could they come back and play the following night (or the following Saturday) for a fiver, to which the boys said yes. The boys were used to getting sixpence from their mums.
So, for the next few months, the boys calling themselves The Two Teens played at The Devonshire Sporting Club, plus several other clubs in the North of England as well. They played Sunday afternoons plus weekend and several week nights. They played lots of gigs and their price slowly went up to two pounds. They were playing night clubs up until two or three in the morning, unheard of, for 14 year-old guys.
Nash's mother would occasionally come by, to make sure he was not drinking beer or being molested. But both his mum and dad, were very supportive and always encouraged Nash.
The Outlook club in Middlesbrough was a very popular club in the early 60’s.
Saturday 13 July 1963. The Hollies and the Rolling Stones were on the same bill, this was the very first gig the Rolling Stones played out of Greater London on their first UK club tour and a couple of months after they had released their first record “Come On”.
This gig was shortly after The Hollies had released their own first record "(Ain't That) Just Like Me".
Courtesy Brian Swales
The boys would also go to church dances and since the Catholic dances were the best, the boys had to learn their Hail Mary prayers, so they could get in. They only let Catholic kids into these dances, so being Protestant they were forced to pass themselves off as Catholic. At one of these functions in Fall 1957 at a dance in the basement of St Clements, a Catholic School in Salford, the boys were half way across the dance floor when they herd ''Bye Bye Love'' by The Everly Brothers. It stopped Nash in his tracks and he immediately brought all the record he could find by The Everly Brothers, who consisted of Don and Phil Everly. Nash would listen to their songs on his phonograph (record player), and because of their two-part harmony, Nash would put a third part on top of what ever they were singing. That's how he learned to sing harmony and The Two Teens worked out their own two part harmonies, on such Everly Brothers songs as ''Wake Up Little Susie.'' They even got to see them live in Manchester on Wednesday, February 13, 1957, eleven days after Nash's fifteenth birthday. They went with Nash's young sister Elaine and after the show got her on a bus to go home. The boys wanted to meet the Everly's and went to their hotel, The Midland and waited outside their to get their autographs. They waited until around one in the morning when Don and Phil Everly turned up and even took the time to speak to the boys. They told the brother's they had their own band and that they copied their style. Don Everly asked if they were any good and Clarke said yes and that they played shows around Manchester. Phil Everly told Clarke and Nash to keep doing it. They spoke for forty minutes and this changed the boy's life.
In Late 1958 Nash had to leave school and get a job when his father was put in prison. He had purchased a camera from a friend where he worked long hours at David Brown Jackson's a large foundry. The camera was stolen and when the police caught wind of the transaction they cornered Nash's father to tell him it was stolen. When he refused to tell them who he had brought the camera from, he was thrown in jail for a year. So Nash had to get a job to help the family and found work at two pounds ten shillings a week at Alexander Keynon's an engineering firm, where Clarke had been working for several months. Before that he had worked in a cloths mill in Salford to make extra money. The boys had to get up early at around six to get to work which was in Ardwick, Manchester 12. After work at 5.30 a van would pick them up and take them to gigs. When they had finish playing they would get home at around three in the morning. Nash also had a Saturday job in a record shop.
Then, the guys went away one weekend to The Towers Holiday Camp where they entered a musical competition and reached the finals that were being held on the Monday. The boys decided to skip work and stayed to win the competition with a two-part harmony version of Conway Twitty's ''It's Only Make Believe.'' When they returned to work they were in trouble with their boss and Nash was retained while Clarke was fired. So he then got a job as a laborer at a mill. When Nash subsequently lost his job, for playing rock 'n' roll records at the Christmas company party, he took a civil service exam and then got work with the post office.
By now they were earning twenty or thirty pounds a week, which was good money for a couple of sixteen year-old's.
On Wednesday, November 19, 1958 The Two Teens played at The Hippodrome Theatre in Hyde Road, Ardwick Green, Manchester 12, with Canadian impresario Carroll Levis as emcee. Also their was Johnny Peters front man of The Rockets, The Harmonica Rascals, Ronnie Wycherly (b. Ronald William Wycherley, Wednesday, April 17, 1940, Smithdown Hospital, Sefton, Liverpool 17, Lancashire, UK d. Friday, January 28, 1993, St Mary Abbots Hospital, Paddington, West London, UK), later to change his name to Billy Fury, was slumped in a chair back stage as was Freddie Garrity (b. Fredrick Garrity Jnr, Saturday, November 14, 1936, 123 Crescent Road, Crumpsall, Manchester, Lancashire, UK d. Friday, May 19, 2006, Gwynedd Hospital, Bangor, Gwynedd, North Wales) and from Liverpool was Johnny and the Moondogs, who were made of future Beatles, John Lennon on guitar, vocals (b. John Winston Lennon, Wednesday, October 9, 1940, Oxford Street Maternity Hospital, Kensington, Liverpool 7, Lancashire, UK d. Monday, December 8, 1980, The Dakota Building, Manhattan, New York City, N.Y., USA), Paul McCartney on guitar, vocals (b. James Paul McCartney, Thursday, June 18, 1942, Walton Hospital, Walton, Liverpool, Lancashire, UK), George Harrison on guitar, vocals (b. George Harold Harrison, Thursday, February 25, 1943, 12 Arnold Grove, Wavertree, Liverpool 15, Lancashire, UK d. Thursday, November 29, 2001, Los Angeles, California, USA) with guest Johnny 'Hutch' Hutchinson (b. John Hutchinson, Thursday, July 18, 1940, Malta) sitting in on drums. They had all been in The Quarrymen, who played their last gig on Saturday, November 15, 1958, with Ken Brown on guitar, vocals (b. Kenneth Brown, 1940, Enfield, Middlesex, UK d. c. Wednesday, June 9, 2010, at home in Essex, UK).
It was also at this time that they decided to change their name from The Two Teens to The Levins, named after Nash's first jumbo guitar. This name did not last long and they became The Guytones, named after the guitars Nash and Clarke played. After working for a few months at Kenyon's Nash was able to buy a Guytone and Clarke was able to do an upgrade on his old electric guitar. They also changed their name, because they figured they weren't little teenagers any more. In addition to undergoing a name change, it was inevitable that Nash and Clarke would eventually expand beyond a duo.
The idea of forming a new group came from drummer Joe Abrams. One afternoon The Guytones were playing at a relatively small bohemian club called The Bodega at 15 Cross Street, off Deansgate, by Albert Square in Manchester 2, a kind of fake weekend beatnik joint. After they had finished their set, a good-looking young man came up to them and introduced himself as Joe Abrams (b. Joseph Abrams, c. 1942, Manchester, Lancashire, UK), whose father owned the biggest news stand in Manchester around the corner from the Bodega Club. Abrams had left school at fifteen to to help his father sell the newspapers and magazines. Abrams also played drums and came into the pub to check out the Guytones act. He said to Clarke they were a great, but they needed a band. Clarke said no, as they were already earning five pounds each a night and don't need anyone else. But Abrams said you need a drummer, bassist and a lead guitarist. He also told them he was a great drummer and that you need a Bocking. At this Clarke got angry and asked what he was talking about a Bocking. Abrams said no, no you need Pete Bocking in your band. Clarke being interested then asked why they needed him. Abrams smiled saying he could play every solo you have ever herd, every Buddy Holly solo, Gene Vincent solo and all the Little Richard stuff.
So then Clarke said they should go and meet him and they went to his house in Didsbury, Manchester 20 on the outskirts of the city. Bocking (b. Peter J. Bocking, Saturday, October 31, 1942, Withington, Manchester 20, Lancashire, UK d. Thursday, October 31, 2009, Milnrow, Rochdale, Greater Manchester, UK) was unlike any musician Clarke had met, as he rarely spoke above a whisper, was shy and introverted, wore sunglasses, a dark suit, smoked like a chimney and at seventeen was bald. He also carried this rectangular case that he put on the floor. Clarke asked what was in the case and without talking opened it and showed him this amazing guitar, a electric Fender Stratocaster. He also played really well like Abram said.
There is also a story that Pete Bocking, came to Nash's home one night in Early 1960 with his Fender Stratocaster. Bocking, who went bald at twelve, lived with his mum and played guitar all day and all night, so could play all the hip solos. He could be Buddy Holly, Bo Diddley and Chuck Berry, in fact he could be everybody rolled into one.
So before the night was over it was decided that Bocking and Abrams would join forces with Nash and Clarke and they would hence-forth be known as The Fourtones (Ricky and Dane Young and the Fabulous Fourtones). Nash and Clarke became Ricky and Dane Young. They were also joined by bassist John 'Butch' Mepham (b. Sunday, July 27, 1941, Manchester, Lancashire, UK), thus becoming a real band. Now that skiffle had died down all the bands were now getting into rock 'n' roll.
Bocking, Mepham and Abrahms had all been in Johnny Peters and the Jets.
Johnny Peters and the Jets formed in 1958 with Peters on lead vocals (b. Barry James), Pete Bocking on lead guitar, John 'Butch' Murphy on bass (Hofner President), Derek Quinn on lead guitar (b. Sunday, May 24, 1942, Manchester, Lancashire, UK) and Joe Abrams on drums.
In July 1958 Mepham had been brought an acoustic guitar by his mum for his 17th birthday and then joined his first band The Sidekicks Skiffle Group for about five months. When they broke up, he formed his own band The Meteors with Mepham on vocals, acoustic guitar, George Owen on guitar, Tom Mangen on tea-chest bass (b. Thomas Megan) and Brian Lowe on snare drums. This group split in Late 1959 according to Mepham, as the bands parents kept on telling them to be home early.
While playing in his own group Mepham had met Derek Quinn (later to be lead guitarist in Freddie and the Dreamers) who was also playing in a skiffle group. One evening Mepham had bumped into him on their way home from work and asked him if he was interested in forming a rock 'n' roll group (as there was not any rock bands in Manchester at the time).
So became of this meeting Mepham, Quinn, Pete Bocking and Joe Abrams formed The Jets in Late 1959, who were fronted by a young man with a wonderful voice, personality and great stage presence called Johnny Peters (Barry James), a sort of cross between Elvis Presley and our very own Cliff Richard (b. Harry Rodger Webb, Monday, October 14, 1940, King's George Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh State, British India). To start off with, Peters and Quinn were both on lead guitar, but as Quinn was the better player he eventually took over on lead. Mepham became the bass player, using his Hofner President guitar, as he could not get a bass at that time.
Johnny Peters and the Jets were a very popular band and where ever they played, Peters got all the girls screaming. The band was very successful and played at dance halls and clubs around Manchester, plus they even did a few gigs down in London. The band carried on for a number of years with different front men, the last being Wayne Fontana (b. Glynn Geoffrey Ellis, Sunday, October 28, 1945, Manchester, Lancashire, UK), future leader of Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders.
Johnny Peters and the Jets split in Late 1959 and Bocking and Abraham joined forces with The Two Teens, duo, Ricky Young (Allan Clarke) and Dane Young (Graham Nash) to front a new group The Fourtones. So The Fourtones were formed in Early 1960 in Manchester with Ricky Young (Allan Clarke) on lead vocals, Dane Young (Graham Nash) on rhythm guitar, Pete Bocking on lead guitar (Fender Stratocaster) and Joe Abrams on drums.
So The Two Teens joined forces with the two ex-Johnny Peters and the Jets to become The Fourtones. Ricky Young (Clarke) and Dane Young (Nash) fronted the new group. They were sometimes known as Ricky and Dane Young and the Fabulous Fourtones.
The band also realised they needed a bassist and they offered the job to John 'Butch' Mepham, who had a Burns Weil solid body bass. In Early 1960 he got a new bass, a Fender Jazz that he had ordered from Barratts in Manchester. With the name Ricky and Dane, they would get a guest spot with a band called The Flintstones, who had Eric Haydock on bass. They also used to have to hire a driver to take them to gigs and he would get more money than they did. They went on like this until they met Allan Cheetham, who became their manager.
Meanwhile Nash lost his job at the post office for counting the day's receipts in front of his friend Clarke, who was not an employee of the company. So, to keep money coming into the Nash household, Nash got another day job at a tailor shop owned by Michael Cohen, who later became The Hollies first manager. It was while doing his apprenticeship as a tailor that his father was released from prison in Late 1960. William Nash never recovered from his time there, he was never the same man and he lost his honour and spirit. He had also caught pneumonia while inside and sadly died a year later in 1961.
On one Saturday in Late 1960 The Fourtones made an acetate at a local record store, on the second floor were they had a panelled room with egg cartons on the walls to absorb and reflect sound.
The Fourtones also played places like The Two Jays, The Three Coins and The Twisted Wheel. On Saturday, June 10, 1961 they played at The Bolton Palais in Bolton, Lancashire, where they backed famous early 60's pop singer Lance Fortune (b. Christopher Morris, Thursday, January 4, 1940, Birkenhead, Cheshire, UK) as Lance Fortune and the Fourtones. Fortune had been in lead vocalist in The Firecrests, while a student at Birkenhead School in Birkenhead. He also had two hits in 1960 and was later bassist in a group called The Staggerlees.
On Thursday, May 11, 1962 they played at The Oasis Club, 45 - 47 Lloyd Street, off Albert Square in Manchester 2 and on Friday, May 18, 1962 at The Three Coins, Fountain Street in Manchester, where they were advertised as Ricky and Dane Young and the Fabulous Fourtones
The Fourtones split in Late July 1962, having played their last gig on Saturday, July 28, 1962 at The Three Coins. Bocking then formed The Pete Bocking 6 with Bocking on lead guitar (Fender Stratocaster), his old friend Mepham on six-string bass, 18 year-old Keith Shepherd on four-string bass (b. Thursday, December 23, 1943, Burnage, Manchester 19, Lancashire, UK), Ian Starr on drums, Graham Attwood on sax and Clive Neil on sax.
As for Vic Steele, under his real name of Vic Farrell, he had been in The Emperors Of Rhythm from 1962 and in June or July 1962, he approached Eric Haydock to replace their departing bassist Rod Clare. The plan didn't work out because The Emperors' rhythm guitarist Eric Stewart (b. Eric Michael Stewart, Saturday, January 20, 1945, Droylsden, Lancashire, UK) and drummer Eric Farrell (Steele's brother), turned professional backing a local singer called Johnny Peters, who Stewart had earlier played with in his band The Crestas.
Eric Haydock had been an outstanding sportsman at school, collecting a large number of trophies in track events. he left school at 15 in 1958 and went to work as an apprentice engineer in a tool making factory and at 17 in 1959 he brought himself a guitar. He played with several local groups before he joined The Deltas. In his early Hollies days he played a prototype 12-string bass built by Jim Burns, then he got a Six-string Fender VI.
In Autumn 1962 Clarke, Nash and Steele decided to team up with Haydock and drummer Don Rathbone. Soon after they got together it seems Nash abandoned playing rhythm guitar, even though he played one, which either had no strings on it or just as often was unplugged on stage. The live band did not require one. Still he continued to play rhythm guitar on many recordings.
As for Rathbone, who was from Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, he had in 1960 started out in The Electrons, formed in 1958 with a line-up of group leader Phil Henshaw on guitar (b. Philip Henshaw, 1939, Wilmslow, Cheshire, UK), Cliff Bowers on guitar (b. Clifford Bowers, 1937, Alma Lane, Wilmslow, Cheshire, UK d. ), Dave Aldcroft on bass (b. David Aldcroft, 1937, Wilmslow, Cheshire, UK), Roy Tomkins on drums (b. 1932, Wilmslow, Cheshire, UK) and Gordon Roberts on tenor sax (b. 1936, Alderley Edge, Cheshire, UK). The bands manager was Brian Shapley (b. 1937, Wilmslow, Cheshire, UK), who played piano and also doubled on bass. I guess Rathbone replaced Tomkins and did not stay long, leaving in 1960.
Rathbone was then with Eric Haydock in Kirk Daniels and the Deltas. This band was formed in 1960 with Kirk Daniels on lead vocals (b. Harry Morris d. Friday, October 5, 2007, after a long illness), Tommy Turner on lead guitar (b. Thomas Turner), John Murphy on rhythm guitar, Haydock on bass and Rathbone on drums. They were also known as The Kirk Daniels Group. They also went out as The Flintstones wearing caveman gear. Murphy later played lead guitar with Deke Rivers and the Big Sound. Later Kirk Daniels and the Deltas became The Deltas / The Deltas (featuring Ricky and Dane), without Daniels and Murphy. In came Allan Clarke (Ricky) on lead vocals, Graham Nash (Dane) on rhythm guitar and Vic Farrell on lead guitar. This band was later called The Flintstones again.
Rathbone was also in The Arrows, formed in Late 1961 with Mick Rhodes on lead guitar (b. Michael Rhodes, Wilmslow, Cheshire, UK), Joe Henshall on bass (b. Joseph Henshall, Wilmslow, Cheshire, UK), Dave Bowker on rhythm guitar (b. David Bowker, 1947, Strawberry Lane, Wilmslow, Cheshire, UK) and Rathbone on drums. In September 1962 the band were joined by lead vocalist Cliff Bowers (b. Clifford Bowers) (ex-The Cestrian Skiffrocks) and the band became Cliff Bowers and the Arrows. By this time Rathbone had left I guess in Autumn 1962 and was replaced by Derek Chadwick (b. Derek Bailey, Wilmslow, Cheshire, UK).
After a few meetings in Autumn 1962 between Vic Steele (Farrell), Clarke, Nash, and Rathbone at the local coffee / dance club The Oasis at 45 - 47 Lloyd Street, off Albert Square in Manchester 2, the new band was formed. The first practices took place in the evenings and on Sundays, over The Wimpy Bar in Oxford Road, Manchester 1. After three of four weeks they started gigging under the name of Ricky and Dane Young and the Emperors of Rhythm (or The Dominators of Rhythm), at the local dance halls, plus the youth and coffee dance clubs. Ricky Young was Clarke and Dane Young was Nash. They soon got a regular Wednesday spot at The Oasis, and built up a small following. The type of music they were playing at the time was Buddy Holly, Chuck Berry and The Everly Brothers.
The band became The Hollies in Autumn 1962. Their first gig was a Sunday in Autumn 1962 at The Two J's Club at 45 - 47 Lloyd Street, off Albert Square, Manchester 2, Lancashire, UK, soon to change it's name The Oasis Club. The Two J's was on the ground floor of an old building, one of the first coffee bars in Manchester to feature live music.
Clarke had told the owner of this club, Jack Jackson that his band were worth a listen, and he agreed to let them audition. Just before they went on the clubs emcee Graham Clegg grabbed the band and said he was about to introduce them and what's the name of the band. They did not have a name at this time and they went in a huddle to come up with one. Don Rathbone came up with The Deadbeats, taking a cue from the family business, his father owned a mortuary. Clarke, thankfully did not agree and said they were more fun than that. So someone else came up with the name The Hollies after one of Clarke's their favourite singers and in an instant they all agreed and they went over and told Clegg, who introduced the group. He told the audience to give this local band a round of applause, The Hollies.
In September 1962 The Hollies played at The Two J's, that had now changed it's name to The Oasis Club, the gig being advertised on a Beatles poster, The Hollies being advertised as Manchester's newest rockers, who were also playing at the club on Saturday, September 29, 1962, the day before The Hollies played on Sunday, September 30, 1962.
The Hollies also played a further three gigs at The Oasis Club in December 1962. At this time they may have also gone under the name of Ricky and Dane Young and the Hollies according to Steele, but can't find any gigs under this name.
The Hollies first gig at the famous Cavern Club at 10 Mathew Street, Liverpool, Lancashire was on Sunday, February 3, 1963. It was at this gig that they were seen by Parlophone assistant producer Ron Richards (b. Ronald Richard Pratley, Tuesday, January 22, 1929, London, UK d. Thursday, April 30, 2009, Watford, Hertfordshire, UK), who had been involved in producing the first Beatles session. Richards offered them an audition with Parlophone.
On Friday, February 22, 1963 The Hollies played for the first time at the famous Twisted Wheel Club at 30 Brazennose Street, Manchester 2. This club had not been opened for long. Their opening night was on Friday, January 27, 1963 when part Manchester / part Glasgow, Scotland band The Karl Denver Trio played, along with Dean West and The Hellions.
The Hollies turned professional in March 1963.
Also in March 1963 they played at The Fire Station Dance Hall in Rochdale, Lancashire, supported by Paul Stevens and the Javelins and Deke Boner and the Kentuckies, then again at The Twisted Wheel Club and twice at The Cavern Club.
On Thursday, April 4, 1963 The Hollies did their EMI audition at Abbey Road Studio 2 at 3 Abbey Road, St Johns Wood, North West London. They recorded three songs, two became their first single ''(Ain't That) Just Like Me'' / ''Hay What's Wrong With Me'' and a third song ''Whole World Over'' the B-side of their second single.
Steele left the band in Early May 1963 when The Hollies became professional, just after his 18th birthday, which was on Sunday, May 5, 1963, the night The Hollies played The Twisted Wheel Club again. Steele didn't want to take the risk of an uncertain existence as an artist and wanted to finish his education in Engineering. He was replaced by 17 year-old Tony Hicks on lead & acoustic guitar, banjo, lead vocals (b. Anthony Christopher Hicks, Sunday, December 16, 1945, Bankhouse Road, Nelson, Lancashire, UK). Hicks was living at Bankhouse Road in Nelson.
Hicks at the time was an apprentice electrician, having joined a firm of electrical engineers on leaving school. During his off-duty hours at weekends he played lead guitar with Nelson, Lancashire group The Dolphins, formed for dance-hall work. He was asked to replace Vic Steele in The Hollies, but Hicks was not interested as he was happy being semi-pro. Still, they talked him into coming into Manchester on a Friday night and went to see them play live at The Twisted Wheel Club, but he stayed outside the club and just listened to them through the air vent. He liked what he herd and he then went inside and watched them on stage, and he started chatting to Eric Haydock, a one-way conversation, as Haydock was not particularity chatty! Then Graham Nash wondered up and explained to Hick's about an up and coming audition at Abbey Road Studios in London. He took a few days off work and rehearsed with the band and went down to Abbey Road and they were excepted. Hicks said it was so exciting and he joined The Hollies full time. Allan Clarke also said that Hicks first asked his father if he could join, and he said yes as long as he was earning 18 pounds a week. That was fine, but the rest of the band were only earning 9 pounds.
According to drummer Bobby Elliott, Hicks was probably the best guitarist in the North and that Hick's would only join The Hollies if his old band mate from The Dolphins could join. Elliott also said that The Hollies drummer Don Rathbone was the only driver in the band and he drove the van to all the gigs. Rathbone's father owned a mortuary and that allowed them to use the mortuary van. Then Hicks phoned Elliott to tell him there was a job going with Shane Fenton and the Fentones. So he went down to London for the auditions and got the job. Elliott only later found out that 17 year-old Keith Moon (b. Keith John Moon, Friday, August 23, 1946, Central Middlesex County Hospital, Willesden, North West London, UK d. Thursday, September 7, 1978, Flat 12, 9 Curzon Place, Mayfair, West London, UK) and future Who drummer, was also in the same queue.
So according to Hicks he played at the audition at Abbey Road Studios in April 1963, which meant he joined in February 1963. According to Steele himself he left The Hollies in May 1963 so he must have played at the audition and not Hicks. So Hicks joined in May 1963 and not in February 1963.
Tony Hicks had got his first guitar at 11 in 1956 and at 12 in Late 1957, he had appeared on TV in a Carroll Levis Show, with The Les Skifflettes. His parents sent him to a music teacher to give him a thorough grounding on which to improve his talent as as a guitarist.
The Les Skifflettes started out in Winter 1957 with three friend's Russ Lee, Paul Shanahan and Keith Shackleton, all on guitar. This band had several line-ups in the early days, including Lee, Shanahan, Shackleton, David Shackleton on washboard, Frank Lord on tea chest bass, Gerry Cuncliffe on guitar, vocals, 13 year-old Alan Holt on lead vocals (b. 1944, Nelson, Lancashire d. May 2004, after several strokes), 14 year-old Alan Buck on guitar, vocals (b. Wednesday, April 7, 1943, Halifax Road, Briefield, Lancashire, UK d. Tuesday, March 15, 1994, at home in Ealing, West London, from a heart attack), 14 year-old Pat Belshaw on lead vocals (b. Patrick Belshaw, 1943) (later to become Ricky Shaw) and lead vocalist Pat Askew (b. Patricia Askew). She did not work out as she was classically trained and sang everything in soprano.
The group performed at dance night at St Bede's, St Paul's and St Phillips in Nelson and St Lukes in Briefield both in Lancashire.
Quiet early on The Les Skifflettes lost Alan Holt and Alan Buck. So into the band in Late 1957 came lead guitarist Hicks. This was the last line-up of Les Skifflettes, now a seven-piece group, who included Pat Belshaw on lead vocals and 12 year-old Hicks on lead guitar. This band in Late 1959 became Ricky Shaw and the Dolphins with 16 year-old Ricky Shaw (Pat Belshaw) on lead vocals, 14 year-old Hicks on lead guitar, 17 year-old Bernie Calvert on bass (b. Bernard Bamford Calvert, Wednesday, September 16, 1942, Briefield, Lancashire, UK) and the returning 16 year-old Alan Buck now on drums. This line-up lasted until 1960 when they split and reformed in 1961 without Buck, who went onto play in Joe Brown and the Bruvvers, Johnny Kidd and the Pirates and The Lionel Morton Four from 1962, that became The Four Pennies (Nov 1963 - 1966). Buck was replaced by drummer Bobby Elliott (b. Robert Hartley Elliott, Monday, December 8, 1941, 13 Chilton Avenue, Burnley, Lancashire, UK). Ricky Shaw and the Dolphins also added rhythm guitarist John Shaw (b. John Robert Shaw). In 1962 the band became The Dolphins without John Shaw and this band split later in 1962.
On Wednesday, May 15, 1963 The Hollies went back to Abbey Road Studios to record five songs, ''Fortune Teller,'' ''Now's The Time'' (the B-side of their third single), ''Little Love,'' (appeared on their first album''Stay With The Hollies''), ''Zip-A-Dee-Doo-Dah' and 'Searchin.' All were produced by Ron Richards.
The Hollies played again at the famous Twisted Wheel Club in Manchester in May 1963, once in June 1963 and twice in July 1963.
Friday, May 17, 1963 The Hollies released their first single ''(Ain't That) Just Like Me'' which on Thursday, May 30, 1963 became their first hit, when it entered the UK charts reaching 25.
The Hollies also played the famous Liverpool Cavern Club again, twice in June 1963, twice in July 1963 and then in October 1963.
In July 1963 the band went into Abbey Road Studios three times on Wednesday, July 3 to record ''Searchin'' & ''Talkin' About You,'' Monday July 15 to record ''Searchin'' & ''I Understand'' and Tuesday, July 23, 1963 to record ''Searchin'' (the A-side of their second single), with Tommy Sanderson on piano (b. Thomas Sanderson), who was one of the bands managers along with Michael Cohen. Searchin' was recorded in 13 takes.
In August 1963 Rathbone left The Hollies and was replaced by drummer Bobby Elliott, who played Ludwig drums and from 1965 played Premier drums. Actually Rathbone didn't leave the group as such, he was asked to leave because his drumming wasn't really up to the standard. Have also read that Ron Richards was not very pleased with his drumming, and so it was decided that the group should have a new drummer. So Tony Hicks suggested that his friend Bobby Elliott should join. After Rathbone was sacked he worked for The Hollies as their driver and tour manager.
On Thursday, August 29, 1963 ''Searchin'' The Hollies second single entered the UK charts, making it their second hit reaching 12.
As for new drummer Bobby Elliott, he had been educated at Holm-in-Clivinger Primary School in Burnley Road, Cliviger, Burnley and when the family moved to a place called Roughlee Village near Burnley, he attended Nelson Grammar School in Nelson, Lancashire. Elliott made friends with Tony Hicks who was four years younger than him and played with him in semi-pro outfit Ricky Shaw and the Dolphins, later called The Dolphins, during Elliott's four-year stint as an apprentice mechanical engineer.
Elliott had been in a number of bands, starting out in Gerry Storme and the Falcons formed in 1959. This band became Eddie G. Marten and The Falcons in 1960. Elliott then joined Jazz band The Bob Price Quintet in 1960, which he stayed with until 1962. While playing with Bob Price, Elliott also played in Ricky Shaw and the Dolphins, he replaced their drummer Alan Buck. In 1962 Ricky Shaw and the Dolphins became The Dolphins without their rhythm guitarist John Shaw. This band split later in 1962. In Early 1963 Elliott joined Shane Fenton and the Fentones replacing their drummer George Rodda. Elliott did not stay long and he left in April 1963 and was replaced by drummer Don Burrell (b. Donald Burrell). The Fentones carried on until September 1965, while Elliott joined The Hollies in August 1963.
On Friday, September 13, 1963 while driving down in the van from Scotland, Nash checked to see if the door was locked. It was not and he fell out with the van going at 40 m.p.h. Still, the band continued to London to deputize on ''Go Man Go'' for American rocker Gene Vincent.
On Friday, October 11, 1963 The Hollies were back at Abbey Road Studios to record ''Stay'' (the A-side of their third single) and also the song ''Poison Ivy.'' ''Stay'' was recorded in 8 takes, which meant the band were getting better in the studio. In the Early Fall of 1963 Elliott and Hicks had discovered an old copy of Maurice Williams and the Zodiacs ''Stay'' in a junk shop in Scotland. This gave the band the source of their third single.
On Thursday, November 21, 1963 The Hollies ''Stay'' entered the UK chats, their third hit and first top ten reaching 8.
On Tuesday, October 29, 1963 The Hollies were back at the famous Abbey Road Studios to record ''Memphis,'' Talkin' 'Bout You,'' ''It's Only Make Believe,'' ''Lucille,'' ''Baby Don't Cry,'' ''Do You Love Me'' & ''What Kind Of Boy'' (for their first album ''Stay With The Hollies''). It was produced by Ron Richards.
On Wednesday, December 11, 1963 The Hollies were again back at The Abbey Road Studios to record the songs ''Mr Moonlight,'' ''You Better Move On,'' ''Whatcha Gonna Do 'Bout It'' & ''What Kind Of Girl Are You'' (for their first album ''Stay With The Hollies''). It was produced by Ron Richards.
On Wednesday, January 1, 1964 The Hollies played on the first ever BBC TV's Top Of The Pops, with Dusty Springfield, The Rolling Stones, The Swinging Blue Jeans, The Dave Clark Five.
In January 1964 The Hollies released their first album ''Stay With The Hollies'' on Parlophone PMC 1220, which entered the UK album charts on Saturday, February 15, 1964 reaching 2.
On Monday, January 27, 1964 the band went back to Abbey Road Studios to record their fourth single, ''Just One Look'' / ''Keep Off That Friend Of Mine'' and ''Candy Man'' (harmonica overdub), that appeared on their first album. It was produced by Ron Richards.
On Thursday, February 27, 1964 The Hollies ''Just One Look'' entered the UK charts, their fourth hit reaching 2.
On Saturday, February 29, 1964 The Hollies appeared on ITV's ''Thank Your Lucky Stars.''
On Monday, March 2, 1964 The Hollies were again at Abbey Road Studios to record ''When I'm Not There'' & ''What Kind Of Love'' for their first EP ''The Hollies.''
On Thursday, March 24, 1964 Clarke married Jennifer 'Jen' Bowstead, with whom he had three children, Tim (b. July 1966), Toby (b. September 1969) and Piper Clarke (b. 1972).
On Monday, April 13, 1964 the band went into Abbey Road Studios again to record their fifth single ''Here I Go Again'' / ''Baby That's All,'' plus ''The Time For Love'' & ''Don't You Know'' for their second album ''In The Hollies Style.'' It was produced by Ron Richards.
On Sunday, April 26, 1964 The Hollies appeared on ''The New Musical Express Poll Winners Concert'' at The Empire Pool in Wembley, Middlesex, with The Beatles, The Dave Clark Five, Gerry and the Pacemakers plus many others.
On Monday, April 27, 1964 the band was again back at Abbey Road Studios to record ''You'll Be Mine,'' It's In Her Kiss,'' ''Come On Home,'' ''Too Much Monkey Business'' and ''I Thought Of You Last Night'' (for their second album ''In The Hollies Style''). It was produced by Ron Richards.
On Saturday, May 16, 1964 The Hollies ''Just One Look'' their first US hit, entered the US charts at 98.
On Thursday, May 21, 1964 The Hollies ''Here I Go Again'' entered the UK charts, their fifth hit, reaching 4 in June 1964.
On Tuesday, June 30, 1964 the band was back at Abbey Road Studios to record the B-side to their sixth single ''Come On Back,'' plus ''Set Me Free'' and ''Don't Feel To Bad'' for their second album ''In The Hollies Style.''
On Monday, July 13, 1964 the band recorded the song ''Party Line'' at Abbey Road Studios.
On Sunday, August 16, 1964 The Hollies were in Abbey Road Studios to record ''What Kind Of Boy'' (for their second album ''In The Hollies Style'') plus the song ''We're Through.'' It was produced by Ron Richards.
On Tuesday, August 25, 1964 The Hollies recorded again at Abbey Road Studios, recording the song ''It's Raining Teardrops,'' ''We're Through'' the A-side of their sixth single, plus ''To You My Love'' & ''Nitty Gritty'' (which appeared on their second album ''In The Hollies Style''). It was produced by Ron Richards.
On Thursday, September 17, 1964 The Hollies ''We're Through'' entered the UK charts, their sixth hit reaching 7 in October 1964. This was the first hit written by Clarke, Hicks and Nash using the name L. Ransford.
On Wednesday, October 24, 1964 Clarke has his tonsils removed at Manchester Hospital in Manchester and so all tour dates were cancelled until Sunday, November 15, 1964.
On Tuesday, November 10, 1964 at Abbey Road Studios The Hollies recorded ''Put Yourself In My Place'' (for their third album ''The Hollies,'' plus the songs ''She Said Yeah'' & ''Cry Now''). It was produced by Ron Richards.
On Tuesday, December 15, 1964 the band was at Abbey Road Studios to record ''Yes I Will'' (for their album ''Hollies Greatest'') plus ''When I Come Home To You'' (for their third album ''The Hollies'') & ''Nobody'' the B-Side of their seventh single and ''You Know He Did'' the B-Side of their eighth single. It was produced by Ron Richards.
On Saturday, December 26, 1964 at The Odeon Cinema, in Oxford Street, Manchester, The Hollies opened as guests on the Brian Epstein presentation ''Gerry's Christmas Cracker,'' headlined by Gerry and the Pacemakers, with Cliff Bennett and the Rebel Rousers and singer Tommy Quickly (b. Thomas Quigley, Wednesday, July 7, 1943, Norris Green, Liverpool 11, Lancashire, UK).
On Sunday, January 3, 1965 The Hollies were back at Abbey Road Studios to record the A-side of their seventh single ''Yes I Will.''
On Thursday, January 28, 1965 The Hollies ''Yes I Will'' entered the UK charts, their seventh hit reaching 9.
On Sunday, March 1, 1965 the band went back to Abbey Road Studios to record ''Mickey's Monkey,'' ''That's My Desire'' & ''The Last Day'' (for their third album ''The Hollies''), plus ''You Must Believe Me'' & ''Honey And Wine.'' It was produced by Ron Richards.
On Monday, April 7, 1965 the band recorded ''Honey and Wine'' for their fifth EP ''I'm Alive'' at Abbey Road Studios.
Between Friday, April 16 and Friday, April 23, 1965 The Hollies went on their First US Tour, playing at The Paramount Theatre, Brooklyn, New York City, a week long engagement, staring Little Richard plus others and hosed by comic Soapy Sales. They also made their fist appearance on American TV, on NBC's ''Hullabloo.''
On Tuesday, April 27, 1965 The Hollies recorded three tracks at The Bell Studios in West 54th Street, Manhattan, New York City, N.Y., USA, ''Listen Here To Me,'' ''So Lonely'' and ''Bring Back Your Love To Me.''
On Wednesday, May 5, 1965 the band was back at Abbey Road Studios to record ''I'm Alive'' the A-side of their eighth single.
On Thursday, May 27, 1965 The Hollies ''I'm Alive'' entered the UK charts, their eighth hit. This was their first number one.
In June 1965 Clarke, Nash and Hicks formed the Gralto Music Publishing Company.
On Wednesday, June 30, 1965 The Hollies were back at Abbey Road Studios to recorded ''Look Through Any Windows,'' the A-side of their ninth single and further tracks for their third album ''The Hollies,'' ''Lawdy Miss Clawdy,'' ''You Must Believe Me'' & ''Little Bitty Pretty One.'' It was produced by Ron Richards.
On Tuesday, July 13, 1965 The Hollies recorded further tracks ''Down The Line,'' ''Fortune Teller,'' ''To Many People'' & ''I've Been Wrong,'' for their third album ''The Hollies' at Abbey Road Studios, plus ''So Lonely'' the B-side of their ninth single. It was produced by Ron Richards.
On Thursday, September 2, 1965 ''Look Through Any Window'' entered the UK charts, their ninth hit reaching 4.
In September 1965 The Hollies released their third album ''The Hollies'' on Parlophone PMC 1261, which entered the UK album charts on Saturday, October 2, 1965 reaching 8.
On Tuesday, September 14, 1965 The Hollies recorded ''Stewball'' for their fourth album ''Would You Believe'' at Abbey Road Studios & one other track '' She Gives Me Everything I Want.'' It was produced by Ron Richards.
Between Saturday September 18 - Tuesday, September 28?, 1965 The Hollies went on a Ten Day US Tour, with The Yardbirds. The first date of tour was on Saturday, September 18, 1965 at McCormack's Place, Chicago, Cook and DePage County, Illinois, USA and the last date of tour was on Tuesday?, September 28?, 1965: at an unknown venue in the USA. Not sure if The Yardbirds were on this tour as they had just been on their first US Tour? from Wednesday, September 1, 1965 to Saturday, September 18, 1965.
On Friday, December 24, 1965 The Hollies ''If I Needed Someone'' entered the UK charts, their tenth hit reaching 20.
On Saturday, January 8, 1966 The Hollies ''Look Through Any Window'' entered the US charts, their first hit there, which on Saturday, January 22, 1966 reached 32.
On Tuesday, January 13, 1966 The Hollies went into Abbey Road to record ''I Can't Let Go'' / ''Running Through The Night.''
On Thursday, February 24, 1966 The Hollies ''I Can't Let Go'' entered the UK charts their eleventh hit reaching 2.
On Friday, March 25, 1966 The Hollies recorded two further tracks ''Sweet Little Sixteen'' & ''I Am A Rock'' for their fourth album ''Would You Believe'' at Abbey Road, plus another track ''Have You Ever Loved Somebody.'' It was produced by Ron Richards.
It was also around this time that Haydock left the band. It seem he was fired in April 1966 as when the band returned from a European Tour, they found he was unwilling or unable to perform at various scheduled gigs. Haydock's last gig with The Hollies was on Saturday, May 7, 1966 at Pismo Beach, California, USA, the last date of their first US Tour.
On Tuesday, May 10, 1966 The Hollies went into Abbey Road Studios to record ''After The Fox,'' with famous comedian/actor Peter Sellers CBE (b. Richard Henry Sellers, Tuesday, September 8, 1925, Castle Road, Southsea, Hampshire, UK d. Thursday, July 24, 1980, The Middlesex Hospital, Fitzrovia, West London, UK). The problem was Haydock refused to go into the studio and so Jack Bruce (b. John Symon Asher Bruce, May 14, 1943, 56 Beaufort Gardens, Bishopsbriggs, Dunbartonshire, UK) played bass instead. The famous American singer-songwriter Burt Bacharach (b. Burt Freeman Bacharach, Saturday, May 12, 1928, Kansas City, Missouri, USA) played piano.
On Saturday, May 7, 1966 The Hollies US single ''I Can't Let Go'' reached 42. The single had been released in February 1966.
On Thursday May 12 or Friday, May 13, 1966 The Hollies manager Mike Cohen called Bernie Calvert at his job in the factory to see if he would be available to play bass on The Hollies' upcoming tour to Scandinavia, starting in just over a week. Calvert said yes.
On Friday, May 13, 1966 the band appeared on BBC Radio?, with German Klaus Voorman on bass?
On Saturday May 14, 1966 some of The Hollies, Graham Nash, Tony Hicks, Bobby Elliott and Bernie Calvert, without Allan Clarke participated in a recording session for the Everly Brothers' album ''Two Yanks In England.''
On Sunday, May 15, 1966 The Hollies appeared on ITV's ''Sunday Night At The London Palladium.'' When Haydock failed to show up the band used bassist Klaus Voorman (b. Tuesday, April 29, 1938, North Berlin, Germany). Voorman later rehearsed with the group, but turned down the offer to join the band, he instead joined Manfred Mann (July 1966 - June 1969).
On Tuesday, May 17, 1966 the band went into Abbey Road Studios to record the B-side of their thirteenth single ''Don't Run And Hide,'' with John Paul Jones on bass (b. John Baldwin, Thursday, January 3, 1946, Sidcup, Kent, UK) (ex-The Deltas from 1960, The Jett Blacks, Jet Harris and Tony Meehan).
On Wednesday, May 18, 1966 the band went into Abbey Road to record the A-side of their thirteenth single ''Bus Stop'' (Graham Gouldman) with Calvert on bass. It was produced by Ron Richards. It was also on this day that The Hollies announced that Bernie Calvert was now a member of the band.
On Thursday, May 26 and Friday, May 27, 1966 in Bremen, Germany, the band taped performances for the TV show ''Beat Club.'' Nash also did an interview for the show. It was aired on Saturday, May 28, 1966.
From Saturday, May 21 to Monday, June 13, 1966 The Hollies went on their tour of Denmark and Sweden, with Calvert on bass, vocals.
In June 1966 The Hollies released their fourth album ''Would You Believe'' on Parlophone PMC 7008, which entered the UK album charts on Saturday, July 16, 1966.
When The Hollies returned to England from their Scandinavian tour on Tuesday, June 14, 1966 Calvert returned to his factory job and did not join the band permanently until Late July 1966. Also in the frame to be The Hollies next bassist was ex-Kinks bass player Pete Quaife (b. Peter Alan Greenlaw Quaife, Friday, December 31, 1943, The Cold Fall Estate, Steads Road, Muswell Hill, North West London, UK d. Wednesday, June 23, 2010, Copenhagen, Denmark, of kidney failure).
On Wednesday, June 15, 1966 the band appeared on Granada ITV's ''Scene At 6.30.''
On Thursday, June 16, 1966 the band appeared on BBC 1's ''Top Of The Pops,'' with Calvert on bass.
On Thursday, June 17, 1966 the band appeared on Rediffusion ITV's ''Ready Steady Go.''
On Monday, June 20, 1966 The Hollies went into Abbey Road Studios to record ''Have You Ever Loved Somebody'' & ''Stop The Dance'' (an early version of ''Stop! Stop! Stop!''). Kenny Sammon (b. Kenneth Sammon) supplemented the group on organ.
On Tuesday, June 21, 1966 the band appeared on Rediffusion ITV's ''Five O'Clock Show.''
On Wednesday, June 22, 1966 the band appeared on BBC Radio's ''Easy Beat.''
On Thursday, June 23, 1966 The Hollies single ''Bus Stop'' entered the UK charts, their twelfth hit reaching 5.
On Wednesday, June 29, 1966 the band appeared on BBC's TV's ''Hey Presto - It's Rolf.''
On Friday, July 1, 1966 the band appeared on Rediffusion ITV's ''Ready Steady Go'' and BBC's TV's ''Hey Presto - It's Rolf.''
When Haydock finally left the band in Late July 1966 he formed his own short-lived group Haydock's Rockhouse with Haydock on bass, Ken Knight on drums (b. Kenneth Knight), Barry Worthington on tenor sax, flute, Pete Ainsworth on lead vocals (b. Peter Ainsworth, Stockport, Cheshire, UK), Ian Brooks on bass, occasional trumpet and Dereck Taylor on lead guitar, bass (ex-The Toggery Five).
This was an already existing band called The Soul Executives formed in 1962 by Ian Brooks on bass (Burns), occasional trumpet, Ken Knight on drums and Worthington on tenor sax, flute with Pete Ainsworth on lead vocals (b. Peter Ainsworth), Graham Attwood on baritone sax, Bill Conway on vibes, organ, alto sax (b. William Conway) and Dereck Taylor on lead guitar, bass.
In Late July 1966 Attwood left after a splat with Ainsworth and Brooks moved over to full time trumpet. The band advertised for a bass player and Haydock, who had just left The Hollies walked into their rehearsal room and asked to join the band. They also changed their name as there was another band in Blackpool called The Executives, who included future Jethro Tull flutist and lead vocalist Ian Anderson MBE (b. Ian Scott Anderson, Sunday, August 10, 1947, Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland, UK). Not long after that Haydock did not want Conway in the band and so he left. Not long after that Brooks had a run in with Ainsworth and left to join Gin House. So Taylor became the bassist and the band was joined by Roger Wallborn on lead guitar, vocals? A later members of the band was organist Tony Danforth (b. Anthony Danforth) and drummer Hector Smith.
On Monday, August 1, 1966 The Hollies US single ''Look Through Any Window'' entered the US charts. This was their breakthrough US hit, which on Friday, September 2, 1966 reached 5.
On Tuesday, August 16, 1966 The Hollies recorded ''Peculiar Situation,'' ''Suspicious Look In Your Eye'' & ''Tell Me To My Face'' for their fifth album ''For Certain Because'' at Abbey Road Studios. It was produced by Ron Richards.
On Wednesday, August 17, 1966 The Hollies recorded the A-side of their fourteenth single ''Stop! Stop! Stop!''
On Saturday, August 20, 1966 The Hollies single ''Bus Stop,'' entered the US charts, reaching 5.
On Monday, August 22, 1966 The Hollies recorded ''Tell Me To My Face'' & ''Pay You Back With Interest'' for their fifth album ''For Certain Because'' at Abbey Road Studios. It was produced by Ron Richards.
On Tuesday, August 23 & Wednesday, August 24, 1966 The Hollies recorded ''Clown,'' ''It's You'' & ''Crusaders'' at Abbey Road Studios for their fifth album ''For Certain Because.'' It was produced by Ron Richards.
On Wednesday, August 31, 1966 The Hollies recorded ''What Wrong With The Way I Live'' at Abbey Road Studios for their fifth album ''For Certain Because,'' they also recorded ''Stop! Stop! Stop! as a backing track for a TV performance. It was produced by Ron Richards.
On September 2, 1966 Bernie Calvert made his TV d?but with The Hollies on ''The Five O'Clock Show.''
On Thursday, October 13, 1966 The Hollies fourteenth single ''Stop, Stop, Stop'' entered the UK charts reaching 2.
On Monday, October 17, 1966 The Hollies recorded ''What Went Wrong'' & ''High Classed'' for their fifth album ''For Certain Because'' at Abbey Road Studios. It was produced by Ron Richards.
On Saturday, November 12, 1966 The Hollies single ''Stop, Stop, Stop'' entered the US charts reaching 7.
In December 1966 The Hollies released their fifth UK album ''For Certain Because'' on Parlophone PCS 17011, which entered the UK album charts on Saturday, December 17, 1966.
On Wednesday, January 11, 1967 The Hollies recorded the B-Side of their fifteenth ''All The World Is Love,'' plus ''When Your Light's Turned On'' & ''Have You Ever Loved Somebody'' their sixth album ''Evolution'' at Abbey Road Studios. It was produced by Ron Richards.
On Friday, January 13, 1967 The Hollies recorded the A & B-Side of their Italian single ''Non Prego Per Me'' & Devi Aver Fiducia In Me'' plus ''Lullaby To Tim'' their sixth album ''Evolution,'' plus the A-Side of their fifteenth ''On A Carousel'' all at Abbey Road Studios. It was produced by Ron Richards.
On Thursday, February 16, 1967 The Hollies single ''On A Carousel'' entered the UK charts reaching 4.
On Wednesday, February 22, 1967 The Hollies recorded ''The Games We Play'' for their sixth album ''Evolution,'' plus the A & B-Side of their Italian single ''We're Alive'' & Kill Me Quick'' at Abbey Road Studios. It was produced by Ron Richards.
On Friday, March 3, 1967 The Hollies recorded ''Rain On The Window,'' ''Then The Heartaches Begin,'' ''Ye Old Coffee Shoppe,'' ''You Need Love,'' ''Leave Me'' & ''Stop Right There'' for their sixth album ''Evolution'' at Abbey Road Studios, plus the song ''Step Inside.'' It was produced by Ron Richards.
On Wednesday, March 8, 1967 The Hollies recorded ''The Games We Play,'' ''Water On The Brain'' & ''Heading For A Fall'' for their sixth album ''Evolution'' at Abbey Road Studios, plus the song ''Schoolgirl.'' It was produced by Ron Richards.
On Friday, March 17, 1967 The Hollies recorded ''Rain On The Window,'' ''Then The Heartaches Begin,'' ''Ye Old Coffee Shoppe,'' ''You Need Love,'' ''Stop Right There,'' ''Water On The Brain'' & ''Heading For A Fall'' for their sixth album ''Evolution'' at Abbey Road Studios. It was produced by Ron Richards.
Because Bobby Elliott was ill for these recordings, they replaced him on February, 22, 1967 with drummer Mitch Mitchell (b. John Ronald Mitchell, Wednesday, July 9, 1946, Ealing, West London d. Wednesday, November 12, 2008, The Benson Hotel, Portland, Oregon, USA). On March 3, 1967 he was replaced by drummers Clem Cattini (b. Clemente Anselmo Arturo Cattini, Saturday, August 28, 1937, Stoke Newington, North London, UK) (ex-The Beat Boys, Aug - Dec 1959, Johnny Kidd and the Pirates from Jan 1960, Colin Hicks and the Cabin Boys, July - Aug 1961, The Torndoes, Sept 1961 - Feb 1965) and Dougie Wright (b. Douglas Wright, 1937, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK) (ex-The Bill Marsden Band, The John Barry Seven from 1958, The Ted Taylor / Bobby Rogers Four from Oct 1962). On March 8, 1967 Wright replaced Elliott again.
On Monday, April 3, 1967 the band recorded at Abbey Road Studios the song ''Step Inside.''
On Saturday, April 15, 1967 The Hollies single ''On A Carousel'' entered the US charts reaching 11.
On Saturday, May 1, 1967 the group were at Abbey Road Studios again to record ''Carrie Anne'' and on Sunday, May 2, 1967 to record ''Signs That I Will Never Change'' the A-Side and B-Side of their seventeenth single.
On Thursday, June 1, 1967 The Hollies single ''Carrie Anne'' entered the UK charts reaching 3.
On Tuesday, June 13, 1967 Hicks entered St George's Hospital in London, for a minor operation to cure a sinus condition.
In June 1967 The Hollies released their seventh album ''Evolution'' on Parlophone PCS 7022, which entered the UK album charts on Saturday, June 17, 1967.
On Saturday, June 24, 1967 The Hollies single ''Pay You Back With Interest'' entered the US charts reaching 28.
On Saturday, July 8, 1967 The Hollies single ''Carrie Anne'' entered the US charts reaching 9.
On Tuesday, August 1, 1967 the group were at Abbey Road Studios to recorded ''Charlie and Fred'' & ''Step Inside'' their seventh album ''Butterfly.''
On Thursday, August 3 & Friday, August 4, 1967 The Hollies went into Abbey Road Studios to recorded ''King Midas In Reverse,'' the was the A-side of their seventeenth single. On Tuesday, September 5, 1967 they went into Abbey Road Studios to recorded the B-side of this single ''Everything Is Sunshine.''
On Tuesday, September 5, 1967 the band recorded ''Try It,'' for their seventh album ''Butterfly'' at Abbey Road Studios, plus ''Everything Is Sunshine'' the B-Side of their seventeenth single. It was produced by Ron Richards.
On Tuesday, September 12, 1967 The Hollies recorded ''Would You Believe'' & ''Pegasus The Flying Horse'' for their seventh album ''Butterfly'' at Abbey Road Studios. It was produced by Ron Richards.
On Tuesday, September 26, 1967 the band recorded ''Dear Eloise'' & ''Elevated Observations'' for their seventh album ''Butterfly'' at Abbey Road Studios. It was produced by Ron Richards.
On Wednesday, September 27, 1967 The Hollies ''King Midas In Reverse'' entered the UK charts.
On Thursday, October 5, 1967 The Hollies recorded ''Would You Believe,'' ''Away Away Away,'' ''Charlie and Fred'' & ''Butterfly'' for their seventh album ''Butterfly'' at Abbey Road Studios. It was produced by Ron Richards.
On Friday, October 6, 1967 The Hollies recorded ''Maker'' (sitar overdub) for their seventh album ''Butterfly'' at Abbey Road Studios. It was produced by Ron Richards.
On Tuesday, January 9 & Thursday, January 11, 1968 The Hollies went into Abbey Road Studios to recorded ''Open Up Your Eyes,'' the B-side of their eighteenth single.
On Saturday, February 3, 1968 The Hollies went into The Chappell Studios at 50 New Bond Street, Soho, West London to recorded ''Jennifer Eccles,'' the A-side of their eighteenth single, which had Rod King on steel guitar (born Roderick King).
On Thursday, February 22, 1968 the band went into Abbey Road Studios to recorded ''Jennifer Eccles,'' the A-side of their eighteenth single, which had Rod King on steel guitar (born Roderick King).
On Wednesday, March 27, 1968 The Hollies single ''Jennifer Eccles'' entered the UK charts and in April reached number 7. This Clarke and Nash written song with Jennifer being Clarke's wife's forename and Eccles is Nash's wife's maiden name.
On Tuesday, March 26 & Wednesday, March 27, 1968 the band went into Abbey Road Studios to record three tracks, ''Tomorrow Never Comes,'' ''Relax'' & ''You Were A Pretty Little Girl.''
On Tuesday, April 2, 1968 the band went into to Abbey Road Studios to recorded ''Marrakesh Express'' (Backing Track).
On Tuesday, May 14 & Wednesday, May 15, 1968 The Hollies went into The Chappell Studios again to recorded ''Life Every Time Before'' the A-Side of their German single & ''Do The Best You Can'' the B-Side of their twentieth single.
On Saturday, May 18, 1968 The Hollies single ''Jennifer Eccles'' entered the US charts reaching 40.
On Sunday, May 26, 1968 the band went into The Lewisham Odeon, 268 Barking Road, Lewisham, South West London to record The Hollies Stage Show.
On Monday, June 17, 1968 The Hollies went into Abbey Road Studios to record ''Do The Best You Can,'' the B-side of their nineteenth single.
On Wednesday, July 3, 1968 the band went into Air Studios at Lyndhurst Hall, Lyndhurst Road, Hampstead, North West London to record ''Like Every Time Before'' the A-Side of their German single.
In July 1968 it is announced by The Hollies management that Graham Nash and Bernie Calvert will be releasing solo albums. The speculation is rife that Nash will leave as he was not happy about the groups musical direction since their single ''King Midas In Reverse.''
On Friday, July 19, 1968 The Hollies released their nineteenth US single ''Do The Best You Can'' and ''Elevated Observation'' on Epic 5-10361.
In August 1968 The Hollies played a UK Cabaret Season, wearing matching suits, and widening their stage repertoire.
In August 1968 The Hollies released their ninth album ''Hollies' Greatest Hits'' on Parlophone PCS 7057, which entered the charts on Saturday, August 17, 1968. On Saturday, October 12, 1968 it entered number one in the album charts.
On Wednesday, August 28, 1968 they went into Abbey Road Studios to record ''Listen To Me,'' the A-side of this single, which had on piano Nicky Hopkins (b. Nicholas Christian Hopkins, February 24, 1944, The Park Royal Hospital, Harlesden, North West London, UK d. Tuesday, September 6, 1994, Nashville, Tennessee, USA) (ex-Screaming Lord Sutch and the Savages). He had played on a lot of Who singles, albums.
On Saturday, September 7, 1968 The Hollies appeared on the BBC's ''Colour Me Pop.''
On Saturday, September 14, 1968 The Hollies appeared on German TV's ''Beat Club,'' with Status Quo and The Nice.
On Saturday, September 14, 1968 The Hollies single ''Do The Best You Can'' stalled at number 93 in the US charts.
On Saturday, October 2, 1968 The Hollies ''Listen To Me'' entered the UK charts. it reached 11 on Friday October 26, 1968. The song was written by Tony Hazzard (b. Anthony Hazzard, Sunday, October 31, 1943, Liverpool, Lancashire, UK).
On Monday, November 4, Tuesday, November 5 and Wednesday, November 6, 1968 they went into Abbey Road Studios to record ''I Shall Be Released, Mighty Quinn, ''The Times They Are A-Changin,'' ''Quit Your Lowdown Ways,'' ''I Want You,'' ''Just Like A Women,'' ''When The Ships Come In,'' ''My Back Pages,'' ''I'll Be Your Baby Tonight'' & ''All I Really Want To Do'' for their eighth album ''The Hollies Sing Dylan,'' plus the song ''This Wheels On Fire.'' Graham Nash was absent from the recordings and ''I Shall Be Released'' had Alan Parker (b. Alan Frederick Parker, Saturday, August 26, 1944, Matlock, Derbyshire, UK) on lead guitar (later of Blue Mink, Ugly Custard, ex-The Alan Parker Sound).
In December 1968 Graham Nash left the band to join Crosby, Stills and Nash and was replaced by lead guitarist, lead vocalist Terry Sylvester (b. Terence Sylvester, Tuesday, January 8, 1946, Allerton, Liverpool, Lancashire, UK), who had been to The Morrison School For Boys in Rose Lane, Allerton, Liverpool with future Assassins, Profiles, Masterminds from 1965, Fruit Eating Bears from Feb 1966 & Badfinger lead guitarist Joey Molland (b. Joseph Charles Molland, Saturday, June 21, 1947, Edge Hill, South East Liverpool 7, Lancashire, UK).
Sylvester's first band was The Escorts formed in October 1962 with two classmates Mike Gregory and John Kinrade, who had all just left The Morrison School For Boys in Allerton, Liverpool. The rest of the band were made up of two mates, John Foster and Ray Walker. The line-up had Walker on lead vocals (ex-The Deltics from 1957, Ray and the Del Renas from 1959), Kinrade on lead guitar (White Fender Stratocaster) (b. John Knowles, Tuesday, June 25, 1946, Southport, Lancashire, UK), Sylvester on rhythm guitar (White Fender Stratocaster), vocals, Gregory on bass (White Fender Precision), vocals (b. Michael Gregory, Thursday, November 7, 1946, Oxford Street Maternity Hospital, Kensington, Liverpool 7, Lancashire, UK) and John 'Johnny Sticks' Foster on drums (Ajax) (ex-The Wackers), the cousin of The Beatles drummer Ringo Starr (b. Richard Starkey Jnr, Sunday, July 7, 1940, 9 Madryn Street, The Dingle, Liverpool 8, Lancashire, UK).
Gregory had been to Windsor Street Primary School in Toxteth, Liverpool 8 and then gone to Morrison School For Boys in Greenbank Road, Mossley Hill, Liverpool 18, where he met Sylvester and Kinrade. When the band formed in October 1962 the groups drummer was Mickey Hacket, who lived down the street from Sylvester, had a little set of drums and agreed to come and practise with the band. They practised at Saint Alyosuis Chuch in Queen Drive, Liverpool in their Church Hall. Hacket was not up to it and so the band brought in Ringo Starr's cousin John Foster, who had his old Ajax kit. Now all they needed was a singer and thanks to Sylvester who worked in J. Davies with Terry Fisher the lead guitarist in The Del Renas, he recommended their lead singer Ray Walker, who had just left the band.
The Escorts worked up a stage act inspired by Cliff Richard and the Shadows / Shane Fentone and the Fentones, and got a residency at Alan Williams' Blue Angle Club in Liverpool in 1962, thanks to Ringo Starr. They also got a gig in Holyoake Hall in Smithdown Road, Wavertree, Liverpool 15.
In April 1963 Walker left the band, quit the music biz and got married. Sylvester took over lead vocals and Gregory sang harmony vocals, with a sound very much like The Everly Brothers. Foster also left and joined the Crosby based Dions, who got going in June 1964, having evolved from Roy Brooks and the Dions. Foster was replaced by Pete Clarke (b. Peter Gaskell, 1946) on Premier drums. He had been playing for 18 months.
In May 1963 The Escorts won The Lancashire and Cheshire Beat Group Contest at The Philharmonic Concert Hall in Liverpool. On Saturday, August 3, 1963 The Escorts were hand picked to support The Beatles on their last show at the famous Cavern Club at 8 - 10 Mathew Street, Liverpool 2.
Clarke left in October 1964 and was replaced by Gregory's friend Kenny 'Goody' Goodlass (b. Kenneth Goodlass, 1946) (ex-The Tuxedos, The Panthers, The Kirkbys from March 1964). Clarke joined Them Grimbles and re-joined The Escorts in September 1965. Goodlass went to The Fruit Eating Bears formed in February 1966. In January 1966 Clarke left again and became a top session man as well as player with The Liverpool Scene & folk-rock group Trees. He was replaced by drummer Tommy Kelly (b. Thomas Kelly) (ex-The Young Ones, Earl Preston's Realms).
In February 1966 a few weeks after Kelly joined, Sylvester having just turned 20 and with a wife and child to support, was not slow to respond when he got an offer to join The Swinging Blue Jeans (formed April 1963), which quadrupled the income he was getting with The Escorts. He was replaced by rhythm guitarist, organist, vocalist Frank Townsend (ex-The Easybeats, 1962 - 1965). The Escorts with other changes carried on until July 1967. As for Sylvester he replaced rhythm guitarist, vocalist Ralph Ellis (b. Sunday, March 8, 1942, Liverpool, Lancashire, UK) in The Swinging Blue Jeans, whose line-up at the time was Ray Ennis on lead guitar, vocals (b. Raymond Vincent Ennis, Sunday, May 26, 1940, Huyton, East Liverpool 36, Lancashire, UK), Les Braid on bass, vocals (b. William Leslie Braid, Wednesday, September 15, 1937, West Derby Road, West Derby, Liverpool 12, Lancashire, UK d. Sunday, July 31, 2005, Fazakerley Hospital, Fazakerley, North Liverpool 9, Merseyside, UK), Norman Kuhlke on drums (b. Wednesday, June 17, 1942, Liverpool, Lancashire, UK) and Sylvester on rhythm guitar, vocals.
In July 1967 The Swinging Blue Jeans were joined by Sylvester's old friend Mike Gregory, who became the bassist, vocalist, while Les Braid became organist, vocalist. This line-up lasted until December 1968 when Sylvester left The Blue Jeans to join The Hollies.
On Wednesday, January 1, 1969 at Chappell's Studio, at 50 New Bond Street, Soho, West London, The Hollies recorded two songs ''Angel Of The Morning'' & ''Dang Me,'' plus ''The Mighty Quinn'' for their eighth album ''The Hollies Sing Bob Dylan.'' It was produced by Ron Richards.
In January 1969 at Cardiff University, Cardiff, South Glamorgan, South Wales, Terry Sylvester played his d?but gig with The Hollies.
On Monday, January 27 and Tuesday, January 28, 1969 at Abbey Road Studios The Hollies recorded their nineteenth single ''Sorry Suzanne'' & ''Not That Way At All.'' This is Sylvester's first studio session with the group.
The Hollies went back to Abbey Road Studios, on Monday, February 17, Tuesday, February 18, Wednesday February 19 & Thursday, February 20, 1969 (to record the vocal overdubs) and Sunday, March 3 & Monday, March 4, 1969 (to record the orchestral overdubs), for the songs ''I Shall Be Released,'' ''The Mighty Quinn,'' ''The Times They Are A-Changin','' ''Quit Your Lowdown Ways,'' ''I Want You,'' ''Just Like A Women,'' ''When The Ships Come In,'' ''My Back Pages,'' ''I'll Be Your Baby Tonight,'' & ''All I Really Want To Do'' for their eighth album ''The Hollies Sing Bob Dylan.'' This was the first album with new member Terry Sylvester. It was produced by Ron Richards and the strings were arranged and conducted by Lew Warburton. One track, ''Blowin' In The Wind'' had string arrangements and composing by ex-Manfred Mann guitarist, flautist, saxophonist Mike Vickers (born Michael Vickers, Thursday, April 18, 1940, Southampton, Hampshire, UK).
On Monday, February 24, 1969 Sylvester made his Hollies TV d?but on TV's BBC1 's ''Dee Time,'' presented by DJ Simon Dee (b. Cyril Nicholas Henry-Dodd, Sunday, July 28, 1935, Manchester, Lancashire, UK d. Saturday, August 29, 2009, Winchester, Hampshire, UK, of bone cancer).
On Saturday, March 5, 1969 The Hollies ''Sorry Suzanne'' entered the UK charts and reached 3 in April 1969. This song was written by Tony Macauley (b. Anthony Gordon Instone, Friday, April 21, 1944, Fulham, South West London, UK) and Geoff Stephens (b. Geoffrey Stephens, Monday, October 1, 1934, Southgate, North London, UK).
In May 1969 The Hollies released their tenth album ''The Hollies Sing Dylan'' on Parlophone PCS 7078, which entered the UK album charts on Saturday, May 17, 1969.
On Sunday June 23 & Monday, June 24, 1969 The Hollies went back into Abbey Road Studios to record ''Do You Believe In Love'' & ''Please Sign The Letters'' for their ninth album ''The Hollies Sing The Hollies'' which was produced by Ron Richards. They also recorded '' Cos You Like To Love Me'' the B-side to their twenty first single.
On Wednesday, June 25, 1969 at Abbey Road Studios, the band recorded their twenty first single ''He Ain't Heavy He's My Brother'' & also recorded ''Please Let Me Please'' for their album ''Confessions Of The Mind.'' Sir Elton Hercules John CBS (b. Reginald Kenneth Dwight, Tuesday, March 25, 1947, 55 Pinner Hill Road, Pinner, Middlesex, UK) played piano on these tracks. It was produced by Ron Richards.
On Sunday, June 30, 1969 The Hollies went back into Abbey Road Studios & ''Goodbye Tomorrow'' for their ninth album ''The Hollies Sing The Hollies'' which was produced by Ron Richards.
On Monday, July 1 and Tuesday, July 2, 1969 the band was back at Abbey Road Studios to record the song ''She Looked My Way'' and ''My Life Is Over With You'' for their ninth album ''The Hollies Sing The Hollies'' which was produced by Ron Richards.
On Thursday, August 7, 1969 The Hollies were back at Abbey Road Studios to record the choir & orchestra overdubs for their twenty first single ''He Ain't Heavy He's My Brother'' and ''Please Let Me Please'' for their album ''Hollies Sing Hollies.'' It was produced by Ron Richards.
On Thursday, September 11 & Friday, September 12, 1969 The Hollies were back at Abbey Road Studios to record ''Soldiers Dilemma'' & ''Marigold; Gloria Swansong'' for their ninth album ''Hollies Sing Hollies.'' It was produced by Ron Richards.
On Monday, September 15, 1969 The Hollies were back at Abbey Road Studios to record ''Too Young To Be Married''
for their tenth album ''Confessions Of The Mind,'' which was produced by John Burgess and ''Why Don't You Believe'' for their ninth album ''The Hollies Sing The Hollies'' which was produced by Ron Richards.
On Tuesday, September 16, 1969 The Hollies were back at Abbey Road Studios to record ''You Love Cos You Like It'' & ''Don't Give Up Easily'' for their ninth album ''The Hollies Sing The Hollies,'' which was produced by Ron Richards.
On Wednesday, September, 17, Thursday, September 18 & Friday, September 19, 1969 The Hollies were back at Abbey Road Studios to record ''Why Don't You Believe'' & ''Look At Life'' for their ninth album ''The Hollies Sing The Hollies'' which was produced by Ron Richards, plus two tracks ''The Race Is On'' & ''Louisiana Man.''
On Tuesday, September 23 & Wednesday September 24, 1969 The band recorded two songs at ''Dang Me'' & ''Kentucky Women.''
On Thursday, September 25, 1969 The Hollies recorded ''Don't Give Up Easy'' at Abbey Road Studios for their ninth album ''Hollies Sing Hollies,'' which was produced by Ron Richards.
On Saturday, October 4, 1969 The Hollies ''He Ain't Heavy He's My Brother'' entered the UK charts reaching 3. This became their second number one. The was mostly written by Graham Nash.
On Friday, October 10, 1969 The Hollies recorded ''Reflections Of A Time Long Past'' at Abbey Road Studios for their ninth album ''Hollies Sing Hollies,'' which was produced by Ron Richards.
In October 1969 The Hollies appear on UK TV's ''The Bobbie Gentry Show,'' singing several atypical country style-songs.
On Monday, November 3, Tuesday, November 4, Wednesday, November 5 & Thursday, November 6, 1969 The Hollies recorded ''I Want To Shout,'' ''Lady Please,'' ''Man Without A Heart,'' ''Separated'' & Little Girl'' for their tenth album ''Confessions of The Mind,'' plus the song ''Sign Of The Times'' at Abbey Road Studios. It was produced by John Burgess.
On Monday, November 12, Tuesday, November 13 & Wednesday, November 14, 1969 The Hollies recorded ''Freightened Lady,'' for their tenth album ''Confessions of The Mind,'' plus two songs ''Eleanors Castle,'' ''Sign Of The Times'' & ''He Ain't Heavy He's My Brother'' for a BBC Radio recording. It was produced by John Burgess.
On Monday, December 8, Tuesday, December 9, Wednesday, December 10, Thursday, December 11, Friday, December 12, 1969 the bad was back at Abbey Road Studios were they recorded ''Confessions Of The Mind'' for their tenth album ''Confessions of The Mind,'' plus ''Mad Professor Blyth'' for their B-side, plus the song ''Sign Of The Times'' & ''Carrie Anne'' for a BBC Radio Broadcast. It was produced by John Burgess. Some songs on this album ''Confessions of The Mind,'' were written by Tony Macaulay (b. Anthony Gordon Instone, Friday, April 21, 1944, Fulham, South West London, UK) and Guy Fletcher OBE (b. Mervyn Guy Fletcher, 1944, St Albans, Hertfordshire, UK).
On Monday, February 2, 1970 The Hollies ''He Ain't Heavy He's My Brother'' entered the US charts reaching 7.
On Monday, March 9, Tuesday, March 10, Wednesday, March 11, Thursday, March 12 & Friday, March 13, 1970 at Abbey Road Studios the band recorded their twenty first single ''I Can't Tell The Bottom From The Top'' plus one song ''Survival Of The Fittest'' for their tenth album ''Confessions of The Mind,'' plus three other songs''Wings,'' ''Bobby's Prologue'' & ''Isn't It Nice.'' It was produced by Ron Richards. ''I Can't Tell The Bottom From The Top'' had Elton John on piano. It was produced by John Burgess.
On Monday, March 17, Tuesday, March 18, Wednesday, March 19 and Thursday, March 20, 1970 at Abbey Road Studios The Hollies recorded''Perfect Lady Housewife'' and ''Isn't It Nice'' for their tenth album ''Confessions Of The Mind,'' which was produced by John Burgess. They also recorded the song ''Bobby's Prologue.'' On the track ''Perfect Lady Housewife'' Elton John played the Hammond organ. It was produced by John Burgess.
On Saturday, April 18, 1970 The Hollies ''I Can't Tell The Bottom From The Top'' entered the UK charts reaching 7.
On Monday, May 4, 1970 at Abbey Road Studios The Hollies recorded ''Too Young To Married,'' Frightened Lady'' & ''Man Without A Heart'' for their tenth album ''Confessions Of The Mind,'' which was produced by John Burgess.
On Tuesday, July 29, 1970 The Hollies recorded their twenty second single ''Gasoline Alley Bred'' at Abbey Road Studios.
On Saturday, October 3, 1970 The Hollies ''Gasoline Alley Bred'' entered the UK charts reaching 14.
In November 1970 The Hollies released their twelfth album ''Confessions Of The Mind'' on Parlophone PCS 7117, which entered the UK album charts on Saturday, November 28, 1970.
On Sunday, December 6, 1970 The Hollies appeared on a BBC Session for David Lee Travis (DLT) (b. David Patrick Griffin, Friday, May 25, 1945, Buxton, Derbyshire, UK).
On Friday, January 8 and Saturday, January 9, 1971 The Hollies recorded the song ''Salvation Band'' at Abbey Road Studios.
On Tuesday, March 16, 1971 The Hollies recorded ''Hay Willy'' at Air Studios, with Roger Coulam on organ (b. Roger Keith Coulam, Wednesday, April 26, 1944, England, UK) (of Blue Mink, ex-Jimmy Nicol and the Shubdubs, The Roger Coulam Quartet, Ugly Custard).
On Wednesday, March 17, 1971 The Hollies recorded the song ''Father Machine'' at Air Studios.
On Tuesday April 6, Wednesday, April 7, Thursday, April 8, Wednesday, April 14, Thursday, April 15, Friday, April 16, Wednesday, April 19, Thursday, April 20, Friday, April 21, Saturday, April 22, Sunday, April 23, Wednesday, May 5, Thursday, May 6, Wednesday, July 7, Thursday, July 8, Friday, July 9, Monday, July 12, Tuesday, July 13, Wednesday, July 14, Thursday, July 15, Friday, July 16, Tuesday, July 27, Wednesday, July 28, Thursday, July 29 & Friday, July 30, 1971 The Hollies recorded at Air Studios, a song ''Father Machine,'' ''Row The Boat Together'' the B-side of their twenty-seventh US single ''Long Cool Women (In A Black Dress)'' for their album ''Distant Light,'' also the A-side of their twenty-fourth UK single & ''You Know The Score'' for their album ''Distant Light.'' ''Long Cool Women (In A Black Dress)'' had Clarke on lead guitar as well as lead vocals.
On Saturday, May 22, 1971 The Hollies single ''Hay Willy'' entered the UK charts reaching 22.
On Sunday, August 29, 1971 the band appeared on BBC Radio 1.
In Late October 1971 Allan Clarke left the band. On Monday, October 25, 1971 it was announced by The Hollies manger Robin Britten that Clarke was leaving the group. He was replaced by lead vocalist Mikael Rickfors (b. December 4, 1948, Stockholm, Stockholm County, Sweden). Clarke would be invited to rejoin The Hollies in July 1973, after singing to RCA and cutting two solo albums.
Rickfors formed his first band at 10 in 1958 called Mike's Skiffle Group. In 1967 he joined Swedish band Bamboo as lead vocalist, bassist, who released two singles before they split in 1970.
Thursday, October 14, 1971 The Hollies recorded at Air Studios, ''Oh Granny'' the B-side of their twenty-eighth single. This was the first time Rickfors recorded with the band.
Wednesday, December 8, Thursday, December 9, 1971 and Monday, January 10, 1972 The Hollies recorded at Air Studios ''The Baby'' (orchestra added), the A-side of their twenty-eight US single.
On Saturday, February 26, 1972 The Hollies single ''The Baby'' entered the UK charts reaching 26 in March 1972. This was the first and only hit with Rickfors on lead vocals. The song was written by Chip Taylor (b. John Wesley Voight, March 21, 1940, Yonkers, New York, USA), younger brother of actor John Voight.
On Monday, April 17, Tuesday, April 18 and Wednesday April 19, 1972 The Hollies recorded at Abbey Road Studios ''India Girl'' the B-side of their twenty-seventh UK single, a song ''Heaven On Her Heart'' & ''Words Don't Come Easy'' for their fourteenth album ''Romany.''
On Thursday, April 13, 1972 the band recorded ''Delaware Taggert And The Outlaw Boys'' & ''Touch'' and at Abbey Road Studios and the following day at the same place, Friday, April 14 1972 ''Touch'' & Romany'' all these tracks for their fourteenth album ''Romany'' & a song ''Papa Rain.''
On Thursday, April 27 & Friday, April 28, 1972 The Hollies recorded the song ''On The Summer Side Of Life'' at Abbey Road Studios.
On Monday, May 1, Tuesday, May 2, Wednesday, May 3 and Wednesday, May 4, 1972 the band recorded at Abbey Road Studios ''Blues In The Morning'' & ''Jesus Was A Crossmaker'' for their fourteenth album ''Romany.''
On Monday, May 8 and Tuesday, May 9, 1972 the band recorded at Abbey Road Studios ''Down River'' & ''Magic Women Touch'' for their fourteenth album ''Romany.''
On Monday, July 24, Tuesday, July 25, Wednesday, July 26, Thursday, July 27 & Friday, July 28, 1972 at Abbey Road Studios the band recorded ''Courage Of Your Convictions'' for their fourteenth album ''Romany'' & the track ''Witchy Women.''
On Wednesday, August 2, 1972 The Hollies single ''Long Cool Women (In A Black Dress)'' entered the UK charts reaching 32. This single on Tuesday, August 8, 1972 entered the US charts reaching 2 on Saturday, September 12, 1972.
On Saturday, August 26, Sunday, August 27, Monday, August 28, Tuesday, August 29 and Wednesday, August 30, 1972 at Abbey Road Studios, The Hollies recorded ''Slow Down'' & ''Won't Feel Good In The Morning'' for their fourteenth album ''Romany,'' with John Robinson (b. John Peter Robinson, Sunday, September 16, 1945, Fulmer, Buckinghamshire, UK) on organ.
On Tuesday, September 12, 1972 the group recorded the song ''Nearer To You'' and two days later the song ''If It Wasn't For The Reason'' on Thursday, September 14, 1972, both at Abbey Road Studios.
Friday, October 6, 1972 The Hollies recorded ''Magic Woman Touch'' the A-side of their twenty-seventh UK single at Abbey Road Studios.
On Saturday, December 2, 1972 ''Long Dark Road'' entered the US charts reaching 26.
| Suzanne |
"Who were ""Lonely This Christmas"" with their No.1 hit in 1974?" | The Hollies on Manchesterbeat - the group and music scene of Manchester in the 60s
Excellent history of the group
The Hollies formed in Autumn 1962 with a line-up of Graham Nash on Lead vocals, rhythm & acoustic guitar (Gibson Jumbo), banjo (b. Graham William Nash, Monday, February 2, 1942, The Maternity Ward, The Kimberly Hotel, Blackpool, Lancashire, UK), Eric Haydock on bass (12-string bass, then Six-string Fender VI) (b. Tuesday, February, 3, 1942, Burnley, Lancashire, UK), Allan 'Clarkie' Clarke on lead vocals, harmonica (b. Harold Allan Clarke, Sunday, April 5, 1942, Salford, Lancashire, UK), Don Rathbone on drums (b. Donald Rathbone, October 1942, Wilmslow, Cheshire, UK) and 17 year-old Vic Steele on lead guitar (Fender Jazz-master) (b. Victor Winston Farrell, Monday, May 5, 1945, Manchester, Lancashire, UK).
Graham Nash was the son of William (b. 6 Skinner Street, Salford, Lancashire d. 1961) and Mary Nash (b. Mary Gallagher d. 1981). He also had two younger sisters, Elaine (b. 1946) and Sharon (b. 1953). They all lived at 1 Skinner Street in Salford.
Graham Nash had met Allan Clarke in 1947, when as five-year old boy's they had met at Ordsall Primary School in Salford. Nash was already at the school and half way through the first term, when a new boy named Allan Clarke arrived at the school and the teacher Mr Burke stood Clarke in front of the class and asked who would like to sit next to this boy. Nash was the only child to put his hand up. So Clarke sat next to him and they became friend's.
As for Allan Clarke he was one of six children, who included one older brother Frank Clarke.
Their first live performance was when Nash and Clarke sang ''The Lord Is My Shepherd'' in two part-harmony at a school assembly. Then they both joined the school chorus and then The Salford Boy's Club at the corner of St Ignatius Walk and Coronation Street in Ordsall, Salford. This club was established in 1903 and opened on January 30, 1904 by Robert Baden-Powell (1857 - 1941), later founder of the Scout movement.
In 1953 Nash passed his eleven plus and went to Salford Grammar School in Chaseley Road, Salford. Allan did not pass, as he was not good at exams and so went to Ordsall Secondary Modern School in Trafford Road, Manchester from 1953 to 1958, where he got his O-Level's in 1958. In spit of having to attended different schools, the boys established a strong musical bond in their early teenage years. At 13 in 1955 Nash got his first cheap acoustic guitar from his father. At the same time Clarke got his father to buy him a guitar and so in their front rooms, they both learned the three chords to ''Rock Island Line'' by Lonnie Donegan (b. Anthony James Donegan, Wednesday, April 29, 1931, Bridgeton, Glasgow, Strathclyde, Scotland, UK d. Sunday, November 3, 2002, Market Deeping, Lincolnshire, UK).
One day in Spring 1955, while Nash and Clarke were rehearsing, thrashing about on their guitars and singing at Clarke's house, his older brother Frank Clarke came in and herd them play a few numbers. He liked the way they sounded and suggested that why did they not go around the corner to The Devonshire Sporting Club in Salford and audition. Frank Clarke was a member of this working-man's association club. So the boys went off the following day to this place and when Frank Clarke put a word in with the owner, a local wrestler called Bill Benny who was a well-known entrepreneur in the area, he asked them to come up. The boys asked for an audition on this particular Saturday night and Benny liked them, and so they turned up the next week to play one night. They played ''Rock Island Line,'' ''Worried Man Blues'' & ''Lucille.'' They went down like a storm, the crowd loved them for their innocence especially as they were both in short trousers and when they came off stage they got ten bob each from Benny. He also told them could they come back and play the following night (or the following Saturday) for a fiver, to which the boys said yes. The boys were used to getting sixpence from their mums.
So, for the next few months, the boys calling themselves The Two Teens played at The Devonshire Sporting Club, plus several other clubs in the North of England as well. They played Sunday afternoons plus weekend and several week nights. They played lots of gigs and their price slowly went up to two pounds. They were playing night clubs up until two or three in the morning, unheard of, for 14 year-old guys.
Nash's mother would occasionally come by, to make sure he was not drinking beer or being molested. But both his mum and dad, were very supportive and always encouraged Nash.
The Outlook club in Middlesbrough was a very popular club in the early 60’s.
Saturday 13 July 1963. The Hollies and the Rolling Stones were on the same bill, this was the very first gig the Rolling Stones played out of Greater London on their first UK club tour and a couple of months after they had released their first record “Come On”.
This gig was shortly after The Hollies had released their own first record "(Ain't That) Just Like Me".
Courtesy Brian Swales
The boys would also go to church dances and since the Catholic dances were the best, the boys had to learn their Hail Mary prayers, so they could get in. They only let Catholic kids into these dances, so being Protestant they were forced to pass themselves off as Catholic. At one of these functions in Fall 1957 at a dance in the basement of St Clements, a Catholic School in Salford, the boys were half way across the dance floor when they herd ''Bye Bye Love'' by The Everly Brothers. It stopped Nash in his tracks and he immediately brought all the record he could find by The Everly Brothers, who consisted of Don and Phil Everly. Nash would listen to their songs on his phonograph (record player), and because of their two-part harmony, Nash would put a third part on top of what ever they were singing. That's how he learned to sing harmony and The Two Teens worked out their own two part harmonies, on such Everly Brothers songs as ''Wake Up Little Susie.'' They even got to see them live in Manchester on Wednesday, February 13, 1957, eleven days after Nash's fifteenth birthday. They went with Nash's young sister Elaine and after the show got her on a bus to go home. The boys wanted to meet the Everly's and went to their hotel, The Midland and waited outside their to get their autographs. They waited until around one in the morning when Don and Phil Everly turned up and even took the time to speak to the boys. They told the brother's they had their own band and that they copied their style. Don Everly asked if they were any good and Clarke said yes and that they played shows around Manchester. Phil Everly told Clarke and Nash to keep doing it. They spoke for forty minutes and this changed the boy's life.
In Late 1958 Nash had to leave school and get a job when his father was put in prison. He had purchased a camera from a friend where he worked long hours at David Brown Jackson's a large foundry. The camera was stolen and when the police caught wind of the transaction they cornered Nash's father to tell him it was stolen. When he refused to tell them who he had brought the camera from, he was thrown in jail for a year. So Nash had to get a job to help the family and found work at two pounds ten shillings a week at Alexander Keynon's an engineering firm, where Clarke had been working for several months. Before that he had worked in a cloths mill in Salford to make extra money. The boys had to get up early at around six to get to work which was in Ardwick, Manchester 12. After work at 5.30 a van would pick them up and take them to gigs. When they had finish playing they would get home at around three in the morning. Nash also had a Saturday job in a record shop.
Then, the guys went away one weekend to The Towers Holiday Camp where they entered a musical competition and reached the finals that were being held on the Monday. The boys decided to skip work and stayed to win the competition with a two-part harmony version of Conway Twitty's ''It's Only Make Believe.'' When they returned to work they were in trouble with their boss and Nash was retained while Clarke was fired. So he then got a job as a laborer at a mill. When Nash subsequently lost his job, for playing rock 'n' roll records at the Christmas company party, he took a civil service exam and then got work with the post office.
By now they were earning twenty or thirty pounds a week, which was good money for a couple of sixteen year-old's.
On Wednesday, November 19, 1958 The Two Teens played at The Hippodrome Theatre in Hyde Road, Ardwick Green, Manchester 12, with Canadian impresario Carroll Levis as emcee. Also their was Johnny Peters front man of The Rockets, The Harmonica Rascals, Ronnie Wycherly (b. Ronald William Wycherley, Wednesday, April 17, 1940, Smithdown Hospital, Sefton, Liverpool 17, Lancashire, UK d. Friday, January 28, 1993, St Mary Abbots Hospital, Paddington, West London, UK), later to change his name to Billy Fury, was slumped in a chair back stage as was Freddie Garrity (b. Fredrick Garrity Jnr, Saturday, November 14, 1936, 123 Crescent Road, Crumpsall, Manchester, Lancashire, UK d. Friday, May 19, 2006, Gwynedd Hospital, Bangor, Gwynedd, North Wales) and from Liverpool was Johnny and the Moondogs, who were made of future Beatles, John Lennon on guitar, vocals (b. John Winston Lennon, Wednesday, October 9, 1940, Oxford Street Maternity Hospital, Kensington, Liverpool 7, Lancashire, UK d. Monday, December 8, 1980, The Dakota Building, Manhattan, New York City, N.Y., USA), Paul McCartney on guitar, vocals (b. James Paul McCartney, Thursday, June 18, 1942, Walton Hospital, Walton, Liverpool, Lancashire, UK), George Harrison on guitar, vocals (b. George Harold Harrison, Thursday, February 25, 1943, 12 Arnold Grove, Wavertree, Liverpool 15, Lancashire, UK d. Thursday, November 29, 2001, Los Angeles, California, USA) with guest Johnny 'Hutch' Hutchinson (b. John Hutchinson, Thursday, July 18, 1940, Malta) sitting in on drums. They had all been in The Quarrymen, who played their last gig on Saturday, November 15, 1958, with Ken Brown on guitar, vocals (b. Kenneth Brown, 1940, Enfield, Middlesex, UK d. c. Wednesday, June 9, 2010, at home in Essex, UK).
It was also at this time that they decided to change their name from The Two Teens to The Levins, named after Nash's first jumbo guitar. This name did not last long and they became The Guytones, named after the guitars Nash and Clarke played. After working for a few months at Kenyon's Nash was able to buy a Guytone and Clarke was able to do an upgrade on his old electric guitar. They also changed their name, because they figured they weren't little teenagers any more. In addition to undergoing a name change, it was inevitable that Nash and Clarke would eventually expand beyond a duo.
The idea of forming a new group came from drummer Joe Abrams. One afternoon The Guytones were playing at a relatively small bohemian club called The Bodega at 15 Cross Street, off Deansgate, by Albert Square in Manchester 2, a kind of fake weekend beatnik joint. After they had finished their set, a good-looking young man came up to them and introduced himself as Joe Abrams (b. Joseph Abrams, c. 1942, Manchester, Lancashire, UK), whose father owned the biggest news stand in Manchester around the corner from the Bodega Club. Abrams had left school at fifteen to to help his father sell the newspapers and magazines. Abrams also played drums and came into the pub to check out the Guytones act. He said to Clarke they were a great, but they needed a band. Clarke said no, as they were already earning five pounds each a night and don't need anyone else. But Abrams said you need a drummer, bassist and a lead guitarist. He also told them he was a great drummer and that you need a Bocking. At this Clarke got angry and asked what he was talking about a Bocking. Abrams said no, no you need Pete Bocking in your band. Clarke being interested then asked why they needed him. Abrams smiled saying he could play every solo you have ever herd, every Buddy Holly solo, Gene Vincent solo and all the Little Richard stuff.
So then Clarke said they should go and meet him and they went to his house in Didsbury, Manchester 20 on the outskirts of the city. Bocking (b. Peter J. Bocking, Saturday, October 31, 1942, Withington, Manchester 20, Lancashire, UK d. Thursday, October 31, 2009, Milnrow, Rochdale, Greater Manchester, UK) was unlike any musician Clarke had met, as he rarely spoke above a whisper, was shy and introverted, wore sunglasses, a dark suit, smoked like a chimney and at seventeen was bald. He also carried this rectangular case that he put on the floor. Clarke asked what was in the case and without talking opened it and showed him this amazing guitar, a electric Fender Stratocaster. He also played really well like Abram said.
There is also a story that Pete Bocking, came to Nash's home one night in Early 1960 with his Fender Stratocaster. Bocking, who went bald at twelve, lived with his mum and played guitar all day and all night, so could play all the hip solos. He could be Buddy Holly, Bo Diddley and Chuck Berry, in fact he could be everybody rolled into one.
So before the night was over it was decided that Bocking and Abrams would join forces with Nash and Clarke and they would hence-forth be known as The Fourtones (Ricky and Dane Young and the Fabulous Fourtones). Nash and Clarke became Ricky and Dane Young. They were also joined by bassist John 'Butch' Mepham (b. Sunday, July 27, 1941, Manchester, Lancashire, UK), thus becoming a real band. Now that skiffle had died down all the bands were now getting into rock 'n' roll.
Bocking, Mepham and Abrahms had all been in Johnny Peters and the Jets.
Johnny Peters and the Jets formed in 1958 with Peters on lead vocals (b. Barry James), Pete Bocking on lead guitar, John 'Butch' Murphy on bass (Hofner President), Derek Quinn on lead guitar (b. Sunday, May 24, 1942, Manchester, Lancashire, UK) and Joe Abrams on drums.
In July 1958 Mepham had been brought an acoustic guitar by his mum for his 17th birthday and then joined his first band The Sidekicks Skiffle Group for about five months. When they broke up, he formed his own band The Meteors with Mepham on vocals, acoustic guitar, George Owen on guitar, Tom Mangen on tea-chest bass (b. Thomas Megan) and Brian Lowe on snare drums. This group split in Late 1959 according to Mepham, as the bands parents kept on telling them to be home early.
While playing in his own group Mepham had met Derek Quinn (later to be lead guitarist in Freddie and the Dreamers) who was also playing in a skiffle group. One evening Mepham had bumped into him on their way home from work and asked him if he was interested in forming a rock 'n' roll group (as there was not any rock bands in Manchester at the time).
So became of this meeting Mepham, Quinn, Pete Bocking and Joe Abrams formed The Jets in Late 1959, who were fronted by a young man with a wonderful voice, personality and great stage presence called Johnny Peters (Barry James), a sort of cross between Elvis Presley and our very own Cliff Richard (b. Harry Rodger Webb, Monday, October 14, 1940, King's George Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh State, British India). To start off with, Peters and Quinn were both on lead guitar, but as Quinn was the better player he eventually took over on lead. Mepham became the bass player, using his Hofner President guitar, as he could not get a bass at that time.
Johnny Peters and the Jets were a very popular band and where ever they played, Peters got all the girls screaming. The band was very successful and played at dance halls and clubs around Manchester, plus they even did a few gigs down in London. The band carried on for a number of years with different front men, the last being Wayne Fontana (b. Glynn Geoffrey Ellis, Sunday, October 28, 1945, Manchester, Lancashire, UK), future leader of Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders.
Johnny Peters and the Jets split in Late 1959 and Bocking and Abraham joined forces with The Two Teens, duo, Ricky Young (Allan Clarke) and Dane Young (Graham Nash) to front a new group The Fourtones. So The Fourtones were formed in Early 1960 in Manchester with Ricky Young (Allan Clarke) on lead vocals, Dane Young (Graham Nash) on rhythm guitar, Pete Bocking on lead guitar (Fender Stratocaster) and Joe Abrams on drums.
So The Two Teens joined forces with the two ex-Johnny Peters and the Jets to become The Fourtones. Ricky Young (Clarke) and Dane Young (Nash) fronted the new group. They were sometimes known as Ricky and Dane Young and the Fabulous Fourtones.
The band also realised they needed a bassist and they offered the job to John 'Butch' Mepham, who had a Burns Weil solid body bass. In Early 1960 he got a new bass, a Fender Jazz that he had ordered from Barratts in Manchester. With the name Ricky and Dane, they would get a guest spot with a band called The Flintstones, who had Eric Haydock on bass. They also used to have to hire a driver to take them to gigs and he would get more money than they did. They went on like this until they met Allan Cheetham, who became their manager.
Meanwhile Nash lost his job at the post office for counting the day's receipts in front of his friend Clarke, who was not an employee of the company. So, to keep money coming into the Nash household, Nash got another day job at a tailor shop owned by Michael Cohen, who later became The Hollies first manager. It was while doing his apprenticeship as a tailor that his father was released from prison in Late 1960. William Nash never recovered from his time there, he was never the same man and he lost his honour and spirit. He had also caught pneumonia while inside and sadly died a year later in 1961.
On one Saturday in Late 1960 The Fourtones made an acetate at a local record store, on the second floor were they had a panelled room with egg cartons on the walls to absorb and reflect sound.
The Fourtones also played places like The Two Jays, The Three Coins and The Twisted Wheel. On Saturday, June 10, 1961 they played at The Bolton Palais in Bolton, Lancashire, where they backed famous early 60's pop singer Lance Fortune (b. Christopher Morris, Thursday, January 4, 1940, Birkenhead, Cheshire, UK) as Lance Fortune and the Fourtones. Fortune had been in lead vocalist in The Firecrests, while a student at Birkenhead School in Birkenhead. He also had two hits in 1960 and was later bassist in a group called The Staggerlees.
On Thursday, May 11, 1962 they played at The Oasis Club, 45 - 47 Lloyd Street, off Albert Square in Manchester 2 and on Friday, May 18, 1962 at The Three Coins, Fountain Street in Manchester, where they were advertised as Ricky and Dane Young and the Fabulous Fourtones
The Fourtones split in Late July 1962, having played their last gig on Saturday, July 28, 1962 at The Three Coins. Bocking then formed The Pete Bocking 6 with Bocking on lead guitar (Fender Stratocaster), his old friend Mepham on six-string bass, 18 year-old Keith Shepherd on four-string bass (b. Thursday, December 23, 1943, Burnage, Manchester 19, Lancashire, UK), Ian Starr on drums, Graham Attwood on sax and Clive Neil on sax.
As for Vic Steele, under his real name of Vic Farrell, he had been in The Emperors Of Rhythm from 1962 and in June or July 1962, he approached Eric Haydock to replace their departing bassist Rod Clare. The plan didn't work out because The Emperors' rhythm guitarist Eric Stewart (b. Eric Michael Stewart, Saturday, January 20, 1945, Droylsden, Lancashire, UK) and drummer Eric Farrell (Steele's brother), turned professional backing a local singer called Johnny Peters, who Stewart had earlier played with in his band The Crestas.
Eric Haydock had been an outstanding sportsman at school, collecting a large number of trophies in track events. he left school at 15 in 1958 and went to work as an apprentice engineer in a tool making factory and at 17 in 1959 he brought himself a guitar. He played with several local groups before he joined The Deltas. In his early Hollies days he played a prototype 12-string bass built by Jim Burns, then he got a Six-string Fender VI.
In Autumn 1962 Clarke, Nash and Steele decided to team up with Haydock and drummer Don Rathbone. Soon after they got together it seems Nash abandoned playing rhythm guitar, even though he played one, which either had no strings on it or just as often was unplugged on stage. The live band did not require one. Still he continued to play rhythm guitar on many recordings.
As for Rathbone, who was from Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, he had in 1960 started out in The Electrons, formed in 1958 with a line-up of group leader Phil Henshaw on guitar (b. Philip Henshaw, 1939, Wilmslow, Cheshire, UK), Cliff Bowers on guitar (b. Clifford Bowers, 1937, Alma Lane, Wilmslow, Cheshire, UK d. ), Dave Aldcroft on bass (b. David Aldcroft, 1937, Wilmslow, Cheshire, UK), Roy Tomkins on drums (b. 1932, Wilmslow, Cheshire, UK) and Gordon Roberts on tenor sax (b. 1936, Alderley Edge, Cheshire, UK). The bands manager was Brian Shapley (b. 1937, Wilmslow, Cheshire, UK), who played piano and also doubled on bass. I guess Rathbone replaced Tomkins and did not stay long, leaving in 1960.
Rathbone was then with Eric Haydock in Kirk Daniels and the Deltas. This band was formed in 1960 with Kirk Daniels on lead vocals (b. Harry Morris d. Friday, October 5, 2007, after a long illness), Tommy Turner on lead guitar (b. Thomas Turner), John Murphy on rhythm guitar, Haydock on bass and Rathbone on drums. They were also known as The Kirk Daniels Group. They also went out as The Flintstones wearing caveman gear. Murphy later played lead guitar with Deke Rivers and the Big Sound. Later Kirk Daniels and the Deltas became The Deltas / The Deltas (featuring Ricky and Dane), without Daniels and Murphy. In came Allan Clarke (Ricky) on lead vocals, Graham Nash (Dane) on rhythm guitar and Vic Farrell on lead guitar. This band was later called The Flintstones again.
Rathbone was also in The Arrows, formed in Late 1961 with Mick Rhodes on lead guitar (b. Michael Rhodes, Wilmslow, Cheshire, UK), Joe Henshall on bass (b. Joseph Henshall, Wilmslow, Cheshire, UK), Dave Bowker on rhythm guitar (b. David Bowker, 1947, Strawberry Lane, Wilmslow, Cheshire, UK) and Rathbone on drums. In September 1962 the band were joined by lead vocalist Cliff Bowers (b. Clifford Bowers) (ex-The Cestrian Skiffrocks) and the band became Cliff Bowers and the Arrows. By this time Rathbone had left I guess in Autumn 1962 and was replaced by Derek Chadwick (b. Derek Bailey, Wilmslow, Cheshire, UK).
After a few meetings in Autumn 1962 between Vic Steele (Farrell), Clarke, Nash, and Rathbone at the local coffee / dance club The Oasis at 45 - 47 Lloyd Street, off Albert Square in Manchester 2, the new band was formed. The first practices took place in the evenings and on Sundays, over The Wimpy Bar in Oxford Road, Manchester 1. After three of four weeks they started gigging under the name of Ricky and Dane Young and the Emperors of Rhythm (or The Dominators of Rhythm), at the local dance halls, plus the youth and coffee dance clubs. Ricky Young was Clarke and Dane Young was Nash. They soon got a regular Wednesday spot at The Oasis, and built up a small following. The type of music they were playing at the time was Buddy Holly, Chuck Berry and The Everly Brothers.
The band became The Hollies in Autumn 1962. Their first gig was a Sunday in Autumn 1962 at The Two J's Club at 45 - 47 Lloyd Street, off Albert Square, Manchester 2, Lancashire, UK, soon to change it's name The Oasis Club. The Two J's was on the ground floor of an old building, one of the first coffee bars in Manchester to feature live music.
Clarke had told the owner of this club, Jack Jackson that his band were worth a listen, and he agreed to let them audition. Just before they went on the clubs emcee Graham Clegg grabbed the band and said he was about to introduce them and what's the name of the band. They did not have a name at this time and they went in a huddle to come up with one. Don Rathbone came up with The Deadbeats, taking a cue from the family business, his father owned a mortuary. Clarke, thankfully did not agree and said they were more fun than that. So someone else came up with the name The Hollies after one of Clarke's their favourite singers and in an instant they all agreed and they went over and told Clegg, who introduced the group. He told the audience to give this local band a round of applause, The Hollies.
In September 1962 The Hollies played at The Two J's, that had now changed it's name to The Oasis Club, the gig being advertised on a Beatles poster, The Hollies being advertised as Manchester's newest rockers, who were also playing at the club on Saturday, September 29, 1962, the day before The Hollies played on Sunday, September 30, 1962.
The Hollies also played a further three gigs at The Oasis Club in December 1962. At this time they may have also gone under the name of Ricky and Dane Young and the Hollies according to Steele, but can't find any gigs under this name.
The Hollies first gig at the famous Cavern Club at 10 Mathew Street, Liverpool, Lancashire was on Sunday, February 3, 1963. It was at this gig that they were seen by Parlophone assistant producer Ron Richards (b. Ronald Richard Pratley, Tuesday, January 22, 1929, London, UK d. Thursday, April 30, 2009, Watford, Hertfordshire, UK), who had been involved in producing the first Beatles session. Richards offered them an audition with Parlophone.
On Friday, February 22, 1963 The Hollies played for the first time at the famous Twisted Wheel Club at 30 Brazennose Street, Manchester 2. This club had not been opened for long. Their opening night was on Friday, January 27, 1963 when part Manchester / part Glasgow, Scotland band The Karl Denver Trio played, along with Dean West and The Hellions.
The Hollies turned professional in March 1963.
Also in March 1963 they played at The Fire Station Dance Hall in Rochdale, Lancashire, supported by Paul Stevens and the Javelins and Deke Boner and the Kentuckies, then again at The Twisted Wheel Club and twice at The Cavern Club.
On Thursday, April 4, 1963 The Hollies did their EMI audition at Abbey Road Studio 2 at 3 Abbey Road, St Johns Wood, North West London. They recorded three songs, two became their first single ''(Ain't That) Just Like Me'' / ''Hay What's Wrong With Me'' and a third song ''Whole World Over'' the B-side of their second single.
Steele left the band in Early May 1963 when The Hollies became professional, just after his 18th birthday, which was on Sunday, May 5, 1963, the night The Hollies played The Twisted Wheel Club again. Steele didn't want to take the risk of an uncertain existence as an artist and wanted to finish his education in Engineering. He was replaced by 17 year-old Tony Hicks on lead & acoustic guitar, banjo, lead vocals (b. Anthony Christopher Hicks, Sunday, December 16, 1945, Bankhouse Road, Nelson, Lancashire, UK). Hicks was living at Bankhouse Road in Nelson.
Hicks at the time was an apprentice electrician, having joined a firm of electrical engineers on leaving school. During his off-duty hours at weekends he played lead guitar with Nelson, Lancashire group The Dolphins, formed for dance-hall work. He was asked to replace Vic Steele in The Hollies, but Hicks was not interested as he was happy being semi-pro. Still, they talked him into coming into Manchester on a Friday night and went to see them play live at The Twisted Wheel Club, but he stayed outside the club and just listened to them through the air vent. He liked what he herd and he then went inside and watched them on stage, and he started chatting to Eric Haydock, a one-way conversation, as Haydock was not particularity chatty! Then Graham Nash wondered up and explained to Hick's about an up and coming audition at Abbey Road Studios in London. He took a few days off work and rehearsed with the band and went down to Abbey Road and they were excepted. Hicks said it was so exciting and he joined The Hollies full time. Allan Clarke also said that Hicks first asked his father if he could join, and he said yes as long as he was earning 18 pounds a week. That was fine, but the rest of the band were only earning 9 pounds.
According to drummer Bobby Elliott, Hicks was probably the best guitarist in the North and that Hick's would only join The Hollies if his old band mate from The Dolphins could join. Elliott also said that The Hollies drummer Don Rathbone was the only driver in the band and he drove the van to all the gigs. Rathbone's father owned a mortuary and that allowed them to use the mortuary van. Then Hicks phoned Elliott to tell him there was a job going with Shane Fenton and the Fentones. So he went down to London for the auditions and got the job. Elliott only later found out that 17 year-old Keith Moon (b. Keith John Moon, Friday, August 23, 1946, Central Middlesex County Hospital, Willesden, North West London, UK d. Thursday, September 7, 1978, Flat 12, 9 Curzon Place, Mayfair, West London, UK) and future Who drummer, was also in the same queue.
So according to Hicks he played at the audition at Abbey Road Studios in April 1963, which meant he joined in February 1963. According to Steele himself he left The Hollies in May 1963 so he must have played at the audition and not Hicks. So Hicks joined in May 1963 and not in February 1963.
Tony Hicks had got his first guitar at 11 in 1956 and at 12 in Late 1957, he had appeared on TV in a Carroll Levis Show, with The Les Skifflettes. His parents sent him to a music teacher to give him a thorough grounding on which to improve his talent as as a guitarist.
The Les Skifflettes started out in Winter 1957 with three friend's Russ Lee, Paul Shanahan and Keith Shackleton, all on guitar. This band had several line-ups in the early days, including Lee, Shanahan, Shackleton, David Shackleton on washboard, Frank Lord on tea chest bass, Gerry Cuncliffe on guitar, vocals, 13 year-old Alan Holt on lead vocals (b. 1944, Nelson, Lancashire d. May 2004, after several strokes), 14 year-old Alan Buck on guitar, vocals (b. Wednesday, April 7, 1943, Halifax Road, Briefield, Lancashire, UK d. Tuesday, March 15, 1994, at home in Ealing, West London, from a heart attack), 14 year-old Pat Belshaw on lead vocals (b. Patrick Belshaw, 1943) (later to become Ricky Shaw) and lead vocalist Pat Askew (b. Patricia Askew). She did not work out as she was classically trained and sang everything in soprano.
The group performed at dance night at St Bede's, St Paul's and St Phillips in Nelson and St Lukes in Briefield both in Lancashire.
Quiet early on The Les Skifflettes lost Alan Holt and Alan Buck. So into the band in Late 1957 came lead guitarist Hicks. This was the last line-up of Les Skifflettes, now a seven-piece group, who included Pat Belshaw on lead vocals and 12 year-old Hicks on lead guitar. This band in Late 1959 became Ricky Shaw and the Dolphins with 16 year-old Ricky Shaw (Pat Belshaw) on lead vocals, 14 year-old Hicks on lead guitar, 17 year-old Bernie Calvert on bass (b. Bernard Bamford Calvert, Wednesday, September 16, 1942, Briefield, Lancashire, UK) and the returning 16 year-old Alan Buck now on drums. This line-up lasted until 1960 when they split and reformed in 1961 without Buck, who went onto play in Joe Brown and the Bruvvers, Johnny Kidd and the Pirates and The Lionel Morton Four from 1962, that became The Four Pennies (Nov 1963 - 1966). Buck was replaced by drummer Bobby Elliott (b. Robert Hartley Elliott, Monday, December 8, 1941, 13 Chilton Avenue, Burnley, Lancashire, UK). Ricky Shaw and the Dolphins also added rhythm guitarist John Shaw (b. John Robert Shaw). In 1962 the band became The Dolphins without John Shaw and this band split later in 1962.
On Wednesday, May 15, 1963 The Hollies went back to Abbey Road Studios to record five songs, ''Fortune Teller,'' ''Now's The Time'' (the B-side of their third single), ''Little Love,'' (appeared on their first album''Stay With The Hollies''), ''Zip-A-Dee-Doo-Dah' and 'Searchin.' All were produced by Ron Richards.
The Hollies played again at the famous Twisted Wheel Club in Manchester in May 1963, once in June 1963 and twice in July 1963.
Friday, May 17, 1963 The Hollies released their first single ''(Ain't That) Just Like Me'' which on Thursday, May 30, 1963 became their first hit, when it entered the UK charts reaching 25.
The Hollies also played the famous Liverpool Cavern Club again, twice in June 1963, twice in July 1963 and then in October 1963.
In July 1963 the band went into Abbey Road Studios three times on Wednesday, July 3 to record ''Searchin'' & ''Talkin' About You,'' Monday July 15 to record ''Searchin'' & ''I Understand'' and Tuesday, July 23, 1963 to record ''Searchin'' (the A-side of their second single), with Tommy Sanderson on piano (b. Thomas Sanderson), who was one of the bands managers along with Michael Cohen. Searchin' was recorded in 13 takes.
In August 1963 Rathbone left The Hollies and was replaced by drummer Bobby Elliott, who played Ludwig drums and from 1965 played Premier drums. Actually Rathbone didn't leave the group as such, he was asked to leave because his drumming wasn't really up to the standard. Have also read that Ron Richards was not very pleased with his drumming, and so it was decided that the group should have a new drummer. So Tony Hicks suggested that his friend Bobby Elliott should join. After Rathbone was sacked he worked for The Hollies as their driver and tour manager.
On Thursday, August 29, 1963 ''Searchin'' The Hollies second single entered the UK charts, making it their second hit reaching 12.
As for new drummer Bobby Elliott, he had been educated at Holm-in-Clivinger Primary School in Burnley Road, Cliviger, Burnley and when the family moved to a place called Roughlee Village near Burnley, he attended Nelson Grammar School in Nelson, Lancashire. Elliott made friends with Tony Hicks who was four years younger than him and played with him in semi-pro outfit Ricky Shaw and the Dolphins, later called The Dolphins, during Elliott's four-year stint as an apprentice mechanical engineer.
Elliott had been in a number of bands, starting out in Gerry Storme and the Falcons formed in 1959. This band became Eddie G. Marten and The Falcons in 1960. Elliott then joined Jazz band The Bob Price Quintet in 1960, which he stayed with until 1962. While playing with Bob Price, Elliott also played in Ricky Shaw and the Dolphins, he replaced their drummer Alan Buck. In 1962 Ricky Shaw and the Dolphins became The Dolphins without their rhythm guitarist John Shaw. This band split later in 1962. In Early 1963 Elliott joined Shane Fenton and the Fentones replacing their drummer George Rodda. Elliott did not stay long and he left in April 1963 and was replaced by drummer Don Burrell (b. Donald Burrell). The Fentones carried on until September 1965, while Elliott joined The Hollies in August 1963.
On Friday, September 13, 1963 while driving down in the van from Scotland, Nash checked to see if the door was locked. It was not and he fell out with the van going at 40 m.p.h. Still, the band continued to London to deputize on ''Go Man Go'' for American rocker Gene Vincent.
On Friday, October 11, 1963 The Hollies were back at Abbey Road Studios to record ''Stay'' (the A-side of their third single) and also the song ''Poison Ivy.'' ''Stay'' was recorded in 8 takes, which meant the band were getting better in the studio. In the Early Fall of 1963 Elliott and Hicks had discovered an old copy of Maurice Williams and the Zodiacs ''Stay'' in a junk shop in Scotland. This gave the band the source of their third single.
On Thursday, November 21, 1963 The Hollies ''Stay'' entered the UK chats, their third hit and first top ten reaching 8.
On Tuesday, October 29, 1963 The Hollies were back at the famous Abbey Road Studios to record ''Memphis,'' Talkin' 'Bout You,'' ''It's Only Make Believe,'' ''Lucille,'' ''Baby Don't Cry,'' ''Do You Love Me'' & ''What Kind Of Boy'' (for their first album ''Stay With The Hollies''). It was produced by Ron Richards.
On Wednesday, December 11, 1963 The Hollies were again back at The Abbey Road Studios to record the songs ''Mr Moonlight,'' ''You Better Move On,'' ''Whatcha Gonna Do 'Bout It'' & ''What Kind Of Girl Are You'' (for their first album ''Stay With The Hollies''). It was produced by Ron Richards.
On Wednesday, January 1, 1964 The Hollies played on the first ever BBC TV's Top Of The Pops, with Dusty Springfield, The Rolling Stones, The Swinging Blue Jeans, The Dave Clark Five.
In January 1964 The Hollies released their first album ''Stay With The Hollies'' on Parlophone PMC 1220, which entered the UK album charts on Saturday, February 15, 1964 reaching 2.
On Monday, January 27, 1964 the band went back to Abbey Road Studios to record their fourth single, ''Just One Look'' / ''Keep Off That Friend Of Mine'' and ''Candy Man'' (harmonica overdub), that appeared on their first album. It was produced by Ron Richards.
On Thursday, February 27, 1964 The Hollies ''Just One Look'' entered the UK charts, their fourth hit reaching 2.
On Saturday, February 29, 1964 The Hollies appeared on ITV's ''Thank Your Lucky Stars.''
On Monday, March 2, 1964 The Hollies were again at Abbey Road Studios to record ''When I'm Not There'' & ''What Kind Of Love'' for their first EP ''The Hollies.''
On Thursday, March 24, 1964 Clarke married Jennifer 'Jen' Bowstead, with whom he had three children, Tim (b. July 1966), Toby (b. September 1969) and Piper Clarke (b. 1972).
On Monday, April 13, 1964 the band went into Abbey Road Studios again to record their fifth single ''Here I Go Again'' / ''Baby That's All,'' plus ''The Time For Love'' & ''Don't You Know'' for their second album ''In The Hollies Style.'' It was produced by Ron Richards.
On Sunday, April 26, 1964 The Hollies appeared on ''The New Musical Express Poll Winners Concert'' at The Empire Pool in Wembley, Middlesex, with The Beatles, The Dave Clark Five, Gerry and the Pacemakers plus many others.
On Monday, April 27, 1964 the band was again back at Abbey Road Studios to record ''You'll Be Mine,'' It's In Her Kiss,'' ''Come On Home,'' ''Too Much Monkey Business'' and ''I Thought Of You Last Night'' (for their second album ''In The Hollies Style''). It was produced by Ron Richards.
On Saturday, May 16, 1964 The Hollies ''Just One Look'' their first US hit, entered the US charts at 98.
On Thursday, May 21, 1964 The Hollies ''Here I Go Again'' entered the UK charts, their fifth hit, reaching 4 in June 1964.
On Tuesday, June 30, 1964 the band was back at Abbey Road Studios to record the B-side to their sixth single ''Come On Back,'' plus ''Set Me Free'' and ''Don't Feel To Bad'' for their second album ''In The Hollies Style.''
On Monday, July 13, 1964 the band recorded the song ''Party Line'' at Abbey Road Studios.
On Sunday, August 16, 1964 The Hollies were in Abbey Road Studios to record ''What Kind Of Boy'' (for their second album ''In The Hollies Style'') plus the song ''We're Through.'' It was produced by Ron Richards.
On Tuesday, August 25, 1964 The Hollies recorded again at Abbey Road Studios, recording the song ''It's Raining Teardrops,'' ''We're Through'' the A-side of their sixth single, plus ''To You My Love'' & ''Nitty Gritty'' (which appeared on their second album ''In The Hollies Style''). It was produced by Ron Richards.
On Thursday, September 17, 1964 The Hollies ''We're Through'' entered the UK charts, their sixth hit reaching 7 in October 1964. This was the first hit written by Clarke, Hicks and Nash using the name L. Ransford.
On Wednesday, October 24, 1964 Clarke has his tonsils removed at Manchester Hospital in Manchester and so all tour dates were cancelled until Sunday, November 15, 1964.
On Tuesday, November 10, 1964 at Abbey Road Studios The Hollies recorded ''Put Yourself In My Place'' (for their third album ''The Hollies,'' plus the songs ''She Said Yeah'' & ''Cry Now''). It was produced by Ron Richards.
On Tuesday, December 15, 1964 the band was at Abbey Road Studios to record ''Yes I Will'' (for their album ''Hollies Greatest'') plus ''When I Come Home To You'' (for their third album ''The Hollies'') & ''Nobody'' the B-Side of their seventh single and ''You Know He Did'' the B-Side of their eighth single. It was produced by Ron Richards.
On Saturday, December 26, 1964 at The Odeon Cinema, in Oxford Street, Manchester, The Hollies opened as guests on the Brian Epstein presentation ''Gerry's Christmas Cracker,'' headlined by Gerry and the Pacemakers, with Cliff Bennett and the Rebel Rousers and singer Tommy Quickly (b. Thomas Quigley, Wednesday, July 7, 1943, Norris Green, Liverpool 11, Lancashire, UK).
On Sunday, January 3, 1965 The Hollies were back at Abbey Road Studios to record the A-side of their seventh single ''Yes I Will.''
On Thursday, January 28, 1965 The Hollies ''Yes I Will'' entered the UK charts, their seventh hit reaching 9.
On Sunday, March 1, 1965 the band went back to Abbey Road Studios to record ''Mickey's Monkey,'' ''That's My Desire'' & ''The Last Day'' (for their third album ''The Hollies''), plus ''You Must Believe Me'' & ''Honey And Wine.'' It was produced by Ron Richards.
On Monday, April 7, 1965 the band recorded ''Honey and Wine'' for their fifth EP ''I'm Alive'' at Abbey Road Studios.
Between Friday, April 16 and Friday, April 23, 1965 The Hollies went on their First US Tour, playing at The Paramount Theatre, Brooklyn, New York City, a week long engagement, staring Little Richard plus others and hosed by comic Soapy Sales. They also made their fist appearance on American TV, on NBC's ''Hullabloo.''
On Tuesday, April 27, 1965 The Hollies recorded three tracks at The Bell Studios in West 54th Street, Manhattan, New York City, N.Y., USA, ''Listen Here To Me,'' ''So Lonely'' and ''Bring Back Your Love To Me.''
On Wednesday, May 5, 1965 the band was back at Abbey Road Studios to record ''I'm Alive'' the A-side of their eighth single.
On Thursday, May 27, 1965 The Hollies ''I'm Alive'' entered the UK charts, their eighth hit. This was their first number one.
In June 1965 Clarke, Nash and Hicks formed the Gralto Music Publishing Company.
On Wednesday, June 30, 1965 The Hollies were back at Abbey Road Studios to recorded ''Look Through Any Windows,'' the A-side of their ninth single and further tracks for their third album ''The Hollies,'' ''Lawdy Miss Clawdy,'' ''You Must Believe Me'' & ''Little Bitty Pretty One.'' It was produced by Ron Richards.
On Tuesday, July 13, 1965 The Hollies recorded further tracks ''Down The Line,'' ''Fortune Teller,'' ''To Many People'' & ''I've Been Wrong,'' for their third album ''The Hollies' at Abbey Road Studios, plus ''So Lonely'' the B-side of their ninth single. It was produced by Ron Richards.
On Thursday, September 2, 1965 ''Look Through Any Window'' entered the UK charts, their ninth hit reaching 4.
In September 1965 The Hollies released their third album ''The Hollies'' on Parlophone PMC 1261, which entered the UK album charts on Saturday, October 2, 1965 reaching 8.
On Tuesday, September 14, 1965 The Hollies recorded ''Stewball'' for their fourth album ''Would You Believe'' at Abbey Road Studios & one other track '' She Gives Me Everything I Want.'' It was produced by Ron Richards.
Between Saturday September 18 - Tuesday, September 28?, 1965 The Hollies went on a Ten Day US Tour, with The Yardbirds. The first date of tour was on Saturday, September 18, 1965 at McCormack's Place, Chicago, Cook and DePage County, Illinois, USA and the last date of tour was on Tuesday?, September 28?, 1965: at an unknown venue in the USA. Not sure if The Yardbirds were on this tour as they had just been on their first US Tour? from Wednesday, September 1, 1965 to Saturday, September 18, 1965.
On Friday, December 24, 1965 The Hollies ''If I Needed Someone'' entered the UK charts, their tenth hit reaching 20.
On Saturday, January 8, 1966 The Hollies ''Look Through Any Window'' entered the US charts, their first hit there, which on Saturday, January 22, 1966 reached 32.
On Tuesday, January 13, 1966 The Hollies went into Abbey Road to record ''I Can't Let Go'' / ''Running Through The Night.''
On Thursday, February 24, 1966 The Hollies ''I Can't Let Go'' entered the UK charts their eleventh hit reaching 2.
On Friday, March 25, 1966 The Hollies recorded two further tracks ''Sweet Little Sixteen'' & ''I Am A Rock'' for their fourth album ''Would You Believe'' at Abbey Road, plus another track ''Have You Ever Loved Somebody.'' It was produced by Ron Richards.
It was also around this time that Haydock left the band. It seem he was fired in April 1966 as when the band returned from a European Tour, they found he was unwilling or unable to perform at various scheduled gigs. Haydock's last gig with The Hollies was on Saturday, May 7, 1966 at Pismo Beach, California, USA, the last date of their first US Tour.
On Tuesday, May 10, 1966 The Hollies went into Abbey Road Studios to record ''After The Fox,'' with famous comedian/actor Peter Sellers CBE (b. Richard Henry Sellers, Tuesday, September 8, 1925, Castle Road, Southsea, Hampshire, UK d. Thursday, July 24, 1980, The Middlesex Hospital, Fitzrovia, West London, UK). The problem was Haydock refused to go into the studio and so Jack Bruce (b. John Symon Asher Bruce, May 14, 1943, 56 Beaufort Gardens, Bishopsbriggs, Dunbartonshire, UK) played bass instead. The famous American singer-songwriter Burt Bacharach (b. Burt Freeman Bacharach, Saturday, May 12, 1928, Kansas City, Missouri, USA) played piano.
On Saturday, May 7, 1966 The Hollies US single ''I Can't Let Go'' reached 42. The single had been released in February 1966.
On Thursday May 12 or Friday, May 13, 1966 The Hollies manager Mike Cohen called Bernie Calvert at his job in the factory to see if he would be available to play bass on The Hollies' upcoming tour to Scandinavia, starting in just over a week. Calvert said yes.
On Friday, May 13, 1966 the band appeared on BBC Radio?, with German Klaus Voorman on bass?
On Saturday May 14, 1966 some of The Hollies, Graham Nash, Tony Hicks, Bobby Elliott and Bernie Calvert, without Allan Clarke participated in a recording session for the Everly Brothers' album ''Two Yanks In England.''
On Sunday, May 15, 1966 The Hollies appeared on ITV's ''Sunday Night At The London Palladium.'' When Haydock failed to show up the band used bassist Klaus Voorman (b. Tuesday, April 29, 1938, North Berlin, Germany). Voorman later rehearsed with the group, but turned down the offer to join the band, he instead joined Manfred Mann (July 1966 - June 1969).
On Tuesday, May 17, 1966 the band went into Abbey Road Studios to record the B-side of their thirteenth single ''Don't Run And Hide,'' with John Paul Jones on bass (b. John Baldwin, Thursday, January 3, 1946, Sidcup, Kent, UK) (ex-The Deltas from 1960, The Jett Blacks, Jet Harris and Tony Meehan).
On Wednesday, May 18, 1966 the band went into Abbey Road to record the A-side of their thirteenth single ''Bus Stop'' (Graham Gouldman) with Calvert on bass. It was produced by Ron Richards. It was also on this day that The Hollies announced that Bernie Calvert was now a member of the band.
On Thursday, May 26 and Friday, May 27, 1966 in Bremen, Germany, the band taped performances for the TV show ''Beat Club.'' Nash also did an interview for the show. It was aired on Saturday, May 28, 1966.
From Saturday, May 21 to Monday, June 13, 1966 The Hollies went on their tour of Denmark and Sweden, with Calvert on bass, vocals.
In June 1966 The Hollies released their fourth album ''Would You Believe'' on Parlophone PMC 7008, which entered the UK album charts on Saturday, July 16, 1966.
When The Hollies returned to England from their Scandinavian tour on Tuesday, June 14, 1966 Calvert returned to his factory job and did not join the band permanently until Late July 1966. Also in the frame to be The Hollies next bassist was ex-Kinks bass player Pete Quaife (b. Peter Alan Greenlaw Quaife, Friday, December 31, 1943, The Cold Fall Estate, Steads Road, Muswell Hill, North West London, UK d. Wednesday, June 23, 2010, Copenhagen, Denmark, of kidney failure).
On Wednesday, June 15, 1966 the band appeared on Granada ITV's ''Scene At 6.30.''
On Thursday, June 16, 1966 the band appeared on BBC 1's ''Top Of The Pops,'' with Calvert on bass.
On Thursday, June 17, 1966 the band appeared on Rediffusion ITV's ''Ready Steady Go.''
On Monday, June 20, 1966 The Hollies went into Abbey Road Studios to record ''Have You Ever Loved Somebody'' & ''Stop The Dance'' (an early version of ''Stop! Stop! Stop!''). Kenny Sammon (b. Kenneth Sammon) supplemented the group on organ.
On Tuesday, June 21, 1966 the band appeared on Rediffusion ITV's ''Five O'Clock Show.''
On Wednesday, June 22, 1966 the band appeared on BBC Radio's ''Easy Beat.''
On Thursday, June 23, 1966 The Hollies single ''Bus Stop'' entered the UK charts, their twelfth hit reaching 5.
On Wednesday, June 29, 1966 the band appeared on BBC's TV's ''Hey Presto - It's Rolf.''
On Friday, July 1, 1966 the band appeared on Rediffusion ITV's ''Ready Steady Go'' and BBC's TV's ''Hey Presto - It's Rolf.''
When Haydock finally left the band in Late July 1966 he formed his own short-lived group Haydock's Rockhouse with Haydock on bass, Ken Knight on drums (b. Kenneth Knight), Barry Worthington on tenor sax, flute, Pete Ainsworth on lead vocals (b. Peter Ainsworth, Stockport, Cheshire, UK), Ian Brooks on bass, occasional trumpet and Dereck Taylor on lead guitar, bass (ex-The Toggery Five).
This was an already existing band called The Soul Executives formed in 1962 by Ian Brooks on bass (Burns), occasional trumpet, Ken Knight on drums and Worthington on tenor sax, flute with Pete Ainsworth on lead vocals (b. Peter Ainsworth), Graham Attwood on baritone sax, Bill Conway on vibes, organ, alto sax (b. William Conway) and Dereck Taylor on lead guitar, bass.
In Late July 1966 Attwood left after a splat with Ainsworth and Brooks moved over to full time trumpet. The band advertised for a bass player and Haydock, who had just left The Hollies walked into their rehearsal room and asked to join the band. They also changed their name as there was another band in Blackpool called The Executives, who included future Jethro Tull flutist and lead vocalist Ian Anderson MBE (b. Ian Scott Anderson, Sunday, August 10, 1947, Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland, UK). Not long after that Haydock did not want Conway in the band and so he left. Not long after that Brooks had a run in with Ainsworth and left to join Gin House. So Taylor became the bassist and the band was joined by Roger Wallborn on lead guitar, vocals? A later members of the band was organist Tony Danforth (b. Anthony Danforth) and drummer Hector Smith.
On Monday, August 1, 1966 The Hollies US single ''Look Through Any Window'' entered the US charts. This was their breakthrough US hit, which on Friday, September 2, 1966 reached 5.
On Tuesday, August 16, 1966 The Hollies recorded ''Peculiar Situation,'' ''Suspicious Look In Your Eye'' & ''Tell Me To My Face'' for their fifth album ''For Certain Because'' at Abbey Road Studios. It was produced by Ron Richards.
On Wednesday, August 17, 1966 The Hollies recorded the A-side of their fourteenth single ''Stop! Stop! Stop!''
On Saturday, August 20, 1966 The Hollies single ''Bus Stop,'' entered the US charts, reaching 5.
On Monday, August 22, 1966 The Hollies recorded ''Tell Me To My Face'' & ''Pay You Back With Interest'' for their fifth album ''For Certain Because'' at Abbey Road Studios. It was produced by Ron Richards.
On Tuesday, August 23 & Wednesday, August 24, 1966 The Hollies recorded ''Clown,'' ''It's You'' & ''Crusaders'' at Abbey Road Studios for their fifth album ''For Certain Because.'' It was produced by Ron Richards.
On Wednesday, August 31, 1966 The Hollies recorded ''What Wrong With The Way I Live'' at Abbey Road Studios for their fifth album ''For Certain Because,'' they also recorded ''Stop! Stop! Stop! as a backing track for a TV performance. It was produced by Ron Richards.
On September 2, 1966 Bernie Calvert made his TV d?but with The Hollies on ''The Five O'Clock Show.''
On Thursday, October 13, 1966 The Hollies fourteenth single ''Stop, Stop, Stop'' entered the UK charts reaching 2.
On Monday, October 17, 1966 The Hollies recorded ''What Went Wrong'' & ''High Classed'' for their fifth album ''For Certain Because'' at Abbey Road Studios. It was produced by Ron Richards.
On Saturday, November 12, 1966 The Hollies single ''Stop, Stop, Stop'' entered the US charts reaching 7.
In December 1966 The Hollies released their fifth UK album ''For Certain Because'' on Parlophone PCS 17011, which entered the UK album charts on Saturday, December 17, 1966.
On Wednesday, January 11, 1967 The Hollies recorded the B-Side of their fifteenth ''All The World Is Love,'' plus ''When Your Light's Turned On'' & ''Have You Ever Loved Somebody'' their sixth album ''Evolution'' at Abbey Road Studios. It was produced by Ron Richards.
On Friday, January 13, 1967 The Hollies recorded the A & B-Side of their Italian single ''Non Prego Per Me'' & Devi Aver Fiducia In Me'' plus ''Lullaby To Tim'' their sixth album ''Evolution,'' plus the A-Side of their fifteenth ''On A Carousel'' all at Abbey Road Studios. It was produced by Ron Richards.
On Thursday, February 16, 1967 The Hollies single ''On A Carousel'' entered the UK charts reaching 4.
On Wednesday, February 22, 1967 The Hollies recorded ''The Games We Play'' for their sixth album ''Evolution,'' plus the A & B-Side of their Italian single ''We're Alive'' & Kill Me Quick'' at Abbey Road Studios. It was produced by Ron Richards.
On Friday, March 3, 1967 The Hollies recorded ''Rain On The Window,'' ''Then The Heartaches Begin,'' ''Ye Old Coffee Shoppe,'' ''You Need Love,'' ''Leave Me'' & ''Stop Right There'' for their sixth album ''Evolution'' at Abbey Road Studios, plus the song ''Step Inside.'' It was produced by Ron Richards.
On Wednesday, March 8, 1967 The Hollies recorded ''The Games We Play,'' ''Water On The Brain'' & ''Heading For A Fall'' for their sixth album ''Evolution'' at Abbey Road Studios, plus the song ''Schoolgirl.'' It was produced by Ron Richards.
On Friday, March 17, 1967 The Hollies recorded ''Rain On The Window,'' ''Then The Heartaches Begin,'' ''Ye Old Coffee Shoppe,'' ''You Need Love,'' ''Stop Right There,'' ''Water On The Brain'' & ''Heading For A Fall'' for their sixth album ''Evolution'' at Abbey Road Studios. It was produced by Ron Richards.
Because Bobby Elliott was ill for these recordings, they replaced him on February, 22, 1967 with drummer Mitch Mitchell (b. John Ronald Mitchell, Wednesday, July 9, 1946, Ealing, West London d. Wednesday, November 12, 2008, The Benson Hotel, Portland, Oregon, USA). On March 3, 1967 he was replaced by drummers Clem Cattini (b. Clemente Anselmo Arturo Cattini, Saturday, August 28, 1937, Stoke Newington, North London, UK) (ex-The Beat Boys, Aug - Dec 1959, Johnny Kidd and the Pirates from Jan 1960, Colin Hicks and the Cabin Boys, July - Aug 1961, The Torndoes, Sept 1961 - Feb 1965) and Dougie Wright (b. Douglas Wright, 1937, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK) (ex-The Bill Marsden Band, The John Barry Seven from 1958, The Ted Taylor / Bobby Rogers Four from Oct 1962). On March 8, 1967 Wright replaced Elliott again.
On Monday, April 3, 1967 the band recorded at Abbey Road Studios the song ''Step Inside.''
On Saturday, April 15, 1967 The Hollies single ''On A Carousel'' entered the US charts reaching 11.
On Saturday, May 1, 1967 the group were at Abbey Road Studios again to record ''Carrie Anne'' and on Sunday, May 2, 1967 to record ''Signs That I Will Never Change'' the A-Side and B-Side of their seventeenth single.
On Thursday, June 1, 1967 The Hollies single ''Carrie Anne'' entered the UK charts reaching 3.
On Tuesday, June 13, 1967 Hicks entered St George's Hospital in London, for a minor operation to cure a sinus condition.
In June 1967 The Hollies released their seventh album ''Evolution'' on Parlophone PCS 7022, which entered the UK album charts on Saturday, June 17, 1967.
On Saturday, June 24, 1967 The Hollies single ''Pay You Back With Interest'' entered the US charts reaching 28.
On Saturday, July 8, 1967 The Hollies single ''Carrie Anne'' entered the US charts reaching 9.
On Tuesday, August 1, 1967 the group were at Abbey Road Studios to recorded ''Charlie and Fred'' & ''Step Inside'' their seventh album ''Butterfly.''
On Thursday, August 3 & Friday, August 4, 1967 The Hollies went into Abbey Road Studios to recorded ''King Midas In Reverse,'' the was the A-side of their seventeenth single. On Tuesday, September 5, 1967 they went into Abbey Road Studios to recorded the B-side of this single ''Everything Is Sunshine.''
On Tuesday, September 5, 1967 the band recorded ''Try It,'' for their seventh album ''Butterfly'' at Abbey Road Studios, plus ''Everything Is Sunshine'' the B-Side of their seventeenth single. It was produced by Ron Richards.
On Tuesday, September 12, 1967 The Hollies recorded ''Would You Believe'' & ''Pegasus The Flying Horse'' for their seventh album ''Butterfly'' at Abbey Road Studios. It was produced by Ron Richards.
On Tuesday, September 26, 1967 the band recorded ''Dear Eloise'' & ''Elevated Observations'' for their seventh album ''Butterfly'' at Abbey Road Studios. It was produced by Ron Richards.
On Wednesday, September 27, 1967 The Hollies ''King Midas In Reverse'' entered the UK charts.
On Thursday, October 5, 1967 The Hollies recorded ''Would You Believe,'' ''Away Away Away,'' ''Charlie and Fred'' & ''Butterfly'' for their seventh album ''Butterfly'' at Abbey Road Studios. It was produced by Ron Richards.
On Friday, October 6, 1967 The Hollies recorded ''Maker'' (sitar overdub) for their seventh album ''Butterfly'' at Abbey Road Studios. It was produced by Ron Richards.
On Tuesday, January 9 & Thursday, January 11, 1968 The Hollies went into Abbey Road Studios to recorded ''Open Up Your Eyes,'' the B-side of their eighteenth single.
On Saturday, February 3, 1968 The Hollies went into The Chappell Studios at 50 New Bond Street, Soho, West London to recorded ''Jennifer Eccles,'' the A-side of their eighteenth single, which had Rod King on steel guitar (born Roderick King).
On Thursday, February 22, 1968 the band went into Abbey Road Studios to recorded ''Jennifer Eccles,'' the A-side of their eighteenth single, which had Rod King on steel guitar (born Roderick King).
On Wednesday, March 27, 1968 The Hollies single ''Jennifer Eccles'' entered the UK charts and in April reached number 7. This Clarke and Nash written song with Jennifer being Clarke's wife's forename and Eccles is Nash's wife's maiden name.
On Tuesday, March 26 & Wednesday, March 27, 1968 the band went into Abbey Road Studios to record three tracks, ''Tomorrow Never Comes,'' ''Relax'' & ''You Were A Pretty Little Girl.''
On Tuesday, April 2, 1968 the band went into to Abbey Road Studios to recorded ''Marrakesh Express'' (Backing Track).
On Tuesday, May 14 & Wednesday, May 15, 1968 The Hollies went into The Chappell Studios again to recorded ''Life Every Time Before'' the A-Side of their German single & ''Do The Best You Can'' the B-Side of their twentieth single.
On Saturday, May 18, 1968 The Hollies single ''Jennifer Eccles'' entered the US charts reaching 40.
On Sunday, May 26, 1968 the band went into The Lewisham Odeon, 268 Barking Road, Lewisham, South West London to record The Hollies Stage Show.
On Monday, June 17, 1968 The Hollies went into Abbey Road Studios to record ''Do The Best You Can,'' the B-side of their nineteenth single.
On Wednesday, July 3, 1968 the band went into Air Studios at Lyndhurst Hall, Lyndhurst Road, Hampstead, North West London to record ''Like Every Time Before'' the A-Side of their German single.
In July 1968 it is announced by The Hollies management that Graham Nash and Bernie Calvert will be releasing solo albums. The speculation is rife that Nash will leave as he was not happy about the groups musical direction since their single ''King Midas In Reverse.''
On Friday, July 19, 1968 The Hollies released their nineteenth US single ''Do The Best You Can'' and ''Elevated Observation'' on Epic 5-10361.
In August 1968 The Hollies played a UK Cabaret Season, wearing matching suits, and widening their stage repertoire.
In August 1968 The Hollies released their ninth album ''Hollies' Greatest Hits'' on Parlophone PCS 7057, which entered the charts on Saturday, August 17, 1968. On Saturday, October 12, 1968 it entered number one in the album charts.
On Wednesday, August 28, 1968 they went into Abbey Road Studios to record ''Listen To Me,'' the A-side of this single, which had on piano Nicky Hopkins (b. Nicholas Christian Hopkins, February 24, 1944, The Park Royal Hospital, Harlesden, North West London, UK d. Tuesday, September 6, 1994, Nashville, Tennessee, USA) (ex-Screaming Lord Sutch and the Savages). He had played on a lot of Who singles, albums.
On Saturday, September 7, 1968 The Hollies appeared on the BBC's ''Colour Me Pop.''
On Saturday, September 14, 1968 The Hollies appeared on German TV's ''Beat Club,'' with Status Quo and The Nice.
On Saturday, September 14, 1968 The Hollies single ''Do The Best You Can'' stalled at number 93 in the US charts.
On Saturday, October 2, 1968 The Hollies ''Listen To Me'' entered the UK charts. it reached 11 on Friday October 26, 1968. The song was written by Tony Hazzard (b. Anthony Hazzard, Sunday, October 31, 1943, Liverpool, Lancashire, UK).
On Monday, November 4, Tuesday, November 5 and Wednesday, November 6, 1968 they went into Abbey Road Studios to record ''I Shall Be Released, Mighty Quinn, ''The Times They Are A-Changin,'' ''Quit Your Lowdown Ways,'' ''I Want You,'' ''Just Like A Women,'' ''When The Ships Come In,'' ''My Back Pages,'' ''I'll Be Your Baby Tonight'' & ''All I Really Want To Do'' for their eighth album ''The Hollies Sing Dylan,'' plus the song ''This Wheels On Fire.'' Graham Nash was absent from the recordings and ''I Shall Be Released'' had Alan Parker (b. Alan Frederick Parker, Saturday, August 26, 1944, Matlock, Derbyshire, UK) on lead guitar (later of Blue Mink, Ugly Custard, ex-The Alan Parker Sound).
In December 1968 Graham Nash left the band to join Crosby, Stills and Nash and was replaced by lead guitarist, lead vocalist Terry Sylvester (b. Terence Sylvester, Tuesday, January 8, 1946, Allerton, Liverpool, Lancashire, UK), who had been to The Morrison School For Boys in Rose Lane, Allerton, Liverpool with future Assassins, Profiles, Masterminds from 1965, Fruit Eating Bears from Feb 1966 & Badfinger lead guitarist Joey Molland (b. Joseph Charles Molland, Saturday, June 21, 1947, Edge Hill, South East Liverpool 7, Lancashire, UK).
Sylvester's first band was The Escorts formed in October 1962 with two classmates Mike Gregory and John Kinrade, who had all just left The Morrison School For Boys in Allerton, Liverpool. The rest of the band were made up of two mates, John Foster and Ray Walker. The line-up had Walker on lead vocals (ex-The Deltics from 1957, Ray and the Del Renas from 1959), Kinrade on lead guitar (White Fender Stratocaster) (b. John Knowles, Tuesday, June 25, 1946, Southport, Lancashire, UK), Sylvester on rhythm guitar (White Fender Stratocaster), vocals, Gregory on bass (White Fender Precision), vocals (b. Michael Gregory, Thursday, November 7, 1946, Oxford Street Maternity Hospital, Kensington, Liverpool 7, Lancashire, UK) and John 'Johnny Sticks' Foster on drums (Ajax) (ex-The Wackers), the cousin of The Beatles drummer Ringo Starr (b. Richard Starkey Jnr, Sunday, July 7, 1940, 9 Madryn Street, The Dingle, Liverpool 8, Lancashire, UK).
Gregory had been to Windsor Street Primary School in Toxteth, Liverpool 8 and then gone to Morrison School For Boys in Greenbank Road, Mossley Hill, Liverpool 18, where he met Sylvester and Kinrade. When the band formed in October 1962 the groups drummer was Mickey Hacket, who lived down the street from Sylvester, had a little set of drums and agreed to come and practise with the band. They practised at Saint Alyosuis Chuch in Queen Drive, Liverpool in their Church Hall. Hacket was not up to it and so the band brought in Ringo Starr's cousin John Foster, who had his old Ajax kit. Now all they needed was a singer and thanks to Sylvester who worked in J. Davies with Terry Fisher the lead guitarist in The Del Renas, he recommended their lead singer Ray Walker, who had just left the band.
The Escorts worked up a stage act inspired by Cliff Richard and the Shadows / Shane Fentone and the Fentones, and got a residency at Alan Williams' Blue Angle Club in Liverpool in 1962, thanks to Ringo Starr. They also got a gig in Holyoake Hall in Smithdown Road, Wavertree, Liverpool 15.
In April 1963 Walker left the band, quit the music biz and got married. Sylvester took over lead vocals and Gregory sang harmony vocals, with a sound very much like The Everly Brothers. Foster also left and joined the Crosby based Dions, who got going in June 1964, having evolved from Roy Brooks and the Dions. Foster was replaced by Pete Clarke (b. Peter Gaskell, 1946) on Premier drums. He had been playing for 18 months.
In May 1963 The Escorts won The Lancashire and Cheshire Beat Group Contest at The Philharmonic Concert Hall in Liverpool. On Saturday, August 3, 1963 The Escorts were hand picked to support The Beatles on their last show at the famous Cavern Club at 8 - 10 Mathew Street, Liverpool 2.
Clarke left in October 1964 and was replaced by Gregory's friend Kenny 'Goody' Goodlass (b. Kenneth Goodlass, 1946) (ex-The Tuxedos, The Panthers, The Kirkbys from March 1964). Clarke joined Them Grimbles and re-joined The Escorts in September 1965. Goodlass went to The Fruit Eating Bears formed in February 1966. In January 1966 Clarke left again and became a top session man as well as player with The Liverpool Scene & folk-rock group Trees. He was replaced by drummer Tommy Kelly (b. Thomas Kelly) (ex-The Young Ones, Earl Preston's Realms).
In February 1966 a few weeks after Kelly joined, Sylvester having just turned 20 and with a wife and child to support, was not slow to respond when he got an offer to join The Swinging Blue Jeans (formed April 1963), which quadrupled the income he was getting with The Escorts. He was replaced by rhythm guitarist, organist, vocalist Frank Townsend (ex-The Easybeats, 1962 - 1965). The Escorts with other changes carried on until July 1967. As for Sylvester he replaced rhythm guitarist, vocalist Ralph Ellis (b. Sunday, March 8, 1942, Liverpool, Lancashire, UK) in The Swinging Blue Jeans, whose line-up at the time was Ray Ennis on lead guitar, vocals (b. Raymond Vincent Ennis, Sunday, May 26, 1940, Huyton, East Liverpool 36, Lancashire, UK), Les Braid on bass, vocals (b. William Leslie Braid, Wednesday, September 15, 1937, West Derby Road, West Derby, Liverpool 12, Lancashire, UK d. Sunday, July 31, 2005, Fazakerley Hospital, Fazakerley, North Liverpool 9, Merseyside, UK), Norman Kuhlke on drums (b. Wednesday, June 17, 1942, Liverpool, Lancashire, UK) and Sylvester on rhythm guitar, vocals.
In July 1967 The Swinging Blue Jeans were joined by Sylvester's old friend Mike Gregory, who became the bassist, vocalist, while Les Braid became organist, vocalist. This line-up lasted until December 1968 when Sylvester left The Blue Jeans to join The Hollies.
On Wednesday, January 1, 1969 at Chappell's Studio, at 50 New Bond Street, Soho, West London, The Hollies recorded two songs ''Angel Of The Morning'' & ''Dang Me,'' plus ''The Mighty Quinn'' for their eighth album ''The Hollies Sing Bob Dylan.'' It was produced by Ron Richards.
In January 1969 at Cardiff University, Cardiff, South Glamorgan, South Wales, Terry Sylvester played his d?but gig with The Hollies.
On Monday, January 27 and Tuesday, January 28, 1969 at Abbey Road Studios The Hollies recorded their nineteenth single ''Sorry Suzanne'' & ''Not That Way At All.'' This is Sylvester's first studio session with the group.
The Hollies went back to Abbey Road Studios, on Monday, February 17, Tuesday, February 18, Wednesday February 19 & Thursday, February 20, 1969 (to record the vocal overdubs) and Sunday, March 3 & Monday, March 4, 1969 (to record the orchestral overdubs), for the songs ''I Shall Be Released,'' ''The Mighty Quinn,'' ''The Times They Are A-Changin','' ''Quit Your Lowdown Ways,'' ''I Want You,'' ''Just Like A Women,'' ''When The Ships Come In,'' ''My Back Pages,'' ''I'll Be Your Baby Tonight,'' & ''All I Really Want To Do'' for their eighth album ''The Hollies Sing Bob Dylan.'' This was the first album with new member Terry Sylvester. It was produced by Ron Richards and the strings were arranged and conducted by Lew Warburton. One track, ''Blowin' In The Wind'' had string arrangements and composing by ex-Manfred Mann guitarist, flautist, saxophonist Mike Vickers (born Michael Vickers, Thursday, April 18, 1940, Southampton, Hampshire, UK).
On Monday, February 24, 1969 Sylvester made his Hollies TV d?but on TV's BBC1 's ''Dee Time,'' presented by DJ Simon Dee (b. Cyril Nicholas Henry-Dodd, Sunday, July 28, 1935, Manchester, Lancashire, UK d. Saturday, August 29, 2009, Winchester, Hampshire, UK, of bone cancer).
On Saturday, March 5, 1969 The Hollies ''Sorry Suzanne'' entered the UK charts and reached 3 in April 1969. This song was written by Tony Macauley (b. Anthony Gordon Instone, Friday, April 21, 1944, Fulham, South West London, UK) and Geoff Stephens (b. Geoffrey Stephens, Monday, October 1, 1934, Southgate, North London, UK).
In May 1969 The Hollies released their tenth album ''The Hollies Sing Dylan'' on Parlophone PCS 7078, which entered the UK album charts on Saturday, May 17, 1969.
On Sunday June 23 & Monday, June 24, 1969 The Hollies went back into Abbey Road Studios to record ''Do You Believe In Love'' & ''Please Sign The Letters'' for their ninth album ''The Hollies Sing The Hollies'' which was produced by Ron Richards. They also recorded '' Cos You Like To Love Me'' the B-side to their twenty first single.
On Wednesday, June 25, 1969 at Abbey Road Studios, the band recorded their twenty first single ''He Ain't Heavy He's My Brother'' & also recorded ''Please Let Me Please'' for their album ''Confessions Of The Mind.'' Sir Elton Hercules John CBS (b. Reginald Kenneth Dwight, Tuesday, March 25, 1947, 55 Pinner Hill Road, Pinner, Middlesex, UK) played piano on these tracks. It was produced by Ron Richards.
On Sunday, June 30, 1969 The Hollies went back into Abbey Road Studios & ''Goodbye Tomorrow'' for their ninth album ''The Hollies Sing The Hollies'' which was produced by Ron Richards.
On Monday, July 1 and Tuesday, July 2, 1969 the band was back at Abbey Road Studios to record the song ''She Looked My Way'' and ''My Life Is Over With You'' for their ninth album ''The Hollies Sing The Hollies'' which was produced by Ron Richards.
On Thursday, August 7, 1969 The Hollies were back at Abbey Road Studios to record the choir & orchestra overdubs for their twenty first single ''He Ain't Heavy He's My Brother'' and ''Please Let Me Please'' for their album ''Hollies Sing Hollies.'' It was produced by Ron Richards.
On Thursday, September 11 & Friday, September 12, 1969 The Hollies were back at Abbey Road Studios to record ''Soldiers Dilemma'' & ''Marigold; Gloria Swansong'' for their ninth album ''Hollies Sing Hollies.'' It was produced by Ron Richards.
On Monday, September 15, 1969 The Hollies were back at Abbey Road Studios to record ''Too Young To Be Married''
for their tenth album ''Confessions Of The Mind,'' which was produced by John Burgess and ''Why Don't You Believe'' for their ninth album ''The Hollies Sing The Hollies'' which was produced by Ron Richards.
On Tuesday, September 16, 1969 The Hollies were back at Abbey Road Studios to record ''You Love Cos You Like It'' & ''Don't Give Up Easily'' for their ninth album ''The Hollies Sing The Hollies,'' which was produced by Ron Richards.
On Wednesday, September, 17, Thursday, September 18 & Friday, September 19, 1969 The Hollies were back at Abbey Road Studios to record ''Why Don't You Believe'' & ''Look At Life'' for their ninth album ''The Hollies Sing The Hollies'' which was produced by Ron Richards, plus two tracks ''The Race Is On'' & ''Louisiana Man.''
On Tuesday, September 23 & Wednesday September 24, 1969 The band recorded two songs at ''Dang Me'' & ''Kentucky Women.''
On Thursday, September 25, 1969 The Hollies recorded ''Don't Give Up Easy'' at Abbey Road Studios for their ninth album ''Hollies Sing Hollies,'' which was produced by Ron Richards.
On Saturday, October 4, 1969 The Hollies ''He Ain't Heavy He's My Brother'' entered the UK charts reaching 3. This became their second number one. The was mostly written by Graham Nash.
On Friday, October 10, 1969 The Hollies recorded ''Reflections Of A Time Long Past'' at Abbey Road Studios for their ninth album ''Hollies Sing Hollies,'' which was produced by Ron Richards.
In October 1969 The Hollies appear on UK TV's ''The Bobbie Gentry Show,'' singing several atypical country style-songs.
On Monday, November 3, Tuesday, November 4, Wednesday, November 5 & Thursday, November 6, 1969 The Hollies recorded ''I Want To Shout,'' ''Lady Please,'' ''Man Without A Heart,'' ''Separated'' & Little Girl'' for their tenth album ''Confessions of The Mind,'' plus the song ''Sign Of The Times'' at Abbey Road Studios. It was produced by John Burgess.
On Monday, November 12, Tuesday, November 13 & Wednesday, November 14, 1969 The Hollies recorded ''Freightened Lady,'' for their tenth album ''Confessions of The Mind,'' plus two songs ''Eleanors Castle,'' ''Sign Of The Times'' & ''He Ain't Heavy He's My Brother'' for a BBC Radio recording. It was produced by John Burgess.
On Monday, December 8, Tuesday, December 9, Wednesday, December 10, Thursday, December 11, Friday, December 12, 1969 the bad was back at Abbey Road Studios were they recorded ''Confessions Of The Mind'' for their tenth album ''Confessions of The Mind,'' plus ''Mad Professor Blyth'' for their B-side, plus the song ''Sign Of The Times'' & ''Carrie Anne'' for a BBC Radio Broadcast. It was produced by John Burgess. Some songs on this album ''Confessions of The Mind,'' were written by Tony Macaulay (b. Anthony Gordon Instone, Friday, April 21, 1944, Fulham, South West London, UK) and Guy Fletcher OBE (b. Mervyn Guy Fletcher, 1944, St Albans, Hertfordshire, UK).
On Monday, February 2, 1970 The Hollies ''He Ain't Heavy He's My Brother'' entered the US charts reaching 7.
On Monday, March 9, Tuesday, March 10, Wednesday, March 11, Thursday, March 12 & Friday, March 13, 1970 at Abbey Road Studios the band recorded their twenty first single ''I Can't Tell The Bottom From The Top'' plus one song ''Survival Of The Fittest'' for their tenth album ''Confessions of The Mind,'' plus three other songs''Wings,'' ''Bobby's Prologue'' & ''Isn't It Nice.'' It was produced by Ron Richards. ''I Can't Tell The Bottom From The Top'' had Elton John on piano. It was produced by John Burgess.
On Monday, March 17, Tuesday, March 18, Wednesday, March 19 and Thursday, March 20, 1970 at Abbey Road Studios The Hollies recorded''Perfect Lady Housewife'' and ''Isn't It Nice'' for their tenth album ''Confessions Of The Mind,'' which was produced by John Burgess. They also recorded the song ''Bobby's Prologue.'' On the track ''Perfect Lady Housewife'' Elton John played the Hammond organ. It was produced by John Burgess.
On Saturday, April 18, 1970 The Hollies ''I Can't Tell The Bottom From The Top'' entered the UK charts reaching 7.
On Monday, May 4, 1970 at Abbey Road Studios The Hollies recorded ''Too Young To Married,'' Frightened Lady'' & ''Man Without A Heart'' for their tenth album ''Confessions Of The Mind,'' which was produced by John Burgess.
On Tuesday, July 29, 1970 The Hollies recorded their twenty second single ''Gasoline Alley Bred'' at Abbey Road Studios.
On Saturday, October 3, 1970 The Hollies ''Gasoline Alley Bred'' entered the UK charts reaching 14.
In November 1970 The Hollies released their twelfth album ''Confessions Of The Mind'' on Parlophone PCS 7117, which entered the UK album charts on Saturday, November 28, 1970.
On Sunday, December 6, 1970 The Hollies appeared on a BBC Session for David Lee Travis (DLT) (b. David Patrick Griffin, Friday, May 25, 1945, Buxton, Derbyshire, UK).
On Friday, January 8 and Saturday, January 9, 1971 The Hollies recorded the song ''Salvation Band'' at Abbey Road Studios.
On Tuesday, March 16, 1971 The Hollies recorded ''Hay Willy'' at Air Studios, with Roger Coulam on organ (b. Roger Keith Coulam, Wednesday, April 26, 1944, England, UK) (of Blue Mink, ex-Jimmy Nicol and the Shubdubs, The Roger Coulam Quartet, Ugly Custard).
On Wednesday, March 17, 1971 The Hollies recorded the song ''Father Machine'' at Air Studios.
On Tuesday April 6, Wednesday, April 7, Thursday, April 8, Wednesday, April 14, Thursday, April 15, Friday, April 16, Wednesday, April 19, Thursday, April 20, Friday, April 21, Saturday, April 22, Sunday, April 23, Wednesday, May 5, Thursday, May 6, Wednesday, July 7, Thursday, July 8, Friday, July 9, Monday, July 12, Tuesday, July 13, Wednesday, July 14, Thursday, July 15, Friday, July 16, Tuesday, July 27, Wednesday, July 28, Thursday, July 29 & Friday, July 30, 1971 The Hollies recorded at Air Studios, a song ''Father Machine,'' ''Row The Boat Together'' the B-side of their twenty-seventh US single ''Long Cool Women (In A Black Dress)'' for their album ''Distant Light,'' also the A-side of their twenty-fourth UK single & ''You Know The Score'' for their album ''Distant Light.'' ''Long Cool Women (In A Black Dress)'' had Clarke on lead guitar as well as lead vocals.
On Saturday, May 22, 1971 The Hollies single ''Hay Willy'' entered the UK charts reaching 22.
On Sunday, August 29, 1971 the band appeared on BBC Radio 1.
In Late October 1971 Allan Clarke left the band. On Monday, October 25, 1971 it was announced by The Hollies manger Robin Britten that Clarke was leaving the group. He was replaced by lead vocalist Mikael Rickfors (b. December 4, 1948, Stockholm, Stockholm County, Sweden). Clarke would be invited to rejoin The Hollies in July 1973, after singing to RCA and cutting two solo albums.
Rickfors formed his first band at 10 in 1958 called Mike's Skiffle Group. In 1967 he joined Swedish band Bamboo as lead vocalist, bassist, who released two singles before they split in 1970.
Thursday, October 14, 1971 The Hollies recorded at Air Studios, ''Oh Granny'' the B-side of their twenty-eighth single. This was the first time Rickfors recorded with the band.
Wednesday, December 8, Thursday, December 9, 1971 and Monday, January 10, 1972 The Hollies recorded at Air Studios ''The Baby'' (orchestra added), the A-side of their twenty-eight US single.
On Saturday, February 26, 1972 The Hollies single ''The Baby'' entered the UK charts reaching 26 in March 1972. This was the first and only hit with Rickfors on lead vocals. The song was written by Chip Taylor (b. John Wesley Voight, March 21, 1940, Yonkers, New York, USA), younger brother of actor John Voight.
On Monday, April 17, Tuesday, April 18 and Wednesday April 19, 1972 The Hollies recorded at Abbey Road Studios ''India Girl'' the B-side of their twenty-seventh UK single, a song ''Heaven On Her Heart'' & ''Words Don't Come Easy'' for their fourteenth album ''Romany.''
On Thursday, April 13, 1972 the band recorded ''Delaware Taggert And The Outlaw Boys'' & ''Touch'' and at Abbey Road Studios and the following day at the same place, Friday, April 14 1972 ''Touch'' & Romany'' all these tracks for their fourteenth album ''Romany'' & a song ''Papa Rain.''
On Thursday, April 27 & Friday, April 28, 1972 The Hollies recorded the song ''On The Summer Side Of Life'' at Abbey Road Studios.
On Monday, May 1, Tuesday, May 2, Wednesday, May 3 and Wednesday, May 4, 1972 the band recorded at Abbey Road Studios ''Blues In The Morning'' & ''Jesus Was A Crossmaker'' for their fourteenth album ''Romany.''
On Monday, May 8 and Tuesday, May 9, 1972 the band recorded at Abbey Road Studios ''Down River'' & ''Magic Women Touch'' for their fourteenth album ''Romany.''
On Monday, July 24, Tuesday, July 25, Wednesday, July 26, Thursday, July 27 & Friday, July 28, 1972 at Abbey Road Studios the band recorded ''Courage Of Your Convictions'' for their fourteenth album ''Romany'' & the track ''Witchy Women.''
On Wednesday, August 2, 1972 The Hollies single ''Long Cool Women (In A Black Dress)'' entered the UK charts reaching 32. This single on Tuesday, August 8, 1972 entered the US charts reaching 2 on Saturday, September 12, 1972.
On Saturday, August 26, Sunday, August 27, Monday, August 28, Tuesday, August 29 and Wednesday, August 30, 1972 at Abbey Road Studios, The Hollies recorded ''Slow Down'' & ''Won't Feel Good In The Morning'' for their fourteenth album ''Romany,'' with John Robinson (b. John Peter Robinson, Sunday, September 16, 1945, Fulmer, Buckinghamshire, UK) on organ.
On Tuesday, September 12, 1972 the group recorded the song ''Nearer To You'' and two days later the song ''If It Wasn't For The Reason'' on Thursday, September 14, 1972, both at Abbey Road Studios.
Friday, October 6, 1972 The Hollies recorded ''Magic Woman Touch'' the A-side of their twenty-seventh UK single at Abbey Road Studios.
On Saturday, December 2, 1972 ''Long Dark Road'' entered the US charts reaching 26.
| i don't know |
From the film 'Top Gun' in 1986, what was the No.1 hit song for Berlin? | ‘There Is No ‘Top Gun’ Without Maverick’ — ‘Top Gun’ Sequel To Include Tom Cruise?
‘There Is No ‘Top Gun’ Without Maverick’ — ‘Top Gun’ Sequel To Include Tom Cruise?
Now that executives have confirmed that there will be a Top Gun sequel, the next question many are asking is, will it include everyone’s favorite fighter pilot, Maverick?
Guess who’s playing Maverick in the “Top Gun” sequel? http://t.co/4WH5CKY0PM pic.twitter.com/w6dMiQ5FYU
— Variety (@Variety) June 28, 2015
While confirming the creation of the Top Gun sequel, Skydance Productions CEO, David Ellison, talked about his latest venture, for which the screenplay is still being worked on.
According to Variety, Ellison revealed part of the plot at a press junket for Terminator: Genisys in Berlin, saying, “ Justin Marks is writing the screenplay right now . He has a phenomenal take to really update that world for what fighter pilots in the Navy has turned into today.”
So what exactly does the Navy’s fighter pilots have to face today?
“It is very much a world we live in today where it’s drone technology , and fifth-generation fighters are really what the United States Navy is calling the last man-made fighter that we’re actually going to produce, so it’s really [about] exploring the ‘end of an era’ of dogfighting and fighter pilots and what that culture is today,” said Ellison, as seen in Rolling Stone.
So the Top Gun sequel is going to focus on Navy fighter pilots fighting drones. But more importantly which pilots will be there?
Ellison hinted that “There is no Top Gun without Maverick.”
But does that mean that it will be the real Maverick?
“It is going to be Maverick playing Maverick,” added Ellison.
And according to New York Daily News, the Top Gun sequel won’t just feature a cameo for Maverick; “ Cruise is set to have a starring role .”
Ellison stated, “There is an amazing role for Maverick in the movie.”
Fans of the original Top Gun can now breathe a sigh of relief.
Top Gun 2 is confirmed. Great balls of fire— is another fly-by too good to be true?!?! #GooseRIP http://t.co/Frztpwv090
— Corey Nascenzi (@cnascenzi) June 29, 2015
Top Gun was released in 1986 and was an automatic hit. Top Gun became the highest grossing film of 1986, bringing in $350 million. Also, the soundtrack’s hit love song, “Take My Breath Away,” by Berlin, won the 1986 Oscar for Best Original Song.
So when can we expect the Top Gun sequel to be in theaters?
Ellison can’t give us a date just yet, but explained, “We are very, very hopeful that we get to make the movie very soon. But like all things, it all comes down to the script, and Justin is writing as we speak.”
While the original also starred Val Kilmer and Kelly McGillis, it appears at this point that only Tom Cruise will reprise his role for the Top Gun sequel.
[Photo Courtesy of Variety ]
| Take My Breath Away |
"""Coz I Luv You"" was a No.1 hit in 1971 for which group?" | Berlin - Take My Breath Away - YouTube
Berlin - Take My Breath Away
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Published on Feb 8, 2014
Berlin's official music video for 'Take My Breath Away'. Click to listen to Berlin on Spotify: http://smarturl.it/BerlinSpotify?IQid...
As featured on Metro: Greatest Hits. Click to buy the track or album via iTunes: http://smarturl.it/MetroGH?IQid=Berli...
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"Who had a Top 10 hit with ""Mustang Sally"" in 1966?" | 1966 Songs in Popular Music
1966's Biggest Artists, Albums and Songs
♫ Tom Jones (1965's Best New Artist Grammy Winner)
Tom was the first guy ladies threw hotel keys and underwear to while he was singing on stage. ♫ Frank Sinatra (1965 Grammy for Album of the Year)
Frank Sintra's September of My Years Album was reflective of Franks age (he was now 50) and included It Was A Very Good Year, How Old Am I?, Last Night When We Were Young and September Song. ♫ A Taste of Honey - Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass (Grammy for Record of the Year)
Herb Alpert is the "A" of A&M Records. He is also the only person to hit #1 on the Billboard Charts as an instrumentalist (Rise, 1979) and a vocalist (This Guy's In Love With You, 1968) New Artists in the Pop Charts Included:
Neil Diamond, The Monkees, Percy Sledge, Mamas and the Papas, Jimmy Ruffin, Mitch Ryder and the Detroit Wheels, The Grass Roots, , Sergio Mendez, and Red Sovine
1966's Retro Top 10 Hits
1. ♫ Georgy Girl - The Seekers 2. ♫ Black is Black - Los Bravos 3. ♫ Monday, Monday - The Mamas and the Papas 4. ♫ Walk Away Renee - The Left Banke 5. ♫ Sunshine Superman - Donovan 6. ♫ See You In September - The Happenings 7. ♫ Guantanamera - The Sandpipers 8. ♫ Along Comes Mary - The Association 9. ♫ Tijuana Taxi - Herb Alpert and The Tijuana Brass 10. ♫ Winchester Catherdral - The New Vaudville Band
1966's 'One Hit Wonders' 1. ♫ Batman Theme - Neal Hefti 2. ♫ Somewhere My Love - Ray Conniff Singers 3. ♫ One Has My Name (One Has My Heart) - Barry Young 4. ♫ Almost Persuaded - David Houston 5. ♫ The Ballad Of The Green Berets - SSgt Barry Sadler 6. ♫ Red Rubber Ball - The Cyrkle 7. ♫ They're Coming To take Me Away - Napolean XIV 8. ♫ No Matter What Shape (Your Stomach's In) - The T-Bones 9. ♫ The Ballad of Irving - Frank Gallop 10. ♫ The Men In My Little Girl's Life - Mike Douglas
1966's Motown/R&B/Soul Top 10 Hit List
1. ♫ Mustang Sally - Wilson Pickett 2. ♫ But It's Alright - J.J. Jackson 3. ♫ You Can't Hurry Love - The Supremes 4. ♫ When A Man Loves A Woman - Percy Sledge 5. ♫ Ain't Too Proud To Be - Temptations 6. ♫ This Old Heart of Mine - The Isley Brothers 7. ♫ Crying Time - Ray Charles 8. ♫ Hold On! I'm A Comin! - Sam and Dave 9. ♫ Get Ready - Temptations 10. ♫ It's A Man's Man's Man's World - James Brown
More R&B/Motown Song Hits:
♫ Reach Out I'll Be There - Four Tops ♫ Uptight (Everything's Alright) - Stevie Wonder ♫ A Place In The Sun - Stevie Wonder ♫ Function At The Junction - Shorty Long ♫ Land of 1000 Dances - Wilson Pickett
1966's Dance Top 10 Hit List
1. ♫ I'm A Believer - The Monkees 2. ♫ Good Lovin - The Young Rascals 3. ♫ Hanky Panky - Tommy James and the Shondells 4. ♫ Devil With A Blue Dress On/Good Golly Miss Molly - Mitch Ryder and the Detroit Wheels 5. ♫ Time Won't Let Me - The Outsiders 6. ♫ Jenny Take A Ride! - Mitch Ryder and the Detroit Wheels 7. ♫ Good Vibraions - The Beach Boys 8. ♫ Not Responsible - Tom Jones 9. ♫ Cool Jerk - The Capitols 10. ♫ Opus 17 - Frankie Valli and the Four Seasons
More Dance Song Hits:
♫ Last Train To Clarksville - The Monkees ♫ Oh How Happy - Shades of Blue ♫ Paperback Writer - The Beatles ♫ California Dreamin' - Mamas and the Papas ♫ Lightnin' Strikes - Lou Christie
1966's Pop Rock Top 10 Hit List
1. ♫ Rainy Day Woman # 12 & 35 - Bob Dylan 2. ♫ 19th Nervous Breakdown - The Rolling Stones 3. ♫ My Generation - The Who 4. ♫ Paint It, Black - The Rolling Stones 5. ♫ Summer In The City - Lovin Spoonful 6. ♫ Kicks - Paul Revere & The Raiders 7. ♫ Mother's Little Helper - The Rolling Stones 8. ♫ It's My Life - The Animals 9. ♫ I Fought The Law - Bobby Fuller Four 10. ♫ Secret Agent Man - Johnny Rivers
1966's Garage & Classic Rock Top 10 Hit List
1. ♫ Wild Thing - The Troggs 2. ♫ 96 Tears - ? and the Mysterians 3. ♫ Gloria - The Shadows of Night 4. ♫ Hey Little Girl - Syndicate of Sound 5. ♫ Lies - The Knickerbockers 6. ♫ Psychotic Reaction - Count Five 7. ♫ Dirty Water - Standells 8. ♫ My Little Red Book - Love 9. ♫ Double Shot (Of My Baby's Love) - The Swingin' Medallions 10. ♫ Hey Joe - The Leaves
PCM's 1966 Top 10 Hit List
1. ♫ Summer Wind - Frank Sinatra 2. ♫ I'm a Believer - The Monkees 3. ♫ When A Man Loves A Woman - Percy Sledge 4. ♫ Wild Thing - The Troggs 5. ♫ Mustang Sally - Wilson Pickett 6. ♫ This Old Heart of Mine - The Isley Brothers 7. ♫ Devel With The Blue Dress On - Mitch Ryder and the Detroit Wheels 8. ♫ Yellow Submarine - The Beatles 9. ♫ Ain't Too Proud To Beg - The Temptations 10. ♫ Jenny Take A Ride - Mitch Ryder and the Detroit Wheels
Check Out the Full PCM 1966
| Wilson Pickett |
"""Go Now"" was a No.1 hit for which group in 1965?" | The Songs « The Commitments
"Uptight (Everything's Alright)"
First released in 1965 by Motown Records.
“Uptight (Everything’s Alright)” marks the beginning of Stevie Wonder’s success with the charts, as the hit reached #3 on Billboard’s Pop, and stayed 5 weeks on Billboards R&B. Wonder co-wrote the song with Sylvia Moy and Henry Cosby.
Four Tops
"Reach Out I'll Be There"
First released in 1966 by Motown Records.
Written by Mowtown’s most successful songwriting team, Holland–Dozier–Holland, this hit topped US, US R&B, and UK Billboard charts. It’s considered to be The Four Top’s signature song, and one of Motown’s most popular hits.
Marvin Gaye
"I Heard it Through the Grapevine"
First released in 1966 by Motown Records.
The song was written in 1967 by Norman Whitfield and Norman Strong, and although it has been recorded by many artists, it was Marvin Gaye’s rendition that made the song a lasting success. Gaye’s single is Motown’s biggest success with over 2.5 million copies sold.
Jimmy Ruffin
"What Becomes of the Broken Hearted?"
First released in 1966 by Motown Records.
Song writers Jimmy Dean, Paul Riser, and William Weatherspoon originally intended for the Detroit Spinners to record “What Becomes of the Broken Hearted.” However, when the record label heard Jimmy Ruffin’s rendition, there was no turning back, and the song charted at #7 in the US, #10 in the UK.
The Supremes
"You Keep Me Hangin' On"
First released in 1966 by Motown Records.
This song was written by Holland–Dozier–Holland specifically for The Supremes, and became the group’s 8th US #1 hit. Although it never won a Grammy, this song was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1999.
Eddie Floyd
"Knock On Wood"
First released in 1966 by Stax.
In 1966, Floyd recorded a song intended for Otis Redding. Jerry Wexler later convinced Stax president Jim Stewart to release Floyd’s version. “Knock On Wood” launched Floyd’s solo career, and has been covered by over a hundred different artists from David Bowie to Amii Stewart.
Ann Peebles
"I Take What I Want"
First released in 1965 by Stax.
“I Take What I Want” was written by Isaac Hayes, Teenie Hodges, David Porter and was first released by Sam & Dave in 1965, but was covered and released again by Ann Peebles in 1972.
Otis Redding
"Mr Pitiful"
First released in 1965 by Stax.
Otis Redding wrote the song as a response to a statement made by radio DJ Moohan Williams, when he nicknamed Redding ‘Mr Pitiful’, for sounding pitiful when singing ballads. He then recorded the song with guitarist Steve Cropper in December 1964 at the Stax studios.
Otis Redding
"I Can't Turn You Loose"
First released in 1965 by Atco.
This song about refusing to let a loved one go was written by Redding and Steve Cropper and has since been covered by Aretha Franklin, Etta James and Marvin Gaye. The song was later used by The Blues Brothers as their entrance theme music.
Aretha Franklin
"Think"
First released in 1968 by Atlantic.
Often referred to as a feminist anthem, “Think” became Aretha Franklin’s seventh top 10 hit in the US. Written with Ted White who was her husband and manager, Aretha sings about freedom and respect for women.
Wilson Pickett
"I'm A Midnight Mover"
First released in 1968 by Rhino.
The impact of Pickett’s songwriting and recording led to his 1991 induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. “I’m A Midnight Mover” was co-written between Picket and Bobby Womack peaking at 12 in the billboard charts.
The Persuaders
"It's A Thin Line Between Love & Hate"
First released in 1971 by Atco.
The song was written and produced by the Poindexter brothers, Robert and Richard, and was also co-written by Jackie Members. This was the group’s biggest hit song, spending two weeks atop the Billboard R&B chart in late 1971. It also reached #15 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and was a certified Gold Record by the RIAA.
Aretha Frankin
"Save Me"
First released in 1967 by Atlantic.
Aretha was 24 years old when Jerry Wexler signed her away from Capitol Records and brought her to Atlantic, where he gave her a great deal of creative freedom and a talented engineer in Tom Dowd. This song was a rewrite of the 1966 track “Help Me” by the R&B singer Ray Sharpe and was recorderd at Atlantic Studios in 1967.
The Rolling Stones
"(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction"
First released in 1965 by London Records.
“Satisfaction” was a hit, giving the Stones their first number one in the US. In the UK, the song initially played only on pirate radio stations because its lyrics were considered too sexually suggestive. In Britain, the single was released in August 1965 amd became the Rolling Stones’ fourth number one in the UK.
The Temptations
"Papa Was a Rollin' Stone"
First released in 1971 by Gordy.
“Papa Was a Rollin’ Stone” is a psychedelic soul song, initially written by Motown songwriters Norman Whitfield and Barrett Strong as a single for Motown act The Undisputed Truth in 1971. Whitfield also had The Temptations record it with much greater success, becoming a number-one hit on the Billboard Hot 100 and winning three Grammy Awards in 1973.
James Brown
"Night Train"
First released in 1951 by United.
Several different sets of lyrics have been set to the tune of “Night Train”. The earliest, written in 1952, are credited to Lewis P. Simpkins, the co-owner of United Records, and guitarist Oscar Washington. James Brown later recorded “Night Train” with his band in 1961, replacing the original lyrics of the song with a shouted list of cities on his East Coast tour.
Mack Rice
"Mustang Sally"
First released in 1965 by Atlantic.
Born Bonny Rice, Sir Mack Rice was initially a member of vocal group The Falcons from 1957 to 1963. In 1965 he wrote and released Mustang Sally, which became his greatest hit as a solo performer. The song is about a girl who lives a wild life in her brand new Mustang car. Rice called the early version “Mustang Mama”, but changed the title after Aretha Franklin suggested “Mustang Sally”. Not available on Spotify.
Otis Redding
"Try A Little Tenderness"
First released in 1932 by Ray Noble Orchestra.
The song has been covered numerous times, but was first written by Jimmy Campbell, Reg Connelly and Harry M. Woods, and recorded in 1932. Redding’s recording features a slow soulful opening that eventually builds into a frenetic R&B conclusion.
The Supremes, The Four Tops
"River Deep, Mountain High"
Originally a 1966 single by Ike & Tina Turner, in 1970, the post-Diana Ross Supremes and The Four Tops released the most successful cover version to date. Produced by Ashford and Simpson, the single was one of several recordings that paired the two Motown groups. Their cover peaked at #14 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1971, (and #11 on the UK Singles Chart) making it the highest-charting version of the song in the United States.
Roy Head & The Traits
"Treat Her Right"
Written by Roy Head and Gene Kurtz, it was recorded by Head and The Traits and released on the Back Beat label in 1965. The song reached number two in the United States on both the Billboard pop and R&B charts.[1] The Beatles’ “Yesterday” kept “Treat Her Right” from the number one spot on the Billboard Hot 100.
Wilson Pickett
"Land of 1000 Dances"
The song’s best-known version was Wilson Pickett’s 1966 recording on his album, which became an R&B #1 and his biggest ever pop hit.
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"Who's album ""New Jersey"" was released in 1988?" | Doghouse | New Jersey
New Jersey
Duration: 57:04
Genre: Pop Metal
Bon Jovi's fourth album, New Jersey was released on September 13, 1988. Approximate sales were in excess of seven million copies in the United States and 15 million worldwide. The album is the band's third highest selling album worldwide, and their second highest selling album in the United States. It is also known for being the only album by a western band released in the former Soviet Union on the state-owned Melodiya label.
New Jersey was an immediate success, debuting at #1 in the United States and across the world. It shipped 2 million copies straight out of the gates in the U.S. alone. Additionally, it spawned two #1 singles, "Bad Medicine" and the ballad "I'll Be There for You", both of which ran in excess of five minutes, showing how powerful a force Bon Jovi became in the music industry. The album's three other singles ("Born to Be My Baby", "Lay Your Hands on Me", and "Living in Sin") reached the Top 10 of the Billboard Hot 100. In addition to their success in the states, the band's singles all made a significant impact worldwide, more so than in the past, a trend which would continue for Bon Jovi well into the 21st century.
New Jersey holds the record for the rock album to spawn the most Top 10 singles, with five singles charting on the Top 10 of the US Billboard Hot 100 Singles Chart. No other hard rock album has since equaled or broken this feat.
New Jersey was supported by the massive New Jersey Syndicate Tour, which ran from 1988 to 1990.
"New Jersey" in charts: No.1 in CNN Worldbeat, Europe, USA, UK, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Sweden, Switzerland, Russia, Brazil, Mexico. No.2 in Japan. RIAA: 7x platinum BPI: 2x platinum CRIA: 5x platinum
Track
| Bon Jovi |
"""Tell Me Why"" is featured in which Beatles film?" | Bon Jovi - New Jersey (CD, Album) at Discogs
Vocals [The Sweet Thing Vocal Association] – Cecille Larochelle * (tracks: 1), Joanie Bye * (tracks: 1), Joanie Taylor (tracks: 1), Linda Hunt (tracks: 1), Lovena Fox (tracks: 1), Sue Leonard (tracks: 1)
Notes
Management for McGhee Entertainment Inc.
Recorded at Little Mountain Sound Studios Ltd.
"Love For Sale" was recorded late one night in the swamps of Jersey at a place called Chalet Sound (in the middle of one hell of a party)...
"Ride Cowboy Ride" recorded in mono.
Living In Sin: © 1988 Bon Jovi Publishing/PolyGram Music Publishing, Inc. (ASCAP)
Homebound Train, Lay Your Hands On Me, I'll Be There For You, 99 In The Shade, Love For Sale: © 1988 Bon Jovi Publishing/New Jersey Underground Music, Inc./PolyGram Music Publishing, Inc. (ASCAP)
Stick To Your Guns: © 1988 Bon Jovi Publishing/New Jersey Underground Music, Inc./PolyGram Music Publishing, Inc. Mike Chapman Pub. Enterprises/Knighty-Knight Music adm. by Arista Music, Inc. (ASCAP)
Bad Medicine, Born To Be My Baby, Blood On Blood: © 1988 Bon Jovi Publishing/New Jersey Underground Music, Inc./PolyGram Music Publishing Inc.; Desmobile Music/SBK April Music, Inc. (ASCAP)
Wild Is The Wind: © 1988 Bon Jovi Publishing/New Jersey Underground Music, Inc./PolyGram Music Publishing, Inc.; Desmobile Music/SBK April Music, Inc.; Realsongs (ASCAP)
℗ 1988 PolyGram Records, Inc. © 1988 PolyGram Records, Inc. Manufactured and marketed by PolyGram Records. Printed and made in USA.
Barcode and Other Identifiers
Barcode (Text): 0 422-836345-2 7
Matrix / Runout (Version 1): 836 345-2 02!
Matrix / Runout (Version 2): *HRM8363452* HMG 01@
Mastering SID Code (Version 2): IFPI L006
Mould SID Code (Version 2): ifpi 7704
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"Who had a 1962 hit with ""Wimoweh?" | Obituary: Karl Denver | The Independent
Obituary: Karl Denver
Wednesday 20 January 1999 00:02 BST
Click to follow
The Independent Culture
TO MANY people, Karl Denver was a novelty performer, known for his octave-spanning acrobatics on the 1962 hit "Wimoweh".
But he was also a versatile singer and acoustic guitarist and he chose good songs irrespective of their sources - turn-of-the-century ballads, music-hall favourites and contemporary pop songs as well as folk, country and rock'n'roll material. With the exception of Lonnie Donegan, no other artist in the early 1960s worked from such a broad base. And, like Donegan, Denver had such a distinctive voice that whatever he sang automatically became his own. For a start, how many other pop singers of the day could yodel?
He was born Angus Murdo Mckenzie, in Glasgow, in 1932. He left school at 14 and embarked on a decade of wanderlust and adventure. First he joined the Scandinavian Mercantile Marine as a deckhand and was soon travelling the world. He practised the guitar and entertained his shipmates. Next he went into the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders and was wounded during the Korean War. Then he returned to the sea. He was such a tough, hard-living character that the Rhodesians gave him the nickname "Boaty Maseteno", meaning "brother of Satan".
Still only 21, he jumped ship in America and played in clubs in Tennessee and Denver. He befriended the country singers Faron Young and Lefty Frizzell and became the first British performer to play on the Grand Ole Opry radio show. In 1956, he was offered a management and recording contract, but, as he said, "I was asked to sign up, but I had to do the bump as I shouldn't have been there in the first place."
He returned to the UK and settled in Blackburn, Lancashire, where he renamed himself Karl Denver. He said, "I had a son called Karl who was killed and I thought I would keep his name. For a time I lived in Fort Collins in Colorado and I thought Denver was a good place, so I became Karl Denver."
Soon he was established around the Lancashire clubs and pubs, notably the Yew Tree in Manchester, and the television producer Jack Good offered him work on a new ITV series, Wham! Good also produced Denver's records for Decca; with two excellent musicians, the guitarist Kevin Neill from the Joe Loss Orchestra and the bassist Jerry Cottrell, the Karl Denver Trio was formed.
The highlight of Denver's act was a fiery version of a Zulu chant, "Wimoweh", which he claimed to have learnt in Africa. However, it had been recorded in 1952 by the Weavers featuring Pete Seeger and Denver's version is clearly based on this. Decca recorded "Wimoweh" at the end of Denver's first session but decided that it was too bizarre to release as his first single.
Instead they selected "Marcheta", a revival of a 1912 ballad. Denver didn't mind. "The lyrics were beautiful, but it was my range that grabbed the people. It was a hell of a range that I did it in." The press release from June 1961 says, "A pint-sized Scot with a king-sized yodel and a siren voice that packs the power of a hurricane blows onto the disc world this week." Denver, conscious of his size, was one of the first performers to wear Cuban heels.
"Marcheta" made No 8 on the charts, as did his second single, a revival of an old-time country song, "Mexicali Rose". Around this time, quite independently, an American doo-wop group called the Tokens had alighted on "Wimoweh" and added some lyrics, calling it "The Lion Sleeps Tonight". It made the US charts and started to gain popularity in Britain. Denver's fans in Manchester organised a petition for Decca to release "Wimoweh" as a single. Although "The Lion Sleeps Tonight" was already in the charts, Denver's version was so electrifying that it stormed past the Tokens to reach No 4 in March 1962.
Denver's first album, also called Wimoweh, reached the Top Ten. The songs on his LPs display the wide ranges of his voice and repertoire. There was the knockabout "My Canary Has Circles Under His Eyes", a mysterious version of "She Moved Thro' the Fair", the standard "Moonlight Becomes You" and an invigorating treatment of the Irish folk song "Three Lovely Lasses From Bannion".
Denver, an experienced man in his late twenties, found himself touring on package shows with the teen idols of the day. He would supplement his income by playing roulette with the adolescent stars. He admitted later, "They thought I was a boozer and a ne'er-do-well. I was always in the pub across the road when the bus was about to go." Once, when the musicians could not afford a meal, he went into a field and brought them back some turnips.
Another musician, Clinton Ford, recalls, "He could be a pest at times, but I really liked the guy. We were playing together at the Yew Tree pub in Manchester and there was a girl magician on the bill. She produced a chihuahua out of a doll's house, and Karl was always annoying the dog, trying to disrupt the act. I was so pleased when the dog bit his finger that I went and bought the dog a drink."
In 1962, Denver hoped to represent the UK in the Eurovision Song Contest, but he felt a little intimidated - "Everybody else had big orchestras and I was just a wee Glaswegian standing in the middle of a big stage." Although Ronnie Carroll won the UK nomination with the ludicrous "Ring A Ding Girl", Denver had a Top Ten hit with "Never Goodbye", a fine ballad by the veteran composer Jimmy Kennedy.
Denver can be seen in the pop film Just For Fun (1963) and he hosted the BBC Light Programme's series, Side By Side, working in three programmes with the Beatles. Sadly, he found hit records hard to come by once the Mersey Beat boom had started. However, the Beatles viewed him kindly and had him as their special guest on the US television show Shindig.
In 1963 Denver and Ken Dodd both covered the same US country song, Bill Anderson's "Still". Denver recalled, "I was at Manchester Airport flying out, and Ken Dodd was in front of me. I went up behind him and started sing-ing `Still' in a silly voice. He said, `Bloody hell, it's you. You've not done it very well, have you?' "
In 1964 Denver returned to his roots for a live album, Karl Denver at the Yew Tree, which many see as his best work. It was recorded during the day while he was in pantomime at night at the Palace Theatre, Manchester.
He saw no reason to pay his tax demands and was declared bankrupt in 1966 and then again in 1973. The courts took a dim view of his third bankruptcy, in 1978, and he was told, "You must be shown that court orders have teeth. Otherwise, you will cock a snook at authority ad infinitum." A few years later he told me, "I've had three wives, God bless 'em and keep 'em, because I certainly can't."
Retaining Kevin Neill in his Trio, Denver returned to performing in cabaret and in the back rooms of pubs. He played summer seasons and had some success in Jersey. In 1982 Tight Fit topped the charts with a revival of "The Lion Sleeps Tonight" but Denver failed to grasp this opportunity to re- establish his career. In 1989 he was teamed with one of Manchester's leading groups, Happy Mondays, for "Lazyitis", a curious record which rewrote the Beatles' "Ticket To Ride", and although the single made the Top Fifty, Denver contracted pneumonia whilst filming the video.
In 1993 he released what was to be his final album, Just Loving You, aimed at the country music market. He missed almost as many notes as he hit and although he burnt up musical energy on stage, he was a frail man whose condition was made no better through heavy drinking. The final song he recorded was Burt Bacharach's "The Story of My Life".
Angus Murdo Mckenzie (Karl Denver), singer: born Glasgow 16 December 1932; three times married (two sons, and one son deceased); died Manchester 21 December 1998.
More about:
| Karl Denver |
"Which 1970's super group recorded ""Stairway to Heaven""?" | Karl Denver
Fans of Karl Denver have contributed to a memorial at Stockport Cemetery that marks the site where his ashes are interred.
If you would like to pay your respects, drive to Nangreave Rd and stop opposite St Thomas Aquinas College. There is a gap in the fencing to access the cemetery. Turn immediately to the right and the grave is alongside the fence about five up.
The following appreciation was published in The Guardian on New Year's Eve, 1998.
(Photographs by Mags Cummings.)
Karl Denver, the yodelling pop singer best remembered for his 1961 recording of the Zulu folk song Wimoweh, died on December 21, 1998, aged 67. During the early 1960s he was a familiar figure on both radio and the concert stage, performing in what one reviewer called his "eardrum piercing, multi-octave range".
Denver was born Angus McKenzie in Glasgow. He left school at 15 to join the Norwegian merchant navy. In 1951 he enlisted in the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders and fought in the Korean war. Wounded, he practised guitar during his convalescence and developed a taste for country and folk music. After being discharged from the army he again went to sea.
By this time he had set his sights on a career as a singer, and he jumped ship in the United States and made for Nashville, the centre of country and western music. Taking the stage name Karl Denver, he appeared on radio and television, and the prestigious Grand Ole Opry show, before the immigration department caught up with him and he was deported in 1959.
Back in Britain he settled in Manchester, where he teamed up with Gerry Cottrell and Kevin Neill to form the Karl Denver Trio. They toured the Northern clubs and appeared on Granada Television's Band Stand. In 1961 the trio was 'discovered' by impresario Jack Good, who presented them on his television series Wham! and got them on to a national tour headed by Jess Conrad and Billy Fury.
Good also negotiated a record deal with Decca and acted as producer on the series of hit singles enjoyed by the group over the next three years. This was an interregnum in British pop; after rock 'n' roll and before the Beatles. During it Karl Denver found a niche. He appealed to the curious British penchant for yodelling cowboys exemplified in the1950s by Slim Whitman, whose signature tune Indian Love Call was part of the Denver stage act. Denver himself was hailed in the New Musical Express as 'an artist with a totally different and distinctive approach'.
Denver's hits included a pre-1914 Victor Schertzinger song Marcheta, an equally antique French song, A Little Love A Little Kiss, the hillbilly tune Mexicali Rose and Wimoweh. Denver claimed to have discovered the song in South Africa during his days as a seaman but it had already been a hit in the hands of American folk group The Weavers, and The Tokens had re-recorded it with new lyrics as The Lion Sleeps Tonight. The Karl Denver Trio version displayed Denver's vocal gymnastics to full effect and its success propelled the group into the upper reaches of British show business.
In 1962 the Trio appeared in summer season at Great Yarmouth and the following year were given their own Light Programme show, Side by Side. Among their guests were The Beatles.
There were small hits for the Trio in 1964, but their music sounded decidedly old-fashioned compared with that of the Fab Four and the numerous beat groups who now dominated the pop scene. Although The Karl Denver Trio faded from the media limelight, they continued to perform in cabaret at home and overseas. There was a brief, unexpected return to the charts in 1989 when the eccentric Happy Mondays had them guesting on their track Lazyitis and on an updated recording of Wimoweh on the fashionable Factory label. This made no impact on the psyche of the acid house generation, however, and Denver returned to the cabaret circuit.
Karl Denver (Angus McKenzie), singer, born 1931; died December 21, 1998.
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Which famous sportsman won the BBC's 2006 Strictly Come Dancing? | Who won Strictly Come Dancing 2015? A look back at past winners | TV & Radio | Showbiz & TV | Daily Express
TV & RADIO
Who won Strictly Come Dancing 2015? A look back at past winners
STRICTLY COME DANCING comes to an end this weekend, here is a look back at the previous winners.
17:01, Fri, Dec 16, 2016
| UPDATED: 18:04, Fri, Dec 16, 2016
GETTY / BBC
Fifteen celebrities are hoping to follow in the fancy footsteps of these winners
Before the next winner is crowned on Saturday, here is a look at the thirteen celebrities that have won the mirrorball trophy so far.
Who won Strictly Come Dancing 2015?
The Wanted’s Jay McGuinness and Aliona Vilani won the last series of Strictly. The victory made Aliona the first ever professional dancer to win twice – she also came top in the 2011 series with McFly star Harry Judd.
Jay is the first celebrity since Louis Smith in 2012 to win the show without falling into the bottom two, and the first since Kara Tointon in 2010 to win without achieving a perfect 40.
Related articles
Abbey Clancey and Alijaz Skorjanec won in 2013
Who won Strictly Come Dancing 2012?
Olympian Louis Smith and Flavia Cacace won the tenth series of Strictly – Darcey Bussell’s first as a judge.
The gymnast pipped Denise van Outen and Kimberly Walsh to the trophy with a near-perfect charleston.
BBC
Louis Smith and Flavia Cacace won in 2012
Who won Strictly Come Dancing 2011?
McFly star Harry Judd and Aliona Vilani won the ninth series of Strictly.
The pair were awarded two perfect scores over the final weekend for their quickstep and argentine smooth, beating actress Chelsee Healy and Pasha Kovalev. The series was Alesha Dixon’s last as a judge.
BBC
Harry Judd and Aliona Vilani won in 2011
Strictly Come Dancing 2016: First look at the couples
Tue, September 20, 2016
Kara Tointon and Artem Chigvintsev won in 2010
Who won Strictly Come Dancing 2009?
Sports presenter Chris Hollins won the seventh series of Strictly with professional dancer Ola Jordan.
Alesha Dixon joined the judging panel two years after she won the show, replacing Arlene Phillips. Darcey Bussell appeared as a judge from the quarter final onwards.
BBC
Chris Hollins and Ola Jordan won in 2009
Who won Strictly Come Dancing 2008?
Actor Tom Chambers and Camilla Dallerup won the sixth series of Strictly, beating S Club 7 star Rachel Stevens and Vincent Simone.
The series was Arelene Phillips’s last as a judge before she was controversially dropped from the panel.
Who won Strictly Come Dancing 2007?
Popstar Alesha Dixon and Matthew Cutler won the fifth series of Strictly, with EastEnders star Matt DiAngelo coming in second place with his partner Flavia Cacace.
The duo were early favourites, and in the final were awarded high marks for their waltz and cha-cha-cha.
BBC
Tom Chambers and Camilla Dallerup won in 2007
Who won Strictly Come Dancing 2006?
Ex-cricketer Mark Ramprakash and Karen Hardy won the fourth series of Strictly, beating rival sportsman Matt Dawson and his partner Lilia Kopylova.
BBC
Mark Ramprakash and Karen Hardy won in 2006
Who won Strictly Come Dancing 2005?
Darren Gough was the first cricketer to win the mirrorball trophy. He won the third series of Strictly with his partner Lilia Kopylova, leaving Olympic hurdler Colin Jackson and Erin Boag in second place.
BBC
Darren Gough and Lilia Kopylova won in 2005
BBC
Jill Halfpenny and Darren Bennett won in 2004
Who won Strictly Come Dancing 2004?
Eastenders actress Jill Halfpenny won the first ever series of Strictly with her partner Darren Bennett. Olympic heptathlete Denise Lewis and Ian Waite came in second place.
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We know the famous cricketer as 'Freddie' Flintoff. What's his real first name? | Who won Strictly Come Dancing 2015? A look back at past winners | TV & Radio | Showbiz & TV | Daily Express
TV & RADIO
Who won Strictly Come Dancing 2015? A look back at past winners
STRICTLY COME DANCING comes to an end this weekend, here is a look back at the previous winners.
17:01, Fri, Dec 16, 2016
| UPDATED: 18:04, Fri, Dec 16, 2016
GETTY / BBC
Fifteen celebrities are hoping to follow in the fancy footsteps of these winners
Before the next winner is crowned on Saturday, here is a look at the thirteen celebrities that have won the mirrorball trophy so far.
Who won Strictly Come Dancing 2015?
The Wanted’s Jay McGuinness and Aliona Vilani won the last series of Strictly. The victory made Aliona the first ever professional dancer to win twice – she also came top in the 2011 series with McFly star Harry Judd.
Jay is the first celebrity since Louis Smith in 2012 to win the show without falling into the bottom two, and the first since Kara Tointon in 2010 to win without achieving a perfect 40.
Related articles
Abbey Clancey and Alijaz Skorjanec won in 2013
Who won Strictly Come Dancing 2012?
Olympian Louis Smith and Flavia Cacace won the tenth series of Strictly – Darcey Bussell’s first as a judge.
The gymnast pipped Denise van Outen and Kimberly Walsh to the trophy with a near-perfect charleston.
BBC
Louis Smith and Flavia Cacace won in 2012
Who won Strictly Come Dancing 2011?
McFly star Harry Judd and Aliona Vilani won the ninth series of Strictly.
The pair were awarded two perfect scores over the final weekend for their quickstep and argentine smooth, beating actress Chelsee Healy and Pasha Kovalev. The series was Alesha Dixon’s last as a judge.
BBC
Harry Judd and Aliona Vilani won in 2011
Strictly Come Dancing 2016: First look at the couples
Tue, September 20, 2016
Kara Tointon and Artem Chigvintsev won in 2010
Who won Strictly Come Dancing 2009?
Sports presenter Chris Hollins won the seventh series of Strictly with professional dancer Ola Jordan.
Alesha Dixon joined the judging panel two years after she won the show, replacing Arlene Phillips. Darcey Bussell appeared as a judge from the quarter final onwards.
BBC
Chris Hollins and Ola Jordan won in 2009
Who won Strictly Come Dancing 2008?
Actor Tom Chambers and Camilla Dallerup won the sixth series of Strictly, beating S Club 7 star Rachel Stevens and Vincent Simone.
The series was Arelene Phillips’s last as a judge before she was controversially dropped from the panel.
Who won Strictly Come Dancing 2007?
Popstar Alesha Dixon and Matthew Cutler won the fifth series of Strictly, with EastEnders star Matt DiAngelo coming in second place with his partner Flavia Cacace.
The duo were early favourites, and in the final were awarded high marks for their waltz and cha-cha-cha.
BBC
Tom Chambers and Camilla Dallerup won in 2007
Who won Strictly Come Dancing 2006?
Ex-cricketer Mark Ramprakash and Karen Hardy won the fourth series of Strictly, beating rival sportsman Matt Dawson and his partner Lilia Kopylova.
BBC
Mark Ramprakash and Karen Hardy won in 2006
Who won Strictly Come Dancing 2005?
Darren Gough was the first cricketer to win the mirrorball trophy. He won the third series of Strictly with his partner Lilia Kopylova, leaving Olympic hurdler Colin Jackson and Erin Boag in second place.
BBC
Darren Gough and Lilia Kopylova won in 2005
BBC
Jill Halfpenny and Darren Bennett won in 2004
Who won Strictly Come Dancing 2004?
Eastenders actress Jill Halfpenny won the first ever series of Strictly with her partner Darren Bennett. Olympic heptathlete Denise Lewis and Ian Waite came in second place.
Related articles
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What colour shirts did the winning team wear 1966 World cup? | England will wear all-white kit at the World Cup after caving in to new FIFA demands - Mirror Online
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England will wear all-white kit at the World Cup after caving in to new FIFA demands
FIFA want sides to wear singled-coloured kits in order to improve the quality of high-def television pictures from Brazil
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All-white on the night: England went one-colour in Euro 2012 (Photo: Getty)
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England will ditch their traditional kit for an all-white World Cup strip after bowing to demands from FIFA .
The Zurich bureaucrats have urged nations to adopt predominantly single-coloured kits to improve the quality of HD pictures from Brazil. And it means Roy Hodgson’s men will run out in Manaus, Sao Paulo and Belo Horizonte in their World Cup group clashes wearing a kit that some old-school fans will not appreciate.
While the hosts are understood to be ignoring FIFA’s request and sticking with their canary yellow shirts and blue shorts, England are following other major countries and falling into line.
Germany last month revealed their all-white design, ditching their traditional black shorts.
Spain will be all-red, Portugal all Port-red and Italy all blue, although France are sticking with white shorts under their blue shirts.
And the FA and strip manufacturers Nike have agreed a new all-white outfit which will be unveiled before the Wembley farewell friendly against Peru in May.
| Red |
Which Dart player was known as 'The Crafty Cockney'? | World Cup 2014: England to wear all-white kit in Brazil | Daily Mail Online
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England will wear an all-white kit at this summer's World Cup finals in Brazil.
The traditional blue shorts will be scrapped as the Three Lions prepare to take on Italy, Uruguay and Costa Rica in the group stages.
Spain, Argentina, Portugal and Germany are among the other nations who will be dressed neck-to-toe in just one colour, but hosts Brazil appear to have stuck to their iconic yellow shirts and blue shorts combination.
It'll be all white: England will wear an all-white kit during this summer's World Cup in Brazil, ditching the traditional blue shorts
The white stuff: England have worn an all-white kit in a number of tournaments before, including in the dire 0-0 draw with Algeria in the World Cup at the 2010 finals in South Africa
Unforgettable: David Beckham was in all-white when his last minute free-kick secured qualification for the 2002 World Cup against Greece
ALL THE WORLD CUP KITS
CLICK HERE FOR OUR PICTURE SPECIAL ON THE STRIPS THE TEAMS WILL BE WEARING THIS SUMMER
Though unfamiliar and no doubt unpopular with some fans, England have often worn an all-white strip in the past, including in the 1966 World Cup quarter-final with Argentina, South Africa 2010 and Euro 2012.
Kit suppliers Nike will unveil the new all-white design before the friendly match with Peru at Wembley on May 30.
A new away kit will also be revealed before the tournament but since there will be no kit clashes in the group stages, Roy Hodgson's team will not wear this before the knockout stages.
Traditional: England typically wear blue shorts with their white shirts and socks
New look: Argentina will line-up in an all-white kit at the World Cup, losing the traditional blue shorts
All-red: Defending champions Spain have lost their usual blue shorts
White out: Germany have unveiled an all-white strip for the finals
More...
It wasn't FA racism that prevented Campbell captaining England... it was a twist of fate
Selected members of the squad posed in the new kit for publicity photos amid heavy security at The Grove hotel in Hertfordshire on Monday, as well as the grey Marks and Spencer suits they will wear at official functions before and during the tournament.
The all-white kit adheres to FIFA regulation 35.2, which states that 'each team shall inform FIFA of two different and contrasting colours (one predominantly dark and one predominantly light kit) for its official and reserve team kit (shirt, shorts and socks).
Spain, the defending champions, have unveiled an all-red kit, ditching the blue shorts they have worn in previous finals. Germany have replaced their black shorts with white ones, while Argentina will wear white shorts instead of their usual dark blue.
Ill-tempered: England wore all-white in the 1966 World Cup quarter-final with Argentina. At the end, England manager Alf Ramsey tried to stop his players exchanging shirts with their rough opponents
Amicable: Better scenes when England wore all-white against Argentina in the 1962 World Cup. Johnny Haynes shakes hands with Ruben Navarro before England's 3-1 win
Classic: England in an all-white kit prior to the World Cup group match with Brazil in 1970
Heartbreak: An all-white kit brought England no luck in their 1998 second round match with Argentina
England have worn the all-white kit in 41 of their 162 matches this century, winning 25 of them, drawing eight and losing eight.
They last wore it for the World Cup qualifier in Montenegro back in March last year and have often worn white shirts when kits have clashed in both competitive and non-competitive games.
The matches against France, Ukraine and Italy at the European Championships in 2012 saw white shorts, as did the World Cup games against United states and Algeria in 2010.
David Beckham's memorable last minute free-kick against Greece in the 2001 World Cup qualifier at Old Trafford was scored in an all-white kit.
ENGLAND'S MATCHES IN AN ALL-WHITE KIT SINCE 2000
March 26, 2013 - Montenegro (A) FIFA World Cup qualifier - Drew 1-1
March 22, 2013 - San Marino (A) FIFA World Cup qualifier - Won 8-0
February 6, 2013 - Brazil (H) Friendly - Won 2-1
November 14, 2012 - Sweden (A) Friendly - lost 2-4
October 12, 2012 - San Marino (H) FIFA World Cup qualifier - Won 5-0
September 11, 2012 - Ukraine (H) FIFA World Cup qualifier - Drew 1-1
September 7, 2012 - Moldova (A) FIFA World Cup qualifier - Won 5-0
Perfect start: England got their World Cup qualification campaign underway in Moldova wearing all-white back in September 2012
June 24, 2012 - Italy (N) European Championships Quarter-final - Drew 0-0, lost 2-4 on penalties
June 19, 2012 - Ukraine (N) European Championships Group Stage - Won 1-0
June 11, 2012 - France (N) European Championships Group Stage - Drew 1-1
June 2, 2012 - Belgium (H) Friendly - Won 1-0
February 29, 2012 - Netherlands (H) - Lost 2-3
August 11, 2010 - Hungary (H) - Won 2-1
June 18, 2010 - Algeria (N) World Cup Group Stage - Drew 0-0
June 12, 2010 - United States (N) World Cup Group Stage - Drew 1-1
Let down: England's disappointing 1-1 draw with the United States to open the World Cup in South Africa
May 24, 2010 - Mexico (H) - Won 3-1
November 14, 2009 - Brazil (N) - Lost 0-1
October 14, 2009 - Belarus (H) FIFA World Cup qualifier - Won 3-0
September 9, 2009 - Croatia (H) FIFA World Cup qualifier - Won 5-1
September 5, 2009 - Slovenia (H) Friendly - Won 2-1
August 12, 2009 - Holland (A) Friendly - Drew 2-2
June 10, 2009 - Andorra (H) FIFA World Cup qualifier - Won 6-0
June 6, 2009 - Kazakhstan (A) FIFA World Cup qualifier - Won 4-0
April 1, 2009 - Ukraine (H) FIFA World Cup qualifier - Won 2-1
Flying: Peter Crouch scores for England in their 2-1 win over Ukraine during qualification for the 2010 World Cup
March 28, 2009 - Slovakia (H) Friendly - Won 4-0
February 11, 2009 - Spain (A) Friendly - Lost 0-2
October 11, 2008 - Kazakhstan (H) FIFA World Cup qualifier - Won 5-1
September 10, 2008 - Croatia (A) FIFA World Cup qualifier - Won 4-1
November 21, 2007 - Croatia (H) European Championship qualifier - Lost 2-3
Night to forget: England lose 3-2 to Croatia and miss out on the 2008 European Championships
October 13, 2007 - Estonia (H) European Championship qualifier - Won 3-0
March 28, 2007 - Andorra (A) European Championship qualifier - Won 3-0
October 11, 2006 - Croatia (A) European Championship qualifier - Lost 0-2
May 31, 2005 - Colombia (N) Friendly - Won 3-2
November 17, 2004 - Spain (A) Friendly - Lost 1-0
September 10, 2003 - Liechtenstein (H) European Championship qualifier - Won 2-0
August 20, 2003 - Croatia (H) Friendly - Won 3-1
June 11, 2003 - Slovakia (H) European Championship qualifier - Won 2-1
May 21, 2002 - South Korea (N) Friendly - Drew 1-1
April 17, 2002 - Paraguay (H) Friendly - Won 4-0
October 6, 2001 - Greece (H) World Cup qualifier - Drew 2-2
September 5, 2001 - Albania (H) World Cup qualifier - Won 2-0
162 matches in total since 2000, worn white kit 41 times, won 25, drawn 8, lost 8
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Which female sports presenter won the French Open (tennis) title in 1976? | Sue Barker | Women Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
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Susan (Sue) Barker, MBE (born 19 April 1956 in Paignton , Devon ) is an English television presenter and former professional tennis player. During her tennis career, she won a Grand Slam women's singles title at the 1976 French Open and reached a career-high singles ranking of World No. 3. She is now one of the main sports presenters at the BBC .
Tennis career
Edit
Barker's tennis career began in 1973 and she won her first top-level singles title in 1974. She won three additional titles in 1975. Barker reached her first Grand Slam semi-final in 1975 at the Australian Open . She won the German Open in 1976, beating Renáta Tomanová of Czechoslovakia in the final 6–3, 6–1.
Later in 1976, Barker had the biggest victory of her career by winning the French Open at the age of 20, again defeating Tomanová in the final. Barker's toughest game en route to the final in Paris was her quarter-final match against Regina Maršíková , when Barker came back from a set down and won a gruelling final set 8–6. After her French Open victory against Tomanová, Barker felt that it would be the first of a number of Grand Slam titles that she would win, but she would not reach another Grand Slam final in her career.
In 1977, Barker won two singles titles in San Francisco and Dallas. She beat Martina Navratilova to reach the Virginia Slims Tour Championships final, where she lost in three sets to Chris Evert . Barker reached the Australian Open semi-final for the second time in 1977 and also reached the Wimbledon semi-final that year. She looked set to meet Virginia Wade in the Wimbledon final in 1977, but unexpectedly lost her semi-final against Betty Stöve of the Netherlands, which denied her the opportunity of playing against Wade in an all-British final.
Years later, Barker said that losing to Stöve was the biggest disappointment of her career and admitted that she was so upset at losing in the 1977 Wimbledon semi-final that she could not bear to watch the final, which was won by Wade.
After an injury-plagued 1978 during which her ranking dropped to World No. 24, she won three singles titles and reached three other finals in 1979. She was named the tour's "Comeback Player of the Year" by her fellow professionals. Barker reached one final in 1980 and won the last singles title of her career at the Brighton International in 1981, finishing the year ranked World No. 16. She won her last doubles title in 1982 at Cincinnati , and played her last professional match in 1984.
In all, Barker won 11 singles titles and 12 doubles titles, posting wins over Evert, Navratilova, Billie Jean King , Evonne Goolagong Cawley , Tracy Austin , Virginia Wade , Maria Bueno , Rosemary Casals , Andrea Jaeger and Pam Shriver .
Barker's forehand was her strongest weapon, with her coach Arthur Roberts describing it as "especially potent". Roberts was a notoriously severe character who very rarely praised Barker. "Everyone was terrified of him," she later said. When she left England to play in tournaments on the Continent, Roberts handed her a one-way ticket only, insisting that she had to earn the fare home.
In 2004, recalling her French Open win of 1976, Barker said: "I'm still incredibly proud of what I achieved."
Broadcasting career
Edit
Upon retiring from tennis Barker became a commentator and sports reporter for Australia's Channel 7 in 1985 before going on to anchor tennis coverage for British Sky Broadcasting in 1990. In 1993, Barker joined the Wimbledon coverage on the BBC and now anchors the two-week-long broadcast for the network. One of the annual features of the coverage sees Barker reminiscing with former rivals Martina Navratilova , Chris Evert , Pam Shriver , and Tracy Austin during Wimbledon's rain delays.
Barker has branched out since joining the BBC, becoming one of their chief sports presenters and she is currently the presenter of the sports quiz show A Question Of Sport .
Barker has hosted BBC Sport's coverage of the Australian Open , the French Open , Queens Club Championships , Eastbourne , and Wimbledon.
Other sporting events she has hosted have included the Grand National (1996–2006), The Derby (2001–2007), Racing at Ascot and Longchamp (1995–1999), Hennessy Gold Cup at Newbury , The Great North Run, World Athletics Championships and European Athletics Championships (1999–2009), Commonwealth Games (since 1994), Winter Olympics (since 1994), and the BBC Sports Personality of the Year.
In June 1999, she co-presented coverage of HRH Prince Edward 's wedding to Sophie Rhys-Jones at Windsor alongside Michael Buerk . Barker had introduced Rhys-Jones to Queen Elizabeth II 's youngest son at a charity function a few years earlier.
In 2008, Barker and the BBC extended her contract to cover the London 2012 Olympic Games. It is estimated to be worth £375,000 a year.
| Sue Barker |
In which US state was golfer Tiger Woods born? | BBC Tennis Presenters
BBC Tennis Presenters
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Apart from tennis, which other sport considers 'The All England Club', Wimbledon it's home? | A journey with tennis through time - The Championships, Wimbledon 2017 - Official Site by IBM
A journey with tennis through time
Wimbledon.com is marking National Sports Heritage Day with this blog to take a look back at not only how past events have affected tennis but also how the sport has impacted on history READ MORE
By Bianca Harrisskitt
The Championships at Wimbledon have long been a key part of the British sporting calendar. Talented tennis players, Henman Hill and strawberries and cream have all played their part in enshrining Wimbledon’s iconic place in Britain’s sporting heritage.
However, the game of tennis has a long history dating back to the 14th century. From advancements in game play to tennis related deaths, tennis-inspired fashion and even a tennis-incited war, this blog post considers not only how past events have affected tennis but also how the sport has impacted on history. Have a look through and see how much tennis history you really know!
14TH CENTURY
Did you know that tennis has been an important part of life in Britain since the 14th century?
It is widely believed that the game we now know as tennis first emerged from early ball games which involved using hitting a ball back and forth using the palm of the hand, popular in the Southern regions of Europe.
This game was given the name Jeu de Paume (game of the hand or hand ball). Despite the tensions between Britain and France during the 14th and 15th centuries, one thing they had in common was a love for Jeu de Paume, with the game spreading from France to Britain in the mid-14th century.
24 May 1337
Hundred Years' War between England and France begins.
7 July 1348 'Black Death' enters Britain
On average, between 30% and 45% of the general populace died.
30 September 1399
Henry IV is proclaimed King of England.
15TH CENTURY
Developments in game play/equipment
In the first half of the 15th century a stiff double glove started to be widely used in Jeu de Paume in order to avoid nasty broken fingers!
Did you know that tennis balls played a role is kicking off the Battle of Agincourt?
Henry V was the first monarch who played tennis regularly. In 1414, he allegedly received some tennis balls from France’s Dauphin, an act which he chose to interpret as a grave insult following the breakdown of recent negotiations. Shakespeare even wrote about the event, stating that the balls were sent to signify the king’s wild youth. After this ‘provocation’ Henry V sailed to France to meet with them in battle. Recent historians have questioned whether any balls were actually sent; nevertheless, the story certainly legitimised Henry’s decision to embark on the Agincourt campaign.
Did you know that King James I of Scotland met a grizzly end due to his love of tennis?
In 1437 at the Blackfriars in Perth, the drain outlet through which the King hoped to escape when the building was invaded by dissident Scottish nobles had been blocked, to prevent the loss of tennis balls when the King was playing in the courtyard. James was trapped and killed.
Developments in game play/equipment:
By the second half of the 15th century wooden battoirs, covered with parchment, were starting to be used. This soon developed into the use of strung rackets, usually made with sheep gut or silk stringing. By the 16th century, the game had moved to an enclosed playing area, and the rules had stabilized and thus Real Tennis was born. The game was particularly popular amongst European royalty and was referred to solely as ‘tennis’.
20 March 1413
Henry IV dies and is succeeded by his son, Henry V.
25 October 1415
Henry V defeats the French at the Battle of Agincourt.
21 May 1420
Charles VI cedes France to Henry V in the Treaty of Troyes.
1424
James I crowned King of Scotland in 1424 at Scone in Perthshire.
22 May 1455 - 22 August 1485
Wars of the Roses.
16TH CENTURY
Did you know that Anne Boleyn was watching tennis when she was arrested on the 2nd May 1536?
Real tennis received growing popularity under Henry the VIII and throughout his reign he doubled the number of courts he owned by building tennis-courts at Beaulieu, Bridewell, St James’s, Greenwich, Calais, Whitehall and Hampton Court, the last of which is still used today. Henry was even reportedly playing tennis when Anne was beheaded.
Failed peace treaty with Scotland.
1509
1534 –1539 The Reformation: The Church of England is created.
800 monasteries are closed down and their wealth transferred to the crown.
1553
Mary 1st is crowned Queen.
1558
Elizabeth I is crowned
17th CENTURY
1601 Provisions for the poor provided for the first time since the dissolution of the monasteries. The Elizabethan Poor Law of 1601 requires each parish to provide for the 'lame, impotent, old and blind'.
1603 King John VI of Scotland becomes King of England. 1603 – 1714: Civil War, revolution and settlement in the Americas.
18TH CENTURY
Developments in game play/equipment
By the 18th century tennis balls had evolved to become hard and heavy with relatively little bounce, weighing around 70g. Racket manufacturing came to be constructed from ash, with their heads tilting towards the left.
Did you know that Frederick, Prince of Wales is thought to have been killed by a tennis ball?
Yet another person to meet their end because of tennis, the prince was said to have died from an internal infection arising from being hit in the stomach by a ball in 1751.
Did you know that the French Revolution kick-started the production of tennis rackets in England?
French produced rackets were said to be the best quality rackets in the 18th century but the revolution caused racket supplies to cease.
Consequently, British makers started racket production in order to keep the game going, but they were considered heavy and basic in comparison. After the revolution, French manufacturers dominated the market once more.
1707
The Act of Union between England and Scotland. Great Britain is formed, Parliament formed.
1756
Seven years War starts between Britain and France over American colonies.
1772
The storming of the Bastille begins the French Revolution
19TH CENTURY
Developments in game play/ equipment
The invention of the lawnmower and vulcanisation of rubber were crucial to the development of lawn tennis. Suddenly it was possible to manufacture a ball with a high bounce and the Victorians began to experiment with new games and a new use for the croquet lawn; in 1872 the world's first lawn tennis club was set up at Leamington Spa.
Did you know that in the late 19th century women wore the same clothes they would wear to a garden party to play tennis in!
The constraints of Victorian society stopped practical changes from being made to women’s attire, meaning that tennis clothes sacrificed comfort for ‘prettiness’. Women wore ground-length dresses with long sleeves, high necklines and cinched corseted waists, petticoats, stockings, straw hats and initially even heels!
Developments in game play/ equipment – Sphairistikè;
In February 1874 Major Clopton Wingfield introduced his version of lawn tennis, which was similar to other versions of the game that emerged at the time. Wingfield’s version was called called Sphairistikè, which took its name from the Greek word for ball, ‘sphairos’, and was played on an hour-glass shaped court. It was adapted by the Marylebone Cricket Club who issued the Laws of Lawn Tennis in 1875; the first unified rules for lawn tennis.
Developments in game play/ equipment
The tilt head racket design, imported from real tennis, began to die out in the 1870s as it caused too much stress on the thinner ‘lop’ sided part of the head, causing rackets to break. By 1890 most manufacturers were producing oval-shaped tennis rackets which spread the stress on the strings more evenly.
Did you know that the first Wimbledon Championships were held to raise money to repair the AELTC’s pony roller?
The All England Croquet and Lawn Tennis Club had been founded in July 1868, as the All England Croquet Club. Lawn tennis was introduced in February 1875 to compensate for the waning interest in croquet and in June 1877 the Club decided to organise an amateur tennis tournament to pay for the repair of its pony roller, needed to maintain the lawns.
22 players took part in the Gentlemen's Singles competition, paying one guinea each to participate. Spencer Gore, a rackets player, became the first Wimbledon champion and fortunately for The Club (and the entire sport of lawn tennis) the tournament was a success, making a profit of £10, allowing the pony roller to remain in use!
Did you know that Lawn Tennis was one of the original sports chosen for the Olympic Games?
Despite the sport not being particularly popular at the time, lawn tennis was one of the nine sports chosen for the games in 1896.
It consisted of Men’s Singles and Doubles events, with 13 players from six nations taking part. An unknown Irishman, John Boland, won both titles.
1st January 1801
Act of Union creates United Kingdom. Great Britain (England, Scotland and Wales) and Ireland were formally joined to create the United Kingdom.
18 June 1815
The Battle of Waterloo
1830s
The nineteenth century was a century of innovation and developments in manufacturing. Edwin Budding invented the lawn mower enabling grass to be cut short and even in 1830. Nine years later American inventor Charles Goodyear discovered how to vulcanise rubber.
20 June 1837
Victoria comes to the throne after the death of William IV.
28 March 1854
Britain and France declare war on Russia and the Crimean War begins.
1860-1890
Women’s fashion: Restrictive corsets and the era of the skirt Large skirts became fashionable in the 1860s and as the skirt developed, the back emphasis saw the creation of the first bustle, which had appeared by 1868. The 1880s were a decade of severely tight corsetry that was worn under dresses with long boned bodices, tight sleeves and high necks.
13 July 1878
Congress of Berlin aims to settle European problems. Britain signed a European treaty which attempted to settle problems between states in the Balkans and, in particular, to reduce perceived threats to European stability from Russian expansion.
1896
20TH CENTURY
Did you know that World War One affected The All England Lawn Tennis Club?
The Championships were suspended and 17 Club members were killed serving in the war. 1914 Wimbledon Gentlemen’s Champion, Norman Brookes, was commissioner of the Australian branch of the British Red Cross in Egypt during the war and four- time Wimbledon Champion Anthony Wilding died whilst serving on the Western front. New Zealand born Wilding joined the British Royal Marines when war broke out, rising to the rank of captain in the Armoured Car Division. He was killed, aged 31, during the Battle of Aubers Ridge at Neuve Chapelle, 9 May 1915.
Did you know that the All England Lawn Tennis Club moved from Worple Road to Church Road in 1922?
By 1920 The Club had outgrown the 4 acres of land at Worple Road. They bought 13 ¼ acres on land at Wimbledon Park Road (later Church Road) for £7,870 and on 26th June 1922, King George V and Queen Mary opened the new grounds.
Did you know that tennis heavily influenced 1920s fashion?
In line with the emancipation of women in the time period, French player Suzanne Lenglen introduced short skirts, no corset and bandeaus to the Wimbledon courts, causing shocked reactions. However, the trends quickly took off on and off-court and can still be seen today, even in men’s attire – think of Rafael Nadal’s bandana! Another French player, Rene Lacoste, invented a fabric called jersey petit piqué, which still nowadays features the polo shirt with the crocodile. The fabric was lighter and more transpiring than the cotton that had been used to that day, and the short sleeves and the comfortable collar aimed at making the tennis players’ movements easier.
Developments in game play/ equipment
During World War II developments in the use of synthetic glue and resins in aircraft construction were adapted by racket makers. Whereas previous rackets had been made by a single piece of ash wood, rackets from the 1940s onwards tended to be made by thin strips of different kinds of wood bonded together by strong synthetic glues, making them stronger, lighter and more flexible.
Did you know that World War Two had a significant impact on The AELTC?
During the war The Championships were suspended and the premises were used for civil defence and military functions, along with growing crops and keeping farm animals! Wimbledon was not spared from The Blitz and on Friday 11th October 1940 the AELTC grounds were hit, including Centre Court. The damage to the court resulted in the loss of approximately 1,200 seats. Seats, however, were not the only thing that The AELTC lost. Five club members gave their lives to the war effort, and a plaque is located in the current Clubhouse which commemorates them.
Did you know that the liberal landscape of the 1960s affected tennis?
The legalisation of homosexuality in Britain and the USA in the 1960s allowed sportsmen and women to come out in public as gay. Tennis player turned fashion designer Ted Tinling was one figure in British tennis who announced his sexual orientation in the time period. Since the 1960s individual sports such as tennis have had more openly gay athletes than team sports. However, former tennis star Martina Navratilova, who has campaigned against homophobia in sports since 1981, has stated that gay players, particularly men, still face barriers and public discrimination due to their sexuality.
Did you know that The Championships at Wimbledon opened to all categories of players for the first time in 1968?
In 1968 the open era began, where amateurs and professionals were allowed to compete side by side at Wimbledon for the first time. This ushered in a period of rapid changes in the tennis world as new tournaments sprang up, with large prize money.
Development to game play/equipment - Did you know that we have NASA to thank for graphite tennis rackets?
In the 1950s and 60s NASA’s research on low-weight carbon fibre made the material more popular and widely available. Racket makers started to use graphite (carbon fibre reinforced plastic) in the 1970s and 80s to make tennis rackets lighter, although wood and steel frames remained popular until the 1980s. Nowadays, the main material in most rackets is graphite.
1990: The ATP tour begins
In 1990, the Association of Tennis Professionals became the governing body of men's professional tennis, and the ATP Tour was born.
The 2012 Olympic tennis event was held at the All England Lawn Tennis Club.
From 28th July to 5th of August, the traditional green and purple colour scheme of The Championships was replaced by the magenta colours of London 2012 as the world’s best tennis players battled it out on the lawns of The AELTC. The United States won three gold medals whilst Andy Murray brought home the gold for the United Kingdom in the men’s singles.
Did you know that on Sunday 7 July 2013 Andy Murray was the first British man to the win Wimbledon in 77 years?
Murray converted his fourth championship point in a dramatic final game to win 6-4 7-5 6-4, claiming his second major title.
1900
Victoria dies and is succeeded by Edward VII
4 August 1914
Britain declares war on Germany in response to the invasion of Belgium
6th February 1918
The Representation of the People Act. This enfranchised all men over the age of 21, and propertied women over 30.
11th November 1918
World War One ends when Germany signs an armistice.
1st January 1927
British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is created
7th May 1928
All women over the age of 21 get the vote
10 December 1936
Edward VIII abdicates in order to marry Wallace Simpson
12 May 1937
George VI is crowned king
3 September 1939
Britain declares war on Germany in response to the invasion of Poland
8 May 1945
Britain celebrates the end of war on Victory in Europe Day
5 July 1948
National Health Service is established
22 June 1948
Post-war immigration from the Commonwealth begins.
2nd June 1953
Elizabeth II is crowned Queen.
12 July 1965
Comprehensive education system is initiated 1967 Homosexuality is legalised under the 1967 Sexual Offences Act
1969
American Neil Armstrong is the first man on the Moon.
3 May 1979
Conservative Margaret Thatcher becomes Britain's first female prime minister.
02 April 1982
| Croquet |
Which Grand Slam event did tennis player Pete Sampras fail to win? | Official Suppliers - The Championships, Wimbledon 2017 - Official Site by IBM
http://robinsonssquash.co.uk/
IBM - Official Information Technology (1990)
For 26 years IBM has been supporting the All England Lawn Tennis Club and The Championships in its mission to be the premiere tennis tournament in the world. We do that by continuously innovating, by not being afraid to demonstrate how technology can add to the fan experience while never detracting from it. For speed of serve, to real time match statistics provided to commentators to mobile and digital solutions IBM helps bring The Championships to the world.
IBM at Wimbledon
Lanson - Official Champagne (2001)
Very few Champagne Houses can trace their origins back to before the French revolution. Lanson is one such House, this Reims firm having been founded in 1760. Today, Lanson remains an active, independent, family business. Its wines can be found on all five continents and Lanson is enjoyed in over 120 countries.
Champagne Lanson has been closely associated with Wimbledon since 1977, and in recent years was selected as the Official Supplier of Champagne to The Championships. Champagne Lanson, available in all the nine bars and hospitality marquees in the grounds, has thus become very much a part of the "Wimbledon experience".
Visit the website for more.
Ralph Lauren - Official Outfitter (2006)
Polo Ralph Lauren is the first designer in the history of The Championships to partner with The All England Lawn Tennis Club and outfit all Wimbledon on-court officials.
Launched in 2006, the uniforms for chair and line umpires feature classic navy blazers and cream-coloured trousers. Ball persons are outfitted in signature navy polos and sporty skirts or shorts. The Polo-designed uniforms, accented in the Club's official colours of purple and green, recall an era of elegance in tennis and uphold the traditions of the institution of Wimbledon.
Polo Ralph Lauren introduces the Wimbledon Collection of casual yet elegant sportswear for men, women and children. The Polo Ralph Lauren Wimbledon Collection is available at Ralph Lauren stores, The Centre Court Shop (Wimbledon), exclusive fashion stores and polo.com.
http://www.ralphlauren.co.uk
HSBC - Official Bank (2007)
At The Championships, HSBC is responsible for providing the onsite banking services for the players, public and retailers.
HSBC is also delighted to sponsor The HSBC Road to Wimbledon National 14 & Under Challenge. The UK's largest national junior grass court tournament continues to grow from strength to strength and has become a much anticipated fixture in the junior tennis calendar. Some 20,000 boys and girls from all over Britain have set out this summer in pursuit of their Wimbledon dream. They are competing for the chance to play in the National Finals to be held at Roehampton in August.
HSBC is one of the largest banking and financial services organisations in the world, serving over 100 million customers worldwide through some 8,000 offices in 88 countries.
http://www.hsbc.com
Evian - Official Water (2008)
While Evian's purity makes it the natural choice for the tennis stars hoping to be victorious on Centre Court, its refined style will help ensure spectators stay refreshed to enjoy their unforgettable experience at the summer's most glamorous sporting event.
With both purity and style it's no wonder that Evian has been chosen as the Official Water of The Championships, Wimbledon.
http://www.evian.co.uk
Lavazza - Official Coffee (2011)
Lavazza is proud to spread the quality and aroma of Italian espresso throughout The Championships. The strength of our experience, the use of the finest raw materials and advanced technological resources has made Lavazza a leader in this industry in the coffee market.
We offer a top-quality product to consumers worldwide. The distinctive values of the Lavazza brand are quality and innovation while respecting tradition that stems from Luigi Lavazza, who invented the concept of the coffee blend.
Lavazza is represented around the world in each and every distribution channel always using outstanding creativity and image to set it apart.
For more information please visit our official website .
Stella Artois - Official Beer (2014)
Stella Artois, the UK’s favourite premium beer brand*, is proud to be the official beer of Wimbledon.
Our beer is brewed to 4.8% ABV and has a pleasantly distinct, crisp and slightly bitter taste. Stella Artois should be perfectly served in the Chalice, designed to deliver a superior beer experience.
Stella Artois was originally brewed in Leuven, Belgium as a Christmas beer and has grown to become a global brand. "Stella," Latin for star, refers to the brightly shining Christmas Star. "Artois" acknowledges Sebastian Artois, the master brewer and owner of the brewery.
*Ipsos Brand Performance Tracker, June 2013
Jaguar Land Rover - Official Car (2015)
Jaguar and Land Rover will supply 170 luxury and high performance vehicles to support tournament operations. The new Jaguar XE and XF, as well as successful XF Sportbrake and XJ models will be seen in London at this year’s Championships.
Laura Schwab, UK Marketing Director at Jaguar Land Rover, said: “Wimbledon is a British icon, which is recognised globally as the pinnacle of international sport. There’s no other event like it.
“The tournament captures our imagination in different ways. For some it’s the feeling of summer, but for others it’s British sport at its best. We’re very excited to be working with The All England Lawn Tennis & Croquet Club to establish our new partnership and celebrate what makes Wimbledon so special.”
Häagen-Dazs - Official Ice Cream (2016)
Since 1961, Häagen-Dazs has been making ice cream like no other. The vision of our founder Reuben Mattus was to make the best tasting ice cream in the world using only the highest quality ingredients. Every Häagen-Dazs flavour is created from a base of 100% real milk & cream, free-range egg yolks and contains a minimal amount of air to create the perfect texture.
Häagen-Dazs is proud to be the Official Ice Cream of Wimbledon. As the luxury ice cream brand of choice for both Wimbledon and British Tennis, there’s no better way to indulge yourself whilst enjoying moments of sporting greatness on the court!
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If you score a maximum 147 at snooker, how many pots have you made? | 147 Is Not Snooker's Maximum Break - Pundit Arena
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Akin to Darts’ 9-dart finish, Cricket’s six sixes, or Bowling’s 300, Snooker’s maximum 147 break is renowned and revered worldwide.
Those with only the slightest interest in the sport will tune in to see a replay of a player potting 15 reds paired with 15 blacks, before cleaning up the remaining colours.
A player by the name of Murt O’Donoghue recorded the first ever maximum back in 1934. When Steve Davis achieved the first televised 147 in 1982, it was an unforgettable occasion. Several records have fallen since. In 1997, Ronnie O’Sullivan made his 36 perfect pots in just 5 minutes and 20 seconds.
The history books have been rewritten multiple times over the last hundred odd years. But some snooker fans may be surprised to learn that this is not technically perfection, and a break greater than 147 is perfectly possible.
After a foul, if the cue-ball is snookered, the referee shall state a free ball. The player may then treat a coloured ball as if it were a red. Therefore, this can artificially create a 16th red on the table. Although improbable, if a free ball is to be called before the first red is potted in a frame, then it is possible to achieve a break of up to 155.
In a club match in 1976, Wally West is reported to have scored a 151 break in West London. 17 years later, a certain Stephen Hendry made a 148 in practice.
However, Malta’s Tony Drago, in practice, scored a 149, comprising of a free ball plus brown, followed by 15 reds, 13 blacks, a pink, and a blue, plus the remaining colours. His feat was credited by the Guinness World Book of Records. ‘The Tornado’ went down officially as the highest break ever at the time, which was 1995.
The coveted 155 was not achieved until the summer of 2005, when Jamie Cope accomplished the endeavour. 16 reds, 16 blacks, and the colours. This was made in a witnessed practice frame.
Although never witnessed in competition, a break of 155 is true snooker perfection. It should not, and does not, take anything away from the 147 break, but we can always dare to dream of experiencing a free ball perfect frame on our screens.
The word ‘maximum’ is defined as “the greatest amount, extent, or intensity possible, permitted, or recorded.” Therefore a 147, however majestic and skillful as it may be, is not actually the maximum break in snooker.
Brian Barry, Pundit Arena
| thirty six |
What's the nationality of golfers Ernie Els and Gary Player? | BBC iWonder - What's the maths behind the perfect snooker 147?
BBC iWonder
Presented bySteve DavisSix-time world champion
1. Stunning snooker
Presented bySteve DavisSix-time world champion
Snooker’s holy grail – a 147 break. The maximum points a player can score on his own by potting all the balls and using the black (the highest value colour, worth seven points) as their selected choice after each of the 15 reds.
Few have done it and none have come close to replicating the accuracy and speed of ‘Rocket’ Ronnie O’Sullivan’s maximum in 1997 at Sheffield's Crucible Theatre, home of the World Championship.
Everything went right for the 21-year-old - he was very rarely chalking his cue. But what's the maths behind his maximum? How easy is it to make snooker’s ultimate clearance? And will his magnificent 147 ever be topped?
2. Snooker's fastest maximum
Watch Ronnie's break as 15 reds, 15 blacks and six colours are dispatched in rapid-fire fashion.
Stun, spin, run through, weight, side, cushions, angles, adrenaline – these are all factors in making a big break. You have to pot 10 reds and nine blacks (73 points) to guarantee that your opponent needs snookers to win the frame (as that would leave five reds, five blacks and the colours – 67 points – available).
3. Big break in numbers
Thirty-six pots in five minutes, 20 seconds works out at roughly 8.8 seconds per shot – let's call it nine seconds for ease. If you look at the shot times of modern-day players, the slowest take about 30 seconds. The fast players are at 16 seconds.
It was a great break. The crowd absolutely loved it. Even beaten opponent Mick Price seemed to, and funnily enough after being blitzed by all those numbers, he went on to become a maths teacher. O'Sullivan was beaten in the second round but went on to win the world title five times.
4. Potting poetry in motion
Click on the icon and drag across to run through the quickfire break and see how the numbers stack up.
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Ronnie O'Sullivan was 8-5 up in his first-round match, with the first to 10 winning. O’Sullivan would have compiled a maximum in practice hundreds of times, but not with his World Championship hopes on the line in front of a TV audience. He cruises to the century mark in just four minutes, but amazingly that is not the fastest snooker 100 of all time. Tony Drago clocked up a ton in three minutes, 31 seconds against John Higgins at the UK Championship in 1996. You would struggle to boil an egg in that time.
5. Can it be beaten?
O'Sullivan has scored the most 147s in history with 13, two ahead of Stephen Hendry (11) with John Higgins (7) and Ding Junhui (5) next.
I broke the mould in 1982 with the first 147 in competitive tournament play, although I have to admit it took twice as long as the O’Sullivan effort 15 years later!
There were just seven more maximums made in the rest of the 1980s, whereas eight were made last year alone. While there are more tournaments now, and a higher standard, attitudes have changed too.
Modern-day players look at winning the frame in their first visit, so at some stage have to open up the reds. That lends itself very well to making a 147 break.
It’s become a more sophisticated break-building pattern. The players are stronger at withstanding the pressures. And once you’ve made one or two 147s, it becomes a lot easier to keep making them.
So could someone make a quicker 147 than five minutes and 20 seconds?
I’m not sure we are going to see that many players of that speed coming along who can push it much further than that. And that just leaves us to enjoy and marvel at Ronnie's achievement all the more.
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Who captained Europe's winning Ryder Cup team in 2006? | Ryder Cup 2006 » Team Europe » News
Team Europe » News
Woosnam, Faldo named European Captains for 2006, 2008
Ian Woosnam and Nick Faldo have accepted invitations from the Tournament Committee of The European Tour, ratified by The Ryder Cup Policy Board, to captain the European Teams in The 36th and 37th Ryder Cup Matches respectively.
01 June 2005
Ian Woosnam and Nick Faldo have accepted invitations from the Tournament Committee of The European Tour, ratified by The Ryder Cup Policy Board, to captain the European Teams in The 36th and 37th Ryder Cup Matches respectively.
Woosnam, who celebrates his 47th birthday today (Wednesday, March 2), will be the Captain for The 36th Ryder Cup Match at The K Club, Straffan, Co. Kildare, Ireland, from September 22-24, 2006. He becomes the 20th golfer to captain a Ryder Cup Team against the United States and the third Welshman, following in the footsteps of Dai Rees (1955, 1957, 1959, 1961, 1967) and Brian Huggett (1977).
Faldo, aged 47, will be the Captain for The 37th Ryder Cup Match at Valhalla Golf Club, Louisville, Kentucky, in September, 2008. He made 11 successive appearances as a player from 1977 and remains the all-time record points scorer with 23 wins and four halved matches from 46 matches.
Woosnam succeeds Germany's Bernhard Langer, who led Europe to an 18%-9% victory over the United States at Oakland Hills Country Club, Bloomfield Township, Michigan, USA, last September.
"What a fantastic way to celebrate my birthday," Woosnam said. "My wife, Glen, and I are absolutely delighted. The Ryder Cup has been a big part in our lives and it is a huge honour to be named Captain of The European Team. It makes me feel very proud especially as Wales has such a great tradition of producing Ryder Cup Captains.
"I've enjoyed the thrill of playing under three superb Ryder Cup Captains in Tony Jacklin, Bernard Gallacher and Seve Ballesteros and, of course I was Assistant Captain to Sam Torrance in 2002. So, after being involved in no fewer than nine matches from 1983, I can't tell you how much I missed not being involved last year. Now it's all systems go for 2006 and Ireland.
"I have a great affinity for Irish golf and especially the Irish golf fans. They are tremendous supporters of the game and very, very knowledgeable. Winning back to back Irish Opens in 1988 and 1989 remains one of the highlights of my career.
"Nevertheless, there is nothing like winning the Ryder Cup. I was lucky enough to enjoy that feeling five times as a player and once as Assistant to Sam, and nothing would give me greater pleasure than to lead us to a successful defence next year. In fact I would like to create a little history. Europe has held The Ryder Cup three successive times because we tied in 1989 after winning in 1985 and 1987, but we have never won three successive matches. So I need to follow on from Sam and Bernhard's fantastic achievements in 2002 and 2004.
"I learned such a lot from working with and alongside Sam when we won at The Belfry in 2002 that I know it will stand me in good stead. I also know it is going to be a tremendously hard job to follow straight after Bernhard, our winning Captain from last year, but I will do my utmost to help the team at The K Club.
"At the end of the day we want to win in Ireland and we want to keep both hands on Samuel Ryder's trophy. But let's not forget that from a European viewpoint Sam and Bernhard, in winning, also ensured that the true traditions of the game were upheld and that fair play and good sportsmanship were top of the agenda. My stance is that it should be no different at The K Club and I know Captain Tom Lehman and his American Team will, like ourselves, look forward to a close, exciting and sporting contest.
"One other thing. Just in case anyone doubts my desire as a player - I can assure you I'm still out here to win. I've made the commitment, however, to captain the 2006 European Team, not to play in it, and I'll be focusing on getting everything right in the lead-up to Ireland."
Woosnam was born in Oswestry and moved to Jersey in the Channel Islands in 1993, where he lives with his wife, Glendryth, whom he married in 1983, and their children Daniel, 20, Rebecca, 16, and Ami, 13.
The son of Joan and Harold, a farmer, Woosnam grew up at St. Martin's, where Shropshire borders Wales, and first played with a sawn-off set of clubs at Llanmynech. He turned professional in 1976 and made three visits to the Qualifying School before establishing himself on The European Tour on which he gained the first of his 29 victories in the Swiss Open in 1982. In 1987 he finished Number One on the Order of Merit and did so again in 1990. He made 17 appearances for Wales in the World Cup, winning in 1987 alongside David Llewellyn.
In 1993 Woosnam became the first and so far only European Ryder Cup player to claim the maximum four points from the two foursomes and two fourball matches. He partnered Bernhard Langer in the foursomes and Peter Baker in the fourballs.
In all, Woosnam has won 44 tournaments worldwide with the highlight being his success in the Masters Tournament at Augusta National in 1991. "When I was a ten year old at Llanmynech I dreamed of having a putt to win the Masters," he said. "I lived for that moment, that one moment in time. It was very, very special.
"Mind you there have been many, many special moments at The Ryder Cup since I made my debut at West Palm Beach in 1983 with Sam Torrance in the fourballs against Ben Crenshaw and Calvin Peete. I was so nervous I was shaking! Sam said 'Don't worry - I'll look after you. It'll be OK.' So he shanks his first drive straight out of bounds and he goes out of bounds at the next and then he hits it in the water! I didn't see him for three holes although it seemed like three days! Then he made seven birdies and we halved the match. That was good fun? the start of a great adventure. Now I look forward to it continuing."
Faldo, who will become the 21st golfer to captain a European Ryder Cup Team against the United States and the 11th Englishman, said: "This is a proud day for both of us. It is a huge honour to be named Captain of The European Ryder Cup Team in 2008, and I can't say how excited I am at the prospect of leading the side in the United States.
"The Ryder Cup has always been extremely important to me and I will look forward to planning for that match but for now its Ian's time and I wish him the best for his captaincy.
"If The European Team can secure a record third straight win at The K Club, then that would be fantastic - it would really set up an historic match at Valhalla. I've spent a lot of my career in America and I've always enjoyed the support of the people and the challenge of competing on the other side of the pond. I hope my profile and success in the United States will be an advantage to The European Team.
"The Ryder Cup is one of the most exciting and important competitions in the golfing calendar and never fails to inspire both team members and spectators alike. With 11 previous appearances I have so many fond memories of my time as a player and am honoured to be joining the list of great names that have captained The European Team in the past. Having played under five different captains, I have picked up a few tips along the way and hope that I can draw on my own experiences to guide The European Team to victory."
Faldo was born in Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, where at the age of 14 he struck his formative shots after being drawn to the game when he saw Jack Nicklaus winning the Masters Tournament on television. He subsequently won the Masters in 1989, 1990 and 1996 and he can also count three Open Championship successes among his 39 worldwide wins which include 30 on The European Tour where he won a record four PGA Championships. He was Number One on the Order of Merit in 1983 and again in 1992.
Faldo launched his Ryder Cup career at Royal Lytham & St Annes in 1977 where he won three points out of three. Along with his partner, Peter Oosterhuis, he beat Ray Floyd and Lou Graham, then Jack Nicklaus and Floyd the next day and after that Tom Watson, the winner of the Masters and Open Championship, in the singles. Faldo went on to have a prolific Ryder Cup career with a record 11 appearances. He also holds the record for the most number of matches played and points scored.
| Ian Woosnam |
What term is given to a score of one over par in golf? | Ryder Cup Captains: The Full Listing
By Brent Kelley
Updated January 12, 2017.
Below is the full list of individuals who have performed the duties of Ryder Cup captains. For each year, the American captain is listed first, followed by the opposing captain (that would be the Great Britain captain from 1927 through 1971; Great Britain and Ireland - or GB&I - captain in 1973, 1975 and 1977; and European captain from 1979 to present). Below the list are the records for most wins, lossses and times served as captain.
2018 - Jim Furyk - Thomas Bjorn
2016 - Davis Love III - Darren Clarke
2014 - Tom Watson - Paul McGinley
2012 - Davis Love III - Jose Maria Olazabal
2010 - Corey Pavin - Colin Montgomerie
2008 - Paul Azinger - Nick Faldo
2006 - Tom Lehman - Ian Woosnam
2004 - Hal Sutton - Bernhard Langer
2002 - Curtis Strange - Sam Torrance
1999 - Ben Crenshaw - Mark James
1997 - Tom Kite - Seve Ballesteros
1995 - Lanny Wadkins - Bernard Gallacher
1993 - Tom Watson - Bernard Gallacher
1991 - Dave Stockton - Bernard Gallacher
1989 - Raymond Floyd - Tony Jacklin
1987 - Jack Nicklaus - Tony Jacklin
1985 - Lee Trevino - Tony Jacklin
1983 - Jack Nicklaus - Tony Jacklin
1981 - Dave Marr - John Jacobs
1979 - Billy Casper - John Jacobs
1977 - Dow Finsterwald - Brian Huggett
1975 - Arnold Palmer - Bernard Hunt
1973 - Jack Burke Jr.
1971 - Jay Hebert - Eric Brown
1969 - Sam Snead - Eric Brown
1967 - Ben Hogan - Dai Rees
1965 - Byron Nelson - Harry Weetman
1963 - Arnold Palmer - John Fallon
1961 - Jerry Barber - Dai Rees
1959 - Sam Snead - Dai Rees
1957 - Jack Burke Jr. - Dai Rees
1955 - Chick Harbert - Dai Rees
1953 - Lloyd Mangrum - Henry Cotton
1951 - Sam Snead - Arthur Lacey
1949 - Ben Hogan - Charles Whitcombe
1947 - Ben Hogan - Henry Cotton
1937 - Walter Hagen - Charles Whitcombe
1935 - Walter Hagen - Charles Whitcombe
1933 - Walter Hagen - J.H. Taylor
1931 - Walter Hagen - Charles Whitcombe
1929 - Walter Hagen - George Duncan
1927 - Walter Hagen - Ted Ray
Most Times as Ryder Cup Captain
6 times - Walter Hagen (1927, 1929, 1931, 1933, 1935, 1937)
5 times - Dai Rees (1955, 1957, 1959, 1961, 1967)
4 times - Tony Jacklin (1983, 1985, 1987, 1989); Charles Whitcombe (1931, 1935, 1937, 1949)
3 times - Ben Hogan (1947, 1949, 1967), Sam Snead (1951, 1959, 1969), Bernard Gallacher (1991, 1993, 1995)
Most Wins as Ryder Cup Captain
Walter Hagen, 4
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By what name is footballs 'Edson Arantes do Nascimento' better known? | Pelé: Art Life Football by Washington Green Fine Art - issuu
issuu
Três Corações
ART LIFE FOOTBALL
PELÉ, the PELÉ Signature and the Bicycle Kick Design are [the trademarks of PELÉ IP Ownership LLC]
“Eu nasci em Três Corações, eu sou um homem de três corações”
“I was born in Três Corações, I am a man of three hearts.” Pelé
“My joy, throughout my life, has been football.” Pelé Edson Arantes do Nascimento—better known as Pelé—is the most celebrated football player in history and perhaps the most popular, exciting athlete the world has ever known. A native of Brazil, Pelé enjoyed a professional career during which he scored 1,283 goals in 1,366 matches. Pelé was born on Oct. 23, 1940 to Dondinho and Dona Celeste in Três Corações (in the state of Minas Gerais). Pelé’s father was a local professional football player who held the distinction of scoring five goals with his head in one game. As a kid, Pelé created his own reputation as a player in the city of Bauru. Former Brazilian World Cup player, Waldemar de Brito, noticed his skills and took him to Santos, a club team on the coast of Brazil. Pelé started his professional career at the age of 16 for Santos Futebol Clube scoring one goal in his first official game. It was not long after that, when he joined the Brazilian national team. In 1958, the 17-year-old was selected to play for the Seleção at the 1958 World Cup in Sweden. Pelé missed the first two games of the tournament with a knee injury. He made up for lost time by scoring the game-winning goal in the quarterfinals and a hat trick in the semifinals. After Pelé’s two goals against Sweden in the final, his teammates lifted the child prodigy onto their shoulders and hoisted their country’s first Jules Rimet Trophy. The 1958 World Cup revealed to the public the greatness of Pelé, in which this triumph was only the beginning. He became the youngest
ever winner of a World Cup tournament and the youngest scorer in a World Cup Final. He later led Brazil to two more World Cup titles, in 1962 (Chile) and 1970 (Mexico). As of today, Pelé is the only football player to have won three World Cup tournaments and he remains the top scorer in the history of the Brazil National team with 77 goals. In 1975, after 18 years with Santos FC where he won multiple international and national trophies, he joined the New York Cosmos of the North American Soccer League (NASL). During his three years in New York, Pelé led the Cosmos to the 1977 NASL title and brought great excitement to football and inspiration to young players in the United States. He capped off his career with an emotional farewell game on October 1, 1977, in a sold-out Giants Stadium, playing the first half with the Cosmos and the second half for Santos. Since his retirement from football, Pelé continues to make positive contributions to the game and travels the world to interact with his fans. Named one of the “Top 20 Most Important People of the 20th Century” (Time Magazine) and “Football Player of the Century” (FIFA), Pelé today maintains his commitment to the sport and to society by fulfilling various roles as spokesperson, ambassador and philanthropist. In 2014, he was awarded the first ever FIFA Ballon d’Or Prix d’Honneur in recognition of his dazzling career and achievements.
ABOUT THIS ARTWORK Each giclĂŠe and silver gelatin print within this captivating collection has been hand signed by PelĂŠ, giving it the ultimate seal of approval.
BiCYCLE KICK Signed Limited Edition Silver Gelatin of 195 Paper Size: 24” x 36“ | Retail Framed £1,450 Paper Size: 30” x 40“ | Retail Framed £2,450 Signed Limited Edition Silver Gelatin of 75 Paper Size: 60” x 40“ | Retail Framed £4,950
THE GREATEST SAVE GORDON
“Only a few years ago, whilst giving an after dinner speech at a function, I turned around to see the footage of that save playing on a screen behind me. It was only then that I realised Pelé was much closer than I ever realised when he headed the ball, nearly at the six yard box. I’d thought he was further out towards the penalty spot…that explains the power behind the ball when it came at me!” Gordon Banks
BANKS
THE GREATEST SAVE Signed By Gordon Banks & Pelé : Limited Edition Giclée of 295 Paper size: 20½” x 53½” | Framed £1,250
From A Jack To A King By keith Maiden Signed By Keith Maiden & Pelé: Limited Edition Boxed Canvas of 195 Canvas Size: 36” x 21.¾” | Framed £995 Signed By Keith Maiden & Pelé: Limited Edition Boxed Canvas of 75 Canvas Size: 48” x 29” | Framed £1,450
From The Power Within By Stuart McAlpine Miller Signed By Stuart McAlpine Miller & Pelé: Limited Edition Boxed Canvas of 195 Canvas Size: 40” x 26½” | Framed £1,495 Signed By Stuart McAlpine Miller & Pelé: Limited Edition Boxed Canvas of 75 Canvas Size: 50” x 33” | Framed £1,950
On The Summit By NIC JOLY Signed By Nic Joly & Pelé: Limited Edition Wall Sculpture of 195 Size: 25” x 25” | Framed £1,450
The One & Only TEN By NIC JOLY Signed By Nic Joly & Pelé: Limited Edition Wall Sculpture of 195 Size: 24” x 24” | Framed £1,450
SILVER GELATIN ARCHIVAL PRINTS Black & white images are printed on an archival silver gelatin paper by merging years of experience in analogue printing with new digital technology methods. Output on a double weight fibre based paper, we have produced fully archival prints from digital files that truly represent the legacy of black & wite imaging. GICLÉE PRINTS The term “giclée print” denotes an elevation in printmaking technology, largely due to the superior colour accuracy it affords in comparison with other reproduction techniques. Images are taken from high resolution digital scans and printed with archival quality inks onto various media including canvas, fine art, and photographic paper.
Três Corações
The images contained within this literature are an artistic representation of the collection. To best experience our art, we recommend you contact your local gallery to arrange a viewing. © Washington Green 2015. The content of this brochure is subject to copyright and no part can be reproduced without prior permission. washingtongreen.co.uk
All pages:
| pelăš |
Which is the only US state whose name is just one syllable? | Pelé: Art Life Football by Washington Green Fine Art - issuu
issuu
Três Corações
ART LIFE FOOTBALL
PELÉ, the PELÉ Signature and the Bicycle Kick Design are [the trademarks of PELÉ IP Ownership LLC]
“Eu nasci em Três Corações, eu sou um homem de três corações”
“I was born in Três Corações, I am a man of three hearts.” Pelé
“My joy, throughout my life, has been football.” Pelé Edson Arantes do Nascimento—better known as Pelé—is the most celebrated football player in history and perhaps the most popular, exciting athlete the world has ever known. A native of Brazil, Pelé enjoyed a professional career during which he scored 1,283 goals in 1,366 matches. Pelé was born on Oct. 23, 1940 to Dondinho and Dona Celeste in Três Corações (in the state of Minas Gerais). Pelé’s father was a local professional football player who held the distinction of scoring five goals with his head in one game. As a kid, Pelé created his own reputation as a player in the city of Bauru. Former Brazilian World Cup player, Waldemar de Brito, noticed his skills and took him to Santos, a club team on the coast of Brazil. Pelé started his professional career at the age of 16 for Santos Futebol Clube scoring one goal in his first official game. It was not long after that, when he joined the Brazilian national team. In 1958, the 17-year-old was selected to play for the Seleção at the 1958 World Cup in Sweden. Pelé missed the first two games of the tournament with a knee injury. He made up for lost time by scoring the game-winning goal in the quarterfinals and a hat trick in the semifinals. After Pelé’s two goals against Sweden in the final, his teammates lifted the child prodigy onto their shoulders and hoisted their country’s first Jules Rimet Trophy. The 1958 World Cup revealed to the public the greatness of Pelé, in which this triumph was only the beginning. He became the youngest
ever winner of a World Cup tournament and the youngest scorer in a World Cup Final. He later led Brazil to two more World Cup titles, in 1962 (Chile) and 1970 (Mexico). As of today, Pelé is the only football player to have won three World Cup tournaments and he remains the top scorer in the history of the Brazil National team with 77 goals. In 1975, after 18 years with Santos FC where he won multiple international and national trophies, he joined the New York Cosmos of the North American Soccer League (NASL). During his three years in New York, Pelé led the Cosmos to the 1977 NASL title and brought great excitement to football and inspiration to young players in the United States. He capped off his career with an emotional farewell game on October 1, 1977, in a sold-out Giants Stadium, playing the first half with the Cosmos and the second half for Santos. Since his retirement from football, Pelé continues to make positive contributions to the game and travels the world to interact with his fans. Named one of the “Top 20 Most Important People of the 20th Century” (Time Magazine) and “Football Player of the Century” (FIFA), Pelé today maintains his commitment to the sport and to society by fulfilling various roles as spokesperson, ambassador and philanthropist. In 2014, he was awarded the first ever FIFA Ballon d’Or Prix d’Honneur in recognition of his dazzling career and achievements.
ABOUT THIS ARTWORK Each giclĂŠe and silver gelatin print within this captivating collection has been hand signed by PelĂŠ, giving it the ultimate seal of approval.
BiCYCLE KICK Signed Limited Edition Silver Gelatin of 195 Paper Size: 24” x 36“ | Retail Framed £1,450 Paper Size: 30” x 40“ | Retail Framed £2,450 Signed Limited Edition Silver Gelatin of 75 Paper Size: 60” x 40“ | Retail Framed £4,950
THE GREATEST SAVE GORDON
“Only a few years ago, whilst giving an after dinner speech at a function, I turned around to see the footage of that save playing on a screen behind me. It was only then that I realised Pelé was much closer than I ever realised when he headed the ball, nearly at the six yard box. I’d thought he was further out towards the penalty spot…that explains the power behind the ball when it came at me!” Gordon Banks
BANKS
THE GREATEST SAVE Signed By Gordon Banks & Pelé : Limited Edition Giclée of 295 Paper size: 20½” x 53½” | Framed £1,250
From A Jack To A King By keith Maiden Signed By Keith Maiden & Pelé: Limited Edition Boxed Canvas of 195 Canvas Size: 36” x 21.¾” | Framed £995 Signed By Keith Maiden & Pelé: Limited Edition Boxed Canvas of 75 Canvas Size: 48” x 29” | Framed £1,450
From The Power Within By Stuart McAlpine Miller Signed By Stuart McAlpine Miller & Pelé: Limited Edition Boxed Canvas of 195 Canvas Size: 40” x 26½” | Framed £1,495 Signed By Stuart McAlpine Miller & Pelé: Limited Edition Boxed Canvas of 75 Canvas Size: 50” x 33” | Framed £1,950
On The Summit By NIC JOLY Signed By Nic Joly & Pelé: Limited Edition Wall Sculpture of 195 Size: 25” x 25” | Framed £1,450
The One & Only TEN By NIC JOLY Signed By Nic Joly & Pelé: Limited Edition Wall Sculpture of 195 Size: 24” x 24” | Framed £1,450
SILVER GELATIN ARCHIVAL PRINTS Black & white images are printed on an archival silver gelatin paper by merging years of experience in analogue printing with new digital technology methods. Output on a double weight fibre based paper, we have produced fully archival prints from digital files that truly represent the legacy of black & wite imaging. GICLÉE PRINTS The term “giclée print” denotes an elevation in printmaking technology, largely due to the superior colour accuracy it affords in comparison with other reproduction techniques. Images are taken from high resolution digital scans and printed with archival quality inks onto various media including canvas, fine art, and photographic paper.
Três Corações
The images contained within this literature are an artistic representation of the collection. To best experience our art, we recommend you contact your local gallery to arrange a viewing. © Washington Green 2015. The content of this brochure is subject to copyright and no part can be reproduced without prior permission. washingtongreen.co.uk
All pages:
| i don't know |
"What is the only English word that ends in the letters ""mt""?" | The Only Word in the English language that ends with the letters -mt
The Only Word
What is The Only Word in the English language that ends with the letters -mt?
The answer is dreamt (past tense and past participle of the verb dream in British English). If you were being pedantic there's also adreamt and undreamt.
Related Links:
| dreamt |
In two handed typing, what is the longest word that can be typed with only the left hand (English)? | 25 English Language Oddities - Listverse
25 English Language Oddities
Listverse Staff
December 3, 2007
Many cultures find that English might possibly be one of the most difficult languages to learn. Not, in fact, for its words, but for the fact that it has so many unusual and contradictory rules. Just looking over an English study book will tell you that so many odd ifs and buts apply to so many words that it is enough to drive one crazy. Here are 25 examples of the oddities in the English language.
Oddities 21 – 25
25. “Rhythms” is the longest English word without the normal vowels, a, e, i, o, or u.
24. Excluding derivatives, there are only two words in English that end -shion and (though many words end in this sound). These are cushion and fashion.
23. “THEREIN” is a seven-letter word that contains thirteen words spelled using consecutive letters: the, he, her, er, here, I, there, ere, rein, re, in, therein, and herein.
22. There is only one common word in English that has five vowels in a row: queueing.
21. Soupspoons is the longest word that consists entirely of letters from the second half of alphabet.
Oddities 16 – 20
20. “Almost” is the longest commonly used word in the English language with all the letters in alphabetical order.
19. The longest uncommon word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops (a grass genus).
18. The longest common single-word palindromes are deified, racecar, repaper, reviver, and rotator.
17. “One thousand” contains the letter A, but none of the words from one to nine hundred ninety-nine has an A.
16. “The sixth sick sheik’s sixth sheep’s sick” is said to be the toughest tongue twister in English.
Oddities 11 – 15
15. Cwm (pronounced “koom”, defined as a steep-walled hollow on a hillside) is a rare case of a word used in English in which w is the nucleus vowel, as is crwth (pronounced “krooth”, a type of stringed instrument). Despite their origins in Welsh, they are accepted English words.
14. “Asthma” and “isthmi” are the only six-letter words that begin and end with a vowel and have no other vowels between.
13. The nine-word sequence I, in, sin, sing, sting, string, staring, starting (or starling), startling can be formed by successively adding one letter to the previous word.
12. “Underground” and “underfund” are the only words in the English language that begin and end with the letters “und.”
11. “Stewardesses” is the longest word that can be typed with only the left hand.
Oddities 6 – 10
10. Antidisestablishmentarianism listed in the Oxford English Dictionary, was considered the longest English word for quite a long time, but today the medical term pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis is usually considered to have the title, despite the fact that it was coined to provide an answer to the question ‘What is the longest English word?’.
9. “Dreamt” is the only English word that ends in the letters “mt”.
8. There are many words that feature all five regular vowels in alphabetical order, the commonest being abstemious, adventitious, facetious.
7. The superlatively long word honorificabilitudinitatibus (27 letters) alternates consonants and vowels.
6. “Fickleheaded” and “fiddledeedee” are the longest words consisting only of letters in the first half of the alphabet.
Oddities 1 – 5
5. The two longest words with only one of the six vowels including y are the 15-letter defenselessness and respectlessness.
4. “Forty” is the only number which has its letters in alphabetical order. “One” is the only number with its letters in reverse alphabetical order.
3. Bookkeeper is the only word that has three consecutive doubled letters.
2. Despite the assertions of a well-known puzzle, modern English does not have three common words ending in -gry. Angry and hungry are the only ones.
1. “Ough” can be pronounced in eight different ways. The following sentence contains them all: “A rough-coated, dough-faced ploughman strode through the streets of Scarborough, coughing and hiccoughing thoughtfully.
| i don't know |
The opposite sides of a dice cube always add up to what? | Why must opposite faces of dice always add up to 7 (1/6,2/5,3/4)? Would it make any difference if they didn't? | Notes and Queries | guardian.co.uk
Why must opposite faces of dice always add up to 7 (1/6,2/5,3/4)? Would it make any difference if they didn't?
Bill Thomson, Watford, Herts
The design as a whole is to provide a randomly determined integer from one to six, each of those values being equally likely to militate against concerns that the faces of dice cause a small bias. For a single roll of a fair s-sided die, the probability of rolling each value is exactly 1/s-an of a discrete uniform distribution. For n multiple rolls, with a s-sided die the possibility space is equal to sn. So, for n rolls of an s-sided die the probability of any result is 1/sn. As the number of dice increases, the distribution of the sum of all numbers tends to normal distribution by the central limit theorem.
GOTETI MVSR KRISHNA, TADEPALLIGUDEM,ANDHRAPRADESH INDIA
If you take the numbers 1,2....6 then add opp faces! You could have 1+2=3. 4+5=9. remember you could have other combination,,this is random, but for the example chosen.......It only leaves,the two numbers we have not used 6,3,,6+3=9
Zen Silvestri, melrose Scotland
I want an answer to this Question! The laws of physics come from an empirical point of view or from a theoretical point of view but they must satisfy the empirical reality if they come from theoretical consideration. So it looks like to me that the empirical came first and from that we get the laws/rules that fit that empirical relationship.If that is the case we can never ""INVENT"" anything all we do is find out what is there and adapt it to fit our needs//NOO?? I look forward to an answer to this DILEMA Zen
Zen Silvestri, Melrose Scotland
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Possibly the most famous anecdotes reports that Lady Astor once told Winston Churchill 'if you were my husband, I would poison your coffee'. What was his reply? | The opposite sides of a dice cube always add up to seven!... Rate This Interesting Fun Funny Fact
Wyoming was the first state to allow women to vote.
Topic: Trivia Facts |
The petals of the world's largest flower are 1.5 feet long.
Topic: Trivia Facts |
The word Tips is actually an acronym standing for 'To Insure Prompt Service'.
Topic: Trivia Facts |
Your home is ten times more likely to have a fire than be burglarized!
Topic: Trivia Facts |
There was no punctuation until the 15th century.
Topic: Trivia Facts |
The original name for the butterfly was 'flutterby'!
Topic: Trivia Facts |
The original title of Jane Austen's novel Pride and Prejudice was First Impression!
Topic: Trivia Facts |
The opposite sides of a dice cube always add up to seven!
Topic: Trivia Facts |
The song 'Strawberry Fields Forever', sung by the Beatles, refers to an orphanage located in Liverpool.
Topic: Trivia Facts |
| i don't know |
Who was the only unmarried president of the US? | Bachelor President - Was James Buchanan Gay
By Tom Murse
Updated March 09, 2016.
There has never been an openly gay president of the United States, but some historians have argued the first and only bachelor president , James Buchanan, may have had feelings for a member of the same sex.
The nation's 15th president is the nation's only bachelor president. A lifelong bachelor, Buchanan had a very close relationship with William Rufus De Vane King, a diplomat who served as U.S. senator and the nation's 13th vice president. King was the only vice president to never have been married.
Buchanan and King, in fact, lived together for more than two decades, although that was a relatively common practice in the 1800s.
Buchanan the Bachelor President
Historians who believe Buchanan and King were intimate often cite their contemporaries in Washington, who reportedly described King as being effeminate and called him "Miss Nancy" and Buchanan's "better half."
They also cite letters written by Buchanan about the man described as his soulmate.
After King left the United States to become the minister to France, Buchanan wrote to a friend:
"I am now solitary and alone, having no companion in the house with me. I have gone a wooing to several gentlemen, but have not succeeded with any one of them. I feel that it is not good for man to be alone; and should not be astonished to find myself married to some old maid who can nurse me when I am sick provide good dinners for me when I am well, and not expect from me any very ardent or romantic affection."
Also, King showed his own affection for Buchanan at his departure by writing to him: "I am selfish enough to hope you will not be able to procure an associate who will cause you to feel no regret at our separation."
Historians Claim Buchanan Was Gay
James Loewen, a prominent American sociologist and historian, has been the most outspoken academic who claims Buchanan was the first gay president.
"There can be no doubt that James Buchanan was gay, before, during, and after his four years in the White House," Loewen wrote in a 2012 essay. "Moreover, the nation knew it, too - he was not far into the closet. Today, I know no historian who has studied the matter and thinks Buchanan was heterosexual."
Loewen has argued that Buchanan's homosexuality is not often discussed in modern times because Americans do not want to believe society was more tolerant of gay relationships in the 19th Century than they are now.
Loewen does not explain, however, how or why a gay Buchanan had been engaged to a woman long before he became president. The woman, Ann Coleman, died and the two never wed.
Bachelor Presidential Candidate in 2016
The closest the nation has come to having a bachelor president after Buchanan was in the 2016 election , when Republican U.S. Sen. Lindsey Graham of South Carolina sought the party's presidential nomination. Graham's candidacy was shortlived, however. Had he been elected, however, he said he'd have a "rotating first lady."
"Well, I've got a sister, she could play that role if necessary," Graham also joked.
Barack Obama as First Gay President
President Barack Obama has been described as being the first gay president, a symbolic label first used in a May 2012 Newsweek magazine headline.
The Democrat earned the label during his first term for his vocal support of gay marriage in May 2012 , making him the the first president in U.S. history to take such a position.
Obama is married to Michelle Obama , and the couple has two daughters.
Newsweek Cover
Newsweek's editor, Tina Brown , explained the term and picture of Obama with a rainbow halo superimposed over his head this way:
"If President Clinton was the ‘first black president’ then Obama earns every stripe in that ‘gaylo’ with last week’s gay marriage proclamation ," Brown told the online news site Politico. "Newsweek’s cover pays tribute to his newly ordained place in history."
Andrew Sullivan, who wrote the Newsweek story, pointed out that the claim was not meant to be taken literally. "It's obviously a play on Clinton being the first black president. I am aware that James Buchanan (and maybe Abraham Lincoln ) have been in the Oval Office before," Sullivan wrote.
| James Buchanan |
Who invented scuba gear while in the French resistance during World War II? | Fun Facts About the US Presidents
Fun Facts About the US Presidents
1. Who was the only single president while in office?�� James Buchanan
2. Who was the youngest president at election?� Theodore Roosevelt (43)
3. How many presidents had more than one vice-president?� 8
4. Who was the youngest president elected from Virginia?� John Tyler (51)
5. How many presidents had the same last names?� 8
6. Who was the youngest president assassinated? John Fitzgerald Kennedy(44)
�
7. How many presidents have been elected from Ohio?� 7
8. How many presidents were lawyers before they became presidents?� 22
9. Who were the two presidents that were writers before their presidency?
John Fitzgerald Kennedy and Thomas Jefferson
| i don't know |
All 17 children of Queen Anne died before she did. How many live births were there? | Queen Anne - History Learning Site
Queen Anne
Citation: C N Trueman "Queen Anne"
historylearningsite.co.uk. The History Learning Site, 17 Mar 2015. 16 Aug 2016.
by Michael Dahl,painting,1705
Queen Anne reigned from March 1702 to August 1714. Anne’s death ended the Stuart dynasty as she had no surviving children. Born on February 6th 1665, her father was James II and her older sister, Mary, had reigned as Mary II along with William III after the 1688 Revolution.
Despite her father’s Catholicism, Anne was brought up as a Protestant. On July 28th, 1683, Anne married Prince George of Denmark who was described as “dull but pleasant, fat but faithful” (E N Williams). She got pregnant on seventeen occasions but only gave birth to five living children all of whom died in childhood. The one child she had who many thought would succeed her, the Duke of Gloucester, died in July 1700 of hydrocephalus. A deeply religious woman, Anne believed that her failure to have a family and, therefore, an heir, was a punishment from God for her sins – abandoning her father in his hour of need in 1688 and tying to discredit her young brother as being illegitimate. Historians such as J P Kenyon believed that as Anne got older, the only comfort she had in her life was her religion. It is said that from the death onwards of her son, Gloucester, she was full of remorse for past indiscretions in the eyes of God.
Though not intellectually gifted, Anne was far from stupid. Anne knew that William III had never been universally popular with his people, many of whom saw him as a foreigner. Anne played on this in the first speech she made after her coronation in March 1710:
“As I know myself to be entirely English, I can very sincerely assure you there is not anything you can expect or desire from me, which I shall not be ready to do for the happiness and prosperity of England.”
When she became Queen, Anne took an automatic dislike to any politician who had been closely associated with William. She also held her first Parliament in disdain after it had called William “our great deliverer from Popery and slavery” – this was in Parliament’s welcoming speech to the new Queen.
Anne never enjoyed good health and this got worse as she got older. Anne placed a great deal on the advice given to her by her favourites. The two most prominent were Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough and Mrs Abigail Masham, a cousin of Robert Harley, one of the major political figures of the era. A number of politicians failed to achieve their full political potential as a result of Anne’s input – any politician brought to her attention for immoral behaviour paid the price for this. Anne led a pious life and would not accept that there was any space for licentious behaviour in her politicians. A discreet word from any of her favourites could end the career of a politician.
Anne left government in the hands of politicians she trusted. The three most famous were Marlborough, Godolphin and Harley. Between them, the three held most of the important political position in the land and between 1702 and 1704 they worked with the Earl of Nottingham (Secretary of State) while the War of Spanish Succession was being fought. Marlborough, via his wife Sarah, advised Anne on successful government: the Queen must maintain her powers of appointment and that the Queen should administer patronage through a non-party manager.
Anne had become queen at a time of real political intrigue. The Whigs and Tories were still comparatively new political parties – even the concept of a political party was relatively new. Both vied for political superiority and they used the War of Spanish Succession to advance their cause. The Whigs had been the party most associated with William III and his attempt to destroy the power of Louis XIV. His death in 1702 gave the Tories an opportunity to regain lost political ground.
The most dominant issue that the first parliament of Anne had to deal with was the War of Spanish Succession. The key area that had to be addressed was how the war was to be financed. The Country Tories led by Henry St. John (later Viscount Bolingbroke) did what they could to obstruct the workings of Parliament as they objected to war finance and high taxation. Many Country Tories were suspicious that too many Whigs had a moneyed interest in the war and that Britain’s involvement in it would allow already very wealthy men to become even wealthier – at the expense of the ‘normal’ man. Harley got around this by bringing the more important Country Tories into government; St. John was appointed Secretary of War – not only advancing his political status in the country but also ensuring that he was a stakeholder in the decisions made by the government. Harley himself became Secretary of State in May 1704; a position that allowed him to promote his ‘own’ men with greater frequency.
Rather than abuse this position, Harley used it to make the government more politically balanced and moderate so that there would be a united front with regards to foreign policy. Harley brought in moderate Whigs as well as Tories so that the second Parliament of Anne was politically more evenly balanced. He could sell this politically as a leader who was putting the well-being of the nation before his own political beliefs. However few (especially Marlborough and Godolphin) trusted his motives. Many were concerned at the influence his cousin, Mrs Masham, had on Anne and just how much of a political lever this gave to Harley. It was well-known that Anne listened and took on board the thoughts of her favourites – but were they Masham’s thoughts or Harley’s? In February 1708 Harley was suddenly dismissed and few mourned his going. The Whigs became the most dominant party in government.
It was this second Parliament that signed the Act of Union (March 6th 1707) with Scotland.
The third parliament of Anne’s was dominated by the Whigs. It governed from November 1708 to September 1710 and was led by Marlborough and Godolphin. The peace terms offered to France to end the War of Spanish Succession were so extreme (ordering Louis to attack his grandson Philip V of Spain to push him out of Spain) that France decided it was worth continuing the war. At the time, and for many years after, the Whig hierarchy was accused of deliberately setting the terms at such a high level because they themselves were making very large profits from the war.
The Whigs ignored the fact that the county as a whole was war weary. The government then made the mistake of trying to rally the nation around the trial of a maverick called Henry Sacheverell. He was a parson who had used the 21st anniversary celebrations of the 1688 Revolution to openly cast doubts as to its legitimacy. Hoping to unite the nation behind the arrest of Sacheverell, the government seriously underestimated the public response.
Sacheverall had been selected by the Lord Mayor of London to give a sermon to the assembled worthies of London for the annual celebration of November 5th – Gunpowder Plot Day. He rounded on the Revolution of 1688 but also denounced bishops and ministers and many other institutions of the day.
Sacheverell was impeached, prosecuted and found guilty. However, Sacheverell had been turned into a hero by the heavily taxed people of London who rioted in his favour (the Sacheverell Riots). His punishment was for his sermon to be publicly hanged and to be banned from preaching for three years. He went to work in North Wales and received a warm welcome wherever he went.
What Sacheverell had said was not entirely relevant twenty one years after 1688, but it had hit a raw nerve. The constant increase in taxation and the hurt that this caused that primarily affected the poor had not been recognised by those in power. Social dislocation was the last thing that anyone in government wanted and it was clear that Godolphin and Marlborough were on borrowed political time as they were held responsible. Godolphin was dismissed on August 7th 1710 and Marlborough followed on December 31st 1711. Robert Harley made a triumphant return to the forefront of politics.
By dismissing two of her greatest government servants, Anne also showed a dark side of her nature. Godolphin was not even granted an audience with the Queen to receive his dismissal – nor a letter. He was simply passed her verbal dismissal. Traditionally, a letter extending gratitude for work done on behalf of the country should have been sent but was not. Marlborough did better than Godolphin. He did receive a letter dismissing him but it was deemed so offensive that he threw it on a fire and never mentioned it again.
Harley governed between 1710 and 1714. Now Earl of Oxford, Harley effectively governed as a Prime Minister – though he did not hold that title. There was a large Tory majority in the House of Commons that gave Harley the opportunity to govern more freely. Anne had also appointed 12 new Tory peers so that their representation in the Lords was greater. For all this the Tories were split. Harley and St. John, his deputy, had fallen out when St. John (now Viscount Bolingbroke) made it clear that he wanted to replace Harley as the country’s senior Tory.
The Tories were also split over one fundamental issue – the succession. As Anne had got older, her health, never particularly good, had deteriorated. With no surviving children, Britain faced a dilemma. There were Jacobite Tories, the Hanoverian Tories and the Tories who simply did not know what to do. At the same time, the Whigs were united behind the Hanover family.
The succession was made more complicated by Anne’s insistence that no Hanoverian was allowed into Britain while she was alive. The future George I had visited England in 1680 – then as Elector George of Hanover – it is said to seek the hand in marriage of Anne. He backed out at the last minute – and Anne was unforgiving right up to the day she died.
When Anne died on August 1st 1714, the Tories were in disarray. The Whigs had made it clear that they fully supported the new George I whereas the Tories had shown that they were divided in their support. Ironically when the Privy Council had met on July 30th 1714, the Tories in it were fully supportive of the planned succession and did what they could to ensure a smooth transition once Anne had died. However, the new king sided with the Whigs and to all intents the Tories were out of power for the rest of the century.
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What boxing class is heaviest - flyweight, bantam weight or feather weight? | Queen Anne
Queen Anne
Location of death: London, England [2]
Cause of death: Stroke
Nationality: England
Executive summary: Queen of England, 1702-14
Anne, Queen of Great Britain and Ireland, second daughter of James, duke of York, afterwards James II , and of Anne Hyde, daughter of the 1st earl of Clarendon, was born on the 6th of February 1665. She suffered as a child from an affliction of the eyes, and was sent to France for medical treatment, residing with her grandmother, Henrietta Maria, and on the latter's death with her aunt, the duchess of Orleans, and returning to England in 1670. She was brought up, together with her sister Mary , by the direction of Charles II, as a strict Protestant, and as a child she made the friendship of Sarah Jennings (afterwards duchess of Marlborough), thus beginning life under the two influences which were to prove the most powerful in her future career. In 1678 she accompanied Mary of Modena to Holland, and in 1679 joined her parents abroad and afterwards in Scotland. On the 28th of July 1683 she married Prince George of Denmark, brother of King Christian V, an unpopular union because of the French proclivities of the bridegroom's country, but one of great domestic happiness, the prince and princess being conformable in temper and both preferring retirement and quiet to life in the great world. Sarah Churchill became Anne's lady of the bedchamber, and, by the latter's desire to mark their mutual intimacy and affection, all deference due to her rank was abandoned and the two ladies called each other Mrs. Morley and Mrs. Freeman.
On the 6th of February 1685 James became king of England. In 1687 a project of settling the crown on the princess, to the exclusion of Mary, on the condition of Anne's embracing Roman Catholicism, was rendered futile by her pronounced attachment to the Church of England, and beyond sending her books and papers James appears to have made no attempt to coerce his daughter into a change of faith, and to have treated her with kindness, while the birth of his son on the 10th of June 1688 made the religion of his daughters a matter of less political importance. Anne was not present on the occasion, having gone to Bath, and this gave rise to a belief that the child was spurious; but it is most probable that James's desire to exclude all Protestants from affairs of state was the real cause. "I shall never now be satisfied", Anne wrote to Mary, "whether the child be true or false. It may be it is our brother, but God only knows... one cannot help having a thousand fears and melancholy thoughts, but whatever changes may happen you shall ever find me firm to my religion and faithfully yours." In later years, however, she had no doubt that the Old Pretender was her brother. During the events immediately preceding the Revolution Anne kept in seclusion. Her ultimate conduct was probably influenced by the Churchills; and though forbidden by James to pay Mary a projected visit in the spring of 1688, she corresponded with her; and was no doubt aware of William 's plans. Her position was now a very critical and painful one. She refused to show any sympathy with the king after William had landed in November, and wrote, with the advice of the Churchills, to the prince, declaring her approval of his action. Churchill abandoned the king on the 24th, Prince George on the 25th, and when James returned to London on the 26th he found that Anne and her lady-in-waiting had during the previous night followed their husbands' examples. Escaping from Whitehall by a back staircase they put themselves under the care of the bishop of London, spent one night in his house, and subsequently arrived on the 1st of December at Nottingham, where the princess first made herself known and appointed a council. Then she passed through Leicester, Coventry and Warwick, finally entering Oxford, where she met Prince George, in triumph, escorted by a large company. Like Mary, she was reproached for showing no concern at the news of the king's flight, but her justification was that "she never loved to do anything that looked like an affected constraint." She returned to London on the 19th of December, when she was at once visited by William. Subsequently the Declaration of Rights settled the succession of the crown upon her after William and Mary and their children.
Meanwhile Anne had suffered a series of maternal disappointments. Between 1684 and 1688 she had miscarried four times and given birth to two children who died infants. On the 24th of July 1689, however, the birth of a son, William, created duke of Gloucester, who survived his infancy, gave hopes that heirs to the throne under the Bill of Rights might be forthcoming. But Anne's happiness was soon troubled by quarrels with the king and queen. According to the duchess of Marlborough the two sisters, who had lived hitherto while apart on extremely affectionate terms, found no enjoyment in each other's society. Mary talked too much for Anne's comfort, and Anne too little for Mary's satisfaction. But money appears to have been the first and real cause of ill-feeling. The granting away by William of the private estate of James, amounting to �22,000 a year, to which Anne had some claim, was made a grievance, and a factious motion brought forward in the House to increase her civil list pension of �30,000, which she enjoyed in addition to �20,000 under her marriage settlement, greatly displeased William and Mary, who regarded it as a plot to make Anne independent and the chief of a separate interest in the state, while their resentment was increased by the refusal of Anne to restrain the action of her friends, and by its success. The Marlboroughs had been active in the affair and had benefited by it, the countess (as she then was) receiving a pension of �1000, and their conduct was noticed at court. The promised Garter was withheld from Marlborough, and the incensed "Mrs. Morley" in her letters to "Mrs. Freeman" styled the king "Caliban" or the "Dutch Monster." At the close of 1691 Anne had declared her approval of the naval expedition in favor of her father, and expressed grief at its failure. According to the doubtful Life of James, she wrote to him on the 1st of December a "most penitential and dutiful" letter, and henceforward kept up with him a "fair correspondence." The same year the breach between the royal sisters was made final by the dismissal of Marlborough, justly suspected of Jacobite intrigues, from all his appointments. Anne took the part of her favorites with great zeal against the court, though in all probability unaware of Marlborough's treason; and on the dismissal of the countess from her household by the king and queen she refused to part with her, and retired with Lady Marlborough to the duke of Somerset's residence at Sion House. Anne was now in disgrace. She was deprived of her guard of honor, and Prince George, on entering Kensington Palace, received no salute, though the drums beat loudly on his departure. Instructions were given that the court expected no one to pay his respects, and no attention in the provinces was to be shown to their rank. In May, Marlborough was arrested on a charge of high treason which subsequently broke down, and Anne persisted in regarding his disgrace as a personal injury to herself. In August 1693. however, the two sisters were temporarily reconciled, and on the occasion of Mary's last illness and death Anne showed an affectionate consideration.
The death of Mary weakened William's position and made it necessary to cultivate good relations with the princess. She was now treated with every honor and civility, and finally established with her own court at St. James's Palace. At the same time William kept her in the background and refrained from appointing her regent during his absence. In March 1695 Marlborough was allowed to kiss the king's hands, and subsequently was made the duke of Gloucester's governor and restored to his employments. In return Anne gave her support to William's government, though about this time, in 1696 -- according to James, in consequence of the near prospect of the throne -- she wrote to her father asking for his leave to wear the crown at William's death, and promising its restoration at a convenient opportunity. The unfounded rumor that William contemplated settling the succession after his death on James's son, provided he were educated a Protestant in England, may possibly have alarmed her. Meanwhile, since the birth of the duke of Gloucester, the princess had experienced six more miscarriages, and had given birth to two children who only survived a few hours, and the last maternal hope flickered out on the death of the young prince on the 29th of July 1700. Henceforth Anne signs herself in her letters to Lady Marlborough as "your poor unfortunate" as well as "faithful Morley." In default of her own issue, Anne's personal choice would probably have inclined at this time to her own family at St. Germains, but the necessity of maintaining the Protestant succession caused the enactment of the Act of Settlement in 1701, and the substitution of the Hanoverian branch. She wore mourning for her father in 1701, and before his death James is said to have written to his daughter asking for her protection for his family; but the recognition of his son by Louis XIV as king of England effectually prevented any good offices to which her feelings might have inclined her.
On the 8th of March 1702 Anne became, by King William's death, queen of Great Britain, being crowned on the 23rd of April. Her reign was destined to be one of the most brilliant in the annals of England. Splendid military triumphs crushed the hereditary national foe. The Act of Union with Scotland constituted one of the strongest foundations of the future empire. Art and literature found a fresh renascence.
In her first speech to parliament, like George III afterwards, Anne declared her "heart to be entirely English", words which were resented by some as a reflection on the late king. A ministry, mostly Tory, with Godolphin at its head, was established. She obtained a grant of �700,000 a year, and hastened to bestow a pension of �100,000 on her husband, whom she created generalissimo of her forces and lord high admiral, while Marlborough obtained the Garter; with the captain-generalship and other prizes, including a dukedom, and the duchess was made mistress of the robes with the control of the privy purse. The queen showed from the first a strong interest in church matters, and declared her intention to keep church appointments in her own hands. She detested equally Roman Catholics and dissenters, showed a strong leaning towards the high-church party, and gave zealous support to the bill forbidding occasional conformity. In 1704 she announced to the Commons her intention of granting to the church the crown revenues, amounting to about �16,000 or �17,000 a year, from tenths and first-fruits (paid originally by the clergy to the pope, but appropriated by the crown in 1534), for the increase of poor livings; her gift, under the name of "Queen Anne's Bounty", still remaining as a testimony of her piety. This devotion to the church, the strongest of all motives in Anne's conduct, dictated her hesitating attitude towards the two great parties in the state. The Tories had for this reason her personal preference, while the Whigs, who included her powerful favorites the Marlboroughs, identified their interests with the war and its glorious successes, the queen slowly and unwillingly, but inevitably, gravitating towards the latter.
In December, the archduke Charles visited Anne at Windsor and was welcomed as the king of Spain. In 1704 Anne acquiesced in the resignation of Lord Nottingham, the leader of the high Tory party. In the same year the great victory of Blenheim further consolidated the power of the Whigs and increased the influence of Marlborough, upon whom Anne now conferred the manor of Woodstock. Nevertheless, she declared in November to the duchess that whenever things leaned towards the Whigs, "I shall think the church is beginning to be in danger." Next year she supported the election of the Whig speaker, John Smith, but long resisted the influence and claims of the Junto, as the Whig leaders, Somers, Halifax, Orford, Wharton and Sunderland, were named. In October she was obliged to appoint Cowper, a Whig, lord chancellor, with all the ecclesiastical patronage belonging to the office. Marlborough's successive victories, and especially the factious conduct of the Tories, who in November 1705 moved in parliament that the electress Sophia should be invited to England, drove Anne farther to the side of the Whigs. But she opposed for some time the inclusion in the government of Sunderland, whom she especially disliked, only consenting at Marlborough's intercession in December 1706, when various other offices and rewards were bestowed upon Whigs, and Nottingham with other Tories was removed from the council. She yielded, after a struggle, also to the appointment of Whigs to bishoprics, the most mortifying submission of all. In 1708 she was forced to dismiss Harley, who, with the aid of Mrs. Masham, had been intriguing against the government and projecting the creation of a third party. Abigail Hill, Mrs. Masham, a cousin of the duchess of Marlborough, had been introduced by the latter as a poor relation into Anne's service, while still princess of Denmark. The queen found relief in the quiet and respectful demeanor of her attendant, and gradually came to prefer her society to that of the termagant and tempestuous duchess. Abigail, however, soon ventured to talk "business", and in the summer of 1707 the duchess discovered to her indignation that her prot�g�e had already undermined her influence with the queen and had become the medium of Harley's intrigue. The strength of the Whigs at this time and the necessities of the war caused the retirement of Harley, but he remained Anne's secret adviser and supporter against the faction, urging upon her "the dangers to the crown as well as to the church and monarchy itself from their counsels and actions", while the duchess never regained her former influence. The inclusion in the cabinet of Somers, whom she especially disliked as the hostile critic of Prince George's admiralty administration, was the subject of another prolonged struggle, ending again in the queen's submission after a futile appeal to Marlborough in October 1708, to which she brought herself only to avoid a motion from the Whigs for the removal of the prince, then actually on his deathbed. His death on the 28th of October was felt deeply by the queen, and opened the way for the inclusion of more Whigs. But no reconciliation with the duchess took place, and in 1709 a further dispute led to an angry correspondence, the queen finally informing the duchess of the termination of their friendship, and the latter drawing up a long narrative of her services, which she forwarded to Anne together with suitable passages on the subject of friendship and charity transcribed from the Prayer Book, the Whole Duty of Man and from Jeremy Taylor . Next year Anne's desire to give a regiment to Hill, Mrs. Masham's brother, led to another ineffectual attempt in retaliation to displace the new favorite, and the queen showed her antagonism to the Whig administration on the occasion of the prosecution of Sacheverell. She was present at his trial and was publicly acclaimed by the mob as his supporter, while the Tory divine was consoled immediately on the expiration of his sentence with the living of St. Andrew's, Holborn. Subsequently the duchess, in a final interview which she had forced upon the queen, found her tears and reproaches unavailing. In her anger she had told the queen she wished for no answer, and she was now met by a stony and exasperating silence, broken only by the words constantly repeated, "You desired no answer and you shall have none."
The fall of the Whigs, now no longer necessary on account of the successful issue of the war, to accomplish which Harley had long been preparing and intriguing, followed; and their attempt to prolong hostilities from party motives failed. A friend of Harley, the duke of Shrewsbury, was first appointed to office, and subsequently the great body of the Whigs were displaced by Tories, Harley being made chancellor of the exchequer and Henry St. John secretary of state. The queen was rejoiced at being freed from what she called a long captivity, and the new parliament was returned with a Tory majority. On the 17th of January 1711, in spite of Marlborough's efforts to ward off the blow, the duchess was compelled to give up her key of office. The queen was now able once more to indulge in her favorite patronage of the church, and by her influence an act was passed in 1712 for building fifty new churches in London. Later, in 1714, she approved of the Schism Bill. She gave strong support to Harley, now earl of Oxford and lord treasurer, in the intrigues and negotiations for peace. Owing to the alliance between the Tory Lord Nottingham and the Whigs, on the condition of the support by the latter of the bill against occasional conformity passed in December 1711, the defeated Whigs maintained a majority in the Lords, who declared against any peace which left Spain to the Bourbons. To break down this opposition Marlborough was dismissed on the 31st from all his employments, while the House of Lords was "swamped" by Anne's creation of twelve peers, including Mrs. Masham's husband. The queen's conduct was generally approved, for the nation was now violently adverse to the Whigs and war party; and the peace of Utrecht was finally signed on the 31st of March 1713, and proclaimed on the 5th of May in London.
As the queen's reign drew to its close, rumors were rife on the great subject of the succession to the throne. Various Jacobite appointments excited suspicion. Both Oxford and Bolingbroke were in communication with the Pretender's party, and on the 27th of July Oxford, who had gradually lost influence and quarreled with Bolingbroke, resigned, leaving the supreme power in the hands of the latter. Anne herself had a natural feeling for her brother, and had shown great solicitude concerning his treatment when a price had been set on his head at the time of the Scottish expedition in 1708. On the 3rd of March 1714 James wrote to Anne, Oxford and Bolingbroke, urging the necessity of taking steps to secure his succession, and promising, on the condition of his recognition, to make no further attempts against the queen's government; and in April a report was circulated in Holland that Anne had secretly determined to associate James with her in the government. The wish expressed by the Whigs, that a member of the electoral family should be invited to England, had already aroused the queen's indignation in 1708; and now, in 1714, a writ of summons for the electoral prince as duke of Cambridge having been obtained, Anne forbade the Hanoverian envoy, Baron Sch�tz, her presence, and declared all who supported the project her enemies; while to a memorial on the same subject from the electress Sophia and her grandson in May, Anne replied in an angry letter, which is said to have caused the death of the electress on the 8th of June, requesting them not to trouble the peace of her realm or diminish her authority.
These demonstrations, however, were the outcome not of any returning partiality for her own family, but of her intense dislike, in which she resembled Queen Elizabeth I , of any "successor", "it being a thing I cannot bear to have any successor here though but for a week"; and in spite of some appearances to the contrary, it is certain that religion and political wisdom kept Anne firm to the Protestant succession. She had maintained a friendly correspondence with the court of Hanover since 1705, and in 1706 had bestowed the Garter on the electoral prince and created him duke of Cambridge; while the Regency Act provided for the declaration of the legal heir to the crown by the council immediately on the queen's death, and a further enactment naturalized the electress and her issue. In 1708, on the occasion of the Scottish expedition, notwithstanding her solicitude for his safety, she had styled James in her speech closing the session of parliament as "a popish pretender bred up in the principles of the most arbitrary government." The duchess of Marlborough stated in 1713 that all the time she had known "that thing" (as she now called the queen), "she had never heard her speak a favorable word of him." No answer appears to have been sent to James's letter in 1714; on the contrary, a proclamation was issued (June 23) for his apprehension in case of his arrival in England. On the 27th of April Anne gave a solemn assurance of her fidelity to the Hanoverian succession to Sir William Dawes, archbishop of York; in June she sent Lord Clarendon to Hanover to satisfy the elector.
The sudden illness and death of the queen now frustrated any schemes which Bolingbroke, or others might have been contemplating. On the 27th, the day of Oxford's resignation, the discussions concerning his successor detained the council sitting in the queen's presence until two o'clock in the morning, and on retiring Anne was instantly seized with fatal illness. Her adherence to William in 1688 had been a principal cause of the success of the Revolution, and now the final act of her life was to secure the Revolution settlement and the Protestant succession. During a last moment of returning consciousness, and by the advice of the whole council, who had been joined on their own initiative by the Whig dukes Argyll and Somerset, she placed the lord treasurer's staff in the hands of the Whig duke of Shrewsbury, and measures were immediately taken for assuring the succession of the elector. Her death took place on the 1st of August, and the security felt by the public, and perhaps the sense of perils escaped by the termination of the queen's life, were shown by a considerable rise in the national stocks. She was buried on the south side of Henry VII 's chapel in Westminster Abbey, in the same tomb as her husband and children. The elector of Hanover, George Louis, son of the electress Sophia (daughter of Elizabeth, daughter of James I), peacefully succeeded to the throne as George I .
According to her physician John Arbuthnot , Anne's life was shortened by the "scene of contention among her servants. I believe sleep was never more welcome to a weary traveller than death was to her." By character and temperament unfitted to stand alone, her life had been unhappy and tragical from its isolation. Separated in early years from her parents and sister, her one great friendship had proved only baneful and ensnaring. Marriage had only brought a mournful series of infant funerals. Constant ill-health and suffering had darkened her career. The claims of family attachment, of religion, of duty, of patriotism and of interest, had dragged her in opposite directions, and her whole life had been a prey to jealousies and factions which closed around her at her accession to the throne, and surged to their height when she lay on her deathbed. The modern theory of the relations between the sovereign and the parties, by which the former identifies himself with the faction for the time in power while maintaining his detachment from all, had not then been invented; and Anne, like her Hanoverian successors, maintained the struggle, though without success, to rule independently, finding support in Harley. During the first year of her reign she made known that she was "resolved not to follow the example of her predecessor in making use of a few of her subjects to oppress the rest. She will be queen of all her subjects, and would have all the parties and distinctions of former reigns ended and buried in hers." Her motive for getting rid of the Whigs was not any real dislike of their administration, but the wish to escape from the domination of the party, and on the advent to power of the Tories she carefully left some Whigs in their employments, with the aim of breaking up the party system and acting upon what was called "a moderate scheme." She attended debates in the Lords and endeavored to influence votes. Her struggles to free herself from the influence of factions only involved her deeper; she was always under the domination of some person or some party, and she could not rise above them and show herself the leader of the nation like Elizabeth.
Anne was a women of small ability, of dull mind, and of that kind of obstinacy which accompanies weakness of character. According to the duchess she had "a certain knack of sticking to what had been dictated to her to a degree often very disagreeable, and without the least sign of understanding or judgment." "I desire you would not have so ill an opinion of me", Anne writes to Oxford, "as to think when I have determined anything in my mind I will alter it." Burnet considered that "she laid down the splendor of a court too much", which was "as it were abandoned." She dined alone after her husband's death, but it was reported by no means abstemiously, the royal family being characterized in the lines:
King William thinks all,
Prince George drinks all,
And Princess Anne eats all.
She took no interest in the art, the drama or the literature of her day. But she possessed the homely virtues; she was deeply religious, attached to the Church of England and concerned for the efficiency of the ministry. One of the first acts of her reign was a proclamation against vice, and Lord Chesterfield regretted the strict morality of her court. Instances abound of her kindness and consideration for others. Her moderation towards the Jacobites in Scotland, after the Pretender's expedition in 1708, was much praised by Saint Simon. She showed great forbearance and generosity towards the duchess of Marlborough in the face of unexampled provocation, and her character was unduly disparaged by the latter, who with her violent and coarse nature could not understand the queen's self-restraint in sorrow, and describes her as "very hard" and as "not apt to cry." According to her small ability she served the state well, and was zealous and conscientious in the fulfillment of public duties, in which may be included touching for the king's evil, which she revived. Marlborough testifies to her energy in finding money for the war. She surrendered �10,000 a year for public purposes, and in 1706 she presented �30,000 to the officers and soldiers who had lost their horses. Her contemporaries almost unanimously record her excellence and womanly virtues; and by Dean Swift, no mild critic, she is invariably spoken of with respect, and named in his will as of "ever glorious, immortal and truly pious memory, the real nursing-mother of her kingdoms." She deserves her appellation of "Good Queen Anne", and notwithstanding her failings must be included among the chief authors and upholders of the great Revolution settlement. Her person was described by Spanheim, the Prussian ambassador, as handsome though inclining to stoutness, with black hair, blue eyes and good features, and of grave aspect.
Anne's husband, Prince George, was the second son of Frederick III, king of Denmark. Before marrying Anne he had been a candidate for the throne of Poland, He was created earl of Kendal and duke of Cumberland in 1689. Some censure, which was directed against the prince in his capacity as lord high admiral, was terminated by his death. In religion George remained a Lutheran, and in general his qualities tended to make him a good husband rather than a soldier or a statesman.
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What nickname do boxing fans call 300 pound Eric Esch, King of the Four-Rounders? | Abcde home. What state are the Magic from? answer Q $100 B. - ppt download
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8 Q $100 D answer What nickname do boxing fans call 300-pound Eric Esch, King of the Four- Rounders?
9 A $100 D home Butterbean.
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| Butterbean |
"Who beat Michael Moorer in a 1994 heavyweight title fight hyped as "" One for the Ages""?" | Butterbean Turns 50: Pass the Cake (and a Slab of Ribs) - The Sweet Science
Butterbean Turns 50: Pass the Cake (and a Slab of Ribs)
By Bernard Fernandez
on Aug 03 2016 9:02 am
Butterbean. Turns 50 – Perhaps it was just a coincidence, but there was a late-night showing on cable TV on Aug. 1 of one of my favorite movies, “Forrest Gump,” which I watched in its entirety for what must have been at least the 10th time. It’s the Academy Award-winning 1994 film (Tom Hanks received his second Oscar in the lead role) about a slow-witted, kind-hearted and athletically gifted Alabama country boy who, by chance or fate, happened to be a participant in or witness to many of the most notable events of a 30-year span in the 20th century.
In many ways, the real-life story of retired heavyweight boxer Eric “Butterbean” Esch mirrors the fictional tale of Forrest Gump, the main exception being that the erstwhile “King of the Four-Rounders” is uncommonly bright for someone not blessed with the advantage of an extensive formal education. Where Gump’s most obvious trait was his below-average IQ, that shortcoming failed to hinder him throughout a remarkable life’s journey which proved, as if there ever was any doubt, that first impressions aren’t always the most accurate gauge of whom and what any human being is, or can become.
For Eric Esch, frequently bullied as a pudgy child growing up in Jasper, Ala., the first thing that is noticeable is his massive girth. He is, and always has been, fat. But, like Gump, who rose to renown in the fictional town of Greenbow, Ala., a remarkable set of circumstances enabled the really large kid who came to be known as Butterbean to tap into a hidden talent that would make him moderately rich and even more famous. That talent was the ability to knock a succession of other large men (although not nearly as much so) cockeyed, and so what if most of his victims were third- and fourth-tier types who were fed to The Bean as if they were so many barbecued ribs?
Aug. 3 marks the estimable Mr. Esch’s 50th birthday and, although it has been a little more than three years since his final bout, a loss to Kirk Lawton in New South Wales, Australia, that saw The Bean retire after the second round with shoulder pain, he waddled into well-fed retirement from the ring with a 77-10-4 record that included 58 victories by knockout. That number is all the more impressive when you consider that of his 91 pro fights, all but one were scheduled for four rounds, meaning his demolition work had to be done in a hurry. Including late-career dalliances in kickboxing and mixed martial arts, Butterbean’s overall combat-sports record stands at 97-24-5, with 66 wins inside the distance.
And while it is easy for skeptics to dismiss Butterbean as a freak show, a carnival act promoted by Top Rank impressario Bob Arum in much the same manner that legendary 19th-century huckster P.T. Barnum made major attractions of a dwarf he renamed General Tom Thumb, an immense African elephant called Jumbo, and opera singer Jenny Lind, “the Swedish Nightingale,” it is difficult to sell the sizzle unless there is at least a bit of meat attached.
The most notable entry on The Bean’s resume as a professional pugilist came in his one and only scheduled 10-rounder, on July 27, 2002, in which he was paired against long-reigning former heavyweight champion Larry Holmes. And while “The Easton Assassin” – in what proved to be his final bout — might have been 51 years old and, at 254, a good 25 pounds over his prime fighting weight, the fact he was unable to put away his 334-pound opponent was shocking to boxing purists. Although he lost a unanimous decision, Butterbean managed to win some rounds and even registered a dubious knockdown in the closing seconds of round 10.
Eric Esch was a 400-pound-plus itinerant installer of flooring in prefabricated homes in Addison, Ala., when several co-workers challenged him to enter a local Toughman contest. He did so, on a lark, but the 5-foot-11 ½ youngster was obliged to pare off 20 or so pounds to get down to the weight limit of 400. He did so, primarily subsisting on a diet of skinless chicken and butterbeans (“which I hated,” he later admitted), and, to his surprise, and that of his buddies who urged him on with cries of “Butterbean! Butterbean!” the nickname stuck.
With his shaved head and considerable corpulence, Butterbean became a bit of a sensation, compiling a 56-5 record, with 36 KOs, on the Toughman circuit, albeit against assorted civilians who once had beaten up a classmate in fifth grade and figured they could somehow summon their inner Sonny Liston. Arum figured – with some justification – that a novelty act, if sufficiently distinctive, would be as valuable an addition to an undercard as a legitimately talented pro that wouldn’t add much to a promotion’s bottom line and would cost more to pay, anyhow.
Thus began the era of “Beauty and the Bean,” in which Butterbean often found himself on undercards along with lovely Latina fighter Mia St. John, a bit of eye candy who was once featured in a Playboy magazine pictorial. Butterbean and St. John quickly gained prominence as the lead-in to some of Oscar De La Hoya’s pay-per-view bouts in the mid- to late 1990s.
“I knew how they were marketing me,” St. John said years later, after her association with Top Rank had ended, as had Butterbean’s. “I don’t blame them. I was what you’d call a willing victim.”
After winning his first 15 pro fights, including 10 knockouts, The Bean – who, it should be noted, had even gotten down to a career-low 300 pounds for back-to-back fights, against Louis Monaco and Mitchell Rose, in 2015 – was surprised in losing on a second-round stoppage to Rose on Dec. 15 in Madison Square Garden, on the undercard of a Top Rank show headlined by De La Hoya’s two-round quickie over Jesse James Leija.
Considering it was his Garden debut, Butterbean was devastated to lose to the likes of Rose, who, despite having been a New York Golden Gloves champion as an amateur, had gone in with a nondescript 1-7-1 pro record, with just one KO victory. So incensed was Arum by the damage done to the Butterbean brand that he soon severed his relationship with matchmaker Ron Katz, whose job it was to find fighters unskilled and crystal-chinned enough to be added to the corpulent crusher’s roll call of the doomed.
“Beating Butterbean at the Garden was my version of the Thrilla in Manila,” Rose said in 2005. “I still get a lot of respect for that fight. I surprised a lot of people. It was fun to piss a lot of people off and spoil the show.”
Not one to stay down in the dumps for long, Butterbean consoled himself with bigger servings of his favorite comfort foods, and the notion that, at a relatively svelte 300 pounds, he was too undernourished to wreak the kind of damage he was accustomed to dishing out. So his weight began to creep up, slowly at first, then on an elevator straight to clogged-arteries country. For that final fight, the loss to Lawton, he came in at a career-high 426½ pounds. But by then he was 46, and acknowledging of the fact that there can indeed be too much of a good thing.
Was Eric “Butterbean” Esch a total fraud, or was there some legitimate skill encased in that ponderous body? Making it to the end of 10 rounds against Holmes suggests the latter, but The Bean admits to feeling insulted when the Miami Herald, in its Oct. 31, 1999, editions, claimed to have evidence that more than 30 Top Rank fights over a 12-year period had predetermined outcomes. Many of those fights, the newspaper said, involved Butterbean. A formal investigation, however, failed to prove any of the supposedly tainted fights were fixed.
“I was in damn good company in that investigation,” Butterbean said in January 2009. “They had George Foreman’s name on it, and other big-name fighters, too. In my opinion, Top Rank never rigged fights. But did they overmatch fights? Yes, many times. They do it in MMA and in every sport.”
While there are those who refuse to believe that Butterbean had even the tiniest trace of talent, be advised that more than a few of those who felt his power said he was a strong a puncher as they had faced. Remember Louis Monaco, the guy he whacked out in one round? Well, Monaco had wins over Peter McNeeley, Michael Dokes and Kevin McBride, and he also squared off against Vitali Klitschko, Buster Douglas, Michael Grant, Trevor Berbick, Lamon Brewster, Kirk Johnson, Monte Barrett and Fres Oquendo. If Monaco says The Bean had a sledgehammer for a fist, consider it so.
Is there another wide-bodied version of Butterbean around at present? And if not, might there be one to come along in the future? Doubtful, although some would say “Bronco” Billy Wright – who is 51, with a 52-4 record (43 KOs) – is an improved version. Bronco Billy, though, is 6-foot-4, and has never fought above 325½ pounds and has had only two scheduled four-rounders in his entire pro career. The Las Vegas-based Wright, who currently holds the FECAR Box and WBC Latino heavyweight titles (he fights mostly out of Bolivia), grunts in dismay when anyone dares to compare him to The Bean.
“If you think I’m a bum or a joke, say it to my face,” Wright, whose mood is decidedly less jovial than Butterbean’s, told me in November 2015. “I guarantee you won’t be laughing long. I can knock out anybody on the planet, with either hand. I can knock them cold. I train to break people’s ribs. I train to make their heads rattle so much that they don’t wake up for three minutes.
“OK, so I have a belly. So what? I don’t kid nobody about that. I like my sweets. Look, I know the public wants to see Calvin Klein underwear models that can punch like King Kong. But you don’t have to be an Adonis to be a heavyweight boxer.”
If there is any athlete whose disproportionate proportions, and amiable nature, approximate those of The Bean, it would have to be former Chicago Bears defensive tackle William “The Refrigerator” Perry, recently profiled in a “Where are they now?” story in Sports Illustrated. The 6-2 Fridge, who was in the 330-pound range when he was a member of the 1985 Bears’ Super Bowl championship team, is still livin’ large in his hometown of Aiken, S.C. – maybe too large, at a reported 450 pounds, an alcoholic and diabetic whose his NFL wealth is gone.
I was not able to get in touch with Eric Esch for this story, to find out how he is doing. His not inconsiderable nest egg – during his heyday, he was pulling down $50,000 a fight, and he fought frequently – might still be mostly intact, but his restaurant, Mr. Bean’s Barbecue and Steak, reportedly has closed. Here’s hoping that he is happy, healthy and able to enjoy the fruits of a life that, by all accounts, was Gumpian in most respects, which should be taken as the compliment it was meant to be.
Butterbean Turns 50
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What boxer made his first title defence in 21 years, in 1995? | Boxing in 1994 | Britannica.com
Boxing in 1994
Originally published in the Britannica Book of the Year. Presented as archival content.
Britannica Stories
Ringling Bros. Folds Its Tent
One of the biggest upsets in world boxing history was recorded at Las Vegas, Nev., in November 1994 when 45-year-old George Foreman (U.S.) knocked out the World Boxing Association (WBA) and International Boxing Federation (IBF) heavyweight champion Michael Moorer (U.S.) in the 10th round. In his defeat of the 27-year-old and previously undefeated Moorer, Foreman thus became the oldest heavyweight ever to win the world crown. It was an extraordinary performance by a fighter who had first won the title by defeating Joe Frazier (U.S.) in Jamaica 21 years earlier only to be destroyed by a 32-year-old Muhammad Ali (U.S.) the following year. So humiliated was the young Foreman that he quit boxing for 10 years and became a Baptist preacher.
Adding to this almost unbelievable result was the fact that Foreman had not fought in a match for 17 months after he was soundly outpointed by Tommy Morrison (U.S.) in a bid for the vacant World Boxing Organization (WBO) heavyweight title. Yet another bizarre situation in world heavyweight competition was that another former champion, 45-year-old Larry Holmes (U.S.), was scheduled to challenge Oliver McCall (U.S.) for the World Boxing Council (WBC) heavyweight championship early in 1995. If Holmes should win, a future bout with Foreman would match two grandfathers fighting for boxing’s most lucrative prize.
Apart from the Moorer-Foreman upset, the heavyweight division went through another year of instability and unpredictable results. All the holders of WBC, WBA, IBF, and WBO versions lost titles in a series of upsets. Evander Holyfield (U.S.), who had regained the WBA/IBF crown, was surprisingly outpointed by Moorer, who had earlier relinquished the WBO version. More upsets followed when Michael Bentt (U.S.), who had shocked the experts by taking the WBO title with a first-round knockout of Morrison in late 1993, made his first defense against Herbie Hide (England) in London and was knocked out in the seventh round. After the fight, Bentt collapsed in his dressing room and spent a night in the hospital. It later emerged that he had had dizzy spells while in training and was reported to have blacked out on the plane back to New York. After a series of medical tests, the 29-year-old Bentt retired. He had taken part in only 13 professional contests, winning 11.
The heavyweight scene had to endure a complete fiasco. Hide had signed to make the first defense of the WBO title against Morrison in Hong Kong in October. It was to be the biggest boxing tournament ever staged in Hong Kong, also including several other fights for world championships. The promised financial backing never was obtained, however, and an angry press conference replaced the weigh-in only 17 hours before the tournament was scheduled to begin. Never before had a heavyweight championship been called off at such a late hour. Yet another upset took place when Lennox Lewis (England), having successfully defended the WBC title by defeating Phil Jackson (U.S.) in Atlantic City, N.J., was stopped in two rounds in London by McCall, the former sparring partner of Mike Tyson. Lewis’ defeat by McCall brought back to prominence Don King, who had controlled the title for years when he managed Tyson and now handled McCall.
The outstanding fighter of the year was again Julio Cesar Chávez (Mexico), despite the big surprise when he lost the WBC junior welterweight (also called super lightweight) crown to Frankie Randall (U.S.). It was Chávez’ first defeat in the 91 contests of his 14-year career. Randall, given his first shot at a championship after 11 years in boxing, was quoted as a 15-1 underdog but won the decision against an out-of-form Chávez at Las Vegas in January. In the return match in May, also at Las Vegas, Chávez regained the title with a controversial verdict following an accidental clash of heads in the eighth round that severely cut the Mexican. Under the rules the bout was stopped, and Chávez was awarded the decision on points. Many experts thought that Randall had been robbed and that the 31-year-old Mexican had seen his best days. But Chávez confounded the boxing world by coming back to demolish Meldrick Taylor (U.S.) at Las Vegas in September. Taylor, who had come close to defeating Chávez four years earlier, was leading when Chávez dug deep and with a savage attack finished off his challenger in the eighth round. Also fighting that night in Las Vegas, Randall gained consolation by surviving a knockdown and then defeating Juan Martin Coggi (Argentina) for the WBA junior welterweight crown.
Castles: Fact or Fiction?
Other outstanding champions of 1994 included Mike McCallum (Jamaica), who at 37 won his third world title by defeating the WBC light heavyweight champion Jeff Harding (Australia). Orlando Canizales (U.S.) relinquished the IBF bantamweight crown after defending it for the 16th time. Virgil Hill (U.S.) remained the WBA light heavyweight king with only one defeat in 38 contests. Roy Jones (U.S.), IBF super middleweight, Ricardo López (Mexico), WBC mini-flyweight, and Pernell Whitaker (U.S.), WBC welterweight, were other impressive champions. In a tough fight against Jesse James Leija (U.S.), Azumah Nelson (Ghana), one of Africa’s greatest fighters, lost the WBC junior lightweight title that he had held for six years.
A tragedy took place in Britain in April when Bradley Stone (England) died after being defeated in 10 rounds by Richie Wenton (England) for the British junior featherweight championship, a weight division introduced in the U.K. in 1994. Another boxer, Robert Wangila Napunyl (Kenya), also died after being defeated at Las Vegas in July. Wangila had won an Olympic gold medal for Kenya at Seoul, South Korea, in 1988. Frank Butler
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"Who did Joe Frazier say he wanted ""like a hog wants slop""?" | Boxing in 1994 | Britannica.com
Boxing in 1994
Originally published in the Britannica Book of the Year. Presented as archival content.
Britannica Stories
Ringling Bros. Folds Its Tent
One of the biggest upsets in world boxing history was recorded at Las Vegas, Nev., in November 1994 when 45-year-old George Foreman (U.S.) knocked out the World Boxing Association (WBA) and International Boxing Federation (IBF) heavyweight champion Michael Moorer (U.S.) in the 10th round. In his defeat of the 27-year-old and previously undefeated Moorer, Foreman thus became the oldest heavyweight ever to win the world crown. It was an extraordinary performance by a fighter who had first won the title by defeating Joe Frazier (U.S.) in Jamaica 21 years earlier only to be destroyed by a 32-year-old Muhammad Ali (U.S.) the following year. So humiliated was the young Foreman that he quit boxing for 10 years and became a Baptist preacher.
Adding to this almost unbelievable result was the fact that Foreman had not fought in a match for 17 months after he was soundly outpointed by Tommy Morrison (U.S.) in a bid for the vacant World Boxing Organization (WBO) heavyweight title. Yet another bizarre situation in world heavyweight competition was that another former champion, 45-year-old Larry Holmes (U.S.), was scheduled to challenge Oliver McCall (U.S.) for the World Boxing Council (WBC) heavyweight championship early in 1995. If Holmes should win, a future bout with Foreman would match two grandfathers fighting for boxing’s most lucrative prize.
Apart from the Moorer-Foreman upset, the heavyweight division went through another year of instability and unpredictable results. All the holders of WBC, WBA, IBF, and WBO versions lost titles in a series of upsets. Evander Holyfield (U.S.), who had regained the WBA/IBF crown, was surprisingly outpointed by Moorer, who had earlier relinquished the WBO version. More upsets followed when Michael Bentt (U.S.), who had shocked the experts by taking the WBO title with a first-round knockout of Morrison in late 1993, made his first defense against Herbie Hide (England) in London and was knocked out in the seventh round. After the fight, Bentt collapsed in his dressing room and spent a night in the hospital. It later emerged that he had had dizzy spells while in training and was reported to have blacked out on the plane back to New York. After a series of medical tests, the 29-year-old Bentt retired. He had taken part in only 13 professional contests, winning 11.
The heavyweight scene had to endure a complete fiasco. Hide had signed to make the first defense of the WBO title against Morrison in Hong Kong in October. It was to be the biggest boxing tournament ever staged in Hong Kong, also including several other fights for world championships. The promised financial backing never was obtained, however, and an angry press conference replaced the weigh-in only 17 hours before the tournament was scheduled to begin. Never before had a heavyweight championship been called off at such a late hour. Yet another upset took place when Lennox Lewis (England), having successfully defended the WBC title by defeating Phil Jackson (U.S.) in Atlantic City, N.J., was stopped in two rounds in London by McCall, the former sparring partner of Mike Tyson. Lewis’ defeat by McCall brought back to prominence Don King, who had controlled the title for years when he managed Tyson and now handled McCall.
The outstanding fighter of the year was again Julio Cesar Chávez (Mexico), despite the big surprise when he lost the WBC junior welterweight (also called super lightweight) crown to Frankie Randall (U.S.). It was Chávez’ first defeat in the 91 contests of his 14-year career. Randall, given his first shot at a championship after 11 years in boxing, was quoted as a 15-1 underdog but won the decision against an out-of-form Chávez at Las Vegas in January. In the return match in May, also at Las Vegas, Chávez regained the title with a controversial verdict following an accidental clash of heads in the eighth round that severely cut the Mexican. Under the rules the bout was stopped, and Chávez was awarded the decision on points. Many experts thought that Randall had been robbed and that the 31-year-old Mexican had seen his best days. But Chávez confounded the boxing world by coming back to demolish Meldrick Taylor (U.S.) at Las Vegas in September. Taylor, who had come close to defeating Chávez four years earlier, was leading when Chávez dug deep and with a savage attack finished off his challenger in the eighth round. Also fighting that night in Las Vegas, Randall gained consolation by surviving a knockdown and then defeating Juan Martin Coggi (Argentina) for the WBA junior welterweight crown.
Castles: Fact or Fiction?
Other outstanding champions of 1994 included Mike McCallum (Jamaica), who at 37 won his third world title by defeating the WBC light heavyweight champion Jeff Harding (Australia). Orlando Canizales (U.S.) relinquished the IBF bantamweight crown after defending it for the 16th time. Virgil Hill (U.S.) remained the WBA light heavyweight king with only one defeat in 38 contests. Roy Jones (U.S.), IBF super middleweight, Ricardo López (Mexico), WBC mini-flyweight, and Pernell Whitaker (U.S.), WBC welterweight, were other impressive champions. In a tough fight against Jesse James Leija (U.S.), Azumah Nelson (Ghana), one of Africa’s greatest fighters, lost the WBC junior lightweight title that he had held for six years.
A tragedy took place in Britain in April when Bradley Stone (England) died after being defeated in 10 rounds by Richie Wenton (England) for the British junior featherweight championship, a weight division introduced in the U.K. in 1994. Another boxer, Robert Wangila Napunyl (Kenya), also died after being defeated at Las Vegas in July. Wangila had won an Olympic gold medal for Kenya at Seoul, South Korea, in 1988. Frank Butler
Article Contributors
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"What boxer answers to the nickname ""Sweet Pea""?" | Ex-Millionaire Boxer Says Evicting Mom Is 'Beautiful Moment' - ABC News
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Former welterweight boxing champ Pernell “Sweet Pea” Whitaker's latest battle was a court fight to evict his mother from her house and he described his court victory as a "beautiful moment."
Once a celebrated millionaire boxer and 1985 Olympic gold medalist, Whitaker is now struggling to pay his bills and needed to sell the house which he gave to his mother nearly 30 years ago, according to his lawyer. His fall from grace and solvency involved numerous incidences of drug abuse and a history of arrests and run-ins with police. But Whitaker's final falling out with his family came to an ugly end in a Virginia court on Wednesday.
The court ruled that Whitaker's 73-year-old mother, Novella Whitaker, had to vacate the house by March 31.
Whitaker had been going head to head against the matriarch of his seven-child family since last fall when he began eviction proceedings after unsuccessfully trying to convince his mother to move, his lawyer, Bruce Gould told ABC News.
“It’s sad for him to have to take action against his mother, but none of the family would contribute to the real estate and he had no alternative but to use the court process,” Gould said.
Whitaker, 50, bought the two-story brick home near the Botanical Garden in Norfolk, Va., for his mother in 1984 when he was still flush from his many wins in the ring.
Since the glory days, Whitaker has been training young boxers, but work is slowly drying up, according to Gould.
“He’s limited to what he can make training other boxers,” Gould said. “It’s significantly diminished over the years and he’s not able to maintain this $400,000 house for his mother and siblings to live in.”
The house was always listed under Whitaker’s name and as there was no written lease or deed of gift, the son’s oral promise to his mother is not enforceable under Virginia law, Gould said.
On Wednesday, a Norfolk General District Court judge ruled in Whitaker’s favor, ordering Novella Whitaker and two other children and their families also living in the home to leave the house by March 31.
Whitaker now intends to sell the house to retain the $150,000 of equity in the home to recoup $18,000 in overdue taxes he paid on the building on behalf of his mother and two siblings living there, his lawyer said.
"He’s not happy that it was necessary to go to court," Gould said. “But he now has two mortgages on the house and the alternative was if he didn’t sell, it was going to go to foreclosure.”
But outside the courthouse on Wednesday, Whitaker appeared happy with court ruling to evict his mom. He said to ABC News affiliate WVEC-TV that it was “a beautiful moment.”
Novella Whitaker said she was heartbroken by the decision.
"I'm going to survive...I'm a survivor..I'm going with my daughter...she is taking me in," said Novella Whitaker told WVEC.
“He’ll be a son forever until death do us part, but he is putting a rip through the family,” said Whitaker’s eldest sister, Zelda Brown.
A grandson of Mrs. Whitaker, former NFL player Ronyell Whitaker, has also come forward to offer his assistance to his grandmother and make sure she is cared for.
ABC News' calls to a number listed for Pernell Whitaker went unanswered today.
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"What heavyweight champion was nicknamed ""Real Deal""?" | Pernell Whitaker - Bio, Facts, Family | Famous Birthdays
Pernell Whitaker
Capricorn Boxer#22
About
Nicknamed Sweet Pea, he won the gold medal as a lightweight boxer in the 1984 Olympic games in Los Angeles.
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Who received a reported $25 million for a 1995 boxing match that lasted 89 seconds? | Was the fix in for Mike Tyson's 1995 comeback? | Sports on Earth
(Meanwhile, King would refuse to ever put McCall in the ring with Tyson. Just two years later, McCall would have a nervous breakdown in the ring during a second fight against Lewis .)
Tyson was down to 216 pounds when he fought McNeeley in 1995. (Getty Images)
* * *
Everything seemed to line up the way King wanted it, but how would he ensure that his moneymaker, Tyson, would get through the McNeeley fight unscathed, even if he wasn't as much of a wild card as McCall?
Back to that meeting in the car between Farrell and Vecchione in August, a week before the Tyson bout in Las Vegas. Door closed.
"Have they talked to you yet?"
"No," Vecchione said, according to Farrell. "They haven't said anything to me. They just assume my fighter can't fight. They're not worried about him, so no one's told us what to do on this one."
Vecchione knew what most of the boxing community was beginning to realize: McNeeley wasn't much of a fighter. Without Vecchione's wise match-making decisions, pitting McNeeley against marginal-at-best opponents, he likely wouldn't have been much better than .500. Now he was guaranteed $700,000 to meet Tyson in a pay-per-view event.
King was certainly going to make a pretty penny with this fight. Tyson undoubtedly would, too. But what of Vecchione?
As Farrell says -- and wrote in a yet-to-be-published essay entitled "Noble Savages, Ungrateful N-----s, Heroic Journalists, and the Case for Fixing Fights" -- the night before the fight, Vecchione had a third party quietly meet with a big-time bookie at the Imperial Palace and bet $1 million that McNeeley wouldn't last 90 seconds against Tyson.
This wasn't a lump sum bet made through the sports book; Vecchione was too smart for that. This was a private wager which was then laid off through other bookies, limiting publicity as well as the original bet-taker's liability on a long odds over/under bet (perhaps as much as 20-1).
Vecchione may have been in McNeeley's corner, but he was there for a different reason now.
* * *
On Aug. 19, the bell rang.
Charged with a combination of excitement and fear, McNeeley attacked the legendary Tyson right at the beginning of the fight. About five seconds later, Tyson caught him with a quick right and McNeeley went down, but bounced immediately to his feet, jogging around the ring while ignoring referee Mills Lane's instructions to hold still for the required standing eight count.
To his credit, McNeeley refused to back down. He pressed Tyson, trading punches relentlessly. After about a minute of action, Tyson grabbed hold of McNeeley's left arm while he continued to flail with the right. Lane stepped in, breaking the fighters apart with a warning to "knock that s--- off."
There was 1:50 left in the round when Lane ordered the fight to resume. Vecchione, 20 seconds away from losing $1 million by Farrell's account, sat in McNeeley's corner. Then Tyson connected with a right. McNeeley briefly dropped to one knee, stood back up, and took a solid left uppercut to the jaw. He fell to the canvas with 1:41 remaining.
The resilient McNeeley was up and back on his shaky feet in just two seconds. As Lane administered his second standing eight count, Vecchione slipped between the ropes -- right at the 89-second mark. It was an automatic disqualification. The fight was over.
The ringside announcers were at first stunned, then angry. They recognized that McNeeley hadn't quit; his corner threw in the towel. As they fought for words to accurately describe the moment, they labeled the fight's stoppage "a crime" and equated it to Evel Knievel's attempt to jump the Snake River Canyon in a rocket -- "over before it started."
McNeeley explained those final moments: "When Vinny stopped the fight, people were upset. I watched the films. I can't argue. People who have never had a boxing glove on, they say he stopped it too soon. Look at the video. You can see my eyes are completely dilated like I possibly had a concussion. The lights are on but nobody's home. I was knocked out but I was still on my feet."
Vecchione played a similar card, saying he didn't stop the fight because McNeeley was hurt, but because he didn't want him to be hurt worse.
Not everyone was buying the sales pitch, though. Many had been burned by a "Don King Production" before, and once again they smelled a rat. Perhaps Richard Hoffer of Sports Illustrated summed up the public's sentiments best by writing , "It's hard to take any one fight in boxing and single it out as the most cynical promotion of all time. But if you're going to make a list, you'll want to put last Saturday's Mike Tyson Return real close to the top. His bout with Peter McNeeley, all 89 seconds of it, had all the important aspects of a confidence game. There was the long setup, the suspension of disbelief among the yokels and then the actual con."
Hoffer and the others crying foul were looking at the wrong suspect, though. They assumed it was all King's doing. Hoffer would even write, "The ending was probably not crooked." Maybe he spoke too soon.
Tyson dropped McNeeley in under two minutes, but the resilient contender got back up. (Getty Images)
* * *
Almost by rote, the Nevada State Athletic Commission felt compelled to withhold Vecchione's portion of the fight's purse (which amounted to nearly $180,000) until it received some answers regarding the quick ending. But Vecchione's explanation was tough to argue against. His story was that he was out to protect his fighter.
Eventually, the commission gave Vecchione his money. The NSAC did not provide any further information about its investigation to Sports on Earth.
While McNeeley's career didn't end that night, for most fight fans his name became a mere footnote in boxing's strange history. But he never held Vecchione's decision that night against him. Why would he? "If Vinny didn't stop it, who would have ever done the commercials?" he later said. "If he didn't do it so controversially, we never would have gotten the America Online commercial or the Pizza Hut commercial, which paid another easy $300,000."
The fight grossed a record-setting $96 million worldwide with $63 million coming from the more than 1.5 million homes which purchased it on pay-per-view through Showtime Event Television. Tyson earned $25 million; McNeeley that aforementioned $700,000.
But it was the shadowy multi-million dollar payday that had more influence over the bout than either of the two boxers combined. As Farrell said of Vecchione, "He waited his whole life to make that score."
* * *
Brian Tuohy has been called America's leading sports conspiracy theorist, but really he's just highly skeptical when it comes to what the sports leagues tell their fans. He's also one of the few writers brave enough to tackle the topic of game fixing in sports, detailing evidence of it in his books Larceny Games: Sports Gambling, Game Fixing and the FBI and The Fix Is In: The Showbiz Manipulations of the NFL, MLB, NBA, NHL and NASCAR. He also runs the semi-popular website thefixisin.net .
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How old was George Foreman when he became the oldest heavyweight champ in history? | BLACK CELEBRITIES WHO DIED WITH LITTLE OR NO FANFARE - Panache Report
Sexual orientation: Bisexual
Occupation: Actor, Singer
Musician David Cole (very top photo, red hair) and Robert Clivillýs formed the musical group C + C Music Factory in 1990. The duo had several hits, including their most popular Gonna Make You Sweat (Everybody Dance Now). They went on to win a Producers Grammy in 1993 for their work on the original soundtrack album "The Bodyguard." In 1995 Cole died of spinal meningitis although rumors persist that he died of AIDS.
If you were listening to rap in the early '90s, there's no doubt you heard the provocative Professor X and his New York-based group X-Clan. "Professor X" Carson, whose best-known records are "Funkin' Lesson" and "Fire & Earth (100% Natural)," died in a New York hospital after succumbing to spinal meningitis at the age of 49. Although X-Clan released just two albums and never enjoyed the commercial success of their politically minded contemporaries (particularly Public Enemy), X and his crew still carved out a slice of hip-hop history for themselves with their funky beats and rhymes about afrocentrism and activism.
In the 1990s, actress Mabel King (What's Happening!), front row, far right) battled diabetes, and eventually lost both of her legs and an arm to the disease. In 1999, she died from complications of diabetes and a stroke. Her only child, a son, Larry King (from her marriage to Melvin King; no relation to the talk show host) predeceased her by three years.
Eugene Record (December 23, 1940 July 22, 2005) was lead vocalist of Chicago based The Chi-Lites during the 1960s and 1970s. He also released three solo albums (entitled Eugene Record, Trying to Get to You, and Welcome to My Fantasy) via the Warner Music Group before rejoining the Chi-Lites in 1980. He wrote and produced many of the group's hits, such as "Have You Seen Her" and "Oh Girl", frequently in collaboration with other songwriters. He also wrote and produced for other artists, including Barbara Acklin, Jackie Wilson, and The Dells. Record left the Chi-Lites again in 1988 before eventually becoming a gospel singer. He died on July 22, 2005, after a long battle with cancer. He was 64.
Brock Peters (July 2, 1927 August 23, 2005) was an actor, perhaps best known for the roles in "To Kill a Mockingbird," and "Star Trek VI." Mr. Peters died in Los Angeles, California of pancreatic cancer on August 23, 2005 at the age of 78. He was survived by his daughter Lise Jo Peters.
Julius "Nipsey" Russell (September 15, 1918 October 2, 2005) was an African-American comedian, best known today for his many appearances as a guest panelist on game shows from the 1960s through the 1990s, especially Match Game, Password, Hollywood Squares, To Tell the Truth and Pyramid. During the 1990s Mr. Russell gained popularity with a new generation of television viewers as a regular on Late Night with Conan O'Brien. Russell would often appear during comedy sketches between scheduled guests and deliver his trademark rhymes. Russell's final TV appearance was as a panelist for one week (specifically, a game show-themed week) on the final season of the Tom Bergeron version of Hollywood Squares.
He died at age 87 in New York City, after suffering from stomach cancer.
Tyrone Davis made numerous records for the Dakar and Columbia record labels from the 1970s, right through the disco and funk booms, and into the 21st century. Davis' best-known hits were "Turn Back the Hands of Time," "Can I Change My Mind," and "In The Mood." He died in a Chicago hospital in 2005 of complications following a stroke in October 2004, from which he never fully recovered.
Natasja Saad (October 31, 1974 - June 24, 2007), also known as Lil T, Little T and Natasja, she was a Danish rapper and reggae singer whose vocals on a popular U.S. and European remix of "Calabria" gained her fame and a number one spot on Billboard's Hot Dance Airplay chart six months after her death in a car accident.
Natasja died on June 24, 2007 in a car accident in Spanish Town, Saint Catherine, Jamaica. Two other passengers were critically injured, but Saad's friend, Danish singer Karen Mukupa, was relatively unhurt. She and the other injured were rushed to the Spanish Town Hospital where the singer was pronounced dead.
Rudy Pardee was born and Raised in Cleveland, OH on June 29, 1957. His love for music took him to Los Angeles, in pursuit of the musical dream. He found a partner and was half of the duo called the L.A. Dream Team, the group coined the hits "Rockberry Jam," and "The Dream Team Is In The House." Sadly, on August 30, 1998, Rudy died in a freak scuba diving accident.
Reggae star Lucky Dube, 43, was shot and killed in an apparent carjacking attempt after dropping his son off in suburban Johannesburg, yesterday. We will provide more details as they come in.
La La Brown (on the right) pictured with Lyfe Jennings was recently murdered. She sang on Jenning's S.E.X. She was found dead with her boyfriend in the basement of a recording studio. She leaves behind a young daughter.
Jermaine Stewart and Gene Anthony Ray are not included in this feature because they are featured in our "Scandals & Tragedies," segment. Click the following link to read their stories as well as other celebrity stories. Scandals & Tragedies
June Pointer died in 2006. She was 52. She died of cancer at UCLA Medical Center in Santa Monica, California, with her sisters Ruth and Anita at her bedside.
King Floyd died from a stroke and complications with diabetes in California. He was 61. He was best remembered for his single 'Groove Me', which hit the number one spot on the R & B charts in 1971.
Lou Rawls died on January 6, 2006 at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles. He was 72 and was suffering from lung cancer and later brain cancer.
Edward Patten, far right, a member of Gladys Knight and The Pips, died early on Friday the 25th of February at St. Mary's Mercy Hospital in Livonia, Michigan, in 2005. He was 65.
Tony Sylvester, of the group-Main Ingredient, has died. A reader, describing themselves as an relative of Sylvester's recently emailed us, informing us, that Sylvester allegedly died of a form of bone cancer.
In 2005, a Baton Rouge blues singer was killed and another woman was wounded after the singer's ex-boyfriend opened fire in a crowded beauty salon before turning the gun on himself.
Police say James White walked into T'Nails and Hair Salon and shot singer Jackie Neal and critically wounded Angela Myers, who was running away from the shooting.
Baton Rouge Police Major Pat Tauzin says Neal, who was in her late 30s, died at the scene, and both Myers and White were rushed to a hospital with critical injuries.
Tauzin says White faces counts of first-degree murder and attempted first-degree murder. She termed the shooting a "domestic" incident.
Tauzin says White had gone into the salon to talk to Neal earlier in the evening. Family and friends of Neal said White is Neal's ex-boyfriend and Neal had broken off the relationship about three months ago.
Neal was the daughter of internationally known Baton Rouge blues man Raful Neal and the brother of musician Kenny Neal. She released three CDs between 1995 and 2002 that veered between blues, funk and pop.
The Neal family is one of the most prominant blues family's in this country. Similar to what the Hawkins and Winans families are to gospel.
During her career, Jackie recorded four albums.
Jackie's career was on the rise at the time of her murder. She had just launched a independent record label.
Jackie was extremely popular in Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama and all surrounding Southern states.
(WILLIE HUTCH)
Willie McKinley Hutchinson, known professionally as Willie Hutch (December 6, 1944 September 19, 2005) was an singer, guitarist, songwriter, and record producer. Hutch, born in Los Angeles, California and raised in Dallas, Texas, is notable as both a performer and songwriter/producer for the Motown label during the 1970s. Before joining Motown, Hutch worked as a producer for acts such as The 5th Dimension. Besides writing hit songs such as The Jackson 5's "I'll Be There." Hutch also recorded several albums for Motown (and later for Whitfield Records, run by former Motown producer Norman Whitfield), and had top 20 R&B hits with singles such as "Brother's Gonna Work It Out" from the "Mack," soundtrack and "Slick" (both 1973). Following in the tradition of Curtis Mayfield, he recorded the soundtrack album for the blaxploitation films The Mack (1973) and Foxy Brown (1974) and he also contributed to the "Cleopatra Jones," soundtrack.
Hutch died on September 19, 2005 of reasons yet to be disclosed. He was 60.
Having played a leading role in the Broadway production of Hair, Ronnie Dyson pursued his thespian ambitions in "Salvation," a less infamous musical, from 1970. One of its songs, "(If You Let Me Make Love To You Then) Why Can't I Touch You?", was a US Top 10 hit, while the singer reached the R&B chart with several subsequent singles, including "I Don't Wanna Cry" (1970) and "The More You Do It (The More I Like It Done To Me)" (1976). In 1971 "When You Get Right Down To It" reached the UK Top 40. Despite switching labels from Columbia Records to Cotillion, Dyson was unable to achieve another major success, and "All Over Your Face" (1983) was his last chart entry. He died of heart failure in 1990.
Edwin Starr (January 21, 1942 April 2, 2003) was an soul music singer. Born Charles Edwin Hatcher in Nashville, Tennessee, Starr is most famous for his Norman Whitfield produced Motown singles of the 1970s, most notably the number one hit "War." Edwin Starr died of a heart attack at the age of 61 in his home in Beeston near Nottingham. His brother Angelo Starr is now fronting "The Team," the band that Edwin Starr toured with until his death.
Trevor Berbick briefly held the WBC heavyweight title in 1986, before losing it to Mike Tyson. He was also noted for being the last man to fight Muhammad Ali, winning their 10-round contest in Nassau, Bahamas on December 11, 1981. Berbick was arrested on a number of occasions throughout his life and was sentenced in Florida to 5 years in prison (he served only 15 months) for sexually assaulting his children's babysitter in 1992. In 1997, he violated his parole and was ordered to be deported from the United States. One of the more memorable sports events in Berbick's life was his well publicized feud with Holmes, whom he fought in 1981. Their feud culminated in a public brawl in 1991 which was caught on tape (see link below) in which Larry Holmes landed a flying drop kick on Berbick off the hood of a car while Berbick was being escorted by police. He retired in Florida to be with his wife and three children (he also had three children with his first wife in Montreal) and started to train boxers at Kenny Barrett's Gym (Tamarac Florida). However, Berbick's problems only escalated. He was again ordered deported from the U.S. on December 2, 2002.
On October 28, 2006, he was murdered at a church in Norwich, Jamaica by an assailant wielding a 2 inch thick steel pipe. He suffered multiple blows to the head which resulted in him dying at the scene of the attack. Police have arrested 2 men (one of the men arrested and charged is Berbick's 20-year-old nephew in connection with the death, and were interrogating him at the Port Antonio police station in Portland as of early in the morning of October 29. Local residents have indicated that the suspect was involved in a land dispute with Berbick. On November 3 it was reported that Berbick's nephew, 20-year-old Harold Berbick, and an unidentified 18-year-old man had been charged with his murder by Jamaican police. On December 20, 2007 Harold Berbick was found guilty of the murder of his uncle. His alleged accomplice, Kenton Gordon, was found guilty of manslaughter. Both will be sentenced on January 11, 2008.
Oscar Emmanuel Peterson (15 August 1925 23 December 2007) was a Canadian jazz pianist and composer. Called the "Maharajah of the keyboard" by Duke Ellington, Oscar Peterson is considered to have been one of the greatest piano players in the history of jazz. He played to audiences worldwide in a career lasting more than 60 years. His work has earned him seven Grammy awards over the years and he was elected to the Canadian Music Hall of Fame in 1978. He also belongs to the Juno Awards Hall of Fame and the Canadian Jazz and Blues Hall of Fame. Peterson had to cancel his performance at the 2007 Toronto Jazz Festival, and attendance at a June 8 Carnegie Hall all-star performance in his honor, due to illness. On December 23, 2007, he died of kidney failure at his home in Mississauga, a western suburb of Toronto, he was 82.
OSCAR BROWN, JR.
Oscar Brown, Jr. (October 10, 1926 May 29, 2005) was a singer, songwriter, playwright, poet, humanitarian and civil rights activist. He ran for office in the Illinois state legislature and U.S. Congress, both unsuccessfully. Brown recorded 11 albums. He also wrote/co-wrote 10 musicals which he also starred in. Lena Horne and Mahalia Jackson recorded compositions written by Brown. Brown married Jean Pace (sister of actress Judy Pace). Two of his seven children grew to become performers, with whom he regularly worked until his son, Oscar "Bobo" Brown III, an accomplished bassist, vocalist, and composer, died in a tragic automobile accident on August 12, 1996, at the age of 39. Oscar Brown, Jr., died in 2005 at the age of 79, cause of death unknown. He is survived by his wife Jean, their one son and four daughters.
Junior Walker (born Autry DeWalt Mixon, Jr., June 14, 1931 November 23, 1995) & the All Stars were signed to the Motown label in the 1960s, and became one of the label's signature acts. Their first and signature hit was "Shotgun", written by Junior Walker and produced by Berry Gordy. "Shotgun" reached #4 on the Pop chart and #1 on the R&B chart in 1965, and was followed by many other hits, such as "(I'm A) Road Runner", "Shake and Fingerpop" and covers of the Motown classics "Come See About Me" and "How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved By You)." In 1969 the group had another hit entering the top 5. "What Does It Take (To Win Your Love)" reached #4 on the Pop chart and #1 on the R&B chart. From that time on Walker sang more on the records than earlier in their career. In 1983, Walker was re-signed with Motown. He died on November 23, 1995 in Battle Creek, Michigan of cancer. Drummer James Graves died in 1967 in a car accident, and guitarist Willie Woods in 1997 at age 60.
Roebuck "Pops" Staples died after a brief illness in 2000, he was 85. Daughter Cleotha is currently suffering with Alzheimers disease.
Jimmy Smith, (December 8, 1925 (year of birth is disputable & is often stated as 1928) February 8, 2005) was a jazz musician whose Hammond B-3 electric organ performances helped to popularize this instrument. In 2005, Jimmy Smith was awarded the NEA Jazz Masters Award from the National Endowment for the Arts, the highest honors that the United States bestows upon jazz musicians. While the electric organ was used in jazz by Fats Waller and Count Basie, Smith's virtuoso improvisation technique on the Hammond helped to popularize the electric organ as a jazz and blues instrument. Smith influenced bands such as the Beastie Boys, who sampled the bassline from "Root Down (and Get It)" from Root Downand saluted Smith in the lyricsfor their own hit "Root Down," Medeski, Martin & Wood, and The Hayden-Eckert Ensemble. Smith and Joey DeFrancesco later played together on the collaborative album" Legacy," released in 2005 shortly after Smith's death.
The Following Celebrities Who Died In 2007, courtesy of: Jackie Jones @ Black America Web.com:
Darrent Williams of the Denver Broncos was killed in a drive-by shooting just hours into the New Year after leaving a nightclub in Denver. Williams, a second-round pick in the 2005 draft out of Oklahoma State, started nine games as a rookie due to injuries. This season, he took over as the starter for Lenny Walls alongside Champ Bailey and was second on the team with four interceptions and tied for third with 86 tackles.
Billy Henderson, 67, (above, center) a member of the band The Spinners, whose voice was heard most prominently on "I'll Be Around," died on Feb. 2.
Alice Coltrane, the jazz pianist and organist who was closely linked with the music of her late husband, legendary saxophonist John Coltrane, died Jan. 14. She was known for her contributions to jazz and early New Age music, including bringing the harp into jazz music and featuring astral compositions, as well as being the keeper of her husband’s archive and musical legacy. A convert to Hinduism, Coltrane was also a significant spiritual leader and founded the Vedantic Center, a spiritual commune in the Los Angeles area.
Singer-actress Barbara McNair, 72, who gained fame as a nightclub singer and Broadway star in the ‘60s, died on Feb. 4. After strong reviews in a musical called “The Body Beautiful” in 1958, McNair starred in the Broadway musical “No Strings” in 1963. She hosted her own TV variety show from 1969 to 1971 and starred with Sidney Poitier in the 1970 films “They Call Me Mister Tibbs” and “The Organization” in 1971.
Dennis Johnson, 52, a five-time All-Star and star defensive guard who was part of three NBA championships, died Feb. 22. He played on title teams with the Boston Celtics in 1984 and 1986 and the Seattle SuperSonics in 1979, a series in which he won the finals MVP title. Johnson was coach of the Austin Toros of the NBA Development League.
Damien Nash, 24, was a running back for the Denver Broncos, died Feb 24. The fifth-round draft choice by Tennesee in 2005 played in just three games for the Titans. The Broncos signed him as a free agent last season. He played in three games, rushing for 66 yards on 18 carries. In his two-year career, he had 24 carries for 98 yards and seven receptions for 55 yards.
Percy Rodrigues’ role as a neurosurgeon in the 1960s television series "Peyton Place" broke ground because he was cast as an authority figure when relatively few black actors were given such parts. When Rodrigues was added to the "Peyton Place" cast in 1968 as Dr. Harry Miles, the headline in The New York Times read, "A Doctor's Role for Negro Actor." Rodrigues, 89, who died Sept. 6, also had a long career as a voice over actor. About the same time as his breakthrough on "Peyton Place," Rodrigues, a Canadian of African and Portuguese descent, played a commodore in a Star Trek TV episode and an embittered doctor in the 1968 film, "The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter." From the 1950s through the 1980s, he acted in more than 80 film and television productions, including the 1979 miniseries "Roots: The Next Generation."
Olympic medalist Willye White, 67, a two-time Olympic medalist in track and field and the first woman to compete for the United States in five Olympics, died Feb. 6. White competed in five consecutive Olympic Games between 1956 and 1972. She won a silver medal in the long jump at the 1956 Games in Melbourne, Australia, at age 16 and won her second silver medal in 1964 as a member of the 4x100-meter relay team in Tokyo.
Ronnie Wells, a popular jazz vocalist based in Washington, D.C. who came to prominence in the mid-1960s, making several television appearances and singing on stage with a number of luminaries, including Billy Eckstine, Lonnie Liston Smith and Oscar Brown, Jr., died March 7. She appeared semi-annually for five years, beginning in 1992, at Blackbeard’s Castle in St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands, and also performed on a number of occasions with the U.S. Airmen of Note, the U.S. Navy Commodores Orchestra and appeared at the Kennedy Center, Smithsonian Institution and other concert halls nightclubs and jazz festivals in the U.S. and abroad. She also had taught jazz vocal techniques in a program she created at the University of Maryland’s Department of Music.
Actor Carl Wright, 75, began his career as a tap dancer and comedian and later appeared in movies including "Barbershop" and "Big Momma's House." His film credits also included "Soul Food," "Barbershop 2: Back in Business" and "The Cookout." He died May 19.
Yolanda Denise King, 51, the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr.'s eldest child, pursued her father's dream of racial harmony through drama and motivational speaking. King, who died May 15, appeared in a number of films, including a role as civil rights martyr Medgar Evers’ daughter in "Ghosts of Mississippi," and as Rosa Parks in the 1978 television miniseries "King." King also ran a film production company. King, who was 12 when her father was slain, learned of his death from a television news bulletin while washing dishes at her family’s home in Atlanta.
New England Patriots defensive end Marquise Hill, 24, spent much of his free time and his NFL paycheck helping loved ones in New Orleans rebuild in the hurricane-damaged city where he grew up.The former LSU star died in a jet ski accident on Lake Pontchartrain on May 27.
Rhythm-and-blues singer Bill Pinkney, 81, the last survivor of the original members of the musical group The Drifters, died July 4. Pinkney was among the seven significant contributors to The Drifters inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, including original members Clyde McPhatter and Gerhardt Thrasher, and subsequent members Ben E. King. Charlie Thomas, Rudy Lewis and Johnny Moore.
Max Roach, 83, a master percussionist whose rhythmic innovations and improvisations defined bebop jazz during a wide-ranging career where he collaborated with artists from Duke Ellington to rapper Fab Five Freddy, died Aug. 15.
Frank Morgan, 73, a jazz saxophonist whom critics likened to Charlie Parker, but whose fame was diminished by a three-decade struggle with drug addiction, died Dec. 14. He debuted as a solo artist in 1955 with a hard bop collection before slipping into addiction. He played off and on, but after a prison conversion to Islam, Morgan produced his second album in 1985 and in 1986 played a series of acclaimed performances at the Village Vanguard in New York, maintaining a rigorous schedule of performances even after he suffered a stroke in 1998. He was the lead instrumentalist on more than a dozen albums, playing with noted musicians including Wynton Marsalis, McCoy Tyner, Kenny Burrell and singer Abbey Lincoln.
Clarinetist Alvin Batiste toured with Ray Charles and Cannonball Adderley, recorded with Branford Marsalis and taught pianist Henry Butler. Though his age was not precisely known, New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival officials said he was born in New Orleans in 1932. Batiste suffered a heart attack and died May 6, just hours before he was to perform at the festival with Marsalis and Harry Connick, Jr.
The legendary former Grambling State University football coach Eddie Robinson, 88, sent more than 200 players to the NFL, including Hall of Famers Charlie Joiner, Buck Buchanan, Willie Davis and Willie Brown. Robinson, who died April 3, won 408 games in 45 winning seasons, nine National Black College championships and 17 Southwestern Athletic Conference titles during a 57-year career. Robinson’s tenure spanned 11 presidents, several wars and the civil rights movement.
Donda West, 58, mother of rapper Kanye West, was the former chairwoman of Chicago State University's English department and was the inspiration for the song, "Hey Mama," on Kanye West's 2005 album, "Late Registration." In May, she published the book, "Raising Kanye: Life Lessons from the Mother of a Hip-Hop Star," in which she paid homage to her famous son. She died Nov. 10.
Washington Redskins safety Sean Taylor, 24, died on Nov. 27, a day after he was shot at home during a botched burglary at his Florida home. An All-American at the University of Miami, Taylor was drafted by the Redskins as the fifth overall selection in 2004.
Rapper Pimp C, 33, who helped define Southern hip-hop with his group, UGK, died Dec. 4. Pimp C, whose real name was Chad Butler, formed UGK with his partner, Bun B, in the late 1980s in Port Arthur, Texas. The group's first nationally distributed album, "Too Hard to Swallow," was released in 1992. The next year, a song from the album was included on the soundtrack for the film, "Menace II Society."
Ike Turner’s role as one of rock's critical architects was overshadowed by his ogrelike image as the man who abused former wife and icon Tina Turner. Turner, 76, managed to rehabilitate his image somewhat in his later years, touring with his band, the Kings of Rhythm, and drawing critical acclaim for his work. Turner died Dec. 12. He won a Grammy in 2007 in the traditional blues album category for "Risin' With the Blues."
Louil Silas, founder and President of Silas Records, died of kidney failure. His death received little fanfare in 2001. He was 44. Louil was responsible for the careers of New Edition, Jody Watley & Chanté Moore. Silas worked in promotions prior to launching Silas Records formation, Silas was very instrumental to the success of SOLAR (Sound Of Los Angeles Records) and their artists, including The Whispers, Shalamar, Dynasty, etc.
Marvin "Sweet Louie" Smith (above, right) one half of the R&B duo, the Checkmates, has died. He was 68.
Smith died Saturday of a heart attack aboard the Caribbean Princess cruise ship in the Caribbean, where he was scheduled to perform, said his agent, Mike Moloney. Smith's counterpart, Sonny Charles, a friend since childhood in Fort Wayne, Indiana, found Smith in his cabin before they were to rehearse for a show that evening, Moloney said.
The two had served in the Army together under the late-1950s "buddy system," touring in the entertainment division of the Army's Special Services, after which they set their sights on Las Vegas.
The act took off in 1964, when the Checkmates started performing at the Pussycat A Go Go, located on what is now the site of the Wynn Las Vegas resort. The group went on to perform at the Sands and Caesars Palace.
The duo's best-known recordings include "Love is All I Have to Give" and a remake of "Proud Mary." But 1969's Phil Spector-produced "Black Pearl" was their most successful single, a Top 10 hit.
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Smith was a contemporary of some of the greatest performers of all time, including Frank Sinatra, Sammy Davis Jr. and Bill Cosby, Moloney said.
Some of the duo's highlights included performing with Sinatra at the Oakland Coliseum, a concert at Madison Square Garden with Herb Alpert and singing the national anthem for the "Thrilla in Manila," the Muhammad Ali-Joe Frazier heavyweight championship boxing match in the Philippines.
The Checkmates were inducted into the Las Vegas Hall of Fame in 2000.
DEATH OF A BLACK SUPERMODEL:
Rewind: Nicknamed the "black princess", the 47-year-old Katoucha Niane went missing from her home on a central stretch of the river on the night of February 1.
The mother-of-three disappeared after being dropped off from a party and her handbag was later recovered near her houseboat.
Born in Conakry, Katoucha worked with the greatest couture stars at the height of her career in the 1980s including Saint Laurent.
Katoucha left the catwalk for good in 1994, but in recent years she made headlines as an outspoken campaigner against female circumcision, launching a foundation against the practice.
Excised at the age of nine, in her home country Guinea, Katoucha recounted the ordeal in a recent book entitled "In My Flesh".
She said she saw her career as a top model as a form of "revenge" for the horror of excision.
"I embodied the most arrogant and admired kind of femininity, I who was supposed to be diminished," she wrote.
Fast Forward: Paris judicial police say the body of former top model Katoucha Niane has been found in the River Seine.
Police say the body was found Thursday and that a subsequent autopsy confirmed it as the model's.
Police say the body showed no signs of foul play, pointing to the possibility that she may have fallen accidentally in the river.
The former model went missing in February.
Ivan Dixon was an actor and television director, best known for his roles in the 1960's sitcom "Hogan's Heroes," and for his Emmy Award-nominated role in the 1967 telefilm "The Final War of Olly Winter." Dixon also directed hundreds of episodes for numerous TV shows. He was also active in the Civil Rights movement, he served as a president of Negro Actors for Action. After his career as an actor and director, Dixon was the owner-operator of radio station KONI (FM) in Maui. In 2001 he left the islands for health reasons and sold the radio station in 2002.
Ivan Dixon died in 2008 at Presbyterian Hospital in Charlotte, North Carolina after a hemorrhage and complications from kidney failure, according to his daughter, Doris Nomathande Dixon of Charlotte. He was also survived by a son, Alan Kimara Dixon, and by his wife of 58 years, the former Berlie Ray.
On November 10, 2006, Gerald Levert was found dead in his bed at his Newbury home when a cousin tried to wake him. Initial reports stated that Levert had died of an apparent heart attack. In February of 2007, an autopsy report conducted by the Cuyahoga County coroner's office concluded that Levert's death was caused by a fatal combination of prescription narcotics and over-the-counter drugs. The drugs in his bloodstream included the narcotic pain relievers Vicodin, Percocet, and Darvocet, along with anxiety medication Xanax and two over-the-counter antihistamines. The autopsy also revealed that Levert had pneumonia. The official cause of death was acute intoxication, and the death was ruled accidental. Gerald Levert was 40 years old.
Sean Levert, a third of the 1980s R&B trio LeVert and son of lead O'Jays singer Eddie Levert, has died after falling ill while serving a jail term. He was 39. Authorities said Monday an autopsy was inconclusive but foul play was ruled out. Levert was sentenced last week to 22 months behind bars for failing to pay $89,025 in child support. He died at Lutheran Hospital in Cleveland late Sunday, less than an hour after he was taken there from the jail, said coroner Frank Miller.
Henrietta Bell Wells--the lone female debater (above, 3rd from the left) on the historic Wiley College debate team in the 1930s, depicted in the recent movie The Great Debaters--died on March 12, 2008, at age 96. She was portrayed in the film by actress Jurnee Smollett (2nd photo).
Three days after his 32nd birthday on February 10, 2006, J Dilla (born James Yancey) died of complications related to lupus, an inflammatory disease that can affect a person’s blood, skin, joints and kidneys.
The Detroit-born producer, also known as Jay Dee, was highly regarded for creating bottom-heavy, soulful tracks for several R&B and hip-hop luminaries including Common, Erykah Badu and A Tribe Called Quest, among others.
Billy Preston died on June 6, 2006 in Scottsdale, Arizona, of complications of malignant hypertension that resulted in kidney failure and other complications. He had been in a coma since November 21, 2005. His funeral was held on June 20 at the Faithful Central Bible Church in Inglewood, California. Preston is interred at Inglewood Park Cemetery, Inglewood, California.
Lawrence Lloyd Brown, Sr., an original member of the legendary Blue Notes, the Philly-based R&B group orignally known as Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes, died Sunday of a respiratory condition. He was 63 and lived in North Philadelphia. Lawrence was still performing with the group until January, when he became ill while singing at the Harrah's casino, in Chester.
"Show & Tell" singer dies
R&B singer Al Wilson, best known for his hit single, "Show & Tell", died on 4/22/08 at Kaiser Permanente in Fontana, according to a family spokesperson.Born June 19, 1939 in Meridian, Miss., Wilson moved to the San Bernardino area in 1958 where he worked odd jobs as a mail carrier, a janitor, and an office clerk before touring for four years with Johnny Harris and the Statesmen. After a two-year stint in the Navy, Wilson moved to Los Angeles and toured local clubs performing with groups The Jewels and The Souls before he was signed with manager Marc Gordon in 1966. He released his first single, "The Snake", in 1968.Wilson was a San Bernardino resident at the time of his death.
Orish Grinstead (above) founding member of R&B girl group 702 out of Las Vegas, Nevada, passed away on Sunday, April 20th from kidney failure. She was 27 years old. Orish, who created the group along with her twin sister, Irish and big sister Lameisha, was what friends called ‘a good person, sweet, sincere, humble and full of life.’ According to friends Orish had been ill for a long time, and sadly, due to other medical complications she suffered from including cancer that had yet to be treated, she was not expected to live too long.
Bo Diddley died on June 2, 2008 of heart failure at his home in Archer, Florida. Garry Mitchell, a grandson of Diddley and one of more than 35 family members at the musician's home when he died at 1:45 a.m. EDT (05:45 GMT), said his death was not unexpected. "There was a gospel song that was sung (at his bedside) and (when it was done) he said 'wow' with a thumbs up," Mitchell told Reuters, when asked to describe the scene at Diddley's deathbed. "The song was 'Walk Around Heaven' and in his last words "I'm going to heaven."
At the time of his death, Diddley's survivors included his 4 children, Evelyn Kelly, Ellas A. McDaniel, Tammi D. McDaniel, and Terri Lynn McDaniel; 15 grandchildren, 15 great-grandchildren and 3 great-great-grandchildren; and a brother, Kenneth Haynes of Biloxi, MS.
Bernie Mac suffered from sarcoidosis, an inflammatory lung disease that produces tiny lumps of cells in the body's organs, but had said the condition went into remission in 2005.
On July 24, 2008, Mac was hospitalized with an infection, that was later identified as pneumonia. The news of his hospitalization would not be announced for over a week, when his publicist claimed that Mac had pneumonia. The next day, responding to rumors that the actor was in "very, very critical condition," his publicist said that he was responding well to treatment, and should be released soon. On August 9, his publicist announced that Mac had died from complications of pneumonia unrelated to sarcoidosis.
The 2008 Bud Billiken Parade in Chicago, on the day he died, was dedicated to his memory.
Mac's funeral was held on August 16 at the House of Hope megachurch. More than 6,000 people attended his funeral.
Isaac Lee Hayes, Jr. (August 20, 1942 August 10, 2008) was an American soul and funk singer-songwriter, musician, record producer, arranger, composer, and actor. Hayes was one of the main creative forces behind southern soul music label Stax Records, where he served as both an in-house songwriter and producer with partner David Porter during the mid-1960s. In the late 1960s, Hayes became a recording artist, and recorded successful soul albums such as Hot Buttered Soul (1969) and Black Moses (1971) as the Stax label's premier artist.
Alongside his work in popular music, Hayes was a film score composer for motion pictures. His best known work, for the 1971 blaxploitation film Shaft, earned Hayes an Academy Award for Best Original Song (the first Academy Award received by an African-American in a non-acting category) and two Grammy Awards. He received a third Grammy for the album Black Moses.
Hayes was found unconscious in his home located just east of Memphis, Tennessee on August 10, 2008 as reported by the Shelby County Sheriff's Department. A Shelby County Sheriff's deputy responded to Hayes's home after his wife found him on the floor near a still-running treadmill. Hayes was taken to Baptist Memorial Hospital in Memphis, where he was pronounced dead at 2:08pm at the age of 65. The cause of death was not immediately known, though authorities subsequently listed stroke as the cause of death. At the time of his death, he was preparing his first new studio album since 1995.
Motown lost a musical sensation.
Pervis Jackson, (far left, above) a member of "The Spinners," died from cancer at Sinai Grace hospital this morning.
The group took off in the 70's with one of its bigger hits - Games People Play.
Pervis Jackson was 70-years-old.
Ray Vitte who starred in films, "Car Wash," "Thank God It's Friday," and "Grambling White Tiger," was shot and killed by a policeman during a scuffle at a party on 2/20/83 in Los Angeles.
Eugene Thurman Upshaw, Jr. (August 15, 1945 August 20, 2008) was a football player for the Oakland Raiders and executive director of the National Football League Players' Association (NFLPA). In 1987, he was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame.
While on vacation in mid-August 2008 at his home in Lake Tahoe, Upshaw began to feel ill. His wife Terri noticed that his breathing was labored, so she convinced him to go to the emergency room, where he was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer on August 17. On August 20, just five days after his 63rd birthday, Upshaw died with Terri and his sons Eugene III, Justin, and Daniel by his side.
Julius J. Carry III (March 12, 1952 - August 19, 2008), was an actor. Carry is best known for his role in the film "The Last Dragon," where he portrayed Sho'Nuff. He also appeared primarily in numerous television roles, including Dr. Abraham Butterfield on Doctor, Doctor and the bounty hunter Lord Bowler in the The Adventures of Brisco County, Jr. He has also appeared on shows such as "Family Matters," "A Different World," " Two Guys, a Girl and a Pizza Place," and "Boy Meets World."
He died on August 19, 2008 of pancreatic cancer.
Kevin Jerome Duckworth (April 1, 1964 August 25, 2008) was a professional basketball player at center in the National Basketball Association, most notably as a member of the Portland Trail Blazers. Duckworth died of a heart attack on Monday, August 25, 2008 in Gleneden Beach, Oregon, near the coastal town of Lincoln City. He collapsed in his hotel room, and emergency services were unable to revive him. His death was confirmed by the Lincoln County Sheriff's Office. Duckworth was in town as part of a Trail Blazers group hosting a free kids basketball clinic. An autopsy identified the cause of death as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with congestive heart failure. He was 44.
Arthur L. 'Art' Porter, Jr., (3 August 1961 - 23 November 1996), was a jazz saxophonist. He was also the son of legendary jazz musician Art Porter, Sr., as well as the namesake of "The Art Porter Bill."
In 1996 Porter traveled to Thailand to appear at the Thailand International Jazz Festival. After the festival on 23 November he went boating on the Kratha Taek reservoir in Sai Yok, Thailand. Tragically, the boat Porter was traveling on overturned, and Porter, along with several others, drowned. Porter was survived by his wife and two elementary age sons.
Producer/songwriter Norman Whitfied is mostly known for his work with Berry Gordy's Motown label during the 1960s. He was credited as being one of the creators of the Motown Sound, as well as one of the major instrumental figures in the late-60s sub-genre of psychedelic soul.
Hit singles Whitfield produced in his 25-year career included "I Heard It through the Grapevine", "Ain't Too Proud to Beg."Cloud Nine," "War," "Papa Was a Rolling Stone," "Smiling Faces Sometimes" and "Car Wash." Alongside his Motown lyrical collaborator Barrett Strong, he was inducted to the Songwriter's Hall of Fame in 2004.
On January 18, 2005, Whitfield pleaded guilty for failing to report royalty income he earned from 1995 to 1999 to the Internal Revenue Service. Facing charges of tax evasion on over $2 million worth of income, he was sentenced to six months of house arrest and a $25,000 fine. The producer was not imprisoned because of health problems such as diabetes.
During his last months alive, Whitfield stayed bedded at Los Angeles' Cedars-Sinai Medical Center where he underwent treatment for his bout with diabetes and other ailments. Within a few weeks before his death, Whitfield fell into a coma, which he eventually recovered from. According to The Undisputed Truth leader Joe Harris, Whitfield died on September 16, 2008 at approximately 3:30 pm.
After moving to Los Angeles in 1975, Nathan Cook was known for roles on two television series. He played Milton Reese, one of the high school basketball players, on "The White Shadow," (1978-1980). He also played security head Billy Griffin on "Hotel," (1983-1988). Between these two he had a shorter role (1981-1982) as Detective Virgil Brooks in "Hill Street Blues."
He was also involved for a time with the actress Alfre Woodard before marrying and having two children in 1984 and 1986.
He also made frequent appearances as a celebrity guest on the game shows "Body Language," "Super Password," and "The $100,000 Pyramid."
Cook, an accomplished jazz flute player, died in 1988 from a severe allergic reaction to penicillin.
His favorite saying was: "It's okay to fool the people, as long as you don't fool yourself."
Distinguished African-American actress Gloria Foster studied at the Goodman Theatre, making her earliest professional appearances with the University of Chicago County Theater. Foster's first Broadway role was Ruth in Lorraine Hansbury's Raisin in the Sun. In 1963, she appeared in the powerful dramatic review In White America, earning an Obie Award as well as a two-page spread in Life Magazine. The following year, she was honored with a Theatre World award for her portrayal of Medea, one of dozens of classic stage roles to her credit. She made her film bow in 1963's The Cool World, followed by a sizeable role opposite Ivan Dixon in the critically acclaimed Nothing But a Man. She later co-starred with Bill Cosby (To All My Friends on Shore, Leonard Part 6) and Sidney Poitier (Separate but Equal). Gloria Foster's many television credits include two guest appearances on The Mod Squad, co-starring with her then-husband, actor/director Clarence Williams III. Though her film roles remained relatively scarce throughout the 1990s, Foster's role as The Oracle in the 1999 metaphysical sci-fi smash The Matrix proved a welcome sight to fans who hadn't seen her since her 1993 television effort Percy and Thunder. Returning to the role for 2003's The Matrix Reloaded, Foster sadly died of diabetes before completing all of her scenes for the film (and having not even begun shooting her scenes for the same year's The Matrix Revolutions). She was 64
This space is usually reserved for Black "celebrities" who died with little or no fanfare but in this case we have to make an exception. One of our avid readers who was also a lurker on the message board recently died in a motorcycle crash. Shalina Guess (above) was a panachigan (part of our online/offline PR family) and a big supporter of the site. Her mom turned her on to Panache Report.com. One of our distributors circulates offline PR newsletters at her mom's job.
Her mother took the newsletters home and this is how Shalina discovered PR, she never turned back and was awaiting PR merchandise (t-shirts and caps). Shalina was also responsible for turning on a younger generation (in the bay area) to our site through word of mouth.
Shalina was riding shotgun on the back of a motorcycle driven by a friend, the motorcycle lost control and struck a tree. Shalina was killed instantly, the driver escaped with minor cuts and bruises. Invesitgators theorize the driver may have been going at a high rate of speed. Shalina Guess was 21. May you RIP.
Darrent Williams was selected by the Denver Broncos in the second round (56th overall) in the 2005 NFL Draft. He recorded his first career interception on November 13, 2005 versus the Oakland Raiders. The Raiders were driving to score, when quarterback Kerry Collins attempted a pass to wide receiver Jerry Porter. Williams jumped the route, intercepted the ball and took it 82 yards for the touchdown. The Broncos won the game, 31-17.
On January 1, 2007, Williams was shot during a drive-by shooting, at approximately 2:10 A.M. Williams and two other passengers were shot when another vehicle pulled beside his rented Hummer H2 limousine in downtown Denver, Colorado. The shooting occurred near 11th Ave. and Speer Blvd. It happened less than 12 hours after the Broncos played their final game of the 2006 season against the San Francisco 49ers in Denver.
Williams had been attending a New Year's Eve party and birthday party held for and by Denver Nuggets player Kenyon Martin at the nightclub, "The Shelter." The Denver Police Department reported that the shooting was preceded by some type of altercation or argument at the nightclub between Crips gang members and other unknown patrons. A police spokesman said, "There was some confrontation between a group of people in the vehicle and a group at the nightclub." Williams was not involved in the altercation.
According to the county coroner's office, Williams sustained a single gunshot wound to the neck, killing him instantly. After Williams was shot, he fell in the lap of Broncos teammate, Javon Walker. He was pronounced dead around 2:30 a.m. The two other passengers injured in the shooting, Brandon Flowers and Nicole Reindl, were both released from the hospital the day after the shooting.
Denver police impounded a vehicle in connection with the shooting. The suspected vehicle was registered to Brian Hicks, a 28-year-old Crips gang member, who was already incarcerated awaiting trial for attempted murder and drug charges. Other associates of Hicks were questioned as potential material witnesses to the Williams shooting. Rumors persist that it was a gang-related event; however, there hasn't been any concrete evidence to suggest that. Williams' family and teammates also say that the scenario was highly unlikely.
Williams was survived by his seven-year-old son, four-year-old daughter and 24-year-old girlfriend, all of whom live in Fort Worth, Texas. A memorial fund was set up in their name. Denver Nuggets stars, Carmelo Anthony and Kenyon Martin, who were with Williams at the nightclub the evening of the shooting, planned to honor their friend by possibly setting up a college fund for Williams' children. A fan-constructed memorial was formed on the southern wall of the fountain in front of Invesco Field at Mile High.
Javon Walker decided to wear his hair in a "fro-hawk," in honor of Williams, who wore his hair in a similar way as a trademark.
On May 29, 2008, the Darrent Williams Memorial Teen Center was opened in Denver.
On May 30, 2008, the Rocky Mountain News published a story claiming that it had obtained a signed confession letter by Crips gang member Willie D. Clark, in which he admitted to firing the shots that killed Williams.
On October 8, 2008 Willie Clark was indicted by a grand jury for the murder of Darrent Williams.
Levi Stubbles (June 6, 1936 October 17, 2008), better known by the stage name Levi Stubbs, was an baritone singer, best known as the lead vocalist of the Four Tops.
Stubbs began his professional singing career with friends Abdul "Duke" Fakir, Renaldo "Obie" Benson and Lawrence Payton to form the Four Aims in 1954. Two years later, the group changed their name to the Four Tops. The group began as a supper-club act before finally signing to Motown Records in 1963; by the end of the decade, the Four Tops had over a dozen hits to their name. The most popular of the Four Tops hits, all of which featured Stubbs on lead vocals, include "Baby I Need Your Loving", "I Can't Help Myself (Sugar Pie, Honey Bunch)", "It's the Same Old Song", "Reach Out I'll Be There", "Standing in the Shadows of Love", "Bernadette", "Still Water (Love)", and "Ain't No Woman (Like the One I've Got)".
Although Stubbs was a natural baritone, most of the Four Tops' hits were written in a tenor range to give the lead vocals a sense of urgency. Stubbs and the other Tops remained a team until Payton died in 1997, at which point Theo Peoples took his place. The Four Tops were elected to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1990. Benson also died on July 1, 2005. Levi Stubbs passed away after a long illness on October 17, 2008.
As an actor, credited as Levi Stubbs, Jr., he provided the voice of the carnivorous plant "Audrey II" in the movie version of the musical Little Shop of Horrors (1986) and the voice of Mother Brain in the animated TV series Captain N: The Game Master (1989). Stubbs has also guest starred in a number of TV shows as himself.
Stubbs and his wife Clineice were married from 1960 until his death, and had five children. In 1995, Stubbs was diagnosed with cancer, and later, a stroke, and stopped touring. Since 2000, Theo Peoples has taken Stubbs' place as the lead singer of the Four Tops, with Ronnie McNeir taking the place that Payton originally held. Levi Stubbs died in his sleep on October 17, 2008 at his home in Detroit from his ailments. He was 72.
Stubbs was a cousin of soul singer Jackie Wilson. He also had a brother, Joe, who was a member of both The Contours and The Originals, who died February 5, 1998.
Bob Jones, the longtime publicist for Michael Jackson who said he dubbed the singer "the king of pop" and who co-wrote "The Man Behind the Mask," an unauthorized biography critical of the star, has died. He was 72.
Jones, who had quadruple-bypass surgery about 17 years ago, died Sept. 20 at his Los Angeles home, apparently of a heart attack, said his sister, Donna Jones.
From 1987 to 2004, Jones helped guide Jackson through "the hailstorms and minefields of unprecedented celebrity," Jones and journalist Stacy Brown wrote in their 2005 book.
When Jackson hired him, Jones had spent 17 years as a Motown Records publicist, helping to craft the images of such singers as Stevie Wonder, Diana Ross and Lionel Richie.
Dee Dee Warwick (September 25, 1945 October 18, 2008 was an African-American soul singer. She was born in Newark, New Jersey as Delia Mae Warrick. Following the lead of her elder sister, Dionne Warwick, she changed her surname from Warrick to Warwick in the early 1960s.
She is best-known for her hits during the 1960s, including the #13 R&B hit "I'm Gonna Make You Love Me", co-written by Kenneth Gamble and Leon Huff. This song was later covered by Diana Ross & the Supremes & The Temptations. She is also a two time Grammy nominee for "Foolish Fool" and "She Didn't Know."
She had been in failing health for several months. Dionne Warwick was with her when she died on October 18, 2008 in a nursing home in Essex County, New Jersey.
Rudy Ray Moore (March 17, 1927 October 19, 2008) was an American comedian, musician, singer, film actor, and film producer. He was perhaps best known as Dolemite, the uniquely articulate pimp from the 1975 film Dolemite, and its sequel, The Human Tornado. The persona was developed during his earlier stand-up comedy records. On October 19, 2008, Moore died of complications from diabetes.
Former Motown Records president and chief executive Jheryl Busby,who helped launch the careers of Boyz II Men and Queen Latifah, has died.
Busby was found on Tuesday in a hot tub at his home in Malibu, California, the Los Angeles County Assistant Coroner Chief Ed Winter has confirmed. The 59-year-old's official cause of death has yet to be determined, but it is believed that no foul play was involved.
Busby began his career in music at the famed Stax Records in Memphis, Tennessee, and later went on to become the president of the black music division of MCA Records in 1984.
In 1988, he was named the president and chief executive officer of Motown Records, where he oversaw acts like Boyz II Men, Queen Latifah and Johnny Gill.
And soul legend Smokey Robinson maintains Busby's death is a great loss for the music industry.
In a statement, Robinson says: "I had tremendous respect for the way he continued the Motown legacy... My condolences to his family at this difficult time."
(JAY-Z'S DEF JAM SUCCESSOR COMMITS SUICIDE)
Def Jam executive VP Shakir Stewart (1st photo) reportedly committed suicide today (Nov. 1) in Atlanta, according to sources. No other details were available at deadline.
"L.A. Reid and all of us at Island Def Jam Music Group are deeply saddened by the passing of our dear friend and colleague Shakir Stewart," read a statement sent from the label today. "Shakir was an amazing man in every sense of the word. A truly incredible friend and father who was an inspiration to not only our artists and employees, but to his family and the many people that had the privilege of counting him as a friend. Our hearts and prayers go out to his family at this very difficult time."
Stewart succeeded Jay-Z at the top of the Def Jam ladder in June and also retained his duties as senior VP of A&R at Island Def Jam. The Oakland, Calif., native signed such artists as Rick Ross, Young Jeezy and newcomer Karina Pasian.
Stewart cut his teeth as a music executive at Hitco Music Publishing, where he was creative director and later senior VP of creative/GM and signed Beyonce Knowles.
Even before he gained a rep for promoting rap concerts during his Morehouse College days, Stewart was "the guy who was the head of passing out fliers at seven clubs a night, seven days a week in 20-degree weather," he told Billboard this summer.
Stewart said at the time it was his goal to help develop "new, young executives ... The hot executive who's 21, 22 years old and has a serious passion for music and the desire to work 27 hours a day. That's where I was at that time in my life. And that's who I'm looking to mentor. I don't see many people like that. Instead, I see a lot of kids who want to live the lifestyle but don't want to put in the work and do what it takes."
Beah Richards (July 12, 1920 September 14, 2000) was an actress with a long career on stage, screen and television. She was also a poet, playwright and author.
She made numerous guest television appearances including recurrent roles on The Bill Cosby Show, Designing Women, and ER (as Dr. Peter Benton's mother.) She was the winner of two Emmy Awards.
In the last year of her life, Richards was the subject of a documentary created by actress Lisa Gay Hamilton. The documentary Beah: A Black Woman Speaks was created from over 70 hours of their conversations. The film won the Grand Jury Prize at the AFI Film Festival.
Beah Richards died from emphysema in her hometown of Vicksburg, Mississippi at the age of 80.
"FAMILY MATTERS ACTRESS DIES"
*Rosetta LeNoir, whom many of us now as Mother Winslow from the long-lived sitcom "Family Matters," died in New Jersey after a what has only been described as a long illness. She was 90.
*Introduction: Orson Wells called her the most exciting woman in the world. She was pursued by billionaires, celebrities and diplomats. She was the epitome of class and sophistication. There will never be another Eartha Kitt. May you RIP. -MP
"EARTHA KITT DEAD AT THE AGE OF 81"
Eartha Mae Kitt was born on a cotton plantation in the tiny town of North, South Carolina. Though her ancestry is somewhat uncertain, she stated her mother was of African-American and Native American descent, and her father, German and Dutch descent. She claimed she was conceived by rape.
Kitt was raised by Anna Mae Riley, a black woman whom she believed to be her mother, but after Riley's death, she was sent to live in New York City with Mamie Kitt, reportedly Riley's sister. Eartha Kitt believes that Mamie Kitt was her biological mother.
Kitt suffered terrible abuse and neglect at the hands of a family to whom Anna Mae Riley entrusted her, or "given away for slavery" as Kitt described in many interviews.
These same family members tried to approach Kitt when (she had achieved success). She was leaving the theater after a performance. They screamed out, "Eartha Mae," she knew it was them before she even turned around because only family members called her Eartha Mae.
She said, childhood abuse memories came back and she stiffened without even turning around, she casually stepped in her limo and instructed her driver to drive off.
For years, Kitt was unsure of her birthplace or birth date. In 1997, a group of students at historically black Benedict College in Columbia, South Carolina, located her birth certificate, which verified her birth date as Jan. 17, 1927. Kitt had previously celebrated on Jan. 26.
MORE ON EARTHA KITT:
Eartha Kitt says, "I often think of my mother. Though I do not remember what she looked like, I feel her presence with me all the time. I still feel her warmth, her beauty, as she played with Pearl, my half-sister."
"We were so poor, most of the time we lived in the forest, or at least slept there covered with pine straw. I remember, a long, long period, we had been traveling a lot. I don't know where we had come from or where we were going, but I walked barefoot on the longest road I had ever seen."
"One day, we looked for shelter, during this time, other Blacks looked out for one another and helped as best they could."
"Momma turned on a pathway leading to a house. She knocked on the door a few times and it opened. I don't know what the face behind the voice looked like as I was busy hiding against Momma's back, not wanting to be seen. Momma asked for shelter and food, pleading softly with the woman. I could hear her saying, 'Just for tonight...my children are hungry and tired."
"As I glanced up to take a quick peek at the voice's owner, she was looking around to see what was hiding: 'No, I don't want that yella gal in my house."
"I wondered, why was I called a yella gal? But this wasn't the first time I heard the term and this wasn't the first time we were rejected from shelter because of my complexion."
"The next scene I remember is Momma talking to a black man, when he took one look at me, he also rejected us."
"Some time later we came to a tiny cottage. Momma knocked on the door. When the door opened I stiffened with fear, afraid of rejection. To my surprise, the older lady invited us in and invited us to stay with her."
A short time later, I realized she was blind and couldn't see my complexion to reject us.
"A few months later, I overheard a conversation between Momma and a man, she was pleading with him to take us in as a family, he shouted, "I don't want that yella gal in my house."
"Later that day, Momma left Pearl and I in the house and met the same man outside. Momma and the man walked away arm in arm and I stood at the window looking out at them. Momma seemed so happy."
"This was the last time I ever saw my mother."
Source: "Confessions Of A Sex Kitten," by Eartha Kitt
"EARTHA & THE VIETNAM WAR SCANDAL"
During the height of her popularity, Eartha Kitt was invited to the White House by President Johnson and Lady Bird Johnson.
She joined Lady Bird Johnson, along with several other prominent ladies for a discussion on the Vietnam war. Kitt became irritated when the women skirted the subject, instead, discussing on how to beautify America.
When she took the floor, she said as much. "I think we have missed out on something here today, I thought the question was about the Vietnam war and why is there so much juvenile delinquency on the streets of America?"
Suddenly, the First Lady rose from her seat and said, "Just because there is a war going on, I see no reason to be uncivilized."
She didn't like Eartha's tone which she considered uppity.
The lunch was suddenly over, abruptly, without explanation.
Kitt had a limousine when she came, but now, the limo was no longer available to her.
Kitt flagged down a cab. On the radio she heard, "Eartha Kitt makes the First Lady cry." She was stunned. The reporter also stated that Kitt conducted herself like a raving mad lunatic at the White House, which was also false.
Martin Luther King called and said, "We are proud of you Eartha, for speaking your mind."
Since the time was nearing for Kitt to honor a contractual agreement at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles, she called her agent for the details of rehearsals. Strangely, he asked, what contract are you talking about? There is no contract, Eartha.
In the meantime, due to her disagreement with Lady Bird Johnson, the President was making it obvious to all the media that she was out of favor.
Meanwhile, every single one of her dates were suddenly cancelled.
According to Kitt, a CIA dossier was compiled, stating: She was a sadist, a sex nymphomaniac, crude, shrewd and difficult.
According to the file, President Johnson had put her out of work in America in two hours.
Source: "Confessions Of A Sex Kitten," by Eartha Kitt
"EARTHA MEETS THE SUPREMES"
According to Martha Reeves,"In the early days of Motown, me and the Vandellas arrived in London, we were all having a wonderful time. One night after a very successful performance, the Vandellas and the Supremes were grouped together and treated to a show featuring the legendary Eartha Kitt. At the dazzling nightclub the "Top Hat." The atmosphere was one of sheer excitement. Just being there in the audience filled me with dreams of one day performing on that same London stage.
"Eartha was superb, at her best, looking and sounding great. With each selection she grew more and more intriguing. She boldly and expertly captured and held the audience's attention. She had us eating out of her hand, totally mesmerized by every move. After one of her breathtaking numbers, she stood behind a screen with a pinpoint spotlight illuminating just her face and changed clothes with an alluring expression-using her eyes to full effect. When the lights came up she had executed a dramatic complete wardrobe change. She ended her next song lying on an exotic cat-skin rug, purring the lyrics to "Santa Baby." She received several curtain calls and standing ovations."
"I was even more elated when she agreed to receive us fellow performers after the show. We were ushered backstage with the Supremes. An assistant swung the door open and we entered the dressing room of this glamorous star. There she sat at her dressing room table, looking every inch the diva in full command."
"Before anyone else could say hello, Diana Ross stepped ahead of us all and blurted out, "Eartha, a lot of people tell me that I look like you."
"Well, after that you could have heard a pin drop. Eartha said not one word in reply. In the icy silence we were all suddenly nervous and uncomfortable.
Eartha didn't miss a beat, though. Without saying anything, she scooped up her makeup and deposited it into her evening bag. She snapped it shut, stood up and turned to our group of dumbfounded girls. She just stood there-staring first at Diana and then looking over the lot of us. As she draped her cheetah-skin coat about her shoulders, she exited saying, "I'm not half as beautiful as you."
Eartha left us all standing there with our mouths agape and bewildered. I was deeply disappointed not being given the chance to tell her how much I loved her show. Quietly, we left."
Source: "Dancing In The Streets," by Martha Reeves & Mark Bego
Miriam Makeba (4 March 1932 - 10 November 2008) was a South African singer and civil rights activist. The Grammy Award winning afrobeat artist is often referred to as Mama Afrika.
In 1959, she performed in the musical King Kong alongside Hugh Masekela, her future husband. Though she was a successful recording artist, she was only receiving a few dollars for each recording session and no provisional royalties, and was keen to go to the US. Her break came when she starred in the anti-apartheid documentary Come Back, Africa in 1959 by independent filmmaker Lionel Rogosin. She attended the premiere of the film at the Venice Film Festival.
Makeba traveled to London where she met Harry Belafonte, who assisted her in gaining entry to and fame in the United States. She released many of her most famous hits there including "Pata Pata", "The Click Song" ("Qongqothwane" in Xhosa), and "Malaika". In 1966, Makeba received the Grammy Award for Best Folk Recording together with Harry Belafonte for An Evening With Belafonte/Makeba. The album dealt with the political plight of black South Africans under apartheid.
On November 09. 2008, Miriam Makeba was performing in concert, and suffered a heart attack after singing her hit "Pata Pata," and was taken to the "Pineta Grande" hospital. Doctors were unable to revive her.
Mae Mercer, a deep-voiced blues singer who spent much of the 1960s performing at a blues bar in Paris and touring Europe before launching an acting career back home in films and television, has died. She was 76.
Mercer was found dead Oct. 29 at her home in Northridge, said Reginald D. Brown, a friend. He said the cause of death had not been determined, but Mercer had suffered two mini-strokes last year and had been in ill health.
Midwest rapper MC Breed, born Eric Breed, was found dead today (Nov. 22) after suffering kidney failure. He was 36.
Breed's manager Darryl Morris confirmed that the rapper was found dead at a friend's home in Ypsilanti, Michigan, the Detroit News is reporting.
In September, Breed collapsed on a basketball court. He was taken to the hospital and put on life support due to kidney failure. He was taken off life support days later, according to SOHH.com.
Helping the Mid-West rise to popularity within hip-hop, the Michigan-bred emcee is known for gaining notice as an independent artist with a number of early 1990's albums, including MC Breed & DFC, 20 Below, The New Breed and Funkafied. Breed's career spans 20-years and 13 albums.
Breed also famously collaborated with various West Coast rap stars including Too Short, Warren G and the late Tupac Shakur.
NEW YORK - Odetta’s monumental voice rang out in August 1963 when she sang "I’m on My Way" at the historic March on Washington, where Martin Luther King gave his "I Have a Dream" speech.
She had hoped to perform again in Washington when Barack Obama is inaugurated as the United States’ first black president. But the acclaimed folk singer, who influenced generations of musicians and was an icon in the civil rights struggle, died Tuesday after battling heart disease. She was 77.
In spite of failing health, Odetta performed 60 concerts in the last two years and her singing ability never diminished, manager Doug Yeager said.
"BLACULA ACTOR DIED"
William Horace Marshall (19 August 1924 11 June 2003) was an actor, director, and opera singer. He is best known for his title role in the 1972 blaxploitation classic Blacula and its sequel Scream Blacula Scream (1973), and as the "King of Cartoons" on the 1980's television show Pee-wee's Playhouse beginning with its second season. He had a commanding height of 6 ft 5 in, as well as a deep bass voice.
Marshall was the unmarried partner for 42 years of Sylvia Gussin Jarrico, former wife of blacklisted screenwriter Paul Jarrico. Marshall died June 11, 2003, from complications arising from Alzheimer's disease and diabetes. He is survived by four children: sons Tariq, Malcolm, and Claude Marshall, and daughter, singer Gina Loring. The eulogies at his funeral were spoken by Sidney Poitier, Ivan Dixon, Paul Winfield, and Marla Gibbs.
According to Celebbitchy.com: De’Angelo Wilson, a 29 year-old actor who had parts in 8 Mile, Antwone Fisher and The Salon, was found dead in what looks to be a suicide in a commercial building in Los Angeles. His family didn’t have enough money to send his body to Dayton, Ohio, and his friends including Antwone Fisher made sure he was able to be transported home for a funeral. His mother said the last time she had spoken to him was about six weeks ago. He was having trouble finding work and was depressed:
When Los Angeles police found De’Angelo Wilson’s body in the back room of a Wilshire Boulevard business, he was classified a transient, “but was well known to the people in the area,” said L.A. County coroner’s spokesman Craig Harvey.
Authorities were able to contact Gina White, a producer who had worked with Wilson on the 2002 film “Antwone Fisher,” and who had become close to him “I kind of adopted him, almost like a son,” she said. “He didn’t talk much about where he came from, or his childhood. When I found out what happened, I made a lot of phone calls he had a lot of friends. We were desperate to find his family his friends in California were ready and more than willing to take responsibility, to have a memorial service. But I couldn’t stand the thought of somebody out there not knowing what had happened to their loved one.
“I remember him talking about doing something with the mayor of Dayton,” White recalled, so she searched the Internet for clues.
Wilson’s hometown mayor had, in fact, honored Wilson in September 2002 with a day in his honor and a key to the city, holding him up as an example of a young person “who did not give up on his dream and who worked hard to achieve great things,” said Mayor Rhine McLin at the time.
With that information guiding her searches, White eventually stumbled on a DaytonDailyNews.com story about Wilson’s suicide, published Friday, Dec. 5, the day after his mother had been contacted by authorities.
“I’d prayed the night before over this, and my prayers were answered,” White said. “His family doesn’t have to worry about getting him home we’ll take care of it.”
The friends include Antwone Fisher, whose own story of overcoming a nightmarish childhood became a movie, directed by Denzel Washington.
“He was such a fun and funny guy,” said Fisher. “I’d have backyard parties and De’Angelo would always come an hour early to help me set up. He’d tell great jokes … It’s just real hard to think of a guy that happy and fun getting down so low.”
“He got depressed,” said Wilson’s mother, Debra. “His career kind of failed, and I think he was beating himself up. Things were real down and he just didn’t know how to pick himself up.” His most recent roles were in 2005’s “The Salon” and “Mercy Street” in 2006.
Wilson attended Dunbar High School, dropped out, earned a GED, and was taking acting classes at Kent State University when he was cast in “8 Mile.” He was on a roll, it seemed, until the bottom dropped out and the acting parts were few and far between.
“I talked to him about a month and a half ago,” said his mother. “He wasn’t good … I was real worried about him.”
Freddie Hubbard, the Grammy-winning jazz musician whose blazing virtuosity influenced generations of trumpet players and who collaborated with such greats as Ornette Coleman, John Coltrane and Sonny Rollins, died a month after suffering a heart attack at the age of 70.
Hubbard died at Sherman Oaks Hospital in Los Angeles and had been in hospital since suffering the heart attack on November 26.
A towering figure in jazz circles, Hubbard played on literally hundreds of recordings in a career dating to 1958, the year he arrived in New York City from his hometown of Indianapolis.
Soon he had hooked up with such jazz legends as Thelonious Monk, Miles Davis, Cannonball Adderley, Rollins, Coltrane and others.
Frederick Dewayne Hubbard was born in Indianapolis on April 7, 1938. He grew up playing mellophone, trumpet and French horn.
In 2006, he was named a National Endowment for the Arts Jazz Master, the nation's highest jazz honor.
Hubbard is survived by his wife of 35 years, Briggie Hubbard, and his son, Duane.
Bernie Hamilton, the brother of jazz drummer Chico Hamilton, was best known for his role on the ’70s police drama “Starsky and Hutch,” but he also appeared in dozens of films and founded the Chocolate Snowman record label. He died Tuesday at age 80.
Stephen "Static Major" Garrett (November 11, 1974 February 25, 2008) was an R&B singer, rapper, songwriter, and record producer from Louisville, Kentucky. A member of the R&B trio Playa, Static Major wrote for artists such as Aaliyah, Ginuwine, Destiny's Child, Brandy, and JoJo. After Aaliyah's death in 2001, Static went on to write for other artists; his later co-writing credits include Truth Hurts' "Addictive" and Brandy's "Come as You Are". Aside from his longtime association with Timbaland, Static also collaborated with producers Scott Storch, Dr. Dre, and Jazze Pha. In the mid-2000s, Static worked with R&B group Pretty Ricky, R&B singer Tank, and appeared on David Banner's 2004 single "Crank It Up".
Garrett died on February 25, 2008 in his hometown of Louisville, Kentucky. The cause of death was due to complications from a botched medical procedure performed at Baptist East Hospital in Louisville. It was originally suspected to be due to a brain aneurysm, but it was just a rumor which was confirmed by one of his relatives and announced by his former Playa bandmate Smoke Digglera.
According to a family member, when he admitted himself to Baptist Hospital East in Louisville, Kentucky, the doctors presented him with medicine that would treat the virus. The treatment was taking the medicine through a shunt, in the neck, which treats more severe cases of this virus. Quicker than taking pills for days. Though, he didn't want the shunt, the doctors insisted that he treat it this way. While having surgery to remove it the doctors did something wrong. He died because he lost too much blood.
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What boxing weight class is limited to 190 pounds? | Boxing Weight Classes
Boxing Weight Classes
Boxing Weight Classes
by Scotty L of Predictem.com
We get a common email from our readers asking "What are the weight classes in boxing?" It's a great question, so we decided to throw together a chart for our readers so they're able to view the different divisions a boxer will fall under. For fun, we also listed the best boxer of all time for each classification.
History: Boxing originally had eight weight categories (classes)�Heavyweight, Light Heavyweight, Middleweight, Welterweight, Lightweight, Featherweight, Bantamweight, and Flyweight. Over time, other divisions were created and there are now 17 weight divisions in boxing.
The lack of clarity today is a common sticking point with fans. In the old days, there were eight divisions with one champion in each class. Nowadays, there are at least four recognized world champions in each division, with some organizations having multiple champions in the same division. There are upwards of 75 world champions today.
Here is a brief explanation and history of the different weight classes in boxing.
Heavyweight
Maximum Weight: Unlimited
Greatest Ever: A battle between Joe Louis and Muhammad Ali, with Ali perhaps edging it out.
Boxing�s glamour division. Many feel the sport goes as the heavyweight division goes. After having been dominated by American fighters for a century, has fallen to an all-time low, with the balance of power having shifted to Eastern Europe. America�s best heavyweights may be playing NBA and NFL. Heavyweights are getting bigger. Not long ago, a 230-pound heavyweight was considered a behemoth and today would be seen as a little on the small side.
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Cruiserweight
Maximum Weight: 200 lbs.
Greatest Ever: Undoubtedly Evander Holyfield.
The cruiserweight division was created at the very end of the 70�s to bridge the gap between light heavyweight and heavyweight. Has long been considered a somewhat barren division with fighters not good enough to hack it at light heavyweight and too small to hang with the big boys. Having fluctuated between 190-195, was finally bumped up to 200. Many legendary Heavyweight Champions throughout history would have been cruiserweights. Pole Tomasz Adamek, who appears to be moving up to heavyweight permanently, owns the top spot in the division (as of 2009).
Light Heavyweight
Maximum Weight: 175 lbs.
Greatest Ever: Archie Moore, possibly Ezzard Charles though he never held a title at light heavyweight.
Light heavyweight is a division that has enjoyed drastically varying degrees of popularity. Sometimes the division is red-hot and other times deader than a doornail. Nevertheless, some of the greatest ever have called this division home. It is also a division of very differently sized fighters, ranging from squat 5�7� brawlers like Dwight Qawi, to long 6�3� string beans like Bob Foster and Michael Spinks. 45 year-old Bernard Hopkins and 27 year-old Chad Dawson are the two top guys in the division, with Dawson�s recent body of work giving him a slightly better claim.
Super Middleweight
Maximum Weight: 168 lbs.
Greatest Ever: Possibly undefeated and recently-retired Joe Calzaghe.
Another new division, created in the 1980�s. Got a jump-start by Sugar Ray Leonard and Tommy Hearns fighting in this class in their 1989 rematch. Since then, has become a constant source of good fighters and good fights. Currently might be the hottest division in the game with all the best in the division fighting in a round-robin tournament that will determine the best in the weight class.
Middleweight
Maximum Weight: 160 lbs.
Greatest Ever: Probably Sugar Ray Robinson, with Harry Greb, Carlos Monzon, and Marvin Hagler all able to make a claim.
Likely the #2 weight class in boxing history behind heavyweight. This division has always been considered the perfect blend of power, speed, and skills. Has been home to some of the bigger marquee fights in history. The current boss )as of 2009) is Kelly Pavlik.
Junior Middleweight (Super Welterweight)
Maximum Weight: 154 lbs.
Greatest Ever: Maybe Terry Norris.
Another more recently created division. The division started in the 1960�s, but was not able to build much momentum until the 1980�s. While more of stopover division, has still seen more than its fair share of huge fights over the past 30 years. Stalwarts such as Sugar Ray Leonard, Tommy Hearns, Roberto Duran, Wilfred Benitez, Mike McCallum, Felix Trinidad, Oscar De La Hoya, and Floyd Mayweather have all called this weight class home.
Welterweight
Maximum Weight: 147 lbs.
Greatest Ever: Sugar Ray Robinson
Welterweight has always been a very important weight class in the sport. A disproportional amount of all time greats have been champion at this weight including Mickey Walker, Henry Armstrong, Robinson, Kid Gavilan, Jose Napoles, Leonard, Hearns, Duran, etc. It might be the hottest division in the sport today. The two best fighters in boxing (as of 2010), Floyd Mayweather and Manny Pacquiao, fight in this division.
Junior Welterweight (Super Lightweight)
Maximum Weight: 140 lbs.
Best Ever: Wide open. Cases can be made for Nicolino Locche, Aaron Pryor, Kostya Tszyu, and perhaps others.
Another stopover division. There have been some fighters who make a home here, a little too big to be a lightweight, while not big enough to handle welterweights that can run upward of 6�2.� Has been home to such quintessential fights as Pryor-Arguello, Chavez-Taylor, and the Gatti-Ward trilogy. Top guy as of 2010 is Timothy Bradley.
Lightweight
Maximum Weight: 135 lbs.
Best Ever: A virtual coin flip between old-timer Benny Leonard and Roberto Duran.
A look at the all-time greats list will reveal an abundant amount of lightweights. Great lightweights have ranged from the most fearsome brawlers (Duran) to the most exquisite of boxers (Leonard, Whitaker). Juan Manuel Marquez is the recognized champion as of 2010.
Junior Lightweight (Super Featherweight)
Maximum Weight: 130 lbs.
Best Ever: Very debatable, but maybe Alexis Arguello.
Started in the 20�s. Gained occasional foothold, but not until the 1970�s did it become a division worth consistently following. A ton of great fighters have fought in this division. Robert Guerrero might be the man as of now (2010).
Featherweight
Maximum Weight: 126 lbs.
Best Ever: Willie Pep.
This weight class has long been a favorite among lighter-weight enthusiasts, providing thrills and great fights and fighters since the early 20th century. Undefeated Indonesian stylist Chris John currently rules the roost in 2010.
Junior Featherweight (Super Bantamweight)
Maximum Weight: 122 lbs.
Best Ever: Wilfredo Gomez
Junior featherweight came into existence in the 1970�s and immediately struck a chord, thanks in part to murderous punching and long-reigning Wilfredo Gomez. Since then, great fighters have made their home at 122 lbs. Most fighters, however, use it to bide time between bantamweight and featherweight. Nearly 6 feet-tall Celestino Caballero might be the #1 guy right now (as of 2010).
Bantamweight
Maximum Weight: 118 lbs.
Best Ever: Eder Jofre
Bantamweights have provided an eclectic mix of fighters and styles to the sport, from skilled boxers like 5�11� Panama Al Brown and Jofre to KO punchers like Ruben Olivares and Carlos Zarate. Best guy in the division right now is probably Japan�s Hozumi Hasegawa. (as of 2010)
Junior Bantamweights (Super Flyweight)
Maximum Weight: 115 lbs.
Best Ever: Khaosai Galaxy or maybe Gilberto Roman.
Was greeted in the 1980�s with skepticism by those who questioned the need for a division to bridge the six-pound gap between flyweight and bantamweight. Some of that criticism has worn off in light of the handful of excellent fighters who have reigned in this weight class. As of 2010, Vic Darchinyan is the recognized champion, with a guy who knocked him out�Nonito Donaire hot on his heels.
Flyweight
Maximum Weight: 112 lbs.
Best Ever: Jimmy Wilde
A longtime standout weight class in boxing, though not a favorite of U.S. fight fans. Manny Pacquiao first won a title in this weight class. As of 2010, the top spot is up for grabs contested by a group of excellent fighters. 112 lbs. is one of the sport�s deepest divisions.
Junior Flyweight
Maximum Weight: 108 lbs.
Best Ever: Humberto �Chiquita� Gonzalez, Jung-Koo Chang, Michael Carbajal, Myung-Woo Yuh.
Junior flyweight was created in the 1970�s, and has been home to many of the great Asian and Latin American fighters for over a quarter-century. As of 2010, the top dog at 108 lbs. is longtime Puerto Rican stalwart Ivan Calderon.
Strawweight
Maximum Weight: 105 lbs.
Best Ever: Ricardo Lopez (by a landslide)
Boxing�s little guys. This division was a laughingstock of sorts until legitimized by all-time great Ricardo �Finito� Lopez, who reigned for almost a decade and was undefeated in over 50 fights. Fighters in this division are almost exclusively from Asia and Latin America. Several undefeated titlists are currently contesting the #1 spot.
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Follow Scotty each week as he previews the best fights of the week. These fight previews can be found in the center section of this page. Good luck!
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| Cruiserweight |
What Mexican boxing champ lost for the first time to little known Frankie Randall? | ::WBC MUAYTHAI (OFFICIAL SITE)::
Rule 6 :: Weight Divisions and Weigh-in
6.1 Divisions and weight limits for competitions.
Divisions Weight limits
6.1.1 Mini Flyweight From 100 pounds(45.454 kg.), but notover 105 pounds(47.727 kg.)
6.1.2 Light Flyweight Must be over 105 pounds (47.272 kg.), but not over 108 pounds (48.988 kg.)
6.1.3 Flyweight Must be over 108 pounds (48.988 kg.), But not over 112 pounds (50.802kg.)
6.1.4 Super Flyweight Must be over 112 pounds (50.802 kg.), but not over 115 pounds (52.163 kg.)
6.1.5 Bantamweight Must be over 115 pounds (52.273kg.), But not over 118 pounds (53.524kg.)
6.1.6 Super Bantamweight Must be over 118 pounds (53.524 kg.), but not over 122 pounds (55.338 kg)
6.1.7 Featherweight Must be over 122 pounds (55.338kg), but not over 126 pounds (57.153kg.)
6.1.8 Super Featherweight Must be over 126 pounds (57.153kg.), but not over 130 pounds (58.967 kg.)
6.1.9 Lightweight Must be over 130 pounds (58.967 kg.), but not over 135 pounds (61.235kg.)
6.1.10 Super Lightweight Must be over 135 pounds (61.235kg.), but not over 140 pounds (63.503 kg.)
6.1.11 Welterweight Must be over 140 pounds(63.503kg.), but not over 147 pounds (66.678kg.)
6.1.12 Super Welterweight Must be over 147 pounds (66.678kg.), but not over than 154 pounds (69.853kg.)
6.1.13 Middleweight Must be over 154 pounds (69.853kg.), but not over than 160 pounds (71.575kg.)
6.1.14 super Middleweight Must be over 160 pounds (71.575kg.), but not over than 168pounds(76.204kg)
6.1.15 Light Heavyweight Must be over 168 pounds (76.364kg.), but not over 175 pounds (79.379kg.)
6.1.16 Cruiserweight Must be over 175 pounds (79.379kg.), but not over than 190 pounds (86.183kg.)
6.1.17 Super Cruiserweight Must be over 190-210 pounds (40.909 - 95.455 kg.)
6.1.18 Heavyweight Must be over 210 -230 pounds (95.455 - 104.545 kg.) and up.
6.1.18 Super Heavyweight Super Heavyweight over 230 pounds ( 104.545 kg.) and up.
6.2 Weigh-in
6.2.1 The boxers must weigh-in 24 hours before the scheduled time of the fight contest. The boxing stadium manager may change the above time table if reasonable.
6.2.2 Before weigh-in, the boxers must have their physical examination checked by the doctor to certify that they are physically fit and healthy.
6.2.3 The boxer�s boxing camp chief, the manager, or his representative may witness the weigh-in.
6.3 Weight Regulations
6.3.1 A boxer must weight at least 100 pounds and over. must compete within five (5) pounds different weights.
6.3.2 The boxers must have at least three (3) hours to rest after the weigh-in to be able to compete.
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What had to occur for a round to end when John L. Sullivan beat Jake Killrain in 75 rounds, in 1889? | Jake Kilrain vs. John L. Sullivan - BoxRec
Jake Kilrain vs. John L. Sullivan
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1st round action
John L. Sullivan swept into the full tide of his popularity after his decisive defeat of “Paddy” Ryan. For the next five years he toured the country, meeting ambitious youngsters ostensibly for "exhibitions" and demolishing them regularly with the terrible right-hander which ranks historically among such lethal instruments as the battleaxe of the Lion. Heart and the sleeping potion of the Borgias, partaking of the nature of both. His offer of $1,000 to any one who would knock him out was the standing joke of the time.
Several fighters of promise and reputation were also matched against him, for if Sullivan met the contemporary sporting demand as a hero he was not without enemies who would have liked nothing quite so well as to see him beaten.
"Anything and anybody to whip Sullivan!" was the word in certain circles of the world of sport. His failure to stop "Tug" Wilson in four rounds was a ray of light to this contingent. It expected great things of Herbert A. Slade, the Maori. Its hopes were pinned again to "Paddy" Ryan in 1886, but Sullivan simply crushed his old antagonist. Its persistent assertions that the champion's day had passed found some ground the following year, when Sullivan broke his left arm in the fight with "Patsy" Cardif. Finally, in 1888, it took heart from the draw with "Charley" Mitchell.
Sullivan's prestige undoubtedly suffered a decided, if temporary, setback from this affair. Mitchell was a skilful and a wary boxer. He met the champion for $5,000 and the title at Chantilly, Prance, and dodged himself through thirty-nine rounds in safety, following "Tug" "Wilson's tactics. The event was hailed as Sullivan's Waterloo." It was declared that he had always been greatly overestimated and that he must fall before the next first class fighter to face him. Here at last was the great John L. brought low. It needed but one more trial to remove him from the honor. "Jake" Kilrain was chosen to do the removing. He had been importunate with his challenges since the Cardiff fight, and Sullivan at length accepted him.
IT was a great day for such as love to count themselves wise beyond the run. It was this way, they figured, Sullivan never had the courage to fight a mouse more rounds than he could count upon his fingers and would be worthless if carried any distance, Kilrain was fast, clever and sure to prolong the interview, being best at the fag end of a1 lone battle. Ergo, Kilrain must win, greatly to the profit and satisfaction of the sapient. But other points of wisdom wore eagerly whispered about the crannies of New Orleans, where the fight loving had gathered on July 7, 1889. The champion had been living well, altogether too well, it appeared. In training he had seemed actually to be swathed in flabbiness. Moreover, that broken left arm had never properly been tried out since the accident two years before. Again, time and place gave promise of in tense heat, which could not fail to be irksome to the heavy Sullivan and sapping to his strength. Still again, Kilrain had been trained by "Charley" Mitchell, who had stalled off the big fellow so successfully. And last, Sullivan never did amount to much anyway. So there you were.
Of the reasons so laboriously collected by the knowing ones, the most attractive had to do with the brevity of all of Sullivan's fights. It was an indisputable fact that up to the Mitchell sprinting race at Chantilly no one had ever stayed more than nine rounds -with the champion. And it was quite possible that if an opponent could manage to keep clear of that clubbed right until Sullivan was blown and weary the greatest hitting fighter the ring has ever seen might henceforth be powerless. It was possible because no one was In a position to prove the contrary.
Meanwhile the great majority of boxing enthusiasts throughout the country, including most of those fortunate enough to be on hand at New Orleans, held fast by their faith in John L. Sullivan. They did not believe that the man to succeed him had yet appeared. If be had they were confident that he did not exist in the person of the present claimant.
"Jake" Kilrain was born at Greenpoint, L. I, February 9, 1859. He was of Irish parentage and his real name was John Joseph Killion. Having begun his muscular training in a Boston rolling mill, he first became known to the sporting public as a crack amateur oarsman. In 1883 he won the junior single scull championship of America, and soon afterward turned to new worlds to conquer. He had always been handy with his fists and began to attract attention when he made a serious bid for fame by defeating "Joe" Lannon, a fighter of some note, for a rather vague title, the championship of the East.
By the time Kilrain was ready to issue his series of challenges to Sullivan in 1887 he was known as a hardy, courageous and really first class boxer. But before the defiance bore fruit he gained still further in reputation by a venture to England. This was the first time since the days of “Jem” Mace that the championship of England had been disputed by an aspirant to the world’s title.Mace, with whose career the two honors ceased to be synonymous , had regained the greater in 1870, subsequently Relinquishing it here. since then the boxing game had fallen into evil repute across the water until the national title was revived by “Jem” Smith, who defeated “Jack” Davis in 1885.Kilrain challenged Smith and a match was made .After a terrific battle for $10,000 and the championship of England a draw was declared on account of darkness,106 rounds having been fought under the London prize ring rules.
KILRAIN IS HAILED
Kilrain's stock went booming after this exploit. He made himself at least half a champion, and that in the home of pugilism. When he entered the ring he would carry with him the equivalent of the best claims England could make.more than all else he had proved that he could keep going for a battle of great length, that he possessed endurance as well as gameness. he was hailed as the next logical opponent of Sullivan, and the champion who had not paid much attention to him before, had to meet the demand. Their articles, which were shortly signed, called for a $10,000 a side and the belt.
Two special trains filled with fight followers left New Orleans on the morning of July 8. Elaborate preparations had been made by the authorities to prevent the meeting, and the militia were stationed along the route of the Queen and Crescent system at every station. Even after crossing the Mississippi troops were found in readiness, until the hamlet of Richburg was reached, where the coast was conveniently clear. This point had been secretly selected some time before. A twenty foot ring, with stakes five feet nine Inches in height, had been pitched on a bit of hard, level turf. A second ring sixty feet square had been roped off for the privileged spectators, and beyond this, on three sides, tiers of seats had been erected. Some three thousand persons were present, including many of the best known sporting men of the country.
At ten o'clock the fighters and their attendants approached the ring, "shying their castors" inside the ropes in traditional style. Among those in Kilrain's corner were "Mike" Donovan and "Charley" Mitchell, while Sullivan's advisers included "Billy" Muldoon and "Mike" Cleary. "Bat" Masterson and "Tom" Costello were the timekeepers. After the usual wrangling Captain John Fitzgerald was named as referee.
Kilrain won the toss and chose the east corner, giving Sullivan the sun. this was no small consideration, For the day was cloudless, intensely bright and hot. What air was stirring failed before preparations were complete and the breathless crowd sweltered on the grill in a temperature that held prospect of suffering for the fighters. At stripping Kilrain stood forth in black knee breeches, white stockings and black laced shoes; Sullivan in green breeches, white stockings and black shoes.
Keen observers looked upon the stalwart figure of the challenger with approval, if without conviction of superiority in any point.he was massively built upon a heavy frame, with a deep chest and good reach, with bunched muscles that played and rippled softly under firm skin.his legs were good, with trim lithe lines that promised speed .in height he was the equal of the champion 5 foot 10 ½ , a sound clean, thoroughly trained fighting machine.
But the condition of Kilrain attracted only passing glances and scant attention when Sullivan appeared in the buff. There was truth in the reports circulated among the knowing ones. The champion had been living at his ease, had but a few months before taken to himself much padding for which he had no use. Now, as he made ready for battle, the wonderful Fighter showed that he possessed one more remarkable faculty, that of getting back into shape. His splendid physique was apparently untouched by excesses. His tremendous spread of shoulder, the phenomenal development of his arm, back and upper body muscles, his marvelous biceps and solid loins had the exact contour of perfection, with nothing added and nothing lost. A great shout went up as the crowd noted his visual reputation of rumour that would have had the champion advanced in fatty degeneration. It was still the great John L. Sullivan they greeted, the invincible John L. The champion responded to the applause with his customary grin, already hardened into the ferocious fighting grimace which he had struck terror into the hearts of many opponents before a blow had been struck. Kilrain also received a generous welcome and at the call of the referee the two men stepped to the handclasp at the center.
THE BATTLE IS ON
The fight began with a rush, whether Kilrain had not yet conceded the wisdom of “Charley” Mitchell’s teachings or whether he was so wrapped up in the notion of his own superiority that he believed them superfluous, he had clearly decided to attempt a lead from the signal. They faced each other an instant watchfully, the next Kilrain leaped forward, feinting With his left at the head, then diving in under Sullivan's guard to a close clinch. The champion was taken a trifle by surprise and the challenger won a favorable hold, hurling Sullivan heavily to the ground fifteen seconds from the call of time. The quick and clever move stirred great enthusiasm among Kilrain's backers, and the champion was visibly chagrined as he sought his comer.
Both were up promptly for the second round, and Sullivan, Irritated by the sudden check, slammed in hard with a thumping left swing to the ribs, charging right on into a clinch.they stamped and tore about the ring for a brief struggle, then went down with Sullivan on top. It was the turn of the champions friends to cheer and the volume of sound indicated how the sympathy of most of the spectators lay.the session had lasted but thirty seconds.
Kilrain was eager at the opening of the third round and rushed immediately through a rapid whirl of fists, closing and catching Sullivan about the neck.with a heave and a plunge of his driving right Sullivan twisted away hammering a short chopping blow to the neck. Kilrain held after him and in a fast exchange shot through a low left drive.to many of the watchers the blow looked like a foul and a storm of hisses arose, but the referee shook his head and the men mixed it fiercely . in the bustling mill that followed the swung and lunged rather wildly without damage until Kilrain went down under a light tap to the neck.
By the time the challenger apparently thought better of his earlier plan to take the upper hand from the start and he came to the mark for the fourth round in cautious attitude. the men joined for the sparring which had been overlooked at the introduction, and there was some good play for an opening. This was Kilrain's opportunity to show what he was worth as a scientific boxer. But his exhibition when viewed four years later in the light of Corbett handling of the same situation was mediocre. He could feint and he could run in imitation of the tactics of “Tug” Wilson and “Charley” Mitchell, but he could not better either of them as general. Something more than merely slippery moves was necessary to make head against the tremendous strength and determination of Sullivan. Kilrain was to much under the influence of Sullivan’s own methods to break cleanly with them and adopt the widely different course by which an antagonist could meet the rushes of the champion.
After some rather ponderous maneuvering Sullivan feinting repeatedly with his right and both wary. Kilrain let go a high swing and ducked into a clinch. The champion was ready for him this time. tucked him fairly under his right arm, thrust his own hip back of the others and obtained a perfect cross buttock hold. But Kilrain by a desperate effort wrenched free just as Sullivan heaved and hopped away with a stinging right hook to the jaw. The champion went after him hard and in several exchanges got his left lightly to the neck, pressing on in a slashing attack until Kilrain went down to avoid punishment.
SULLIVAN IN ACTION
Sullivan opened the fifth round feinting left. Kilrain retreated hastily and when Sullivan followed missed a lunge at the head.Sullivan let go one of his terrific right swings, but missed, and Kilrain countering lightly to the neck, went down to save himself. In the next session after some sparring and chasing on the part of the champion, Sullivan smashed his left swiftly to the jaw.they clinched and fell heavily, Sullivan on top. Kilrain was carried to his corner by his seconds, but Sullivan refused assistance. Kilrain's friends were now anxiously expectant of some demonstration on his part, and the challenger waded into the seventh round ready to give it to them.after some play he threw himself to a clinch and then fought out of it with clever short arm work to the ribs .drubbing Sullivan two for one and stopping Sullivan’s clumsy returns . Side stepping a desperate drive, he swept back with a ripping right to the right ear, laying it open and drawing first crimson before he went down to avoid trouble .it was a minute and a half round, Kilrain's all the way.
7th round action
The champion bore his fearsome ogre grin as he rushed for the eighth round. streaked with red from the last blow, his bristling black hair on end and his lips drawn back savagely he presented a terrifying spectacle. an effect of which he was fully aware. He came at Kilrain like a mad bull, delivered his pounding left like a sledge hammer upon the others guard, broke it and drove a merry dance Kilrain was hard put to it to avoid the raging danger and tripped a heart breaking measure as Sullivan come on whirling out repeatedly with his left.
9th round action
Kilrain finally made a plucky attempt to stand and Sullivan was on him like a cyclone, snapping his guard again with the terrific, chopping left and hurtling through with one of his irresistible right drives that caught Kilrain full on the mouth and sent him weaving and staggering to fall- near the ropes. It was the first knockdown blow of the battle, after two minutes of fighting, and was duly recorded to his credit, while the crowd went wild with yelling. This was what most of them had come to see; this was Sullivan at his best, a terror of the ring, an offensive hitter such as the game never knew before. The severe lesson was not lost on Kilrain, and from this point on, except for rare flashes of aggression, be fought the shiftiest way he knew, avoiding that terrible right as he would destruction. In the next session, which lasted only thirty seconds, he did little but run around the ring dropping to escape another charge. he came up for the tenth with a very serious face and Immediately dodged away from the scratch before a blow was delivered. Sullivan, grinning wrathfully, shouted after him. "Stand up and fight like a man. I'm not a sprinter, I'm a fighter.” The taunt and the jeers from the crowd brought the challenger back and Sullivan made a pass at him, falling short. Kilrain countered fairly to the body, but his heart was not In the blow. Sullivan sprang upon him as he began another retreat and they clinched against the ropes where the champion worked a slashing right on the ribs. Kilrain finally planted a back heel and won the fall, landing on top.
It was Sullivan to the fore again in the eleventh round, leading with a long drive to the chin Kilrain met him with a tap to the neck and a vicious swing to the body, which he followed by rushing into grips.he fought out of the clinch with a reaping slash to the ribs, but Sullivan had his distance and clubbed right to the neck that sent Kilrain spinning.
THE MIGHTY BLOWS
Sulliavan did some remarkable fast footwork pressing his advantage and getting in with a second right swing to the same place .the challenger made desperate efforts to escape but Sullivan was in full career and backed him around the circle with flailing arms until cornering Kilrain he was again able to send his right forearm smashing through like a gigantic club to the side of the neck. Kilrain was swept of his feet and showed signs of distress as he was borne to his corner. Sullivan unhurt save for the cut on the ear, though a trifle winded, emphasized his readiness in characteristic fashion by refusing to sit down in his corner and watching the frantic efforts of Kilrain’s attendants with a mocking leer.
Kilrain bustled through a brief mix up in the twelfth session and tried to hug, but Sullivan fought him off with a rocking smash to the side of the head .the challenger seemed to have a better chance. The champion refused as long as possible and kept lashing out with his right, Kilrain cleverly ducking the blows and pressing in until he succeeded in catching his hold. After a vain attempt to score a fall he broke unexpectedly and reaped a snappy left to the head, then closed again. They wrestled hard and went down together, Sullivan on top, with his left arm locked about his man's throat.
That invaluable aid to Sullivan's peculiar tactics, his temper, was now at its customary long leash, lending verisimilitude to his bogeyman make-up. He opened the thirteenth by jamming through his right to the ribs, taking a light jolt to the body. In a rally Kilrain spiked Sullivan on the foot. The sharp pain set Sullivan raging, and he was all over Kilrain to a mad rush, hammering repeatedly to the chest arid ribs with. straight driving smashes. Kilrain blocked fast and- gave ground until, as Sullivan wrenched around and over with the spent force of futile swing, he sprang into the opening with his best blow of the fight thus far, a crashing right swing to the neck. The check was determined and staggered Sullivan for,an instant. As he recovered and came on again Kilrain met him in a hot rally and went to grass to save himself.
In the fourteenth round Sullivan forced the pace, Kilrain hitting him low on retreat and taking a hard smash to the neck. When Kilrain clinched Sullivan slipped and went down under ,the ropes. Kilrain began his sprinting again in the fifteenth, and Sullivan again called him to come and fight. The challenger came up missed a pass at the stomach and took a thumper to the ribs. As Sullivan tried again, driving a hard right Kilrain dodged and, rushing low, forced the champion against the ropes, without damage Sullivan, regaining his balance, whirled with right and left at his man, backing him into his corner and around again, while Kilrain continued to duck and run away. "Why can't you fight like a man ?" was Sullivan's reiterated complaint, until Kilrain, came back with a plucky rush, meeting left and right to ribs and jaw and fighting into a short arm melee, where Sullivan so decisively mastered him that he fell to escape.
Kilrain opened the nest session by leading neatly to the ribs and skipping away, which moved Sullivan to remark, "You fight just like Mitchell." After some slow sparring Kilrain slammed a snappy one to the body and they mixed at half arm wildly. Kilrain broke away and retreated, Sullivan rushing to a clinch and winning the fall. When the champion opened the seventeenth with a feint Kilrain showed his respect by skipping clear across the ring. Sullivan followed and they came to grips. Kilrain was able to lay Sullivan's right cheek open with a clever uppercut before they fell together.
In the next round Kilrain hurriedly slipped down before a blow was struck, but a claim of foul was disallowed. He threw himself to close quarters at opening the nineteenth and hugged desperately, which led the champion to taunt him again. "You're no fighter, you're a wrestler," snarled Sullivan, whereat Kilrain broke and sent in a crashing right to the ribs. Sullivan flailed at him with the right, but "Jake" was not there, and the champion, in a flare of anger, charged after him, driving him around the ring. Kilrain went down under a grazing swing- to save himself.
THE END NEARER.
For the next six rounds Kilrain was busy hopping around the ring and seeking grass at the first opportunity, perfectly legitimate tactics under the rules after a blow had been struck, but not at all to the liking of the crowd or of Sullivan, who thundered scorn and defiance. The heat was terribly oppressive and the men blistered in the sun, but the champion showed no slackening. Beyond some distress of wind -he had not suffered, while Kilrain was considerably battered and appeared to lack his earlier spring. In the twentv- sixth round he made a sudden spurt, checking his usual retreat with a flashing parry and right drive that smacked hard to the body. The blow stopped Sullivan's advance and Kilrain ran to grips, throwing Sullivan for a heavy fall, while his backers, who had long been silent, cheered again.
Kilrain opened the next session well, jamming another jarring drive to the ribs and clinching. The champion fought him off and launched a half circle that caught Kilrain at the back of the neck as the challenger twisted away. Sullivan then swept a reaper to the ribs, took a light tap to the head and cross-countered heavily to the neck, knocking Kilrain down.
For the next three rounds Kilrain got down as soon as possible, and in the following four he was knocked down. He was putting up a great fight and a clever one, landing shrewdly and freely. But no blow he could land seemed to bother Sullivan in the least, and the champion forced consistently, boring and flailing without remission. In the thirty-fifth round Sullivan threw him, and in the next knocked him down again.
In the thirty-seventh Kilrain sent a light tap to the head and ran away to the ropes. Instead of pursuing Sullivan folded his arms at the scratch and waited, while the crowd jeered and hissed Kilrain. This was rather unfair to the challenger, who was proving himself the gamest, most courageous and skilful opponent Sullivan had ever faced. He came back under the taunts, jabbed again and again skipped away. Sullivan still waited at the scratch, calling to him. until Kilrain jumped into a clinch, drubbed John's ribs and was overborne in his own corner.
In the thirty-eighth session, which lasted four and a half minutes, Kilrain continued to retreat until the referee, acting on repeated appeals from Sullivan, told the challenger that he must stand up and fight. He had no authority to issue this command under the rules, and Kilrain. was plainly within his rights. Sullivan had no just grievance. If he could not catch his man the burden was on him. But Kilrain showed his spirit again by acting as best he could on the order, in spite of the discouraging hostility of the crowd. He fought into a clinch and went down. The tide continued Sullivan's way for the next five rounds, claims of fouls on both sides being ignored.
Sullivan's stomach, his one weak spot, failed him in the forty-fifth round as the result of the heat and terrific strain, and Kilrain would have spared him, as he appeared to be helpless. Kilrain even offered to call the battle a draw. Sullivan's answer was an index to his ruthless, unyielding nature. He sprang at Kilrain as they stood near the scratch and knocked him down with a tremendous drive to the body, in the next session Kilrain led heavily to the neck and went down under a rib searcher. A determined claim of foul was made here by Kilrain's attendants, who declared that Sullivan had jumped on Kilrain as he lay helpless. Many in the crowd backed this assertion, but the referee ordered the men to proceed.
The next round was very brief. In the forty-seventh Kilrain rallied again and planted a smashing right to the stomach. But he lacked the strength to" follow up and Sullivan threw him easily. From the forty-eighth to the sixty-seventh Kilrain continued to run and shift, getting down whenever Sullivan reached him. In this period he and his friends pinned their lessening hopes to the earlier belief that Sullivan could not last a wearing fight. But the belief faded and finally disappeared as the struggle drew on. Sullivan was somewhat blown and weary, but his lead over Kilrain increased steadily. While Kilrain still got through good blows occasionally they lacked steam, and the champion was pounding steadily on with his drives and crushing clubbed swings.
In the sixty-eighth round Kilrain dodged away and Sullivan followed closely, hammering at the ribs. Kilrain stood and Sullivan feinted. Kilrain was falling to save himself when Sullivan caught him a staggering uppercut that lifted him away, to collapse helplessly. It was the final blow to Kilrain's chances, but for seven more rounds he tottered and fumbled through the motions, prolonging his brave effort to the utmost limit of endurance. When he went down under, a light rap in the seventy fifth round he could do no more. Mitchell went over to the champion's corner and once more proposed a draw. On Sullivan's scornful refusal "Mike" Donovan walked to the centre and tossed up the sponge in spite of Kilrain's weak protests. The act was wise and met with the approval of the crowd, which gave Sullivan an ovation to the extent of Its remaining lung power.
Thus ended the last championship fight with bare knuckles under the London Prize Ring rules. It left John L. Sullivan champion under those rules, an honor never wrested from him.
Source: ?
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History Worth Repeating
1742, London, England. Jack Broughton's (English champion for 18 years) amphitheatre built behind Oxford Road. (He introduces padded gloves and rules of boxing - Niles Weekly Register, Baltimore, 1823; Published by Hezekia Niles 1811-1849).
Wednesday, April 11, 1750. Was fought the grand boxing match between the famous Broughton, owner of the amphitheatre, hiterto invincible, and Slack the butcher of Norwich; before they began, Broughton gave Slack 10 guineas to fight him according to his promise, which Slack immediately betted against 100 guineas offer'd against him. The first 2 minutes the odds were 20 to 1 on Broughtons head, but Slack soon recovering himself beat his adversary blind, and following his blows obtain'd a compleat victory in 14 minutes, to the great mortification of the knowing ones, who were finely taken in, particularly a peer of the first rank, who betting 10 to 1 lost 1000 L. The money received at the door was besides 200 tickets at a guinea, and half a guinea each, and as the battle was for the whole house, 'tis thought that the victor cleared 600 L.
Gentleman's Magazine, Volume 20: Historical Chronicle, April 1750, p. 184.
1790, Schools opened in England to teach boxing.
1791, London, England. Daniel Mendoza opens at the Lyceum in the Strand.
Lewis, Charlton T., ed. Harper's Book of Facts. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1906. [London Times column from January 1, 1790 contradicts date - T.M.Byrd]
January 31, 1811, Boxing, Etc.- A most sanguinary battle for 100 guineas, and a subscription purse of twenty, in imitation of the London amateurs, was fought on Monday, in the presence of an immense concourse of spectators at Hazely common, Hants, between an Oxfordshire man of the name of Woodcock, and a professional bruiser of fame in the county of Somerset of the name of Tring, who was backed by the amateur Capt. Hicks. In the first round which lasted four minutes, Tring was knocked down after a dreadful conflict, and the two sebsequent rounds were as courageously maintained. In the fourth round both combatants were blind, and they fought in that state twenty minutes, when Tring[e] got a broken jaw, and was beaten nearly lifeless.
A fatal pugilistic contest took place on Wednesday sevennight, at Rollestone, near Burton upon Trent, in the county of Stafford. On the preceding evening, Charles Beale, a farmer from Strenton, and Stringer Tonks, a basket-maker, of Repton, having quarrelled, agreed to meet the next day at Rollestone, to decide their dispute. The constable of the parish was present as stakeholder! The combatants fought with a determination and courage seldom witnessed, until the 31st round, when Tonks struck Beale a dreadful blow under the ear, and death terminated the fight.
(Plattsburgh) Republican, Vol. 1, No. 8, Friday, May 31, 1811, p. 2
November 22, 1811, Impromptu - On the death of James Belcher, the pugilist, after a lingering illness.
Jem so many stout bruisers had tired out of breath,
Then, after long training, he set to with DEATH;
But in the last round, the grim king with a grin,
Hit Jem on the gullet, and Jemmy gave in.
(Plattsburgh) Republican, Volume 1, Number 33, Friday, November 22, 1811 , p. 3.
1816 - First distinct match in the United States was that of Jacob Hyer (father of Tom Hyer - see February 7, 1849) and Thomas Beasley (claims American heavyweight championship), who parted as friends.
Lewis, Charlton T., ed., Harper's Book of Facts. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1906.
July 26, 1817, "Late From Europe" from the New York Advertiser
Pugilism - In consequence of two deaths by prize fighting, vigorous measures have been taken in London to put a stop to this demoralizaing practice, which the papers inform us is favorable to thieves and pickpockets.
Plattsburgh Republican, Volume VII, Number 17, Saturday, July 26, 1817, p. 2
August 23, 1817 - Argus (Albany, New York) Summary
The lovers of sport in London were agreeably entertained not long since by two of their best boxers. They had the satisfaction of seeing one of these fellows maul his antagonist so severely that he died in a few minutes.
Plattsburgh Republican, Volume VII, Number 21, Saturday, August 23, 1817, p. 2
December 6, 1817, Argus (Albany, New York) Summary
A young man was killed the other day in New York (City), in a boxing match.
Plattsburgh Republican, Volume VII, Number 36, Saturday, December 6, 1817, p. 2
March 15, 1823. "The Champion Again" - Tom Crib [British heavyweight champion - 1805 -1811?] - the upright and down-right - or the down and the upright Tom Crib, made his bow before the magistrate yesterday, as the friend and protector of the helpless and the stranger, in the person of the little German dwarf, John Hauptman. This little fellow John Hauptman, whose extreme altitude is only 40 inches, obtained a living during many years by hiring himself out as an exhibition to itinerant showmen. But his day has long gone by - other and more youthful dwarfs have superseded him in the public favour; poverty was pressing heavily on his little head, when, in the midst of his destitution, accident led him to the hospitable fireside of Tom Crib. The gallant Champion listened to his still, small tale of wo(e), cheered his little frame with the comforts of his bar and his larder, and told him he was welcome to stay at the "Union Arms" till he could find a better shelter. He has now continued to reside there many months; and nothing can give greater offence to the Champion than an insult offerd to the dwarf. It seems, however, that a drunken hackney-coach master, named Beckett, during the Champion's absence from home on Monday afternoon, not only insulted the little fellow, but encouraged his son, a lad of about ten years old, to beat him; and for this outrage on his protege the Champion now sought redress. Upon his information, a warrant was issued against Beckett and his son, and yesterday they were brought before the magistrate to answer for it. The fullspread, towering, hero of the ring, entered the office leading his tiny friend by the hand; and he and the lad hav(ing) been placed side by side on a stool before the bench, the Champion stated what he had heard of the transaction, adding - "The little fellow has no friend in the world but me, your Worship, and hang it if I would not rather nave been beat myself." "That would not have been so easy a matter, Mr. Crib," observed his worship, and directed the dwarf to be sworn. The little fellow then gave a very humble and modest account of the affair. He said, in tolerable English, that he was very sorry anybody should be troubled on his account; but Mr. Beckett would not be satisfied unless he would fight with the boy and because he would not, he urged the boy on till he knocked him down by a blow on de mout, which cut him var mosh, and hurt him a good deal. The lad merely pulled out his shirt frill in reply, and the father delivered his defense thus: "It was the brandy and water that did it, your worship; I'll tell the truth: it was the brandy and water sure enough. I have known Mr. Crib years." - "And that's one reason you ought not to have taken advantage of my absence, to insult a poor little fellow you knew I cared so much for" - observed the kindhearted Champion; and the hackneyman held his peace. The magistrate, after having warmly commended (on) the conduct of both the Champion and dwarf, directed the hackneyman to find bail for the assault.
Plattsburgh Republican, Volume XII, Number 51, Saturday, March 15, 1823, p. 4
June 8, 1824, in England. Tom Winter (nicknamed "Spring"), besides other victories, beat Langan - for 1,000 pds.
Lewis, Charlton T., ed. Harper's Book of Facts. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1906.
1835, John Gully, butcher, prize-fighter - M.P. for Pontefract, South York 1835. Died March 9, 1863.
Lewis, Charlton T., ed. Harper's Book of Facts. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1906.
February 7, 1849, "The Great Prize Fight Between Tom Hyer and Yankee Sullivan" [Englishman Frank Ambrose Murray, who came to New York City in 1841]. This great prize fight (for the championship of America) took place on Wednesday the 7th instant (of this month), at Roach's Point, on the Chesapeake; Kent County, Maryland.
The Plattsburgh Republican, Volume XXXIX, Number 32, Saturday, February 17, 1849, p. 2
October 22, 1851, "A Brutal Outrage in Broadway" - We learn that at an early hour yesterday moring, two noted pugilists entered Florence's Hotel, corner of Broadway and Howard street, and without any provocation seized the bar-keeper and beat his face to a jelly. It appears that Thomas Hyer, William Poole, and several others entered the above hotel, and while one of the party held Charles Owens (the bar-keeper) by the hair of his head, another of the gang beat him in the face to such an extent that his left eye was completely ruined and the flesh of his cheek mangled in the most shocking manner. After thus accommplishing the heartless act, all of them made an effort to find Mr. John Florence, the proprietor of the hotel, with a view of serving him in the same manner, but not succedding in their latter design, they found the hat of Mr. Florence and wantonly cut it into strips, and trampled it under their feet. The desperadoes then left the house, and in the meantime Mr. Owens was placed under medical attendance, and in the course of a short time he proceeded to the Jefferson Market Police, in company with Mr. Florence, where they made their affidavits respecting the inhuman outrage, upon which Justice Blakeley issued his warrants for Hyer, Poole, and such of the others who were concerned in the affair, and the same were placed in the hands of officer Baldwin for service. Since the above was written we have been reliably informed that the affray originated from the fact of the barkeeper having refused them drinks, after they had been furnished with them twice in succession.
New York Daily Times, Volume 1, Number 31, Thursday, October 23, 1851, p. 1
January 6, 1852, "A Prize Fight" - We learn that extensive preparations are being made within the sporting circles of our city to attend a great prize fight, which is to come off this day, between Awful Gardener and Dublin Tricks, for a stake of $1,000 on each side. The place selected for this brutal combat is either in Westchester County or some part of the State of Connecticut, and tickets for the excursion and admittance to the fight were selling last night for $5 each. Cannot the authorities of this county or the one in which this bloody scene is to be enacted, take some immediate measures to put a stop to the affair and arrest the participators?
New York Daily Times, Tuesday, January 6, 1852, p. 1
October 12, 1853, "Yankee" Sullivan and John Morrissey fought at Boston Corners, New York - Sullivan defeated. [Sullivan went to California; was arrested by the vigilance commitee in 1856, and died in prison]
Lewis, Charlton T., ed. Harper's Book of Facts. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1906.
Sporting Intelligence - The $2,000 Prize Fight. Yankee Sullivan vs John Morrissey. Thirty-seven Rounds Fought. A Row in and Around the Ring. Dispute as to whom is the Victor.
The excitement was intense during yesterday and last night, in all parts of the City, respecting the great prize fight for a wager of $2,000, between James, or "Yankee" Sullivan and John Morrissey, that was known by certain sporting gents, to have taken place in the interior of Putnam County, New York, bordering on the States of Massachusetts and Vermont. The news spread around the city, to the effect, that the pugilists had been captured by the authorities of some county where they were passing through, but such persons who were posted in this ring contest disclaimed the rumor, and before 12 o'clock, noon, it was ascertained positively that the pugilistic encounter would certainly come off between the hours of 11 o'clock A.M. and 3 P.M., at the ground selected, near Boston Four Corners, on the line of the New-York and Harlem Railroad, about one hundred miles distant from this City. The trains of the Harlem Road were densely crowded on Tuesday afternoon, and yesterday morning, with hundreds of persons, whose curiosity was excited to such a pitch, as to prompt them to abandon their business, families, and all else, for the purpose of witnessing the brutal exhibition in the ring, between the two human beings above named. The cars were, accordingly, heavily laden with passengers, and it is estimated that over three thousand persons from New-York, Brooklyn, Williamsburgh, Jersey City, and surrounding places, left by Railway between the hours of 12 o'clock, M., on Tuesday, and 6 o'clock, A.M., yesterday morning. Last night, all sorts of rumors were afloat in the City as to the result of the combat, and bets were made, varying from $100 to $500, that the fight had not taken place, all of which are of course lost, as the battle was fought, without any attempt, as far as we could learn, of interference by the authorities of the County in which the disgusting scene was enacted. The spot selected for the fight, was a large open lot in the County of Putnam, which is situated on land that seemed to be disputed territory, between this State and Massachusetts, as persons residing in both States claim to be the owners. This being a nice point; it was taken into due consideration by the pugilists and their friends, and accordingly taken advantage of. At the arrival of the Harlem and Hudson River Railroad trains, last night the depot stations were besieged by crowds of persons anxiously inquiring as to the result of the contest. No information of a reliable character could be obtained up to near midnight, but "they did not give it up so," and when the Albany express train arrived, the news of the encounter, was sounded in all directions, and SULLIVAN proclaimed by his friends to be the victor of the fight. Others, who were favorable towards MORRISSEY, declared that he had won the battle, and received a decision in his favor by the Judges and Referee. It appears the pugilists met on the ground at 11 o'clock yesterday morning, amidst an assemblage of some four or five thousand persons, and nothing occurred to disturb them; the ring was formed and they were brought forth by their seconds, who were as follows: For SULLIVAN, ANDEE SHEEHAN, of the Fourth Ward, and WM. WILSON.>
For MORRISSEY, AWFUL GARDNER and TOM O'DONNELL. The favorite was Morrissey, $100 to $70, and in some instances $100 to $50, before they came to blows. They were both in good condition, and the six weeks training appeared to have improved each of them in both appearance and strength. They walked up face to face, good naturedly smiled, and took their positions apparently in the best feeling. They squared off, and the first blood was drawn by SULLIVAN with a swift tap on MORRISSEY's nose. He followed up his blows in quick succession, and the first round created considerable excitement among the spectators. The rounds were continued on to the Thirty-seventh, occupying fifty-five minutes, when MORRISSEY became very weak, and a general row was the result. Some persons rushed inside of the ring, and several of them received some severe punishment. The only blows SULLIVAN received was about the right side of his face, principally on his cheek bone, and the eye was much swollen.
The face of MORRISSEY was frightfully mutilated, and it is said by those who witnessed the affair, that he also received numerous severe blows on the body, which will no doubt render him disable for a long time.
There is now a dispute as to who was victorious in the contest, and we learn the Judges decided in favor MORRISSEY on the ground of "foul blows," and "not coming to time," &c, &c.
This decision is, however, claimed to be wrong by the opponents of it, and the stake-holder (Jim Hughes) was advised not to give up the $2,000 prize, which he has held in gold coin since the match was made.
It is rumored that SULLIVAN has agreed to place $1,000 additional to the sum already up, and fight the battle over again for the $4,000, in one day or sixty days.
There will probably be great excitement eventually grow(ing) out of this whole matter, on and in half a dozen prize fights.
New-York Daily Times, Vol. III, No. 646, Thursday, October 13, 1853, p. 1
July 27, 1854, Bill Poole, of New York City, defeated John Morrissey, at Amos Dock, New York. [Louis Baker, a friend of Morrissey, shot Poole mortally on February 24, 1855, at Stanwix Hall, 579 Broadway, New York City and took the brig Isabella Jewett for the Canary Islands. George Law, Sr., furnished the clipper ship Grapeshot for pursuit, which intercepted the Jewett April 17, 1855. Baker was brought back and tried, but the jury failed to convict. Poole, who died March 8, 1855, represented the "American" or "Know-nothing" element in New York City, and his funeral, March 11, was largely attended.]
Lewis, Charlton T., ed. Harper's Book of Facts. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1906.
The details of a brutal encounter between noted pugilists occupy space in our columns to-day. The circumstances attending the affair were marked by features of unusual atrocity. It is strange that the Police, who are said to have been cognizant of the preliminary indications, should have permitted this demonstration to transpire, as it did, in broad day, and the very heart of the City.
New-York Daily Times, Vol. III, No. 892, Friday, July 28, 1854, p. 4
Sporting Intelligence - A Prize Fight between John Morrissey and William Poole - Morrissey Terribly Beaten and Left Friendless. The Origin of the Battle - Censorable Conduct of the Ninth Ward Police.
Great excitement was occasioned yesterday in all parts of the City, in consequence of a brutal rough and tumble fight, which took place between the noted pugilists, John Morrissey and William Poole, at the long Steamboat Wharf, foot of Amos street, North River. It appears that for a long time past, POOLE and "Jim" Hughes have been at variance, and during Wednesday afternoon they accidentally met at the City Hotel, corner of Broadway and Howard street, where the matter was amicably arranged. While they were drinking at the bar to renew their friendship, MORRISSEY came in, accompanied by a number of friends. As he approached the counter he looked up and exclaimed, "HUGHES, are you going to give up that stake money that I won on the fight with SULLIVAN?" Mr. HUGHES replied, "I'll give it up when you convince me you won the fight, and not before." To this MORRISSEY made some sarcastic reply.
Meanwhile POOLE stood still, looking intently at MORRISSEY, and finally remarked in a loud tone, "HUGHES, don't you give it up to him; spend it for rum before you give it to that ~~~~~~." This action on the part of POOLE enraged MORRISSEY, and he retaliated by telling POOLE that he nor any other man should spend his money. The parties then entered into an exceedingly rough argument, when MORRISSEY asked him to fight; POOLE said he would not, that MORRISSEY was too big for him, but if MORRISSEY would bring himself to an equal weight, he would fight him. MORRISSEY said that he did not fight that way; but he had seen the time when he could lick him any way he could name, and then wanted to know how he would fight. POOLE said he would fight with knives. At this answer, MORRISSEY called POOLE aside and told him that he had tried to avoid fighting in that way as much as possible, but as it was his wish he would do it. MORRISSEY then offered to go to Canada, each one to take a friend. This POOLE would not do. MORRISSEY then getting rather excited, told POOLE that he thought he was not doing the fair thing, and that he would like to fight him. POOLE feeling rather vexed at this last answer, said that MORRISSEY had spent half his time in State Prison, and used harsh language. This led to some hard words on the part of MORRISSEY, who offered to bet one thousand dollars to fifty dollars that he could whip POOLE, and offered to fight him within twenty-four hours, at any place he named. This POOLE would not agree to. MORRISSEY then offered to bet him fifty dollars that he dare not meet him in the morining at 7 o'clock, and fight. This POOLE agreed to; and it was settled to meet on the following morning at the foot of Amos street, North River. The match being made bona fide, the parties separated and Mr. POOLE immediately proceeded to Hoboken with a few friends, to stay for the night, to avoid being arrested. At an early hour in the morning, POOLE was up and dressed, and to use his own language, "felt like a race-horse."
News of the intention of POOLE and MORRISSEY to fight spread like wildfire among the sporting hours during the evening, and heavy bets were made as to the result of the encounter. At 6 1/2 o'clock in the morning a crowd had assembled on Amos street wharf to witness the affray. There could not have been less then three hundred persons present during the progress of the fight, consisting mainly of the "fancy," and the friends and admirers of POOLE and MORRISSEY. A little before 7 o'clock POOLE was rowed up to the dock in a small boat. There were no seconds or bottle-holders, it being understood that the fight was to be what is termed a "rough and tumble" - the advantage, of course, being in favor of the man who first got his opponent down. Prize-fighers being usually before rather than behind time, (as the time had now reached 6 1/2) the prediction was expressed that MORRISSEY would not appear - that he had managed to be arrested by the Police, &c, &c. POOLE expressed a wish that he would come - that he "would fight him like a man" - and thought d~~~~d sight more of the fight than of the money.
In a few moments, however, all doubt was abandoned, as MORRISSEY walked down the dock, stripped for the occasion, where his antagonist stood to receive him. As he approached, the crowd opened to the right and left, and the shout went up, "Stand back! Let the two men meet!" To this some attention was paid, (perhaps as much as usual in such a fight,) when the parties met, "eagar for the fray." He said, where is POOLE? Here I am, exclaimed POOLE< and both squared, and each eyed his antagonist with a kind of calculating ferocity, moving about for a chance for a half minute, when morrissey put out his left hand, and simultaneously poole dropped, seized his adversary about the body and threw him. in this position they remained, poole uppermost, for about five minutes, when morrissey said, "enough," and the usual shout went up and the parties were speedily separated. the crowd, fearing the police would capture them all, hastily made their way off in various directions, and poole left in the same small boat he came across the river with.
MORRISSEY, supported by two strangers, left the ground apparently severely injured. Poor MORRISSEY was weakened to such a degree, that he required assistance to get him on his feet at the close of the encounter. His main friend, JOHNNY LING, had in the meantime attempted to draw a revolver from his pocket, but before he could accomplish it one of POOLE'S friends knocked him down. The fight now became general, and for a time the wharf was a scene of the wildest confusion. The friends of POOLE being very numerous, beat MORRISSEY'S friends dreadfully, and LING was taken away almost insensible, and quite prostrated from the great loss of blood. MORRISSEY was then left entirely destitute of friends to aid him in getting home. He finally got into a coach, and was driven to his house in Leonard street, near West Broadway, where he was attended by skillful physicians. He presented a shocking spectacle, and scarely could any of his friends recognize him. His eyes were closed and one of them was found to be gouged from one end of the socket, which injury will probably impair his sight for life. There were large bunches on all parts of his head. His face above and below the eyes is blackened by violent blows given on the bridge of his nose. There is a hole in his cheek, and his lips are chawed up in a frightful manner. He also sustained fearful injuries about his breast, arms, and back, where POOLE kicked him with heavy cow hide boots after he halloed enough. So severe are MORRISSEY'S injuries, that (it) is very doubtful whether he walks in the street for the next six months.
Account By An Eye-Witness - Subjoined we give an account of the brutal affair, furnished by a person who witnessed it. He says:
"Yesterday morning, about 7 o'clock, an encounter took place between JOHN MORRISSEY and WILLIAM POOLE on the pier at the foot of Amos street, North River. For some time past MORRISSEY has entertained the idea of attaining the unenviable notority attached to a fighting man. He has frequently challenged HYER to meet him in the ring and settle their animosities by a fisticuff battle. HYER"S good judgment, however, has deterred him from participating in such disgraceful business. It appears that on Wednesday night MORRISSEY and POOLE met in a public house on Broadway. Words ensued relative to the respective merits of HYER and MORRISSEY. The latter offered a wager of fifty dollars to Mr. POOLE that he dared not meet him at 7 o'clock, the next morning, he (MORRISSEY) giving POOLE the choice of ground. POOLE immediately accepted the proposition, and the money was posted. Mr. POOLE, as far as regards size and weight, is much the inferior to MORRISSEY, but he possesses more activity, and is considered a tremendous "rough and tumble" fighter. Some time before the hour arrived for the meeting, POOLE appeared on the pier with a large number of his friends, and offered to bet $3,000 with Mr. ALBURTIS, who was on the pier, that he could whip MORRISSEY or any other man in the world except TOM HYER: that he felt in super fine condition, and if MORRISSEY dared to show his face he would drum him off the dock, or any one else who interfered with him. No one, however, felt disposed to accept his wager.
At 6 1/2 o'clock, MORRISSEY was seen coming down Amos street unattended and exclaimed, "Where is POOLE?" On being answered that he was on the pier, took off his coat, without taking the precaution of unbuttoning his shirt collar, until reminded to do so by one of his friends, he immediately repaired there. POOLE stood ready to meet him. MORRISSEY struck out - a clinch ensued - MORRISSEY falling heavily with POOLE on top and who took advantage of his positon to deal tremendous blows on MORRISSEY's face, and before they had fought five minutes, MORRISSEY cried "enough." POOLE jumped into his boat, lying at the dock, and rowed away, while MORRISSEY, considerably chop-fallen and awfully bruised and beaten, was obliged to leave the ground amid the jeers and hootings of the assemblage. POOLE also said that he intended to go on an excursion at 7 o'clock, (meaning of course the fight,) that it was the last he expected to take and was only waiting for the boat to arrive but had some doubts whether it would stop at the pier to take him, as that was the last stopping-place. The fight was of very short duration. As soon as they clinched, the crowd gathered around, and it was almost impossible for any one except those within a foot of the belligerents to witness the conflict, which was over in five minutes after the first blow was struck. MORRISSEY left the scene in a light waggon, without a friend to attend to him, and drove off."
New-York Daily Times, Vol. III, No. 892, July 28, 1854, p. 8
February 24, 1855 - Terrible Shooting Affray in Broadway - Bill Poole Fatally Wounded - The Morrissey and Poole Feud - Renewal of Hostilities - Several Persons Severely Wounded.
Broadway, in the vicinity of Prince and Houston-streets, was the scene of an exciting shooting affair about 1 o'clock yesterday morning, which is but a repetition of a similar occurrence that transpired a few weeks ago under Wallack's Theatre between TOM HYER, LEWIS BAKER, JIM TURNER and several other noted pugilists. It appears that about 9 o'clock on Saturday evening, JOHN MORRISSEY and a gang of ruffians entered a saloon at No. 579 Broadway, called the Stanwix Hall, where they met BILL POOLE. As might be expected, an altercation took place. The proprietor of the saloon, Mr. Dean, immediately gave information of the disturbance at the Eight Ward Station-house, and a platoon of Police was forthwith sent to the house, and they succeeded in quieting the belligerents. The crowd then dispersed and went in various directions, though seemingly bent on having a row. They returned to Stanwix Hall just after midnight, where they again encountered POOLE and made a murderous attack upon him. The party was headed by the notorious Californian, JIM TURNER, and was followed by a butcher named CHARLES VAN PELT, PATRICK MCLAUGHLIN, alias "Pargene," (who is now under $5,000 bail for an attempted murder the night prior to the election last Fall,) C. LINN,
should fight! and as POOLE was pushing Pargene away, the Californian interfered, while Pargene spit in POOLE's face. This was about to be resented by POOLE, when TURNER aimed a six-barreled revolver at his head, crying out, "Come, draw your weapon," or words to that effect. Scarcely a minute elapsed before TURNER fired, but as he did so he raised his arm and received himself the full charge which was intended for POOLE. He fired off another barrel at POOLE, and the slug took effect in POOLE'S left leg, which weakened him to such a degree that he staggered and fell on the floor. At this moment BAKER jumped on top of POOLE, exclaiming, "I'll put you out of the way now." BAKER was also seen to fire off a pistol in the crowd, but it is not known upon whom the contents took effect. POOLE cried to them not to murder him, but the mob paid but little attention. He was beaten and kicked in a horrible manner. The Police finally came and attempted to arrest the offenders, but failed in the effort, and both MORRISSEY and BAKER are still at large. Meanwhile, POOLE was placed in a carriage and conveyed to his residence in Charles-street, where his wounds were examined by a surgeon, but without finding the ball. Last evening POOLE was visited by Dr. CASTENY, under direction of Coroner HILTON, who thought it might be necessary to hold an ante-mortem examination. The physician returned and reported that POOLE was entirely out of danger.
A young man named CHARLES LOZIER received a pistol shot in the back during the affray, which will confine him to his room for several weeks.
BAKER, one of the assailants, was also shot in the breast, but effected his escape.
About daylight Capt. TURNBULL succeeded in arresting TURNER, Pargene and VAN PELT, at JOHNNY LYNG'S gambling-house, in Canal-street, and they were locked up by order of Justice BRENNAN. Yesterday afternoon an investigation into the facts of the affray was commenced at the Second District Police Court, where the affidavits of some dozen witnesses were taken, but none of them are of sufficient importance to publish at length. In connection with the account above given, we annex the testimony of Mr. DEAN, the proprietor of Stanwix Hall, where the shooting took place.
THE AFFIDAVIT OF JOHN E. DEAN - John E. Dean, sworn, says: I am keeper of the saloon at No. 579 Broadway, called Stanwix Hall; about 20 minutes after 12 o'clock last night, James Turner, Patrick McLoughlin, alias Pargene, Louis Baker, Charles Van Pelt, and Cornelius Linn, came into my house at the time Poole was standing against the counter, when Pargene approached him, and asked him "Who could lick him," and continued, "Come out doors and fight him;" Poole answered, "You are not worth fighting;" Pargene then seized hold of Poole and insisted upon him to fight; at this period Turner took hold of Pargene and asked him to let go of Poole; Pargene then spit in Poole's face; Turner then pulled his pistol, and exclaimed "Draw;" Poole then stood at the end of the counter, and Pargene was squaring off; Turner then presented his pistol at Poole and fired it off; the charge entered Turner's arm and he fired again; the contents of the pistol on the second firing entered Poole's leg, and he staggered and fell upon the floor; Lewis Baker then fell on top of Poole; I sent for the police, but the fracas was all over when they got there; I saw Baker fire off a pistol, but did not see who the contents struck.
Since writing the above, we understand that MORRISSEY was taken in custody, but afterwards released by a police officer for some unexplained cause. The Chief of Police has expressed his dissatisfaction at such a proceeding, and is determined to call the policeman to account.
The Chief of Police and several of the "Shadows" were engaged in council to a late hour last night, devising ways and means for the arrest of the guilty party. POSTSCRIPT - 2 1/2 A. M. - Our reporter has just returned from POOLE'S residence in Christopher-street. POOLE is much worse than in the early part of the evening. The surgeons have not yet succeeded in extracting the ball from his chest, - they say he cannot recover.
New York Daily Times, Vol. IV, No. 1074, Monday, February 26, 1855, p. 1
March 8, 1855 - The Pugilists' Encounter - Death of William Poole - Post-Mortem Examination - Coroner's Investigation
BILL POOLE, who has of late been somewhat notorious, and was wounded with a pistol shot in an affray which occurred at Stanwix Hall on Saturday night, February 25, died yesterday morning from his severe injuries. He breathed his last about 5 o'clock, at his residence, No. 164 Christopher-street, near the North River. A post-mortem examination was held during the day, conducted by Dr. FINNELL.
An investigation of the facts connected with the late affray, which was the occasion of his death, was begun at noon by Coroner HILTON, at the residence of the deceased. One witness was sworn and partially examined; but the case was adjourned over to today at the Coroner's Office in Chambers-street, in consequence of the want of accommodations for the jury at POOLE'S house. Arrangements are made to have a full hearing, and to dispose of the matter as expeditiously as possible.
WILLIAM POOLE was born in the year 1821, in Sussex County, New-Jersey; and consequently at the time of his death was 34 years of age. About twenty-three years of his life were, for the most part, spent in the City of New-York. His occupation was that of a butcher, and his place of business was in Washington Market. His father was also a butcher, many years before him, having his stand in the same place; and he is said to have enjoyed the confidence and esteem of the community. BILL POOLE learned the trade with a Mr. WILLIAM BERRIMAN, who is not now living. During the period of his apprenticeship, he was known as a young man of great activity of body and sternness of will. He attended to his business with marked zeal, taking pride in the character of a butcher. But his disposition was not of the most peaceable and forbearing kind, and he found himself in frequent quarrels, both with strangers and those whom he well knew. The butcher-boys called him a "hard customer," and many of them dreaded, while some envied his pugilistic powers.
In course of time he went into business for himself in Washington Market. His stand there soon became well known, and he received much patronage. But whether as an apprentice in a butcher-stall, or the proprietor of one, he was a fighter, ready for action on all occasions when he fancied he had been insulted; and while his manners, when he was not aroused, were generally marked with much politeness, his spirit was haughty and over-bearing. He was slow to give an insult, being restrained by a feeling of dignified self-respect, which was characteristic of him; but he was quick and fierce to resent an affront. He could not brook an insolent remark from one who thought himself as strong as he. He never was engaged in any formal "prize fight," but he was known as a habitual "rough-and-tumbler." On this account he never, until recently, obtained any great notoriety in the newspaper acoounts of "battles in the ring." His conflict with JOHN MORRISSEY, at the foot of Amos-street, which happened not long ago, brought his name before the public in connection with a brutal and shocking affray; and ever since he has been one of the most notorious pugilists in town. His great reputation among circles of shoulder-hitters, occasioned by that occurrence, was thought to be sufficient to warrant him in opening a drinking saloon, where he expected to receive their liberal patronage. Accordingly, he lately became proprietor of the Bank Exchange, on the corner of Broadway and Howard-street. That saloon was closed yesterday, on account of his death.
BILL POOLE was a man of uncommonly fine physical appearance. By many he was thought to be decidedly handsome. His chest was broadly developed; he had an easy and commanding carriage, and he was expert in all his movements. The features of his face were very regular and carved; his hair was dark, and he wore a large moustache.
His residence in Christopher-street is one of a neat row of small brick houses, respectable outside and comfortable within. The parlors are neatly carpeted, and the walls hung with various paintings and large prints.
He leaves a wife and one child. The latter is a boy, about nine years of age, named CHARLES. A portrait of this lad, taken several years ago, is among the ornaments of the front parlor. Mrs. POOLE and her child, we believe, are not left without means of support, though we have not been able to learn the exact amount of property of the deceased. She is greatly distressed by her husband's death - yesterday morning was almost raving. The event so worked upon her mind that she needs to be attended by a physician.
BILL POOLE , during most of his illness, since the night of the affray, was able to talk to his family and the various friends who visited him; and about half and hour before his death he engaged in conversation with them. In fact, he was strong enough to set up in bed, propped and supported by pillows. Only a few minutes before expiring he remarked, with great distinctness of voice, "I think I am a goner. If I die, I die a true American; and what grieves me most is, thinking that I've been murdered by a set of Irish - by MORRISSEY in particular."
He gave directions to have his body opened by physicians after death. He was also particular how he should appear in his coffin. He expressed a wish to be attired in a suit of black clothes, with patent leather boots, and have a white collar folded down over his coat. His funeral is appointed to take place on Sunday next, and his remains will be deposited in Greenwood Cemetery.
It is understood that "Pargene" is inclined to turn State's evidence, and BAKER is not yet arrested.
CORONER'S INVESTIGATION - Coroner HILTON began his investigation yesterday at 12 o'clock. The following persons were duly sworn in as jurors:
H. N. Wild.....No. 458 Broome-street
George T. Trask.....No. 134 Sixth-avenue
James S. Bell.....No. 43 Greenwich-street
John W. Moulton.....No. 516 Spring-street
George Bath.....No. 84 Rosevelt-street
James M. Byrne.....No. 193 West Forty-fourth
James S. Sturges.....No. 5 Bowery
Arch. H. Campbell.....No. 221 West Thirtieth-street
E. Welch.....No. 49 Franklin-street Wm. B. Drake.....No. 209 West Forty-third
Cyrus Shay, the first witness called in the case, being duly sworn, testified as follows: I reside at No. 51 Troy-street; I was acquainted with the deceased, and have been for the last four or five yeaers; I have known of him for even fifteen years; during the last four or five months I have been his company almost continually; he had a difficulty two or three months ago in his saloon, corner of Howard-street and Broadway, with a young man named Maurice Lannegan; this man came in drunk with the intention to fight Poole, and was whipped, but that affair had nothing to do with causing his death; Lannegan is an acquaintance of a man who is called "Pargene;" I have seen this "Pargene" described as having the name of Patrick McLaughlin; Lannegan is acquainted also with Baker; "Pargene" is a runner; Baker was a police officer, detailed on duty relative to emigrants; Maurice Lannegan is also a runner; I do not know that I have ever seen them together; Poole told me about six weeks or two months ago, that while he was in company with a man named Thomas Williams, "Pargene" met him by the Astor House, in Vesey-street, and insulted him; Poole said to him "Go along about your business - you ain't worth taking any notice of," the words which "Pargene" used were, "You are a pretty son of a b....;" Poole laughed at him, and tapping him by the side of the nose, said, "I'm too sweet for you;" Poole then passed on; a short time before this I understood that "Pargene" came into Mr. Poole's house, corner of Howard and Broadway, after 12 o'clock at night, and called for a whisky skin; the boy called Dick made it and handed it to him; he picked up the tumbler, and without drinking a drop, threw the whole in the boy's face; "Pargene" then went out; the boy asked Mr. Williams, who was present at the time, who that man was; he was told "Pargene;" Poole, a day or two after, went with the boy to get out a warrant from Judge Welch, for "Pargene's" arrest on this charge; it was a common thing for persons to come into the saloon and talk about "Pargene," insulting Poole before his barkeepers while he was away, saying that "Pargene" coudd whip him, and that though it was an American house, Irishmen had as good a right to come as any; when he heard of it Poole would say that he never wanted any one to come in that "didn't eat meat on Friday;" I don't think, however, he had any difficulty there with "Pargene," about three months ago a man named Nelson came in and talked to Mr. Poole about "Pargene," desiring to draw him out; Poole told him if he didn't stop and behave himself he would put him out of doors; I have heard "Pargene" himself speak of Poole, saying that "he would take the black muzzled son of a b...h some day or other;" from this and other remarks of a threatening character, I thought he intended to kill him; this occurred between seven and eight months ago, in Church-street, at a public house called the "Senate;" Poole was not present at the time; it was not long after the difficulty between Morrissey and Poole at the foot of Amos-street, he addressed himself to several persons present whose names I do not know; on the Saturday night of the shooting affair, (Feb. 25,) I was in Poole's saloon, I heard that he and Morrissey had had some harsh words together at Stanwix Hall, in Broadway; Oliver Leon told me this; Officer John Rue was in the house at the same time; he asked me what was the matter; I did not give him any satisfaction; I then went up alone to Stanwix Hall, in Broadway, opposite Metropolitan Hotel; I entered and went close up to Mr. Poole; it was between 9 and 10 o'clock in the evening; Poole wsa standing behind the drinking counter, near the end of it; Morrissey, at the same time was walking about the bar-room, using insulting language to Poole, and Poole was talking back to him; I don't recollect the words that passed between them; but the language of both was threatening; about thirty persons were present; the only ones I knew were Martin Fairchilds, James Irwin, John Hyler, Samuel Suydam, Capt. Lorenzo Lewis, John E. Dean, Lorenzo Deagle, Thomas Williams, Cornelius Campbell, William Janeway, and several others.
At this stage of the proceedings the case was adjourned over to this morning, at 10 o'clock, at the Coroner's office in Chambers-street.
New York Daily Times, Vol. IV, No. 1084, Friday, March 9, 1855, p. 1
March 31, 1855, The Illustrious Goner - The New York Evening Post says a publishing house in New York is about to issue a Life of the late William Poole, Esq., formerly known as Bill Poole, a pugilist and butcher. The Cleveland Herald jestingly announces the following further honors intended for the deceased: "The citizens of New York contemplate the erection of a colossal statue in Union square in honor of Bill Poole; and in consideration of the great pecuniary embarrassment, both of the city and citizens, it is proposed to suspend the workings upon the statue of Washington, and defer its proposed erection in the Park till a more convenient season. The design has not as yet been determined on. A distinguished artist is now employed on a painting, representing Bill Poole as being transported, Psyche-life, by the Zephyrs, to the abodes of the blessed. The painting will be placed in the City Hall, near the likeness of De Witt Clinton."
The Plattsburgh Republican, Vol. 45, No. 39, Saturday, March 31, 1855, p. 2
October 20, 1858, Long Point, Canada. John Morrissey met and defeated John C. Heenan in 11 rounds; time - 21 minutes. [Morrissey afterwards a leader of New York Democracy; elected to Congress from the 5th district in 1866, and reelected in 1868; state senator in 1875 and reelected in 1877. Died at Saratoga, New York, May 1, 1878.]
Lewis, Charlton T., ed. Harper's Book of Facts. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1906.
April 17, 1860, Farnborough, England. John C. Heenan, the "Benicia Boy," challenged Thomas Sayers, the champion of England, for the championship of that country and $1,000. Sayers was 5'8" and Heenan 6'1" in height. After 42 rounds, lasting 2 hours and 20 minutes, it was interrupted by friends of Sayers. Each man received a silver belt on May 31. [Heenan died on his way to California, October 25, 1873].
Lewis, Charlton T. ed., Harper's Book of Facts. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1906.
November 26, 1862, England. Tom King beats Jem Mace, for the champion's belt.
Lewis, Charlton T., ed. Harper's Book of Facts. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1906.
March 9, 1863, England. John Gully, (butcher, prize-fighter, and M.P. for Pontefract, 1835) - dies.
Lewis, Charlton T., ed. Harper's Book of Facts. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1906.
October 15, 1867, England. Contest for the championship between Jem Mace and O'Baldwin, a giant, prevented by the arrest of Mace.
Lewis, Charlton T., ed. Harper's Book of Facts. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1906.
June 9, 1871, The (Jem) Mace-Coburn fistic fizzle has been repeated at Kansas City, Missouri, with variations. This time Mace stepped boldly into the ring, but no Coburn was there to meet him, and the stakes were thereupon declared by the referee to belong to the English champion. It would be well if all prize fights could be conducted so peacefully, though it is a very questionable mode of earning money. The sheriff arrested the champion after the "fight" was over, but as he had neglected the little formality of procuring a warrant, he could not hold his prisoner. Coburn, it appears, showed praiseworthy discretion by remaining in New York.
Plattsburgh SentinelJune 9, 1871, p. 2
February 26, 1876, Reverend Fred Bell, known as the "reformed pugilist minister," was recently deposed from his charge of the Primitive Methodist Church of Brooklyn. Mrs. Morris, upon whose charge he is deposed, is in the last stages of consumption, and on her affidavit was presented as that of a dying woman.
The Plattsburgh Republican, February 26, 1876, p.4
January 17, 1879, The New York Sun says that a desperately contested prize-fight occurred Friday morning 20 miles from Pittsburg, between George Baker, a Canadian, and Clarke of Cleveland, lasting an hour and seventeen minutes, and Baker was knocked out of time on the 38th round.
Burlington Free Press & Times, January 20, 1879, p. 2
November 15, 1879, Publications styled "Police Gazettes," &c., are not allowed in the mails in Canada, and the United States Postmaster-General in compliance with a request from the Dominion postal authorities has ordered that all such publications addressed to Canada be considered unmailable.
The Plattsburgh Republican, Volume 70, Number 46, November 15, 1879, p. 1
1880 - (Lord Silverbridge showing his brother's room at Carlton Terrace to Isabel Boncassen and her mother). "This is Gerald's room, "said Silverbridge. "You have never seen Gerald. He is such a brick." Mrs. Boncassen was charmed with the whips and sticks and boxing-gloves in Gerald's room, and expressed an opinion that young men in the (United) States mostly carried their knickknacks about with them to the Universities.
Trollope, Anthony. The Duke's Children, Volume 3. Leipzig: Barnhard Tauchnitz, 1880, p. 198
January 2, 1882, Paddy Ryan, the champion heavy weight pugilist of America, is now in training under the charge of Johnny Roche for his coming battle with John S. Sullivan of Boston, for $5,000 and the championship of the world, at J. T. Quackenbush's club house on Vail Avenue, near Lansingburgh, where he will remain for a few weeks previous to his departure for New Orleans, near which the fight will take place.
The (Plattsburgh) Morning Telegram, January 2, 1882, p. 3.
February 7, 1882, Ryan's Defeat - Terrible Punishment - An Easy Walk Over - Sullivan Without a Scratch. Sullivan's Victory - A Regular Walk Over - Ryan in Bad Shape - His Opponent Without a Scratch.
Mississippi City - The train load of sporting men which left New Orleans at daylight did not reach this place until 10:20. Sullivan and Ryan both arrived here yesterday morning and were in the best of spirits and confident of victory. The conditions of the agreement were that the fight would be for $2,500 a side, within a 24 foot ring. Harry Hill, of New York, stakeholder, witnessed the fight. In addition to $1,000 telegraphed yesterday by Mr. Fox, proprietor of the Police Gazette of New york to bet on Ryan, the latters friends in New Orleans put up $5,000 on him. The betting all around was in favor of Sullivan - $1,000 to $800 being offered in favor of Sullivan just before the fight, and was promptly taken by enthusiastic friends of Ryan. The proclamation of Governor Lowry of Mississippi, ordering the sheriffs of seacoast counties to stop the prize fighters at all hazards and to organize an armed posse to break up the fight, created some excitement both here and in New Orleans, and caused a number of persons who feared a row would occur to remain behind. No sheriff appeared on the scene however, and the ring was pitched in front of Barnes' Hotel, in a grove of live oaks; about five thousand people were present representing all portions of the country, and of this number about one thousand were natives of this and surrounding counties. Sullivan announced as his second Billy Madden and Joe Goss and his umpire John Moran of Cincinnati. Ryan named as his seconds John Roche of New York and Tom Kelly of St. Louis, and his umpire James Shannon of New York. The dispute over, the referee was settled by choosing Alexander Brewster of New Orleans and Jack Hardy of Vicksburg jointly. Sullivan cast his cap into the ring at 11:45 by the judge's time amidst great enthusiam, and Ryan entered the ring at 11:57 amidst enthusiastic cheers from his admirers, accompanied by his seconds, Tom Kelley and Johnny Roche. Ryan won the choice of corners and took the southeast corner. Sullivan took up the opposite corner and had the sun in his face. At exactly 10 minutes of 12 o'clock the men toed the scratch and shook hands.
The First Round - began by both men sparring cautiously for an opening. Ryan led with his right and fell short, catching in return a hot one from Sullivan's left in his face. The exchange then became short and quick. Sullivan finally knocking is antagonist down with a severe right hand on the cheek. Time 80 seconds.
Second Round - Sullivan at once rushed at his man and let go his left which caught Ryan on the jaw. Ryan closed with him and they wrestled for a fall, which Ryan won, falling heavily upon his opponent. Time 25 seconds.
Third Round - The men came together with a rush, and Sullivan after making three passes knocked Ryan down with a terrible right hander in the cheek. Time 4 seconds.
Fourth Round - The men sparred for perhaps a second or two, when both feinted, and then Sullivan went for Ryan's face, putting in a stinging blow square on his nose before they closed. The struggle then commenced and was continued until Ryan was forced in and on the ropes, where he went to grass. Time 20 seconds.
Fifth Round - This was a repetition of the above, both men putting in their best licks, the attacks of both being confined to the face. Ryan finally succeeded in bringing Sullivan to his knees as a close.
Sixth Round - Sullivan came up smiling, but it was evident that Ryan was not only suffering, but was somewhat afraid of his antagonist. Sullivan lost no time but went into him; Ryan, however, slowed and downed him.
Seventh Round - This round was a short one. The men closed and the slugging continued for a few seconds, when Ryan went to grass a wreck. Sullivan came to his corner smiling. Ryan, however, had the grit to come up for another round.
Eighth Round - The men on the call of time came up promptly. Ryan was decidedly weak, but made a gallant struggle. Sullivan fought him all over the ring and into the umpire's corner and over the ropes - getting off the ropes he [Ryan] rallied, but went down on his knee and head; foul was looked for, but though Sullivan had his hand raised to strike, he restrained himself. As Ryan arose both men were retiring to the corners, when the seconds of each cried, "Go for him!" and the men responding again, came together. They closed and clinched, and after a short struggle both men went down.
Ninth and Last Round - Ryan came up groggy and Sullivan at once forced him into his corner, delivering one heavy blow, but Ryan recovered and drove Sullivan out and just beyond the middle of the ring; Sullivan got in a right hander under the left ear and Ryan went down senseless. When time was called, Ryan did not respond and the fight was declared in favor of Sullivan amid great cheering. Ryan and Sullivan were visited after they had gone to their quarters. Ryan was lying in an exhausted condition on his bed, badly disfigured about the face, his upper lip being cut through and his nose disfigured; he did not move but lay panting. Stimulants were given to restore him; he is terribly punished about the head. At the conclusion of the fight, Sullivan ran to his quarters at a lively gait and laughing, he laid down for a while, a little out of wind, but there was not a scratch on him. He chatted pleasantly with his friends. The fighting was short, sharp and decisive on Sullivan's part throughout. Ryan showing weariness after the first round.
How Boston Feels Over the Event - A Benefit for the "Boy."
When the news that Sullivan had vanquished Ryan in the fight at Mississippi City today reached this city the wildest excitement prevailed on the streets. People thronged the streets in front of the newspaper offices, and extra papers were eagerly bought. It was not until late in the evening, however, that any detailed story of the mill was received, but people waited in front of the offices until they were assured the good news was true. Now that Boston has the honor of possessing the champion prize fighter it is proposed to give him a testimonial benefit on his return from the scene of the great fight, in the Highland district, where Sullivan lives with his father and mother. Friends of the "boy" were out in full force, and the great event was appropriately celebrated, the festivities not breaking up until long after midnight. A large amount of money will be brought back to this city from New Orleans, as Bostonions had bet heavily on their favorite. It is the first time in the history of the prize ring that Boston has had the Champion of America.
Albany, New York - Intense excitement reigned here this afternoon relative to the Sullivan-Ryan fight. The telegraph and newspaper offices were thronged with anxious enquirers and hundreds congregated about State Street. Bulletins were placarded as soon as received. The final dispatch was not at first believed, but when announced as official caused the greatest disappointment. An immense amount of money changed hands.
The (Plattsburgh) Morning Telegram, February 8, 1882, p. 1
Items of Interest - (1) The Troy "sports" paid $40 each for a seat in a palace car to go to New Orleans to the prize-fight, but will have to foot it home, and it's not very good walking either. (2) The report of the fight caused a general stir here, where Ryan was a great favorite. One individual disputed the operator's word so forcibly that it nearly cost him more than his bets. (3) Ordinarily the afternoon papers publish the news belonging to the early part of the day. The Telegram today gives special report of the fight at considerable expense. Time and money will not stand in the way of doing our readers justice.
The (Plattsburgh) Morning Telegram, February 8, 1882, p. 3
February 11, 1882 - Items of Interest - People have been looking up the pedigree of Paddy Ryan and find that his paternal grandfather was named Dennis.
The (Plattsburgh) Morning Telegram, February 11, 1882, p. 3
February 13, 1882 - Items of Interest (1) It was wrong of the Trojans to Truss-t Paddy Ryan. (2) Two heavy weights are training for a fight Town Meeting day.
The (Plattsburgh) Morning Telegram, February 13, 1882, p. 3
February 14, 1882 - Items of Interest - The scene shifts and now appears Paddy Egan, who is ambitious to get a few of the blows that were not all expended on Paddy Ryan. It is really two-Baddy.
The (Plattsburgh) Morning Telegram, February 14, 1882, p. 3
February 15, 1882 - New York. The Twenty-four foot Ring: Sam Collyer, ex-light weight champion pugilist, has issued a challenge to fight Arthur Chambers or any light weight pugilist in America, for $1,000 a side. He is backed by a bowery saloon keeper. The forfeit has been lodged at the Police Gazette office.
The (Plattsburgh) Morning Telegram, February 15, 1882, p. 1
A Ryan, But Not a Paddy. Prize fight in Which a Blind Man Wins - A Beekmantown Contest.
It is universally agreed that Ned Ryan is a bully boy with a glass eye, for Ned is blind, so much so that he can't see. Blindness is not a habit of his. It is an infirmity of nature. John Mullen, on the other hand, is also a bully boy and he too is blind, but John's blindness is not an infirmity of nature, but is merely temporary, and proceeds from an altogether different cause, as the sequel will show.
Ned Ryan, to whom the honor is due of first establishing a Clinton County prize ring, was a blacksmith and had worked at his trade so long that he had accumulated a good stock of muscle. Ned was confident and lost no time in telling it, that blind as he was, he could whip the best man within a radius of twenty miles. This had been a standing challenge for six months and though it would not stir the ire of an ordinary, peace inclined citizen, it was a direct hint to Mullen, who had all along felt himself compromised by the non-acceptance of this challenge. Last Sunday night they loaded up with hard cider and entered into an honorable compact that then and there they would fight it out. Repairing to the house of a well-to-do citizen near by, they requested him to umpire the game, but were told that Sunday night was not the time for such affairs. This argument was a clincher and they parted, agreeing to meet the following morning. John went his way and Ned groped his. Monday morning prompt and early they toed the scratch. No formality of tossing for the sun was gone through with, because there wasn't any. We will not summarize by rounds; the blind man got in the two first rounds, and half an hour's recess was taken, when the fight being resumed, after a few powerful blows from Ryan the referee decided in his favor. Mullen being knocked stone blind. His face is battered, his eyes a mass and closed, and he comes out of this fight as Paddy Ryan did of the other.
The (Plattsburgh) Morning Telegram, February 15, 1882, p. 3
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February 20, 1882 - Paddy Ryan was robbed of $800 in New York last week. His truss slipped off his pocket-book. Hernia will be the death of Paddy yet.
The (Plattsburgh) Morning Telegram, February 20, 1882, p. 3
February 28, 1882 - Troy is not contented. One whipping does not make a fall and she is bound to try Egan.
The (Plattsburgh) Morning Telegram, February 28, 1882, p. 4
May 10, 1884, A boxing match in a private room was gotten up by fifteen prominent Boston men, including several members of the legislature, to be fought in six knock-out rounds of three minutes each for $150.
The Plattsburgh Republican, May 5, 1884, p. 1
May 31, 1884, The John L. Sullivan combination stopped in Toledo, Ohio for several days, and Sullivan was completely knocked out by Maumee Whiskey. In consequence the exhibition announced was indefinitely postponed.
Hanley, one of the principals in the late prize fight which was organized in Omaha City and fought in Saunders County, Nebraska, after a trial lasting a week, has been sentenced to three years' hard labor in the penitentiary. The case is to be taken to the Supreme Court.
The Plattsburgh Republican, May 31, 1884, p. 1
July 12, 1884, Alfred Mace, a son of Jem Mace, the pugilist, is holding evangelical services in London.
The Plattsburgh Republican, July 12, 1884, p. 1
January 12, 1885, A prize-fight with hard gloves between Jerry Murphy of New York and Bob Stelle, the Lightweight Champion of New England for $200 a side at New Orleans, resulted in a draw.
Burlington Free Press & Times, January 12, 1885, p. 1
February 3, 1886, Jack Fogarty was KO'd by Jack Dempsey, in 26 rounds, at New York City, for $6,500 and the middleweight championship.
February 16, 1886, Jem Smith and Alf Greenfield, both of England, fought 13 rounds near Chantilly, France. The referee decided it a draw.
March 14, 1886, Jack Dempsey whipped George LeBlanche, the "Marine," at Larchmont, Long Island. The result of the fight left Dempsey the undisputed Middleweight Champion of the United States.
March 23, 1886, Tommy Warren defeated Tommy Barnes for the Featherweight Championship of the World, at Mill Creek, 46 miles from Louisville, Kentucky, in 40 rounds.
July 5, 1886, Peter J. Nolan beat Jack Burke, the "Irish Lad," in 8 rounds at Chester Park, Cincinnati, Ohio.
July 31, 1886, Jake Kilrain defeated Jack Ashton, the "Providence Wonder," in 8 rounds at Ridgewood Park, Brooklyn, New York.
September 18, 1886, John L. Sullivan defeated Frank Hearld in 2 rounds at Allegheny City, Pennsylvania.
October 29, 1886, Johnny McAuliffe, of Brookyln, New York, defeated Billy Frazier, of Somerville, Massachusetts, at Boston, for the Lightweight Championship of the United States, knocking him out in the 21st round. In the same ring Isaac Weir, the "Belfast Spider," defeated James F. Fuhry, of Bangor, Maine, in 4 rounds, for the New England Featherweight Championship.
November 13, 1886, Paddy Ryan was KO'd by John L. Sullivan at the Mechanics' Pavilion, San Francisco, California, in 3 rounds.
November 22, 1886, Dominick McCaffrey KO'd "Sparrow" Golden out of time in 11 rounds at a New Jersey hamlet within a few miles of New York City.
The (Plattsburgh) Morning Telegram, January 1, 1887, p. 1
July 8, 1887, The race is not always to the wealthy. Even John L. Sullivan knows better than to tackle a refractory car window when he is traveling (Somerville Journal).
The Railroad Gazette, July 8, 1887, p. 459.
1888, France. John L. Sullivan and Charles Mitchell (London prize-ring rules); declared a draw after a contest of several hours.
Lewis, Charlton T., ed. Harper's Book of Facts. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1906.
April 7, 1888, There is a great sparring boom at Harvard College this season. Over 400 students are taking lessons in the manly art.
The Plattsburgh Republican, April 7, 1888, p. 4 & June 16, 1888, p. 1
April 21, 1888, Braggadocio Sullivan has recovered the use of his jaw. He now challenges the earth for $5,000 to $10,000 a side.
The Plattsburgh Republican, April 21, 1888, p. 1
May 5, 1888, Frank Murphy, the 118 pound champion of Great Britain will be here next month to make a match with any man of his weight for any part of $2,500.
The day that John L. Sullivan reached Boston he issued a challenge to fight any man in the world in a sixteen foot ring, London Prize Ring or Marquis of Queensbury rules for $10,000 a side and made a deposit of $500. He states that he prefers Kilrain or (Charlie) Mitchell. Kilrain cables acceptance.
The Plattsburgh Republican,June 5, 1888, p. 4
May 9, 1888, A boxing tournament begins in Jersey City June 11 lasting one week with $1,000 in prizes for professional competitors. Entries close 9th.
The Plattsburgh Republican, June 9, 1888, p. 1
August 11, 1888, Backers of Murphy and Havlin met August 6, and after a long and somewhat heated discussion agreed on a match to a finish for $2,000 a side, the fight to take place in the latter part of September. The match is to be under the same conditions and rules, except that the purse is to be increased by $2,000 by a club.
The Plattsburgh Republican, August 11, 1888, p. 1
October 6, 1888, George FullJames of Winnipeg fought a prize fight with an unknown at Grand Forks, Dakota, September 21st, and the latter struck FullJames a blow over the head which caused his death in a few hours.
The Plattsburgh Republican, October 6, 1888, p. 1
December 1, 1888, John L. Sullivan has offered to give Charlie Mitchell $1,5000 if the latter will stand up before him for eight rounds with gloves, the match to occur within five weeks.
The Plattsburgh Republican, December 1, 1888, p. 1
December 29, 1888, Sullivan and Kilrain will fight. Sulivan's $5,000 deposit at the Clipper office has been covered by Kilrain.
The different weights for the prize ring are: London Rules - feather weight, 112 pounds; light weight, 133; middle weight, 154; heavy weight, over 154. Police Gazette Rules - feather, 115; light, 140; middle, 158; heavy, over 158.
The Plattsburgh Republican, December 29, 1888, p. 1
January 3, 1889, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Frank Murphy of England, Featherweight Champion of the World, and Jimmy Hagan of this city fought ten rounds tonight, Murphy winning.
Burlington Daily Free Press, January 4, 1889, p. 1
January 5, 1889, The California Athletic Club, it is said, will offer a purse of $5,000 for a finish fight between Jem Carney of England, and Jack McAuliffe, the American champion.
The Plattsburgh Republican, January 5, 1889, p. 1
February 28, 1889, Articles have been signed for a fight between Jem Smith and Jake Kilrain, according to the London Prize Ring Rules, for �1,000 a side. The fight has been fixed for October, but the ground has not yet been chosen [France]. Mitchell has arranged to box Smith ten rounds with small gloves.
The Plattsburgh Republican, February 28, 1889, p. 1
July 8, 1889, Richburg, Mississippi. John L. Sullivan defeated Jack Kilrain, for the championship of America.
Lewis, Charlton T., ed. Harper's Book of Facts. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1906.
1889. Last bare-knuckle fight.
Johnston, Alexander. Ten - And Out! New York: Ives Washburn, 1927.
January 1, 1890, San Francisco, California. At a meeting of the California Club Directors, the date of the McAuliffe-Carroll fight was changed from February 20 to March 21; the purse is $3,500. McAuliffe has a bad hand and Carroll wants time to get to the weight so the principals are well satisfied. The February date will be filled with Pete McCoy and Charley Gleason who will fight to a finish for a $1,500 purse. There is considerable ill feeling between the last pair and a hot time is expected. The club is in communication with Frank P. Slavin with a view of matching him with Joe McAuliffe. In case of failure another attempt will be made to bring Kilrain here. The club has received notice that Peter Jackson will sail for America January 15 and that $15,000 is the size of the purse he wants to fight Sullivan for.
Burlington Daily Free Press, January 2, 1890, p. 1
"Kid McCoy and Peter Maher fought a battle of five rounds before the Coney Island Sporting Club, McCoy winning easily.
The Plattsburgh Republican, January 6, 1900, p. 1
January 6, 1891, New Orleans, Louisiana. Jack McAuliffe, who will be one of Jack Dempsey's seconds in his fight with Fitzsimmons on January 14, joined Dempsey at Galveston, Texas, yesterday. McAuliffe called upon the Directors of the Olympic Club, who, it is said, talked to him of a match between Jimmy Carroll, whom he recently defeated in San Francisco, and himself. It is understood that they offered to hang up a $8,000 purse. McAuliffe told the Olympic people that he would be ready to meet Carroll in six weeks and prove that his first victory over that man was not an accident. The purse would have to be $10,000, however, and if that was offered he would sign at once.
The (Plattsburgh) Morning Telegram, January 7, 1891, p. 3
January 7, 1891, New Orleans, Louisiana. Jack McAuliffe left for Galveston last evening. It is understood that he has about agreed to terms to a fight with Carroll, and the only hitch in the negotiations is about the time. The club wants the fight for Mardi Gras. That would only give McAuliffe four weeks to train and he wants six. McAuliffe promised to give the club a definite answer in a few days. The purse will be $10,000 or very near it. This was the first day on which tickets for the Dempsey-Fitzsimmons fight could be had. As over $6,400 worth were disposed of it promises to be a paying fight.
The (Plattsburgh) Morning Telegram, January 8, 1891, p. 1
September 7, 1892, New Orleans, Louisiana. John L. Sullivan met Jim Corbett of San Francisco, California, for the championship of America, at the "Olympic" arena. [The contest began at 9 PM (8th Marquess John Sholto Douglas - Queensberry rules); Sullivan was beaten in 21 rounds; a wager of $10,000 a side was put up, while the "Olympic club" offered $25,000 for the "mill," - the entire amount to go to the winner.] *Note: The Queensberry Rules came into use in 1866.
Lewis, Charlton T., ed. Harper's Book of Facts. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1906.
October 4, 1892, Covington, Nebraska. William Duffy, better known as "Billy the Kid," was knocked out by Jack Keefe and died within an hour. Keefe and all the seconds are under arrest.
The (Plattsburgh) Morning Telegram, October 5, 1892, p. 3
October 12, 1892, New Orleans, Louisiana. Bob Fitzsimmons affixed his signature to a contract to fight Jim Hall at catch weights before the Olympic Club, of this city, about February 1, for a purse of $15,000.
The (Plattsburgh) Morning Telegram, October 13, 1892, p. 3
February 5, 1893, St. Louis, Missouri, Harry Sharpe KO-77 (5 hours, 10 minutes), over Frank Crosby. Queenbury Rules.
Plattsburgh Daily Press, March 13, 1933, p. 4.
January 25, 1894, Jacksonville, Florida. James J. Corbett met Charles Mitchell (of England) under the auspices of the Duval Athletic club. [Corbett defeated Mitchell in 3 rounds. The "club" paid $20,000 to the winner, and $5,000 to cover the expenses of both for training.]
Lewis, Charlton T. ed., Harper's Book of Facts. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1906.
February 19, 1895, Jersey City, New Jersey. The ten round boxing match between Cal McCarthy and Joseph Craig, both of Jersey City, at 129 lbs., took place at the Oakland rink and was declared a draw.
The Plattsburgh Press, February 20, 1895, p. 1
February 21, 1895, Buffalo, New York. The fistic tourney at Turn hall for the benefit of Andy Bow[a]n's widow netted $238.50.
The Plattsburgh Press, February 22, 1895, p. 1
February 28, 1895, John Gatton and Amos Goodwin engaged in a boxing match near Owensboro, Kentucky. Goodwin got mad and shot Gatton dead. He was not caught.
The Plattsburgh Press, February 28, 1895, p. 1
March 17, 1897, Carson City, Nevada, Corbett vs Fitzsimmons [Fitz wins by KO]
The Barre Daily Times, March 16, 1897, p. 1. Also see The Plattsburgh Republican, January 2, 1904, p. 3
April 4, 1899, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. "Will Not Allow Fighting" - As a result of the protest of the ministerial associations the city council decided this afternoon to discontinue the practice of renting the Pavilion, which is city property, for boxing shows. This rule does not effect the Empire Athletic Club's show next Saturday night when Walcott and Judge furnish the main bout. It was shown that the club had paid for the Pavilion and the city could not therefore break the contract.
The Burlington Free Press & Times, April 5, 1899, p. 7.
September 5, 1899, New York. "Kid" McCoy completely rehabilitated himself last night in the opinions of his friends by easily knocking out Geoffrey Thorne of England at the Broadway Athletic Club in the third round of what was to have been a twenty round bout. Thorne had fancied that because "Jack" McCormick of Philadelphia had the luck to knock McCoy out by a chance blow a short while ago, he might repeat the performance. It did not take him long to come to a realizing sense of his mistake. "Johnny" White referred the bout. The men had weighed in at 3PM at 158 lbs, and each looked in fine condition. Thorne started as the aggressor in the first round, doing most of the leading. McCoy kept his hands little in motion, content to size up his man and meet his rushes at the start by clinching. In the second round McCoy began to warm up a little, and his generalship and leg work were in strong contrast to Thorne's awkward and nervous, though rapid, sparring. McCoy finally got in a smash on Thorne's mouth which set it bleeding, and later the Englishman went down twice, apparently to avoid punishment. Thorne could not land with any accuracy. In the third McCoy, following a bit of sparring, caught his man a vicious left hook in the jaw. Thorne started to fall forward, and as he did so ran into a left swing full on the side of the jaw. He fell on his face and was counted out, though making frantic efforts to rise.
The New York Times, September 6, 1899, p. 5
September 8, 1899, New York. Owen Ziegler, the local welterweight, decisively whipped "Charley" Burns of Cincinnati, heralded as one of the best men in the West, at the Broadway Athletic Club last night. Ziegler weighed about 140 lbs., and Burns 10 lbs. more, but the latter, though strong, could not touch his opponent in the matter of science and cleverness. Ziegler, after breaking his right hand in the fourth round, beat his opponent in the 12th. They were to have gone 25 rounds. In the 7th round Burns accidentally hit his man low and Ziegler went down. When he rose Burns offered his hand in apology. The Easterner, being unused to the extremes of etiquette in the prize ring, saw nothing but a chance to do damage, and instead of shaking hands caught Burns a smash in the face. The crowd howled angrily, and Burns went at Ziegler to square accounts, but could not land. In the 11th round Ziegler sent his man to the floor and Burns took the limit to get up. He was groggy when the bell sounded. In the 12th Ziegler, with a left swing, sent Burns flat on his back, and Johnny White, the referee, stopped the bout and gave the decision to Ziegler.
The New York Times, September 9, 1899, p. 4
September 9, 1899, New York. The final bouts in the boxing tournament of the Lexington Athletic Club took place last night at the Lenox Athletic Club.
[110 lb Class] 1st bout: A. Dunsheath, Passaic Athletic Club beat J. Stone, Avonia Athletic Club. 2nd bout: J. McDonald, Union Settlement Athletic Club beat C. Hoffman, Alliance Athletic Club. 3rd bout: A. Dunsheath, Passaic AC beat B.J. Diamond, Union Settlement AC. Final bout: A. Dunsheath beat B. J. McDonald. 2nd Prize: J. Stone, Avonia AC.
[120 lb Class] 1st bout: J. McGinn, St. Bartholomew Athletic Club beat J. Clapp, Empire Athletic Club. 2nd bout: J. Leddy, Pastime Athletic Club beat B. Cohen, Alliance Athletic Club. 3rd bout: J. Callahan, Union Settlement AC beat H. Manice, Orient Athletic Club. 4th bout: J. Leddy, Pastime AC beat J. Callahan, Union Settlement. Final bout: J. Laurel, Puritan Athletic Club beat J. Leddy, Pastime AC.
[130 lb Class] J. Shaefer, St. George's Athletic Club beat M. J. McGarry, Pastime AC. Final bout: J. Hopkins, Union Settlement AC beat J. Shaefer, St. George's. 2nd Prize: J. Shaefer.
[140 lb Class] Final: J. F. Mumford, New West Side Athletic Club KO-1, J. N. Killoran, National Athletic Club. 2nd Prize: J. N. Killoran, National AC KO'd T. Doyle, Avonia AC.
[150 lb Class] 1st bout: W. Rodenback, New West Side Athletic Club beat J. F. Mumford, also of the New West Side AC. Final bout: W. Rodenback, New West Side AC beat J. Burrows of Brooklyn. 2nd Prize: J. F. Mumford, New West Side KO-1, F. Hyde, Pastime Athletic Club.
The New York Times, September 10, 1899, p. 11
January 6, 1900, Robert Fitzsimmons is matched with Jack McCormick for a six round sparring contest. The purse is to be 75% of the gross receipts, winner take all. The date is January 20th, and the place the industrial hall of Philadelphia.
The Plattsburgh Republican, January 6, 1900, p. 1
March 5, 1900, Robert Fitzsimmons and Tom Sharkey signed an agreement to fight during the first week in August, before the club offering the largest purse, the winner to take the whole prize.
The Plattsburgh Republican, March 10, 1900, p. 1
March 24, 1900, Champion James Jeffries will fight three men in Chicago on the night of April 5th. The bouts will be six rounds each, to take place at Tattersall's, the manager of which is negotiating with a number of heavy weights for the contest.
The Plattsburgh Republican, March 24, 1900, p. 1
March 31, 1900, Tom Sharkey and Kid McCoy have signed an agreement to fight a twenty-five round contest on June 25th, before the Seaside Sporting Club of Coney Island.
The Plattsburgh Republican, March 31, 1900, p. 1
April 7, 1900, "Bob" Fitzsimmons and "Gus" Ruhlin are matched for a fight of twenty-five rounds June 2nd, at Tuckahoe, before the Westchester Athletic Club.
The Plattsburgh Republican, April 7, 1900, p. 1
April 21, 1900, President Bernard York of the New York Police says that there must be no more fighting matches in that city after May 1st.
The Plattsburgh Republican, April 21, 1900, p. 1
May 8, 1900, in Chicago, Illinois, Tom Sharkey KO-2, Joe Choynski of California.
The Plattsburgh Republican, May 12, 1900, p. 1
May 11, 1900, James Jeffries, champion heavyweight pugilist, KO-23, James Corbett, before the Seaside Athletic Club at Coney Island. About 8,000 persons saw the fight. The betting was heavily in favor of Jeffries at first, but during the fight Corbett made so good a showing that it was even at one time. Jeffries weighed 210 lbs., and Corbett 185 lbs. The gate receipts were $34,000, of which Jeffries got $15,300, and Corbett got $5,100.
The Plattsburgh Republican, May 19, 1900, p. 1
May 26, 1900, James J. Jeffries, Champion, and Thomas Sharkey have agreed to fight for the Championship of the World on or before August 25th, the bout to be limited to twenty-five rounds.
The Plattsburgh Republican, May 26, 1900, p. 1
March 31, 1903, San Francisco, California. Terry McGovern, of Brooklyn, age 24, and weighing 125 lbs, and William J. Rothwell ("Young Corbett') of Denver, age 26, and weighing 127 lbs, fought for the featherweight championship of the world. Young Corbett winning in the 11th round after a fierce fight on both sides.
The Plattsburgh Republican, April 4, 1903, p. 1, Also see January 2, 1904, p. 4
April 11, 1903, Jim Jeffries, the champion pugilist, is reported to be drinking heavily with Bob Fitzsimmons, ex-champion, at Scranton, Pennsylvania and vicinity.
Plattsburgh Republican, April 11, 1903, p. 1.
August 1, 1903, The Court of Appeals of Ontario (Canada) is considering the question whether pugilistic encounters shall not be barred in that Province.
The Plattsburgh Republican, August 1, 1903, p. 1
August 14, 1903, San Francisco, California
The fight between James J. Jeffries and James J. Corbett for the heavyweight championship was won by Jeffries in ten rounds...Corbett being KO'd in ten. Jeffries share of the gate money was $32,728, and Corbett's $10,910. The gross receipts were $62,540. There was comparatively little money bet, and the odds on Jeffries were more than 2 to 1.
The Plattsburgh Republican, August 22, 1903, p. 1 and January 2, 1904, p. 4
November 24, 1903, San Francisco, California
(Lanky Bob) Fitzsimmons defeated (George) Gardner for the light-heavyweight championship of the world.
The Plattsburgh Republican, January 2, 1904, p. 4
December 29, 1903, San Francisco, California
Young Corbett (William Rothwell) defeated Eddie Hanlon in a prize fight in 10 rounds.
The Plattsburgh Republican, January 2, 1904, p. 1
January 2, 1904, The Fitzsimmons-Corbett match has aroused great interest throughout the country. It is the outcome of much talking on the part of both fighters. The coming meeting will be the second time the veterans have faced each other in the fistic arena. Fitzsimmons was the first man to score a KO against Corbett. This happened when he whipped him for the championship at Carson City, Nevada (March 1897). It should be a great fight as there is no love lost between "Gentleman Jim" and "Lanky Bob." Corbett has not forgotten Carson City, and Fitz says that Jim will prove "easy meat."
Jack O'Brien's return to America is stirring up a lot of interest in fighting circles, and Ryan will have to give some attention to his challenge also if he expects to remain in the ring. If Tommy should decide that he has enjoyed all the fighting he wants this time on earth and retires it is quite likely that the long deferred match between Fitzsimmons and O'Brien will come to a head.
The Plattsburgh Republican, January 2, 1904, p. 3
January 27, 1904, Jack O'Brien and Tommy Ryan fought six rounds before the National Athletic Club of Philadelphia, and as neither was knocked out it was declared a draw.
The Plattsburgh Republican, February 6, 1904, p. 1
February 6, 1904, Portland, Maine, has put a ban on boxing, the Committee on Public Buildings having decided to lease no building for sparring exhibitions.
The Plattsburgh Republican, February 6, 1904, p. 1
April 9, 1904, Jeffries and Munroe will fight in San Francisco May 30.
The Plattsburgh Republican, April 9, 1904, p. 1
June 5, 1907, Marvin Hart gives out an interview saying, "I am utterly ignored by Tommy Burns." That sounds like a prize fighter trying to talk without the assistance of a press agent.
Bob Fitzsimmons recently declared himself to the effect that he has no intentions of retiring from the ring. In an interview Lanky Bob said: "I will meet any man in the world for the middleweight championship at 158 lbs. ringside, or I will meet Jack O'Brien at catchweight and agree to stop him inside of ten rounds or forfeit all claim to any purse. I have never said that I retired from the ring, and in fact my words mean a challenge to the world. I prefer a fight with O'Brien above all things, however. If the Philadelphian does not accept then there is the inference that Jack does not think favorably of it. I had it on him when I boxed him in Philadelphia until he yelped for help from the police, and the bluecoats came to his assistance in time to save him from a knockout. I know nothing about Squires except what I have read in the newspapers. I judge him to be a first rate man from these accounts, but until he has fought somebody we will have no line on him."
The (Plattsburgh) Evening News, June 5, 1907, p. 3
July 17, 1907 - Fitz Down and Out - Veteran Pugilist Makes Poor Showing When Opposed By Johnson
Philadelphia - Jack Johnson stopped Bob Fitzsimmons in the second round of a six round boxing bout before the Washington Sporting club last night. Fitzsimmons did not show a trace of his former prowess, and it is probable that Johnson could have stopped him in the opening round if he had cared to do so. The blow that put Fitzsimmons out was a light right to the jaw. The old man fell to the floor, and as he made no attempt to rise the referee stopped the bout. The hissing that usually follows knockouts of this character was absent, the spectators evidently taking compassion on the former pugilistic star. Referee Keenan refused to act in the ring because he had heard that Fitzsimmons had a badly sprained arm. The manager of the club then entered the ring and watched the uneven match. In the opening round Johnson tapped Fitzsimmons when and where he chose, but the latter was unable to even land his famous counters.
The Bennington Evening Banner, No. 1109, Thursday, July 18, 1907, p. 2
August 21, 1912, "Referee Should Be Outside the Ring."
A controversy as to whether the referee's position should be in or outside the ring is just now agitating English boxing circles. The question is only part of a movement aimed at some widespread reforms. An effort is being made to promulgate an international scale of weights that will be recognized in all countries where boxing is held. The leading authorities on boxing have given their views for publication. All are in unison regarding the uniform weight scale, but differ on the referee problem. Some declare that the referee is a nuisance in the ring, obstructing the view of the spectators and getting in the way of the boxers. Those taking the opposite side point out that when the referee is outside the ropes he is unable to see a foul blow struck if the recipient happens to have his back turned on him. Eugene Corri, who is recognized as England's leading referee, favors the American system of refereeing. Gilbert Elliott, chairman of the National Sporting club of London, takes the opposite point of view. Victor Breyer, the French promoter, when asked to give his opinion said he favored the plan of having three judges outsdie the ropes to give the decision and a ringmaster inside to see that men box fairly.
Plattsburgh Daily Press, August 21, 1912, p. 4
January 6, 1914, Los Angeles, California. The cases of Jess Willard, the heavyweight pugilist, and ten others who are accused of alleged violation of the state law prohibiting prize-fighting are on the Superior Court docket for trial tomorrow. All of the accused were connected with the Jess Willard-John "Bull" Young bout at Vernon last August in which Young was fatally injured.
Plattsburgh Daily Press, January 7, 1914, p. 2
January 13, 1914, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Friends of Jack Blackburn, the former well known pugilist, are arranging to give him a new start in life when he is released from the Eastern Penitentiary here tomorrow, after having served five years for shooting another negro in a quarrel over a woman. Though he is said to be in good condition it is not at all likely that the negro will ever be seen in the ring again. He is past his thirtieth year and was virtually all in as a fighter when he got into trouble. When in his prime, Blackburn stood well up among the welterweight fighters. He hailed originally from Indianapolis and began his ring career in 1902. He won bouts with such fighters as "Spike" Sullivan, Jimmy Gardner, and Mike Donovan, and fought several draws with Sam Langford.
Plattsburgh Daily Press, January 14, 1914, p. 1
January 25, 1914, Melbourne, Australia. Tom McCormick, the Australian pugilist, was yesterday given the verdict on a foul in the sixth round of a match with Waldemar Holberg, the Danish pugilist, for the Welterweight Championship of Australasia. Holberg was out classed all through the contest.
Plattsburgh Daily Press, January 26, 1914, p. 1
January 4, 1916
Jack Clune, boxing promoter, is in communication with George M. Lawrence of New York relative to putting on an exhibition 10-round bout in Brattleboro (Vermont) by Sam McVea, the colored marvel, and his boxing partner, Bob Devere. Mr. Clune realizes that this is something of an undertaking, but he wants to give the fans a top-liner that they will always remember and he purposes to make a canvass to see what the prospects are for supporting such an exceptional attraction.
McVea has knocked out almost every white fighter he has met and has defeated the four greatest colored men in his class, namely, Sam Langford, Joe Jeanette, Battling Jim Johnson and Harry (The Black Panther) Wills. For the past six years he has been the greatest figher attraction in the business. He is ready to meet Jess Willard for a $10,000 side bet, winner to take all the purse, and besides that Mr. Lawrence agrees to present Willard $1,000 for every round Willard lasts with McVea over five rounds and to put up an additional $5,000 that Willard will not last 10 rounds with McVea.
Devere is an Irishman, 20 years old, six feet tall and weighs 198 pounds. He has had 21 fights, out of which he has knocked out 17 men and received the referee's decision twice. He has knocked out Sailor Grande, Marty Cutler, trainer of Jack Johnson, also Jack Lester, Jim McCormack, Dick Lawless and others. The Irish giant is ready to meet any heavyweight boxer in the world.
Brattleboro Daily Reformer, January 4, 1916, p. 4
January 10, 1916
An opponent has been selected for Jess Willard in the first battle in which he will engage since he toppled over the black champion (Jack Johnson) in Havana and captured the heavyweight crown. The man chosen by the champion as a tryout victim is Fred Fulton, a giant from Rochester, Minnesota, who is physically a match for the big cowboy, but whose ring craft and experience are decidedly on the short end of the proposition. Without a doubt Willard decided that he needed a few bouts under his belt before tackling hard game like (Frank) Moran, Coffey, Smith or Harry Wills, and Fulton will be the first of a few chaps who are not regarded as dangerous and who will meet the champion in what really are training bouts.
The amazing thing about the Fulton-Willard match is that the New Orleans promoters have guaranteed Willard $32,500 for his share. If the people of Louisiana and adjacent states are willing to pay that amount to see Willard in a bout with practically a novice, that is for them to explain. No doubt the promoters are willing to take the chance, because the Mardi Gras will be staged at the same time in the Crescent City and possibly they will get their money back. But as for a contest between Willard and Fulton it looks on paper decidedly one sided.
However, if one listens to the arguments of Fulton's doting manager Willard will not be the champion very shortly after he has entered the ring with the Minnesotan. According to the fond manager, Fulton and Willard met in a three round exhibition bout at Rochester, Minnesota, May 14, 1915, and Fulton not only won on points, but also scored a knockdown in the second round. As a matter of fact, Fulton's manager is a bit astonished that Willard, after the rough manner in which he was handled by Fulton, should consent to another match with the mammoth Minnesotan.
In setting forth his belief that Fulton is sure to beat Willard, Fulton's manager gives sixteen reasons for thinking his man will vanquish the champion, as follows:
1. He is as fast on his feet as a lightweight.
2. He can outbox any heavyweight.
3. He has a straight left that no heavyweight of the present time can block.
4. If necessary he can dance around any heavyweight in the business for hours.
5. He has a knockout punch in either hand.
6. He has twenty-nine clean knockouts to his credit.
7. He never had a black eye or bloody nose.
8. He is of Scotch-Irish parentage.
9. His height is six feet four and one-half inches.
10. His reach is eight-four and one-half inches.
11. His weight is 220 pounds.
12. He is twenty-three years old.
13. He is an all around athlete.
14. He never chewed, smoked or drank.
15. He is positively sure no man in the world can beat him.
16. On the 14th of May, 1915, he beat with ease Jess Willard, present champion of the world, and knocked him down in the second round, something Jack Johnson couldn't do in twenty-six rounds.
It is not unlikely that Fulton's manager will have sixteen excuses after the battle and will naively overlook the fact that his man was outclassed.
Brattleboro Daily Reformer, January 10, 1916, p. 4
In these days of no decision bouts and footwork in the ring it is refreshing to know that out of the west is coming a real old fashioned, honest to goodness, hard hitting middleweight fighter.
His name is Leo Bens (the Butte Wildcat). He is a copper miner, and he hails from the greatest mining district on earth...Butte, Montana.
Bens has had less than three years of actual ring experience and in that time has won decisively from every man they could put against him with a single exception. The exception is Sailor Petroskey. Petroskey won a hairline decision from Bens after the latter had insisted, against the advice of his physician, on getting out of a sickbed to meet the man who was at that time champion middleweight of the Pacific coast. Later Bens' miner friends raised a purse of $5,000 to bet that Bens could beat Petroskey in a return match. The sailor, however, had had a hard enough time beating Bens when sick, and he refused to meet the miner fighter when well.
Bens first demonstrated his strength when he was working in a shaft of one of the Butte mines. This mine was just starting, and the shaft was down fifty feet when an accident occurred to the ladder, and the miners found thermselves trapped unless some one could climb the hemp rope that swung from a timber at the top. Bens essayed the task and climbed hand over hand to the surface, where he soon procured help for his companions.
A week later Bens underwent a severe test for his courage. He was then working for the Anaconda company in one of the "fire mines" of the Butte district, in which the heat is intense. In some way Bens' partner became overheated and fainted in a tunnel at a spot where the heat was so great it was dangerous even to falter. Three miners went to the assistance of the unfortunate man and were forced to retreat by the awful heat. Nothing daunted, Bens darted into the tunnel and at the risk of his own life half dragged and half carried the miner to a place of safety. Later Bens collapsed and was in the hospital a week, but he had saved his partner's life.
When Jack Dillon boxed Bob Moha in Butte one of his sparring partners was Bens, and Dillon was so impressed with the fighting Butte miner that he wanted to sign a contract as manager and tour the country with Leo. The latter could not leave Montana at that time, however, and so Dillon left without Bens, but they parted good friends. Dillon says Bens has the making of a champion.
Bens will visit the east after the first of the new year. Henry Irslinger, the wrestler, who will handle Bens' affairs, states that the westerner can defeat all the eastern middleweights in jigtime.
Brattleboro Daily Reformer, January 10, 1916, p. 4
January 12, 1916
(New York) Jess Willard, world's heavyweight champion, and Frank Moran have been matched to meet here March 3 for a purse of $45,000.
Brattleboro Daily Reformer, January 12, 1916, p. 1
February 5, 1916
"Young Bob Fitzsimmons has concluded to go after the middleweight championship. His father will train him. Fitz junior is said to be one of the best middleweights in the country and with proper handling and encouragement will reach the top."
The above statement, which emanated from his doting parent, would indicate that old Fitz has a really high opinion of his son as to boxing skill. However, as Young Bob has appeared in bouts on the stage with his father, it has not been difficult to get a line on the youngster. In the bouts with his father he proved to be merely an awkward novice. If the youngster ever sets out to win the title he will get many a beating, say experts. Al McCoy has nothing to fear from Young Fitz.
Brattleboro Daily Reformer, February 5, 1916, p. 4
March 4, 1916
The boxing commission of New York is going to lower the color line long enough to give Sam McVey a chance to earn $50 by knocking Jess Willard down in training.
Brattleboro Daily Reformer, March 4, 1916, p. 4
March 7, 1916
When Mike Gibbons eliminated the "dancing master," Jake Ahearn, at St. Paul recently by the decisive method of a knockout he clarified the middleweight situation considerably. He also made it very plain what a lead pipe cinch Packey McFarland would have annexing the welterweight title.
With Ahearn out, the middleweight fight title now rests among three persons...Al McCoy, Mike Gibbons and Les Darcy, who challenged the winner of the Gibbons-Ahearn bout.
McCoy is considered something of a joke, although very few of his foes have ever been able to make him appear laughable.
Les Darcy, the new comet of the firmament, is one to whom Gibbons and McCoy owe thanks for having cleared from the title path such formidable obstacles as Jimmy Clabby, Eddie McGoorty and Jeff Smith.
Undoubtedly Darcy and Gibbons are the only pair seriously considered, despite McCoy's technical claim to the title. If the Australian and the Twin City star should battle a long fight the winner would undoubtedly be hailed as the world's champion at the weight.
McFarland held Gibbons even in their New York meeting. Many gave him the margin. Gibbons knocked out Ahearn and Ahearn held even, or better, the famous Jack Dillon, considered by all the best light heavyweight in the game and by many given a good chance to defeat Willard despite the disparity in their weight and size.
This brings McFarland close up to the top of the lot. If he started in to defend the welterweight title there are few that would have the ghost of a chance with him.
Brattleboro Daily Reformer, March 7, 1916, p. 4
November 30, 1916, New Orleans, Louisiana. Ad Wolgast won from Frankie Russell in 20 rounds tonight.
Eauclair, Wisconsin. Eddie Moha of Milwaukee and Mike O'Dowd of St. Paul fought 10 rounds here this afternoon to a draw.
Plattsburgh Daily Republican, December 1, 1916, p. 1
December 2, 1916, New York. "Les Darcy Fights Best When He's Mad"
George Chip the middleweight "whang" dispenser tried to slip over a little "joker" on the Australian fight folks just before he fought and was knocked out by Les Darcy. He was offered, by Australian tennis champion Harry Parker, $2,000 for his rights in the moving pictures of the fight if he won, $100 if he lost [Importing fight pictures was barred by United States laws]. A few months back Buck Crouse fought Darcy and was beat in the 3rd round (Red Watson was Crouse's second).
Plattsburgh Daily Republican, December 4, 1916, p. 5, Also see "Darcy Will Reach American Next Week," December 23, 1916, p. 10.
December 7, 1916, New York. Jess Willard recently admitted that he now tips the scales at 270 lbs. This probably means that the Big Boy is closer to the 300 lb mark than he is to his "admitted" weight. And yet, Jess would have us believe that he need take off but 20 lbs to be in trim to defend his title. When he met Jack Johnson at Havana, Willard was supposed to weight around 240 lbs, and even at that weight he made a rather cumbersome title holder. Willard is so big that it would be hard to find a man to make a bluff at fighting, who might be favorably compared with him for size. Fred Fulton is the only title aspirant at present who comes close to being as gigantic as Willard, and Fulton has not yet proven to the satisfaction of the sporting public as a whole that he has championship calibre. Fulton and (Frank) Moran are to meet in the ring at Minneapolis late in December, and in Moran, the "Rochester Plasterer" will find one of the toughest nuts he ever dreamed of. If Fulton can beat Moran, promoters will be justified in matching him with Willard, but he must win decisively.
Plattsburgh Daily Republican, December 11, 1916, p. 8.
December 8, 1916, New York. Madison Square Garden, famous as the scene of many important pubic meetings and atheltic exhibitions, was sold under the auctioneer's hammer today for $2 million. The structure was bought by the New York Life Insurance Company whose representative, Edward W. Devlin, was the only bidder.
Plattsburgh Daily Republican, December 9, 1916, p. 1
December 21, 1916, New York. Marty Cross administered a severe lacing to Albert Badond of France and won a popular decision in their 10 round bout here tonight at the Empire Athetic Club.
Plattsburgh Daily Republican, December 22, 1916, p. 1
October 19, 1920, Commonwealth Sporting Club. Tillie (Kid) Herman vs Marty Cross, 15 rounds.
Bad News Ebber vs Abe Attell Goldstein, 15 rounds.
Plattsburgh Daily Press, October 19, 1920, p. 8
October 21, 1920, Paris, France, "Carpentier is Light Heavyweight Champion." The French Boxing Federation has decided to ask the International Boxing Union to sanction the result of the Carpentier-Levinski fight by granting Georges Carpentier the title of Light Heavyweight Champion of the World. The Union has heretofore considered this title vacant.
Plattsburgh Daily Press, October 22, 1920, p. 8.
October 22, 1920, Madison Square Garden Sporting Club, Louis Bogash vs Marty Cross
Jack Perry vs Paul Doyle
George Ward vs K.O. Loughlin
Johnny Summers vs Steve Latzo, all 15 rounds (PDP Oct. 21 says 10 rds)
Plattsburgh Daily Press, October 19 and 21, 1920, p. 8
October 23, 1920, the Commonwealth Sporting Club. The colored Lightweight Championship will be at stake when Leo Johnson, the title holder, battles Wee Wee Barton in one of the two star 15-round bouts at the Commonwealth Sporting Club tonight. In the other, Phil Delmont will oppose "Happy" Smith. Next Tuesday (Oct. 26) at this club Abe Goldstein will meet Earl Puryear, conquerer of Champion Pete Herman.
Plattsburgh Daily Press, October 23, 1920, p. 8
December 1, 1923, Joseph "Jimmy" Zeintz, Flyweight Boxer of Denmark, is to make a trip to America in 1924 to box the best men in that class. The Danish boy, according to Spike Webb, boxing coach at the US Naval Academy, is one of the best boxers in Europe.
Plattsburgh Daily Republican, December 1, 1923, p. 2
December 13, 1923, Service Club, Plattsburg, New York Barracks, K. O. Lang (Plattsburg Barracks) vs Fighting Bob Terry, Boston, Massachusetts, 8 Rounds/147 lbs
Arms (Plattsburg Barracks) vs Chateau Thierry (Plattsburgh), 6 Rounds/135 lbs
Gannon (Plattsburg Barracks) vs Chagnon (Plattsburgh), 6 Rounds/130 lbs
Keenan (Plattsburg Barracks) vs Dukette (Plattsburg), 4 Rounds/135 lbs
Johnson (Company I) vs Stanks (Company C), 4 Rounds/160 lbs
Ringside ($1.50), General Admission (75 cents)
Plattsburgh Daily Republican, December 12, 1923, p. 7 and December 13, 1923, p. 6
December 17, 1923, Los Angeles, California. Fighting King David Scored A Knockout.
Fighting King David, bearded newsboy, whose religion bans haircuts and shaves, surprised patrons of a boxing club here, by knocking out his opponent in the second round of what was expected to be a playful "curtain raiser." The bearded boxer, who is a newsboy on weekdays, and a preacher on Sunday, declared his whiskers are an aid in the ring, since they cushion blows. The preacher-newsboy-pugilist weighs 118 lbs, and is more than 6 feet tall.
Plattsburgh Daily Republican, December 18, 1923, p. 2
December 27, 1923. The fight game prospers not only in the good old USA, but in some of our possessions not so far away. Since Congress passed legislation permitting boxing in the Canal Zone, two stadiums have been erected, one on the East and one on the West Coast, each with a seating capacity of 4,500. Terry Richards, matchmaker, is now in New York rounding up talent and expects to return shortly with a score of prominent maulers who will show their wares to the Panama hat contingent.
Plattsburgh Daily Republican, December 27, 1923, p. 3
December 28, 1923. The "Rabbit Punch," a blow in the back of the neck, is said to have been first used by Jess Willard in his fight with Jack Johnson.
Plattsburgh Daily Republican, December 28, 1923, p. 3
December 29, 1923. The prospective opponents of Jack Dempsey are Harry Wills, Tom Gibbons, Luis Firpo and Jack Renault.
Robert Roth of Switzerland, who won the heavyweight wrestling championship at the last Olympic Games, has become a professional boxer.
Plattsburgh Daily Republican, December 29, 1923, p. 3
January 1, 1924, Boxing Champions of 1923
World Heavyweight, Jack Dempsey, Los Angeles; World Light-Heavyweight, Mike McTigue, New York; American Light-Heavyweight, Gene Tunney, New York; World Middleweight, Harry Greb, Pittsburgh; World Welterweight, Mickey Walker, Elizabeth, New Jersey; World Lightweight, Benny Leonard, New York; World Bantamweight, Joe Lynch, New York; World Flyweight, Pancho Villa, Phillipines; American Flyweight, Frankie Genaro, New York.
Plattsburgh Daily Press, January 1, 1924, p. 2
January 4, 1924, Albany, New York. The boxing game is in danger. Because it is said that the sport in New York City is controlled by a Trust, represented by Tex Rickard, it is hinted the game may be killed at this session of the Legislature...Senator Michael Reihurn, Democrat of New York, roundly scored the administration of the boxing law yesterday after introducing a bill to limit the price of admission to $5 for ordinary bouts, and $7 for championship contests..."I introduced this bill," he said, "to stop profiteering in the sport, and this is not all that should be done to the boxing game. Phoney decisions are becoming a disgrace."
Plattsburgh Daily Republican, January 5, 1924, p. 4
January 7, 1924. Young Stribling, nineteen year old light-heavyweight of Macon, Georgia, has engaged in more than 80 bouts, losing only three decisions. Twice he reversed these decisions in return bouts.
Plattsburgh Daily Republican, January 7, 1924, p. 3
January 9, 1924, New York. Jimmy Kelly won from KO (over) Phil Kaplan in the second round of what was to have been a 12 round contest, in the Lenox Sporting Club.
A testimonial to the late Billy Miske, heavyweight pugilist of St. Paul, will be presented at St. Paul, Minnesota on January 11, in the shape of a fistic entertainment sponsored by sports writers of Minneapolis and St. Paul.
Plattsburgh Daily Republican, January 10, 1924, p. 3
January 12, 1924. Kid McCoy was one of the trickiest of the larger fighting men...those who remember his "comeback" the night he met big Jim Stewart in Philadelphia will never forget how the bout began. [McCoy entered the ring first and picked his corner, all the while talking to imaginary friends in the crowd. When Stewart went to greet McCoy, McCoy said, "Oh, hello...boy!" McCoy then stepped on Stewart's "corns." Next, he reached up and jerked Stewart's head down and said, "Does this constitute one-hand holding?" By this time Stewart's nerves were so badly shattered that McCoy had no difficulty in whipping him in a limited bout.]
Plattsburgh Daily Republican, January 12, 1924, p.3
January 13, 1924, New York. Frank Doherty, known in the boxing ring as "Frankie Jerome," died tonight in the Bellevue Hospital from a compound fracture of the skull, believed to have been suffered in his last bout Friday night (Jan. 11) with Bud Taylor of Terre Haute, Indiana, in which Jerome received a terrific beating. The dead boxer was one of the leading bantamweights in the country, and was a favorite among New York fans who knew him as the "Bronx Spider." He had fought a large number of bouts both here and throughout the country, and was regarded as a dangerous contender for the title held by Joe Lynch. His bout with Taylor, which was held in Madison Square Garden, was arranged to help him in his advance toward a meeting with the title holder. The Terre Haute boxer turned out to be one of the most aggressive and hard hitting men that had exhibited in the boxing ring (in) a long time, and serverely pounded his opponent from the opening until he was out in the 12th and final round.
Albany, New York. The death of a fighter in the boxing ring in 1917, resulted in the suspension throughout New York State for three years of officially recognized bouts. During the winter of 1917, Toddy Hicks, of Albany, struck Young McDonald, also of Albany, a right over the heart. McDonald dropped, was carried from the ring, and was found to be dead. The bout was one of the preliminaries on a full card, and the promoters continued the program despite McDonald's death. Governor Charles E. Whitman, disgusted by the procedure, called for a repeal of the Malone Boxing Law. Boxing then, as far as official recognition was concerned, ceased until 1920, when the Legislature passed the Walker Boxing Law, under which bouts now are conducted.
Platttsburgh Daily Press, January 14, 1924, p. 1
January 15, 1926 - The Fighting Editor - by Robert M. Hughes
This address given before the Virginia Press Association highlighted how editors in England when physically challenged at the office for their written opinions had "...sent for the proprietor of a neighboring tavern who was a retired pugilist, and who undertook the part. So the fighting editor of that type was a sort of literary bouncer."
Hughes, Robert M. "The Fighting Editor." William and Mary College Quarterly Historical Magazine, Vol. VII, No. 1, January, 1927, p. 2
May 31, 1928, New York. Tommy Loughran, Light-Heavyweight Champion, and Pete Latzo, Scranton Miner, went back to their training grind today to whittle down to edge again for their 15-round title match at Ebbets Field, tomorrow night. Rain caused postponement of the bout, originally scheduled for Wednesday night. Loughran played handball for an hour at a local gymnasium and planned a few miles of roadwork before weighing in again at the offices of the New York State Commission tomorrow afternoon at 2 P.M. Latzo returned to Pompton Lakes, New Jersey, to work a few rounds with sparring partners. At the first weighing Wednesday afternoon, the champion barely made the class limit of 175 lbs., while Latzo tipped the beam at 169 1/2.
Burlington Free Press and Times, June 1, 1928, p. 13
June 1, 1928, in Brooklyn, New York (Ebbets Field), Tommy Loughran (Philadelphia), Light-Heavyweight Champion successfully defends his title, Win-15, Pete Latzo, former welterweight.
Burlington Free Press and Times, June 2, 1928, p. 13.
June 5, 1928, "To Fight in U.S." - Max Schmelling, German Heavyweight and Light Heavyweight champion (who) has come to America to meet Yankee battlers and reap Yankee gold. Max is 22, weights 187 lbs., and bears a physical resemblance to Jack Dempsey. (Includes picture).
Plattsburgh Daily Republican, June 5, 1928, p. 1.
"Navy's Heavy Champ" - Bill Daring, a very able seaman, indeed, on board the U. S. S. Arkansas. Bill, though but 21 and a 186 pounder, is heavyweight boxing champion of the United States battle fleet. (Includes picture.)
Plattsburgh Daily Republican, June 5, 1928, p. 4.
June 7, 1928, Madison Square Garden, New York. "Emanuel Wins Decision Over Veteran McTigue" - For nine fleeting seconds tonight the pages of time fluttered backward, and in the cauliflowered ears of old Mike McTigue there rang the cheers of a large fight crowd as his opponent lay flat on the canvass, but John Armand Emanuel of California, past master, got up and after the sensational first round knockdown, hammered his way to victory over the aged Irishman, in ten rounds.
"Tunney-Heeney Fight is Set for July 26" - New York. Another flock of world's champion fighters had their names officially written down on the calendar today for appearances by the New York State boxing commission. The commissioners approved July 26 as the date, and the Yankee Stadium as the place for the world's heavyweight championship meeting between Gene Tunney, titleholder, and Tom Heeney, contender. There was no mention of the prices. Leo Lomski of Aberdeen, Washington, and Mickey Walker, the middleweight champion, were officially scheduled to meet July 4 at Ebbets Field, Brooklyn, in a 10 round bout. The bout between Tommy Loughran and Jimmy Slattery was officially set for June 28.
Plattsburgh Daily Republican, June 8, 1928, p. 1.
June 12, 1928, "Jimmy McLarnin To Fight McGraw" - New York. Jimmy McLarnin, Pacific Coast lightweight who failed in an attempt to lift the title from Sammy Mandell recently, will start his comeback in a bout with Phil McGraw, Detroit veteran, at Madison Square Garden, June 21. The fight was announced by Jess McMahon, Garden matchmaker after the state athletic commission reinstated McGraw, who was suspended three weeks ago for fouling Bobby Burns. Jimmy Slattery of Buffalo posted a $2,500 forfeit with the commision to guarantee weight and appearance for his light heavyweight title fight with Tommy Loughran, the champion, June 28, at the Garden. Johnny Risko and George Godfrey, heavyweight(s) were ordered to post similar forfeits for their bout at Ebbetts Field June 30.
"Kid Kaplan Suffers" - Meridien, Connecticut. Louis "Kid" Kaplan, veteran lightweight from an attack of influenza which caused postponement of two of his bouts.
Plattsburgh Daily Republican, June 13, 1928, p. 1.
June 13, 1928, "Gene Sure He'll Win Big Scrap" - Canajoharie, New York. Gene Tunney, world's heavyweight champion, will whip Tom Heeney, July 26, at New York, but believes he will have a man-sized job, he declared in an interview here today. "I am sure I have a big job on my hands, but I think that I will retain the championsip - I hope so at any rate. I feel fine today, and my chief trouble will be not going stale," he said. Tunney, who is training at Speculator, New York, at Lake Pleasant, completed another day of intensive exercise today, hitting the Adirondack (mountains) roads for six miles. He is alternating his boxing and running tactics to remain in the pink of condition. Tunney is now near his best fighting form. He said he would reach the peak of condition about two days before the fight, and that he would be able to freshen up a bit by the brief layoff. Tunney now weights 196 lbs., and he is the picture of health.
"Latzo Wins On Foul" Brooklyn, New York. Pete Latzo won the decision over Leo Lomaki on a foul in the fifth round of the scheduled ten round bout at Ebbets Field tonight.
Plattsburgh Daily Republican, June 14, 1928, p. 1.
January 4, 1929, Macon, Georgia - "Dempsey Will Fight Winner?" Former Champion Is Interviewed on Journey Southward and Leaves Sport Writers in Daze
Enroute to Miami, Florida, to talk it over with Tex Rickard, Jack Dempsey is issuing a one man consensus of the heavyweight situation, and as interpreted by his interviewers along the line, it runs something like this. "The winner of the Stribling-Sharkey fight at Miami Beach February 27, will be the next champion of the world. I am willing to meet the winner of the Stribling-Sharkey fight, but I will have no announcements to make until I Rickard. I'm not sure yet that I want to box again. I will not referee the Miami Beach fight. I believe George Godfrey, the negro, is the best among the crop of heavyweights just at present." The contributions to fight ballyhoo left the scribes in cities through which the former champion had passed in the last 24 hours dazed, and somewhat groggy. The gong will ring on the next round of the scribbler's battle with Dempsey at Miami Beach tonight and it appears Dempsey's mighty right has been blostered with rhetoric that will carry a knockout punch.
New York, New York - "Sharkey Fight Against Hoodoo." No Heavyweight Who Changed His Name Ever Attained to Championship.
Perhaps it's a bit late to bring the matter up, but if there is anything in ring precedent Jack Sharkey, the silent sailorman from Boston, never can win the heavyweight championship Gene Tunney renounced. He has the wrong name. Many years ago the broad-shouldered Lithuanian withdrew from Binghamton, New York to join the Navy and see the world. He reported to enlisting headquarters with a handle that read something like Paul Cuckoschay. Something had to be done about it, especially when the big youngster turned out to be quite a fighter aboard ship. There was no Joe Humphries among the Navy announcers. So Paul Cuckoschay, following along the trail of Tom Sharkey, another great heavyweight who came out from among Uncle Sam's seafarers and into fame, took the name Jack Sharkey. Later he petitioned the courts for legal title to the name and it was granted. If Sharkey, or Cuckoschay, had ever delved into heavyweight title records before submitting to the change, he might not have done that. For the records show that in the whole history of 46 heavyweight champions from the time of the Great Jimm Figg in 1719 down to James Joseph Tunney, nicknamed Gene, there never has been a title-holder who failed to fight under his own name. That if nothing else, gives young William Stribling, fighting under the family name, a slight advantage over the Boston Broadcaster in the battle at Miami Beach, Florida, February 27th. It means that Sharkey, if successful in his first engagement, still must face an additional hurdle to Jack Dempsey's left hook if he opposes the famous son of the Salt Lake Dempseys in the final round for the title.
"Says Dempsey To Fight Again!" Sports Writer Declares Former Champion Now Training for Come-back.
According to the New York American Jack Dempsey, the most popular boxer the world has ever known, has definitely agreed to make one more effort to win back the heavyweight championship he lost to Gene Tunney at Philadelphia in 1926. Formal announcement that the man mauler has pledged his word to meet the winner of the 1929 heavyweight elimination tournament will be made by Promoter Tex Rickard from Miami next week. Dempsey is now in Chicago enroute to Miami, where he expects to start light training this month. In a statement which the New York American learns Rickard has already prepared for the press, the promoter will say: (1) That Dempsey has agreed to meet the winner of the impending elimination tournament, and that the match will decide the rightful owner of the championship left vacant by the retirement of Gene Tunney. (2) That the match will be staged at New York during August or September, depending on the length of time it requires Dempsey to get in shape. (3) That he feels the public will agree that Dempsey as a former title-holder, should not be required to fight his way through the tournament. Although Rickard has no intention of divulging the remainder of his program at this time, the New York American learns, that he intends to limit the field of contenders to four men. They are Jack Sharkey, Paulino Uzeudun, William "Young" Stribling and Tom Heeney, who was defeated by Tunney in the former title holder's last appearance. Stribling and Sharkey are matched at Miami on February 27th, and Paulino and Heeney will meet in this city during March or April. The winners will be paired at the Polo grounds in June and the survivor will meet Dempsey in what will be advertised as a championship bout. Against any of the four named Dempsey would enter the ring with confidence. He has knocked out Sharkey and naturally feels that he can do so again. Paulino is the type who rushes his opponents, and Dempsey likes nothing better than having the battle carried to him. He believes he can knock down anything he can hit. Heeney's style is similar to that of Paulino. As for Stribling, Dempsey does not believe he will survive the Sharkey bout. He regards the other three as the more dangerous contenders. Dempsey would not attempt a comeback if he thought there was any likelihood of being called upon to meet Tommy Loughran, the light heavyweight champion. He would have to chase Loughran, and his two defeats by Tunney have convinced him that he lacks the speed that he would need against boxers. Rickard was willing to make any concession to secure Dempsey's services. The promoter has grossed more than $9,000,000 through fights in which Dempsey has been a principal and he believes that the battles of the century are a thing of the past unless Dempsey is part of the show. Against Dempsey at Chicago, Gene Tunney helped to draw a $2,667,000 gate, but against Tom Heeney a year later in New York, the proceeds dropped to 1/5 of that sum.
The Bennington Evening Banner, January 4, 1929, p. 6
October 29, 1929, Wrigley Field, Los Angeles. Mickey Walker successfully defended his middleweight crown here tonight when he gave Ace Hudkins, the Nebraska wildcat a terrific punching in ten rounds. Fighting in all his old time form, the champion not only outfought Hudkins in nearly every round but had the Nebraska slugger groggy on several occasions. It was the second meeting of the pair. Walker having defeated Hudkins in ten rounds in Chicago last year.
The Burlington Free Press, October 30, 1929, p. 1.
October 1, 1930, in Grand Forks, North Dakota, Spud Murphy, Moorhead, Minnesota, KO-5, Judy Ruddy, Grand Forks
in Flint, Michigan, Roger Bernard, Flint, KO-6, Seve Nugent, Cleveland, Ohio
The Brattleboro Daily Reformer, October 2, 1930, p. 9
January 1, 1931, in Columbus, Ohio, Lou Bloom, Columbus, Win-10, Eddie Anderson, Chicago, Illinois.
in Fargo, North Dakota, Billy Petrolle, Fargo, Outpointed-6, Billy Light, St. Paul, Minnesota.
in Chicago, Illinois, Mickey McFarland, Chicago, Outpointed-6, K. O. White, Chicago.
in Portland, Oregon, Charley Belanger, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, Outpointed-10, Leo Lomski, Aberdeen, Washington.
in Cincinnati, Ohio, Freddie Miller, Cincinnati, Outpointed-10, Roger Bernhard, Detroit, Michigan.
in Boston, Massachusetts, Jose Santa, Portugal, Outpointed-10, Roberto Roberti, Italy.
in Mexico City, Mexico, George Godfrey, Leiperville, Pennsylvania, KO-10, Salvatore Ruggirello, Italy.
in Buffalo, New York, Lou Scozza, Buffalo, Outpointed-10, Larry Johnson, Chicago, Illinois.
in Rochester, New York, Steve Halaiko, Auburn, New York, Outpointed-10, Wesley Ramey, Grand Rapids, Michigan.
in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Johnny Datto, Cleveland, Ohio, Outpointed-10, Jackie Rodgers, Pittsburgh.
in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Tait Littman, Cudahy, Wisconsin, KO-4, George Courtney, Tulsa, Oklahoma.
Harry Dublinsky, Chicago, Outpointed-10, Bruce Flowers, New Rochelle.
Brattleboro Daily Reformer, January 2, 1931, p. 3
November 4, 1931, at Chicago Stadium, Chicago, Illinois, Bat Battalino, World Featherweight Champion successfully defended his title, Decision-10, Earl Mastro, Chicago. The fight was witnessed by 14,000 spectators.
Burlington Free Press & Times, November 5, 1931, p. 15.
July 4, 1932, Dempsey's Bowl, Reno Nevada. Max Baer, California heavyweight, scored a 20 round decision over King Levinsky of Chicago in a bruising battle here late today. The rangy Californian scored effectively all the way with a damaging attack to win Referee George Blake's decision. There was no dissension at the verdict as Baer piled up a big lead throughout the bout. A crowd of approximately 8,000 fans turned out for the fight. It was Baer's second voctory over the former fish peddler of Chicago. Baer won a 10 round decision in New York last year.
The Burlington Free Press & Times, July 5, 1932, p. 11.
July 5, 1932 - New York, "Boxing Experts Only to Broadcast Fights Hereafter."
As an outgrowth of controversy arising from Jack Sharkey's defeat of Max Schmeling for the heavyweight championship, the New York State Athletic Commission today barred any but "boxing experts" from broadcasting descriptions of future matches here. The commission defined as boxing experts, "sports writers, referees or judges." The radio description broadcast by Charles Francis Coe, novelist, and Graham McNamee, announcer, indicated Schmeling had a wide margin of points over Sharkey. Although a majority of the critics at the ringside also gave Schmeling an edge in the battling, and the vote of two judges and Referee Gunboat Smith was not unanimous, the decision was favorably received by many spectators, and approved by the boxing commision.
The Burlington Free Press & Times, July 6, 1932, p. 11.
October 3, 1932, in Vienna, Austria, Young Perez, Spain, Stopped-9, Percy Dexter, England.
in Terre Haute, Indiana, Sammy Slaughter, Terre Haute, Outpointed-10, Al Stillman, St. Louis, Missouri.
in New Orleans, Louisiana, Lu Terry, St. Louis, Missouri, Outpointed-10, Battling Shaw, New Orleans.
in Holyoke, Massachusetts, Norman Conrad, Wilton, New Hampshire, KO-5, Battling Archie, Hartford Negro
Stanley Winneryk, Lawrence, Outpointed-8, Jackie Cohen, New York.
Brattleboro Daily Reformer, October 4, 1932, p. 3.
October 4, 1932, in Detroit, Michigan, Kid Chocolate, Cuba, Outpointed-10, Johnny Farr, Cleveland, Ohio.
George Riley, Detroit, Outpointed-6, Wilbur Chevalier, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
in Berlin, Germany, Vincez Hower, Germany, Stopped-4, Paul Bianchi, Argentina.
Brattleboro Daily Reformer, October 5, 1932, p. 3.
October 5, 1932, in San Francisco, California, John Henry Lewis, Prescott, Arizona, Stopped-4, Fred Lenhart, Tacoma, Washington.
in Seattle, Washington, Andy Bundy, Portland, Oregon, Outpointed-6, Rodolfo Taglia, Argentina.
in Fall River, Massachusetts, Nat Bor, former national amateur lightweight champion, KO-1, Al Hope, South Boston.
D'Arcy White, New Bedford, Massachusetts, TKO-3, Francis Carter, Worcester, Massachusetts.
Nick Fusaro, Fall River, Decision-6, Stonewall Jackson, Lynn, Massachusetts.
Brattleboro Daily Reformer, October 6, 1932, p. 3.
October 6, 1932, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Frankie Bojarski, Erie, Pennsylvania, Stopped-6, Ray an Hook, Pontiac, Michigan.
Brattleboro Daily Reformer, October 7, 1932, p. 6.
October 7, 1932, in Boston, Massachusetts, Andy Callahan, Lawrence, Massachusetts, Outpointed-12, Lou Brouillard, Worchester, Massachusetts.
in Tampa, Florida, Primo Carnera, Italy, KO-4, Ted Sandwina, Sioux City, Iowa.
in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Lew Massey, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Outpointed-10, Johnny Datto, Pittsburgh.
in Hollywood, California, Vearle Whitehead, California, Outpointed-10, Milo Milletti, Omaha, Nebraska.
in San Diego, California, Cowboy Charlie Cobb, San Diego, Outpointed-10, Mike Payan, San Diego.
in New York, Jimmy McLarnin, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, Stopped-6, Benny Leonard, New York.
Teddy Yarosz, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Draw-10, Eddie Kid Wolfe, Memphis, Tennessee.
Baby Joe Gans, California, KO-2, Eddie Moore, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Brattleboro Daily Reformer, October 8, 1932, p. 3.
October 10, 1932, in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Bobby Leitham, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, Outpointed-12, Tony Marino, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
in Charleston, West Virginia, Chuck Burns, San Antonio, Texas, Outpointed-10, Johnny Roberts, Charleston.
Greenie Demerse, Keene, New Hampshire, KO-2, Vince McNeil, Charleston.
in Terre Haute, Indiana, Tiger Jack Fox, Indianapolis, Indiana, Outpointed-10, Meyer (KO) Christner, Akron, Ohio.
Brattleboro Daily Reformer, October 11, 1932, p. 3.
October 11, 1932, in Alexandria, Virginia, Joe Banovic, Binghampton, Outpointed-10, Sammy Weiss, Nazareth, Pennsylvania.
Joey Raymond, Baltimore, Maryland, Draw-8, Henry Irving, Washington.
Sammy Sweet, Cincinnati, Ohio, Stopped-1, Avelino Martin, Baltimore, Maryland.
Brattleboro Daily Reformer, October 12, 1932, p. 3.
October 12, 1932, in Oakland, California, Speedy Dado, Philippines, Outpointed-10, Young Tommy, Philippines.
in Seattle, Washington, Andy Bundy, Portland, Oregon, Defeated-6, Abie Israel, Seattle.
in Reno, Nevada, King Tut, Minneapolis, Minnesota, KO-2, Johnny Freeman, Dayton, Ohio.
in Brooklyn, New York, Tony Canzoneri, Lightweight Champion, KO-3, Frankie Petrolle, Schenectady, New York (non title).
Arthur Huttick, New York, Outpointed-10, Walter Cobb, Baltimore, Maryland.
Paulie Walker, Trenton, New Jersey, KO-2, Eddie Hapiro, New York.
Maxie Rosenbloom, Brooklyn, Outpointed-10, Jack Redman, South Bend, Indiana.
Brattleboro Daily Reformer, October 13, 1932, p. 3.
October 13, 1932, in Sacramento, California, Jimmy Evans, San Francisco, California, Defeated-10, Andy Divodi, New York.
in Stockton, California, Battling Bulahan, Manilla, Philippines, Outpointed-10 Tom Corbett, Omaha, Nebraska.
in New York, Kid Chocolate, Cuba, Stopped-12, Lew Feldman, New York.
Ben Jeby, New York, KO-6, Paul Pironne, Cleveland, Ohio.
Chick Devlin, San Francisco, California, Draw-10, Frank Battaglia, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
in Camden, New Jersey, Primo Carnera, Italy, KO-6, Gene Stanton, Cleveland, Ohio.
Jack Kilbourne, Australia, Outpointed-8, Jack Mackaway, New York.
Billy Hendrie, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Stopped-4, Buddy Pierce, Trenton, New Jersey.
Brattleboro Daily Reformer, October 14, 1932, p. 7.
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January 2, 1933, in Chicago, Illinois, Harry Dublinsky, Chicago, Outpointed-10, Prince Saunders, Chicago.
Ray Tramblie, Rockford, Illinois, KO-4, Bob Groshek, Gary, Indiania.
in Philadelpahia, Pennsylvania, Jimmy Mack, Philadelphia, Outpointed-10, Matty White, Philadelphia.
Stumpy Jacobs, Norfork, Virginia, Outpointed-10, Tommy Conway, Philadelphia.
in Columbus, Ohio, Johnny Romans, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Outpointed-10, Tiger Kid Walker, Zanesville, Ohio.
Jackie Hoster, Columbus, Stopped-6, Louis Saunders, New Jersey.
in Scranton, Pennsylvania, Wildcat O'Connor, Carbondale, Pennsylvania, Draw-10, Jack Portney, Baltimore, Maryland.
Jimmy Phillips, Bernardsville, New Jersey, Outpointed-6, Tony Rock, Wayfield, Pennsylvania.
in Portland, Oregon, Young Firpo, Burke, Idaho, Outpointed-10, Leo Lomski, Aberdeen, Washington.
in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Frankie O'Brien, Hartford, Connecticut, KO-2, Tait Pittman, Cudahy, Wisconsin.
Ray Miller, Chicago, Illinois, Outpointed-10, Johnny Datto, Cleveland, Ohio.
in New York, Vince Dundee, Newark, New Jersey, Outpointed-10, Franta Nekolny, Czechoslovakia.
Patsy Pasculli, New York, Outpointed-3, Al Ridgeway, Union City, New Jersey.
in Buffalo, New York, Steve Halaiko, New York, KO-5, Joe Hall, Buffalo.
Joe Grant, Attica, New York, KO-6, Ray Gore, Buffalo.
Brattleboro Daily Reformer, January 3, 1933, p. 3.
January 6, 1933, in San Francisco, California, Baby Arizmendi, Mexico, Outpointed-10, Archie Bell, Brooklyn, New York.
in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Battling Gizzy, Donora, Pennsylvania, Stopped-4, Louis Di Santis, Cleveland, Ohio.
Jimmy Thomas, Pittsburgh, Outpointed-10, Frankie Jarr, Fort Wayne, Indiana.
in New York, Ernie Schaaf, Boston, Massachusetts, Stopped-6, Stanley Poreda, Jersey City, New Jersey.
Charley Massera, New York, Outpointed-5, Joe Barlow, Boston, Massachusetts.
Sam Portney, Brooklyn, New York, Outpointed-5, Jack Poliseo, Newark, New Jersey.
Phil Johnson, Bayonne, New Jersey, Outpointed-5, Phil Lightfoot, Canada.
Brattleboro Daily Reformer, January 7, 1933, p. 3.
January 9, 1933, in New York, Bep Van Klaveren, Holland, Outpointed-10, Phil Rafferty, New York.
Eddie Holmes, Providence, Rhode Island, Outpointed-8, Gordon Donahue, New York.
in Leeds, England, Larry Gains, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Stopped-6, Paul Hoffman, Holland.
in Holyoke, Massachusetts, Lou Brouillard, Worcester, Massachusetts, Outpointed-10, Horatio Velha, Hartford, Connecticut.
in Charleston, South Carolina, Bob Godwin, Daytona Beach, Florida, Outpointed-10, Eric Lawson, Brooklyn, New York.
in Newark, New Jersey, Young Terry, Trenton, New Jersey, Outpointed-10, Jack Rosenberg, New York.
Cowboy Owen Phelps, Phoenix, Arizona, Outpointed-10, Roscoe Manning, Newark.
in Terre Haute, Indiana, Jack Roper, Los Angeles, Californina, KO-3, Paul Pantaleo, Chicago, Illinois.
Brattleboro Daily Reformer, January 10, 1933, p. 2.
January 10, 1933, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Tommy Loughran,
Philadelphia, Outpointed-10, King Levinsky, Chicago, Illinois.
Unknown Winston, Hartford, Connecticut, KO-1, Jim Darcy, Los Angeles, California.
in Alexandria, Virginia, Pete Sanstol, Norway, Outpointed-8, Jimmy Mack, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
in West Palm Beach, Florida, Dave Barry, St. Louis, Missouri, Draw-10, Johnny Gonzales, Los Angeles, California.
in Bismarck, North Dakota, Louis Ledtke, Aberdeen, North Dakota, Outpointed-8, Very Glodry, Britton, South Dakota.
Tuffy Mossett, Bismarck, Outpointed-6, Howard Ledtke, Fargo, North Dakota.
Brattleboro Daily Reformer, January 11, 1933, p. 3, and BDR, January 12, 1933, p. 3.
March 10, 1933, at Madison Square Garden, Light-HeavyWeights, Maxie Rosenbloom, the Harlem Harlequin (174 lbs), Decision-15, over Adolph Heuser, Bulldog of the Rhine (172 lbs), before a crowd of 11,648. Referee: Jed Gahan.
Plattsburgh Daily Press, March 11, 1933, p. 2.
March 17, 1933, at Madision Square Garden, , Ben Jeby, World Middleweight Champion (159 1/2 lbs), and Vince Dundee, Baltimore (159 3/4 lbs), Draw-15, before a crowd of 11,000. Referee: Ed Fordes. Announcer: Joe Humphries.
Plattsburgh Daily Press, March 18, 1933, p. 2.
March 19, 1933, in Milan, Italy. Bantamweights, Al Brown, the Panama Negro (117 1/2 lbs) Outpointed-12, Dominick Bernasconi, Italian Title holder (117 1/2 lbs).
Plattsburgh Daily Press, March 20, 1933, p. 2.
March 20, 1933, in Buffalo, New York, Lou Scozza (173 1/2 lbs) TKO-5, over George Nichols (165 lbs) former National Boxing Association Light-HeavyWeight Champion. Referee: Jimmy Goodrich.
Also on the same card, Steve Halaiko (140 lbs) Defeated-10, Sammy Bruce, Albany, New York (141 lbs). and Featherweights Boy Lathron and Joe Gerace, a Draw.
Plattsburgh Daily Press, March 21, 1933, p. 2.
March 21, 1933, Scheduled for 10 rounds in Los Angeles. Freddie Miller, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Boxing Commission Featherweight Champion vs Speedy Dado, the Filipino Scrapper.
Plattsburgh Daily Press, March 20, 1933, p. 2.
March 22, 1933, in Chicago, Lightweights Barney Ross (Chicago) Decision-10, over Billy Petrolle, Fargo, North Dakota.
Plattsburgh Daily Press, March 23, 1933, p. 2.
March 24, 1933, Madison Square Garden, Maxie Rosenbloom, TKO-4, over Bob Godwin, Daytona, Florida (175 lbs), former National Boxing Association title holder.
Plattsburgh Daily Press, March 25, 1933, p. 2.
1934, Frederick Faust (Max Brand) writes a western novel entitled "Marbleface," a story about a middleweight contender, Jerry Ash, turned cowboy after being KO'd by Digger Murphy.
October 1, 1934, London, Freddie Miller, N.B.A. Featherweight Champ, Outpointed-10, Dave Crowley, Great Britain (Non-title).
in Cleveland, Ohio, Midget Wolgast (120 lbs), New York, Outpointed-10, Babe Triscaro (117) Cleveland.
in Holyoke, Massachusetts, Tony Celli (168 1/2 lbs) Leominster, Massachusetts, Outpointed-8, Al Trulmans (162 1/2 lbs) San Diego, California.
in Hartford, Connecticut, Bat Battalino (136 lbs) Harford, Outpointed-10, Lew Feldman (132 lbs) New York.
in Buffalo, New York, Big Boy Brackey (217 lbs) Buffalo, K0-2 over Walter Potter (192 lbs) Buffalo.
in Syracuse, New York, Eddie Karolak (180 lbs) New York Outpointed-6, Johnny Nelson (175 lbs).
in Chicago, Illinois, Tracy Cox (140 lbs) Indianapolis, Indiana, Stopped-6, Tommy Corbett (140 lbs) Omaha, Nebraska; Little Pal (130 lbs) East Chicago, Outpointed-6, Charles Mack (127 lbs) Los Angeles, California; Freddy Chynewth (140 1/2 lbs) Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Outpointed-6, Billy Gladstone (138 lbs) Chicago.
Brattleboro Daily Reformer, October 2, 1934, p. 3.
October 3, 1934, Cincinnati, Ohio, Roughhouse Glover (163 lbs) Jacksonville, Florida shaded, Carl Knowles (169 lbs) Savannah, Georgia; Al Schwartz (135 lbs) Cincinnati, KO-6 over Bulldog Downs (133 lbs) Savannah; Jack Crawford (155 lbs) Portsmouth, O., Draw with Red Goss (153 lbs) Savannah.
in San Francisco, California, John Henry Lewis (178 lbs) Phoenix, Arizona, Draw-10 with Donald "Reds" Barry (200 lbs) Washington, D. C.; Ray Actis (170 lbs) San Fransico Stopped-2, Walter Kirkwood (173 lbs) Washington, D. C.
Brattleboro Daily Reformer, October 4, 1934, p. 10.
January 1, 1935, Scranton, Pennsylvania, Eddie "Babe" Riski (162 lbs) Syracuse, New York, Stopped-7, Teddy Yarosz (160 1/2 lbs) Monaca, Pennsylvania (Non-title bout).
Mexico, D. F., Albert "Baby" Arizmendi (NY Featherweight Champion), Outpointed-12, Henry Armstrong, California.
St. Petersburo, Florida, Carl Guggino (131 lbs) St. Petersburo, Outpointed-10, Terry McGovern (132 lbs) St. Petersburo, and Sollie Carter (140 lbs) Bridgeport, Connecticut, Outpointed-8, Charlie Webber (148 lbs).
Brattleboro Daily Reformer, January 2, 1935, p. 3.
January 2, 1935, Newark, New Jersey, Vince Dundee (164 lbs) Belleville, Stopped-5, Vincenzo Troiano (159 1/2 lbs) Italy.
Brattleboro Daily Reformer, January 3, 1935, p. 3.
January 3, 1935, Tacoma, Washington, Al Spina (120 1/4 lbs) Portland, Oregon, Draw-10, with Matty "Baby Face" Matheson (118 1/4 lbs) Buffalo, New York.
Brattleboro Daily Reformer, January 4, 1935, p. 3.
January 4, 1935, in Detroit, Michigan, Joe Louis (195 lbs) Detroit, Outpointed-10, Patsy Perroni (187 lbs) Boston, Massachusetts.
Jacob Buddy Baer (240 lbs) Livermore, California, Stopped-2, Jack Dowd (210 lbs) Detroit.
Billy Treest (165 lbs) Batavia, Illinois, Outpointed-6, Frank Karpinoski (159 lbs) Detroit.
Johnny Vorce (180 lbs) Detroit, Outpointed, Buck Tracy (175 lbs) Boston.
Max Baer (215 lbs) World Heavyweight Champ vs Babe Hunt (201 lbs) Ponca City, Oklahoma. Exhibition, 4 rounds.
in Chicago, Illinois, Frankie Sigilio (139 1/2 lbs) Chicago, Stopped-3, Lou Jallos (138 1/2 lbs) Cleveland, Ohio.
Freddie Caserio (164 lbs) Chicago, Outpointed-6, Jack Charvez (164 lbs) Phoenix, Arizona.
in Paris, Freddy Miller (127 lbs) Cincinnati, Ohio, KO-7, Francois Auger (128 lbs) France.
in San Francisco, California, Pietro Georgi (172 lbs) Buffalo, New York, Outpointed-6, Billy Donahue (172 lbs) New York.
Brattleboro Daily Reformer, January 5, 1935, p. 3.
Article on Harry Krakow (King Levinsky), Time Magazine, January 7, 1935, p. 68.
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January 7, 1935, in Newark, New Jersey, Tony Canzoneri (140 1/4 lbs) New York, KO-2, Eddie Ran (143 1/2 lbs) Poland.
in Chicago, Illinois, Harry Booker (134 1/2 lbs) Chicago, Outpointed-6, Johnny Fitzpatrick (132 3/4 lbs) New York.
Nestor Bruggeman (151 lbs) Chicago, Outpointed-4, Sammy Adams (145 1/2 lbs) Bridgeport, Connecticut.
in Holyoke, Massachusetts, Carlos Soloman (146 1/4 lbs) Mexico, Stopped-3, Elmer Bezenah (148 lbx) Cincinnati, Ohio.
in Albany, New York, Tommy Romano (154 1/2 lbs) Watervliet, New York, Outpointed-8, Sid Cohen (161 lbs) Florida, New York.
Joe Gainer (168 lbs) Troy, New York, Defeated-8, Panama Jimmy Brown (172 1/2 lbs) Panama.
in Syracuse, New York, Joey Brown (124 lbs) Syracuse, Outpointed-8, Joey Izzo (127 lbs) Hartford.
Eddie Marks (143 lbs) New York, Defeated-8, Eugene Emanuel (143 lbs) Syracuse.
Honeyboy Huges (137 lbs) Glens Falls, New York, Won-8, Eddie Dempsey (139 lbs) Syracuse.
in New York, Izzy Jannazo (146 1/2 lbs) New York, Defeated-10, Tony Falco (142 1/2 lbs) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Tony Fernandez (128 1/2 lbs) Cuba, KO-3, Earl Lester,(129 lbs) New York.
Brattleboro Daily Reformer, January 8, 1935, p. 3
January 8, 1935, in Duluth, Minnesota, Jock Moore, (147 lbs) Proctor, Minnesota, Outpointed-6, Max Kalbrenner (146 lbs) Fargo, North Dakota.
Wen Lambert (142 lbs) Proctor, Draw-4, Red Martin (138 lbs) Minneapolis, Minnesota.
Marty Teller (140 1/2 lbs) Hibbing, Minnesota, Outpointed-6, Johnny Gould (141 lbs) Minneapolis.
Jim Hannigan (147 lbs) Proctor, Outpointed-3, Joe Preberg (145 lbs) Eveleth, Minnesota.
Bill Cody (130 lbs) Proctor, Draw-3, Punchy Finelli (134 lbs) Hibbing.
Joe Michaud (124 lbs) Duluth, KO, Joe Walsh (128 lbs) Duluth.
in Fargo, North Dakota, Freddie Atkinson (145 lbs) Detroit, Michigan, Outpointed-6, Billy Norton (145 lbs) Fargo.
in Vancouver, British Columbia, Gordon Wallace (147 lbs) Vancouver, KO-8, Ron Headley (146 lbs) Ottawa, Ontario.
Barre Daily Times, January 9, 1935, p. 2. and Brattleboro Daily Reformer, January 9, 1935, p. 3.
January 10, 1935, in New Haven, Connecticut, Al Gainer, New Haven, Stopped-10, Lou Poster, Pottstown, Pennsylvania.
in Tacoma, Washington, Freddie Steele (156 3/4 lbs) Tacoma, Outpointed-10, Tommy Rios (158 1/4 lbs) Wilmington, Delaware.
in Seattle, Washington, Cecil Payne (139 lbs) Louisvillle, Kentucky, KO-2, Johnny Pasco (142 lbs) Seattle.
in Miami, Florida, Joe Knight (181 lbs) Cairo, Georgia, KO-2, Eddie Karolak (190 lbs) Schenectady, New York.
Harry Schuman (151 1/2 lbs) Chicago, Illinois, KO-3, Willie Fitzgerald (166 lbs) California.
in Boston, Massachusetts, Max Baer, World Heavyweight Champion, Outpointed-4, Dick Madden, Boston (Exhibition).
Babe Hunt, Ponca City, Oklahoma, Outpointed-4, Buddy Baer (239 lbs) Livermore, California.
in Dallas, Texas, Henry Hook (121 lbs) Indianapolis, Indiana, Outpointed-10, Kid Barrilito (123 lbs) Monterey, Mexico.
Manuel Laredo (121 lbs) Mexico, D. F., Outpointed-6, Frankie Hodges (118 lbs) Tulsa, Oklahoma.
Brattleboro Daily Reformer, January 11, 1935, p. 11.
January 11, 1935, in New York, Lou Ambers (133 3/4 lbs) Herkimer, New York, Outpointed-10, Harry Dublinsky (140 1/4 lbs) Chicago, Illinois.
Leonard Del Genio (135 1/2 lbs) New York, Stopped-6, Frankie Wallace (133 3/4 lbs) Cleveland, Ohio.
Joe Tei Ken (117 1/2 lbs) Korea, KO-5, Charles Zeletes (118 lbs) Barrington, New Jersey.
in Boston, Massachusetts, Bob Olin (176 1/2 lbs) Outpointed-10, Fanis Tzanatopolous (176 1/4 lbs) Lynn.
Al Boros (188 1/2 lbs) Bridgeport, Outpointed-8, Larry Johnson (191 1/2 lbs) Chicago, Illinois.
Brattleboro Daily Reformer, January 12, 1935, p. 3
February 7, 1935, in Paterson, New Jersey, Paul Cavalier (196 lbs) Paterson, Outpointed-10, Larry Johnson (194 lbs) Chicago, Illinois.
in Tacoma, Washington, Fred Lenhart (177 1/2 lbs) Tacoma, KO-4, Billy Donahue (169 lbs) New York.
Baby Joe Gans (152 lbs) Los Angeles, California, Stopped-6, Andy Divoldi (153 lbs) New York.
in Seattle, Washington, Cecil Jordan (146 lbs) Portland, Oregon, Draw-6, Mickey McCafferty (145 lbs) St. Paul, Minnesota.
in Bennington, Vermont, Johnny Nelson (175 lbs) Syracuse, New York, Decision-8, Tony Celli (171 lbs) Leominster, Massachusetts.
in Portland, Maine, Ossie Stewart (161 lbs) Augusta, Maine, KO-2, Maurice Gosselin (162 lbs) Lawrence, Massachusetts.
Barre Daily Times, February 8, 1935, p. 2.
February 11, 1935, in Buffalo, New York, Johnny Freeman (181 lbs) Salamanca, New York, Outpointed-6, Big Boy Brackey (207 lbs) Lackawanna, New York.
Barre Daily Times, February 12, 1935, p. 2.
February 28, 1935, in Dayton, Ohio, Alabama Kid (159 lbs) Dayton, Outpointed-10, Solly Dukelsky (160 lbs) Chicago, Illinois.
in Grand Forks, North Dakota, Babe Daniels (135 lbs) Duluth, Minnesota, Outpointed-6, Kid Rippatoe (140 lbs) Fargo, North Dakota.
Louis "Kid" Fettig (160 lbs) Grand Forks, Outpointed-6, Stanley Dorgan (178 lbs) Duluth.
in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Wildcat O'Connor (144 lbs) Scranton, Pennsylvania, Draw-8, Bucky Jones (146 lbs) Philadelphia.
in Portland, Maine, Ginger Beck (145 lbs) Portland, Outpointed-10, Tommy Gaffney (142 lbs) Dover, New Hampshire.
Barre Daily Times, March 1, 1935, p. 2.
March 1, 1935, at Madison Square Garden, Lou Ambers (lightweight) Herkimer, New York, Decision-15, Sammy Fuller, Boston, Massachusetts
Burlington Free Press, March 1, 1935, p. 17, and The Barre Daily Times, March 2, 1935, p. 2.
March 5, 1935, in Elizabeth, New Jersey, Tony Galento (218 lbs) Orange, New Jersey, Stopped-5, Larry Johnson (192 lbs) Chicago, Illinois.
in Fargo, North Dakota, Kid Rippatoe (138 lbs) Fargo, Stopped-6, Billy Norton (148 lbs) Fargo.
Howard Sheik (153 lbs) Fargo, Stopped-4 Harold Nelson (148 lbs) Salem, Oregon.
in St. Petersburg, Florida, Joe Lipps (176 lbs) Charlotte, North Carolina, Outpointed-10, Izzy Singer (173 1/2 lbs) New York.
Buddy Holinbeck (168 lbs) Terre Haute, Indiana, Outpointed-8, Frankie Burns (170 lbs) West Palm Beach, Florida.
Barre Daily Times, March 6, 1935, p. 2.
March 10, 1935, in Hamburg, Germany, Max Schmeling Win-9 over Steve Hamas.
Burlington Free Press, March 8, 1935, p. 15.
March 11, 1935, in Paris, France, Freddie Miller (128 lbs) Cincinnati, Ohio, Outpointed-10, Johnny Edwards (129 lbs) France.
in Dayton, Ohio, Alabama Kid (158 lbs) Dover, Ohio, Stopped-3, Joe Simonich (160 lbs) Butte, Montana.
in New Orleans, Louisiana, Sylvan Bass (153 1/2 lbs) Baltimore, Maryland, Outpointed-10, Eddie Flynn (151 1/2 lbs) New Orleans.
Barre Daily Times, March 12, 1935, p. 2.
in Syracuse, New York, Eddie "Babe" Risko (161 lbs) Syracuse, KO-2, Benny Levine (158 lbs) Newark, New Jersey.
Joe Vignali (138 lbs) New York, Outpointed-8, Bad Boy Emmanuel (142 lbs) Syracuse.
Ted Smith (150 lbs) Cleveland, Ohio, KO-2, Johnny Baker (147 lbs) Rochester, New York.
in Albany, New York, Hookie Jackson (150 1/4 lbs) Boston, Massachusetts, Outpointed-8, Bob Turner (165 lbs) Baltimore, Maryland.
Eddie Haas (127 lbs) Worcester, Massachusetts, Outpointed-6, Ronald Santos (128 1/4 lbs) New York.
in Chicago, Illinois, Chicago Lightweights Eddie Ward, KO-3, Harry Booker.
Tony Zale (158 3/4 lbs) Gary, Indiana, Outpointed-8, Max (Kingfish) Elling (154 3/4 lbs) Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
in Holyoke, Massachusetts, Steven Halaiko (138 3/4 lbs) Auburn, New York, Draw-10, Billy McMahon (137 1/2 lbs) New York.
in Newark, New Jersey, Joe Kuhal (173 lbs) Elizabeth, New Jersey, Draw-8, Frank Zamaris (172 lbs) Orange, New Jersey.
Barre Daily Times, March 12, 1935, p. 2.
March 15, 1935, in Chicago, Illinois, Tony Canzoneri (134 1/4 lbs) New York, Outpointed-10, Chuck Woods (138 lbs) Detroit, Michigan.
Wesley Ramey 136 1/2 lbs) Grand Rapids, Michigan, Outpointed-10, Frankie Sagilio (139 lbs) Cicero
Sammy Chivas (142 lbs) Detroit, Michigan, Draw-6, Dick Sisk (141 lbs) Chicago.
Billy Treest (168 1/2 lbs) St. Charles, Illinois, Stopped-4, Lee Savoldi (174 lbs) St. Paul, Minnesota.
Mike Belloise (127 lbs) New York, Stopped-5, Orville Brouillard (133 lbs) Windsor, Ontario, Canada.
in New York, Heavyweights Primo "Man Mountain" Carnera (268 lbs) New York, TKO-9, Ray "Skyscraper" Impellitiere (258 1/2 lbs) Cold Springs, New York.
Abe Feldman (181 1/2 lbs) New York, Outpointed-8, Steve Dudas (182 1/2 lbs) Edgewater, New Jersey.
in San Francisco, California, Lou Brouillard (155 1/2 lbs) Worcester, Massachusetts, Stopped-7, Babe Marino (143 lbs) San Francisco.
in Wheeling, West Virginia, Mose Butch (126 lbs) Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Stopped-8, Wesley Martin (126 lbs) Akron, Ohio.
Lloyd Pine (125 lbs) Akron, Outpointed-6, Barney Ruffern (127 lbs) Youngstown, Ohio.
Billy Rand (136 lbs) Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Draw-6, Stan Nagey (139 lbs).
in Grand Forks, North Dakota, Louis Fittig, Grand Forks, Outpointed-6, Stanley Dorgan, Duluth, Minnesota.
K. O. Walsh (171 lbs) Moorhead, Minnesota, Draw-4, Cy Vester (170 lbs) Duluth.
Barre Daily Times, March 16, 1935, p. 2 and Burlington Free Press, March 15, 1935, p. 17.
March 18, 1935, in Buffalo, New York, Joe Gerace (128 lbs) Buffalo, Outpointed-6, Mickey Devine (128 lbs) Batavia, New York.
Barre Daily Times, March 19, 1935, p. 2.
March 22, 1935, in New York, James J. Braddock (182 1/4 lbs) New Jersey, Outpointed-15, Art Lasky (197 lbs) Minneapolis, Minnesota.
Steve Dudas (182 lbs) Edgewater, New Jersey, Stopped-6, Tom Patrick (183 lbs) California.
in Boston, Massachusetts, Al McCoy (171 lbs) Canada, Stopped-8, Bob Goodwin (174 lbs) Daytona Beach, Florida.
in Detroit, Michigan, Holman Williams (133 lbs) Detroit, Outpointed-10, Tommy Paul (134 lbs) Buffalo, New York.
in Hollywood, California, Lou Brouillard (157 1/2 lbs) Worcester, Massachusetts, Outpointed-10, Milford "Swede" Berglund (160 lbs) San Bernardino, California.
in New Haven, Connecticut, Al Gainer (173 lbs) New Haven, Outpointed-10, Al Borros (193 1/2/ lbs) Bridgeport, Connecticut.
in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Benny Bass (135 lbs) Philadelphia, Outpointed-10, Mike Marshall (138 1/2 lbs) Philadelphia.
in Burlington, Vermont, Gerald Markey (131 lbs) Burlington, Draw-8, Joe March (135 lbs) Montreal, Canada.
Barre Daily Times, March 23, 1935, p. 2.
March 25, 1935,in Cleveland, Ohio, Bob Olin (176 lbs) world light heavyweight champion, Outpointed-8, Mickey Dugan (176 lbs) Cleveland (non-title).
Jimmy Belmont (157 lbs) Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, No Decision-8, Eddie "Babe" Risko (161 lbs) Syracuse, New York.
Paul Pirrone (162 1/2 lbs) Cleveland, Outpointed-8, Solly Dukelsky (160 lbs) Chicago, Illinois.
Carmen Barth (163 1/2 lbs) Cleveland, Stopped-1, Abie Bain, New York.
Tommy Romano (153 lbs) Albany, New York, Outpointed-8, Joey Bazzone (153 lbs) Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
in Washington, Petey Sarron (129 lbs) Birmingham, Alabama, Outpointed-10, Joe Rivers (132 lbs) Long Beach, California.
Roddy Davis (140 lbs) Washington, KO-6, Pat Sylvester (137 lbs) New York.
Elmer Bezenah (150 lbs) Cincinnati, Ohio, Draw-6, Mickey Landis (151 lbs) Lancaster, Pennsylvania.
Kid Ingram (132 lbs) Miami, Florida, Outpointed-6, Al Raggone (127 lbs) New York.
Henry Irving (165 lbs) Washington, KO-2, George McCarron (167 lbs) Scranton, Pennsylvania.
in Baltimore, Maryland, Sylvan Bass (148 1/2 lbs) Baltimore, Outpointed-10, Jimmy Jones (149 1/2lbs) Baltimore.
Arthur Dantley (166 lbs) Baltimore, KO-3, Dynamite Sprouts (172 lbs) Norfolk, Virginia.
Billy Ely (138 lbs) Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, KO-6, Calvin Reed (137 lbs) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
in Chicago, Illinois, Billy Miller (146 lbs) Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Draw-8, Puggy Weinert (149 lbs) Chicago.
Lancaster, Pennsylvania, Joe Smallwood (157 lbs) Lancaster, Outpointed-8, Tommy Rios (162 lbs) Wilmington, Delaware.
in Newark, New Jersey, Freddie Cochrane (131 lbs) Elizabeth, New Jersey, Outpointed-8, Julie Katz (129 lbs) New York.
in Holyoke, Massachusetts, Eddie Brink (135 lbs) Scranton, Pennsylvania, Outpointed-10, Joey Greb (137 1/4 lbs) New York.
in Albany, New York, Jackie Aldare (156 1/2 lbs) New York, Outpointed-8, Sammy Bruce (152 1/2 lbs) Albany.
Barre Daily Times, March 26, 1935, p. 2.
March 26, 1935, in Paris, France, European Featherweight Championship, Maurice Heltzer (125 1/2 lbs) Outpointed-15, Vittorio Tamagnini (123 1/2 lbs) Italy.
in Reading, Pennsylvania, Danny Devlin (151 lbs) Allentown, Pennsylvania, Outpointed-10, Pat Igo (148 lbs) Shenandoah, Pennsylvania.
Pottsville, Pennsylvania, Billy Ketchell (170 lbs) Millville, New Jersey, Outpointed-10, Chester Palutis (170 lbs) Scranton, Pennsylvania.
Barre Daily Times, March 27, 1935, p. 2.
March 27, 1935, in Dallas, Texas, Kingfish Levinsky (204 lbs) Chicago, Illinois, Outpointed-10, Babe Hunt (196 lbs) Ponca City, Oklahoma.
Ace Dodge (198 lbs) Indianapolis, Indiana, Outpointed-10, Bob Williams (192 lbs) Ponca City, Oklahoma.
Moon Mullins, Chicago, Illinois, Outpointed-8, Jimmy Lacoume, New Orleans, Louisiana.
in Barcelona, Spain, Freddie Miller (128 1/2 lbs) Cincinnati, Ohio, Outpointed-10, Cuadrini (128 lbs) Italy.
in Cincinnati, Ohio, Roughouse Glover (161 lbs) Jacksonville, Florida, KO-9, Tony Zale (159 lbs) Gary, Indiana.
in Oakland, California, Tommy Corbett (141 lbs) Omaha, Nebraska, Outpointed-6, Emil Cody (139 lbs) Stockton, California.
Jimmy Duffy (137 lbs) Reno, Nevada, Draw-4, Benny Paris (135 lbs) Oakland.
Barre Daily Times, March 28, 1935, p. 2.
March 29, 1935, in Detroit, Michigan, Joe Louis (196 lbs) Detroit, Outpointed-10, Natie Brown (186 lb) Washington.
Roy Lazar (190 lbs) Newark, New Jersey, Outpointed-8, Adolph Wiator (186 lbs) Green Bay, Wisconsin.
Al Diamond (169 lbs) Newark, New Jersey, Outpointed-8, Gene Stanley (161 lbs) Mt. Clemens, Michigan.
Lefty Gwynne (119 lbs) Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Outpointed-5, Babe Triacaro (119 lbs) Cleveland, Ohio.
Billy Treest (167 lbs) Batavia, Illinois, Outpointed-5, Oscar Schmeling (168 lbs) Canton, Ohio.
in Huntington, West Virginia, Tiger Hairston (171 lbs) Huntington, Outpointed-10, Alabama Kid (160 lbs) Dover, Ohio.
Bob Edwards (166 lbs) Hamlin, West Virginia, Stopped-2, Soldier Jones (173 lbs) Dayton, Ohio.
in Hollywood, California, Frank Hankinson (219 lbs) Akron, Ohio, KO-2, Charles Retzlaff (203 lbs) Duluth, Minnesota.
in San Diego, California, Husky Velasco (134 lbs) San Diego, Stopped-3, Red Stephens (132 lbs) Los Angeles, California.
in Boise, Idaho, Frank Wallulia (195 lbs) Seattle, Washington, KO-2, Jack Willis (187 lbs) Los Angeles, California.
Barre Daily Times, March 30, 1935, p. 2.
March 31, 1935, in Mexico, D. F., Alberto (Baby) Arizmendi (132 lbs) Mexico, Stopped-6, Frankie Wallace (132 lbs) Cleveland, Ohio
Manuel Villa, Mexico, Outpointed-10, Young Peter Jackson, Los Angeles, California.
Davey Abad, Panama, outpointed-10, Henry Armstrong, Los Angeles, California.
Barre Daily Times, April 1, 1935, p. 2.
April 1, 1935, in Oklahoma City, King Levinsky (202 lbs) Chicago, KO-2 over Joe Rice (196 lbs) Fort Worth, Texas.
in Trenton, New Jersey, Young Terry (159 1/2 lbs) Trenton, Stopped-3 over Joe Mandarano (164 lbs) Manayunk, Pennsylvania
in Albany, New York, Hookie Jackson (157 1/2 lbs) Boston, Massachusetts, Stopped-7, Charlie Eagles (164 lbs) Waterbury, Connecticut.
in Chicago, Illinois, Jackie Sharkey (130 1/4 lbs) Minneapolis, Minnesota, Outpointed-8, Orville Drouillard (131 3/4 lbs) Windsor, Ontario, Canada.
in San Francisco, California, Joe Rondon (150 lbs) Mountain View, California, Stopped-3 over Al Evans (149 lbs) Montreal, Canada.
Freddie Steele (157 lbs) Tacoma, Washington, Stopped-10, Fred Apostoli (157 lbs) San Francisco.
Johnnie Fasano (138 lbs) San Francisco, Stopped-6, Battling Bulahan (138 lbs) Manila.
in Newark, New Jersey, Frank Zamaris (171 lbs) Orange, New Jersey, Outpointed-8, Abie Bain (171 lbs) Newark.
in Plainfield, New Jersey, Charlie Loughern (165 lbs) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Outpointed-8, Al Zappala (163 lbs) New York.
in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Fritzie Zivic (143 lbs) Pittsburgh, Draw-10, Dominic Mancini (140 lbs) Pittsburgh.
Jimmy Vaughan (140 lbs) Cleveland, Outpointed-8, Mike Barto (141 lbs) New Kensington, Pennsylvania.
Barney Ruffer (136 lbs) New Kensington, Outpointed-6, Battling Gizzy (140 1/2 lbs) Donora, Pennsylvania.
in New Orleans, Louisiana, Tracy Cox (140 1/2 lbs) Indianapolis, Indiana, Stopped-7, Pete Nebo (143 lbs) Key West, Florida.
Carl Schaffer (136 1/4 lbs) Detroit, Outpointed-10, Lou Terry (133 lbs) St. Louis, Missouri.
in Holyoke, Massachusetts, Frankie Hughes, (138 1/2 lbs) Washington, Outpointed-10, Lou Lombardi (137 1/2 lbs) Jersey City, New Jersey.
Brattleboro Daily Reformer, April 2, 1935, p. 3., and The Barre Daily Times, April 2, 1935, p. 2.
April 8, 1935, in New York, Bobby Pacho (128 lbs) Cleveland, Ohio, Outpointed-8, Johnny Zodda (133 lbs), New York.
Izzy Gibbs (134 3/4 lbs) New York, Draw-4, Karol Ticon (131 1/2 lbs) New Hampshire.
in Dayton, Ohio, Alabama Kid (160 lbs) Doer, Ohio, Outpointed-10, Tiger Hariston (168 lbs) Huntington, West Virginia.
in Chicago, Illinois, Billy Miller (146 lbs) Milwaukee, Outpointed-8, Puggy Wainert (148 lbs) Chicago.
Nestor Bruggeman (151 1/2 lbs) Outpointed-6, Syl Saluski (151 1/2 lbs) Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
in Quincy, Illinois, Allen Matthews (155 lbs) St. Louis, KO-3, Ernie Kirschner (156 lbs) New York.
in Washington, D. C., Joe Doherty, (128 lbs) New York, Outpointed-10, Frankie Wofram (125 lbs) Toledo, Ohio.
Joey Green (128 lbs) Washington, Outpointed-6, Le Guesno (127 lbs) Baltimore, Maryland.
Ray Ingram (132 lbs) Miami, Florida, Outpointed-6, Wesley Martin (130 lbs) Toledo, Ohio.
Harry Jeffia (125 lbs) Baltimore, Maryland, Outpointed-6, Lloyd Pine (127 lbs) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
in Newark, New Jersey, Joie Greb, (140 1/2 lbs) Herkimer, New York, Outpointed-8, Bucky Keyes (137 1/2 lbs) Jersey City.
in Albany, New York, Sammy Bruce (152 1/2 lbs) Albany, Stopped-6, Al Salbano (156 lbs) Syracuse, New York.
in New Orleans, Louisiana, Eddie Flynn (151 1/4 lbs) New Orleans, KO-4, Billy Hood, (153 3/4 lbs) Orlando, Florida.
Holyoke, Massachusetts, Terry Mitchell (185 lbs) New York, Outpointed-10, Eddie Winston (195 lbs) Hartford, Connecticut.
Barre Daily Times, April 9, 1935, p. 2.
April 10, 1935, in Grand Rapids, Michigan, Max Baer (215 lbs) Heavyweight Champion, 4 Round Exhibition with Ed Wills, Chicago, No Decision.
Wesley Ramey (135 lbs) Grand Rapids, Outpointed-8, Roger Bernard (130 lbs) Flint, Michigan.
Buddy Baer (242 lbs) Livermore, California, Stopped-3, Harry Nelson (206 lbs) Detroit, Michigan.
Barre Daily Times, April 11, 1935, p. 2.
April 15, 1935, in New York, Bobby Pacho (138 3/4 lbs) Cleveland, Draw-8, Leonard Del Genio (135 1/2 lbs) New York.
Louis Camps (130 3/4 lbs) New York, Outpointed-8, Joe Santos (129 1/2 lbs) Portugal.
in Denver, Colorado, King Levinsky (197 1/2 lbs) Chicago, Stopped-4, Hans Birkie (197 lbs) Germany.
In Chicago, Illinois, Sammy Chivas (144 1/4 lbs) Detroit, Outpointed-8, Eddie Carroll (146 lbs) Toronto, Ontario.
in Miami, Florida, Johnny Lucas (137 lbs) Camden, New Jersey, Outpointed-10, Jackie Davis (143 1/2 lbs) Cleveland, Ohio.
in Washington, D. C., Izzy Jannazzo (143 lbs) New York, Outpointed-10, Phil Furr (144 lbs) Washington.
in Holyoke, Massachusetts, Jimmy Leto (139 1/2 lbs) Hartford, Connecticut, Outpointed-10, Eddie Brink (136 1/2 lbs) Scranton, Pennsylvania.
in Newark, New Jersey, Frankie Cinque (141 lbs) New York, Outpointed-8, Irish Jimmy Brady (145 lbs) Elizabeth, New Jersey.
in Plainfield, New Jersey, Butch Lynch (156 lbs) Plainfield, Outpointed-7, Joe Gorman (155 lbs) New York.
Barre Daily Times, April 16, 1935, p. 2.
April 18, 1935, in Hollywood, California, Maxie Rosenbloom (182 1/2 lbs) New York, Outpointed-10, Charlie Massera (180 lbs) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
in Kalamazoo, Michigan, Max Baer (World Heavyweight Champion) vs Battling J. D., Erie, Pennsylvania, Exhibition.
in Sacramento, California, Al Manferdo (149 lbs) Fresno, California, Outpointed-10, Ceferino Garcia (148 lbs) Phillipines.
Brattleboro Daily Reformer, April 19, 1935, p. 7.
April 22, 1935, in Buffalo, New York, George Big Boy Brackey (217 lbs) Lackawanna, KO-1, Joe Doctor (196 lbs) Buffalo.
Barre Daily Times, April 23, 1935, p. 2.
April 23, 1935, in Cleveland, Ohio, Paul Pirrone (158 lbs), Cleveland, KO-1, Benny Levine (157 lbs), Newark, New Jersey.
in Seattle, Washington, Freddie Steele (156 1/4 lbs) Tacoma, Washington, KO-1, Sammy O'Dell (154 1/4 lbs) Akron, Ohio.
in Stockton, California, Charley Retziaff (200 lbs) Duluth, Minnesota, KO-1, Jack Roper (198 lbs) Hollywood, California.
in Los Angeles, California, Oscar Rankin (166 lbs) Los Angeles, Outpointed, Milford "Swede" Berglund (162 lbs).
Barre Daily Times, April 24, 1935, p. 2.
April 27, 1935 - Canadian Boxers to Fight in Amateurs - Boston
Five Canadian boxers, four of them provincial title holders, arrived here today to compete in an international amateur boxing tournament Monday night. They are Tommy Osborne, provincial heavyweight champion, who will swap punches with Pat Mulligan, Irish heavyweight champion, and Paul Flaherty, Boston college football star; Wally Cave, featherweight; Harold "Babe" McLeon, lightweight champion; Nick Nickilo, welterweight; and Ruby Belson, middleweight. A light workout at a local gymnasium was scheduled for this afternoon and tomorrow. The Canadians will attend the baseball game between the Boston Red Sox and the Washington Senators at Fenway Park. The Canadian and Irish contingents will enter one man, and New England two men in the 126, 135, 147, 160-pound and heavyweight classes.
Lomski Now a Policeman - San Francisco
Leo Lomski, who quit mining to become an outstanding light heavyweight boxer about a dozen years ago, earning the soubriquet "The Aberdeen (Washington) Assassin," is working as a special policeman here drawing assignments around the fight clubs mostly.
St. Johnsbury (Vermont) Caledonian-Record, Vol. XIX, No. 243, Saturday, April 27, 1935, p. 3
May 1, 1935, in Grand Forks, North Dakota, King Tut (155 lbs) Minneapolis, KO-1 Adolph Haavisto (165 lbs) Fargo, North Dakota.
in East Liverpool, Ohio, Paul Pirrone (Middleweight), Cleveland, Ohio, KO-1 Charley Long, Detroit.
Ross Fields (Featherweight), Weirton, West Virginia, KO-7 Young Jack Dempsey, Cleveland, Ohio.
Barre Daily Times, May 2, 1935, p. 2.
May 3, 1935, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Sammy Slaughter (171 lbs) Terre Haute, Indiana, Outpointed-10, Billy Ketchell (174 1/2 lbs) Millville, New Jersey.
Peoria, Illinois, Joe Louis (199 1/2 lbs) Detroit, Michigan, KO-2, Willie Davis (193 lbs) Chicago, Illinois.
Atlantic City, New Jersey, Young Terry (160 lbs) Trenton, New Jersey, KO-5, Al Fisher (164 lbs) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Portland, Maine, Vincenzo Troiano (162 1/2 lbs) Portland, Outpointed-6, Sam Bell (167 lbs) Providence, Rhode Island.
Barre Daily Times, May 4, 1935, p. 2.
May 6, 1935, in Chicago, Fritzie Zivic (143 lbs) Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Stopped-3, Sammy Chivas (144 lbs) Detroit, Michigan.
Lou Vine (136 lbs) Chicago, Stopped-3, Johnny Fitzpatrick (133 lbs) New York.
in Washington, Buck Everett (183 lbs) Gary, Indiana, Outpointed-10, Natie Brown (192 lbs) Washington.
Norman Barnett (204 lbs) Newark, New Jersey, Outpointed-6, Steve Colucci (190 lbs) New York.
Leroy Zinkham (138 lbs) Baltimore, Maryland, Outpointed-6, Jimmy Wade (132 lbs) Orlando, Florida.
Joe Teems (126 lbs) Miami, Florida, Outpointed-6, Tony Consolo (124 lbs) Orlando, Florida.
Andy Martin (128 lbs) Boston, Massachusetts, Outpointed Johnny Canzoneri (120 lbs) Allentown, Pennsylvania.
in Sioux City, Iowa, Willie Davies (136 lbs) Kansas City, Outpuointed-8, Joe Duran, (132 lbs) Scottsbluff, Nebraska.
in New York, Joe Rossi, (147 1/4 lbs) New York, Outpointed-8, Ray Napolitano (147 lbs) New York.
in Albany, New York, Willie Pal (138 lbs) Albany, Outpointed-8, Frankie Cinque (142 1/4 lbs) New York.
Holyoke, Massachusetts, Eddie Winston (195 lbs) Hartford, Connecticut, Outpointed-10, Terry Mitchell (184 1/2 lbs) New York.
Newark, New Jersey, Freddie Cochrane (133 lbs) Elizabeth, New Jersey, Outpointed-8, Al Roth (133 lbs) New York.
Barre Daily Times, May 7, 1935, p. 2.
May 7, 1935 - First of a Series of articles on James Jay Braddock. Jimmy Braddock, A Product of Aversity, His Story As Told by Associated Press Sports Writer John Stahr.
The Right That Failed - WHAT a spot for a Shakespeare-quoting heavyweight. Shakespeare thought up the perfect theme song for James Jay Braddock, the Jersey Jolter, who through an amazing sequence of happenstances, finds himself definitely dated to fight Max Baer for the heavyweight title on June 13. (more to come)
St. Johnsbury (Vermont) Caledonian-Record, Vol. XIX, No. 251, Tuesday, May 7, 1935, p. 3
May 16, 1935 - 2nd article on James Jay Braddock by Associated Press Sports Writer John Stahr. The Braddock Family Beats the Depression. Hard Labor, Lean Living Mark Comeback Trail of Once Fading Light-Heavy to Heavy Challengership.
Downgrade - And Up Again! - Something like the United States in general, James Jay Braddock in 1929 was starting on a depression whose extent and depth was not even vaguely guessed at the outset. (more to come)
St. Johnsbury (Vermont) Caledonian-Record, Vol. XIX, No. 259, Thursday, May 16, 1935, p. 6
May 18, 1935 - 3rd article on James Jay Braddock by Associated Press Sports Writer John Stahr. Braddock, "Trial Horse," Gets In The Money. Three Winning Fights In Year Against Favored Foes Bring Jerseyman His Chance At Heavy Title
Less than a year ago James Jay Braddock, onetime (1929) light-heavyweight title challenger, was juggling freight on the Jersey docks opposite Manhattan at $5 a day. (more to come)
St. Johnsbury (Vermont) Evening Caledonian and Newport Record, Vol. XIX, No. 261, Saturday, May 18, 1935, p. 3
May 20, 1935, in Newark, New Jersey, Joey Costa (134 3/4 lbs) Jersey City, Outpointed-8, Joey Greb (141 1/2 lbs) Herkimer, New York (relocates to Brooklyn).
in Sioux City, South Dakota, Andy (Kid) Miller (181 lbs) Sioux City, KO-3 over Ernie Potter (190 lbs.) Fargo, North Dakota
Brattleboro Daily Reformer, May 21, 1935, p. 3.
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May 23, 1935, at Broadway Auditorium, Buffalo, New York, Jacob (Buddy) Baer (236 1/2 lbs) Livermore, California, KO-1 over George (Big Boy) Brackey (212 lbs) Buffalo.
Al Delaney (187 1/2 lbs) Cleveland, Ohio, TKO-3 over Frank Wojack (190 lbs) Utica, New York
Frank Eagan (139 lbs) Niagara Falls, New York, Outpointed-6, Frank Panex (146 lbs) Cleveland, Ohio.
Brattleboro Daily Reformer, May 24, 1935, p. 6.
May 24, 1935, in Watsonville, California, Young Tommy (121 lbs) Manila, Phillipines, Outpointed-10, Joe Dodge (124 lbs) Sacramento, California.
in San Francisco, California, Small Montana (110 lbs) Manila, Outpointed-10, Jo Tie Ken (118 lbs) Japan
in Hollywood, California, Bep Van Klaverne (146 1/2 lbs) Holland, Outpointed-10, Kid Azteca (145 lbs) Mexico City
Brattleboro Daily Reformer, May 25, 1935, p. 3.
May 27, 1935, in Boston, Massachusetts, Louis (Kid) Cocoa (146 lbs) New Haven, Connecticut, Outpointed-10, Frankie Britt (147 lbs) Fall River, Massachusetts.
in Miami, Florida, Frankie Hughes (142 lbs) Clinton, Indiana, Outpointed-10, Johnny Lucas (138 lbs) Camden, New Jersey
in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, Joe Smallwood (126 lbs) Lancaster, Pennsylvania, Outpointed-8, Tommy Tomano (125 lbs) Cleveland, Ohio
in Denver, Colorado, Tait Littman (161 1/2 lbs) Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Outpointed-10, Emilo Martinez (163 1/2 lbs) Denver.
in New Orleans, Louisiana, George Salvadore (143 lbs) Boston, Massachusetts, Outpointed-10, Eddie (Kid) Wolfe (143 3/4 lbs) Memphis, Tennessee, and a Draw-8 with Battling Burroughs (152 1/2 lbs) Pascagoula, Mississippi.
Brattleboro Daily Reformer, May 28, 1935, p. 3.
May 28, 1935, in Los Angeles, California, Henry Armstrong (135 lbs) St. Louis, Missouri, Outpointed-10, Davey Abad (134 1/2 lbs) Panama.
Frankie (Kid) Covelli (125 lbs) New York, Outpointed-10, Conrado Conde (124 lbs) Havana, Cuba.
Brattleboro Daily Reformer, May 29, 1935, p. 3.
May 28, 1935, at the Polo Grounds, NYC, World Welterweight Championship fight. Barney Ross (Chicago) vs Jimmy McLarnin (Vancouver) and current title holder. Third meeting between the two. A decision in 15 by Ross over McLarnin before 35,000 fans.
Rutland Daily Herald, May 29, 1935, p. 1 & 12.
May 30, 1935, in Miami Beach, Florida, Frankie Hughes (145 1/2 lbs) Clinton, Indiana, K0-7, over Piedro Nieves (150 lbs) New York.
Brattleboro Daily Reformer, May 31, 1935, p. 3.
May 31, 1935, in Fort Smith, Arkansas, Timmy Freeman (162 lbs) Hot Springs, Arkansas, Outpointed-10, Earl Mason (168 lbs) Bartlesville, Oklahoma.
in Chicago, Illinois, Bill Treest (173 1/2 lbs) Chicago, Outpointed-10, Henry Palmeri (173 lbs) Cleveland, Ohio.
Brattleboro Daily Reformer, June 1, 1935, p. 3.
June 13, 1935, Jimmy Braddock over Max Baer.
Burlington Free Press, June 8, 1935, p. 12 and June 14, 1935, p. 17.
June 24, 1935, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Cleto Locatelli (138 1/2 lbs) Italy, Outpointed -10, Eddie Cool, (135 1/2 lbs) Philadelphia.
in New York, Jack Doyle (212 1/4 lbs) Ireland, KO-1, Phil Donato (190 lbs) Brooklyn, New York.
Steve Halaiko (138 1/2 lbs) Buffalo, New York, Outpointed-10, Bobby Pacho (139 lbs) New Mexico.
in Harford, Connecticut, Steve Carr (170 lbs) Meriden, Connecticut, Outpointed-10, "Tiger" Warrington (174 lbs) Nova Scotia.
in Paterson, New Jersey, John Henry Lewis (182 lbs) Phoenix, Arizona, KO-1, Izzy Singer (179 lbs) Paterson.
in Chicago, Reuben (Bus) Bresse (137 1/2 lbs) Manhatten, Kansas, Outpointed-10, Johnny Stanton (137 1/4 lbs) Minneapolis, Minnesota.
in Toronto, Ontario, Sammy Slaughter (164 1/2 lbs) Terre Haute, Indiana, Outpointed-10, Al Trulman (162 1/2 lbs) San Diego, California.
in Milwaukee, Tait Littman (164 3/4 lbs) Cudahy, Wisconsin, Outpointed-10, George Black (160 1/4 lbs) Milwaukee.
Holyoke, Massachusetts, Joey Costa (132 lbs) Jersey City, New Jersey, Outpointed-10, Ed McGeever (135 lbs) Scranton, Pennsylvania.
in York, Pennsylvania, Kid Hockers (209 lbs) Steelton, Pennsylvania, Outpointed-6, Al Pressman (206 lbs) Baltimore, Maryland.
in Louisville, Kentucky, Johnny Durso (137 lbs) Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Outpointed-10, Frankie Wallace (135 lbs) Cleveland, Ohio.
Barre Daily Times, June 25, 1935, p. 2.
June 25, 1935, Joe Louis over Primo Carnera.
Burlington Free Press, June 24, 1935, p. 13 and June 26, 1935, p. 13.
June 27, 1935, in Indianapolis, Indiana, Chuck Woods (142 lbs) Detroit, Defeated 10 Matty Bagnatto (144 lbs) Schenectady, New York.
Lou Thomas (169 lbs) Indianapolis, KO-3, Mickey Misko (167 lbs) Lansing, Michigan.
Barre Daily Times, June 28, 1935, p. 2.
August 7, 1935, at Comiskey Park, Chicago, Joe Louis , Detroit's "Brown Bomber," weighting 198 lbs., TKO-1 (2 minutes, 21 seconds) over Chicago's "Kingfish" (peddler) Levinsky (Harry Krakow), before 40,000 fans. Poker faced Louis does not acknowledge the cheers of the crowd.
Burlington Free Press, August 8, 1935, p. 15.
August 12, 1935, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Mickey Walker, the Rumson, New Jersey bulldog, made good tonight in his second comeback start by knocking out Lou Poster, of Pottstown, Pennsylvania, in the second round of their scheduled ten round bout at the Arena. A typical old-time Walker left hook smashed the Pennsylvanian down for the count 28 seconds after the second round started. Walker opened the session by buckling Poster's knees with a pair of stiff right hands. Then he whipped the left over and the Pottstown battler fell face forward, not moving as Referee Tommy O'Keefe tolled the count. Walker, outweighted 173 to 183 pounds, had promised State Athletic Commission Secretary Jules Aronson that he would hang up his gloves if he lost tonight's fight.
Burlington Free Press, August 13, 1935, p. 11.
March 3, 1937, at Plattsburgh Barracks [8:30 PM], Plattsburgh, New York. Nick "KO" (The Blond Battering Ram) Coons, TKO-4, Mike Jacon* (147 lbs), Lowell, Massachusetts [*Deaf Mute].
Joey Soldato (130 lbs), Decision-6, Young Mancini (129 lbs) Lowell, Massachusetts.
Leo O'Brien, Albany, New York, Win-3, Larry Fasula, Plattsburgh Barracks.
Hip Knapik, Win-3, Johnny Moore, Troy, New York.
Frankie Bertolino, Win-3, Bat McMahon, Albany, New York.
Referee: Emmett Ryan, Albany, New York. Reserved Seat $1, General Admission 50 cents.
Plattsburgh Daily Republican, February 27, 1937, p.7 and March 4, 1937, p. 3.
April 5, 1937, Madison Square Garden, New York. Lightweights Lou Ambers, Herkimer, New York (137 lbs), Decision-10, loss to Pedro Montanez (138 1/2 lbs).
Also, on same card: Attilo Sabatino (154 1/2 lbs), Draw-6, with Johnny Rossi, Worcester, Massachusetts (160 1/2 lbs); Julio Gonzalez (134 1/2 lbs) dropped Decision-6, to Mickey {...}ber of New York East Side; Aurel Toma, Roumania, Outfought (Decision) over Joey Archi{...}, Providence, RI (119 lbs).
Referees: Arthur Donovan, Judges: Charley Lynch and Marty Monroe, before 17,353 fans. Gate $54,257.54.
Plattsburgh Daily Press, April 5 and 6, 1937, p. 2
April 7, 1937, at Plattsburgh Barracks, Plattsburgh, New York. Feature Event: Leo O'Brien (Irish Middleweight) fights to a Draw with Nick Coons (Champion of the Barracks).
Joey Soldato KO'd Young Mancini (Scheduled for 6 rounds).
Tommy Rae defeated by Shapiro. Also three new faces in 4 round bouts. Georgie Garcia vs Irizzary (Puerto Rican), Jack Blair vs Frank Bertolino (126 lbs), and Johnny Carpino vs Larry Fasula.
Plattsburgh Daily Press, April 8, 1937, p. 2, also see March 27, 1937 p. 8 and April 7, 1937, p. 2 (Preliminary story and picture of Tommy Rae).
July 21, 1944, London. "Schmeling Believed Dead."
A Reuters dispatch today from 1st U.S. Army Headquarters in Normandy said it was "rumored" a dead German soldier has been identified as Max Schmeling, former world heavyweight boxing champion. The body was reported found in the vicinity of the battle-torn town of Pont Hebert during the drive toward St. Lo. The dead German, identified as a member of a Nazi parachute regiment, was reported to have carried a passbook with the name Max Schmeling in it. But there was no definite confirmation it was the body of the prize fighter. According to soldiers who found the body, the man had been dead for about two days.
New York Journal American, July 21, 1944, p. 1
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What year in the 1970s was Muhammad Ali's last as heavyweight champ? | Muhammad Ali is a three-time World Heavyweight champion.
Sonny Liston Vs Muhammad Ali
The title fight between Sonny Liston and Ali was scheduled On February 25, 1964 in Miami Florida. Ali was not widely expected to defeat Sonny Liston who was favorite to win (7–1 odds). The fight was nearly canceled when the promoters of the fight heard that Ali had become member of the Nation of Islam but Ali protested the suggested cancellation of the fight and as a compromise, Ali was asked the to delay his announcement about his conversion until after the fight.
In the opening rounds, Ali’s speed kept him away from Liston’s powerful head and body shots, as he used his height advantage to beat Liston to the punch with his jabs. By the third round, Ali was ahead on points and had opened a cut under Liston’s eye, but Liston regained some ground in the fourth, as Ali was blinded by a substance in his eyes. It is unconfirmed whether this was something used to close Liston’s cuts, or deliberately applied to Liston’s gloves; Liston began the fourth round looking to put away Ali as the challenger struggled to recover his vision. Ali was able to keep out of range until his sweat and tears rinsed the substance from his eyes, responding with a flurry of combinations near the end of the fifth round. By the sixth, Ali was looking to finish Liston. and when Liston failed to answer the bell for the seventh round, stating he had a shoulder injury Ali became the youngest boxer ever to take the title from a reigning heavyweight champion, until Mike Tyson won the title from Trevor Berbick.
Sonny Liston Vs Muhammad Ali video
Sonny Liston Vs Muhammad Ali rematch
The rematch was held in May 1965 in Lewiston, Maine, and Ali won by knockout in the first round as a result of what came to be called the “phantom punch.” Many believe that Liston , possibly as a result of threats from Nation of Islam extremists, or in an attempt to “throw” the fight to pay off debts, waited to be counted out.
Muhammad Ali vs Sonny Liston rematch video
Early title defenses
On November 22, 1965, Ali fought Floyd Patterson in his second title defense winning by a technical knockout at the end of the 12th round. Ali then won a 15-round decision against opponent George Chuvalo and went to England where he defeated Henry Cooper by stoppage on cuts May 21.
Muhammad Ali vs Ernie Terrel
On February 6, 1967, Ali fought Terrell in what became one of the uglier fights in boxing. Terrell had angered Ali by calling him Clay, and Ali vowed to punish him. During the fight, Ali kept shouting at his opponent, “What’s my name, Uncle Tom. Terrell suffered 15 rounds of brutal punishment, losing 13 rounds on two judges’ scorecards, but Ali did not knock him out.
Banned form boxing
Ali’s refusal to be inducted into the U.S.military, based on his religious beliefs and opposition to the Vietnam War led to his arrest and in March 1967 was stripped of his title and had his professional boxing license suspended. His refusal to be inducted into the U.S. military, based on his religious beliefs and opposition to the Vietnam War led to his arrest. He was found guilty on draft evasion charges, stripped of his boxing title, and his boxing license was suspended. He was not imprisoned, but did not fight again for nearly four years while his appeal worked its way up to the U.S. Supreme Court, where it was successful.
Return to boxing and first fights
Muhammad Ali vs Jerry Quarry
On October 26, 1970,(while his case was still on appeal) Ali stopped Jerry Quarry on a cut after three rounds.
Muhammad Ali vs Jerry Quarry video
Muhammad Ali vs Oscar Bonavena
Ali went to fight Oscar Bonavena at Madison Square Garden on December 7, 1970. After a tough 14 rounds, Ali stopped Bonavena in the 15th, paving the way for a title fight against Joe Frazier .
Joe Frazier vs Muhammad Ali ‘The Fight of the Century’
The “Fight Of The Century” (On March 8, 1971), was the first meeting of two undefeated heavyweight champions , since Ali (31-0) had not lost his title in the ring (been stripped because of his refusal to be inducted in the Armed Forces). Frazier won a clear, 15-round, unanimous decision, retained his title. After the fight Ali was taken to the hospital to have his badly swollen jaw x-rayed, and Frazier spent time in the hospital during the ensuing month, the exertions of the fight having been exacerbated by his existing health problems. (hypertension and kidney infection)
Joe Frazier vs Muhammad Ali video
Muhammad Ali vs Ken Norton I & II
In 1973, Ali fought Ken Norton, who broke Ali’s jaw and won by split decision in 12 rounds.
Muhammad Ali vs Ken Norton I video
Ali won the rematch, also by split decision, on September 10, 1973, which set up Ali-Frazier II.
Muhammad Ali vs Ken Norton II video
Joe Frazier vs Muhammad Ali II
A nontitle rematch with Joe Frazier , who had already lost his title to George Foreman. The bout was held on January 28, 1974, with Ali winning a unanimous 12-round decision.
George Foreman vs Muhammad Ali ‘The Rumble in the Jungle’
During the summer of 1974, Foreman traveled to Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo) to defend his title against Ali. The bout was promoted as The Rumble in the Jungle. During training in Zaire, Foreman suffered a cut above his eye, forcing postponement of the match for a month. Foreman was favorite having knocked out both Joe Frazier and Ken Norton (the only men to defeat Ali to that point) within two rounds.
When Foreman and Ali finally met in the ring, Ali began more aggressively than expected, outscoring Foreman with superior punching speed. In the second round, Ali retreated to the ropes, shielding his head and hitting Foreman in the face at every opportunity. Foreman dug vicious body punches into Ali’s sides; however, it quickly became clear that Foreman was unable to land a clean punch to Ali’s head. The ring ropes, being much looser than usual, allowed Ali to lean back and away from Foreman’s wild swings and then maul him in a clinch, forcing Foreman to expend extra energy untangling himself. Ali also pushed down on Foreman’s neck, getting away with a move the referee is expected to discourage.
In either case, Ali was able to counter off the ropes with blows to the face, and was able to penetrate Foreman’s defense. As the early rounds passed, Ali continued to take heavy punishment to the body, and occasionally a hard jolt to the head, but Foreman could not land his best punches directly on Ali’s chin. Eventually, Foreman began to tire and his punches became increasingly wild, losing power in the process. An increasingly-confident Ali taunted Foreman throughout the bout. Late in the eighth round, Ali began landing unreturned punches and sprang off the ropes with a sudden flurry to Foreman’s head, punctuated by a hard right cross that landed flush on Foreman’s jaw. Foreman was thrown off balance and fell to the floor. It was Foreman’s first defeat, and Muhammad Ali would remain the only boxer to defeat him by a knockout.
George Foreman vs Muhammad Ali video
The “Rumble in the Jungle” was the subject of a 1996 Academy Award winning documentary film, When We Were Kings.
Muhammad Ali vs Joe Frazier ‘The Thrilla in Manila’
Ali and Frazier met for the third and final time in Quezon City, the Philippines, on October 1, 1975 best known as the “Thrilla in Manila”. The fight for Ali’s title and was far more action-filled than the previous encounter. Ali came out and walked flat footed to the center of the ring and then proceeded to unleash a flurry of combinations on Frazier, who was hurt a number of times by Ali’s onslaught, including staggering backwards several times in the first few rounds.
Frazier seemed to dominate the middle rounds and began punishing Ali to the body and the head with his trademark left hooks. By the sixth round, Frazier had staggered Ali in turn and seemed to be gaining control of the fight. In the tenth round, Frazier began to slow down and tire, and was met once more with punishing blows from Ali. With the punishment from Ali closing his right eye, Frazier was effectively fighting blind in the last rounds of the fight. By the 14th round Frazier was virtually helpless, and although Ali was tired and hurting, he was able to summon the energy once again to give Frazier a fierce beating, and once again Frazier was staggered and nearly knocked down before the bell ended the round. The fight ended when Frazier’s trainer Eddie Futch stopped the fight before the 15th and final round with Frazier sitting on his stool.
Joe Frazier vs. Muhammad Ali 3 Video
Subsequent bouts and retirement
Ali easily beat Jean-Pierre Coopman. In April 1976 he defeated Jimmy Young and then Richard Dunn the following month, which would turn out to be Ali’s last knockout victory.
Muhammad Ali vs Ken Norton III
On September 28. 1976, at Yankee Stadium, Ali faced Ken Norton in their third fight, with Ali winning a close but unanimous 15-round decision. Muhammed Ali successfully defended his titles against Ken Norton in a close fight as he was declared the victor in a disputed decision.
The January 1998 issue of Boxing Monthly ranked Ali-Norton as the fifth most disputed title fight decision in history.
Muhammad Ali vs Ken Norton III video
During 1977 Ali defend his title against Alfredo Evangelista and Earnie Shavers. Fight doctor Ferdie Pacheco left Ali’s camp following the Shavers fight after being rebuffed for advising Ali to retire.
Muhammad Ali vs Leon Spinks title fight
In February 1978, Ali lost the heavweight title to 1976 Olympics Champion Leon Spinks.
Muhammad Ali vs Leon Spinks title rematch
On September 15, 1978, Ali fought a rematch in the New Orleans Louisiana Superdome against Spinks for the WBA version of the Heavyweight title, winning it for a record third time.
Muhammad Ali vs Leon Spinks title video
First Retirement and comeback fight against Larry Holmes
Larry Holmes vs Muhammad Ali
Ali retired following this victory on June 27, 1979, but returned in 1980 to face current champion Larry Holmes in an attempt to win a heavyweight title an unprecedented four times. Angelo Dundee refused to let his man come out for the 11th round, in what became Ali’s only loss by anything other than a decision.
Larry Holmes vs Muhammad Ali video
Second Retirement and last fight against Trevor Berbick
Ali’s final fight, a loss by unanimous decision after 10 rounds, was to up-and-coming challenger Trevor Berbick in 1981.
Ali was nicknamed “The Greatest”, and was involved in several historic boxing matches such as the three with rival Joe Frazier and one with George Foreman , whom he beat by knockout to win the world heavyweight title for the second time. Rather than the normal style which he described as “float like a butterfly, sting like a bee”, and employing techniques such as the rope-a-dope. He was also known for his pre-match hype, where he would “trash talk” opponents on television and in person some time before the match, often with rhymes. These personality quips and idioms, along with an unorthodox fighting technique, made him a cultural icon. In later life, Ali developed Parkinson’s disease. In 1999, Ali was crowned “Sportsman of the Century” by Sports Illustrated and “Sports Personality of the Century” by the BBC.
Photos of Muhammad Ali
Muhammad Ali
Muhammad Ali -born Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr-is a three-time World Heavyweight Champion, who is widely considered one of the greatest heavyweight championship boxers.
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What boxer successfully defended his title against George Foreman and Larry Holmes? | Muhammad Ali, Boxing Heavyweight champion - The Greatest [PHOTOS]
Muhammad Ali, date unknown.
Denver Post Library photo archive
After a night of making Denver, and Sonny Liston in particular, aware of his presence. Cassius Clay and troupe found accommodations at the Albany Hotel. The Denver Post caught him in bed Tuesday morning asking for the time of day and telling hotel employees what a great night he had Monday on the Liston home's front lawn in 1963.
Denver Post Library photo archive
Cassius Clay, brash young heavyweight, holds up six fingers to denote the round in which he expects to demolish Doug Jones when they tangle in Madison Square Garden Wednesday. Clay arrived in New York from Miami where he spent much of his time needling Sonny Liston. Jones' response to Clay's latest poems. "What did he say?" 1963.
Denver Post Library photo archive
Muhammad Ali, 1963
Denver Post Library photo archive
Muhammad Ali, 1963
AP Photo
Cassius Clay was the winner by a unanimous decision over Doug Jones in a 1963 fight in New York, but it wasn't all one-sided. In top photos, Jones was on the receiving end of a couple of hard Clay punches, but got his turn in the bottom picture. Clay rallied in the final two rounds to get 18th win in unbeaten string.
AP Photo
Challenger Cassius Clay pokes a fast left jab to the face of Sonny Liston during their championship heavyweight fight in Miami Beach, Fla. in 1964. Clay used the in and out tactics to gain a TKO in the seventh round after Liston strained a shoulder and suffered a bad gash under the left eye.
AP Photo
Cassius Clay, left, bangs a right to the face of Sonny Liston during heavyweight championship fight in Miami Beach, Fla. in 1964. Liston, suffering a cut left eye and a strained shoulder, lost his crown on a seventh round.
AP Photo
Cassius Clay (left) was his usual brash self at the weigh-in for his fight with heavyweight champion Sonny Liston in 1964 at Miami Beach. But even the fact Clay was slapped a $2,500 fine for his antics couldn't force a smile on glowering Liston (right). The champ weighed in at 218, while challenger Clay scaled 210 1/2.
AP Photo
Challenger Cassius Clay pokes a fast left jab to the face of Sonny Liston during their championship heavyweight fight in Miami Beach, Fla. in 1964. Clay used the in and out tactics to gain a TKO in the seventh round after Liston strained a shoulder and suffered a bad gash under the left eye.
AP Photo
Cassius Clay, left, bangs a right to the face of Sonny Liston during heavyweight championship fight in Miami Beach, Fla. in 1964. Liston, suffering a cut left eye and a strained shoulder, lost his crown on a seventh round.
AP Photo
Muhammad Ali, who'll fight heavyweight champ Sonny Liston on February 25, clowns a bit with the Beatles at his training camp in Miami Beach, Florida on Tuesday, Feb. 18, 1964. The Beatles are, from left: Ringo Starr, John Lennon, George Harrison, and Paul McCartney.
Denver Post Library photo archive
It wasn't all Clay, though, despite the fact he claimed the title in one of boxing's biggest upsets. Clay took his share of punches as shown in this fifth-round action as a right hand smash by Liston turns his head. Liston had decided edge in round in 1964.
AP Photo
Cassius Clay raises both hands as handlers enter the ring after he was declared world champion of the heavyweight ranks in Miami Beach, Fla. in 1964. Clay stopped champion Sonny Liston after six rounds.
Drew Brown, Associated Press
Never for a loss of words, Cassius Clay answers questions during news conference after his technical knockout win over world heavyweight champ Sonny Liston in Miami Beach, Fla. in 1964. At Clay's left is a handler, Drew Brown.
AP Photo
Challenger Cassius Clay makes a loud shout as Dr. Alexander Robbins, right, finishes his examination of Clay. After examining Clay at the weigh-in-today Dr. Robbins said, "This is a man who is scared to death. He is living in mortal fear." Clay meets heavyweight champion Sonny Liston in a title fight in Miami Beach in 1964.
AP Photo
Cassius Clay, the new world heavyweight boxing champion, signs autograph outside a downtown New York newsreel theater today as Black Muslim leader Malcolm X stands alongside. They had just watched a screening of film on Clay's title fight with Sonny Liston at Miami Beach, Fla., in 1964.
AP Photo
Cassius Clay makes like a loud mouth after being declared heavyweight champion of the world at Miami Beach, Fla. tonight. The talkative Clay stopped champion Sonny Liston after six rounds in one of the greatest upsets in fight history. 1964.
AP Photo
Heavyweight champ admits wide-open mouth makes statue look like him. 1964.
Denver Post Library photo archive
MUHAMMAD Ali, 1964.
AP Photo
Cassius Clay, the new Heavyweight champion after defeating Sonny Liston last night, gives his version of the fight at a press conference here this morning. The champion was in a much more relaxed mood than yesterday when he almost broke up the weigh in ceremonies with a shouting and fist-waving demonstration. 1964.
Denver Post Library photo archive
MUHAMMAD ALI, 1964.
AP Photo
Cassius Clay punches the heavy bag in one of his daily workouts at Miami Beach for the Feb. 25 championship bout with heavyweight Sonny Liston. 1964.
AP Photo
Heavyweight challenger Cassius Clay lets out a howl as he steps to the box office today to buy tickets for his Tuesday night fight with champion Sonny Liston. Prices are sealed from $250 for ringside seats down to $20 for the cheapest seats.
Associated Press file
World heavyweight boxing champion Cassius Clay poses wearing the 24-carat gold plated championship belt presented him in New York. Clay predicted a long reign on the boxing throne for himself and eventual retirement as "the undefeated, untarnished and still the prettiest" heavyweight champion of them all. The belt was presented by Ring Magazine in whose office the ceremony took place. 1964.
Denver Post Library photo archive
MUHAMMAD ALI , 1964
AP Photo
Floyd Patterson shoots a straight right but champion Cassius Clay ducks back and takes blow on shoulder in their heavyweight title fight at Las Vegas. Clay got in almost all effective punches to win by a TKO in the 12th round.
AP Photo
-Heavyweight champion Cassius Clay moves in with a series of smashes to the face of challenger Floyd Patterson in the sixth round of their title fight at Las Vegas, Nev., 1965.
AP Photo
Heavyweight challenger Floyd Patterson takes a smash to the midsection as champion Cassius Clay throws full leverage into the blow in the 10th round of last night's title fight. Patterson took a severe beating and lost on a 12th round technical knockout. (AP Wirephoto) 1965 But the blows didn't always go to the head. The battered Patterson tries to pull in his belly to take some of the impact off Clay's solid right to the midsection during a 10th-round flurry. By this time Clay was making a punching bag of the challenger.
Denver Post Library photo archive
Referee Joe Walcott guides heavyweight champion Cassius Clay to a neutral corner after Clay downed challenger Sonny Liston (struggling to his feet) in the first round of their championship bout here May 25th., 1965. Clay retained his crown by scoring a one-minute knockout victory over Liston in the controversial fight.
AP Photo
Heavyweight champion Cassius Clay, arms upraised, begins his victory dance around challenger Sonny Liston after he cut short their scheduled 15-round title bout by knocking him out in one minute of the first round. Referee Joe Walcott waves his arm ending the bout. 1965
AP Photo
Floyd Patterson appears groggy with his knees about to go under as champion Cassius Clay whips another sweeping blast to his face a moment before their heavyweight title fight was stopped at Las Vegas, Nev., 1965. Referee Harry Krause stepped in to call a 12th round technical knockout.
AP Photo
Champion Cassius Clay lands a right smash to the jaw of challenger Floyd Patterson in the seventh round of their title fight at Las Vegas, Nev. (AP Wirephoto) 1965 Heavyweight champion Cassius Clay lands a hard right tot he face of challenger Floyd Patterson in the seventh round of title fight in Las Vegas on Nov. 22. Clay gave Patterson a severe beating before fight was stopped in the 12th. Clay was still at it in the seventh round, pouring a barrage of blows to Patterson's head. This one makes the challenger's eyes roll and it's obvious he's in more than a little pain.
AP Photo
The heavyweight champion, one Cassius Clay, glowers at challenger Sonny Liston who lies stretched out on canvas in first and only round of a title bout. Clay won on a KO. Liston is stretched out on the deck after taking a right-hand punch from Clay. The knockout at one minute of the first round was the shortest ever recorded in a heavy-weight championship fight. The crowd in the Lewiston, Maine arena screamed "fake, fake, fake" when it was announced the former champ had been kayoed. 1965
AP Photo
Heavyweight champion Cassius Clay may not only be acting when he looks with amazement at the fist of former heavyweight champion Jack Dempsey. The two posed at Boxing Writers Association's annual dinner in New York last night. Clay told the group that more white hopes would cure boxing ills and that with more white hopes like Dempsey and Gene Tunney around he could draw a $30 million gate fighting them. 1965.
AP Photo
Cassius Clay said at a news conference, he wants to fight Ernest Terrell, Floyd Patterson and George Chuvalo in a single night and them retire from the ring. He said "a man in my tax bracket can't afford to fight more than once a year. I want to get them all out of the way at once, so I can retire." 1965
Denver Post Library photo archive
MUHAMMAD ALI, 1966.
AP Photo
Cassius Clay (left) grimaces as he takes a left to the body from Canada's George Chuvalo midway in their 15-round bout in Toronto Tuesday night. Clay boasted later that this proved he could take a body punch. Clay won a unanimous decision. 1966.
AP Photo
Heavyweight Champion Cassius Clay connects with a right to the face of Challenger Cleveland Williams in the second round of their championship fight in Houston tonight. This blow sent Williams to the canvas for the third time in the round. Williams was saved by the bell but Referee Harry Kessler halted the fight in the third round. 1966.
AP Photo
Heavyweight champion Cassius Clay tells dressing room crowd. "My plan for the fight was to punch--and you saw it," after he defeated challenger Cleveland Williams on a technical knockout in Houston's Astrodome tonight. Clay also credited his 'Ali shuffle' for aiding him in downing Williams four times in the three round fight.
Denver Post library archive
Denver Post Library photo archive
Archie Moore and Muhammad Ali .
AP Photo
Heavyweight champion Muhammad Ali, left center, talks to the media in Louisville, Ky., after conferring with civil rights activist Dr. Martin Luther King, right center, regarding the boxer's draft status in this March 29, 1967 file photo. Ali was in his hometown for his court suit to prevent his Army induction April 28 in Houston. Later, the NAACP Legal Defense Fund represented Ali when the high court struck down his conviction for refusing to serve in the military.
AP Photo
Muhammad Ali hits a hard right to Jerry Quarry during their fight Oct. 26, 1970, in Atlanta, Ga. The fight was stopped after the third round and Ali was declared the winner. Quarry, a popular heavyweight who fought Ali and Floyd Patterson then eventually lapsed into a punch-drunk fog, died Sunday, Jan. 3, 1999 in Templeton, Calif. after being taken off life support. He was 53.
AP Photo
Heavyweight boxer Muhammad Ali makes a point during a news conference that he conducts from inside the ring in Atlanta, Ga., in this Oct. 24, 1970, file photo. A new book, "Ali Rap: Muhammad Ali the First Heavyweight Champion of Rap," proclaims Ali's verbal barrage was more than self-promotion, but sowed the seeds of hip-hop, which came into being in the `70
AP Photo
In this March 8, 1971, file photo, Muhammad Ali. right, takes a left from Joe Frazier during the 15th round of their heavyweight title boxing bout in New York. Frazier won a unanimous decision. Frazier, the former heavyweight champion who handed Ali his first defeat yet had to live forever in his shadow, died Monday Nov. 7, 2011 after a brief fight with liver cancer. He was 67.
AP Photo
Boxer Muhammad Ali, left, stands with Karate instructor George Dillman in this 1971 file photo at Ali's training camp in Deer Lake, Pa. Dillman has purchased the six acre parcel that Ali called 'Fighters Haven' and is turning it into a bed and breakfast.
Denver Post Library photo archive
Muhammad Ali Often chops down as many trees as he can in 15 minutes. 1972.
Denver Post Library photo archive
Muhammad Ali grimaces as ken Norton connects with a left the chin during their 12-round heavyweight bout at the sports arena in San Diego , Calif. Ali lost on a split decision. 1971.
Denver Post Library photo archive
Chuvalo Scores With A Left - George Chuvalo, Canadian heavyweight champion, connects with a left to the head of Muhammad Ali, former heavyweight champion in action in the first round of their scheduled 12-round fight at Vancouver's Pacific Coliseum Monday night. 1972.
Joe Caneva, The Associated Press
Muhammad Ali, former world heavyweight boxing champion, toys with the finely combed hair of television sports commentator Howard Cosell before the start of the Olympic boxing trials, August 7, 1972, in West Point, N.Y.
Denver Post Library photo archive
Muhammad Ali (R) , seems to be holding Ken Norton up in a corner in the fifth round of their return match at the forum. Ali won the match in a split decision making it 1 and 1. 1973.
Denver Post Library photo archive
A mean looking Muhammad Ali throws a left to the head of a ducking Ken Norton during the first round of a return match between Norton and Ali in what is being billed as the "Battle of the Broken Jaw." 1973.
Denver Post Library photo archive
Muhammad Ali scores with a hard right to the head of Ken Norton. The former heavyweight champion wiped out the stain of a broken Jaw upset loss to ken Norton 5 ? months ago by scoring a split decision in the 12-round rematch. 1973.
Denver Post Library photo archive
Muhammad Ali delivers a vicious right chop to the head of ken Norton 9/10. Ali, the former heavyweight champion came back to win a split decision in the 12-round rematch. Ali was defeated 5 ? months ago by Norton in San Diego. 1973.
Denver Post Library photo archive
Muhammad Ali scores with a solid right to the head of ken Norton as he goes on to win a split decision. Ali was defeated 5? months ago by Norton in San Diego when he broke the jaw of Ali. 1973
Denver Post library archive
Muhammad Ali crashes a right to the side of Ken Norton's head during a middle round of their 12-round re-match at the Forum in Inglewood, Calif., 1973.
AP Photo
Trevor Berbick, left, and Muhammad Ali seem to have an equal reach as they slug it out during a Friday night boxing match in this Dec. 12, 1981 file photo in Nassau, Bahamas. Berbick, who lost his heavyweight title to Mike Tyson and was the last boxer to fight Muhammad Ali, was found dead Saturday, Oct. 28, 2006, in a church courtyard in Kingston, Jamaica, police said. He was 52.
AP Wirephoto
Ali wins Back The Crown--George Foreman Falls toward the canvas as his defense of the world heavy weight title ends in an eighth-round knockout by Muhammad Ali Oct. 30 in Kinshasa, Zaire. 1974.
Denver Post Library photo archive
Zaire admirers grab the arm of Muhammad Ali when he stopped in downtown Kinshasa during his sightseeing tout Tuesday morning. 1974.
AFP, Getty Images
This file photo taken on September 28, 1974 shows former world heavyweight champion Muhammad Ali being welcomed by a cheering crowd in Kinshasa, Zaire, before his world heavyweight championship fight against titleholder US George Foreman on October 30, 1974.
AP Photo
Muhammad Ali throws a punch at Joe Frazier, right, during their bout at Madison Square Garden in New York, Jan. 28, 1974. Ali's hometown of Louisville is ready to unveil a museum celebrating the life of one of the 20th century's most recognizable figures. The Muhammad Ali Center is to open Nov. 21,2005, chronicling the life of "The Greatest" inside and outside the ring, emphasizing his peaceful values and vision of global tolerance, and setting the record straight about that infamous gold medal.
Associated Press file
Muhammad Ali October 9, 1974
Denver post Library Archive
Angela Davis With Muhammad Ali in 1974.
AP Photo
Challenger Muhammad Ali is directed to a neutral corner by referee Zack Clayton after knocking down George Foreman and ending their title fight in the eighth round, in Kinshasa, Zaire, in this Oct. 29, 1974 photo.
Associated Press file
Muhammad Ali throws a punch at Joe Frazier, right, during their bout at Madison Square Garden in New York, Jan. 28, 1974. Ali's hometown of Louisville is ready to unveil a museum celebrating the life of one of the 20th century's most recognizable figures. The Muhammad Ali Center is to open Nov. 21,2005, chronicling the life of "The Greatest" inside and outside the ring, emphasizing his peaceful values and vision of global tolerance, and setting the record straight about that infamous gold medal.
AP Wirephoto
Muhammad Ali hits Ron Lyle with a hard right to the chin during action in their title fight in Las Vegas. Ali won the fight with a TKO in the 11th round.
AP Photo
In this Oct. 1, 1975 file photo, spray flies from the head of challenger Joe Frazier, left, as heavyweight champion Muhammad Ali connects with a right in the ninth round of their title fight in Manila, Philippines.
Denver Post Library photo archive
MUHAMMAD ALI, 1974.
Denver Post Library photo archive
Flip Wilson with Muhammad Ali in 1975.
AP Wirephoto
Who's The Real Fisticuffs Man?--Oakland Raiders quarterback Ken Stabler, left, and Muhammad Ali, world heavyweight box champion, mockingly glare at each, other as they compare fists during a press conference in New York Monday. Stabler and Ali were among 33 athletes in different fields selected by sportswriters for the third annual Gillette Cavalcade of Champions Awards. Sports fan across the country will vote to select the outstanding athletes of the year from the ballot and the results were be announced on NBC. 1975
Associated Press file
World heavyweight champion Muhammad Ali shouts "Joe Bugner must go!" to Malaysian fans during a training session at a Kuala Lumpur stadium, June 15, 1975. Ali defends his title against Britain's European champion Joe Bugner on July 1.
AP Wirephoto
No Way Out--Heavyweight Champion Muhammad Ali keeps challenger Jimmy Young up against the ropes during their championship fight at Landover Friday. Ali won a unanimous decision in fifteen rounds. 1976.
Denver post Library Archive
What is this-a roast or a beating? Ruth Buzzi attacks Muhammad Ali, left, with her purse as host Dean Martin tries to rescue the heavyweight champion, in an NBC roast 1976. Howard Cosell, right, joins the fun, along with Freddie Prinze, Gene Kelly, Wilt Chamberlain, Floyd Patterson and Orson Welles. 1976.
Denver post Library Archive
Exchanging JABS - Muhammad Ali, right, delivers a jab to the face of Ron Lyle during an exchange of punches in the first round to their title fight in Las Vegas Friday night. 1975.
The Associated Press
Professional wrestler Freddy Blassie, right, is shown tangling with boxing legend Muhammad Ali while filming a promotion at an arena in Philadelphia on June 1, 1976.
Associated Press file
Ali Connects--Heavyweight Champion Muhammad Ali connects with a left to the face of Jimmy Young during their championship bout at Landover Friday. Ali won a unanimous decision in fifteen rounds. 1976.
Denver Post Library photo archive
His back against the ring ropes , Muhammad Ali continues to taunt Ken Norton during their heavyweight title bout 9/28/1976.
Denver Post Library photo archive
Muhammad Ali drives a right to the head of Ken Norton in the second round of their heavyweight title bout Spet. 28, 1976.
AP Photo
Hyping Next Title Defense -- Muhammad Ali, the world heavyweight champion, left, strains to stare down a grimacing Leon Spinks, the Olympic heavyweight champion, during a news conference Thursday to promote their Feb. 15 title bout in Las Vegas. It was announced Thursday that Ali has signed a $12 million contract to defend his championship next September against Ken Norton. 1977.
AP Photo
Embracing The Champ -- Muhammad Ali embraces heavyweight champion Leon Spinks during a news conference in New Orleans where they signed to fight Sept. 15, in the Superdome. Ali was giving the champion a few pointers on dealing with the press. 1978.
AP Photo
A Blow To Ali -- Leon Spinks connects with a right hook to Muhammad Ali during the late rounds of their championship fight in Las Vegas, Nev. Wednesday night. The 24-year-old Spinks won the bout in a 15-round decision. 1978.
AP Photo
Muhammad All and Leon Spinks exchange punches during their WBA heavyweight title bout at the Superdome in New Orleans Friday night Ali became the first man to win the heavyweight crown times by defeating Spinks with a 15-round unanimous decision. 1978
Program: "Good Morning America" 1978. Credit: ABC
Cheryl Tiegs, Muhammad Ali, and David Hartman
Denver post Library Archive
GaryColeman with Muhammad Ali in 1979.
Denver post Library Archive
Muhammad Ali and Lyle Alzado promote their Exhibition fight. 1979.
Denver Post library archive
The Broncos Lyle Alzado, left, took on the former heavyweight champion Muhammad Ali at Mile High Stadium in July 1979. 11,128 people showed up at Mile High. The match lasted eight rounds. Alzado and some friends promoted the fight. He had even taken out a second mortgage on his house to guarantee that the event would go off as scheduled. Ticket sales generated slightly more than $200,000, considerably less than Ali's appearance fee of $250,000.
UPI
Muhammad Ali tries to cover up under a barrage of blows by Larry Holmes. Holmes retained his heavyweight crown Oct. 2, 1980, in Las Vagas.
AP Photo
Former heavyweight boxing champion Muhammad Ali shakes hands with fans in Abidjan, Ivory Coast Tuesday, Aug. 19, 1997 outside the Ministry of Sports offices. Ali is on a goodwill visit to West Africa delivering food to 400 orphans in San Pedro, Ivory Coast along the Liberian border where tens of thousands of refugees who fled Liberia's civil war are living. The plight of the orphans came to Ali's attention when a nun caring for the children wrote a letter asking for his help.
Bebeto Matthews, The Associated Press
Muhammad Ali, known as 'The Greatest,' punches at a poster of the Wheaties 'The Breakfast of Champions' cereal during the unveiling of the 75th Anniversary cereal box in his honor in New York, Thursday, February 4, 1999. ESPN sports commentator Dick Shaap, right, who hosted the event, says he owes his career to Ali who changed the business of professional sports. Wheaties recognized Ali as the most 'recognized sports figure' of our time for the 75th anniversary celebration.
Denver Post Library photo archive
MUHAMMAD ALI, 1981.
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Who reigned as heavyweight boxing champ of Uganda from 1951-1960? | Idi Amin - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com
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Introduction
In 1971, General Idi Amin overthrew the elected government of Milton Obote and declared himself president of Uganda, launching a ruthless eight-year regime in which an estimated 300,000 civilians were massacred. His expulsion of all Indian and Pakistani citizens in 1972—along with increasing military expenditures—brought about the country’s economic decline, the impact of which lasted decades. In 1979 his reign of terror came to an end as Ugandan exiles and Tanzanians took control of the capital of Kampala, forcing Amin to flee. Never brought to justice for his heinous crimes, Amin lived out the remainder of his life in Saudi Arabia.
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Idi Amin: Early Life and Military Career
Idi Amin Dada was born c. 1925 in Koboko, in northwestern Uganda, to a Kakwa father and Lugbara mother, who separated shortly afterwards. In 1946, after receiving only a rudimentary education, Amin joined the King’s African Rifles (KAR), a regiment of the British colonial army, and quickly rose through the ranks. He was deployed to Somalia in 1949 to fight the Shifta rebels and later fought with the British during the suppression of the Mau Mau Rebellion in Kenya (1952-56). In 1959 he attained the rank of effendi—the highest position for a black African soldier within the KAR—and, by 1966, he had been appointed commander of the armed forces.
Did You Know?
During his time in the army, Amin became the light heavyweight boxing champion of Uganda, a title he held for nine years between 1951 and 1960.
Amin Commandeers Control of Uganda’s Government
After more than 70 years under British rule, Uganda gained its independence on October 9, 1962, and Milton Obote became the nation’s first prime minister. By 1964, Obote had forged an alliance with Amin, who helped expand the size and power of the Ugandan Army. In February 1966, following accusations that the pair was responsible for smuggling gold and ivory from Congo that were subsequently traded for arms, Obote suspended the constitution and proclaimed himself executive president. Shortly thereafter, Obote sent Amin to dethrone King Mutesa II, also known as “King Freddie,” who ruled the powerful kingdom of Buganda in south-central Uganda.
A few years and two failed—but unidentified—assassination attempts later, Obote began to question Amin’s loyalty and ordered his arrest while en route to Singapore for a Commonwealth Heads of Government Conference. During his absence, Amin took the offensive and staged a coup on January 25, 1971, seizing control of the government and forcing Obote into exile.
Amin’s Regime of Terror
Once in power, Amin began mass executions upon the Acholi and Lango, Christian tribes that had been loyal to Obote and therefore perceived as a threat. He also began terrorizing the general public through the various internal security forces he organized, such as the State Research Bureau (SRB) and Public Safety Unity (PSU), whose main purpose was to eliminate those who opposed his regime.
In 1972, Amin expelled Uganda’s Asian population, which numbered between 50,000 and 70,000, resulting in a collapse of the economy as manufacturing, agriculture and commerce came to a screeching halt without the appropriate resources to support them.
When the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) hijacked an Air France flight from Israel to Paris on June 27, 1976, Idi Amin welcomed the terrorists and supplied them with troops and weapons, but was humiliated when Israeli commandos subsequently rescued the hostages in a surprise raid on the Entebbe airport. In the aftermath, Amin ordered the execution of several airport personnel, hundreds of Kenyans whom were believed to have conspired with Israel and an elderly British hostage who had previously been escorted to a nearby hospital.
Throughout his oppressive rule, Amin was estimated to have been responsible for the deaths of roughly 300,000 civilians.
Amin Loses Control and Enters Exile
Over time, the number of Amin’s intimate allies dwindled and formerly loyal troops began to mutiny. When some fled across the border into Tanzania, Amin accused Tanzanian President Julius Nyerere of instigating the unrest and retaliated by annexing the Kagera Salient, a strip of territory north of the Kagera River, in November 1978. Two weeks later, Nyerere mobilized a counter-offensive to recapture the land, and drove the Ugandan Army out with the help of Ugandan exiles. The battle raged into Uganda, and on April 11, 1979, Amin was forced to flee when Kampala was captured. Although he originally sought refuge in Libya, he later moved to Saudi Arabia, where he lived comfortably until his death of multiple organ failure in 2003.
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What did boxer Nelson Azumah change his name to? | World history
World history
Which Filipino boxer is known for his nickname “Pac-Man”
A: Manny Pacquiao
Who said this immortal words “A Filipino is worth dying for” ?
A: Ninoy Aquino
What is the color of the 1,000 peso bill?
A: Blue
What is the national flower of the Philippines?
A: Sampaguita
What is a fertilized duck egg called?
A: Balut
What is the title of the Philippine National Anthem?
A: Lupang Hinirang
What is the meaning of the acronym NAMFREL?
A: NAMFREL – National Citizen’s Movement for free Elections
What is the original name of LunetaPark?
A: Bagumbayan
Which Philippine president has an initial of MLQ?
A: Manuel L. Quezon
What are the provinces that consist the acronym CALABARZON (Name them)
A: Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal, Quezon
History trivia questions and answers.
What British royal spent over $26,000 on underwear in the 1980s?
A: Princess Diana.
What First Lady became the first wife of a sitting president to appear under subpoena before a grand jury?
A: Hillary Rodham Clinton.
What war was Lt. Hiroo Onoda ordered by his commanding officer to stip fighting, in 1974?
A: World War II.
What Beverly Hills 90210 star led the Pledge of Allegiance at the 1992 Republican convention?
A: Shannen Doherty.
Whose assassination resulted in the Lorraine Motel being named the National Civil Rights Museum?
A: Martin Luther King Jr’s.
What Arab intoned: ” I want a homeland even if the devil is the one to liberate it for me”?
A: Yasir Arafat.
What name was the last word uttered by Napoleon?
A: Josephine.
What nation bid adieu to the United Kingdom in 1921?
A: Ireland.
History trivia questions and answers.
What Nazi propagandist said: “Think of the press as a great keyboard on which the government can play”?
A: Joseph Goebbels.
What cleric addressed the U.N. in English, French, Spanish, Russian, Arabic and Chinese in 1995?
A: Pope John Paul II.
What mobster sighed: “I’ve been accused of every death except the casualty list of the World War”?
A: Al Capone.
What was the first company in the world to post $1 billion in annual earnings, in 1995?
A: General Motors.
What Uganda city’s airport saw an Israeli commando raid rescue 103 hostages in 1976?
A: Entebbe’s.
What 20th-century conflict saw U.S. soldiers “die for a tie”?
A: The Korean War.
What increased in the U.S. from 1.5 million to seven million in 1930?
A: Unemployment.
What city had the first public school, college and newspaper in the thirteen British colonies?
A: Boston.
What scandal was the Tower Commission set up to investigate in 1986?
A: The Iran-Contra affair.
What Filipino was acquitted of fraud charges in the U.S. in 1990?
A: Imelda Marcos.
What were the Soviet Union’s symbols for work in the factory and on the land?
A: Hammer and sickle.
Who expected to be paid 2,000 pounds for surrendering West Point to the British?
A: Benedict Arnold.
What did an official U.S. investigation call ” the greatest military and naval disaster in our nation’s history”?
A: The attack on Pearl Harbor.
Whose migraine headache vanished after he read Robert E. Lee’s note of surrender?
A: Ulysses S. Grant’s.
What did “loose lips” do, according to a popular rhyming World War II slogan?
A: “Sink Ships”.
What city had North America’s first medical school, bank and city-paid police force.
A: Philadelphia.
What Filipino was nicknamed the ” iron butterfly”.
A: Imelda Marcos.
What did Jack McCall fall off, seconds after he shot Wild Bill Hickok?
A: His Horse.
Who was the longest-serving president in French history?
A: Francois Mitterrand.
What country’s rampant political corruption was probed by the Mani pulite, or “Clean Hands,” of the 1990s?
A: Italy’s.
What flying ace averaged a kill every 11 days between September of 1915, and April of 1918?
A: Manfred von Richthofen, or “The Red Barron”.
Math trivia questions and answers.
Q: What mathematical symbol did math whiz Ferdinand von Lindemann determine to be a transcendental number in 1882?
A: Pi.
Q: What do you call an angle more than 90 degrees and less than 180 degrees?
A: Obtuse.
Q: What’s the top number of a fraction called?
A: The numerator.
Q: What Greek math whiz noticed that the morning star and evening star were one and the same, in 530 B.C.?
A: Pythagoras.
Q: What’s a polygon with four unequal sides called?
A: A quadrilateral.
Q: What’s a flat image that can be displayed in three dimensions?
A: A hologram.
Mad Cows! Happy Cows! Dogs Playing Poker! Elephants on Tightropes! Party Cows! Chickens riding Motorcycles!
Wild and Crazy Animal Antics Printed Merchandise
Q: What number does “giga” stand for?
A: One billion.
Q: What digit did Arab mathematician al-Khwarizmi give to the West around 800 B/B.?
A: Zero.
Q: What word describes a number system with a base of two?
A: Binary.
Q: How many equal sides does an icosahedron have?
A: Twenty.
Q: What do mathematicians call a regular polygon with eight sides?
A: An octagon.
Q: What T-word is defined in geometry as “a straight line that touches a curve but continues on with crossing it”?
A: Tangent.
Q: What geometrical shape forms the hole that fits and allen wrench?
A: The hexagon.
Q: What number is an improper fraction always greater than?
A: One.
Q: What two letters are both symbols for 1,000?
A: K and M.
Q: What’s short for “binary digit”?
A: Bit.
Q: What century did mathematicians first use plus and minus signs?
A: The sixteenth.
Q: What number, a one followed by 100 zeros, was first used by nine-year-old Milton Sirotta in 1940?
A: Googol.
Q: What handy mathematical instrument’s days were numbered when the pocket calculator made the scene in the 1970s?
A: The Slide rule’s.
Olympics trivia questions and answers.
Q: How many of Carl Lewis’ Olympic gold medals were won in long jump competitions?
A: Three.
Q: What legendary strongman laid out the 600-foot race course for the only event in the earl years of the ancient Olympics?
A: Hercules.
Sports trivia for the masses…right on this site.
Q: What U.S. athlete was “about a week” pregnant when she broke the world 200-meter record at the 1984 Olympics?
A: Evelyn Ashford
Q: What woman was the only U.S. athlete to win a gold medal at the 1968 Winter Olympics?
A: Peggy Fleming.
Many other sports trivia pages available too.
Q: What former IOC president wanted to eliminate team sports and the Winter Games?
A: Avery Brundage.
Q: What U.S. team did 59 percent of American viewers root against during the 1996 Olympics, according to an ESPN poll?
A: The Dream Team.
Q: What grueling Olympic event saw Josia Thugwane become the first black man from South Africa to win a gold medal, in 1996?
A: The Marathon.
Q: What sport did Margaret Abbott play to become the first U.S. woman to win Olympic gold, in 1900?
A: Golf.
Q: What future screen star was the first person to swim 100 meters in under a minute, in 1922?
A: Johnny Weissmuller.
Q: What Olympic champ played an HIV-infected chorus boy in the play “Jeffery” in 1993?
A: Greg Louganis.
Q: What did members of the Canadian swim team swear to give u during the 1996 Olympics?
A: Sex.
Q: What alpine city hosted the Winter Olympics in 1964 and 1976?
A: Insbruck.
Q: What country had a swim team that swore off drinking and Big Macs for the 1996 Olympics?
A: The U.S..
Q: What L.A. Laker star’s height was listed as two meters in 1996 Olympic programs?
A: Sahquille O’Neals’s.
Q: What Soviet gymnast performed the first back somersault on a balance beam?
A: Olga Korbut.
Q: What 37-year-old middle distance runner qualified for her fourth Olympic team in 1996?
A: Mary Slaney.
Q: What sport is played with stones and brooms?
A: Curling.
Q: What contest of team strength was an official Olympic event from 1900 to 1920?
A: Tug of War.
Q: What Olympic aquatic event includes such positions as the Flamingo, crane and fishtail?
A: Synchronized swimming
Q: How many athletes competed for Israel in the 1994 Winter Olympics?
A: One
Q: What 1960 Olympic champion lit the torch to start Atlanta’s 1996 Olympic festivities?
A: Muhammad Ali.
And yet even more sports trivia below this point
Q: What apparatus do male gymnasts refer to as “the pig”?
A: The pommel horse.
Q: What event earned Norway’s Johann Olay Koss three golds at the 1994 Winter Olympics?
A: Speed skating.
Q: What new women’s team sport was played on sand at the 1996 summer Olympics?
A: Beach Volleyball.
Q: Who passed Eric Heiden to become the most decorated U.S. Winter Olympian ever?
A: Bonnie Blair.
Q: What was the only thing Brianna Scurry wore during her Gold Medal celebration lap through the late night streets of Atlanta?
A: Her gold medal.
Q: What decathlon champ was the first black student body president at UCLA?
A: Rafer Johnson
Places trivia questions and answers.
What Nation’s treasures include the Sistine Chapel?
A: Vatican City’s.
Which extends further North- Japan, North Korea or turkey?
A: Japan.
What country can an Afghani escape to on the Khyber Pass?
A: Pakistan.
What two countries sandwich the dead sea?
A: Israel and Jordan.
What U.S. state is said to have as many cows as people?
A: Wisconsin.
What continent boasts the most telephone lines?
A: Europe.
What future Soviet republic produced one-half of the world’s oil in 1901?
A: Azerbaijan.
What African country is bordered by Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Mozambique?
A: South Africa.
What’s the only Central American country without a coastline on the Caribbean?
A: El Salvador.
What North American mountain range is an apt anagram for “o, man–ski country”?
A: Rocky Moutntians.
What city is headquarters for Zero Population Growth and the Impotence Institution of America?
A:Washington, DC.
What city boasts a Board of Trade that buy and sells half the world’s wheat and corn?
A: Chicago.
What island boasts Mount Fuji?
A: Honshu.
What European country’s most common last name is De Vries?
A: The Netherlands’.
What desert do Botswana, Namibia and South Africa have in common?
A: The Kalahari.
What U.S. state has the highest percentage of residents born in other countries?
A: California.
How many U.S. states are named after a president>?
A: One.
What’s the world’s highest island mountain?
A: Mauna Kea.
What was the only country still building steam locomotives in 1990?
A: China.
Which two European countries lead the world n wine consumption pr capita?
A: France and Italy.
What was the world’s highest man-made structure for 4,000 years before being passed by the central tower of Lincoln Cathedral?
A: The Great Pyramid of Cheops.
What western state is less than thrilled to be known as the “Vermin State”?
A: New Mexico.
What’s the only South American country that has both a Pacific and a Caribbean coast?
A: Colombia.
What interstate highway connects Boston and Seattle?
A: I-90.
What state boasts all or part of the ten largest American Indian reservations?
A: Arizona.
What Canadian city’s name means “muddy water”?
A: Winnipeg’s.
What desert did David Livingstone have to cross to reach Lake Ngami?
A: The Kalahari.
What country sent out 15,000 census workers to count its homeless population, in 1990?
A: The U.S.
What do Americans call the Huang Ho, China’s second-longest river?
A: The Yellow River.
What Russian republic has its capital in Grozny?
A: Chechnya.
What state made the U.S. the fourth largest country in land mass in 1959?
A: Alaska.
What state does the Yellowstone River rise in?
A: Wyoming.
What island has endured Mount Etna’s wrath over 140 times?
A: Sicily.
How many months per year do residents of Tromso, Norway go without seeing a sunset?
A: Three.
President trivia questions and answers.
What U.S. president’s State of the Union address lasted a record 81 minutes?
A: Bill Clinton’s.
What U.S. president was born William Jefferson Blythe IV?
A: Bill Clinton.
What 1970’s president openly discussed his battle with hemorrhoids?
A: Jimmy Carter. Presidential trivia questions and answers.
What U.S. president had the shortest life?
A: John F. Kennedy.
What former president was on an African hunting trip when his enemy J. P. Morgan quipped: “Let every lion do his duty”?
A: Theodore Roosevelt.
What conspirator in the Lincoln assassination was pardoned for saving the lives of prison guards during a yellow fever epidemic?
A: Dr. Samuel Mudd.
What president opined: “Once you get into this great stream of history you can’t get out”?
A: Richard Nixon.
Who was the first president to utter “We shall overcome” before a joint session of Congress?
A: Lyndon B. Johnson.
Happy Cows – Mad Cows – Silly Dogs and Cats! Animal Antics -Funny Gifts Cat Wrestling, Tight-rope walking elephants, fire breathing dragons, and crazy animal antics!
What future president was the only U.S. senator from a Confederate state to remain in Congress after secession?
A: Andrew Jackson.
What president’s mug graces a $100,000 bill?
A: Woodrow Wilson.
What future U.S. president received the last rites of the Catholic Church after an infection following spinal surgery in 1954?
A: John F. Kennedy.
What war saw James Madison become the first U.S. president to command a military unit during his term in office?
A: The war of 1812.
What document did President Andrew Johnson want a copy of placed under his head upon his burial?
A: The U.S. Constitution.
Who was the first daughter of a U.S. president to pose nude for a Playboy video?
A: Patti Davis.
How many U.S. states are named after a president?
A: One.
Who is the only president to have survived two assassination attempts by women?
A: Gerald Ford.
What portly U.S. president was the first to be a golf nut?
A: William Howard Taft.
What future president’s Texas classmates ran a shot of a jackass under his yearbook photo?
A: Lyndon B. Johnson’s.
What day does the U.S. president traditionally deliver a weekly radio address?
A: Saturday.
What horse-loving future president cheated on an eye exam to join the cavalry reserves in the 1930’s?
A: Ronald Regan.
What U.S. president threw out the most Opening Day baseballs?
A: Franklin D. Roosevelt.
What card game did Dwight D. Eisenhower play fanatically while planning for D-Day?
A: Bridge.
What White House lawyer first revealed the existence of an “enemies list” and “hush money” at the Watergate hearings?
A: John Dean.
What date saw FDR sign the U.S. declaration of war against Japan?
A: December 8, 1941.
What U.S. president installed solar panels on the White House roof?
A: Jimmy Carter.
What First Lady of the 1980s was shocked to find “a tremendous rat” swimming with her in the White House Pool?
A: Barbara Bush.
What future anchor was the only female reporter to tag along with Richard Nixon on his historic trip to China?
A: Barbara Walters.
Who revealed that the U.S. had a hydrogen bomb in his last State of the Union speech?
A: Harry S. Truman
Rock Groups Bands and Rock Bands?
Which band recorded the album The Joshua Tree?
A: U2.
In the 70s who put a Message In A Bottle?
A: Police.
Which band had a big hit with You Make Me Wanna?
A: Usher.
Money For Nothing was an 80s NO 1 for which band?
A: Dire Straits
Which Dimension had a 60s smash with Aquarius?
A: 5th Dimension.
Which US Boys band featured three members of the Wilson Family?
A: The Beach Boys.
Keith Richards rocked on in which super group?
A: The Rolling Stones.
Who was backed by The Shondells?
A: Tommy James.
How many boys were there in The Pet Shop Boys?
A: Two.
Which heavy metal group took the name of Dutch-born members guitarist Eddie and drummer Alex?
A: Van Halen
Which 60s icon was backed by The Band?
A: Bob Dylan.
Which band included Phil Collins and Peter Gabriel?
A: Genesis.
Mickey Dolenz was in which 60s sensation group?
A: The Monkees.
In which state did Chicago get together?
A: Illinois.
Which band produced the album Dark Side Of The Moon?
A: Pink Floyd
Which group flew into the Hotel California?
A: The Eagles.
R.E.M. cut the No 1 album Out Of what?
A: Time.
Which band recorded the album Parallel Lines?
A: Blondie.
Which band sang I want to Know What Love Is?
A: Foreigner.
How many brothers were in the original Jackson family line up?
A: Five.
Tusk was a best-selling album for which band?
A: Fleetwood Mac.
What did the letter O stand for in ELO?
A: Orchestra.
Whose hits include Bad Moon Rising and Green River?
A: Creedence Clearwater Revival.
Which all time great band featured Harrison and Starkey?
A: The Beatles.
Free boxing trivia questions with answers.
Boxing trivia questions and answers.
Q: What boxing class is heaviest – flyweight, bantam weight or feather weight?
A: Feather weight.
Q: What nickname do boxing fans call 300 pound Eric Esch, King of the Fouro-Rounders?
A: “Butter Bean”.
Q: Who beat Michael Moorer in a 1994 heavyweight title fight hyped as ” One for the Ages”?
A: George Foreman.
Q: What boxer made his first title defense in 21 years, in 1995?
A: George Foreman.
Q: Who did Joe Frazier say he wanted “like a hog wants slop”?
A: Muhammad Ali
Q: What percentage of Mike Tyson’s 1995 earnings came from endorsements?
A: Zero.
Q: What boxer answers to the nickname “Sweet Pea”?
A: Pernell Whitaker
Q: What heavyweight champion was nicknamed “Real Deal”?
A: Evander Holyfield
Q: Who received a reported $25 million for a 1995 boxing match that lasted 89 seconds?
A: Mike Tyson.
Q: How old was George Foreman when he became the oldest heavyweight champ in history?
A: Forty-five.
Q: What pro sport gives its participants an 87 percent chance of suffering brain damage?
A: Boxing.
Q: What boxing weight class is limited to 190 pounds?
A: Cruiserweight.
Q: What Mexican boxing champ lost for the first time to little known Frankie Randall?
A: Julio Cesar Chavez.
Q: What had to occur for a round to end when John L. Sullivan beat Jake Killrain in 75 rounds, in 1889?
A: A knockdown.
Q: Who was the first sports announcer to address Muhammad Ali by his Muslim name?
A: Howard Cosell.
Q: What year in the 1970s was Muhammad Ali’s last as heavyweight champ?
A:1979.
Q: What boxing promoter was indicted for filing a false insurance claim with Lloyds of London?
A: Don King.
Q: What boxer successfully defended his title against George Foreman and Larry Holmes?
A: Evander Holyfield.
Q: Who reigned as heavyweight boxing champ of Uganda from 1951-1960?
A: Idi Amin.
Q: What did boxer Nelson Azumah change his name to?
A: Azumah Nelson.
Q: What boxing promoter’s favorite expression is “Only in America”?
A: Don King’s.
Sir Francis Drake
Filipino Interesting Facts and History
In the Philippines, Filipinos were introduced to the English language in 1762 by British invaders, not Americans.
What is the world's 3rd largest English-speaking nation, next to the USA and the UK? The Philippines.
The USA bought the Philippines, Puerto Rico and Guam from Spain in 1898.
The Filipino-American Independence War from 1898 to 1902 ensued, killing 4,234 Americans and killing how many Filipinos? 16,000 were killed in action and 200,000 died from famine and pestilence. (The Philippines lost and was colonized until 1946.)
Los Angeles, California was co-founded in 1781 by a Filipino named Antonio Miranda Rodriguez, along with 43 Latinos from Mexico sent by the Spanish government.
What antibiotic did ! Filipino doctor Abelardo Aguilar co-discover? Hint: Brand is Ilosone, named after Iloilo. Erythromycin.
The one-chip video camera was first made by Marc Loinaz a Filipino inventor from New Jersey.
The first ever international Grandmaster from Asia was Eugenio Torre who won at the Chess Olympiad in Nice, France in 1974.
This son of two Filipino physicians scored over 700 on the verbal portion of the Standardized Achievement Test (SAT) before age 13 - Kiwi Danao Camara of Punahou School, Hawaii... Edward Sanchez, a Mensa member, bagged the grand prize in the first Philippine Search for Product Excellence in Information Technology.
Who was the Filipino-American dancer who scored a perfect 1600 on the SAT? Joyce Monteverde of California.
Who invented the fluorescent lamp? Thomas Edison discovered the electric light bulb and the fluorescent lighting was thought up by Nikola Tesla. But the flu! orescent lamp we use today was invented by Agapito Flores (a Cebu man named Benigno Flores of Bantayan Island, according to the Philippine Daily inquirer), a Filipino scientist. Americans helped then-Philippine leader Ramon Magsaysay to develop it for worldwide commerce.
(Yes! Many foreigners have noted that the Filipino population has Asia's highest rates of inventors and international beauty queens.) Two Filipina beauties, Gloria Diaz and Margie Moran, chosen as Miss Universe in 1969 and 1973.
Pure- or part-Filipino celebrities in American showbiz include Von Flores, Tia Carrere, Paolo Montalban, Lea Salonga, Ernie Reyes Jr., Nia Peeples, Julio Iglesias Jr., Enrique Iglesias Lou Diamond Phillips, Phoebe Cates and Rob Schneider.
The first Filipino act to land a top hit on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart in the 1960s was the group Rocky Fellers of Manila.
Sugar Pie deSanto (father was from the Philippines), The Artist Formerly Known as Prince (according to the October 1984 article "Prince in Exile" by Scott Isler in the magazine Musician), Jaya,Foxy Brown and Enrique Iglesias followed.
Pure Filipinos who made success in minor charts were Jocelyn Enriquez aka Oriental Madonna, Buffy, Pinay and (Ella May) Saison.
Latina-American pop star Christina Aguilera lost to Filipina vocalist Josephine Roberto aka Banig during the International Star Search years ago. In a mid-1999 MTV chat, she said that competing against someone of Banig's age was "not fair."
Besides gracing fashion magazine covers, this international supermodel from Manila had walked the runways since the 1970s for all the major designers, like Calvin Klein, Chanel, Christian Dior, Christian Lacroix, Donna Karan,Gianni Versace and Yves Saint Laurent - Anna Bayle.
Who is the personal physician of United States Pres. William Clinton? Elea! nor "Connie" Concepcion Mariano, a Filipina doctor who was the youngest captain in the US Navy.
The first Filipino-American in US Congress was Virginia Rep. Robert Cortez-Scott, a Harvard alumnus.
Distinguished British traveler-writer A. Henry Savage Landor, thrilled upon seeing a Bicol landmark in 1903, wrote: "Mayon is the most beautiful mountain I have ever seen, the world-renowned Fujiyama (Mt.Fuji) of Japan sinking into perfect insignificance by comparison."
Mayon volcano has the world's most perfect cone.
Filipinos had their first taste of Mexican chili and corn during the Manila-Acapulco galleon trade (1564-1815). In return, Mexico's people had their initial taste of tamarind, Manila mango and a Filipino banana called racatan or lakatan.
Founded in 1595 by Spaniards, the University of San Carlos in Cebu City, Philippines is older than Harvard and is the oldest university in Asia. University of Santo Tom! as in Manila,established in 1611, is Asia's second oldest.
Who's the Filipina senator popular for her colorful jargon, delivered in a mile-a-minute speed and in a weird Harvard-meets-Ilonggo accent? Atty. Miriam Defensor-Santiago.
The first female president of the Philippines sworn into 0ffice in 1986 was Corazon Cojuangco Aquino.
In a March 31, 1997 article, The New York Times reported that the CIA manipulated Philippine elections: "(CIA operative Col. Edward Lansdale) essentially ran the successful presidential campaign of Defense Minister Ramon Magsaysay in the Philippines in 1953."
Who was the first Asian and/or Filipino to snatch America's Pulitzer Prize? Philippines Herald war journalist Carlos P. Romulo in 1941. (He was also the first Asian to become UN President.)
The first two Filipino-Americans to garner the same award 56 years later were Seattle Times' Alex Tizon and Byron Acohido, ! who is part-Korean.
Filipino writer Jose Rizal could read and write at age 2, and grew up to speak more than 20 languages, including Latin, Greek, German, French and Chinese. What were his last words? "Consummatumsst!"("It is done!")
"What's still most impressive to me about the Philippines is the friendliness of the people, their sense of humor...," wrote Honolulu journalist John Griffin in a 1998 visit to Manila.
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"What boxing promoter's favourite expression is ""Only in America""?" | Free boxing Essays and Papers
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Boxing is Not a Violent Sport - Boxing is a sport full of hard hitting, fast movements and lots of blood, but being a boxer is not too brutal for the society but it does have its good and bad. Boxing was found back in 697B.C in Germany. When it was first aired on TV people didn’t like it much and was commented as the worst TV show. But as the years went on more people started to get interested in the sport, and then kids wanted to become like their favorite boxer. And soon after boxing was the number one show that everyone watched.... [tags: Boxing ]
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The Decline of Boxing in America - Boxing in the early and mid-twentieth century had an appeal that captured the eyes and ears of millions of Americans. Championship fights and popular fighters were on national television and in newspaper headlines. At the time, boxing was relevant in the American sports world. However, over the past 30 years, boxing has regressed and lost its popularity. Spectacles like the graceful Muhammad Ali and the hard-hitting Mike Tyson are gone and have been replaced by lackluster fighters and greedy fight promoters who only care about their profit cut.... [tags: Boxing in America]
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Don King and Boxing - Famous boxing promoter Don King's entrepreneurial process was not as smooth as other boxing promoters. King really had to fight again and again to prove that he did have the right skills to be a good promoters. They doubted him because King had long history of being a street hustler. King used to run illegal operations and during two of those operation he was charged with murder. In the first case he was discharged. The judge said is was a justifiable homicide because King had shot Hillary Brown because Brown was trying to rob him.... [tags: boxing, entrepreneur, fight]
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Banning Boxing - Banning Boxing Boxing has and probably always will be thought of as a noble sport by its supporters. If boxing where to be banned it would defiantly anger its supporters and maybe provoke a series of 'underground' boxing matches, which could lead to maybe more violent matches as there would be less control. If it isn't banned there would be outrage among non-supporters and violence may be brought out through the non-supporters. It would be easier to decide whether it should be banned or not if we looked at some of the reasons for and against.... [tags: Sports, Boxing, Pros and Cons]
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Should Boxing Be Banned? - In 1997, the injury rate predicted in the sport of boxing was 7,257 injuries and 10.8% of those injuries were estimated to have affected people between the ages of five and fourteen. 1.3% of those injuries were predicted to be in the ages between zero and four, and 55.8% of those injuries were in the group of ages from fifteen to twenty-four.( National Electronic Injury Surveillance System et al., Estimates for Sports Injuries 1997) Boxing can be a safe and fun sport as long as it is practiced and played properly.... [tags: Sports]
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Long Live Boxing - "It's lack of faith that makes people afraid of meeting challenges, and I believed in myself. (Muhammad Ali)". Boxing should not be abolished because the fighters premeditate precautions to the sport, it does not promote violence, and there are other sports that are more dangerous. Boxing is a one-on-one combat sport that involves sparring. A way to determine the winner of the match is by points, depending on where the opponent is hit, and the fighters must survive all 3-12 rounds. Another way to win the match is by knock out.... [tags: Sports ]
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Should Society Throw in the Towel on Boxing - Originating from the Ancient Greeks over 13 centuries ago, boxing has been a highly anticipated, globally entertaining sport watched by millions. However, today's society has began to raise an eyebrow over the relevance of boxing in today's age. Many, without much knowledge on the sport, would argue that it causes fatal injuries, brain damage and illnesses that boxers will have to live with for the rest of their lives. Some say it shows the dark side of sport for younger generations and ties them up in a life of violence.... [tags: brain injuries, muhammad ali, parkinson's]
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The Debate on the Banning of Boxing - The Debate on the Banning of Boxing Boxing is an ancient sport with a long history dating back centuries. It developed from bare knuckle fighting in the 18th and 19th century. The sport has already experienced a ban in 1865 and despite this remains a popular today despite this. The sport has rules established by Marquees of Queensbury that form the basis of modern boxing: three minute rounds and boxers must wear gloves. The spot attracts audience and athletes, and is enjoyed by millions of people around the world.... [tags: Papers]
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Boxing: Down For The Count - Boxing: Down for the Count The tenth edition of Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary defines boxing as "the art of attack and defense with the fists practiced as a sport." I could be mistaken, but there is a certain emphasis placed on the idea that boxing is practiced as a sport. It is rather ambiguous. Is boxing a sport to begin with. Is boxing something else that is just practiced as a sport. Is it, can it, or should it be practiced as something else rather than as a sport. Maybe I am just making too big a deal out of a simple definition here.... [tags: essays research papers fc]
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Analysis of a Boxing Article - Analysis of a Boxing Article The headline does what headlines do. It grabs the readers attention, and suggest what we expect to find when we read on. “NO ONE IS FORECED TO FIGHT” is a sharp phrase that goes straight to the point. The bias of the editorial is clear from the headline, and we expect to read something in favor of the boxers right to box, especially since they are not “FORCED”. As expected it is told with all the letters in capital. In fact, the headline rolls of the tongue easily, and this is mainly because of the alliteration of “FORCED TO FIGHT”, and the soft vowel sounds of the letter ‘O’.... [tags: Papers]
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Evaluating Boxing as a Sport - Evaluating Boxing as a Sport I am going to discuss whether boxing is a sport of if it is just legalised fighting, there are a lot of people who argue that it is wrong and isn't a sport and should be banned however others argue that it is a sport and that it should be continued as so many people enjoy watching and taking part.. Boxing is a sport that has history dating back to centuries ago. Boxing can be defined as a sport that is merely a legalised way of attacking another person.... [tags: Papers]
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Boxing with My Father - Boxing with My Father My father was 30 years old when I was born. The fact meant nothing to me for most of my young life, but took on a special meaning one day when I was fourteen. It was the day he decided to teach me to box. You might think that transmitting this skill was evidence my father and I had a close relationship, but our bond was distant, ephemeral, and bound together by a single if resilient thread. My parents had divorced when I was a kid, and my father had “visitation rights.” He’d show up at our front door every other Sunday and take me out with him.... [tags: Personal Narrative Writing]
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Banning Boxing - Banning Boxing When this topic came up I was quite happy, as I had tried boxing before in a boxing club in Belfast for a couple of months. I really enjoyed it, as it was good for getting me fit, self-disciplined and for self-defence. Some of my classmates think that it should be banned but I disagree as I have been there and have seen from first hand what goes on in the ring. In a typical boxing club, fighting takes place in a controlled environment. By controlled environment I mean that it is supervised by trained coaches, youth leaders etc.... [tags: Papers]
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Banning Boxing - Banning Boxing Last year half the world stood still for one of the biggest spectacles in sport - a championship-boxing match. In May 2002, Lennox Lewis and Mike Tyson stepped in the ring to settle a yearlong grudge by fighting each other. For the event, both men were flown to Las Vegas, Nevada, where they trained for weeks and prepared themselves for the bout. The revenue created from stadium seats, advertising and pay-per-view television (arranged by Don King of course) amounted to over 100 million dollars, all leading up to a bout that, in all possibility, could have been over in the first round.... [tags: Papers]
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The Boxing Career of Sugar Ray Robinson - The Boxing Career of Sugar Ray Robinson "Pound for pound, the best." The claim has been used to describe many boxers, but it was invented for Sugar Ray Robinson. Never mind the weight class. When it came to boxing, Robinson was as good as it got. Muhammad Ali called Sugar Ray "the king, the master, my idol." "Robinson could deliver a knockout blow going backward," boxing historian Bert Sugar said. Robinson held the world welterweight title from 1946 to 1951, then was the middleweight champion five times between 1951 and 1960.... [tags: Papers]
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Letter Written to House of Lords in Repect to a Ban on Boxing - Letter Written to House of Lords in Repect to a Ban on Boxing Dear Mr Murphy, I am writing to you regarding my strong belief that the sport Boxing should be forbidden .I am concerned a great deal about the sport and I do have my reasons and I will mention them, I also hope that you will support me after I give the reason for being against this crude sport. I thank you for taking your time and attention for reading my letter and I do hope you understand why I am writing to you.... [tags: Papers]
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What it Means to be a Boxer - Boxing is a combat oriented sport developed by the ancient Greeks in which two opponents fight each other with their fists. It was first introduced into the Olympics in 688 B.C but the sport was discontinued after the fall of the Roman Empire. It later resurfaced in the early 18th century in England by the name of "bare-knuckle fighting", the "boxing gloves", as we know them, did not come until much later. The Marquess of Queensbury rules, developed in 1867, are the general rules that modern boxing is based around today all around the world.... [tags: Boxing Sport]
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Becoming Mike Tyson - There have been many great fighters throughout history. Many have been very successful in their career and were very popular; however, few have been able to leave there mark on society as well as the boxing community. Not many boxers took the initiative the make an impact on the boxing world and influence our future fighters. One person who was an excellent fighter and did go the extra mile was the one and only, Michael Gerard Tyson. Many people might not know the struggles becoming what he is today.... [tags: boxing, athletics, determination]
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Staging the Boxing Scene in A View From The Bridge by Arthur Miller - Staging the Boxing Scene in A View From The Bridge by Arthur Miller Arthur Miller is a famous dramatist in around the 1940’s and 50’s. His popularity developed as a result of his plays regarding social issues. The play “A View from the Bridge” focuses on an Italian community that is suspicious of outsiders. Many of the men from foreign countries work on the docks as Eddie Carbone does. The play narrator is a lawyer: Alfieri, he tells the tale of how two men come to Carbone’s house from Sicily, they are illegal immigrants and seek to find work in the US.... [tags: Papers]
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Satire of Mike Tyson's Biting the Ear of Evander Holyfield - SATIRE When we think of boxing, we usually think of the gloves, the mouthpiece, the ring. When we think of past boxers, we can think of boxers like Muhammad Ali or George Foreman. There are present boxers like “Bite” Tyson and his colleague Evander “Holyears”. Boxing has been considered by many as a brutal sport, a sport for beasts, as many non- boxing fans would say. Mike Tyson has given credit to all this talk by boxing with his mouth and not with his hands. With Mike Tyson’s cannibalism and his boxing license being in jeopardy, his next opponent can be an alligator or a paraná fish.... [tags: Sports Boxing Mike Tyson]
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Muhammad Ali - Throughout the history there have been many famous people who have lived in this country. Some of them were actors, politicians and even athletes. And out of them one of the them all. one of was a gifted boxer named Muhammad Ali. Ali made is first marked as an amateur, then as professional. Ali went through many hard trail in his life, and one of them will change the future. Which will alter lead him to become the greatest Muhammad Ali. Ali is one of the most famous boxer of all time. Ali has many interesting facts about his early life,amateur career, Olympics career, personal life, professional boxing career Vietnam War, and resistance to the draft.... [tags: louisville, kentucky, boxing career]
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Showing up the Actor - Showing up the Actor When I was younger I spent much of my time alone. My father bred in me, perhaps by nothing more than his example, a certain New England stoicism which thrived on solitude. Nothing displayed this rustic discipline more than the pop-up camper my father bought from our neighbors when I was six. From that summer our family spent most vacations on the road, pulling the camper behind us, my father winching it up and spreading the canvas roofing in Nova Scotia or Florida or upstate New York.... [tags: Boxing Personal Narrative Papers]
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The Origin of Fencing, Rowing, Tennis, Cock-fighting, Swimming, Golf, Badminton, Boxing and Bullfighting - The Origin of Fencing, Rowing, Tennis, Cock-fighting, Swimming, Golf, Badminton, Boxing and Bullfighting It is thought that the Egyptians began fencing as a sport and this is derived from images on walls and relics from that time. The images show fencers wearing forms of protective clothing, earflaps and having covers on the ends of their swords. It is also thought that they may have been used to let fighters practice their swordsmanship, without any danger of being harmed. Fencing will take place at the Helliniko Olympic Complex However, modern fencing is claimed by the Italians, Spanish and French and it is in the 18th Century the current system of rules, scoring... [tags: Sport Sporting]
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Network Security Threats for ASDI - New and Rapidly Advancing Threats One of the biggest threats to network security in 2014 is the end of support for the Windows XP operating system (OS). On April 8th 2014, Microsoft will discontinue support for the aging OS. What this means for users of Windows XP is that as new vulnerabilities and exploits are discovered, they will not be fixed – the vulnerabilities will only continue to grow. For any business environment that is still using Windows XP beyond April 8th, the machines running the OS will become the organization’s biggest security flaw.... [tags: sand boxing, windows xp]
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Analysis of Boeing 787 Dreamliner - INTRODUCTION TO THE REPORT Boeing 787 Dreamliner was first announced to the public in January 2003 with approximated costs of five billion dollars , since the sales of the aircraft were high it was supposed to enter commercial service during 2008 but the building up of aircraft seemed more anticipated than expected , since the management decided to use composite materials as an alternative for traditional metals as composite materials are lighter , stronger , cheaper and also resistance to wild variety of chemical agents including acid rain and salt spray as these are the conditions under which metals suffer , Boeing also shared their views in development of air craft with suppliers which... [tags: Boeing Case Study]
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Boeing Vs Airbus - BOOK REPORT BOEING VS AIRBUS BY JOHN NEWHOUSE This book by John Newhouse provides an exhilarating account of the competitive battle between the world's dominant commercial aircraft manufacturers. In the Aviation Industry, there have always been various airframe producers which where competing against each other. Throughout the years, two of them gained the majority of the market share. It encompasses two of the biggest companies in the world, going to extremes to finalize sales, and more importantly, to gain a higher percentage of the market share and outmaneuver the other.... [tags: Boeing vs Airbus John Newhouse Book Review]
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Bowing to Seniority - Bowing to Seniority With the dearth of good centers in college basketball, one would expect that Xavier University would want David West, their All-American center who averaged 20 points and 10 rebounds per game as a junior, to return for his senior season. But West did not feel so welcome. “Honestly, it felt like they wanted me to leave,” West said. “Not Coach [Thad] Matta specifically, but most people seemed to be pushing me out the door [to the NBA].” Eventually, West decided to return for his senior season, and then became part of a dying breed: college seniors who get drafted in the first round of the NBA draft.... [tags: Documentary Journalism Sports Basketball Papers]
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The Boeing 707 - The Boeing Company, one of the leading aircraft manufactures in the world, has built many significant aircrafts that have great contribution to aviation history. Boeing 707, without a doubt, was one of the most important aircrafts in the history of the Boeing Company. It incorporated several advanced technologies Boeing had at the time, and it opened a brand new page for commercial jetliners. Based on the data provided by Boeing’s official website, a total of 1,010 Boeing 707 jetliners were ordered and delivered during its 20 years of production.... [tags: Aeronautics, Aircrafts, Engines]
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The Boeing 737 - The Boeing 737 is one of the most popular aircraft ever produced. Over 7700 in all variants have been produced, with an additional 11,275 aircraft on order. This makes the 737 the most popular jetliner to date. The 737 has a wide variety of uses, and still remains extremely popular and under high demand. Because it is such a widely mass produced aircraft, it is also a target for constant aerodynamic improvements. Boeing has looked at everything from the design of the anti-collision lights, to the reduction of small gaps in the airfoil.... [tags: Advanced Technology, Aerodynamics, Aircraft]
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Good Intentions Ruined by Boring Topics - Good Intentions Ruined by Boring Topics “I cannot believe that I got stuck with Rene Descartes for my Senior Project!” I said to Megan as we walked through the hallway to our ninth period class. Megan and I had been friends ever since the second grade, and often vented to each other when we were upset. “Oh trust me, I feel really sorry for you,” she replied with a sympathetic grin. She however, had one of the best topics, Elvis. That couldn’t possibly be very difficult. I must admit, I was beginning to feel a little jealous.... [tags: Personal Narrative Writing]
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Boeing: The Future of Flight - Boeing- The Future of Flight The mission of Boeing is to be the number one aerospace company in the world and among the premier industrial concerns in terms of quality, profitability and growth (Boeing, 1999). Their four key objectives will guide company: A continuous improvement in quality of products and processes – The cornerstone of their business strategy is has been strong commitment to steady, long-term improvement in their products and processes. They must work to constantly improve the overall quality of their design, manufacturing, administrative, and support organizations to achieve this objective (Boeingsuppliers.com, 2009).... [tags: Aviation]
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Individual Differences in Workers Preparedness to Manage Boring or Monotonous Situations. - Boredom proneness (BP), an individual's tendency to experience boredom, has been shown to affect performance in the workplace (Loukidou, Loan-Clarke, & Daniels, 2009). It also predicts a number of organisational outcomes such as job satisfaction (Kass, Vodanovich, Stanny, & Taylor, 2001). Researchers have gone as far as suggesting that persons high in BP should not perform jobs requiring vigilance or monitoring (Wallace, & Vodanovich, 2000). This stems from the idea that in order for an individual to perform well on a job, their characteristics and that of the job have to match (Murphy, 1996 as cited in Kaplan & Tetrick, 2011).... [tags: Business Management ]
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The New Boeing 787 - The new Boeing 787 is the first all new jetliner built by the company in many years. As with any new product there have been great leaps in technology. I will discuss these advances, potential costumers, sales, competition and much more. There are three planed variants currently under development, the 787-3, 787-8 and the 787-9. Each has different range, size and passenger capability. The 787-3 will carry 290-330 passengers approximately 2500-3000 NMI (nautical miles), the 787-8 is set to carry 224 with a maximum of 375 approximately 7600-8200 NMI and lastly the 787-9 will carry 250-290 passengers approximately 8000-8500 NMI.... [tags: Aircraft]
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William Edward Boeing - William Edward Boeing was a very intelligent and motivated man. He created the Boeing Company. William Edward Boeing was born on October 01, 1881, in Detroit, Michigan. William Edward Boeing is named after his father. His fathers real name is "Wilheim Boing" but he got his name retranslated to "William Boeing" after he moved to America. William Edward Boeing is the first child of William Boeing and Marie Ortmann. William's father was a vet of the "Austro-Prussian War." His father "immigrated to the states back in 1868 from North Rhine-Westphalia." He was a volunteer to carry letters of introduction to German families in Detroit.... [tags: Biography]
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Boeing 707 to 787 Aircraft Design - Introduction The Boeing aircraft company has a long history for creating commercial and military aircraft that are used throughout the world. It is considered to be the most prevalent aerospace company in existence today and employs thousands of workers in many different countries. Throughout its history, Boeing has produced some of the most popular aircraft known today. Possibly the most notable being the 747, which when first revealed was the largest commercial aircraft in existence. Other companies often benefit from Boeing’s existence, one example being General Electric, which supplies engines for aircraft such as the 777.... [tags: Aviation ]
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It's Time to Update the Catholic Mass - Catholic faith believes that thousands of years ago, God sent his son Jesus Christ to our world to save us from our sins. He preached about God’s heavenly kingdom that we would someday join if we had trust in him. Many people rejected his teachings. Some people, however, put their trust in him and believed what he had to say. These first followers, along with Jesus Christ himself, formed the Catholic Church. Today, over 1.6 billion people around the world are apart of the Catholic Church, making it the largest organized religion (Catholic Data, Catholic Statistics, Catholic Research).... [tags: Catholic Mass is Boring, 2015]
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Boeing and Aviation - Most of us see aviation as a means of transportation and an alternate mode of travel. Boeing’s businesses are clearly doing one of the things that core businesses are suppose to do. They are making lots of cash. For many years Boeing has been the leader, earning an average cash flow of a billion dollars or more each year. This gives lots of options to maximize shareholders values. This company just seems to have lots of outside areas of interest too. Maybe you’re bored sitting around the house and had a craving for some pizza.... [tags: essays research papers]
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The Evaluation Of Boeing Management Planning - Introduction The Boeing Cooperation has many legal, ethic, and social responsibilities that impact their organization. This paper will discuss a few of their responsibilities and how they impact the Boeing Corporation management planning. There are also many factors that impact the Boeing companies strategic, tactical, operational, and contingency planning. Three of these factors will be analyzed and then discussed with in. With “Boeing being the world largest aerospace company and the largest manufacture of commercial jetliners and military aircraft” (WEC, 2005, CSR wire, ¶ 1), they have many divisions all across the world.... [tags: Business Management Analysis]
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Boeing - Boeing One of the most innovating companies of our time is Boeing. Boeing headquarters is located right here in Chicago which is one the things that attracted me to this company. There are about 160,000 employees across the United States and in 70 countries. Boeing has one of the most diverse and talented companies that thrive through their innovative workforce. Of the 160,000 employees working for Boeing, more than 83,000 hold college degrees, 29000 are holding advanced college degrees in almost every business and technical field, these facts alone says so much about the quality of the staff that Boeing recruits.... [tags: Business Analysis Review]
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The Rivalry Between Boeing and Airbus - The Rivalry Between Boeing and Airbus The rivalry between Boeing and Airbus goes back a long way, when Boeing was by far the dominant supplier of commercial airplanes. Up until 1997, Boeing was the clear market leader on the passenger airplane market. Now the situation is less certain, as Airbus has overtaken its American competitor[1] not only in the domestic market but also in the world market, with its introduction of new models of passenger aircrafts. The main issue addressed in this article is that a 1992 U.S.-EU civilian aircraft pact allows too much European government support for Airbus, helping it sell more jetliners than Boeing, which had an 80% share in the market a decade ago.... [tags: Economics Airlines Aircrafts Essays]
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boeing - Boeing and Entrepreneurship Report by Barrington Black – s9303206 Introduction William Boeing was an engineering student whose love of aviation led him to form what is now the largest airplane manufacturer in the world. After making his fortune in real estate he decided that he wanted to design and build better aircraft having not been impressed by the then current models of airplane. The Boeing Airplane Company was established in 1917. Whilst industry consensus had far from confident views of aircraft and it’s place in society, Boeing used his own money to guarantee the wages of his 28 staff and by the end of 1917, with world war materializing, Boein... [tags: essays research papers]
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Boeing 7E7 Case Study - Executive Summary A key factor in determining a project's viability is its cost of capital [WACC]. The estimation of Boeing's WACC must be consistent with the overall valuation approach and the definition of cash flows to be discounted. Note that this process is a forward looking focus and is laden with uncertainty. It is how the assumptions are modeled that many costly mistakes can be made. While finding a rate of return for an individual project, it is important to remember that WACC is only appropriate for an individual project.... [tags: Business Analysis Strategy Management]
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Control Mechanisms at Boeing - Control Mechanisms at Boeing By almost any standard, aerospace is one of the longest term businesses there is. When Boeing makes a decision to go forward with a new commercial airplane, launch vehicle or a new communication system, they are making a decision on a product that will likely be in service for at least half a century. And for this to be successful, it has to fit markets over that entire time period. Boeing’s market strategies have long-term focus. They believe very strongly in network-centric operation (NCO) is the key to the future of the military.... [tags: Organization Business Management]
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The Boeing 777 Jet That Disappeared in The South Indian Ocean - Missing MH370 Flight The Boeing 777 jet disappeared in the South Indian Ocean on March 8, 2014. There were 239 passengers and crew members onboard of the plane that day. The air searches for the missing flight will end April 14th . They are preparing a robotic submarine to scan and map the oceans floor. The Bluefin is about 21 inches wide and 16 feet long. It weighs 1,650 pounds and can dive to a depth of 14,700 feet. It uses nine battery packs that can last for over 24 hours and has a 4 gigabyte flash drive.... [tags: missing plane, bluefin sub, us navy]
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Boeing Management Planning - Abstract This paper will discuss the management planning of Boeing. Boeing, being a leading distributors of aircrafts, satellites and missiles, I will evaluate and analyze the impact of legal issues, ethics and social responsibility in which they carry. I will show how these factors may influence their strategic, tactical and contingency planning. . Boeing Management Planning Boeing is one of the major aerospace and defense contractors in the United States. Boeing was founded by William E. Boeing over 90 years ago and has dominated the industry of aerospace for many years.... [tags: Business Management Analysis]
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Boeing Management Planning - Planning, an imperative part of any business environment, is a daily focus at Boeing Corporation. The organization faces daily challenges to produce products to fit the consumer wants for air travel, comfort, and efficiency. While Boeing deals with a constant need for innovative ideas it also deal with the challenges of its main competitor airbus whom has historically been subsidized by many of the European nations to compete with Boeing for a larger share of the market. Boeing management, through excellent planning, an ethics policy that demands large returns for shareholders, and constant work to comply with ever changing legal demands of the industry has led to the constant success of the... [tags: Business Analysis]
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Boeing Case Analysis - Boeing Case Analysis On December 1996, the Boeing Company purchased McDonnell Douglas for a premium of 21% over the price of its stock. This move gave Boeing the opportunity to increase its value by transferring its knowledge across business units, both commercial and defense aircraft. But in the two years after the merger, Boeing’s stock lost one third of its value due to increased inefficiencies and costs associated with the merger. Would this merger really add value to Boeing or would the costs outweigh the benefits gained.... [tags: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework]
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The A380, The Worlds’ First Superjumbo Jet - In 1988 engineers at the Airbus headquarters in Toulouse started work on a highly ambitious project, the possibility of a commercial UHCA (ultra-high-capacity aircraft). By 1993 Boeing and Deutsche Aerospace, a member of the Airbus consortium, surprisingly declared they were joining forces on a VLCT (very large commercial transport) feasibility study, with the aim to create a product in a shared partnership that would lead in the limited market [7]. Nevertheless two years later this study was abandoned due to viability from increasing development costs.... [tags: Airbus, Boeing, Lufthansa]
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Business: Threat of New Entrants - Threat of New Entrants This has a low threat because firms already in the industry have a cost advantage and these companies already have a strong customer base. Economies of Scale • Bigger producers buy more inputs and therefore may get quantity discounts • Boeing is the world's largest aerospace and defense company • Boeing sells more products in multiple industries so they have the ability to produce each unit at a lower cost than a smaller company would • Delta is the 2nd largest passenger airline in the world by available seat miles Product differentiation • Boeing offers many different types of planes for different needs • By scheduling and operating its aircraft efficiently, JetBlue i... [tags: customer base, airlines, boeing]
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Clean Water: Boring Beverage or Life Saving Luxury? - Water is essential to life and has been for as long as there has been life on this planet. Water is what makes Earth the only known home for life in the universe because all living organisms need water to survive. In America, unsoiled water is as easy as turning on the tap, but in many places around the world uncontaminated water is an unattainable luxury. The hardships tainted water poses on its consumers have been portrayed through the arts all around the world. Artwork, music, books, poetry, and many other mediums have illustrated the struggles the absence of clean water causes.... [tags: Environmental Issues]
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How many engines would you find on a Boeing 737, two; three or five? | Free boxing Essays and Papers
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Boxing is Not a Violent Sport - Boxing is a sport full of hard hitting, fast movements and lots of blood, but being a boxer is not too brutal for the society but it does have its good and bad. Boxing was found back in 697B.C in Germany. When it was first aired on TV people didn’t like it much and was commented as the worst TV show. But as the years went on more people started to get interested in the sport, and then kids wanted to become like their favorite boxer. And soon after boxing was the number one show that everyone watched.... [tags: Boxing ]
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The Decline of Boxing in America - Boxing in the early and mid-twentieth century had an appeal that captured the eyes and ears of millions of Americans. Championship fights and popular fighters were on national television and in newspaper headlines. At the time, boxing was relevant in the American sports world. However, over the past 30 years, boxing has regressed and lost its popularity. Spectacles like the graceful Muhammad Ali and the hard-hitting Mike Tyson are gone and have been replaced by lackluster fighters and greedy fight promoters who only care about their profit cut.... [tags: Boxing in America]
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Don King and Boxing - Famous boxing promoter Don King's entrepreneurial process was not as smooth as other boxing promoters. King really had to fight again and again to prove that he did have the right skills to be a good promoters. They doubted him because King had long history of being a street hustler. King used to run illegal operations and during two of those operation he was charged with murder. In the first case he was discharged. The judge said is was a justifiable homicide because King had shot Hillary Brown because Brown was trying to rob him.... [tags: boxing, entrepreneur, fight]
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Banning Boxing - Banning Boxing Boxing has and probably always will be thought of as a noble sport by its supporters. If boxing where to be banned it would defiantly anger its supporters and maybe provoke a series of 'underground' boxing matches, which could lead to maybe more violent matches as there would be less control. If it isn't banned there would be outrage among non-supporters and violence may be brought out through the non-supporters. It would be easier to decide whether it should be banned or not if we looked at some of the reasons for and against.... [tags: Sports, Boxing, Pros and Cons]
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Should Boxing Be Banned? - In 1997, the injury rate predicted in the sport of boxing was 7,257 injuries and 10.8% of those injuries were estimated to have affected people between the ages of five and fourteen. 1.3% of those injuries were predicted to be in the ages between zero and four, and 55.8% of those injuries were in the group of ages from fifteen to twenty-four.( National Electronic Injury Surveillance System et al., Estimates for Sports Injuries 1997) Boxing can be a safe and fun sport as long as it is practiced and played properly.... [tags: Sports]
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Long Live Boxing - "It's lack of faith that makes people afraid of meeting challenges, and I believed in myself. (Muhammad Ali)". Boxing should not be abolished because the fighters premeditate precautions to the sport, it does not promote violence, and there are other sports that are more dangerous. Boxing is a one-on-one combat sport that involves sparring. A way to determine the winner of the match is by points, depending on where the opponent is hit, and the fighters must survive all 3-12 rounds. Another way to win the match is by knock out.... [tags: Sports ]
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Should Society Throw in the Towel on Boxing - Originating from the Ancient Greeks over 13 centuries ago, boxing has been a highly anticipated, globally entertaining sport watched by millions. However, today's society has began to raise an eyebrow over the relevance of boxing in today's age. Many, without much knowledge on the sport, would argue that it causes fatal injuries, brain damage and illnesses that boxers will have to live with for the rest of their lives. Some say it shows the dark side of sport for younger generations and ties them up in a life of violence.... [tags: brain injuries, muhammad ali, parkinson's]
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The Debate on the Banning of Boxing - The Debate on the Banning of Boxing Boxing is an ancient sport with a long history dating back centuries. It developed from bare knuckle fighting in the 18th and 19th century. The sport has already experienced a ban in 1865 and despite this remains a popular today despite this. The sport has rules established by Marquees of Queensbury that form the basis of modern boxing: three minute rounds and boxers must wear gloves. The spot attracts audience and athletes, and is enjoyed by millions of people around the world.... [tags: Papers]
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Boxing: Down For The Count - Boxing: Down for the Count The tenth edition of Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary defines boxing as "the art of attack and defense with the fists practiced as a sport." I could be mistaken, but there is a certain emphasis placed on the idea that boxing is practiced as a sport. It is rather ambiguous. Is boxing a sport to begin with. Is boxing something else that is just practiced as a sport. Is it, can it, or should it be practiced as something else rather than as a sport. Maybe I am just making too big a deal out of a simple definition here.... [tags: essays research papers fc]
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Analysis of a Boxing Article - Analysis of a Boxing Article The headline does what headlines do. It grabs the readers attention, and suggest what we expect to find when we read on. “NO ONE IS FORECED TO FIGHT” is a sharp phrase that goes straight to the point. The bias of the editorial is clear from the headline, and we expect to read something in favor of the boxers right to box, especially since they are not “FORCED”. As expected it is told with all the letters in capital. In fact, the headline rolls of the tongue easily, and this is mainly because of the alliteration of “FORCED TO FIGHT”, and the soft vowel sounds of the letter ‘O’.... [tags: Papers]
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Evaluating Boxing as a Sport - Evaluating Boxing as a Sport I am going to discuss whether boxing is a sport of if it is just legalised fighting, there are a lot of people who argue that it is wrong and isn't a sport and should be banned however others argue that it is a sport and that it should be continued as so many people enjoy watching and taking part.. Boxing is a sport that has history dating back to centuries ago. Boxing can be defined as a sport that is merely a legalised way of attacking another person.... [tags: Papers]
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Boxing with My Father - Boxing with My Father My father was 30 years old when I was born. The fact meant nothing to me for most of my young life, but took on a special meaning one day when I was fourteen. It was the day he decided to teach me to box. You might think that transmitting this skill was evidence my father and I had a close relationship, but our bond was distant, ephemeral, and bound together by a single if resilient thread. My parents had divorced when I was a kid, and my father had “visitation rights.” He’d show up at our front door every other Sunday and take me out with him.... [tags: Personal Narrative Writing]
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Banning Boxing - Banning Boxing When this topic came up I was quite happy, as I had tried boxing before in a boxing club in Belfast for a couple of months. I really enjoyed it, as it was good for getting me fit, self-disciplined and for self-defence. Some of my classmates think that it should be banned but I disagree as I have been there and have seen from first hand what goes on in the ring. In a typical boxing club, fighting takes place in a controlled environment. By controlled environment I mean that it is supervised by trained coaches, youth leaders etc.... [tags: Papers]
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Banning Boxing - Banning Boxing Last year half the world stood still for one of the biggest spectacles in sport - a championship-boxing match. In May 2002, Lennox Lewis and Mike Tyson stepped in the ring to settle a yearlong grudge by fighting each other. For the event, both men were flown to Las Vegas, Nevada, where they trained for weeks and prepared themselves for the bout. The revenue created from stadium seats, advertising and pay-per-view television (arranged by Don King of course) amounted to over 100 million dollars, all leading up to a bout that, in all possibility, could have been over in the first round.... [tags: Papers]
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The Boxing Career of Sugar Ray Robinson - The Boxing Career of Sugar Ray Robinson "Pound for pound, the best." The claim has been used to describe many boxers, but it was invented for Sugar Ray Robinson. Never mind the weight class. When it came to boxing, Robinson was as good as it got. Muhammad Ali called Sugar Ray "the king, the master, my idol." "Robinson could deliver a knockout blow going backward," boxing historian Bert Sugar said. Robinson held the world welterweight title from 1946 to 1951, then was the middleweight champion five times between 1951 and 1960.... [tags: Papers]
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Letter Written to House of Lords in Repect to a Ban on Boxing - Letter Written to House of Lords in Repect to a Ban on Boxing Dear Mr Murphy, I am writing to you regarding my strong belief that the sport Boxing should be forbidden .I am concerned a great deal about the sport and I do have my reasons and I will mention them, I also hope that you will support me after I give the reason for being against this crude sport. I thank you for taking your time and attention for reading my letter and I do hope you understand why I am writing to you.... [tags: Papers]
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What it Means to be a Boxer - Boxing is a combat oriented sport developed by the ancient Greeks in which two opponents fight each other with their fists. It was first introduced into the Olympics in 688 B.C but the sport was discontinued after the fall of the Roman Empire. It later resurfaced in the early 18th century in England by the name of "bare-knuckle fighting", the "boxing gloves", as we know them, did not come until much later. The Marquess of Queensbury rules, developed in 1867, are the general rules that modern boxing is based around today all around the world.... [tags: Boxing Sport]
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Becoming Mike Tyson - There have been many great fighters throughout history. Many have been very successful in their career and were very popular; however, few have been able to leave there mark on society as well as the boxing community. Not many boxers took the initiative the make an impact on the boxing world and influence our future fighters. One person who was an excellent fighter and did go the extra mile was the one and only, Michael Gerard Tyson. Many people might not know the struggles becoming what he is today.... [tags: boxing, athletics, determination]
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Staging the Boxing Scene in A View From The Bridge by Arthur Miller - Staging the Boxing Scene in A View From The Bridge by Arthur Miller Arthur Miller is a famous dramatist in around the 1940’s and 50’s. His popularity developed as a result of his plays regarding social issues. The play “A View from the Bridge” focuses on an Italian community that is suspicious of outsiders. Many of the men from foreign countries work on the docks as Eddie Carbone does. The play narrator is a lawyer: Alfieri, he tells the tale of how two men come to Carbone’s house from Sicily, they are illegal immigrants and seek to find work in the US.... [tags: Papers]
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Satire of Mike Tyson's Biting the Ear of Evander Holyfield - SATIRE When we think of boxing, we usually think of the gloves, the mouthpiece, the ring. When we think of past boxers, we can think of boxers like Muhammad Ali or George Foreman. There are present boxers like “Bite” Tyson and his colleague Evander “Holyears”. Boxing has been considered by many as a brutal sport, a sport for beasts, as many non- boxing fans would say. Mike Tyson has given credit to all this talk by boxing with his mouth and not with his hands. With Mike Tyson’s cannibalism and his boxing license being in jeopardy, his next opponent can be an alligator or a paraná fish.... [tags: Sports Boxing Mike Tyson]
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Muhammad Ali - Throughout the history there have been many famous people who have lived in this country. Some of them were actors, politicians and even athletes. And out of them one of the them all. one of was a gifted boxer named Muhammad Ali. Ali made is first marked as an amateur, then as professional. Ali went through many hard trail in his life, and one of them will change the future. Which will alter lead him to become the greatest Muhammad Ali. Ali is one of the most famous boxer of all time. Ali has many interesting facts about his early life,amateur career, Olympics career, personal life, professional boxing career Vietnam War, and resistance to the draft.... [tags: louisville, kentucky, boxing career]
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Showing up the Actor - Showing up the Actor When I was younger I spent much of my time alone. My father bred in me, perhaps by nothing more than his example, a certain New England stoicism which thrived on solitude. Nothing displayed this rustic discipline more than the pop-up camper my father bought from our neighbors when I was six. From that summer our family spent most vacations on the road, pulling the camper behind us, my father winching it up and spreading the canvas roofing in Nova Scotia or Florida or upstate New York.... [tags: Boxing Personal Narrative Papers]
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The Origin of Fencing, Rowing, Tennis, Cock-fighting, Swimming, Golf, Badminton, Boxing and Bullfighting - The Origin of Fencing, Rowing, Tennis, Cock-fighting, Swimming, Golf, Badminton, Boxing and Bullfighting It is thought that the Egyptians began fencing as a sport and this is derived from images on walls and relics from that time. The images show fencers wearing forms of protective clothing, earflaps and having covers on the ends of their swords. It is also thought that they may have been used to let fighters practice their swordsmanship, without any danger of being harmed. Fencing will take place at the Helliniko Olympic Complex However, modern fencing is claimed by the Italians, Spanish and French and it is in the 18th Century the current system of rules, scoring... [tags: Sport Sporting]
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Network Security Threats for ASDI - New and Rapidly Advancing Threats One of the biggest threats to network security in 2014 is the end of support for the Windows XP operating system (OS). On April 8th 2014, Microsoft will discontinue support for the aging OS. What this means for users of Windows XP is that as new vulnerabilities and exploits are discovered, they will not be fixed – the vulnerabilities will only continue to grow. For any business environment that is still using Windows XP beyond April 8th, the machines running the OS will become the organization’s biggest security flaw.... [tags: sand boxing, windows xp]
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Analysis of Boeing 787 Dreamliner - INTRODUCTION TO THE REPORT Boeing 787 Dreamliner was first announced to the public in January 2003 with approximated costs of five billion dollars , since the sales of the aircraft were high it was supposed to enter commercial service during 2008 but the building up of aircraft seemed more anticipated than expected , since the management decided to use composite materials as an alternative for traditional metals as composite materials are lighter , stronger , cheaper and also resistance to wild variety of chemical agents including acid rain and salt spray as these are the conditions under which metals suffer , Boeing also shared their views in development of air craft with suppliers which... [tags: Boeing Case Study]
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Boeing Vs Airbus - BOOK REPORT BOEING VS AIRBUS BY JOHN NEWHOUSE This book by John Newhouse provides an exhilarating account of the competitive battle between the world's dominant commercial aircraft manufacturers. In the Aviation Industry, there have always been various airframe producers which where competing against each other. Throughout the years, two of them gained the majority of the market share. It encompasses two of the biggest companies in the world, going to extremes to finalize sales, and more importantly, to gain a higher percentage of the market share and outmaneuver the other.... [tags: Boeing vs Airbus John Newhouse Book Review]
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Bowing to Seniority - Bowing to Seniority With the dearth of good centers in college basketball, one would expect that Xavier University would want David West, their All-American center who averaged 20 points and 10 rebounds per game as a junior, to return for his senior season. But West did not feel so welcome. “Honestly, it felt like they wanted me to leave,” West said. “Not Coach [Thad] Matta specifically, but most people seemed to be pushing me out the door [to the NBA].” Eventually, West decided to return for his senior season, and then became part of a dying breed: college seniors who get drafted in the first round of the NBA draft.... [tags: Documentary Journalism Sports Basketball Papers]
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The Boeing 707 - The Boeing Company, one of the leading aircraft manufactures in the world, has built many significant aircrafts that have great contribution to aviation history. Boeing 707, without a doubt, was one of the most important aircrafts in the history of the Boeing Company. It incorporated several advanced technologies Boeing had at the time, and it opened a brand new page for commercial jetliners. Based on the data provided by Boeing’s official website, a total of 1,010 Boeing 707 jetliners were ordered and delivered during its 20 years of production.... [tags: Aeronautics, Aircrafts, Engines]
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The Boeing 737 - The Boeing 737 is one of the most popular aircraft ever produced. Over 7700 in all variants have been produced, with an additional 11,275 aircraft on order. This makes the 737 the most popular jetliner to date. The 737 has a wide variety of uses, and still remains extremely popular and under high demand. Because it is such a widely mass produced aircraft, it is also a target for constant aerodynamic improvements. Boeing has looked at everything from the design of the anti-collision lights, to the reduction of small gaps in the airfoil.... [tags: Advanced Technology, Aerodynamics, Aircraft]
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Good Intentions Ruined by Boring Topics - Good Intentions Ruined by Boring Topics “I cannot believe that I got stuck with Rene Descartes for my Senior Project!” I said to Megan as we walked through the hallway to our ninth period class. Megan and I had been friends ever since the second grade, and often vented to each other when we were upset. “Oh trust me, I feel really sorry for you,” she replied with a sympathetic grin. She however, had one of the best topics, Elvis. That couldn’t possibly be very difficult. I must admit, I was beginning to feel a little jealous.... [tags: Personal Narrative Writing]
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Boeing: The Future of Flight - Boeing- The Future of Flight The mission of Boeing is to be the number one aerospace company in the world and among the premier industrial concerns in terms of quality, profitability and growth (Boeing, 1999). Their four key objectives will guide company: A continuous improvement in quality of products and processes – The cornerstone of their business strategy is has been strong commitment to steady, long-term improvement in their products and processes. They must work to constantly improve the overall quality of their design, manufacturing, administrative, and support organizations to achieve this objective (Boeingsuppliers.com, 2009).... [tags: Aviation]
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Individual Differences in Workers Preparedness to Manage Boring or Monotonous Situations. - Boredom proneness (BP), an individual's tendency to experience boredom, has been shown to affect performance in the workplace (Loukidou, Loan-Clarke, & Daniels, 2009). It also predicts a number of organisational outcomes such as job satisfaction (Kass, Vodanovich, Stanny, & Taylor, 2001). Researchers have gone as far as suggesting that persons high in BP should not perform jobs requiring vigilance or monitoring (Wallace, & Vodanovich, 2000). This stems from the idea that in order for an individual to perform well on a job, their characteristics and that of the job have to match (Murphy, 1996 as cited in Kaplan & Tetrick, 2011).... [tags: Business Management ]
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The New Boeing 787 - The new Boeing 787 is the first all new jetliner built by the company in many years. As with any new product there have been great leaps in technology. I will discuss these advances, potential costumers, sales, competition and much more. There are three planed variants currently under development, the 787-3, 787-8 and the 787-9. Each has different range, size and passenger capability. The 787-3 will carry 290-330 passengers approximately 2500-3000 NMI (nautical miles), the 787-8 is set to carry 224 with a maximum of 375 approximately 7600-8200 NMI and lastly the 787-9 will carry 250-290 passengers approximately 8000-8500 NMI.... [tags: Aircraft]
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William Edward Boeing - William Edward Boeing was a very intelligent and motivated man. He created the Boeing Company. William Edward Boeing was born on October 01, 1881, in Detroit, Michigan. William Edward Boeing is named after his father. His fathers real name is "Wilheim Boing" but he got his name retranslated to "William Boeing" after he moved to America. William Edward Boeing is the first child of William Boeing and Marie Ortmann. William's father was a vet of the "Austro-Prussian War." His father "immigrated to the states back in 1868 from North Rhine-Westphalia." He was a volunteer to carry letters of introduction to German families in Detroit.... [tags: Biography]
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Boeing 707 to 787 Aircraft Design - Introduction The Boeing aircraft company has a long history for creating commercial and military aircraft that are used throughout the world. It is considered to be the most prevalent aerospace company in existence today and employs thousands of workers in many different countries. Throughout its history, Boeing has produced some of the most popular aircraft known today. Possibly the most notable being the 747, which when first revealed was the largest commercial aircraft in existence. Other companies often benefit from Boeing’s existence, one example being General Electric, which supplies engines for aircraft such as the 777.... [tags: Aviation ]
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It's Time to Update the Catholic Mass - Catholic faith believes that thousands of years ago, God sent his son Jesus Christ to our world to save us from our sins. He preached about God’s heavenly kingdom that we would someday join if we had trust in him. Many people rejected his teachings. Some people, however, put their trust in him and believed what he had to say. These first followers, along with Jesus Christ himself, formed the Catholic Church. Today, over 1.6 billion people around the world are apart of the Catholic Church, making it the largest organized religion (Catholic Data, Catholic Statistics, Catholic Research).... [tags: Catholic Mass is Boring, 2015]
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Boeing and Aviation - Most of us see aviation as a means of transportation and an alternate mode of travel. Boeing’s businesses are clearly doing one of the things that core businesses are suppose to do. They are making lots of cash. For many years Boeing has been the leader, earning an average cash flow of a billion dollars or more each year. This gives lots of options to maximize shareholders values. This company just seems to have lots of outside areas of interest too. Maybe you’re bored sitting around the house and had a craving for some pizza.... [tags: essays research papers]
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The Evaluation Of Boeing Management Planning - Introduction The Boeing Cooperation has many legal, ethic, and social responsibilities that impact their organization. This paper will discuss a few of their responsibilities and how they impact the Boeing Corporation management planning. There are also many factors that impact the Boeing companies strategic, tactical, operational, and contingency planning. Three of these factors will be analyzed and then discussed with in. With “Boeing being the world largest aerospace company and the largest manufacture of commercial jetliners and military aircraft” (WEC, 2005, CSR wire, ¶ 1), they have many divisions all across the world.... [tags: Business Management Analysis]
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Boeing - Boeing One of the most innovating companies of our time is Boeing. Boeing headquarters is located right here in Chicago which is one the things that attracted me to this company. There are about 160,000 employees across the United States and in 70 countries. Boeing has one of the most diverse and talented companies that thrive through their innovative workforce. Of the 160,000 employees working for Boeing, more than 83,000 hold college degrees, 29000 are holding advanced college degrees in almost every business and technical field, these facts alone says so much about the quality of the staff that Boeing recruits.... [tags: Business Analysis Review]
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The Rivalry Between Boeing and Airbus - The Rivalry Between Boeing and Airbus The rivalry between Boeing and Airbus goes back a long way, when Boeing was by far the dominant supplier of commercial airplanes. Up until 1997, Boeing was the clear market leader on the passenger airplane market. Now the situation is less certain, as Airbus has overtaken its American competitor[1] not only in the domestic market but also in the world market, with its introduction of new models of passenger aircrafts. The main issue addressed in this article is that a 1992 U.S.-EU civilian aircraft pact allows too much European government support for Airbus, helping it sell more jetliners than Boeing, which had an 80% share in the market a decade ago.... [tags: Economics Airlines Aircrafts Essays]
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boeing - Boeing and Entrepreneurship Report by Barrington Black – s9303206 Introduction William Boeing was an engineering student whose love of aviation led him to form what is now the largest airplane manufacturer in the world. After making his fortune in real estate he decided that he wanted to design and build better aircraft having not been impressed by the then current models of airplane. The Boeing Airplane Company was established in 1917. Whilst industry consensus had far from confident views of aircraft and it’s place in society, Boeing used his own money to guarantee the wages of his 28 staff and by the end of 1917, with world war materializing, Boein... [tags: essays research papers]
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Boeing 7E7 Case Study - Executive Summary A key factor in determining a project's viability is its cost of capital [WACC]. The estimation of Boeing's WACC must be consistent with the overall valuation approach and the definition of cash flows to be discounted. Note that this process is a forward looking focus and is laden with uncertainty. It is how the assumptions are modeled that many costly mistakes can be made. While finding a rate of return for an individual project, it is important to remember that WACC is only appropriate for an individual project.... [tags: Business Analysis Strategy Management]
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Control Mechanisms at Boeing - Control Mechanisms at Boeing By almost any standard, aerospace is one of the longest term businesses there is. When Boeing makes a decision to go forward with a new commercial airplane, launch vehicle or a new communication system, they are making a decision on a product that will likely be in service for at least half a century. And for this to be successful, it has to fit markets over that entire time period. Boeing’s market strategies have long-term focus. They believe very strongly in network-centric operation (NCO) is the key to the future of the military.... [tags: Organization Business Management]
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The Boeing 777 Jet That Disappeared in The South Indian Ocean - Missing MH370 Flight The Boeing 777 jet disappeared in the South Indian Ocean on March 8, 2014. There were 239 passengers and crew members onboard of the plane that day. The air searches for the missing flight will end April 14th . They are preparing a robotic submarine to scan and map the oceans floor. The Bluefin is about 21 inches wide and 16 feet long. It weighs 1,650 pounds and can dive to a depth of 14,700 feet. It uses nine battery packs that can last for over 24 hours and has a 4 gigabyte flash drive.... [tags: missing plane, bluefin sub, us navy]
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Boeing Management Planning - Abstract This paper will discuss the management planning of Boeing. Boeing, being a leading distributors of aircrafts, satellites and missiles, I will evaluate and analyze the impact of legal issues, ethics and social responsibility in which they carry. I will show how these factors may influence their strategic, tactical and contingency planning. . Boeing Management Planning Boeing is one of the major aerospace and defense contractors in the United States. Boeing was founded by William E. Boeing over 90 years ago and has dominated the industry of aerospace for many years.... [tags: Business Management Analysis]
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Boeing Management Planning - Planning, an imperative part of any business environment, is a daily focus at Boeing Corporation. The organization faces daily challenges to produce products to fit the consumer wants for air travel, comfort, and efficiency. While Boeing deals with a constant need for innovative ideas it also deal with the challenges of its main competitor airbus whom has historically been subsidized by many of the European nations to compete with Boeing for a larger share of the market. Boeing management, through excellent planning, an ethics policy that demands large returns for shareholders, and constant work to comply with ever changing legal demands of the industry has led to the constant success of the... [tags: Business Analysis]
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Boeing Case Analysis - Boeing Case Analysis On December 1996, the Boeing Company purchased McDonnell Douglas for a premium of 21% over the price of its stock. This move gave Boeing the opportunity to increase its value by transferring its knowledge across business units, both commercial and defense aircraft. But in the two years after the merger, Boeing’s stock lost one third of its value due to increased inefficiencies and costs associated with the merger. Would this merger really add value to Boeing or would the costs outweigh the benefits gained.... [tags: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework]
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The A380, The Worlds’ First Superjumbo Jet - In 1988 engineers at the Airbus headquarters in Toulouse started work on a highly ambitious project, the possibility of a commercial UHCA (ultra-high-capacity aircraft). By 1993 Boeing and Deutsche Aerospace, a member of the Airbus consortium, surprisingly declared they were joining forces on a VLCT (very large commercial transport) feasibility study, with the aim to create a product in a shared partnership that would lead in the limited market [7]. Nevertheless two years later this study was abandoned due to viability from increasing development costs.... [tags: Airbus, Boeing, Lufthansa]
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Business: Threat of New Entrants - Threat of New Entrants This has a low threat because firms already in the industry have a cost advantage and these companies already have a strong customer base. Economies of Scale • Bigger producers buy more inputs and therefore may get quantity discounts • Boeing is the world's largest aerospace and defense company • Boeing sells more products in multiple industries so they have the ability to produce each unit at a lower cost than a smaller company would • Delta is the 2nd largest passenger airline in the world by available seat miles Product differentiation • Boeing offers many different types of planes for different needs • By scheduling and operating its aircraft efficiently, JetBlue i... [tags: customer base, airlines, boeing]
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Clean Water: Boring Beverage or Life Saving Luxury? - Water is essential to life and has been for as long as there has been life on this planet. Water is what makes Earth the only known home for life in the universe because all living organisms need water to survive. In America, unsoiled water is as easy as turning on the tap, but in many places around the world uncontaminated water is an unattainable luxury. The hardships tainted water poses on its consumers have been portrayed through the arts all around the world. Artwork, music, books, poetry, and many other mediums have illustrated the struggles the absence of clean water causes.... [tags: Environmental Issues]
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What edible fungi is traditionally found using a pigs sense of smell? | Pigs
Pigs
Feedback on Pigs
Pigs
1 Pigs need an image makeover! When we think of pigs, our minds often drift to mud-covered, filthy, always hungry farm animals. These unpleasant images really give pigs a bad name and challenge their intelligence.
2 Also called swine or hogs, pigs have stocky, barrel-shaped bodies, four short but slender legs, and large heads. Their trademark is their long, round, cartilaginous snout. Pigs have an unusual bone, called the prenasal bone, located just below their disk-shaped snouts. Prenasal bones help strengthen pigs' snouts, making them great digging tools.
3 Aside from snouts that function as bulldozers, pigs also have an extremely fine sense of smell. Pigs can sniff out things hidden underground. Their diet includes fungi, fruits or other vegetation, insects, worms, mice, and other small animals. Well-recognized for their keen sense of smell, French people have used wild boars for centuries to find a French delicacy -- truffles. Truffles are edible fungi that grow deep below the surface. They give out a strong smell that wild boars can detect and unearth at ease. Just like the French who have come to rely on pigs' sensitive noses, police often bring trained pigs to airports or seaports to uncover illegal drugs that are concealed in cargos.
Paragraphs 4 to 9:
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| Truffle |
Which jockey won the 1981 Grand National after beating cancer? | Fungi
Fungi
Fungi are heterotrophic - they obtain their organic material from external sources, their environment.
They have no chlorophyll; they are not green in color.
In comparison, most plants are autotrophic, they are able to manufacture their food from solar radiation and water.
As heterotrophs, they may exist as:
a. parasites - obtaining nutrients� from a living host and ultimately harming that host. An example of another parasite is mistletoe, parasitizing mesquite trees or catclaws.
b. mutualistic symbionts - obtaining their nutrients from a living host while providing some benefit to that host. An example \would �be lichens: an algal-fungal partnership. The fungi that lie in association with algae, obtain sugars and other compounds from the photosynthetic forms and, in return, provide water and minerals to the algae.
c. saprobes - obtaining nutrients from nonliving organic material or the remains and by-products of organisms. The mycelium surrounding a dead fly on a windowpane or the fungi that cause rot in wood are examples of this saprophytic mode of nutrition.
Body plan
1. The absorptive lifestyle of fungi is intimately associated with 2 important characteristics: production of spores and hypha (mycelial growth).
2. A spore is a tiny, usually haploid, cell that disperses the fungus to new habitats, usually by floating thru the air. The production of many tiny spores increases the chance that at least a few will fall onto a suitable food source, germinate, and start absorbing food, and then growing into a thread-like hypha.
a. the hyphae, which develops right after spore germination, puts out powerful enzymes needed to digest food for the fungus.
����������������������� b. at the same time, mycotoxins, fungal by-products poisonous to animals, or antibiotics, metabolites that inhibit growth of microbes, may also permeate the substrate.
����������������������� c. the purpose of these products� is apparently to discourage potential competitors from getting more than their share of available food.
3. Hypha � thread-like structure of very fine, colorless threads, that makes up the body of a fungus. They are usually hidden from view � deep within the soil, assorted food sources, rotting matter, wood, decaying animals � and remains undetected until it develops one or more fruiting bodies containing reproductive spores. The fruiting body is usually the only indication that a fungus is present. Hyphae grow until resembling a tangled mass of threads. The body of a fungus, made up of many hyphae, is called a mycelium.
4. The mycelium is well-suited to absorbing food. It has a high surface-volume ration permitting the surface exposed to the external food source to absorb enough food to nourish the enclosed body of cytoplasm.
Parasitic fungi absorb nutrients from the body fluids of its host, and parasites of plants may produce specialized hyphae called haustoria that penetrate a plant�s cell wall and lie against the plasma membrane, where they can both absorb food.
Mushroom body plan
1. cap - apical surface; on edible fungi usu. rounded and smooth. Poisonous pp. May have warts (patches of fungal tissue that can�t be removed without tearing the cap surface).
2. gills - flat-sided, blade-like radial structures on the underside of the cap, covered with microscopic basidia, which holds the mushroom�s spores. Gills are important in identifying mushrooms: density of gills, color of gills, whether they bruise of injure easily, etc.
3. stalk - typically a cylindrical structure that lifts the cap above the soil surface, like a stem or shoot in seed-bearing plant.
4. veil - a layer of fungal tissue that covers all or part of some immature mushrooms.
The universal veil� completely encloses immature specimens of some mushrooms. The tissue encloses the entire button mushroom; servews to protect the immature mushroom, and makes it look rather like an egg. The UV is ruptured by the growing mushroom and may disappear entirely or leave warts or patches on the caps of the mature mushroom and/or fragments at the base of the stalk.
Partial veil covers gills or pores of an immature gilled mushroom, protecting spore-bearing surfaces until the spores mature.
volva - a cuplike sac that remains around the base of a mushroom stalk when the universal veil ruptures. It results from the mushroom pushing thru the universal veil. Many of the deadliest mushrooms have volvas.
ring (annulus) � ring of tissue around the upper part of mushroom stalk, resulting from the collapse of the partial veil. It is quite variable, ranging from ephemeral and quickly disintegrating to sturdy and prominent.
warts � pieces of tissue adorning mushroom�s cap, resulting from the deterioration of universal veil. Similar to patches, but more of them. Frequently washed off with rains, making them a difficult feature to be sure of.
Divisions of the Kingdom Fungi
1. Fungi are divided into true fungi and slime molds.
2. The kingdom consists of 7 divisions, 5 divisions in true fungi, 2 divisions in slime molds.
3. I�d like to confine my talk to 2 divisions: Ascomycota (ca. 30,000 spp.) and Basidiomycota (ca. 25,000 spp.)
Ascomycota (Ascomycetes or sac fungi) �asci = sac
1. Largest class of fungi
2. Included within the 30,000 or so spp. are the unicellular yeasts, as well as many multicellular forms.
3. In some species, the hyphae have been organized into definite, often fleshy bodies; in others, hyphae form cottony growths of indefinite extent.
4. They reproduce asexually by budding conidiospores, and by fragmentation.
a. the characteristic reproductive structures are sacs, or asci, formed at the ends of specialized hyphae.
5. They may be parasites or saprophytes.
6. Importance to humans
a. cause many familiar diseases of economic plants: peach leaf curl, Dutch elm disease, chestnut blight. Produces the largest number of plant diseases.
b. industrial uses - manufacture of alcoholic beverages, cheese, the �raising� of bread dough,
c. food spoilage
d. human food: truffles and morels
e. decay of dead organisms and their wastes
f. commercial production of organic chemicals
g. production of antibiotics.
7. Common representatives
a. Yeasts - one-celled, non-filamentous. Reproduces chiefly by budding, less frequently by ascospores. Important in brewing and baking. Secretes a number of enzymes which convert glucose to alcohol and CO2.
b. Cup fungi - hyphae organized into fleshy, cup-shaped ascocarps, inside of which the asci are formed. Chiefly saprophytes in rich soil, decaying wood, etc.
c. Powdery mildews - parasites, chiefly on leaves of green plants (euonymous, roses, lilac). Forms whitish patches of hyphae on leaves.
d. Blue and green molds - saprophytes on old leather, jellies, spoiling fruit, potatoes, etc. Hyphae form indefinite growths, producing conidiospores and ascospores in large numbers. Penicillium is a common blue mold, Aspergillus produces blue or black spores. Some Penicillia are important in cheese manufacture and production of penicillin.
Basidiomycota (Basidiomycetes): mushrooms, bracket fungi, smuts.
1. The most familiar basidiomycetes are the mushrooms.
a. In these fungi, a well-fed mycelium forms an underground mass of hyphae that differentiates into a bulbous base, a stalk, and a knob-like cap.
b. �Some mornings after a rain we awake to find that the hyphae composing that stalk have swelled with moisture and elongated, carrying the cap above ground.
c. The cap opens like an umbrella after the rain has ceased, and numerous basidia along the edges of the gills or pores beneath the cap prepare to lose their spores. (the gills or pores on the underside of a mushroom increase the surface area where spores can be formed and discharged).
2. Bracket fungi, bird�s nest fungi, coral fungi are also fruiting bodies of basidiomycetes; they are often found on rotting wood.
1. Edible species - some mushrooms and puffballs
2. Plant diseases - rusts, smuts
3. Facilitates� the rotting of wood
4. Causes decay of dead organisms and the wastes of other organisms.
Common representatives
1. Smut fungi - parasites on cereal grains, especially damaging to oats, corn, and wheat. (Formaldehyde treatment of seeds kills smut spores). Black-colored spores.
2. Rust fungi - causes serious diseases on oats, wheat, and rye. Called rust because of reddish spores formed on the surface of diseased tissues.
3. Gill fungi - mushrooms. Mycelium grows saprophytically undeground or in decaying wood, and peridically forms fleshy sporophores (mushrooms) of characteristic size and shape. A mushroom consists of a stalk and an umbrella-ahaped cap, on underside of which are radiating gills, which bear basidia and numerous basidiospores
4. Puffballs - spherical, pear-shaped. Basidiospores borne internally. The covering ruptures or has a pore for escape of spores. Most puffballs are edible when young. Mostly saprophytic.
Lichens
1. Lichens are associations of certain algae (blue-greens and greens) with fungi (chiefly sac fungi: ascomycetes) in a state of symbiosis (mutual benefit). An obvious reproductive structure visible on many lichens is a cup-shaped ascocarp typical of certain ascomycetes.
symbiosis or fungus may be a weak parasite on algae, or algae may be held as slave to fungus.
2. The association of fungi and algae are so complete that lichens are given scientific names as if they were a single organism. There about 18,000 spp. of lichen. (The algae in 90% of these species are comprised of only 3 genera).
3.The fungi obtain food from the photosynthetic algal cells, and absorbs and retain water and minerals, some of which the algae use in the process of photosynthesis.
a. the physical mass of fungus protects algae from ultra violet radiation of the sun.
4. Algae comprises about 5-10% of the lichen, fungi about 90%.
5. Lichens are common on rocks, tree bark, fence posts, etc, and are able to colonize some of the most inhospitable habitats on earth. They can survive in extremely cold areas (high mountain tops, the arctic), and may be the only plant form surviving some of these areas providing vitally important sources of food for some animals. In arctic, caribou and reindeer feed on lichen (reindeer moss), the dominant vegetation in some areas. Hot deserts, bare rock.
6. Three types of lichen:
a. Foliose - flat, leafy or thallus lichens.
b. Crustose - thin, hard crusts, especially common on rocks.
c. Fruticose (shrublike) - erect, branched growths.
7. Lichens have incredibly slow growth rates: a few millimeters each year. Great longevity, some believed to be 4,555 years old.
8. Sensitive to air pollution, especially sulfur dioxide: the disappearance of certain lichen species may be a means of measuring the extent of air pollution within an area.
a. Lichen absorb water and minerals from rainwater and directly from the atmosphere over their entire surface.
b. This makes them extremely sensitive to atmospheric pollution.
c. As a result, there are few lichen in or near industrialized centers and towns.
9. Extracts from certain lichen have been used medicinally as antibiotics.
10. Many lichens are brightly colored and Native peoples used them as sources of dyes. They contain alum (potassium aluminum� sulfate), a mordant used since antiquity. (mordant = do not impart their color immediately, as direct dyes do. Fibers must be treated with a chemical agent, a mordant. The mordant fixes the dye to the fabric).
11. Ancient Egyptians used lichen as packing material for mummies.
Mycorrhizae: root-fungal partnership� (literally: fungus root)
1. Many fungi grow associated with plant roots in a symbiosis called mycorrhiza. In fact, there are estimates that 90% of all vascular plants posses fungi in mutualistic associations with their roots.
2. The plant furnishes the fungus with sugars and amino acids (products of photosynthesis), while the fungus aids in the absorption in minerals and water form the soil. Fungal hyphae are highly branched and extends thru a relatively large volume of soil.
4. Their ecological role and importance in forestry and agriculture have become clearer with revegetation efforts. Some mycorrhizae are necessary for transplants of trees.
a. When pine trees were introduced into new areas, as in Puerto Rico and
Australia
, they grew very poorly until supplied with soil from pine forests., containing the appropriate mycorrhizal fungi; after this they grew rapidly.
5.���� Even when a species may grow without mycorrhizae, the same species with mycorrhizae may be more tolerant of pollution, need less fertilizer, or grow in marginal soils.
a. Acid rain, caused by industrial pollution, promotes 2 changes in the soil unfavorable to plants: leaching (washing away) of required nutrients, making them unavailable to plants; and increased solubility of toxic materials such as zinc, copper, aluminum, and manganese. The appropriate mycorrhizal fungus can absorb nutrients from depleted soil water and make them available to the plant. It is also known that mycorrhiza can protect a plant from toxic substances in the soil, such as slagheaps of mines.
6. (From Oliver Sacks', Oaxaca Journal): Most of the world's plants - more than 90% of the known species - are connected by a vast subterranean network of fungal filaments, in a symbiotic association that goes back to the very origin of land plants, 400 million years ago. these fungal filaments are essential for the plants' well-being, acting as living conduits for the transmission of water and essential minerals (and perhaps organic compounds as well) not only between the plants and fungi but from plant to plant. Without this fragile gossamer-like net of fungal filaments the towering redwoods, oaks, pines, and eucalyptus of our forests would collapse during hard times. And so too would much of agriculture, for thee fungal filaments often provide links between very different species - between legumes and cereals, for instance, or between alders and pine. thus nitrogen-rich legumes and alders do not merely enrich the soil as they die and decompose, but can directly donate, thru the fungal network, a good portion of their nitrogen to nearby plants. United by these multifarious underground channels (and also by the chemicals they secrete in the air to signal sexual readiness or news of predator attack, etc.) plants are not as solitary as one might imagine, but form complex interactive, mutually supportive communities.
Role of fungi in the environment
1. Decomposers (Nature�s recyclers: the degradation of organic material and the recycling of its nutrients).As decomposers, the fungi are vitally important members to the plant and animal kingdoms. When a dead leaf drifts to the forest floor or an animal dies of disease, fungal and bacterial spores floating in the air have already settled on it. These spores quickly germinate and begin to break down the dead organism, releasing small organic molecules that can be used as food, as well as minerals that may be absorbed by the decomposer or by nearby plants.
2. Fungi, together with bacteria, are responsible for most of the recycling which returns dead material to the soil in a form in which it can be reused. Without fungi, these recycling activities would be seriously reduced. We would effectively be lost under piles, many meters thick, of dead plant and animal remains.
3. The fungi which make our bread and fruit go moldy are only recycling organic matter, even tho in this case we would probably prefer it didn�t happen. Fungal damage can be responsible for large losses of stored food, particularly food which contains any moisture. Dry grains can usually be stored successfully, but the minute they become damp, molds are likely to render them inedible.
4. Bioremediation of toxic materials � use of microorganisms to reclaim soil and water that have become contaminated with hazardous materials.
a. Inexpensive compared with conventional physical or chemical methods of decontamination.
b. Typically performed on-site, requiring only the addition of nutrients in the soil to stimulate the growth of microorganisms in the immediate environment.
c. Some of the bracket fungi (they can degrade lignin and cellulose) have been proposed as bio-remediators in the pulp and paper industry to reduce the use of hazardous chemicals.
5. Many fungi tolerate extreme acidity: acid foods pickles and jam (fruit is acid) are safe from attack by bacteria but not by fungi. Their ability to absorb water from damp air permits fungi (unlike bacteria) to grow in environments where there is no liquid water. Bacteria survive anaerobic conditions better than fungi: altho yeasts can survive anaerobic conditions using fermentation, no fungus can grow and reproduce in the absence of oxygen.
Fungi for food
1. Fungi are eaten directly as a type of vegetable or used as a fermentative agent to convert foods into alternative forms.
2. Human being have long known that most fermented foods keep better than food from which they are made. This was a compelling motive for producing beer, wine, cheeses, sauerkraut, pickles, yoghurt, and bread before refrigerators were invented. Fermented foods are also often more nutritious, flavorful, less apt to spoil, and digestible than their raw counterparts. (protein values are often enhanced in fermented foods thru the enzymatic release of amino acids, and many of the microbial agents synthesize vitamins, further improving nutritional quality).
3. In east Asian countries, soybeans mixed with cereals have been fermented by various bacteria and fungi to yield an impressive array of flavoring agents and protein sources such as tofu, soy sauce, miso, tempeh
a. good soy sauce (shoyu) is made by fermenting boiled soybeans and wheat with the ascomycete Aspergillus oryzae for about a year. Chinese invented this thousands of years ago; it added flavor and vital amino acids, produced by fungus and bacteria, to a low-protein diet of rice. (Most soy sauce is made by hydrolyzing soybeans with hydrochloric acid).
4. Edible mushrooms
a. The most commonly eaten mushrooms are the basidiomycetes. The basidiocarp (fruiting body) is the part that is eaten. The 2 popular exceptions are the morels and truffles, fruiting bodies of ascomycetes.
b. Agaricus bisporus (button or field mushroom) is the mushroom most often purchased in grocery stores in
North America
: they have the advantage of the ease of cultivation and ready recognition, yet they are the least tasty. Shiitake mushroom (Lentinus edodes) has also been domesticated and cultivated for some time.
c. Shiitake is cultivated on oak logs or synthetic logs created from sawdust and other organic materials, and placed in the forest. In addition to eating shiitakes, the Japanese also use it medicinally: it is prescribed in cancer therapy for its anti-tumor action as well as counteracting undesirable effects of conventional chemotherapy. Shiitake tea, made from soaking the dried mushrooms in boiling water, is claimed to boost the immune system, lower blood cholesterol, and promote weight loss.
d. Nutritionally, fresh mushrooms have a high water content (85-92% of fresh wt.). Complete source of protein, with appreciable amts of Vit C, D, and some Bs. Naturally low in calories, high in fiber.
e. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast fungus) used in fermentation process in production of beer, wine, spirits, and bread.
f. Aspergillus
niger
�(mold fungus) is fermented to produce the citric acid used in soft drinks, candies, baked goods, etc.
g. Blue mould, Penicillium, is used in the ripening process to prepare specialty cheeses such as blue cheese, Roquefort, Gorgonzola, Camembert, and Brie.
Poisonous mushrooms
1. There is no simple or universal way to distinguish an edible from a poisonous mushroom without precisely identifying the species.
2. Latin saying �If you awaken in the morning after an evening meal of wild mushrooms, you know they were good ones�
3. Mushrooms of the genus Amanita should be avoided. They account for most of the fatal accidents of mushroom poisoning.
4. Before picking any of the gilled mushrooms to eat, examine the specimen to rule out the presence of a saclike cup, or volva, around the base of the stalk.
5. Beware also of an annulus or ring on the stalk.
Types of mushroom poisoning:
1. Gastrointestinal � nausea, vomiting, diarrhea; symptoms terminate rapidly and normal health returns in one or two days.
2. Cerebral � exhilaration, staggering gait, weird disturbance of vision; normalcy returns soon.
3. Blood-dissolving� -� abdominal distress with ensuing jaundice; blood transfusion needed. About 200 recorded deaths.
4. Nerve-affecting � early gastrointestinal symptoms, followed by hallucinations; lethal cases rare because mushrooms must be eaten.
5. Choleriform � gastrointestinal reactions rapidly develop accompanied by violent pains; rapid loss of strength with cardiac muscle damage and coma before death; death rate 60% or more depending on amount eaten. E.g. Amanita.
Note: in some members of Amanita, both volva and annulus are prominent structures that aid in identification, but either one or both of these structures may weather away. Amanita virosa (the destroying angel) and A. phalloides (the death cap) are the most notorious killers of the Amanita group.
Chemical defenses of fungi
Fungal toxins fall into two groupings: mycotoxins (formed by the hyphae of common molds growing under a variety of conditions) and mushroom toxins (formed in the fleshy fruiting bodies of some fungi).
Mycotoxins
1. Mycotoxins are commonly produced by fungi growing in contaminated foods.
2. These toxins have profound direct chronic and acute effects on humans and livestock when contaminated foods are eaten. In addition to direct toxic effects, mycotoxins are among the most potent known carcinogens.
3. The fungal contaminant, Aspergillus flavus, has given rise to the toxin aflatoxin, a toxic and carcinogenic toxin, that is found contaminating peanut butter and grain products.
4. The ascomycete Claviceps purpurea infects the flowers of rye and other cereals and produces a structure called an ergot (dark sclerotia or hardened mycelial masses: looks like the spur on a rooster�s leg) where a seed would normally be found in the head of the grain.
5. Because of the way the sclerotia are lodged in the seed head, it is easy for them to get mixed in with good grain during the harvest. If not culled in the field or in storage, the sclerotia would be ground into flour and eventually find their way into foods eaten by people and livestock.
a. Humans may be poisoned by ergots when they eat bread made from infected rye, and ergotism, also known as St. Anthony�s Fire, caused the death of thousands in medieval
Europe
. Ergot also supplied the chemicals from which lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) was first synthesized.
1. LSD was first synthesized by the Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann in 1938. LSD is a very potent psychoactive drug.
2. It affects the midbrain activity by interfering with the action of the neurotransmitter serotonin. In small amounts LSD mimics the action of the neurotransmitter, but in larger amounts it is antagonistic to the action of serotonin.
3. The hallucinations and changes in perception are due to the disruptions in the normal pathways of sensory stimulation.
4. LSD also produces increased blood pressure, respiration, and perspiration, often accompanied by heart palpitations.
b. Ergotism was known as �sacred fire� because of the burning sensation common in the extremities of afflicted individuals. Later, it was associated with St. Anthony, a 4th century Christian monk who was thought to have power over fire.
c. Ergot was also used medically: for centuries midwives employed ergot to induce abortions and aid in childbirth because it caused uterine contractions and hastened birth.
d. Today the purified alkaloid ergometrine is used medicinally to reduce postpartum bleeding.
e. The alkaloid ergotamine is an effective treatment for migraine. By constricting the diameter of the cranial arteries, the pulsating pressure and resulting headaches are relieved.
f. Fields of rye are deliberately inoculated with spores of Claviceps purpurea to produce the ergot needed for the pharmaceutical industry.
1. Other species of the genus Amanita are known for their psychoactive properties.
a. Amanita muscaria (fly agaric) has a long history of use as an intoxicant. Its orange-red cap and white scales make it easily identifiable. The common name arises because flies are attracted to the mushroom and then killed (or stunned) from its insecticidal properties.
b. It contains ibotenic acid. Many of its symptoms are similar to alcohol intoxication, but may progress into epileptic-type seizures.
c. This mushroom may have been used in ancient
India
to prepare the intoxicant Divine Soma described 4,000 years ago in the sacred book of Hindu psalms, Rig Veda.
d. Some tribal peoples in
Siberia
used the dried Amanita muscaria mushroom as an intoxicant. The toxin is apparently excreted in the urine intact (unaltered), which was then collected and used for a second dose. It was known that intoxication would occur for up to 4 or 5 passages through the kidneys.
6. Psilocybe, or the sacred mushroom to the indigenous tribes of
Mexico
Central America
, was used for its hallucinogenic properties and deeply religious experience.
a. The major toxic compounds in this mushroom are the alkaloids, psilocybin and psilocin (in the body psilocybin is converted to psilocyn, the biologically active element).
b. Psilocyn is structurally similar to the neurotransmitter serotonin and, like LSD, interferes with the action of this substance in the brain. Hallucinations usually begin within 30-60 minutes of ingestion and last for several hours.
The toxins produced by Claviceps, Amanita, Psilocybe,� and the notorious poisons of some of the other mushrooms, protect these fungi from predators and parasites.
Fungi, like many of the plants we�ve already discussed, produce a wide array of secondary compounds, and thousands of these compounds from fungi have been studied. Included in this group are alkaloids, as well as other compounds that may serve as antibiotics or toxins.
Antibiotics
1. These are compounds that are toxic to microorganisms.
2. In the natural environment, these substances give the producing organisms an advantage over competing microorganisms for available resources.
3. Antibiotics have been one of the recent mainstays of the pharmaceutical industry and one of the primary weapons for fighting bacterial infections.
Penicillin
1. Penicillin is a by-product of certain Penicillium spp. of fungi from the Ascomycota.
2. The antibiotic works by blocking cell wall synthesis in the bacterium, and results in the death of the bacterial cell by lysis (disintegration or dissolution).
3. It is particularly effective because, unlike other know therapeutic agents, penicillin suppresses bacterial growth without being toxic to animals or humans.
4. The discovery of Penicillium was made by Alexander Fleming, a British physician, in 1928.
a. He found that the mold had contaminated some of his bacterial cultures, and killed the culture of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria growing in a petri dish.
b. Altho initially attracting little attention, the beginnings of WWII led to the investigations of naturally occurring antibacterial compounds, and Fleming�s work (of 11 years earlier) came under the attention of 2 scientists from the Oxford U.
c. Penicillium was then analyzed and its bacteria-destroying properties were demonstrated and confirmed in laboratory test tubes.
5. The success of Penicillium notatum led to further investigations for more high-yielding sources for the drug, now known as penicillin.
a. Penicillium chrysogenum was found on a contaminated cantaloupe, and the isolated fungus was found to produce 200 times more penicillin than Fleming�s isolate.
b. Soon after the war, the pharmaceutical industry developed chemically altered versions of the penicillin molecule. These modified penicillins provided for greater stability, broader antibacterial activity, and also oral administration of the drug, which would then permit home use of antibiotics.
c. Through further induce mutations of� P. chrysogenum, the antibiotic now produces 10,000 times more penicillin than Fleming�s original isolate.
6. Drawbacks to penicillin
a. Penicillin was over-prescribed by both physicians and veterinarians, and� the antibiotics were routinely incorporated into animal feed for use in feedlots: this widespread use led to the evolution of penicillin-resistant bacteria. (Some bacteria spp. can reproduce every 20 minutes, so the evolution of new strains may be considerably faster than for other organisms).
b. A small percentage of the population is allergic to penicillin, often resulting in severe or even fatal anaphylactic reactions. (anaphylaxis is a rapid and dramatic allergic reaction that may result in death thru airway obstruction or irreversible vascular collapse). Several hundred people die each year from anaphylaxis due to penicillin allergy.
(Other spp of Penicillium are widespread indoor contaminants, some are found on moldy fruits and vegetables, others are the source of the moldy smell from the basement, wt carpets, or old shoes.
Some fungi which parasitize caterpillars have also been traditionally used as medicines. The Chinese have used a particular caterpillar fungus as a tonic for hundreds of years. Certain chemical compounds isolated from the fungus may prove to be useful for treating certain types of cancer.
The shelf-like, woody, reishi mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum) is the Taoist �elixir of life�.
It is associated with longevity and spiritual energy.
It is said to improve circulation, reduce cholesterol, lower blood pressure, boost immune system, and has anti-tumor properties.
Cordyceps - the fungus attaches itself to an insect�s exoskeleton as it wanders past. It then secretes a chemical that burns a hole in the insect�s armor. Next, Cordyceps inserts itself into the insect body and proceeds to devour all of the hosts nonvital organs, all the while preventing the insect from dying of infection by secreting an antibiotic and a fungicide (as well as an insecticide to deter other predators). Once the nonvital organs are consumed, the fungus eats part of the insect�s brain, causing the insect to ascend to the top of a tall tree in the forest. There, Cordyceps devours the rest of the bug�s brain. At that point the fungus can release its spores a hundred feet above the forest floor.
Chagas�disease is a leading cause of death in some of the drier regions of
South America
. It is caused by a microorganism transmitted by the bite of the assassin beetle, which thrive in thatch huts. Chagas� is almost always fatal, although it can take decades after the initial infection. A species of Cordyceps is being studied which will invade and destroy the assassin beetle, thereby mitigating the transmission of the disease.
Chinese Olympic runners attribute their record-breaking performances in recent Olympics to a special diet including Cordyceps. Ancient Chinese have employed Cordyceps for everything from impotence to backache; in the early 1700s, it was worth more than 4 x its weight in silver. Recent clinical studies have confirmed its effectiveness in treating loss of sexual drive among the elderly, making Cordyceps a fungal version of Viagra.
The Swiss pharmaceutical giant, Sandoz, has isolated a compound in Cordyceps (NIM-811) that chemically resembles cyclosporin (the immuno-suppressant drug) in terms of its molecular structure but does not suppress the immune system. However, it exhibits anti-HIV activity. Like ATZ (azidothymidine), it interferes with the virus� ability to replicate. However, it disrupts the virus� reproduction at a different stage in the pathogen�s reproductive cycle than does AZT. Used together, then, they may exhibit a synergistic level of inhibition.
Inkcap mushroom - yields coprine which, when mixed with alcohol induces nausea. This has been given to alcoholics to dissuade them from drinking. (Remember Clockwork
Orange
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What was Humphrey Bogart's character in the 1949 film 'The Big Sleep'? | Filmography - Humphrey Bogart
Filmography
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Filmography
From the 1920s until the 1950s, Humphrey Bogart’s film career covered virtually every genre from crime dramas to musicals. His various roles have given the world some of the most memorable characters, including Sam Spade, Duke Mantee, Charlie Allnut, Rick Blaine. Philip Marlowe, and Fred C. Dobbs, among countless others. Bogie’s filmography is not only a testament to his ability as an actor, but a timeline illustrating his humble beginnings and eventual rise to superstardom. Please click here to browse the film poster gallery .
The 1950s
1956 – The Harder They Fall (Eddie Willis)
1955 – We’re No Angels (Joseph)
1955 – The Desperate Hours (Glenn Griffin)
1955 – The Left Hand of God (Jim Carmody)
1954 – The Barefoot Contessa (Harry Dawes)
1954 – Sabrina (Linus Larrabee)
1954 – The Caine Mutiny (Lt. Cmdr. Philip Francis Queeg)
1953 – Beat the Devil (Billy Dannreuther)
1953 – Battle Circus (Maj. Jed Webbe)
1952 – Deadline – U.S.A. (Ed Hutcheson, Managing Editor of The Day)
1951 – The African Queen (Charlie Allnut)
1951 – Sirocco (Harry Smith)
1951 – The Enforcer (Dist. Atty. Martin Ferguson)
1950 – Chain Lightning (Lt. Col. Matt Brennan)
1950 – In a Lonely Place (Dixon Steele)
The 1940s
1949 – Tokyo Joe (Joe Barrett)
1949 – Knock on Any Door (Andrew Morton)
1948 – Key Largo (Frank McCloud)
1948 – The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (Fred C. Dobbs)
1947 – Dark Passage (Vincent Parry)
1947 – The Two Mrs. Carrolls (Geoffrey Carroll)
1947 – Dead Reckoning (Captain Warren ‘Rip’ Murdock)
1946 – The Big Sleep (Philip Marlowe)
1945 – Conflict (Richard Mason)
1944 – To Have and Have Not (Harry Morgan/Steve)
1944 – Passage to Marseille (Jean Matrac)
1943 – Sahara (Sgt. Joe Gunn)
1943 – Action in the North Atlantic (Lt. Joe Rossi)
1942 – The Big Shot (Joseph ‘Duke’ Berne)
1942 – Casablanca (Rick Blaine)
1942 – Across the Pacific (Rick Leland)
1942 – In This Our Life (Uncredited cameo appearance as Roadhouse owner)
1942 – All Through the Night (Alfred ‘Gloves’ Donahue)
1941 – The Maltese Falcon (Sam Spade)
1941 – The Wagons Roll at Night (Nick Coster)
1941 – High Sierra (Roy ‘Mad Dog’ Earle)
1940 – They Drive by Night (Paul Fabrini)
1940 – Brother Orchid (Jack Buck)
1940 – It All Came True (Chips Maguire/Mr. Grasselli)
1940 – Virginia City (John Murrell)
The 1930s
1939 – Invisible Stripes (Chuck Martin)
1939 – The Return of Doctor X (Marshall Quesne)
1939 – The Roaring Twenties (George Hally)
1939 – The Old Maid (Clem Spender, replaced by George Brent, uncredited)
1939 – You Can’t Get Away with Murder (Frank Wilson)
1939 – Dark Victory (Michael O’Leary)
1939 – The Oklahoma Kid (Whip McCord)
1939 – King of the Underworld (Joe Gurney)
1938 – Angels with Dirty Faces (James Frazier)
1938 – The Amazing Dr. Clitterhouse (‘Rocks’ Valentine)
1938 – Men Are Such Fools (Harry Galleon)
1938 – Racket Busters (John ‘Czar’ Martin)
1938 – Crime School (Deputy Comm Mark Braden)
1938 – Swing Your Lady (Ed Hatch)
1937 – Stand-In (Doug Quintain)
1937 – Dead End (Baby Face Martin)
1937 – San Quentin (Joe ‘Red’ Kennedy)
1937 – Kid Galahad (Turkey Morgan)
1937 – Marked Woman (David Graham)
1937 – The Great O’Malley (John Phillips)
1937 – Black Legion (Frank Taylor)
1936 – Isle of Fury (Valentine ‘Val’ Stevens)
1936 – China Clipper (Hap Stuart)
1936 – Two Against the World (Sherry Scott)
1936 – Bullets or Ballots (Nick ‘Bugs’ Fenner)
1936 – The Petrified Forest (Duke Mantee)
1934 – Midnight (Gar Boni)
| Philip Marlowe |
John Wayne won just one Oscar, for which film? | The Big Sleep, review - Telegraph
Film Reviews
The Big Sleep, review
Lauren Bacall and Humphrey Bogart are terrific in this scintillating adaptation of a Raymond Chandler novel, which has become a film classic
5
By Tim Robey , Film Critic
8:15AM BST 12 Aug 2014
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The Big Sleep (1946), directed by Howard Hawks; starring: Humphrey Bogart, Lauren Bacall. PG cert, running time 114 min.
“So you’re a private detective,” Lauren Bacall tells Humphrey Bogart’s Philip Marlowe in The Big Sleep (1946). “I didn’t know they existed, except in books, or else they were greasy little men snooping around hotel corridors.” They’ll exist for ever on celluloid thanks to Howard Hawks’s scintillating adaptation of the Raymond Chandler novel.
The Big Sleep is the best scripted, best directed, best acted, and least comprehensible film noir ever made. Raymond Chandler, who wrote the novel it is based on, allegedly claimed that not even he knew whodunnit - though that may have been a cheeky ploy to throw screenwriter William Faulkner off the scent.
Further damage was done to the plot by Hawks, who recut it and replaced explanatory scenes with "fun" ones after a frosty audience reaction. In the version we've got now, the two endings are one and the same; light and dark coexist, gorgeously, in every frame.
Lauren Bacall and Humphrey Bogart in The Big Sleep
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13 Aug 2014
The first 10 minutes, inside the Sternwood family mansion, lay down more of the necessary groundwork than most good movies cover in half an hour. From the first appearance of Martha Vickers's Carmen, all legs and insinuation, you know she's "still a little child who likes to pull the wings off flies"; her father (Charles Waldron) prepares us next for a Lauren Bacall who will be "spoilt, exacting, smart and ruthless" in all the right ways. There is a memorable moment when Bacall turns her head in Bogart’s direction for the first time: it’s as if she’s been waiting all her life to set eyes on him.
It's that hothouse conversation between the General and Bogart's Marlowe that sets the tone for the movie. It's sticky and stifling, eavesdropped by orchids with their perfume thick with "the rotten sweetness of corruption".
A blackmail scheme suggestively unfolds. Only Tennessee Williams's Suddenly Last Summer rivals this sense of characters being caught in a clammy Venus flytrap of vice and deception. And yet, as David Thomson rightly insists in his monograph on the film, it's also a kind of paradise, a lush and mysterious world which ensnares us, too.
If it leaves a few loose ends hanging, it's only so that we can pick them up again on our next, hungry visit.
| i don't know |
Which city used to be called Constantinople? | 5 Big Cities That Changed Their Names | Mental Floss
5 Big Cities That Changed Their Names
The Four Lads sang a song in 1953 about a city that changed its name .
Take me back to Constantinople
No, you can't go back to Constantinople
Now it's Istanbul, not Constantinople
Why did Constantinople get the works?
That's nobody's business but the Turks'
Constantinople isn't the only city to change its name. I grew up learning about Bombay, Canton, Leningrad, and Saigon (especially Saigon), but those names aren't used much anymore. Here are the stories of a few city names, new and old.
1. Bombay is now Mumbai
The big city in the state of Maharashtra, India was called Kakamuchee and Galajunkja in ancient times. In the Middle Ages, it was referred to as Manbai. There is still disagreement about how the name Bombay came about. On the one hand, Bombay is seen as an English corruption of Mumbai, which is a name derived from the Hindu goddess Mumbadevi. On the other hand, the name may have come from bom baim, a Portuguese phrase meaning "good little bay", although there are doubts due to the issue of the word genders. The city was ruled by Portugal from 1535 to 1661. Variation of the name included Mombayn, Bombay, Bombain, Bombaym, Monbaym, Mombaim, Mombaym, Bambaye, Bombaiim, Bombeye, and Boon Bay, all of which are documented spellings. When the British took possession of the city in 1661, they put a stop to all this nonsense and decided the name would be Bombay. India achieved independence from the British Empire in 1947. The idea of a new, purely Indian name gained favor over the years and became a political campaign in the 1980s and 90s. When the Hindu nationalist party Shiv Sena won a majority of seats in the state assembly in 1995, the name Mumbai, which was commonly used in some local languages, was officially adopted . The name is a return to India's past and a homage to Mumbadevi, the goddess who is the patron saint of the city. Image by Flickr user d ha rm e sh .
2. Canton is now Guangzhou
The city of Guangzhou, China was founded under the name Panyu in 214 BC. Four hundred years later, it was named the capital of Guang prefecture and people began to call the city Guangzhou, which literally means Guang prefecture. Portugal established a trading monopoly in Guangdong province in the 1500s, and the name Cantão began to be used, which became Canton. No one is quite sure how the name Cantão or Canton actually came about, but it is believed to be a European phonetic mispronunciation of Guangzhou or Guangdong. The name Guangzhou was officially adopted by the city in 1918. So the city was never officially named Canton at all! Nevertheless, westerners used Canton on maps and travel schedules, and in geography and travel books until the late 20th century. Image by Flickr user Gijs Budel .
3. Saigon is now Hồ Chà Minh City
The original name of the Kmer village that eventually became Saigon was Prey Nokor. The earliest reference to the name Sà i Gòn was in 1698, as the village was taken from Cambodia by the Vietnamese. It is thought that the term Sà i Gòn was a Vietnamese translation of the Kmer words Prei Kor, which means Kapok Tree Forest or City of Kapok Trees . The area was actually a swamp, but its location made it a strategic seaport. The small fishing village grew into a modern city under the French, who took over in 1859 and called it Saigon. Saigon became the capital of Vietnam in 1949, and when the country split in 1954, Saigon remained the capital of South Vietnam. About that time, Saigon merged with Cholon on the other side of the Saigon River. No matter how it evolved, the name Saigon was a symbol of colonialism, so when the north defeated the south in 1975, the city lost its status as capital. The following year it was officially renamed for the deceased communist leader Hồ Chà Minh. Image by Flickr user Andrin Villa .
4. St. Petersburg is now St. Petersburg (again)
The original name of the small Russian town that became St. Petersburg is long gone, but it was only a tiny village before the Tsar arrived. Tsar Peter the Great, in his quest to make Russia more modern and therefore more European, named it St. Petersburg in 1703 and moved the government and the royal family to the city in 1710. He named the city in honor of St. Peter the evangelist, although most folks knew it was a roundabout way to name the city after himself. The "burg" was a nod to his relatives and allies in Germany. It became a large and modern city under Peter's rule. In 1914, World War I broke out and Germany was suddenly Russia's enemy . St. Petersburg became Petrograd, which still meant the City of Peter, rendered in the Russian language. After the communist revolution, even the name Petrograd didn't seem Russian enough. After Vladimir Lenin died in 1924, the city was renamed Leningrad in honor of the Soviet leader. In 1991, Russia held its first presidential election following the collapse of the Soviet government. On the same day, citizens of Leningrad voted in a referendum to change the name of Leningrad back to its historic moniker, St. Petersburg. Image by Flickr user Archie Dinzeo .
5. Constantinople is now Istanbul
The former capital of Turkey has been known by many names : Byzantium, Augusta Antonina, New Rome, Constantinople, Kostantiniyye. Ä°stanbul, Stamboul, and Islambol, among others. The city was founded in 667 BC and named Byzantium by the Greeks after Byzas, the king of Megara. The city was later absorbed into the Roman Empire, where it had several names. Emperor Constantine made it his eastern capital and it became Constantinople, the name that stuck in western ears for over a thousand years while the locals called the city by different names. Istanbul is a word that means "the city" and had been used colloquially for the last few hundred years to refer to the Turkish capital. Officials used the name off and on, but in 1930 the postal service decreed that all addresses in the city would be "Ä°stanbul". The i is dotted on the initial capital because the pronunciation is different from the dotless i in Turkish, although Istanbul is accepted in all other languages. Image by Flickr user maistor a.
Bonus: Truth or Consequences
In 1950, the town of Hot Springs, New Mexico changed its name to Truth or Consequences after the radio quiz show of the same name. The change was in response to the show's host promising to broadcast from the first town that named itself after the program. Thus began a fifty-year tradition of broadcasting the show from the town once a year, first on radio and later on television. The name stayed, although residents call it "T or C" now. Read more stories of American towns that changed their names for one reason or another in the post 7 Towns That Changed Their Names (And 4 That Almost Did) . Image by Flickr user Kristen Taylor .
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In the TV series 'Buccaneers' who played Dan Tempest? | What, If Anything, Is A Byzantine?
WHAT, IF ANYTHING, IS A BYZANTINE?
by
Comments?
Revised 3/29/96.
The original version of this article appeared in the Celator [Volume 10, Number 3: March 1996]. Portions are also quoted in the book Ancient Coin Collecting by Wayne G. Sayles, published [June 1996] by Krause Publications.
Table of Contents
Conclusion
Introduction
By modern convention, the phrase "Byzantine Empire" refers to a political entity that once dominated the Mediterranean world. The city called Constantinople or [on today's maps] Istanbul functioned as capital of the Empire. The "Byzantine Empire" originated with the founding of Constantinople in the fourth century AD on the site of the much older Greek colony of Byzantium. The Roman Emperor Constantine I [died 337] called the site New Rome or Constantinople. Constantine situated his capital in the new city named after himself. The successors of Constantine I lived in Constantinople without interruption until 1204. In 1204, Crusaders from Western Europe, diverted from the path to Jerusalem, captured and looted Constantinople. They held the city until 1261. The "Byzantines" restored the "Byzantine Empire" at Constantinople in 1261 after the "Franks" were expelled. In 1453, the Ottoman Turks stormed Constantinople. The "Byzantine Empire" ceased to exist.
The role of the "Byzantine Empire" in European history is not sufficiently understood by the educated public of today. Constantinople stood at the economic, political and cultural heart of Europe from its founding until the wanton sacking of Constantinople by the Crusaders. The New Rome withstood the assault of many attackers, protecting all Europe against the flood of invasion. The "Byzantine Empire" flourished in the same era that found Western Europe ensnared by poverty and violence. One cannot omit the added fact that Constantinople yet remains the religious lodestar of Orthodox Christians: the predominant faith of Russia and other lands is rooted in the Byzantine experience. In our time, with recent changes in Russia, her Byzantine roots seem more relevant than ever to the present. In spite of its rich heritage and significant role, the achievements of Byzantine civilization have often been given short shrift and denigrated: the very name "Byzantine Empire" is, in fact, an insult.
The phrase "Byzantine Empire" was coined and popularized by French scholars such as Montesquieu, an influential figure of eighteenth century intellectual life.. He was the same author whose seminal volume The Spirit Of The Laws did much to inspire the Founding Fathers of the United States in their writing of the American Constitution. Like other thinkers of his time, Montesquieu revered the ancient Greeks and Romans with immoderate enthusiasm as masters of politics and culture to be emulated. Following a Western European tradition that extended back to the early Middle Ages, Montesquieu regarded the Empire at Constantinople as corrupt and decadent. Although he wrote a long history of the Empire at Constantinople, Montesquieu could not bring himself to refer to the Empire at Constantinople with the noble names of "Greek" or "Roman." From the obsolete name "Byzantium," Montesquieu used the word "Byzantine." The word "Byzantine" denoted the Empire and connoted its supposed characteristics: dishonesty, dissimulation and decadence. The English scholar Edward Gibbon in his Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire treated the Empire after the sixth century as an epic of unrelieved degradation and corruption.
The people who lived in the "Byzantine Empire" never knew nor used the word "Byzantine." They know themselves to be Romans, nothing more and absolutely nothing less. By transferring the Imperial capital from Rome on the Tiber to the New Rome on Bosphorus, dubbed Constantinople, the Emperor Constantine I had transferred the actual identity of Rome to the new location. Long before Constantine I, the idea of "Rome" had become dissociated from the Eternal City on the Tiber. For a Roman meant a Roman citizen, whereever he lived. Before the Imperial period, in 89 BC, a Roman law had granted Roman citizenship to people throughout Italy. Afterwards, citizenship became extended to an increasing number of people in different parts of the Empire. In 212, Emperor Caracalla declared all free persons in the Empire to be Roman citizens, entitled to call themselves Roman, not merely subject to the Romans. Within a few decades, people begin to refer to the entire Empire less often [in Latin] as "Imperium Romanorum" [Domain of the Romans] and more often as "Romania" [Romanland]
In the provinces close to Constantinople, where the Greek language predominated over the Latin of Old Rome, the idea of Roman citizenship and identity appealed to a broad segment of the population. Greek speaking citizens were proud to be Romans: in Latin, "Romani," or, in Greek, "Romaioi." The word "Romaioi" became descriptive of the Greek speaking population of the Empire. The old ethnic name applied to Greeks, "Hellene",fell into disuse. In ancient times, of course, "Hellene" had meant Greek. Hellene meant Greek from the seventh century BC onward, if not earlier. Although Homer called Greeks by other names, Herodotus, Pericles, Plato and Alexander were all "Hellenes," as were Greek speaking inhabitants of the Roman Empire in the first and second centuries AD. In the fourth century AD, as the Empire became Christianized, the term "Hellene" became redefined by common convention to include people who still worshipped the old gods and studied philosophy in hopes of resisting the new faith of Christianity. Emperor Julian II [361-363], an Emperor who tried to stop the Christian tide, described himself as a "Hellene." By "Hellene," Julian signified his combination of Neo-Platonic philosophy and worship of the Olympians.
In the final years of the fourth century AD, Emperor Theodosius I [379-395] made Christianity the sole state religion after subduing the rebellion of an "Hellene" usurper, a westerner named Eugenius. After Theodosius' critical decision, fewer and fewer people were willing to call themselves "Hellenes." For centuries more, the word "Hellene" remained in bad repute, associated with outlawed religious ideas and disloyalty to the state. Greek speakers found the identity of "Romaioi" in place of "Hellene" to be a safe refuge in changing times. Greek speaking "Romaioi" inhabited the Empire until the its demise in the fifteenth century.
The Empire at Constantinople should not be called the "Byzantine Empire" at all. If it requires a special name, we might better name the Empire at Constantinople with the title of the "Romaion Empire" from the Greek "Basileia Romaion" [Empire of the Romaioi].
Coins and Continuity
The Romaion Emperors went to great pains to express the continuity between their authority at Constantinople and the tradition of Old Rome before Constantine I. For example, coins continued to carry inscriptions in Latin centuries after the people of Constantinople could no longer speak or read the language. Consider the observe legends found on coins in the various Imperial reigns. As a benchmark, look at the coinage of the last Emperor to reign many years in Italy, Valentinian III [425-455]. A typical observe legend on one of Valentinian III's coins reads like this:
Expanded by spelling out abbreviations in full, we get: "Dominus Noster Placidius Valentinianus Pius Felix Augustus" [Our Lord Placidius Valentinianus the Pious and Blessed Augustus]. Compare Valentinian's obverse legend to observe legends from later Romaion issues. Start with an inscription of Emperor Justinian I [527-565], who spent his life trying to reconquer the lost western provinces, with limited success:
There are two small changes between Valentinian and Justinian. First, "Pius Felix" had been replaced by "Perpetuus"[Forever]. Emperor Leo I [457-474] had mandated this change. He thought that the phrase "Pius Felix" possessed too many associations with the pagan past to be acceptable in the new Christian Empire. Another difference was that "Augustus" had become abbreviated with "AVC" instead of "AUG." This small change evinces the influence of the Greek language. In Greek, the sound "g" is expressed by the letter "gamma" [G] which is the third letter of the Greek alphabet, equivalent to the Latin "C."
In spite of these minor changes, Justinian's observe legend preserved continuity with the Roman past. The Latin remained in use. The Emperor remained "Dominus Noster" and "Augustus." One century after Justinian I, these titles still remained in use. The standard obverse legend of Constans II [641-668] was
Note that Greek letters "delta" and "tau" have entered the picture. The ambiguous "gamma" had been dropped from the abbreviation of "Augustus." Nonetheless, the Latin titles remained. Roman forms were preserved, and still venerated.
The transition to a more Greek style of titulature after 700 might be associated with a change in dynasty. The family of Heraclius [reigned 610-641] hailed from Latin speaking North Africa. Heraclius' descendants, including Constans II, were probably slow to abandon Latin titles partly in tribute to their own family heritage. The Latinity of the Heraclian family did not confine itself to forms and titles. Constans II actually considered moving the Imperial capital from Constantinople to Syracuse in Sicily. Although Syracuse itself was as Greek a city as Constantinople, famous since antiquity, the movement of the capital westward out of Constantinople to Syracuse would have pulled the focus of the Empire in a new direction, a direction less fundamentally Greek. Constans II suffered an untimely death, which prevented the fruition of his plans. He was murdered at Syracuse, likely by enemies of his planned transfer of the capital. Notwithstanding the fate of Constans II, the Heraclian family remained in power at Constantinople two generations longer. The end of the Heraclian era in 711 signaled a further shift in the orientation of the Empire towards the Greek world. The next ruling family, the Isaurian Dynasty [717-802] was Greek speaking from the start. In the course of the eighth century, "Dominus Noster" disappeared from Imperial coins. The words "Perpetvus Augustus" also began to fade in the same era, replaced by the Greek "Basileus."
The word "Basileus" deserves a history of its own. In classical Greece, "Basileus" meant "King," equivalent to the Latin "Rex." From the time of Emperor Augustus [died 14 AD], Greeks called the Roman Emperor by the name "Basileus." In the Latin language, of course, the Emperor was never called "Rex," which was offensive to Roman Republican sensibilities: the Emperors were, in theory, chiefs of a Republican government. Roman Republicanism notwithstanding, the use of "Basileus" became standard among Greek speaking Romaioi to describe the Emperor. No way existed to translate the titles of "Imperator" or "Augustus" into Greek that did not sound contrived or ridiculous. The word "Autocrator" was coined to translate "Imperator.";"Sebastos" stood as the parallel to "Augustus," but neither "Autocrator" nor "Sebastos" acquired popular currency. Instead, the pretense developed that "Basileus" meant "Emperor" instead of "King.". Romaioi commenced to use the Latin "Rex" to mean "King" in reference to non-Roman rulers of lesser rank than their own Emperor. The new usage of "Basileus" gained formal status much later. In the seventh century, Emperor Heraclius first employed "Basileus"in Greek language legal documents as his official title, but the word only replaced "Augustus" on the coinage in the Isaurian era [717-802].
One impetus to the adoption of the new title came from the Empress Irene [797-802]. She had been the wife of Emperor Leo IV [775-780]. After Leo's death, Irene assumed power as the regent of their infant son Constantine VI . In 797, Irene deposed and blinded her son to prevent his achievement of power after achieving adulthood. Irene declared herself ruler in her own right, a claim that no woman had ever made before in Imperial history. In advancing her novel claim, Irene faced a difficulty of nomenclature. The Imperial title "Augustus" was, of course, male. Irene could not call herself "Augustus" without appearing ridiculous. The female form of "Augustus," "Augusta" might have served the required purpose, except that "Augusta"had signified in the past the wife of the Emperor or other important female relation, not a legitimate ruler. The usage of "Augusta" to designate female members of the Imperial family dated back to the early years of the Empire. Emperor Augustus' widow Livia accepted the name "Julia Augusta" from the Senate in 14 AD. Throughout a span of close to eight hundred years, "Augusta" had not ever been suggestive of a ruler in her own right; the existence of an "Augusta" implied the existence of an "Augustus." Irene had no desire to remind the Romaioi of her son Constantine. Therefore, Irene's inscriptions uniformly eschewed the word "Augusta." Instead, Irene elected to call herself by the female form of "Basileus," that had in the past been employed by reigning Queens as well as consorts and mothers of Kings. The unabbreviated form of the inscription was:
Note the mixture of Latin and Greek letters. On coins, the abbreviated version
appeared in most cases.
The stunning event of Irene's reign was the coronation at Old Rome of Frankish King Charlemagne [Carolus Rex Francorum] as Emperor in 800. Many authorities in the Latin speaking world had continued to recognize the Emperors at Constantinople as the legitimate Roman Emperors until Irene deposed her son in 797. In the eyes of the Latin West, the throne became vacant upon the removal of Constantine VI. Irene appeared objectionable on three counts: she was a woman, she had committed the heinous act of blinding her own son, and she adhered to Eastern religious practices , which the West rejected. Although Charlemagne, a Germanic tribesman [better to think of him as Karl insread of with the Frenchified Charlemagne], was no Roman, he had brought unity to much of Europe. Why should not he, instead of some Greek women [Graeca], be Emperor? The Pope thought on these lines, and placed the Imperial crown on Charlemagne's head at Christmas, 800. After his coronation, Charlemagne called himself "Carolus Augustus Imperator Romanorum gubernans Imperium" [Charles Augustus, Emperor governing the Domains of the Romans].
The authorities at Constantinople did not wish to recognize the claims of the Frankish upstart in the West, although political reality forced a compromise on the part of Emperor Michael I [811-813]. Michael's envoy from Constantinople saluted Charlemagne at his court in Aachen as "Basileus," that the Westerners translated with satisfaction as Emperor. Of course, the Greek speakers had room to live in the ambiguity of the word "Basileus." Back in Constantinople, Michael began to call himself [in unabbreviated form]:
[Michael, Roman Emperor]. Note the Greek "upsilon"[U], "chi" [C] and "eta" [H]. On coins, the usual form was
Before this change, no Roman Emperor had ever used the word"Roman" in his official titles: the Emperor was simply the "Imperator Caesar Augustus." Diplomatists at Constantinople would soon argue that "Basileus Romaion" and "Basileus" were two different things. In that view, "Basileus Romaion" stood as a superior and unique title reserved for the ruler at Constantinople. According to this clever theory, Michael had really conceded Charlemagne nothing except a royal title, "Basileus" in the sense of "King." equivalent to the Latin "Rex." No wonder "Byzantine" means duplicitous.
Not until the time of Emperor Otto III [983-1002] did Western Emperors consistently start calling themselves "Imperator Romanorum" [Roman Emperor] in direct challenge to the "Basileus Romaion" of Constantinople. Otto III took this step on the prompting of his mother Theopano, a princess from Constantinople who understood the subtleties of the problem. The "Basileus Romaion" of the time, Basil II [reigned 976-1025] was not a kinsman of Theopano, and she desired to elevate her son above the competition at Constantinople by calling Otto "Imperator Romanorum." Of course, well-informed people in the West knew already that the best way to insult the authorities in Constantinople, if that was the goal, was to deny their identity as Romans. Call them "Graecus:" that translated to "Hellene," that implied pagan as well as not Roman.
The Land Called Romania
Clever diplomatic insults aside, medieval Westerners referred to the territory of the Romaion Empire with the name "Romania"[Romanland]. Case in point: from the sixth to the eighth century, the city of Ravenna was the capital of the Romaion province of Italy, the headquarters of the Exarch. The region close to Ravenna was directly governed by the Imperial authority. In the minds of the Lombards, the Germanic people who wrested much of Italy from Imperial control, the area around Ravenna was "Romania." To this day, the same region of Italy is called "Romagna," derived from "Romania."
Centuries later, the "Franks" of the Fourth Crusade stormed Constantinople in 1204. In the subsequent Imperial hiatus, these adventurers, largely French, elected their own Emperor and established their own Frankish or Latin Empire. The Frankish or Latin Imperial title: "Imperator Romaniae" [Emperor of Romania]. The "Imperator Romaniae" was something different from the "Imperator Romanorum." In Western Europe, the title the "Imperator Romanorum" belonged to the German successors of Charlemagne and Otto III when they were crowned by the Pope in Rome. After Otto III, German Kings called themselves "Rex Romanorum" [Roman King] in the interval between their election in Germany and coronation at Rome, which might be many years. After the middle of the thirteenth century, many of the German Kings never took the Imperial crown at all. They remained "Rex Romanorum" throughout their tenure. At the moment that the Fourth Crusaders elected their founding Emperor Baldwin I [reigned 1204-1205], the Western Imperial throne was vacant. German King Philip had not been crowned Emperor by the Pope and never would be crowned Emperor. Still, Baldwin I respected Western tradition: he did not dare offend the Pope by presuming to claim the title "Imperator Romanorum," but only the title of "Imperator Romaniae," Emperor of Romania. In Western eyes, only the Pope could make an individual "Imperator Romanorum."
In the West, the idea of "Imperator Romanorum" survived to describe the ranking Roman Catholic ruler until the nineteenth century. In 1508, the Pope authorized the "Rex Romanorum" to call himself "Imperator Romanorum Electus" [Elected Roman Emperor] without coronation at Rome. The last "Imperator Romanorum Electus" abdicated in 1806. Voltaire scoffed at the Holy Roman Empire in its senescence. The Holy Roman Empire was, Voltaire gibed, "...neither Holy, nor Roman, nor an Empire." As in other matters, Voltaire ridiculed the things in which other people believed. Until the end, most Europeans, particularly Catholics, spoke of the "Sacrum Romanorum Imperium"[Holy Roman Empire] as a serious and important enterprise. Nonetheless,Western Europeans did not call themselves Romans or refer to their homeland as Romania. These words were conceded, albeit grudgingly, to Constantinople.
Western Europeans were not the only despoilers of the Romaion Empire to refer to it by the name of Rome. In the eleventh century, a branch of the Seljuk Turks established a Sultanate in Asia Minor carved out of land in Asia Minor. The Sultanate's territory had been severed from the Empire after the Battle of Manzikert [1071] in which Emperor Romanus IV [reigned 1067-1071] fell into the hands of the Turks as a prisoner. This Turkish state was called "Rum." from Rome. The Sultanate of Rum continued until after 1300 with its capital at Konya [Iconium].
The later Ottoman Turks adopted the term "Rumelia" to designate the portions of the Balkan Peninsula that they acquired from the Romaioi in the fourteenth century. "Rumelia" was a dimunitive word. If Anatolia was Rome [Rum], than the European territories were Lesser Rome [Rumelia]. The name "Rumelia" survived into the nineteenth century. After a Turkish defeat at the hands of Russia, the two combatant governments signed the Treaty of San Stefano [1877]. The Treaty included a provision to create a "Principality of Eastern Rumelia" under Russian "protection" on land now in Bulgaria. The attempt to create Eastern Rumelia never came to fruition. After diplomatic pressure from other powers, the Treaty of San Stefano underwent significant modification at the Congress of Berlin in 1878. Eastern Rumelia vanished before it came into proper existence.
One might wonder why the name "Romania" became applied to the present nation called Romania. The association of the name "Romania" with the present nation "Romania"stems from the nineteenth century. In their first appearances in the historical record of the Middle Ages, the Romanians were called "Vlachs" by chroniclers from Hungary and Constantinople. A principality called "Wallachia" emerged among the Vlachs before 1300. Separate Vlach principalities of Moldavia and Transylvania followed. Later, scholars realized that the Vlach language derived from Latin; Vlach was a sister language to Italian, French and Spanish. How did Latin speakers find their way to this remote part of Europe north of the Danube River? Scholars developed the theory that the Vlachs were descended from Roman colonists and Latinized natives who lived in the area north of the Danube River during the second and third centuries AD. In the period, the region constituted the Roman province of Dacia. Whether the theory is right or not, it became the basis of Romanian nationalist feeling in the nineteenth century. The idea of a Roman descent gave Vlachs new pride in themselves. After Wallachia and Moldavia coalesced into a single entity in 1859, the name "Romania" was selected in 1862 to describe the combined state. At the time, Romanian unity and independence required the support of France under Emperor Napoleon III [1852-1870]. The "Latin connection" with France aided the Romanian cause by inspiring French interest in their "sister nation" of Romania.
In light of the late date at which modern Romania acquired its name, it appears clear that earlier, the term "Romania" referred to the territory where the Greek speaking "Romaioi" lived. For more than a millennium, the state that we call, inaccurately, the Byzantine Empire was "Romania." After the end of the Empire, Greek speaking inhabitants of the Ottoman Empire continued to call themselves "Romaioi."
Modern Greeks call themselves "Hellenes," like the ancient Greeks did. The switch from "Romaioi" back to "Hellene," like the switch from "Vlach" to "Romanian," came from the politics of nationalism in modern times. Greeks needed Western European help to become independent in the early nineteenth century. The Greeks were not likely to attract assistance if the Western peoples thought of Greeks as Byzantines. However, if the Greeks were imagined as the children of Plato and Pericles, then the sympathies of educated Westerners, steeped in the Classical tradition, would be with Greece. In the Greek Revolution of 1832, the "Philhellenic"[Greek loving] sympathies of Britain and other European governments were deeply engaged. Intervention on behalf of Greek independence proved decisive. The name of "Hellene" was revived in order to create a national image which rejected the "Byzantine" past.
Conclusion
The names by which things are called are important in shaping our interpretation of reality. People are often surprised to discover that historical labels which define the past are inventions of later scholarship and ideology, not parts of the past itself. Men and women of the Middle Ages did not know that they lived in the Middle Ages: people who lived in Classical Athens or Renaissance Italy suffered the same disability. The people of the "Byzantine Empire" had no idea that they were Byzantine. They regarded themselves as the authentic continuators of the Roman world: the Romans living in Romania.
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Montreal is surrounded by which river? | Montreal: Introduction
Montreal
Introduction
Montreal (mŏnˌtrēôlˈ) [ key ], Fr. Montréal môNrāälˈ, city (1991 pop. 1,017,666), S Que., Canada, on Montreal island, surrounded by St. Lawrence River and Rivière des Prairies. Montreal is the second largest metropolitan area in Canada, after Toronto, and is a cultural, commercial, financial, and industrial center. It is one of the largest French-speaking cities in the world, though most of its inhabitants also speak English.
Sections in this article:
| Lawrence of Rome |
Zetland is the largest of which group of islands? | Troubled Times: Montreal, Canada
Montreal, Canada
Because the tearing of the St. Lawrence seaway will begin as soon as the stretching of the Atlantic occurs, land along this seaway will not submerge nor will any noticeable influx of ocean water occur, as the influx will be filling the new river bed area, now to become more of a lake. The tear will occur principally where the St. Lawrence seaway now runs, as this is a low point only because of the existing tear. Weak spots are deep within the rock strata under the river bed, and the tearing is less of a deep rift than a pulling apart in many places, so the surface seems relatively smooth. Beneath this tear are many feathery fingers of rock, reaching toward each other, soon filled with hardened magma to solidify. Thus, even though Montreal is surrounded by water, it will simply find itself more of an island than another Atlantis.
ZetaTalk
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Who preceded Joe Bugner as British heavyweight champion? | Joe Bugner (Heavyweight) - Pics, Videos, Dating, & News
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Born in SzÅreg, a southeastern suburb of Szeged in southern Hungary, Bugner and his family fled after the 1956 Soviet invasion and settled in Britain. … Read More
Standing at with a prime weight of around, Bugner twice held the British and British Commonwealth heavyweight titles and was a three-time European heavyweight champion. He was ranked among the world's top ten heavyweights in the 1970s, fighting such opponents as Muhammad Ali, Joe Frazier, Ron Lyle, Jimmy Ellis, Manuel Ramos, Chuck Wepner, Earnie Shavers, Henry Cooper, Brian London, Mac Foster, Rudie Lubbers, Eduardo Corletti, Jurgen Blin and George Johnson. Read Less
Joe and his family fled to the United Kingdom in the late 1950s because of the Soviet Union's invasion of Hungary in 1956 after the Hungarian Uprising of that year. … Read More
They settled in the Cambridgeshire town of St Ives near the Fens, and so, as local custom dictated, he was known as a Fen Tiger. Read Less
TEENAGE
1964 14 Years Old At school Bugner excelled in sports and was the national junior discus champion in 1964. … Read More
He lived and trained in Bedford during his early boxing years; he was a regular at Bedford Boys Club under the training of Paul King and attended Goldington Road School in Bedford. Read Less
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Bugner had a short amateur career, fighting sixteen times and winning thirteen bouts. He turned professional in 1967 (at the unusually young age of seventeen) on the advice of his then trainer and friend Andy Smith. … Read More
Smith was unhappy with the choice of Bugner's opponents and believed that he could better control the quality of his opponents if Bugner turned professional. Read Less
He had a losing debut against Paul Brown on 20 December 1967 at the London Hilton, where he suffered a TKO in the third round.
1968 18 Years Old Showing gritty determination, after his debut the teenage Bugner went on to win a remarkable 18 consecutive fights in under two years during 1968 and 1969 (including 13 stoppage victories) before narrowly losing to the older and vastly more experienced Dick Hall. … Read More
He bounced back and rounded off the 1960s with three further stoppage victories. Read Less
TWENTIES
1970 20 Years Old In 1970 Bugner emerged internationally as an outstanding young prospect, and by the end of the year he was world-rated. … Read More
He won nine consecutive bouts that year, including victories over well-known boxers such as Chuck Wepner, Manuel Ramos, Johnny Prescott, Brian London, Ray Patterson, Eduardo Corletti, Miguel Angel Paez, Alberto Lovell, Charley Polite and George Johnson.<br /><br /> Bugner was now positioned to challenge world-rated Englishman Henry Cooper, who had nearly knocked out Muhammad Ali a few years previously, for Cooper's British, British Commonwealth and European titles. However, because Bugner was still too young to fight for the British Commonwealth title (the minimum age was twenty-one years old at the time), this much anticipated bout had to be postponed until the next year. Read Less
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He fought for the world heavyweight championship in 1975, losing on points in a second bout with Ali. … Read More
Bugner retired from boxing in 1976, but over the next two decades he made sporadic comebacks with varying success. He moved to Australia in 1986, adopting the nickname "Aussie Joe", beating fighters such as Greg Page, David Bey, Anders Eklund and James Tillis before retiring again after a TKO loss to Frank Bruno in 1987. Read Less
Bugner challenged Muhammad Ali for the world championship in June 1975, the bout being held in Kuala Lumpur, with Ali winning a relatively one-sided fifteen-round decision. … Read More
Bugner performed fairly well, but maintained a strictly defensive posture throughout most of this fight, perhaps due to the blistering tropical heat, and as a result he was widely scorned by the media and public. In an interview during an April 2008 reunion with Henry Cooper, Bugner defended his tactics in the Ali fight as having been necessary due to the extreme temperature and humidity of the outside venue. Read Less
1976 26 Years Old Early in 1976, Bugner announced his retirement from boxing, stating that he no longer felt motivated to fight professionally. … Read More
Within months however he returned to the ring, expressing disgust at Richard Dunn's performance against Ali and in October he blasted out Richard Dunn in the first round to reclaim the British, British Commonwealth and European championships. Onlookers state that they had never seen Bugner angry before, and that while Dunn's supporters had waged a quite unsportsmanlike campaign against Bugner, if he had fought like that in his earller career he could have gone further. Read Less
1977 27 Years Old In 1977, Bugner lost a close twelve-round decision away from home to top contender Ron Lyle. … Read More
The scores were 57-53 and 56-54 for Lyle against 55-54 for Bugner. After this bout, Bugner again retired, making only sporadic comebacks to the ring over the next decades.<br /><br /> Bugner returned to the ring for brief periods in the 1980s and 1990s, but due to the effects of age and inactivity, he was never again as effective as he had been during his prime. Read Less
THIRTIES
1980 - 1982 2 More Events
1980 30 Years Old After a three-year absence from the ring, Bugner returned in May 1980, knocking out fringe contender Gilberto Acuna, before promptly retiring again.
1982 32 Years Old In 1982, a ring rusty Bugner (having had only one short fight in 5 years and weighing in some 25 lbs above his prime fighting weight) fought the hard-hitting top contender Earnie Shavers, but was stopped in the second round due to a badly cut eye. … Read More
However, Bugner decided to continue his comeback, stopping the useful John Dino Denis and fringe contender Danny Sutton, as well as domestic contenders Winston Allen and Eddie Neilson. Read Less
1983 33 Years Old In 1983, a subdued and unmotivated Bugner lost to Marvis Frazier, showing little ambition throughout the bout. … Read More
He followed this with a decision over future European champion Anders Eklund and a controversial loss to future World Title challenger Steffen Tangstad. Bugner appeared to have done enough to win the Tangstad fight, however, like with the Frazier and Eklund bouts, he appeared unmotivated and uninterested throughout. Read Less
1986 36 Years Old In 1986 he moved to Australia, where he adopted the nickname Aussie Joe after taking out dual British-Australian nationality. … Read More
In Australia, Bugner launched a fairly successful comeback, earning good victories over world title contenders James Tillis and David Bey and an impressive victory over former WBA heavyweight champion Greg Page, gaining a world ranking in the process, after which he spoke of challenging reigning heavyweight champion Mike Tyson. However, there was great clamour for a fight with fellow Briton Frank Bruno. The bout was touted as the biggest all-British heavyweight bout since Cooper Vs Bugner in 1971. Read Less
1987 37 Years Old The bout took place in late 1987, and Bugner suffered an eighth-round TKO loss to the much younger and fresher world title contender for the Commonwealth championship in front of a huge crowd at White Hart Lane football stadium. … Read More
Bugner promptly retired again following this defeat, only his 3rd stoppage defeat in 20 years. Read Less
FORTIES
| Henry Cooper |
In Rugby, what did Warrington add to their name in the 1990's? | Henry Cooper Vs Joe Bugner Official Onsite Pennant From Their British And Commonwealth And European Heavyweight Title Fight || Boxing Memorabilia || Champs UK
"THE GREATEST"
MUHAMMAD ALI
Henry Cooper vs Joe Bugner Official Onsite Pennant From Their British And Commonwealth And European Heavyweight Title Fight
Henry Cooper vs Joe Bugner official on-site black & gold pennant from their British, Commonwealth and European heavyweight championship fight, 16th March 1971, Empire Pool, Wembley, London. Measuring 8 1/2" x 6".
Condition excellent
Bugner W pts over 15 rounds
In March 1971, Bugner finally met veteran Cooper, and won a fifteen-round decision. This outcome was hugely contested, and the outcome remains one of the most controversial decisions in British boxing history. There were no judges and the fight was scored by the referee alone, Harry Gibbs. Bugner won by ¼ point. The British sporting public and press deeply hated the verdict. Cooper had carried the fight as aggressor throughout in a fine performance whilst Bugner defended and countered. A classic boxing dilemma. Bugner was aware it set him off as well unpopular with British fight fans from the start whilst Cooper retired in a mass of sympathy.
Nonetheless, Bugner was now the British, Commonwealth, and European champion, and for the first time he was ranked among the world's top ten heavyweights. Bugner would remain in the world ratings for most of the rest of the decade
Post Fight Comments
* "I don't want to see Henry knocked about. He is right to retire. But this was a diabolical decision." -Jim Wicks, Cooper's manager.
* "I thought I won all right. But Cooper is a great boxer and I learned alot from the fight." -Joe Bugner
* "If I had won I would probably have gone on. But the referee's decision went against me and there is no point in continuing." -Henry Cooper
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Henry Cooper vs Joe Bugner - Rounds 13, 14 & 15
Sir Henry Cooper OBE KSG (3 May 1934 – 1 May 2011) was an English heavyweight known for the effectiveness of his left hook, "Enry's 'Ammer", and his knockdown of the young Muhammad Ali. Cooper held the British, Commonwealth and European heavyweight titles several times throughout his career, and unsuccessfully challenged Ali for the World heavyweight championship in 1966.
Following his retirement from the sport, Cooper continued his career as a television and radio personality and was enormously popular in Britain: he was the first (and is today one of just three people) to twice win the public vote for BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award and is thus far the only boxer to be awarded a knighthood.
Biography
Cooper was born in Lambeth, London to Henry and Lily Cooper. He, his identical twin brother, George (1934–2010), and elder brother Bern grew up in a council house on the Bellingham Estate on Farmstead Road, South East London.
During the Second World War they were evacuated to Lancing on the Sussex coast.
Around 1942, their father, Henry Senior, was called up to serve in the war; the rest of the family did not see him again for almost three years. The twins attended Athelney Road School in Lewisham. The Cooper brothers were particularly close growing up and, in his biography, Henry talks of how they came to each other's aid when things turned nasty in the school playground. One particular incident landed the young Henry his first knockout in the playground. At school, the only subject that seemed to interest Henry was history, where he enjoyed acting out scenarios.
Life was tough in the latter years of the Second World War, and London life especially brought many dangers during the blackout. Henry took up many jobs, including a paper round before school and made money out of recycling golf balls to the clubhouse on the Beckenham course. All three of the Cooper brothers excelled in sport, with George and Henry exercising talents particularly in football and also cricket.
George Cooper, Henry's twin, who boxed as Jim Cooper, died on 11 April 2010 at the age of 75.
Henry Cooper served his National Service in the Royal Army Ordnance Corps where he was recruited for his boxing ability.
Although Cooper is best known for knocking down Muhammad Ali, he defeated a string of well known heavyweights during his career, including; Zora Folley, Roy Harris, Karl Mildenberger, Alex Miteff, Wayne Bethea, Brian London, Joe Erskine, Jose Manuel Urtain, Piero Tomasoni, Dick Wipperman, Dick Richardson, Billy Walker, Tony Hughes, Jack Bodell, Jefferson Davis and Gawie De Clerk. Cooper died on 1 May 2011 at his son's house in Oxted, Surrey, after a long illness, 2 days before his 77th birthday.
Boxing Career - Style
Although Cooper was left-handed, he used the "orthodox" stance, with his left hand and foot forward, rather than the reversed "southpaw" stance more usually adopted by a left-handed boxer. He relied on an exceptionally powerful left hook and a formidable jab for offence, being able to effectively combine the two to 'hook off the jab'. He generally tried to force the action in his bouts, a crowd pleasing style which won him many supporters. After developing a left shoulder problem in the latter half of his career Cooper adjusted to put more stress on right-handed punches which he had hitherto neglected.
Early Bouts
Cooper was often regarded as the most popular of all English boxers and was affectionately known in the UK as: "Our 'Enery". He started his boxing career in 1949 as an amateur with the Eltham Amateur Boxing Club, and won seventy-three of eighty-four contests. At the age of seventeen, he won the first of two ABA light-heavyweight titles and before serving in the Army for his two years' National Service represented Britain in the 1952 Olympics (outpointed in the second stage by Russian Anatoli Petrov).
Henry and his twin brother, George (boxing under the name Jim Cooper) turned professional together under the caring management of Jim Wicks, who was one of boxing's great characters and nicknamed 'The Bishop' because of his benign nature. He would never allow one of his boxers into the ring if he felt he was over-matched. He famously said when promoters were trying to match Henry with Sonny Liston: "I would not allow 'Enery into the same room as him, let alone the same ring."
Henry was at one time the British, European and Commonwealth heavyweight champion. His early title challenges were unsuccessful, losing to Joe Bygraves for the Commonwealth belt (KO 9), Ingemar Johansson for the European belt (KO 5) and Joe Erskine (PTS 15) for the British and Commonwealth. He then won on points over highly rated contender Zora Folley and took the British and Commonwealth belts from new champion Brian London in a 15 round decision in January 1959. The winner of the fight was pencilled in to get a shot at Floyd Patterson's heavyweight title, but Cooper turned down the chance and London fought and lost against Patterson in May 1959.
Cooper continued to defend his British and Commonwealth belts against all comers, including Dick Richardson (KO 5), Joe Erskine (TKO 5 and TKO 12), Johnny Prescott (TKO 10), and Brian London again (PTS 15), although he suffered a setback when losing a rematch with Folley by a second round KO."
Muhammad Ali
Cooper twice fought Muhammad Ali (then known as Cassius Clay), firstly in a non-title fight in 1963 at Wembley Stadium.
Cooper did not have a trainer at that time and his own regime led to his losing weight; he later averred that lead was inserted in his boots for the weigh-in and estimated his true weight to have been 12 stone 12 lb (81 kg), making him 27 pounds lighter than Clay. Commentator Harry Carpenter remarked during the introductions on the difference in size between the boxers. Clay's mobility, fast reflexes, height and unorthodox defensive tactic of pulling back from punches made him a frustratingly elusive opponent; some of Cooper's work during the contest has been described as 'very near the knuckle' with Clay later complaining of being repeatedly hit on the break. In the dying seconds of the fourth round, Cooper felled Clay with an upward angled version of his trademark left hook, "Enry's 'Ammer". Unfortunately for Cooper, his opponent's armpit caught in the ropes going down, which prevented his head from striking the canvas covered boards which made up the floor of the ring (something which could easily have knocked him unconscious).
Clay stood up and started slowly towards Angelo Dundee who - in violation of the rules - guided him into the corner. At first Dundee talked and slapped Clay's legs, but after a still-dazed Clay misunderstood and tried to get off the stool Dundee used smelling salts in a serious violation of the rules.
Dundee has since claimed to have opened a small tear in one of Clay's gloves and told the referee that his fighter needed a new pair of gloves, thus delaying the start of the 5th round.
Cooper has always insisted that this delay lasted anywhere from 3–5 minutes and denied him the chance to try to knock Clay out while he was still dazed. In tapes of the fight it seems Clay received only an extra six seconds (although there are still doubters who think a longer delay was edited out) and the gloves were not replaced. Cooper started the 5th round aggressively, attempting to make good his advantage, but a recovered Clay effectively countered and Cooper was hit high on the face with a hard right which opened a severe cut under his eye; referee Tommy Little was forced to stop the fight in the American's favour although Cooper was ahead on the scorecards.
After this fight, a spare pair of gloves was always required at ringside. What is certain, however, is that Dundee held smelling salts under Clay's nose in an effort to revive his man, which was illegal. Clay was obviously impressed by the knockdown and on the 40th anniversary of the fight telephoned Cooper to reminisce. Clay, who had changed his name to Muhammad Ali in 1964, later said on British television that Cooper "had hit him so hard that his ancestors in Africa felt it". In 1966 Cooper fought Ali, now World heavyweight champion, for a second time at Highbury.
However Ali was now alert to the danger posed by Cooper's left and more cautious than he had been in the previous contest; he held Cooper in a vice-like grip during clinches, and when told to break leapt backward several feet.
Accumulated scar tissue around Cooper's eyes made him more vulnerable than in the previous meeting and a serious cut was opened by Ali, which led to the fight being stopped, Cooper again suffering a technical knockout when he was ahead on the scorecards.
Last Fights
After the loss to Ali, Cooper fought former heavyweight champion Floyd Patterson, losing by a fourth round knockout.
After that he went undefeated until the final fight of his career, and made more defences of his British and Commonwealth titles against Jack Bodell (TKO 2 and PTS 15) and Billy Walker (TKO 6). In 1968 Cooper added the European crown to his domestic titles with a win over Karl Mildenberger, and later made two successful defences of his title. In his last fight, in May 1971, a 36 year old Cooper faced 21 year old Joe Bugner, one of the biggest heavyweights in the World, for the British, European and Commonwealth belts. Referee Harry Gibbs awarded the fight to Bugner by the narrowest of margins, a quarter of a point. An audience mainly composed of Cooper fans did not appreciate the innately cautious Bugner and the decision was booed with commentator Harry Carpenter asking, "How can they take away the man's titles like this?".
Cooper announced his retirement shortly afterwards. For years after the fight Cooper refused to speak to Gibbs, but eventually agreed to shake his hand for charity six months before Gibbs died.
Opinion On Modern Boxers
In Cooper's later years, he retired from commentary on the sport as he became "disillusioned with boxing", wanting "straight, hard and fast boxing that he was used to from his times."
While acknowledging that he was from a different era and would not be fighting as a heavyweight today, Cooper was nonetheless critical of the trend for heavyweights to bulk up as he thought it made for one-paced and less entertaining contests. In his final year, he said plainly that he did not "think boxing is as good as it was", naming Joe Calzaghe, Ricky Hatton and Amir Khan as "the best of their era", but asserting that "if you match them up with the champions of thirty or forty years ago I don't think they're as good".
Life Outside Boxing
After his retirement from boxing Henry Cooper maintained a high public profile with appearances in the BBC quiz show A Question of Sport and various advertisements, most famously in those for Brut aftershave, which have been credited with removing a lingering suspicion among the British that men who wore cologne were effeminate.
Although generally a traditionalist, Cooper abhorred racism; his grandfather was an Irish immigrant and Cooper became the first celebrity sponsor of the Anti-Nazi League, a largely left-wing campaign against far-right groups which were agitating against immigration. He was also active in charity events. He appeared as boxer John Gully in the 1975 film Royal Flash and in his latter years featured in a series of UK public service announcements urging vulnerable groups to go to their doctor for vaccination against influenza called Get your Jab in First!
Cooper had become a 'name' at Lloyd's of London, a supposedly 'blue chip' investment, but in the 1990s he was reportedly one of those who suffered enormous personal losses because of the unlimited liability which a 'name' was then responsible for, and he was forced to sell his hard won Lonsdale belts. Subsequently, Cooper's enduring popularity as an after dinner speaker provided a source of income and he was in most respects a picture of contentment until the death of his wife.
Considering his long career, Henry Cooper had suffered relatively little boxing-related damage to his health. Apart from "a bit of arthritis", his only problem had been damage to a knee because of running several miles a day in plimsolls in the days before trainers became available.
Cooper remained an imposing figure into his seventies, in the words of one journalist, "the living manifestation of an age of tuxedos in ringside seats, Harry Carpenter commentaries, sponge buckets and 'seconds out'".
He lived in Hildenborough, Kent, and he was the president of Nizels Golf Club in the town until his death.
Cooper was married to Albina Genepri, an Italian Catholic, from 1960 until her death from a heart attack aged 71 in 2008. He converted to her faith. He was survived by their sons, Henry Marco and John Pietro, and two grandchildren. He left £747,098. In an interview published a few days after his death, Cooper described Albina, who "hated" his sport, as "an ideal wife for a boxer", never grumbling about his long absences before big fights and inviting journalists in for tea while they waited for Cooper to get out of bed the morning after bouts.
Awards And Honours
Cooper was the first to win the BBC Sports Personality of the Year award twice (in 1967 and 1970) and one of only three two-time winners in the award's history (the others being Nigel Mansell in 1986 and 1992 and Damon Hill in 1994 and 1996). Cooper was given the award in 1967 for going unbeaten throughout the year. One of the most memorable fights of the year was his defeat of challenger Jack Bodell in June. His second award came in 1970, when Cooper had become the British, Commonwealth and European heavyweight champion, cementing his reputation as one of the greatest post-war British boxers. He is the only British boxer to win three Lonsdale Belts outright.
Cooper was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1969, awarded a Papal Knighthood in 1978, and was knighted in 2000. He is also celebrated as one of the great Londoners in the "London Song" by Ray Davies on his 1998 album The Storyteller.
József Kreul "Joe" Bugner (born 13 March 1950) is a Hungarian British/Australian former heavyweight.
Born in Szőreg, Hungary, Bugner and his family fled after the 1956 Soviet invasion and settled in England. During the 1970s, Bugner twice held the British and British Commonwealth heavyweight titles and he was a three time European heavyweight champion. He was a top-ranked contender during the 1970s, fighting such opponents as Muhammad Ali, Joe Frazier, Ron Lyle, Jimmy Ellis and Henry Cooper. He fought for the World heavyweight championship in 1975, losing on points in a second bout with Ali.
Bugner retired in 1977 and moved to Australia. Over the next two decades he made sporadic comebacks with variable success, winning the Australian heavyweight title in 1995.
At the age of 49 he won the WBF heavyweight championship. He retired in 1999 with a final record of 69-13-1, including 41 wins by knockout.
Early Years
Joe and his family fled to the United Kingdom in the late 1950s because of the Soviet Union's invasion of Hungary in 1956 after the Hungarian uprising of that year. They settled in the Cambridgeshire town of St Ives. At school Bugner excelled in sports and was the national junior discus champion in 1964.Joe lived and trained in Bedford during his early boxing years, he was a regular at Bedford Boys Club.
Boxing Career - Professional Debut
Bugner fought sixteen times as an amateur boxer, winning thirteen bouts. He turned professional in 1967 (at the age of seventeen) on the advice of his then trainer and friend Andy Smith. Smith was unhappy with the choice of Bugner's opponents and Smith believed that he could better control the quality of Bugner's opponents in the professional game. He had a losing debut against Paul Brown on the 20 December 1967 at the London Hilton, where he was knocked out in the third round. After his debut he went on to stop twelve of his next thirteen opponents. This included four one-round wins, and two knockouts over Brown in rematches.
In 1970 Bugner emerged internationally as an outstanding young prospect, and by the end of the year he was on the fringe of the world ratings. He won nine consecutive bouts this year, including victories over well known boxers such as Chuck Wepner, and Brian London. Bugner was now positioned to challenge world rated Englishman Henry Cooper for Cooper's British, British Commonwealth and European titles.
However, because Bugner was still too young to fight for the British Commonwealth title (the minimum age was twenty-one years old at the time), this much anticipated bout had to be postponed until the next year.
Starting in his early years as a professional and continuing for the rest of his career, Bugner earned a reputation as an exceptionally defensive and cautious boxer. He was criticized often for lacking natural aggression in the ring. Some observers argued that Bugner's heart was never in boxing after an early opponent, Ulric Regis, died from brain injuries soon after being outpointed by Bugner at London's Shoreditch Town Hall.
Defeat Of Henry Cooper
In March 1971, Bugner finally met Cooper, and defeated him by a fifteen round decision. This bout was very closely contested, and the outcome remains one of the most controversial decisions in British boxing history. There were no judges and the fight was scored by the referee, Harry Gibbs. Bugner won by ¼ point. The British sporting public and press were deeply divided as to which boxer deserved the verdict.
Nonetheless, Bugner was now the British, British Commonwealth, and European champion, and for the first time he was ranked among the world's top ten heavyweights.
Bugner would remain in the world ratings for most of the rest of the decade.
Later in 1971, Bugner lost decisions to underdogs Jack Bodell and Larry Middleton. The Bodell fight was particularly costly, depriving Bugner of his British, British Commonwealth and European championships. Bugner's relative inexperience (his youth and lack of an extensive amateur background) was the chief cause of these defeats.
In 1972 Bugner won eight consecutive fights, including a knockout over Jurgen Blin for the European championship. By the end of this year Bugner had acquired sufficient seasoning as a boxer that his manager began seeking matches against the world's very best heavyweights.
Prime Years
In 1973 Bugner lost twelve round decisions to Muhammad Ali and Joe Frazier. Although the scorecards in these fights were lopsided, Bugner fought well in both bouts and he won the respect of the boxing media and public alike. After their bout, Ali declared that Bugner was capable of being World champion. The fight with Smokin' Joe in July 1973 at Earls Court in London was deemed a classic. After being knocked down by a tremendous left hook in the tenth round, Bugner arose and hurt Frazier to close the round. Many regard the Frazier bout as being Bugner's best career performance.
After the Ali and Frazier fights, Bugner won eight matches in a row, his most notable victories being over Jimmy Ellis, Mac Foster, and Jose Luis Garcia. By the end of 1974 Bugner was rated among the top five heavyweight contenders in the World.
Bugner challenged Muhammad Ali for the world championship in June 1975, the bout being held in Kuala Lumpur. This fight has been described as one of the most boring championship bouts of all time, with Ali winning a one-sided 15 round decision. Bugner maintained a strictly defensive posture throughout this fight, and as a result he was widely scorned by the media and public. In an interview during an April 2008 reunion with Henry Cooper, Bugner defended his tactics in the Ali fight as having been necessary due to the extreme temperature and humidity of the outside venue. Nevertheless, Bugner had fought 27 rounds against arguably the greatest boxer in history without having ever being seriously troubled.
Early in 1976, Bugner announced his retirement from boxing, stating that he no longer felt motivated to fight professionally.
Within months however he returned to the ring, and in October he knocked out Richard Dunn to reclaim the British, British Commonwealth, and European championships.
In 1977, Bugner lost a close 12 round decision to top contender Ron Lyle. After this bout, Bugner again retired, making only sporadic comebacks to the ring over the next decades.
Comebacks
Bugner returned to the ring for brief periods in the '80s and '90s, but due to the effects of age and inactivity, he was never again as effective as he had been during his prime.
In 1982, Bugner lost by technical knockout to Earnie Shavers. He also lost a decision to Joe Frazier's son Marvis Frazier two years later.
In 1986 he moved to Australia, where he acquired the name Aussie Joe Bugner. In Australia, Bugner launched a moderately successful comeback, winning victories over James Tillis, David Bey, and Greg Page. In 1987 however he was stopped in the eighth round in London by Frank Bruno for the Commonwealth championship.
Bugner won the Australian heavyweight title in 1996 by a points victory over Vince Cervi.
He won the lightly regarded 'WBF' version of the heavyweight crown in 1998, by defeating James "Bonecrusher" Smith. At the age of 49 years and a 110 days, it made him the oldest ever boxer to hold a world championship belt.
Fight Record
His record for 83 professional fights is 69 wins (41 on knockouts), 13 Losses and 1 Draw. He last fought in June 1999 beating Levi Billups, who was disqualified for low blows.
In an interview in 2004, Bugner said that the hardest puncher he had ever faced was Earnie Shavers and the biggest beating he took was from Ron Lyle.
Life Outside Of Boxing
On his move to Australia, Bugner and his wife Marlene opened a vineyard. It failed in 1989, and he estimated to having lost some one and a half million Australian dollars.
He now lives on the Gold Coast, Queensland.
Bugner has started to carve a career in the film industry, working with Bud Spencer in his movies in the eighties.
He was the expert adviser on the Russell Crowe film, Cinderella Man, which was a film about the heavyweight boxer James J. Braddock. Bugner was dropped part way through the project, which prompted him to call Crowe, "a gutless worm and fucking girl".
Joe suffers from a serious back injury which sustained from training for fights in his middle years. He also has financial problems. It was these financial problems which forced him back into the ring at such advanced age. A benefit was held for Joe in 2008 by Kevin Lueshing.
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What is the tallest existing mammal? | Giraffe Facts | What's the Tallest Animal in the World?
What's the Tallest Animal in the World?
By Live Science Staff |
May 11, 2012 04:44pm ET
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A giraffe ready for a close up.
Credit: Robert Hooft; WikiCommons
Giraffes are the tallest animals in the world. Males can grow up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) tall, females can reach 14 feet (4.3 meters) tall and their babies, called calves, are born six feet (1.8 meters) tall. Calves can grow up to an inch a day.
Click here to learn more about giraffes.
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Author Bio
Live Science Staff,
For the science geek in everyone, Live Science offers a fascinating window into the natural and technological world, delivering comprehensive and compelling news and analysis on everything from dinosaur discoveries, archaeological finds and amazing animals to health, innovation and wearable technology. We aim to empower and inspire our readers with the tools needed to understand the world and appreciate its everyday awe.
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In Thunderbirds what type of car does Lady Penelope own? | Top 10 Biggest Animals in the World - OneKind
OneKind
Home | Animal top 10s | Top 10 Biggest Animals
Top 10 Biggest Animals
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Animals take many shapes and forms and come in a great diversity of sizes.
Some may think the biggest animal is the heaviest, others the longest, or the tallest. Whichever way you measure size there’s no denying that some animals are absolutely huge! Here is a selection of some of the biggest animals on earth.
Blue Whale
The Blue whale is the largest animal of all time, reaching a weight of about 180 tonnes (198 US tons) and a length of 30m (98′). Their tongues alone can weigh as much as an elephant and their hearts as much as a car. Learn how many litres of its mothers milk a baby whale can drink in one day in the Blue Whales section in our Animals A-Z.
Read more
Colossal Squid
The size of the colossal squid is often exaggerated, with viral posts on the internet saying they can reach 60ft (18m) or even 90ft (27m) in length! However, the largest squid documented was 45ft (14m) long. They have the largest eyes in the animal kingdom, reaching 10” (25cm) in diameter!
Picture Credit: Beroe (Wiki Commons User)
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African Elephant
The largest living land animal is the African elephant which can weigh up to 6,350kg (7tons) and are typically 10.6m (35ft) from trunk to tail with a shoulder height of 4.2m (almost 13′). Find out what elephants have in common with cetaceans, magpies, humans and other primates in our Animals A-Z section.
Read more
Giraffe
At a height of 5.8 m, the giraffe is considered the tallest living animal on earth. They weigh approximately 2tonnes (2.2 US tons)!
Picture Credit: Luca Galuzzi www.galuzzi.it
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Brown Bear
The brown bear and polar bear are the largest living land carnivores, weighing a whopping 1 ton (907kg)and 3m (10′) tall when standing on their hind legs! Read more facts and watch videos on bears in our Animals A-Z section.
Read more
Whale Shark
The Whale shark is the largest living fish! They are around 13.5m (44′) long and weigh in at 22tonnes (24US tons)!
Picture Credit: Yzx (Wiki Commons User)
Saltwater Crocodile
The largest living reptile is saltwater crocodile with a length of 5 m (16′) The largest recorded crocodile weighed an incredible 1,900 kg (21US tons) and spanned 6.3m (21′) in length!
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Ostrich
The Ostrich is the largest living bird, with a height of 2.7m (9′) and weighing in at 156 kg (344lbs).
Learn how ostriches manage without teeth in our Animals A-Z section!
Read More
Chinese Salamander
The Chinese giant salamander is the largest living amphibian, weighing of 64 kg (140lbs) and typically about 1.8m (6′) long.
Picture Credit: H Zell (Wiki Commons User)
Goliath Beetle
The heaviest insect in the world! The Goliath Beetle weighs 115g and has a length of 11.5cm.
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Who did Bill Clinton beat when he stood for president first time round (1992)? | The 42nd US President - Bill Clinton
Bill Clinton
George W. Bush
�
William Jefferson Clinton is the forty-second President of the United States 1993-2001. At 46 he was the second youngest person elected to that office.
Bill Clinton was born on August 19, 1946, in Hope,
Arkansas, as William Jefferson Blythe III. His father died
in an auto accident before he was born, and when his mother remarried, Bill took on the last name of his stepfather.
After high school, Clinton studied at Georgetown University in Washington, DC (1964-68). Winning a Rhodes scholarship in his senior year, he went on to Oxford University in England
for two years. In 1970, he returned to the United States and won a scholarship to Yale Law School, where he supported himself with odd jobs and met Hillary Rodham. In 1975, they married.
Clinton served briefly as a law professor on the faculty of the University of Arkansas. As a young man, Clinton had gained experience working on several political campaigns, including that of George McGovern, and in 1974, he made his first bid for office, running for a Congressional seat in the US House of Representatives. Clinton lost, but the race was so close that it helped him get the necessary acclaim to win the 1976 Attorney General's race. In this position he fought rate increases by public utilities, stood against the construction of a coal-burning power plant and, in general, promoted tougher laws to protect the environment and the rights of consumers.
In 1978 he ran a successful bid for Governor of Arkansas, and at thirty-two, was the youngest Governor in Arkansas history. During this first term, Clinton alienated several important factions of Arkansas society. In attempt to upgrade Arkansas' roads, which ranked among the worst in the country, Clinton levied taxes on car owners. His opposition to the clear-cutting of trees lost him the support of the lumber and paper industries. He alienated the banking industry by penalizing those institutions that did not lend money to smaller businesses that would create jobs in their communities.
In 1980 he was defeated for Governor by a former Democrat who had switched parties just so he could run against Clinton. In the following election, Clinton ran again, and this time was victorious. He was elected three more times. During his tenure as Governor of Arkansas, one of Clinton's priorities was education. The dropout rate fell and the number of young people from Arkansas who entered college began to rise.
In 1991, Clinton announced his candidacy for President. He campaigned for a national health care system, a tax cut for the middle class, a reduction of the deficit, and a new welfare system. Although during the campaign he was confronted by questions about his character, he proved adept at reconciling the conservative and liberal wings of the Democratic Party. He chose Al Gore of Tennessee as his running mate. Together they defeated incumbent George Bush and third party candidate, Ross Perot in the election of 1992. It is considered to be the presence of the third Party candidate, Perot that allowed Clinton to win with forty-six percent of the popular vote, the third smallest percentage that ever put a man in the White House.
In his first term, Clinton appointed more women and minorities to the cabinet and as heads of major governmental departments than had any previous President. One of Clinton's major campaign issues had been health care, and First Lady, Hillary Clinton, chaired the administration's task force that examined and proposed changes in the United States health care system. That effort was unsuccessful, but Clinton's first major piece of legislation, a family leave bill that forced companies with more than fifty workers to allow twelve weeks of unpaid leave a year to cope with family issues, such as childbirth and illness, scored a big hit with the public.
During his campaign, Clinton had spoken of promoting equal rights for homosexuals. When the issue of gays in the military arose, Clinton was seen to waffle on this promise, compromising on a position that became known as the "don't ask, don't tell" policy. Among Clinton's first term successes were major trade legislation; a national service program, which provided funds for education to students in exchange for community service; and the so-called Brady Bill, named after Ronald Reagan's press secretary who'd been disabled on an assassination attempt against Reagan, which made it more difficult to buy handguns. His anti-crime law extended the use of the death penalty, banned the sale of assault weapons, and gave the states money to hire 100,000 more police officers and start community-based crime prevention programs.
The 1994 Congress was predominantly Republican. The relationship between the executive and legislative branches of government was rocky, although Clinton did get bipartisan party support for the North American Free Trade Agreement. Clinton was the first President to use the Line Item Veto. He sent troops to Bosnia to enforce a truce; and sent troops to Somalia to distribute food to starving people. He also signed the General Agreement for Tariff and Trade to reduce tariffs and improve trade with European nations. He helped negotiate a peace plan between the Palestine Liberation Organization and Israel to allow Palestinian free government in the Gaza Strip. He was instrumental in returning a democratic government to Haiti. He was also instrumental in peace talks between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Front.
Clinton was reelected in 1996, defeating Republican challenger Bob Dole and Reform party candidate Ross Perot. The strong economy and a weak effort by Bob Dole contributed to his victory.
Much of Bill Clinton's effectiveness as President was, however, overshadowed by scandal. His political opponents raised questions about a land deal he and his wife had been involved in some twenty years earlier, that involved the possibility of kickbacks and fraud. This became known as the Whitewater Affair. In addition, in 1994, a former employee, Paula Jones, accused him of sexual harassment. Personal friends of the Clintons have been convicted of fraud and involvement in Whitewater. Congress hired Special Prosecutor Kenneth Starr to investigate President Clinton.
The US House of Representatives brought two articles of impeachment against him over an sexual encounter with an intern named Monica Lewinsky and the question as to whether President Clinton perjured himself while answering questions about this affair. Clinton became the first President to be impeached since Andrew Johnson. Clinton was acquitted of the charges by the US Senate in 1999.
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Which snooker player was also known as the Hurricane? | Republicans for Bill Clinton
Republicans for Bill Clinton
President Bill Clinton is more Republican than Republicans
Being a Republican isn't just joining a party, it's a point of view. And when you look at the issues Republicans stand for and then compare our elected officials to our beliefs, President Clinton is the one who is delivering what traditional Republicans are looking for. To me it's more important what a candidate does and what he stands for than what party label he runs under.
Gore 2000 - The Web's First Gore 2000 Site
Republicans for Gore - Why Republicans should support Al Gore
What is a Republican?
What is a Republican and what do we believe in? A Republican is supposed to be for fiscal responsibility, small government, keeping the government out of people's private business, traditional family values, and a sense of basic morality. The government and the Republican Party are here to serve the people, not the other way around. The Republican Party is here to serve us, not for us to serve them. We are not here to be loyal to the party, but for the party to be loyal to us. It's not just about talking the talk, but you have to walk the walk. And when you look at President Clinton's Record , you'll see a record that would make any Republican proud.
If President Clinton is doing a good job and passing bills that Republicans support, then why shouldn't Republicans vote for him? What's wrong with voting for someone who's doing a good job?
I, Marc Perkel am a member of both political parties. I am A Republican and a Democrat . I'm non partisan and refuse to limit myself to one party. And I refuse to describe my views in terms of party membership. I'm a local anti-tax activist who was successful at defeating two local sales tax issues. I have actively supported and confronted all candidates regardless of part affiliation.
I am tired of the right wing extremists and the Moonies trying to redefine what a Republican is. Republicans are not moving away from the party. The party is moving away from Republicans. My Republican views haven't changed. I still support traditional Republican Values. But the Republican party is turning into a bunch of self serving slobs who only care about being elected and the power it brings.
I'm creating this page to put the Republican Party on notice that America comes first. We will no longer tolerate our party putting it's self interest ahead of the citizens of our country. We will no longer tolerate petty partisan political bickering. We are not stupid and we deeply resent what our party is doing and the direction the party is heading.
Standing here with my Mouth Open
I stand in utter amazement at the antics of the Republican Party. I can't believe it when I hear that Republicans are angry because Clinton fixed the economy. How can Republicans be angry at a good economy regardless of who did it? How can Republicans be angry because Clinton balanced the federal budget for the first time in 30 years and cut the deficit to zero? How can Republicans be angry because Clinton has cut the size of government? These are things that Republicans are for, and if a Democrat did it, then in my view that Democrat is a good Republican!
It really pisses me off when Bob Dole sits on a health care bill that both parties want to pass and he won't let come to the floor because Bob Dole doesn't want to do anything that Clinton might get credit for. Now Bob Dole wants to poison the bill that passed unanamously in the Senate so that Clinton won't sign it and Dole can blame Clinton. Who the hell is Bob Dole to screw over America because of who looks good? This pisses me off!
Then there's the budget crisis. This budget should have been done by October 1st of 1995 and here it is 1996 and for the first time in history, the is no federal budget until April. The 1997 budget is supposed to be done by October 1st of this year and how are we going to get it done when we're 7 months late on this year's budget? And somehow we're suppose to convince the country it's Clinton fault - how the hell are we going to do that? It's insulting that the Republican Party thinks we're that stupid.
The Party of Hate and Bigotry
I'm tired of the right wing extremists defining the Republican Party as a bigoted hateful intolerant party. That is not what the Republican Party stands for. Rush Limbaugh, Pat Buchannan, Ralph Reed, Jerry Falwell, Sun Myung Moon, and Olie North do not represent the soul of the Republican Party. These are the people who have stolen the party from us. I want to make it clear to our party leaders that it is you who have left us Republican voters, and not us voters leaving you. We Republicans will not be defined by these extremists.
The Republican party is about limited government. That is, heeping the government out of things they shouldn't be in. Clearly any conservative can see that freedom of religion is central to our beliefs. And freedom of religion includes freedom from religion. To not have the religous beliefs of others thrust upon us. I do not want to live under the moral thumb of right wing Bible Thumpers, the Moonies, nor left wing New Age freaks. You can believe what you want, but get it out of my face and my government.
I am tired of seeing the Republican Party dividing Americans against ourselves. We are one people, one country, and we have to learn to live together as one nation.
We are the party of Abraham Lincoln who freed the slaves and brought new meaning to the phrase that "All Men are Created Equal." We are the party that defends opportunity for all. We are supposed to be the ones who stands up for the rights of individuals, not the ones who divide the country into groups that hate other groups. I deeply resent being the party of the white supremacists.
Selling out to the Tobacco Lobby
As a non-smoker who realizes that nicotine is an addictive drug that kills 400,000 people a year, I resent that our party leaders have chosen to take up the cause to defend the interests of the Tobacco Industry to market their poison to turn the children of America into drug addicts! In my view, there is no moral difference between R. J. Reynolds and the cocaine cartels of Columbia. And if there is any substance at all to our claim that Republicans are the party of family values, certainly we should be on the opposite side of the Tobacco Industry and not it's friend. The Republican Party is the party of the people and not the party of big tobacco!
Hailey Barbor, former chairman of the Republican party is a tobacco lawyer who soul is wholy owned by big tobacco. Hailey has been pressuring Republicans in state government to back down on legislation that would help protect Teenagers from smoking. Our Republican leadership is fighting the efforts of Republicans who are trying to do the right thing.
Bob Dole is so sold out to the tobacco lobby that he questions if tobacco is addictive. Then he attacks C. Everret Koop, the finest Sergeon General America has ever had as being brainwashed but the liberal media. And Bob Dole lost his brother to lung cancer from smoking! There's family values for ya.
The tobacco lobby wants to turn your children into nicotine addicts and will kill them to make money. We must fight big tobbaco in both parties and vote against the candidates they support.
When I see President Clinton take bold steps to oppose this powerful enemy, I see a true hero. I see a man who is willing to risk everything for the good of the public. Our Whitewater prosecutor, Kenneth Starr, is also the main legal representative for the Tobacco Lobby trying to defend a class action suit brought by smokers. We Republican are on the wrong side of this issue and I'm angry about it. The Republican Party may have sold out to the Tobacco Lobby, but you aren't selling my vote because I'm voting for President Clinton and against Tobacco!
What happened to freedom of the press?
What's going on with the Republicans wanting an FBI investigation into Salon Magazine breaking the Henry Hyde affair. I certianly think it's relevant that Mr. Morals who is investigating the President for having attempted sex with Monica Lewinsky, had a 5 year affair with a married woman and broke up he family. I suppose it takes one to know one? Someone might argue it makes Hyde more qualified. That someone wouldn't be me. Now the Republicans want to prosecute the press? What the hell is going on here?
I'm beginning to feel like the only sane person left on the planet. I wake up in the morning to a world that is stranger that what I was dreaming, and I've been having nightmares lately. It's like some alien culture came down to America and inserted a mind control device in everyone except me and I'm the last normal person left. I'm somehow supposed to accept that we are going to start an FBI investigation for running a news story about an affair that actually did occur? Surely I'm not the only one who is outraged by this?
Who's worse? President gets a blow job or Homebreaker Hyde destroys a family? And this guy is going to judge Clinton? Give me a break!
Republicans undermine our Constitutional Freedoms
Monica Lewinsky, a private citizen, was forced to testify in front of the "secret" grand jury against her will. She was compelled to speak under threat of contempt of court and jail. Susan McDougal is an example of what happens if you don't comply. Kenneth Starr made it clear to Monica that if she didn't comply that he was going to go after her family, which he did when he dragged her mother in front of the grand jury. She was forced to testify fully and truthfully under threat of prosecution for perjury about intimate sex act that she performed with her lover, President Clinton, who she probably still cares about.
Her "secret" testimony was then delivered to Congress who then put it out unedited on the Internet so that the whole world can know how she gives head. I was so outraged by this that I filed a Federal Civil Rights Lawsuit against the United States House of Representatives to stop it. And because the government posted this X-rated material, hundreds of newspapers printed it and delivered it to the homes of Christian families where their Christian children can read it. All this in the context of "Whitewater" which was a land deal that occurred in Arkansas when Monica Lewinsky was 4 years old. And Judge Russel Clark ruled that this is legal . Am I the only one who has a problem with this?
If they can do it to Monica Lewinsky and the President of the United States, they can do it to me or you!
If Kenneth Starr can do this legally to Monica Lewinsky, then what's stopping Kenneth Starr from doing it to me or you? Anyone, no matter how remotely connected with Clinton, such as being a citizen of the United States can be dragged in and interragated the same way Monica Lewinsky was. And if they can do it to the President of the United States, they can do it to anyone. Any illusion we live in a free society is now gone. This is a police state and we are under occupation by a legislature who cares nothing about the will of the people or the results of our elections. And we have a judiciary who doesn't have a clue about our fundamental rights or even has a basic understanding of the Constitution.
Czech President Vaclav Havel, one of the moral beacons of Eastern Europe's liberation from Communism, expressed concern in his recent visit to America about American justice by agreeing with Czech commentators who compare Kenneth Starr's investigation to tactics used by the former Czechoslovak communist secret police. These secret police would dig deeply into political dissidents' private lives under the guise of national security and the public interest. Havel had been one of their main targets. I contend that we have a moral imperative and a sacred duty to the Constitution to take whatever steps necessary to ensure that Vaclav Havel is wrong in his comparison of the Independent Counsel and the Communist secret police.
Republican Porn
So much for the party of "family values". So much for the moral high ground. The Republican party is so desparate to gain control that they are forcing porn into your homes. Public media should not contain explicit or implied descriptions of sex acts. Our society should be purged of the perverts who provide the media with pornographic material while pretending it has some redeeming social value under the public's right to know. Pornography is pornography, regardless of the source.
The People to Congress - Take your porn off the government web site! We don't want porn delivered to our homes in the newspaper!
When the Republican Congress releases X-rated material, the news media is virtually compelled to print it due to competitive forces. A paper who doesn't print it will lose market share to one who does. Therefore, when Congress decided to print porn, then your newspapers, radio, and television station will print porn and you will be forced to have porn in your homes and in front of your children, and there's absolutely nothing you can do to stop the government from doing it to you. You are powerless to stop the Republican Congress from telling your kids that the President got his dick sucked by someone other than his wife. Your kids will be asking you what the cigar tasted like. How do you feel about the Congress forcing this into your home? Does it make you mad? Live with it because there's not a damn thing you can do about it. You are helpless to stop the Republican Congress from bringing porn into your home. Better start preparing your kids who are 5 year old for the Birds and the Bees! I'm not a Christian and I like porn, but this offends me. It really offends me.
Does Congress no longer respect the will of the People? Are the People no longer in control? Is this the end of Democracy as we know it?
It's Election Tampering Stupid!
Elections are the core of a democratic society. In fact the two elements that I consider the test of a true democratic society are free and honest elections, and a judicial system with high standards of integrity and the will to enforce its own rules. I contend that these releases of X-rated material have everything to do with influencing the elections and undoing the will of the voters in the 1996 presidential election, and nothing to do with an impeachment process.
First of all the Independent Counsel is prohibited from representing the government and representing clients who have an interest in the outcome of the investigation at the same time. Mr. Starr and his firm represent tobacco interests that are fighting 500 billion dollars worth of taxes and contribute more money to the Republican Party than any other Republican donor. Richard Mellon Scaife, who is a very active political enemy of the President, has offered and funded for Mr. Starr a job at Pepperdine University paying one million dollars a year. Mr. Scaife has funded directly and/or indirectly the civil lawsuit by Paula Jones against the President. Mr. Starr assisted Ms. Jones in her civil case. And there is an investigation to determine if money was paid to David Hale to testify against Susan McDougal ultimately came from Mr. Scaife. My point in this is that there is an appearance of a conflict of interest where a reasonable person might question the impartiality of the Independent Counsel.
The Republican Party can't win an election on the issues. They can only win if they lie and cheat. The Republican Party has become a national embarrassment.
With an apparent conflict of interest as background, Mr. Starr delivered his report to Congress containing secret grand jury testimony. A grand jury by nature is a tool of the prosecutor and is a one sided process. One has to assume that a one sided process produces a one sided result. This one sided document, with its X-rated content, was published by the Congress without even giving the President an advance copy so that he could formulate a response.
I would assume that an impeachment process is required to be fair an impartial. Certainly the Congress is at least required to fake the appearance of fairness and impartiality in such an important process. For the Congress to publish a one sided report, with graphic sexual content, without giving the President any opportunity to review it and respond does not meet the test of even faking a fair process and therefore can not be characterized as being a part of an official impeachment process. I contend that on the face of the record that it is not part of an impeachment process, and that it is in fact an attempt to undermine the 1996 presidential election as well as the 1998 congressional elections which includes my election. I would also point out that in releasing this report, and the video tape that is today being transmitted, that Congress has broken the pornography laws of all 50 sovereign states. When the Congress publishes a one sided pornographic document in violation of th e law, and denies the President due process, such an act can not be characterized as being part of an official impeachment process and can only be characterized as election tampering.
Winning Fair and Square
In 1992 Clinton beat Bush by a bigger margin than Reagan beat Carter in 1980. In 1996 Clinton beat Dole by a bigger margin yet. Clinton won the election. Get used to it. Here in America we have elections where the people vote and choose who the president will be. The people chose Clinton twice.
Republicans can't seem to respect the will of the voters. The right wing thinks that it's OK to try to harrass the President and attack him personally through right wing publications like The Washington Times and to abuse the special prosecutor and create a witch hunt.
What ever happened to democracy in this country. If we Republicans want to win the presidency, maybe we should field a good candidate and write a good platform, accomplish something, and run on the strength of our ticket. When the Republican party has to stoop to dirty politics to win an election, we are admitting through conduct that we can't win an election based on the merits of our candidates and our positions.
The Moonies Control the Republican Party
What really disturbs me is the influence and control of the Republican Party by the Moonies. There really is a Right Wing Media Conspiracy and the Moonies are behind it. The Moonies own the Washington Times and Moon has spent over a Billion Dollars to influence the press and to buy elections of Republican candidates who will do Moon's bidding.
The Moonies are a dangerous mind control cult and they have no place controlling the Republican Party. I find it very disturbing that George Bush would take $100,000 to endorse Moon's new South American newspaper and help spread the influence of the Moonie cause. How does it make us Republicans look when our former president is selling out to the moonies? I sure as hell don't want to become a mind slave to Reverend Sun Myung Moon and I damn sure am going to stand against the moonies attempt to control the Press, the Christian Coalition, and the Republican Party.
It will be a cold day in Hell before I surender control of the Republican Party to Sun Myung Moon!
I look at this and ask myself, "What the Hell is going on here where the Republican Party has to go to bed with the Moonies to win elections?" I encourage all Republicans who read this to go to Moon's Website and read this for yourself! This guy thinks he is God and we're letting this brainwasher make Republican policy?
Selling out to the National Rifle Association
We Republicans used to be the party of law and order, but not any more. The NRA now holds the lease on our party's future. It was President Clinton who, at great personal and political costs, stood up to the gun lobby on behalf of Americans and Law enforcement, and passed the Brady Law. I also want to thank the 1/4th of our party, including President Reagan and President Bush who stood with President Clinton to make this bill law. Bob Dole, who's soul is owned by the NRA lead a filibuster to stop this bill and was eventually defeated. Bob Dole does not have what it takes to be the leader of the free world.
The NRA isn't about your constitional rights or personal freedom. They are out to help gun manufacturers sell guns.
The NRA is controlled by the gun lobby. The more crime there is in America the more people who are armed, the more guns they sell. That's why President Bush resigned his membership in the NRA. I am on the side of law and order and Republicans are on the side of law and order. And it's time that we let our Republican leaders know where we stand.
The Waco Issue
I watched the Waco hearings and was shocked to see Republicans supporting David Koresh. This is a guy who was raping 10 year old girls and it doesn't look like we're in tune with "Family Values" to be siding with Koresh. Granted that the FBI screwed up, but Koresh was the one who set the building on fire and murdered those 80 people. And we Republicans should not be siding with those who rape and murder because the NRA gives Republicans money to do so.
Dirty Politics
Ross Perot is right when he criticizes the Republican party for dirty politics. We are the ones who are the leaders in dirt. We set the standard. Our party nominee, Bob Dole is the undisputed leader of election fraud having paid a record $100,000 fine for cheating in the 1988 elections . Now Bob Dole is again caught in a money laundering scheme with a sporting good company. Are we to be known as the party that has to cheat to win? Is that the image that Republicans want to identify with? Not the way I see it.
It's the Economy Stupid
All Republicans say they are against deficit spending. Talk is cheap. When President Reagan took office the national debt was 1 trillion dollars. After 12 years of Republican rule the debt grew to 4 trillion and the deficit kept rising in spite of "Read my Lips" tax hikes. The economy was in a triple dip recession. Then came President Clinton who turned the economy around, cut the deficit in half, created jobs, and cut government. Government grew under Reagan and Bush. It shrank under Clinton. The results speak for themselves.
Now we have a Congress who can't even pass a budget that Republicans can agree on let alone one that would actually work. And Republicans are taking credit for talking about balancing the budget? OK, Republicans talk about it more, but look who's actually doing something about it. Talk is cheap. You're not going to get a balanced budget by giving a big tax cut to the rich.
I'm just tired of hearing Republicans talk about the debt that we are going to leave "our children and our grandchildren" while they continue to gut education, head start, Medicaid, and funding for college loans. It's just bullshit! It's just a slogan. You people don't give a damn about anything but a tax cut for the rich, who don't need it. I'd like to have a tax cut someday too, but lets balance the budget first. You can't do both.
Read my Lips II
Bob Dole uesd to tell this joke. The good news is a bus load of supply siders went over a cliff, the bad news is that three seats were empty. Over the years Bob Dole used to ridicule the kind of person he's become. So what caused Bob Dole to change his mind to now endorse huge tax cuts for the rich? Unlike what the media will tell you but obvious to anyone who thinks about it, Bob Dole didn't change his mind. Bob Dole is lying to you!
This is the kind of "Read my Lips" lie that is so obvious that it insults the intelligence of voters and makes the Republican party look like a bunch of stupid liars. If anyone actually thinks that they really are going to get a 15% tax cut if Dole becomes president, well, I have some swamp land in Kansas I want to sell you.
The Republican Party doesn't really care about Abortion
There are a lot of Republican Party posers who say they're pro-life who really aren't. They make a big deal about "partial birth abortions" yet pass up opportunities to actually do something about it. President Clinton has said he would pass a ban on partial birth abortions if it had an exception for the life and health of the mother. That way a woman who is in a car accident can get an abortion if she and the baby are seriously injured, but she might not actually die from it. Clinton signed a law like that when he was governor of Arkansas.
You think the Republican Party actually cares about life? Ha! Ha! Ha!
But do these so called pro life Republicans go for it? Of course not. If they gave Clinton a bill like that he would sign it and the Republicans would lose a political weapon. The Republicans want to make sure they send him abortion bills they know he won't sign so that they can point their crooked little fingers at him and pose as being morally superior. Anyone who thinks the Republican party gives a damn about life -- well, I have a Christian amusement park to sell ya.
What Party owns what Issues
Republican leaders are yelling, Bill Clinton is stealing our issues! Well what does that mean and what makes an issue a Republican issue?
First of all, what's so bad about that? If Clinton does the right thing for America, who cares who's issue it is. On any issue that Clinton passed with the help of Republicans, Clinton is always gracious enough to share the glory with all who helped them. He will always say that the Republicans deserve credit for helping to do what's right and he encourages them to do more things right and share the credit in the future. Why can't the Republicans thank President Clinton for doing the right thing rather than being petty and childish about it?
Republicans have talked for years about the issues that Clinton is accomplishing. So who owns the issue, the party that talks about it, or the party that makes it happen. I give credit to the party that makes it happen.
The Republican Party needs to wake up to reality and realize that there are a lot of Americans like myself that base their decisions on what politicians do, and not what politicians say. And it's time for the Republicans to do something usefull and quite whining about who gets the credit.
Lots of Republicans are with me
There have been many Republican defections lately. William Krystol and Bill Bennet are saying Bob Dole is going to lose and are concerned that Bob Dole will suck the party down with him. The Republican mayor of New York is about to endorse Clinton for President. Quite frankly, I hope Dole does suck the party down with him. The Republicans have been bad boys and need to be punished. I think a good pruning back might wake the party up and give up being extremist radicals and get back to traditional Republican Values. The kind of party that would make Abaraham Lincoln proud.
If we vote for Republicans we're going to lose the Republican Party to Newt Grigrich, Rush Limbaugh, Ralph Reed, Olie North, and Jerry Falwell. And to me, these people do not represent what I call the Republican Party. Bob Dole can not beat Bill Clinton. We should clean up the Republican Party this year so that we can come back stronger in the future and win elections when we have earned the trust and respect of the American people.
| i don't know |
Which of the seven dwarfs has the longest name? | Movie Review - - SNOW WHITE AND THE SEVEN DWARFS - NYTimes.com
SNOW WHITE AND THE SEVEN DWARFS
By Frank S. Nugent
Published: January 14, 1938
Sheer fantasy, delightful, gay, and altogether captivating, touched the screen yesterday when Walt Disney's long-awaited feature-length cartoon of the Grimm fairy tale, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, had its local premiere at the Radio City Music Hall. Let your fears be quieted at once: Mr. Disney and his amazing technical crew have outdone themselves. The picture more than matches expectations. It is a classic, as important cinematically as The Birth of a Nation or the birth of Mickey Mouse. Nothing quite like it has been done before; and already we have grown impolite enough to clamor for an encore. Another helping, please!
You can visualize it best if you imagine a child, with a wondrous, Puckish imagination, nodding over his favorite fairy tale and dreaming a dream in which his story would come true. He would see Snow White, victim of the wicked Queen's jealousy, dressed in rags, singing at her work quite unmindful of the Magic Mirror's warning to the Queen that the Princess, not she, was now the "fairest in the land." Then he would see Snow White's banishment from the castle, her fearful flight from the hobgoblins of the forest, her adoption by all the friendly little creatures of the wood, and her refuge at the home of the seven dwarfs.
And then, if this child had a truly marvelous imaginationthe kind of impish imagination that Mr. Disney and his men possesshe might have seen the seven dwarfs as the picture sees them. There are Doc, who sputters and twists his words, and Happy, who is a rollicking little elf, and Grumpy, who is terribly grumpyat firstand Sleepy, who drowses, and Sneezy, who acts like a volcano with hay fever, and Bashful, who blushes to the roots of his long white beard, and Dopey. Dopey really deserves a sentence all by himself. No, we'll make it a paragraph, because Dopey is here to stay.
Dopey is the youngest of the seven dwarfs. He is beardless, with a buttony nose, a wide mouth, beagle ears, cross-purpose eyes, and the most disarming, winning, helpless, puppy-dog expression that creature ever had. If we had to dissect him, we'd say he was one part little Benny of the comic strips, one part Worry-Wart of the same, and one part Pluto, of the Mickey Mouse Plutos. There may, too, be just a dash of Harpo Marx. But he's all Dopey, forever out of step in the dwarfs' processions, doomed to carry the red taillight when they go to their jewel mines, and speechless. As Doc explains, "He never tried to talk."
So there they are, all seven of them, to protect the little Princess from her evil stepmother, the Queen, to dance and frolic and cavortwith the woodland creaturesin comic Disneyesque patterns, and ultimately to keep vigil at Snow White's glass-and-gold coffin until Prince Charming imprints "love's first kiss" upon her lips and so releases her from the sleeping death that claimed her after she ate the witch's poisoned apple. For this, you know, is partly the story of Sleeping Beauty.
But no child, of course, could dream a dream like this. For Mr. Disney's humor has the simplicity of extreme sophistication. The little bluebird who overreaches itself and hits a flat note to the horror of its parents; the way the animals help Snow White clean house, with the squirrels using their tails as dusters, the swallows scalloping pies with their feet, the fawns licking the plates clean, the chipmunks twirling cobwebs about their tails and pulling free; or the ticklish tortoise when the rabbits use his ribbed underside as a scrubbing boardall these are beyond a youngster's imagination, but not beyond his delight.
And technically it is superb. In some of the early sequences there may be an uncertainty of line, a jerkiness in the movements of the Princess; but it is corrected later and hand and lip movements assume an uncanny reality. The dwarfs and animals are flawless from the start. Chromatically, it is far and away the best Technicolor to date, achieving effects possible only to the cartoon, obtainingthrough the multiplane cameraan effortless third dimension. You'll not, most of the time, realize you are watching animated cartoons. And if you do, it will be only with a sense of amazement.
Nor can any description overlook so important a Disney element as the score. There are eight songssolos, duets, choruseswhich perfectly counterpoint the action. In the traditional ballad manner are "The Wishing Well Song," "Some Day My Prince Will Come," and "One Song." Livelier is the dwarfs' theme, "Hi-Ho," "Whistle While You Work," "The Washing Song," and "Isn't This a Silly Song." We've lost one or two, but no great matter. They're gay and friendly and pleasant, all of them, and so is the picture. If you miss it, you'll be missing one of the ten best pictures of 1938. Thank you very much, Mr. Disney, and come again soon.
SNOW WHITE AND THE SEVEN DWARFS (MOVIE)
Directed by David Hand, Perce Pearce, Larry Morey, William Cottrell, Wilfred Jackson, and Ben Sharpsteen; written by Ted Sears, Otto Englander, Earl Hurd, Dorothy Ann Blank, Richard Creedon, Dick Richard, Merrill de Maris, and Webb Smith, based on the fairy tale by the Brothers Grimm; music by Frank Churchill, Leigh Harline, Paul J. Smith, and Larry Morey; art designers, Charles Philippi, Hugh Hennesy, Terrell Stapp, McLaren Stewart, Harold Miles, Tom Codrick, Gustaf Tenggren, Ken Anderson, Kendall O'Connor, and Hazel Sewell; produced by Walt Disney; released by RKO Radio Pictures. Running time: 83 minutes.
With: Voices of Adriana Caselotti (Snow White), Harry Stockwell (Prince Charming), Lucille La Verne (The Queen), Moroni Olsen (Magic Mirror), Billy Gilbert (Sneezy), Pinto Colvig (Sleepy/Grumpy), Otis Harlan (Happy), Scotty Mattraw (Bashful), and Roy Atwell (Doc).
| Bashful |
What was Beethoven's first name? | «Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs» (1937)
«Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs» (1937)
Animated film «Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs» (1937)
Genre: family, fairy tale
Directed by: David Hand, William Cottrell, Wilfred Jackson, Larry Morey, Perce Pearce, Ben Sharpsteen
Produced by: Walt Disney
Written by: Brothers Grimm, Ted Sears, Richard Creedon, Otto Englander, Dcik Rickhard, Earl Hurd, Merrill De Maris, Doroth Ann Blank, Webb Smith
Music by: Frank Churchill, Leigh Harline, Paul J. Smith
Studio: Walt Disney Pictures
Release Date: December 21, 1937
Running time: 83 minutes
Budget: $1,488,000
Gross Revenue: $416 000 000
«Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs» is the world's first full-length animated feature and the first in the Disney animated features canon. The film is an adaptation of the Brother’s Grimm fairytale. The creation of this film took about three years, more than five hundred artists, a million pictures and a half million of dollars. It was premiered on December 21, 1937 in Hollywood and assumed the record of highest grossing sound film at the time. Snow White was the first major animated feature made in the United States, the most successful motion picture released in 1938, and, adjusted for inflation, is the tenth highest-grossing film of all time.
Plot
German adaptation of the famous Grimm's fairy tale about Snow White. The girl lived in the castle with an evil stepmother the Queen, who was very proud of her beauty. After hearing from a magic mirror that Snow White has become the most beautiful girl in the world, she decided to kill her lovely stepdaughter. But the poor girl did not die in the woods, but met real friends - funny seven dwarfs...
Background Information
1. Animators' initial sketches for Snow White's character, some of which bore a resemblance to Betty Boop, did not meet Walt Disney's expectations, as they were too cartoonish. Hamilton Luske, whom Walt Disney had selected as the supervising animator for Snow White's character, was tasked with the challenge of making Snow White more believably human and realistic than any of the Disney studio's previous animated characters.
2. Snow White is the first Disney Princess, being the main character of Disney's first animated feature film.
3. Snow White is the only Caucasian Disney Princess to have brown eyes.
4. She is the first Disney Princess to communicate with wildlife who can understand humans, the second being Cinderella and the third being Aurora.
5. Snow White is the youngest Princess, being 14 years old.
6. On June 28, 1987, Snow White was awarded with a star on the famous Hollywood Walk of Fame.
7. Snow White makes a cameo appearance in Aladdin and the King of Thieves when Genie turns Jasmine into Snow White.
8. Snow White is the first of only two Disney Princesses to be "dead" and then revived by a kiss from a Prince, the second being Aurora.
9. Snow White is the first Disney Princess to be an orphan, the second being Cinderella.
10. Snow White is the first Disney Princess currently not to have a sequel for her film. The second being Tiana.
11. Snow White is the first Disney heroine (Esmeralda being the second) and only Disney Princess to be seen praying.
12. Snow White is the first Disney Princess to run away from her love interest without her telling him her name. Cinderella, Aurora, and Ariel (after saving Eric) do this as well.
13. Snow White is the first Disney Princess to be sung to by her respective love interest, the second is Aurora.
14. Some of Snow White's dance moves were infamously reused for that of Maid Marian's in Robin Hood.
15. Disney found a dilemma in the characterization of the Queen, whom he envisioned as a mixture of Lady Macbeth and the Big Bad Wolf, and decided on a "a high collar stately beautiful type".
16. The film, 'Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs' took 3 years to produce. In fact it was known mockingly in the industry as 'Disney's Folly, ' and even Walt's wife, Lillian, said 'No one's ever gonna pay a dime to see a dwarf picture. ' She had to eat her words – it was a major success from the day it was released!
17. There were about 50 names suggested for the seven dwarfs, including Silly, Awful, Sniffy, Dizzy, Cranky and Scrappy. The final seven were Bashful, Grumpy, Sneezy, Doc, Dopey, Sleepy and Happy.
18. Each of the dwarfs has its own character. Doc looks the oldest and is always considered to be the leader of the dwarfs. He wears glasses and tends to jumble up his words. At the mine, his job is to check the gems to make sure they are authentic.
19. Happy laughs a lot and is the fattest of the dwarfs.
20. Grumpy has the biggest nose of the seven dwarfs and he is as grumpy as his name suggests. He disapproves of Snow White, just because she is a woman, but underneath his crusty exterior he actually cares about her safety. He tries to warn her about the Wicked Queen, and rushes to help her when she is in danger.
21. Bashful is very shy and is probably secretly in love with Snow White.
22. Sleepy always looks tired. At the mine his job is to haul the diamonds and rubies by cart for Doc to inspect. He has the longest beard.
23. Sneezy has an allergy to flowers – hence he is always sneezing. He has the shortest beard of all the dwarfs.
24. Dopey looks younger than all the dwarfs and has no beard at all. He never speaks, and his job is to clean up all the unusable gems. You can always see him at the end of the line of dwarfs as they make their way to and from the mine.
25. Six of the famed dwarfs have eyebrows fashioned after Walt Disney's own expressive eyebrows as they fascinated everyone who ever sat in story meetings with him. Walt's eyebrows tended to wander about, helping to more perfectly express anything Walt wanted to convey. Early on, the artists agreed on this resemblance however, Happy is the only one who is different as his eyebrows are white and bushy.
26. Initially, the prince had to have a big role, but because of problems with his animation (on some figures he was hunched), animators and studios artists had to shorten his role to a minor.
27. Artists were offered $5.00 – a hefty sum by late 1930's standards — for every gag featuring the Dwarfs that made it into the final film.
28. 25 songs were written for this film, but only 8 of them were used.
29. To create a scene when Seven Dwarfs return home, which lasts only one minute, five artists worked regularly for six months.
30. In the storage of Disney Company were discovered some storyboards that continue cartoon, titled "The Return of Snow White." Judging by the number of sketches, cartoon was supposed to be a short film. It included the deleted scenes of eating soup by dwarves and arranging the bed for Snow White, invented by Ward Kimball.
31. On the creation of the "Snow White" was spent by that time the fabulous sum - 1.499 million dollars, but soon it had pay off – Disney’s film brought incredible popularity, "Oscar", the respect of the professional press and 8 million revenue.
32. All movements in the dance of the heroine Snow White were sketched from a dancer Marge Champion to make it look real.
33. Walt Disney’s "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" was a winner of "Oscar", and not one but as many as eight: One - original size, and 7 small - the number of dwarfs.
| i don't know |
Which country is the largest producer of cheese? | Cheese Leprino Foods
Contact us for more information on our products.
Did You Know?
High-quality, “complete” protein sources, such as cheese and whey protein, supply all the essential amino acids the body needs to build and maintain muscle.
Selected by some of the largest makers of infant formula, Leprino’s lactose products help nourish more than three million infants per day around the world.
Yielded from only white cheese, Leprino’s products have a cleaner taste and whiter color.
Leprino Foods began exporting lactose to Japan in 1979.
In 2012, we provided a $5 million grant to the Cal Poly Dairy Science Department to help fund a new Master of Professional in Dairy Foods program.
State and local taxes, payroll contributions and our annual milk spend have an estimated economic impact of roughly $10 billion per year in the communities in which we operate.
Each of our locations maintains safety committees and wellness teams with cross-functional participation.
71% of eligible employees participate in our health incentive plan.
Each of our plants has employee teams dedicated to creatively reducing the use of natural resources.
Xcel Energy presented our Roswell, New Mexico plant with an Environmental Leadership Award for Energy Efficiency.
By meeting our 10% reduction goal for energy intensity, we can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 177,313 metric tons – the equivalent of driving 422 million miles.
Used by some of the largest manufacturers of baby formula, our lactose products help nourish more than three million infants per day around the world.
Cheese is the number 2 source of dietary calcium for Americans.
Cheese provides only 5% of the calories in the US diet and 21% of calcium, 11% of phosphorous, 9% of protein, 9% of vitamin A and 8% of zinc.
Leprino Foods’ unique lactose derivatives fill a wide range of nutritional niches, such as prebiotics and calcium enrichment.
The average American eats about 23 pounds (46 slices) of pizza every year.
Someone who sells cheese professionally at a cheese shop or specialty food store is called a “cheese monger.”
Our customer service is legendary. We fulfill about 58,000 orders a year at a 99.92% accuracy rate.
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In Morse Code, which letter is represented by a single dot? | Dairy Facts
Dairy Facts
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All Things Cheese
Did you know?
Wisconsin Cheese Plants
Wisconsin leads the nation in number of cheese plants with 127 – more than twice as many as any other state.
Wisconsin's Signature Industry
Dairy is the largest segment of Wisconsin agriculture. Total Ag = $88.3 billion; dairy = $43.4 billion
Wisconsin Leads in Cheese Varieties
Wisconsin cheesemakers produce over 600 varieties, types and styles of cheese; the runner-up comes in a distant second with 250 varieties.
Wisconsin Milk
90% of Wisconsin's milk is made into cheese and 90% of that famous Wisconsin Cheese is sold outside of the state's borders.
Protein in Cheese
An 8-ounce glass of milk contains about the same amount of protein as 1 1/2 ounces of Wisconsin Cheese.
Cheese Consumption
U.S. per capita cheese consumption was 33.9 pounds in 2014. Our average consumption of cheese has increased 59% over the last 30 years.
Pizza
Americans eat about 350 slices of pizza per second. That's enough to cover more than 90 football fields a day.
Anne Pickett
In 1841, Mrs. Anne Pickett started the first home cheese factory in Wisconsin near Lake Mills. Mrs. Pickett used milk from her neighbors' cows to produce butter and cheese in her log cabin. This procedure continued until 1845, when the level of production and demand grew too large for her kitchen. By 1869, Wisconsin produced over 3 million pounds of cheese, and that number would more than quadruple within 10 years.
Brick Cheese
Brick cheese was invented in Dodge County, Wisconsin, in 1877. Brick is named for its shape and because cheesemakers originally used bricks to press moisture from the cheese.
Tooth Decay
Cheese helps prevent tooth decay. Firm cheeses, such as Cheddar, are most effective.
Craving
Cheese is the number one food craving, even beating out chocolate! When respondents were asked which food gift they would like to receive, 19% of Americans said they want cheese – and only 13% said candy.
Colby
In 1885, Colby cheese was invented in Colby, Wisconsin.
1921
In 1921, Wisconsin became the first state to establish cheese-grading standards to ensure consistent quality and flavor.
Ten Pounds
It takes ten pounds of milk to make one pound of cheese.
Mozzarella
Mozzarella cheese is the biggest-selling cheese variety in the United States, followed by Cheddar.
Eating
On average, each American eats about 34 pounds of cheese every year. That adds up to more than a ton of cheese during a lifetime.
Rinds
The outside rinds on cheese are edible, with the exception of waxed cheeses like Gouda and Edam. If you like it, eat it. If you don't, cut it off.
Greece
At over 33 pounds per capita, the United States ranks far behind many European countries for per capita consumption of cheese. Residents of Greece, Iceland and France all eat an average of more than 50 pounds of cheese per year.
Awards
Wisconsin Cheese wins more awards that any other state or nation in the major national and international contests held within the United States each year.
U.S. Champion Cheese
Wisconsin claimed the coveted "U.S. Champion" award at the 2009, 2011 and 2013 biennial U.S. Championship Cheese Contests.
13 out of 18 Awards
Wisconsin cheesemakers have won 13 out of 18 "U.S. Champion" awards since the U.S. Championship Cheese Contest began in 1981.
90%
Wisconsin cheesemakers use about 90% of Wisconsin’s milk supply to make more than 3 billion pounds of cheese every year.
Licensed Cheesemakers
Wisconsin has more licensed cheesemakers than any other state, and Wisconsin's cheesemakers produce more than 3 billion pounds of cheese each year.
Master Cheesemaker Program
Wisconsin is the only state with a Master Cheesemaker program, a rigorous three-year course committed to superior quality, technical skills and craftsmanship. There are now 59 Master Cheesemakers at work throughout the state.
Best Taste
Wisconsin has the best-tasting cheeses because of the grass the cows eat. The grass in America’s Dairyland is less acidic than in other areas of the country which results in cheese with a milder flavor.
Stringent Standards
Wisconsin has the country’s most stringent state standards for cheesemaking and overall dairy product quality.
Wisconsin Top-Producing Cheese State
Wisconsin is the No. 1 cheese-producing state in the country, with 26% of the total annual U.S. cheese production.
Limburger
Wisconsin is the only producer of Limburger cheese in the country.
Specialty Cheeses
Wisconsin leads the nation in the production of specialty cheeses, such as Gorgonzola, Gruyere, Asiago, Feta, Aged Cheddar, Gouda, Blue and many others, accounting for approximately 46% of total specialty cheese production in the United States.
127 Cheese Plants
Wisconsin’s 127 cheese plants produce more than 600 varieties, types and styles of Wisconsin Cheese – far more than any other state.
Storing Excess Milk
Wisconsin's first cheesemakers were farm wives who, in the 1830s, began making cheese in their kitchens as a way of storing excess milk.
Newborn Calf
A newborn calf weighs 90 pounds and can walk on its own one hour after birth.
Glasses of Milk
A Wisconsin dairy cow produces an average of over seven gallons of milk each day. That’s enough for more than 110 eight-ounce glasses of milk every day.
Ice Cream Flavors
According to the NPD Group's National Eating Trends In-Home Database, the top five ice cream flavors are vanilla, chocolate, strawberry, chocolate chip, and butter pecan.
U.S. Yogurt Consumption
Americans eat an average of 14.9 pounds of yogurt per person every year, nearly triple the 5.2 pounds per person Americans consumed twenty years ago.
Cow Weight
An average dairy cow weighs about 1,400 pounds.
Pints of Milk
Approximately 6 billion half-pints of milk are served through federal school lunch, breakfast and special milk programs every year.
2,639 Gallons
Average milk production per Wisconsin cow each year is 22,697 pounds (or 2,639 gallons). That's enough for 42,227 glasses of milk from just one cow!
Chocolate Milk
Chocolate milk and white milk both contain the same nine essential nutrients.
Sleeping Cows
Contrary to popular opinion, cows sleep lying down – just like people!
Six Miles
Cows have an acute sense of smell – they can smell something up to six miles away.
Consumption
Cows have four stomach compartments and consume about 90 pounds of feed every day. They also drink the equivalent of a bathtub full of water – about 25 to 50 gallons – every day.
Chewing
Cows spend an average of six hours each day eating, and an additional eight hours ruminating or chewing their cud. Most cows chew at least fifty times per minute!
Ice Cream to the Moon
If all the ice cream eaten in the U.S. annually were put into cones and stacked on top of each other, the stack would be tall enough to reach to the moon and back.
360 Cheeseburgers
If people ate like cows, they would have to eat about 360 cheeseburgers and drink 400 to 800 glasses of water every day.
Stephen Babcock
In 1890, Stephen Babcock of the University of Wisconsin developed the milkfat test that allowed dairymen to determine which cows produced the richest milk – the best for cheesemaking. This test is still used today.
First Dairy School
In 1890, the nation's first dairy school was created at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. It remains the country's top Dairy Science Department.
National Ice Cream Month
In 1984, President Ronald Reagan designated July as National Ice Cream Month and the third Sunday of the month as National Ice Cream Day.
Gallon of Ice Cream
It takes 12 pounds of whole milk to make one gallon of ice cream.
A Pound of Butter
It takes 21.8 pounds of whole milk to make one pound of butter.
Carbohydrate-to-Protein
Low-fat chocolate milk's optimal carbohydrate-to-protein ratio makes it an ideal beverage choice for athletes recovering after a workout.
Spicy Food
Milk is better than water for cooling your mouth after eating spicy food. Milk products contain casein, a protein that cleanses and soothes your burning taste buds.
Family-Owned Farms
More than 96 percent of Wisconsin's dairy farms are family owned.
Culver's
Over 120 million pounds of milk are used to make the 150 million scoops of frozen custard that Culver's restaurants sell each year. That's enough milk to employ more than 5,400 of Wisconsin's dairy cows year-round.
U.S. Ice Cream Consumption
Per capita ice cream consumption in the U.S. is about 19 pounds per year.
Chocolate Milk & Muscles
Recent studies demonstrate that the nutrient composition of low-fat chocolate milk helps muscles recover faster after physical activity than other leading sports drinks.
Osteoporosis
Scientific evidence suggests consuming adequate amounts of calcium or foods naturally rich in calcium such as milk, cheese, and yogurt throughout life may delay or minimize age-related bone loss and decrease the risk for osteoporosis.
Lowers Blood Pressure
Eating a diet rich in low-fat dairy, fruits and vegetables and consuming recommended amounts of calcium, potassium and magnesium – nutrients found in dairy foods – shows positive benefits on preventing and lowering blood pressure.
Average Cow
The average dairy cow eats 20 pounds of hay, 20 pounds of corn silage, 10 to 20 pounds of corn and 6 to 12 pounds of supplements each day. If people ate as much as cows, they would have to eat about 360 cheeseburgers and drink 400 to 800 glasses of water each day!
Average Milk Production
The average milk production per cow in the United States is 22,393 pounds per year (2,604 gallons).
First Ice Cream Sundae
The first ice cream sundae was served in Two Rivers, Wis. in 1881. George Hallaver, a customer at Edward C. Berner's soda fountain in Two Rivers, asked Edward to top off his dish of ice cream with the chocolate sauce used for chocolate sodas. The new concoction caught on and was originally offered only on Sundays.
Picturesque
The lure of Wisconsin's picturesque dairy farms, pastures and rolling hills helps make tourism one of the state's top industries.
Squirts
There are approximately 340 to 350 squirts in a gallon of milk.
Seven Breeds of Dairy Cattle
There are seven breeds of dairy cattle – Ayrshire, Brown Swiss, Guernsey, Holstein, Red and White Holstein, Jersey and Milking Shorthorn.
Calcium
To get the same amount of calcium provided by 3 cups of milk you would have to eat one of the following: 15 navel oranges, 29 medium russet potatoes or 21 cups fresh broccoli.
13.9% of U.S. Milk Production
Today, America’s Dairyland produces over 29 billion pounds of milk every year. That’s about 13.9% of total U.S. production.
Vanilla
Vanilla is still America's favorite ice cream flavor.
America's Dairyland
Wisconsin has been a leader in dairying for more than a century and was officially named "America's Dairyland" in 1930.
Wisconsin has more dairy cows per square mile than any other state.
Wisconsin has more dairy cows per square mile than any other state.
2 Billion Pounds of Milk Monthly
Wisconsin produces over 2 billion pounds of milk each month!
Moderate Climate
Wisconsin's moderate climate, plentiful natural resources and rich dairy heritage, make it an ideal place for dairying.
Nine Essential Nutrients
With nine essential nutrients, milk is a wise – and delicious – beverage choice. Have you had your three servings of dairy today?
Largest Industries
Agriculture is Wisconsin's signature industry and has been for 175 years. It remains one of the state's largest industries, providing $88.3 billion in economic activity and employing one of every nine people.
Dairy Business
If you live in Wisconsin, you're in the dairy business. With an economic impact of $43.4 billion per year, Wisconsin dairy farms support schools, roads, banks, grocery stores and other local businesses.
300 different career choices
More than 300 different career choices – on and off the farm – are available within the Wisconsin dairy industry.
$1.6 Billion
Since 2004, dairy and cheese processors have reinvested nearly $1.6 billion to our local communities through plant expansions and improvements.
Average Farm
The average 250-cow dairy farm contributes over $1 million each year to our state's economy.
Economic Activity
The average dairy cow in Wisconsin generates $34,000 a year in economic activity. These dollars circulate throughout the local community, helping to support schools, roads and local businesses.
State Economy
Wisconsin dairies help to fuel our state economy at the rate of more than $80,000 per minute.
29 Billion Pounds of Milk Annually
Wisconsin dairy farms produce over 29 billion pounds of milk every year. That's about 13.9% of the country's total milk supply.
More Milk than Citrus or Potatoes
Wisconsin's $43.4 billion dairy industry far outweighs Florida's $9.3 billion citrus industry or Idaho's $6.7 billion potato industry.
Cheese Plants
Wisconsin's 127 cheese plants produce more than 3.0 billion pounds of cheese every year.
Cheese Exports
Wisconsin ranks second in the nation in cheese exports. The top international destinations for Wisconsin cheese are Mexico, Canada, Japan, and the Republic of Korea.
World Cheese Production Leader
If Wisconsin were a country, it would rank 4th in the world in terms of total cheese production, behind the U.S., Germany and France, and just ahead of Italy.
Tops in Cheddar
Wisconsin is the nation's largest producer of Cheddar cheese. The state also leads in production of Limburger, Feta, Muenster, Parmesan, Provolone and Romano.
American Cheese Society Competition
Wisconsin cheesemakers have claimed the Best of Show award at the annual American Cheese Society Judging and Competition seven times since 1998.
2015 American Cheese Society Competition
Wisconsin won 28% of all awards given at the 2015 American Cheese Society Judging and Competition, including two awards (thanks to a tie) for second place in Best of Show.
Cow Temperature
The average body temperature of a cow is 101.5° Fahrenheit.
Unique Cow Spots
Like human fingerprints, no two cows have exactly the same hair coat pattern of spots.
Bovine Dental Facts
Cows have 32 teeth—eight incisors on the bottom front, six molars on the top and bottom of each side, and a tough pad of skin (instead of teeth) on the top front.
Cows are Herbivores
Since cows eat plants and not meat, they are classified as herbivores. Cows convert grass, hay and other feeds to produce milk.
Name That Cow
Cows go by many names. A female calf is a heifer. A male calf is a bull. A calf's mother is a dam and its father is a sire. A heifer that has given birth to a calf is a cow. A cow that has recently given birth is called a "fresh cow."
Cow Milking Cycle
Heifers usually have their first calf around age 2. A cow's gestation period is about nine months—just like a human. A cow must give birth to start lactating (producing milk). She will give milk for about 10 months, then milk production is stopped (dry period) two months prior to giving birth and entering another 10-month milk cycle.
Colostrum
The first secretion a cow produces after calving is called colostrum. Colostrum is thick, creamy, and rich in antibodies and nutrients. The antibodies help calves build immunity against diseases. Most dairy producers strive to get a newborn calf to drink 3 to 4 quarts of colostrum within an hour after birth since its ability to absorb antibodies diminishes quickly within just a few hours.
Milking Every Day
Dairy farms operate seven days a week, 365 days a year. This means that dairy farmers must milk cows every day, even on holidays! Cow are usually milked two or three times each day.
Feeding Those Calves
Calves are fed milk or milk replacer (specially formulated powdered milk that has been mixed with water) until they are 8-9 weeks old.
Milking Safety
Before attaching a milking machine to a cow's udder, the teats and part of the udder are washed with a disinfectant solution and dried. This removes dirt to ensure quality milk. After milking, a disinfectant is applied to the teats to prevent germs from getting into teats and the udder. Milking equipment is washed, rinsed and sanitized between milkings.
Ayrshire Breed
The Ayrshire breed of dairy cows are moderately large and distinguishable with their reddish/mahogany and white haircoat. Their milk is known to be rich in butterfat.
Brown Swiss Breed
Brown Swiss cows, typically silvery gray to brown in color, are known for yielding large volumes of milk, high in butterfat and protein.
Guernsey Breed
Typically high in protein and butterfat, Guernsey milk contains yellow-colored butterfat, which is rich in beta-carotene. Guernsey cow hair coat patterns are similar to Holsteins but are fawn (reddish/orange color) and white, rather than black (or red) and white.
Holstein Breed
Holstein is the most "popular" breed of dairy cattle, accounting for more than 90% of the Wisconsin dairy cattle population. They produce more milk than other dairy cattle breeds and are easy to identify with their black (or red) and white markings.
Jersey Breed
The second-most common dairy breed in the United States, Jerseys are known for their small size, nutrient-dense milk, early maturity and milk production efficiency. Its coat color varies from dark brown to fawn, with an occasional splash of white.
Milking Shorthorn Breed
With a red, red and white, white or roan (very close mixture of red and white) coat color, Milking Shorthorn cows efficiently convert feed into milk and are known for their durability and longevity.
2016 World Champion Cheese
Wisconsin took home the top prize at the 2016 World Championship Cheese Contest, besting over 2,900 entries from 23 countries, 31 U.S. states and Puerto Rico. Overall, Wisconsin captured 38% of all awards given out at this contest – far more than any other state or country.
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Which city is also known as 'The Big Apple'? | Why Is New York City Called "The Big Apple"?
This is by far the most frequently asked question—and the
most hotly debated—to reach our New York History Hotline.
There are actually several answers (nothing about New York
City is simple, after all). All are explained below, with the last
word going, appropriately enough, to SNYCH’s own Joe Zito,
one of this burg’s finest purveyors of high-quality urban history.
A veteran both of New York City’s inimitable press corps and its
police department, Joe—happily for us—is able to provide
authoritative first-hand testimony on this topic. Read on!
Various accounts have traced the “Big Apple” expression to
Depression-Era sidewalk apple vendors, a Harlem night
club, and a popular 1930s dance known as the “Big Apple.”
One fanciful version even linked the name with a notorious 19th-
century procuress!
In fact, it was the jazz musicians of the 1930s and ‘40s who put
the phrase into more or less general circulation. If a jazzman
circa 1940 told you he had a gig in the “Big Apple,” you knew
he had an engagement to play in the most coveted venue of all,
Manhattan, where the audience was the biggest, hippest, and
most appreciative in the country.
The older generation of jazzmen specifically credit Fletcher
Henderson, one of the greatest of the early Big Band leaders
and arrangers, with popularizing it, but such things are probably
impossible to document. Be that as it may, the ultimate source
actually was not the jazz world, but the racetrack.
As Damon Runyon (among many others) cheerfully pointed out,
New York in those days offered a betting man a lot of places to
go broke. There were no fewer than four major tracks nearby,
and it required no fewer than three racing journals to cover
such a lively scene—The Daily Racing Form (which still
survives on newsstands today) and The Running Horse and
The New York Morning Telegraph (which do not)—and the
ultimate credit for marrying New York to its durable catchphrase
goes to columnist John J. FitzGerald, who wrote for the
Telegraph for over 20 years.
Joe Zito, who joined the paper as a young man some 70-plus
years ago, recently reminisced about Jack Fitzgerald and his
times.
In FitzGerald’s honor (and due largely to the strenuous efforts
of attorney-etymologist Barry Popick, who, like the columnist,
immigrated to NYC from upstate New York) a street sign
reading “Big Apple Corner” was installed at Broadway and
West 54th Street in 1997, near the hotel where FitzGerald died
in poverty in 1963—although a location near the old Telegraph
office might arguably have been a happier spot for it.
Despite its turf-related origins, by the 1930s and ’40s, the
phrase had become firmly linked to the city’s jazz scene. “Big
Apple” was the name both of a popular night club at West 135th
Street and Seventh Avenue in Harlem and a jitterbug-style
group dance that originated in the South, became a huge
phenomenon at Harlem’s great Savoy Ballroom and rapidly
spread across the country. (Neat cultural footnote: the great
African-American cinema pioneer Oscar Micheaux liked to
use the Big Apple as a venue for occasional screenings of his
latest feature film or documentary.)
A film short called The Big Apple came out in 1938, with an all-
Black cast featuring Herbert “Whitey” White’s Lindy Hoppers,
Harlem’s top ballroom dancers in the Swing Era. In a book
published the same year, bandleader Cab Calloway used the
phrase "Big Apple" to mean "the big town, the main stem,
Harlem." Anyone who loved the city would have readily agreed
with Jack FitzGerald: “There's only one Big Apple. That's New
York."
The term had grown stale and was in fact generally forgotten by
the 1970s. Then Charles Gillett, head of the New York
Convention & Visitors Bureau, got the idea of reviving it.
The agency was desperately trying to attract tourists to the
town Mayor John Lindsay had dubbed “Fun City,” but which
had become better-known for its blackouts, strikes, street crime
and occasional riots. What could be a more wholesome symbol
of renewal than a plump red apple?
The city's industrial-strength “I ♥ NY” campaign was launched
toward the end of the Lindsay administration in 1971, complete
with a cheerful Big Apple logo in innumerable forms (lapel pins,
buttons, bumper stickers, refrigerator magnets, shopping bags,
ashtrays, ties, tie tacks, “Big Apple” T-shirts, etc.).
Apparently Gillett was on to something, because at this writing,
over 35 years later, the campaign he launched—it won him a
Tourism Achievement award in 1994, by the way—is still going
strong.
Click here to hear Joe Zito’s account.
— The Society for New York City History
Education Committee
“In the early 1930s I got my first job as a rewrite man and a
copy reader for the Morning Telegraph. The Telegraph at that
time was situated on West 24th Street, and the site is now
part of the parking lot of the huge Penn South complex.
John FitzGerald—we called him Jack—was the feature writer
for the paper, and he covered the races in New York State. At
that time, in addition to Belmont Park and Aqueduct, there was
Jamaica Race Track, the Empire City Track up in Yonkers
[now Yonkers Raceway], and of course Saratoga.
Jack was the first writer to use the term ‘The Big Apple’ in
print, maybe ten years before I started at the paper—in fact,
he called his regular column ‘Around the Big Apple.’ He told us
that he had heard it from the Black stable boys at who
followed the horses to the small quarter-mile tracks in New
Orleans and all over the East and the Middle West.
They were so glad now to come to New York, where the big
money was. The city was so huge to them and so full of
opportunity that they called it the ‘Big Apple.’”
Best known today as
| New York |
The Olympic motto: 'Citius, Altius, Fortius' means what? | Which city is known as the Big Apple and why?
Which city is known as the Big Apple and why?
+1 vote
posted Apr 4, 2016 by Danial Rotwaski
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1 Answer
+1 vote
"Big Apple" is a nickname for New York City. It was first popularized in the 1920s by John J. Fitz Gerald, a sports writer for the New York Morning Telegraph. Its popularity since the 1970s is due to a promotional campaign by the New York Convention and Visitors Bureau, known now as NYC & Company.
answer Apr 5, 2016 by Manikandan J
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The Scottish Parliament banned which sport in 1457? | A History of Golf since 1497 part 1
A History of Golf since 1497
The Birth Of Golf
Golf as we know it today originated from a game played on the eastern coast of Scotland in the Kingdom of Fife during the 15th century. Players would hit a pebble around a natural course of sand dunes, rabbit runs and tracks using a stick or primitive club.
Some historians believe that Kolven from Holland and Chole from Belgium influenced the game. The latter was introduced into Scotland in 1421.
However while these games and countless others are stick and ball games, they are missing that vital ingredient that is unique to golf - the hole. Whatever the argument, there can be no dispute that Scotland gave birth to the game we know as golf today.
During the mid-15th century, Scotland was preparing to defend itself against an English invasion. The population's enthusiastic pursuit of golf and soccer to the neglect of military training (archery primarily) caused the Scottish parliament of King James II to ban both sports in 1457. The ban was reaffirmed in 1470 and 1491 although people largely ignored it. Only in 1502 with the Treaty of Glasgow was the ban lifted.
Golf's status and popularity quickly spread throughout the 16th century due to it's royal endorsement. King Charles I popularised the game in England and Mary Queen of Scots, who was French, introduced the game to France while she studied there. Indeed the term 'caddie stems from the name given to her helpers who were the French Military, known in french as cadets.
The premier golf course of the time was Leith near Edinburgh. Indeed King Charles I was on the course when given the news of the Irish rebellion of 1641. Leith was also the scene of the first international golf match in 1682 when the Duke of York and George Patterson playing for Scotland beat two English noblemen.
| Golf |
What sport do pugilists' take part in? | Top 10 facts about golf in Scotland — The Official Gateway to Scotland
Top 10 facts about golf in Scotland
1. The birthplace of golf
The first record of golf in Scotland dates back to the 15th century. In 1457, golf was banned by parliament as it was seen as a distraction from military training. The ban was repealed in 1502 and King James IV made the first documented purchase of golf clubs in the same year. King James IV wasn’t the only royal fond of a round of golf, whilst official records have the founding of the world’s oldest existing golf course at Musselburgh Old Links in 1672, folk history says that Mary, Queen of Scots played there in 1567.
2. The finest courses in the world
There are over 550 golf courses in Scotland today. Along a short stretch of coastline running from Largs to Ayr there is an endless procession of fairways including some of the finest links courses in the world: Turnberry, Royal Troon, Kilmarnock Barassie, Old Prestwick, Bogside, Glasgow and Western Gailes… and that’s just Ayrshire!
3. Pioneer in course architecture
One of the first great exponents of golf course was Thomas Mitchell “Old Tom” Morris, Sr. of St Andrew’s (not to be confused with son and fellow golfer, Young Tom Morris). Whilst his career as a player was illustrious, to this day he holds the British Open records as oldest champion and greatest margin of victory, and equally well-remembered for his pioneering work in course architecture. Old Tom’s work can be seen at Carnoustie, Nairn and Old Dornoch in Scotland, as well as Lahinch, Co. Clare in Ireland and Royal County Down in Northern Ireland.
4. "The finest parcel of land"
The PGA® Centenary Course, created by Jack Nicklaus, is considered a modern classic. Set in the spectacular Perthshire countryside, Nicklaus described it as "The finest parcel of land in the world I have ever been given to work with".
5. Internationally renowned 'Home of Golf'
If you ask any golfer to point you to the home of golf, all will point in one direction. Jack Nicklaus is quoted as saying “When the Open is in Scotland, there’s really something special about it.”
6. World-class players
Scotland has produced more than its fair share of world-class players: Paul Lawrie, Colin Montgomerie, Sandy Lyle and not least Ayrshire-born Sam Torrance OBE. Having won 21 European Tour titles over three decades, Torance went on to become one of Europe’s most beloved Ryder Cup captains when he led the side to victory at The Belfry.
7. The first international golf match
The founding of The Ryder Cup in 1927 stemmed from the first international golf match between Great Britain and the United States in 1921. The American PGA brought American golfers over to Britain as a team as no American had yet won The British Open. A warm-up tournament between Great Britain and the United States was arranged two weeks before the British Open at St Andrews and held at Gleneagles. This tournament marked the beginnings of what would become The Ryder Cup.
8. The most successful Ryder Cup player
Scottish golfers have historically been well represented in The Ryder Cup. George Duncan of Aberdeenshire featured in the first three Ryder Cups – captaining Great Britain to its first victory in 1929. Colin Montgomery is the most successful Scottish golfer in the tournament’s history having never lost a singles match and amassed 23.5 points across eight Ryder Cups over the course of 36 matches.
9. The greatest comeback in golf history
The 2012 Ryder Cup was one of the greatest comebacks in golfing history. Team Europe were trailing 10 points to six but on the final day took 8½ of a possible 11 points to take the victory. Paul Lawrie from Aberdeen played a key role in the winning team in 2012, beating Brandt Snedeker on the Sunday to earn a valuable point for Team Europe.
10. Hosts of the 2014 Ryder Cup
This year, 2014, is only the second time that The Ryder Cup has been hosted in Scotland. The 40th Ryder Cup will be played this year at the Gleneagles Hotel in Perthshire having last visited Scotland in 1973, when it was played at Muirfield in East Lothian.
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Which is the lightest recognised boxing weight? | Weight divisions - BoxRec
Weight divisions
5 History of the Weight Divisions
Current Weight Divisions
In January 2015, the World Boxing Council , World Boxing Association and the International Boxing Federation reached an agreement to standardize the names of the 17 weight categories. (The World Boxing Organization has yet to adopt these standard class names.)
The currently-recognized weight divisions/classes for professional male boxers, listed in maximum allowable weight, as defined by these four major sanctioning bodies , are:
Division/Class
Pinweight: up to 101 pounds
Light Flyweight: 106
Light Flyweight: up to 106 pounds
Flyweight: 112
Super Heavyweight: over 201
Traditional Eight Divisions
These are commonly known today as the "traditional divisions," which were basically the only weight classes throughout the early 20th Century, before the numerous "super," "junior" and "light" classes were added.
Flyweight: 8 st (50,802 Kg / 112 lbs)
Bantamweight: 8 st 6 lbs (53,525 kg / 118 lbs)
Featherweight: 9 st (57,153 kg / 126 lbs)
Lightweight: 9 st 9 lbs (61,235 kg / 135 lbs)
Welterweight: 10½ st (66,678 kg / 147 lbs)
Middleweight: 11 st 6 lbs (72,574 kg / 160 lbs)
Light Heavyweight: 12½ st (79,378 kg / 175 lbs)
Heavyweight: (unlimited)
See also, 15 Feb 1909 Los Angeles Herald article re: necessity for revision to universal 8 divisions: [1]
History of the Weight Divisions
The 21 National Sporting Club ( NSC ) Rules- (1891-?) London-based private club amends 12 Queensberry Rules , modifying with new augment rules with nine specific criteria, such as designating role of officials; devised a system of scoring bouts; and enabled referee to determine who won. Major accomplishment transpired in 1909 ratification vote and 1910 implementation of 8 traditional weight classes:
Heavyweight [176 lbs plus; at least 75.3 kg; over 12 stone, 7 lbs]
Cruiserweight [175 lb maximum; 79.5 kg; or 12 stone, 7 pounds] later called "lighter heavyweight" by the English and "light heavyweight" by the Americans. Solidified under the New York State Athletic Commission and National Boxing Association as one division, with a uniform name.
Middleweight [160 lbs maximum; 72.7 kg; or 11 stone, 4 pounds]
Welterweight [147 lbs maximum; 66.8 kg; or 10 stone, 7 pounds]
Lightweight [135lbs maximum; 61.4 kg; or 9 stone, 9 pounds]
Featherweight [126lbs maximum; 57.3 kg; or 9 stone]
Bantamweight [118lbs maximum; 53.6 kg; or 8 stone, 6 pounds]
Flyweight [112lbs maximum; 50.9 kg; or 8 stone]
NOTE: weight class key- one pound equals .45359237 kilograms one pound equals .0714285714 stone- sixteen ounces equals one pound, 14 stone and 6 kilograms.
Olympic Boxing Classes & Weight Divisions: [American lbs, European kilograms, English stones]
One pound (lb as unit of mass) is equal to 16 ounces (oz)
One kilogram (also equal to 1,000 grams) is equal to 2.2 lbs
One stone is equal to 14 pounds (with pounds rounding 5/8th)
Super Heavyweight: [202lbs + above; 91.6 kg or 14 stone, 6 pounds] – (est. 1984-end 2004): legislation pending before International Olympic Congress , not subject to change by AIBA .
Heavyweight: [179-201lbs*; 81.2 – 91.2 kg; 12 stone, 11 pounds – 14 stone, 5 pounds]– (est. 1904)
Light Heavyweight: [166-178lbs; 75.3 – 80.7 kg; or 11 stone, 12 pounds – 12 stone, 10 pounds – (est. 1920)
Middleweight: [157-165lbs; 71.2 – 74.8; or 11 stone, 3 pounds – 11 stone, 11 pounds] – (est. 1904)
Light Middleweight: [148-156lbs; 67.1 – 70.8 kg; or 10 stone, 8 pounds – 11 stone, 2 pound] – (est. 1952)
Welterweight: [140-147lbs; 63.5 – 66.7 kg; or 10 stone – 10 stone, 7 pounds] – (est. 1904)
Light Welterweight: [133-139lbs; 60.3 – 63.0 kg; or 9 stone, 7 pounds – 9 stone, 13 pounds] – (est. 1952)
Lightweight: [126-132lbs; 57.2 – 59.9 kg; or 9 stone – 9 stone, 6 pounds] – (est. 1904)
Featherweight: [120-125lbs; 54.4 – 56.7 kg; or 8 stone, 8 pounds – 8 stone, 13 pounds] – (est. 1904)
Bantamweight: [113-119lbs; 51.3 – 53.9 kg; or 8 stone, 1 pound – 8 stone, 7 pounds] – (est. 1904)
Flyweight: [107-112lbs; 48.5 – 50.8 kg; or 7 stone, 9 pounds – 8 stone] – (est. 1904)
Light Flyweight: [106 – below; less than 48.1 kg; or 7 stone, 8 pounds and below] – (est. 1968)
Detailed Weight Division History
[in American lbs, European kilograms, English stones]
Heavyweight (over 200 pounds-unlimited; over 91.4 kg; 14 stone, 5 pounds - unlimited): First originated as 160 pounds plus (over 72.7 kg or 11 stone, 4 pounds) by Jack Broughton (in 1738); next established by the ABA as unlimited (in 1889); reaffirmed no limit by the NSC (in 1909); changed by the NYSAC to 175 plus in 1920; modified again in 1979 by the WBC (followed by the WBA in 1982 and the IBF in 1983); again modified in 2004 by the WBA, WBC and IBF to mean 201-plus pounds.
Cruiserweight [also called junior heavyweight] (176-200 lbs; 80.0 – 90.0 kg; 12 stone 8 pounds – 14 stone 4 pounds): First originated in England (later called lighter-heavyweight); next established as 176-190 lbs (80.0 – 86.2 kg or 12 stone, 8 pounds – 13 stone, 8 pounds) by the WBC in 1979, then the WBA in 1982, and the IBF in 1983; modified in 2004 first by the WBC, then the WBA and next by the IBF to allow a maximum limit of 200 pounds. NOTE: the English class cruiserweights (from 1889-1937) became light heavyweight (1937-present). The name reappeared in America (in 1980) for a new class of 190, then 195, and currently 200 pound boxers.
Light Heavyweight [also called lighter-heavyweight] (169-175 lbs; 76.8 – 79.5 kg; 12 stone, 1 pounds – 12 stones, 7 pounds): Initially created by Lou Houseman for his fighter Jack Root (in 1903); first established by the NSC (in 1909) as 12 stone, 7 pounds or 175 lbs.
Super Middleweight [also called Junior Light Heavyweight] (161-168 lbs; 73.2 – 76.4 kg; 11 stone, 7 pounds – 12 stones): First established in Salt Lake City, Utah, in 1967 (see Don Fullmer vs. Joe Hopkins) ; then re-established by the Ohio Boxing Commission (in 1974); then "resurrected" by the World Athletic Association (in 1982); next recognized by the IBF (in 1984); then the WBA (in 1987): and last by the WBC (in 1988). (The IBRO , however, says this class was created in 1984 by the IBF; followed by the WBA in 1987; and the WBC in 1988. [2] ))
Middleweight (155-160 lbs; 70.5 – 72.7 kg; 11 stone, 1 pound – 11 stone, 6 pounds): First established by the ABA as 11 stone, 4 pounds (in 1889); modified by the NSC (in 1909) as 11 stone, 6 pounds or 160 lbs.
Junior Middleweight [also called Light Middleweight, Super Welterweight] (148-154 lbs; 67.3 – 70.0 kg; 10 stone, 8 pounds – 11 stone): First created by the New York Walker Law (in 1920); first established by the NBA (in 1956). Recognized by the Austrian Boxing Board of Control and European Boxing Union (in 1962). NOTE: this weight class can be divided into two historical periods: 1956-1962 and 1963-present. (The IBRO says it was created by the WBA in 1962- the WBA's first world junior middleweight title bout was held on October 20, 1962, three days after a "world" junior middleweight title bout sanctioned by the Austrian Boxing Board of Control. The WBC recognized the division in 1963 and later renamed it the "Super Welterweight" division.)
Welterweight (141-147 lbs; 64.1 – 66.8 kg; 10 stone, 1 pound – 10 stone, 7 pounds): First recognized in England as 142-145 pounds (in 1889, then 1892). Next established by the NSC (in 1909) as 10 stone, 7 pounds or 147 lbs and made uniform as 147 pounds by the NYSAC and NBA (in 1920).
Junior Welterweight (also called Light Welterweight or Super Lightweight): (136-140 lbs; 61.8 – 63.6 kg; 9 stone, 10 pounds – 10 stone): First created by the New York Walker Law (in 1920). First recognized by Boxing Blade and also sanctioned by the NBA (in 1922); first established by the WBC in 1968. NOTE: This weight class can be divided into three distinct historical periods: 1922-1935, 1946, and 1959-present. (The IBRO says that was weight class was mentioned in the rules of the NYSAC in 1920 but basically ignored. In the fall of 1922, The Blade, a Midwestern boxing weekly, held a "write-in" contest to name the first champion and the readers chose Pinky Mitchell as the first champion. In the 1930s title recognition got muddled for awhile until Barney Ross reunified the title on November 17, 1933. Ross relinquished the title in 1935 when it got muddled again. Tippy Larkin won NBA and NYSAC recognition as champion in 1946 but forfeited it in 1947. The title was dormant until 1959 when the NBA sanctioned a title bout between Carlos Ortiz and Kenny Lane . Late in 1968 the WBC withdrew title recognition from “Lineal” champion Paul Fuji and established their own champion. The WBC renamed the division "Super Lightweight" in 1976.)
Lightweight (131-135 lbs; 59.5 – 61.4 kg; 9 stone, 5 pounds – 9 stone, 9 pounds): First originated as any fighter whose weight was less than 160 pounds by Jack Broughton (in 1738); under London Prize Ring , weight class ranged from (130-150); next established by the ABA as 10 stone (in 1889); modified by the NSC (in 1909) as 9 stone, 9 pounds or 135 lbs. First English Champion John Moneghan (in 1850).
Junior Lightweight [also called Super Featherweight] (127-130 lbs; 57.7 – 59.1 kg; or 9 stone, 1 pound – 9 stone, 4 pounds): Created by the New York Walker Law (in 1920), though first established by the NYSAC (in 1930). NOTE: this weight class can be divided into distinct historical periods: 1921-1933 and 1959-present. (The IBRO says this weight class appeared in Europe in 1914. Johnny Dundee won the first world junior lightweight title recognition by the NYSAC on November 18, 1921. The division ceased to exist after 1934. It reappeared for a short time on December 6, 1949, when Sandy Saddler won recognition as champion. The NBA revised the class on July 20, 1959 when Harold Gomes defeated Paul Jorgensen for the vacant title. The WBC recognized the division in 1968 and established their own champion. The IBF followed suit in 1984 and the WBO in 1989.)
Featherweight (123-126 lbs; 55.9 – 57.3 kg: or 8 stone, 11 pounds – 9 stone): First created under London Prize Ring Rules (in 1860) as 118 lbs (53.6 kg or 8 stone, 6 pounds); first established by the ABA as 126 lbs (57.3 kg or 9 stone in 1889); changed under Marquess Rules to 110 lbs (in 1889); next changed to 115 pounds (52.3 kg or 8 stone, 3 pounds) when George Dixon beat Cal McCarthy in 1890; his manager then changed to 120 lbs (54.4 kg or 8 stone, 8 pounds) when Dixon beat Abe Willis ; modified by the NSC (in 1909) as 126 lbs (57.3 kg or 9 stone).
Junior Featherweight [also called Light Featherweight, Super Bantamweight] (119-122 lbs; 54.1 – 55;5 kg; or 8 stone, 7 pounds – 8 stone, 10 pounds): First created by the New York Walker Law, though not fully established by the NYSAC (1920); first sanctioned by the WBC (in 1976) (The IBRO says the WBC called it "Super Bantamweight.") The WBA followed in 1977.
Bantamweight (116-118 lbs; 52.7 – 53.6 kg; or 8 stone, 4 pound – 8 stone, 6 pounds): First established by the ABA (in 189), then fully sanctioned by the NSC (in 1909) as 118 lbs (53.6 kg or 8 stone, 6 pounds). Later solidified by the New York Walker Law for standardized weight divisions (in 1920); endorsed by the NYSAC, and sanctioned by the NBA. Under London Prize Ring Rules, the weight division was 105 lbs (47.7 kg or 7 stone, 7 pounds). Under Queensberry Rules , it increased to 112 lbs (50.9 kg or 8 stone in 1880) and then 115 pounds (52.3 kg or 8 stone, 3 pounds in 1890). The weight class was set at 116 pounds (52.7 kg or 8 stone, 4 pounds in 1898). The present 118 pound limit was first adopted in England (in 1904), then by the NSC (in 1909).
Junior Bantamweight [also called Light Bantamweight, Super Flyweight] (113-115 lbs; 51.4 – 52.3 kg; or 8 stone, 1 pound – 8 stone, 3 pounds): First created by the New York Walker Law (in 1920) regulating standardized weight divisions. (The IBRO says it was mentioned in the rules of the NYSAC in 1920, but apparently no titles were ever held. The WBC re-introduced the division as "Super Flyweight" in 1980. The WBA followed in 1981.)
Flyweight [also called Paperweight in England] (109-112 lbs; 49.5 – 50.0 kg; or 7 stone, 11 pounds – 8 stone): First established by the NSC (in 1909) as 112 lbs (50.9 kg or 8 stone). English boxing authorities followed suit and set the weight limit as 108 lbs (49.1 kg or 7 stone, 10 pounds in 1910). The NBA and NYSAC recognized this weight class in 1927. New York’s 1920 Walker Law established the weight class at 112 pounds.
Junior Flyweight [also called Light Flyweight] (106-108 lbs; 48.2 – 49.1 kg; 7 stone, 8 pounds – 7 stone, 10 pounds): First established by the 1920 Walker Law regulating standardized weight divisions. First sanctioned by the WBC in 1975. (The IBRO says it was established by the NYSAC at 109 pounds in 1920. Not much happened and it disappeared quickly. The WBC and WBA re-introduced the class at 108 pounds in 1975. The WBC called the division "Light Flyweight.")
Strawweight [also called Minimumweight, Mini-Flyweight] (96-105 lbs; 43.6 – 47.7 kg; or 6 stone, 12 pounds – 7 stone, 7 pounds): First established as a "worldwide" division by the IBF (in 1987) and later recognized by both the WBA and WBC. (The IBRO says it was established by the Thai Boxing Commission at 105 pounds in 1984. The IBF, WBC and WBA created the division in 1987. The IBF called it "Mini Flyweight"; the WBC "Strawweight"; and the WBA "Minimumweight." The IBF held its first world title bout for the division in June 1987; the WBC in October 1987, and the WBA in January 1988.)
Paperweight (95lbs and below; less than 43.2 kg; or 6 stone, 11 pounds): First established by the Queensberry Amateur Championship and ABA as 95 lbs and less (in 1880). In time the paperweight champion became synonymous with the flyweight and bantamweight champions, although the weight actually increased 17 pounds by sanctioning of the NSC around 1896-1898.
Supplemental Information:
17 alphabetical weight classes [Cruiserweight by the World Boxing Council (in 1979); Super Middleweight (or junior light heavyweight) in Utah in 1967, by the Ohio Boxing Commission (in 1974), by the World Athletic Association in 1982, and officially by the International Boxing Federation (in 1984); and Mini-Flyweight (Strawweight or Minimumweight) by the International Boxing Federation (in 1987). NOTE: Cruiserweight limit was changed from 190-195 to a uniform 200, and was recognized by the World Boxing Council , World Boxing Association and International Boxing Federation (in 2004)].
14 conventional weight classes (Junior Middleweight, Junior Welterweight, Junior Lightweight, Junior Featherweight, Junior Bantamweight and Junior Flyweight) amended by the NBA and NYSAC after implemented New York Walker Law of 1920).
8 traditional weight classes (Light Heavyweight, Welterweight and Flyweight) established by the National Sporting Club of London (ratified in 1909) as championship divisions (est. 1910).
5 professional divisions throughout the 19th century (in 1889) with Bantamweight (Flyweight later modified three times as Featherweight) as set forth by the Pelican Club (a combination entity of the Pugilistic Society and Club ; later gave way to the National Sporting Club, which in time became the modern day British Board of Boxing Control ).
4 original weight classes (Middleweight and Featherweight) adopted by the Amateur Boxing Association (in 1880).
2 inaugural weight classes (Heavyweight and Light(er)weight) set by Broughton’s Rules governing prize fights (in 1738).
Primary source: The History of Modern Day Weight Categories (as edited by BoxRec Wikipedia Editors)--Boxing Press, Editor in Chief, Greg Goodrich; International Boxing Research Organization
| Flyweight |
What animal is used to participate in 'The Sport of Kings'? | List of Boxing Weight Classes | eHow
List of Boxing Weight Classes
Jamie McCarthy/Getty Images Entertainment/Getty Images
The World Boxing Council, World Boxing Association, World Boxing Organization and International Boxing Federation govern 17 weight classes at the professional level of this sport. Class names vary somewhat and the weight limits range from 105 pounds in the lightest category to unlimited in the heaviest. On the amateur side, the Olympic tournaments feature 10 weight classes ranging from the lightest, with a 46-kg limit, to an unlimited class.
Mini Flyweight/Strawweight/Minimumweight
The is the lightest boxing weight at the professional level at 105 pounds, or 47.627 kilograms. The IBF and WBO call this the Mini Flyweight Division. The WBC refers to it as the Strawweight and the WBA calls it Minimumweight.
Junior Flyweight/Light Flyweight
Next is the 108-lb. or 48.988-kg. division -- called Junior Flyweight (WBO, IBF) or the Light Flyweight (WBA, WBC). In the Olympics, the lightest class is Light Flyweight with a 46-to-49-kg. limit.
Flyweight
This is the universally recognized name for the 112-lb. class, or 50.802-kg. In the Olympics, this class limit is 52 kg.
Super Flyweight/Junior Bantamweight
The next highest professional class is 115 lbs. or 52.163 kg. -- called Super Flyweight (WBA, WBC) or Junior Bantamweight (IBF and WBO).
Bantamweight
This is the universally recognized name for the 118-lb. or 53.525-kg. class. In the Olympics, this class limit is 54 kg.
Super Bantamweight/Light Featherweight
The next highest professional level is 122 lbs. or 55.225 kg. -- called the Super Bantamweight (WBA, WBC) or Light Featherweight (IBF, WBO).
Featherweight
This is the universally recognized name for the 126-lb. or 57.153-kg. professional class.
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Super Featherweight/Junior Lightweight
The next heaviest professional weight is 130 lbs. or 58.967 kg. -- called Super Featherweight (WBA/WBC) or Junior Lightweight (WBO/IBF).
Lightweight
This is the universally recognized name for the 135-lb. or 61.235-kg. class. In the Olympics, this class limit is 60 kg.
Super Lightweight/Junior Welterweight
The next heaviest class is 140 lbs. or 63.503 kg. -- called Super Lightweight (WBA/WBC) or Junior Welterweight (WBO/IBF). In the Olympics, the Light Welterweight class limit is 64 kg.
Welterweight
This is the universally recognized name for the 147-lb. or 66.678-kg. class. In the Olympics, its limit is 69 kg.
Super Welterweight/Junior Middleweight
The next heaviest professional weight is 154 lbs. or 69.853 kg. -- called the Super Welterweight (WBA/WBC) or Junior Middleweight (WBO/IBF) class.
Middleweight
This is the universally recognized name for the 160-lb. or 72.574-kg. class. In the Olympics, its weight limit is 75 kg.
Super Middleweight
This professional class is 168 lbs. or 76.203 kg.
Light Heavyweight
This class is 175 lbs. or 79.378 kg. In the Olympics, its limit is 81 kg.
Cruiserweight/Junior Heavyweight
The second heaviest class is 200 lbs. or 90.892 kg. -- called Cruiserweight (WBA/WBC/IBF) or Junior Heavyweight (WBO). In the Olympics, 91 kg. is the Heavyweight class limit.
Heavyweight
This is the heaviest division, for boxers who weigh more than 200 lbs. or 90.892 kg. In the Olympics, the over-91-kg. class is called Super Heavyweight.
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In the English 'Grand National' what is the maximum number of horses allowed to run? | Grand National
Grand National
Updated on January 11, 2017
The Grand National is held annually at the Aintree racecourse in Liverpool, arguably it is the biggest test of horse and jockey in the world. The grueling four and a half mile course has thirty fences, many measuring more than seven foot. with a field of forty runners the race is one of England's biggest sporting spectacle.
Of the forty horses that start the race an average of just 30% will have the stamina to complete the course. On more than one occasion horses have been killed as they tackled the notorious fences. These deaths have led to animal rights campaigners calling for the race to be banned.
The Grand National race is watched by over 500 million people worldwide on television, making it more popular than the NFL Super Bowl and Formula 1 car racing. The race is particulaly popular in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, and the Far East.
2017 Grand National
The schedule is set for the Grand National Horse Race, also known as the National, with the official race date of Saturday 8th April, 2017. The race is an annual event held near Liverpool, England at Aintree Racecourse. This year's field promises to be as strong and entertaining as ever.
The three-day event begins on Thursday, 6th April, 2017, with Opening Day. The first day of the Aintree Festival features the The Aintree Hurdle and the Fox Hunters’ Steeple Chase. Several entertainment events are planned for the kickoff celebration Too.
The festivities continue on Friday 7th April with Ladies Day, which is a traditional event that features fashion and style from the female attendants. Various goody bags and prize giveaways for the ladies are part of the plan during this year's festivities. The focus on the ladies is not the only order of the day, of course. Every day of the championship extravaganza is a race day, as the Melling Steeple Chase is the featured race of the day. This has been a highly challenged event in the past few years and should be the same this year.
The Grand National Horse Race is finally run on Saturday 8th April and is the culmination of the week's schedule. The championship has a storied past among racehorse professionals and within the British culture. It is a specialized race industry that is native to the United Kingdom and enjoyed by everyone up to the Royal Family, who are not only big fans, but are horse owners themselves.
The Grand National Horse Race is an historic event dating back officially to 1839, though there were predecessors to the first official race, and it has been an iconic representation of United Kingdom sports very similar to its professional golf tournaments. The Aintree Racecourse is one of the most difficult courses in the world and provides an excellent course to test the best of the steeple chase racehorse class. The energy infused by the local city of Liverpool, with a population of over 400,000 and a surrounding urban area of over 800,000, will make this year's championship a major success and well worth attending.
Jockeys
Jockey Falls During Steeple Chase
Jockey A.P. McCoy falls during race
Grand National History
The Grand National is one of the oldest horse races in the world, it has been run each year since 1836 (Excluding the years during WW1 and WW2) the first winner of the race was a horse called 'The Duke'.
The international appeal of the race has seen a number of foreign breed horses triumph, most notable Irish horses have been the most successful in recent years, in 1938 the American horse 'Battleship' won the race, it should be no surprise to find out Battleship's father was the awesome racehorse 'Man O'War'. It should be noted that French breed horses have the worst record in the race, just one winner in the last one hundred years.
The race has also featured in a number of movies, the best known being the 1944 movie 'National Velvet' a fictional account of a young girl disguising herself as a male jockey to get a ride in the race, at that time women jockeys were not allowed to enter the National - the part was played by Liz Taylor, who once quipped that her best leading man was a Horse! Today women jockeys are allowed to enter, the best finish by a woman in the race was in 1994 when Rosemary Henderson came 5th.
The English Grand National is considered one of the biggest sporting events in the United Kingdom alongside the F.A. Cup, The All English Tennis Championship (Wimbledon) and the Ashes Test Series. Because of this status the Grand National has been added to the list of government 'Protected Sport Events' these events must be shown on terrestrial T.V. channels and the broadcast rights cannot be sold domestically to Satellite broadcasters like Sky, Setanta Or Cable Channels.
Full List Of Protected Sporting Events In The United Kingdom
The Grand National
The Derby
Olympic Games
It's remarkable to think now that the Grand National could have been omitted from the list. In 1973 the Grand National race was in serious trouble, under-investment at Aintree Grand National course meant that crowd numbers had dwindled to an at time low, and the owners of the course where looking to sell it off the land to a local property developer.
In 1973 the course was sold to the developer Bill Davies, who promised to keep the race running. The first National under Davies ownership saw admission prices to the Aintree course tripled, many in the press speculated that 1973 would be the last running of the great race.
Indeed, without the intervention of English bookmakers 'Ladbrokes' the 1973 race could have been the last. Ladbrokes started a campaign in that year to keep the race running, eventually Ladbrokes took over the running of the race and improved the course and facilities. It is doubtful if the motives for securing the future of the race where entirely altruistic on the part of Ladbrokes, when you consider a quarter of the U.K. population bet on the Grand National annually.
Grand National Legends
As you can imagine as race with a history as long as the Grand Nationals has thrown up more than it's fair share of horse racing legends. Featured below are just a few of the amazing horse's who gone down in racing folklore.
Red Rum
Red Rum or 'Rummy' as he was affectionately known is without doubt or argument the greatest of all Grand National runners. He's historical three wins has never been bettered and even when the handicapper loaded the top weight of twelve stone on Red Rum in the 1974 race he still left the rest of the field trailing in his wake.
Along with his historic three wins, Rummie also finish in second place twice in the National, on those occasions the ground on the day did not suit him. Red Rum's achievements earned him a place as the UK's most loved horse, although Red Rum was actually Irish! His Grand National racing career ended in 1977 (he was entered into the National in '78 and '79 but injury forced him to withdraw) Red Rum continued to enjoy his celebrity status long after his racing career finished, he even appeared on the BBC's Sports Personality Of The Year T.V. show and made personal appearance's at charity events and had the honour of leading out the runners to the parade ground at Aintree on many occasions.
In October 1995 Red Rum died at the age of thirty, a bronze statue has been erected at Aintree in his honour, fittingly Rummie is buried at his favourite place... The finishing post at Aintree!
Foinavon
The exact opposite of Red Rum, Foinavon was the least likey winner in the history of the Grand National. This notoriously laid back horse won the 1967 Grand National after every runner fell!
Foinavon was so laid back that during one race he stopped to graze on a fence. Which may account for the bookmakers quoting him as 100/1 chance on the day of the race! So badly rated was Foinavon that his owner didn't even attend the Grand National and missed out on horse's moment of glory.
We all remember the fable of the Tortoise and the Hare, and in 1967 Foinaon proved that slow and steady really does win the race! At the start of the race in '67 many of the fancied horses took off at a tremendous pace, leaving the plucky Foinavon well behind the leading pack.
After the first few fences 'Popham Down' another unfancied horse unseated his rider and continued to run without the jockey on-board. By fence 23 Popham Down was running wildly ahead of the leading pack, just as the pack attempted to jump the fence Popham ran in front of them causing a huge pile up of horses.
Nearly all the runners fell in the ensuing melee, apart from one horse at the very back of the field, Foinavon who's jockey ( John Buckingham) had the advantage of seeing the pile up a long time before reaching it, Buckingham skillfully pulled Foinavon around the carnage and jumped the fence cleanly, Foinavon and Buckingham then began the long run for the finishing post, even with a huge lead in the race Foinavon was nearly caught in the final furlongs by a horse who had fallen, been remounted and continued to run the course. In the end Foinavon had just enough in the tank to complete the most remarkable victory in the National. In honour of the victory fence 23 was renamed 'Foinavon'
You can view the amazing 1967 Grand National below.
Foinavons Victory In 67
Devon Loch
We move from one of the luckiest Grand National winners of all time (Foinavon) to one of the unluckiest losers 'Devon Loch'. The 1956 Grand National saw HM Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother horse Devon Loch entered into the famous race, the Royal Family have been keen supporters of racing in the U.K. and that's why racing is still known today as the sport of Kings.
Dick Francis, who went on to become a famous Author was the jockey on-board Devon Loch. Dick and Devon put in a near flawless run that day clearing all the 30 fences cleanly, before headed into the final furlongs well ahead of the nearest second placed horse 'E.S.B' ridden by Dave Dick. As Devon Loch approached the finishing post the horse suddenly and without reason appeared to jump into the air and then collapsed in a heap on the turf! E.S.B. flew past Devon Loch and won the '56 National as jockey Dick Francis tried desperately to get the horse back on track.
Many theories have been put forward as to why the horse collapsed in such dramatic fashion, at first it was rumour that Devon Loch had suffered a heart attack. However, the Aintree course vet ruled this out. Dick Francis maintains to this day that the cause of the collapse was the immense noise made by the crowd in the home straight as it became clear to the punters on course that the Queen Mother was going to get her first National winner! It may seem strange to younger generations but the Queen Mother was a hugely loved and respected by the general public and particularly those who shared her passion for horse racing.
You will often hear sports commentators refer to teams or sportsmen 'Doing A Devon Loch' is used as a metaphor used to explain sudden or last minutes failures. The Queen Mother who was at Aintree to witness the events that day reportedly turn to an aid and said "Oh, that's racing". Some years later the Queen Mother met the winning jockey Dave Dick and enquired "What did you think when my horse fell down?" to which Dave Dick replied "I was absolutely delighted, Ma'am," It's goes without saying that he never got a Knighthood!
Bob Champion and Aldaniti
True sporting legends are usually made, not born. A few greats have been destined for fame since birth though. Bob Champion is one of these natural-born legends, but his courage and dedication are the qualities for which he is most admired.
Champion, born in Yorkshire, England in 1948, was surrounded by riders and hunters from the very beginning. His father was an avid huntsman who took young Bob riding frequently. These early experiences instilled in him the love of horses and riding that would eventually carry him to a Grand National championship.
At only 15 years old, Bob Champion won his first horse race. After his initial taste of victory, he continued to race on the National Hunt circuit. His special way with the horses continued to win him races, as well as respect. He also proved to have a special way with women. His tempestuous love affairs were well-known and sometimes amusing to those around him.
Champion tried his luck racing in America and continued to enjoy success. His career eventually took him back to Britain, where he had dreams of winning the Grand National. He raced in the Grand National eight times after returning to Britain, always keeping his eyes on the big prize. However, his career and life took a major detour on the way to fulfilling his dreams.
In 1979, Bob Champion was diagnosed with testicular cancer. In true Champion fashion, Bob refused to believe that his doctors were correct. He stubbornly insisted that there was a mistake in the diagnosis.
The diagnosis wasn't wrong. Doctors gave Champion a maximum of eight months to live, with only a 40 percent chance of survival. Things looked grim, but he was given a second chance. An extremely aggressive program of chemotherapy, if begun immediately, might just beat the odds. Champion agreed to begin the treatment the very same day.
Most people who have been diagnosed with cancer and told that they will most likely die within months would take some time away from work. Not Bob Champion. He returned to training and racing while still in treatment and set his sights on winning the 1980 Grand National.
Unfortunately, Champion's treatment had not been easy on his body. A large-scale infection nearly claimed his life and he was forced to put off his Grand National ambitions temporarily.
Champion was soon recovering from his various hardships and back in training. In 1981, he rode Aldaniti in the Grand National. The two were a perfect pair: both hard-working, stubborn and recovering from serious health problems. Champion's cancer and Aldaniti's three leg injuries caused almost everyone to speculate that the team wouldn't get near the winner's circle.
The two survivors melded on the Aintree Racecourse that April day in 1981. Their victory is one of the most memorable and emotional moments ever to be recorded in horse racing. Coming in four-and-a-half lengths ahead of the competition, Champion and Aldaniti beat the odds and made history.
After his Grand National championship, Bob Champion continued to race and win until 1983. By that time, he had approximately 500 wins to his credit. After leaving racing, he focused his energy on training horses and running the Bob Champion Cancer Trust. The charity has raised millions of pounds for cancer research and Champion continues to raise funds for it to this day.
Although Aldaniti died in 1997 and Bob Champion retired from training horses in 1999, they are both legends of the horse racing world. Their legacy is a sense of hope for all those who follow in their paths. They taught us that, even when things look desperate, success is just over the next fence for those who choose to make the jump.
How To Spot A National Winner
Many people think that it's very difficult to pick a Grand National winner. After all, the race is four miles long with over 30 fences and has forty horses competing. Surely this race is more about pure luck than jockey skill or horse ability.
This is the public perception of the race, in fact the seeming unpredictability nature the race is one of the reason it's so popular with the general public. For many people betting on the Grand National is the only time in the year that they wager money on horse racing. Generally the people who bet on this race do not study racing form, have no knowledge about the quality of the horses running and most will bet on a horse whose name means something to them or they will randomly select a horse using the time honoured method of closing their eyes and sticking a pin the newspaper!
People use these methods because the common misconception is that the Grand National is more of a lottery than a horse race. This couldn't be further from the truth! If you take a look at type of horses that actually win the race you start to see a very familiar pattern. Using this pattern of past winners you can discount nearly three quarters of the runners instantly, that's right! Nearly three quarters of the field has absolutely no chance of winning.
You might ask how you can discount so many runners instantly? Well, lets take a look at the record books and see what type of horse's haven't won the Grand National in the last 20 years.
French Horses ~ Only one French horse has won the National for 100 years! Mon Mome in 2009 (100/1)
American Horses ~ No American winner in the last 20 years!
Young Horses ~ No horse younger than 8 has won in the last 20 years!
Weight ~ Only 1 winner carrying more than 11 stone in the last 20 years!
Odds ~ Only 2 winners lower than 10/1 odds in the last 20 years!
So now you know what kind of horses to avoid, lets take a look at the type of horse which have won in the last 20 years.
Irish Horses ~ The Irish take few things in life as seriously as horse racing, so look for Irish owned and breed horses, especially those of J.P. McManus.
Long Distance Experience ~ The National is a massively long run for any horse, only look the runners with experience and wins over 3+ miles
Watch The Weight ~ Horses carrying around between 10 and 11 stone have the best chance of winning
If you apply the above tips to this years runners you will only be left with about 10 horses which fit the bill. If you bet on one of the ten horses each~way, then you will get a return even if it comes in 4th, dramatically increasing you chances of picking a winner.
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What is the name of the trophy given to the winner of the ladies singles at Wimbledon? | Grand National Entries
RES 1) BISHOPS ROAD (IRE) 8-10-03 Alan Halsall Kerry Lee
RES 2) KNOCK HOUSE (IRE) 7-10-03 Tim Radford Mick Channon
RES 3) PERFECT CANDIDATE (IRE) 9-10-02 ISL Recruitment Fergal O'Brien
RES 4) MAGGIO (FR) 11-10-02 Douglas Pryde/James Beaumont Patrick Griffin IRE
Historically, the allocation of weights for the Grand National marked a pivotal point for the prospects of trainers, jockeys and owners. It has cleared the path to big-race glory or produced a burden too heavy to overcome.
Unlike the other most prestigious steeplechase of the year, the Cheltenham Gold Cup, the Grand National is a handicap race. This means horses carry differing weights according to their previous form. The idea behind a handicap is to make for a more even race - the handicapper's ultimate (though in practice unfeasible) aim is for all of the horses to pass the winning post in a dead heat.
The Grand National is the only race in which the British Horseracing Authority�s Head of Handicapping Phil Smith can use his discretion to determine the weight each horse will carry and can deviate from the normal handicap ratings.
The "best" horse in the race is given the top weight (about 11st 10lb) and the weights allotted to the other horses are set in relation to this. This means if the top-weighted horse drops out, the weights of the other competitors may alter but will not change in relation to each other.
Even if a horse is allotted a weight of 8st 12lbs, it must carry 10 stone as this is the required minimum. This means some horses will be carrying possibly a stone more than they should be (known as being out of the handicap) and this disadvantage should suggest they are likely to perform less well than their rivals. Many punters will automatically put a line through horses who are out of the handicap. However, as the quality of the horses running in the race has improved in recent times, few horses if any are having to run off anything other than their current mark.
In allocating a weight to each horse, handicapper Phil Smith must take a variety of factors into account, including form - a horse's recent and previous performances - and the course: the so-called 'Aintree Factor' - does the horse like the track and is he proven over long trips?
The final field is determined by each contender's rating, with the highest-weighted horses given preference in a maximum field of 40.
Until Many Clouds last year, no horse had won the National carrying more than 11st 7lb since Red Rum's record third victory, under 11st 8lb, in 1977. However, whilst in the 25 runnings between 1984 and 2009 only one winner (Hedgehunter in 2005) carried more than 11st, the win in 2010 of Don't Push It carrying 11st 5lb clearly heralded a change in this trend. Many Clouds shouldered 11st 9lbs.
Indeed, five of the last seven winners have carried at least 11st, and there is a widespread view, gaining popularity, that horses at the top of the handicap are no longer at such a big disadvantage, in part due to a new formula for handicapping the National which was devised in 2001 and has essentially compressed the handicap, decreasing the gap between the top-weighted and lowest-weighted horses and creating a more competitive race.
According to Phil Smith: "Looking back over the history of the race, we realised that the highly weighted horses had a moderate record, so we thought something needed to be done to try to not overburden the better horses."
Some 15 years ago, the Grand National field was still largely made up of horses out of the handicap and therefore carrying the minimum 10st weight - on the final racecard these could sometimes account for 70% of the field. But, as we've already said, in the past few years, every horse has got into the handicap proper. In 1999, the lowest-rated horse in the race had an official rating of 110; in the 2011 renewal, the lowest-rated horse, Golden Kite, has a rating of 135. In other words, the quality of the field increased by 25lbs in that 11 year period. Last year's bottom weights had a mark of 139.
The result is that the top weighted horses will now have only a few pounds more than most of their rivals and will be giving no more than a stone and a half to any runner - a far cry from a century ago, when Manifesto, the 1897 and 1899 winner, gave 48lb to some horses in the 1900 race.
All of this means that shouldering a burden of 11st or more - previously considered insurmountable - is no longer the task it used to be. When Hedgehunter carried 11st 1lb in 2005, he was the first National winner to carry over 11st in 22 years. But 2009 winner, Mon Mome, carried 11st to win the race in a year in which the top four horses all carried 11st or more, whilst the 2010 winner - Don't Push It - carried 11st 5lb and the runner-up - Black Apalachi - carried 11st 6lb.
In a single, idiosyncratic race like the National, there will always be outsiders. But it is likely that Aintree has seen the last of winners such as Bobbyjo who, carrying 10st in 1999 and racing from 14lbs out of the handicap, streaked to victory by 10 lengths. In fact, the recent dramatic increase in the quality of horses taking part means Bobbyjo wouldn't have made the starting line in any of the past 10 runnings. According to Smith: "Weight is important but it's not the be all and end all, it's just the trainers who think it is."
Thus, whilst Red Rum remains the last horse to win the Grand National off top weight (and the first since the 1930s), it may not be long before that achievement is repeated � 2013 winner, Neptune Collonges, was the fifth top weight, whilst only former Gold Cup winner Lord Windamere had more weight than Many Clouds last season.
As sporting sights go, few can match the sheer excitement of 40 horses thundering towards the first fence at Aintree in the Grand National
© Where To Bet Ltd 2004-16 (contact us: [email protected])
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Where were the 2008 Olympic Games held? | Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics - results & video highlights
Official Reports arrow
Records tumble
Beijing was the Games of records and superlatives. The Opening Ceremony was unforgettable; the athletes’ achievements were astonishing, the organisation was excellent; the venues breathtaking and the anti-doping tests were stricter. Several hundred million watched worldwide on TV as more than 40 world records and over 130 Olympic records were broken.
Modern and ancient
The National Stadium, nick-named the “Bird’s Nest”, and the National Swimming Centre, known as the “Water Cube”, were both stunning symbols of the new Beijing. In cycling, the road race followed the Great Wall and passed in front of the “Forbidden City” - two symbols of the thousand-year-old history of the city.
First medals
A record 204 National Olympic Committees took part in the Games. Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Mauritius and Togo all experienced podium finishes for the first time. However Mongolia and Panama managed to go one better with their athletes bringing home their country’s first Olympic gold.
Memorable champions
There were many memorable champions but it was Michael Phelps and Usain Bolt who stole the headlines. Phenomenal US swimmer Michael Phelps bettered Mark Spitz’s achievement at the 1972 Munich Games by claiming eight swimming golds and the incredible Jamaican sprinter Usain Bolt broke both the 100m and 200m world records and claimed a third gold and record with the Jamaican 4 x 100m relay team.
NOCs: 204
Athletes: 10,942 (4,637 women, 6,305 men)
Events: 302
Volunteers: 100,000 (70,000 Olympic Games, 30,000 Paralympic Games)
Media: 24,562 accredited media representing 159 countries
New events at the Games: the 10km swimming marathon and BMX
Dutchman Maarten Van Der Weijden won the men’s 10km marathon, while in the women’s race, the title went to Russia’s Larisa Ilchenko.
In BMX – short for Bicycle Moto Cross – it was France’s Anne-Caroline Chausson who became the first Olympic champion. For the men, this honour went to Latvia’s Maris Strombergs.
First Olympic medals and titles
Two hundred and four National Olympic Committees (NOCs) took part in the Beijing Olympic Games - a record! Some 87 of them celebrated their medal-winning athletes. For some NOCs, it was the first time that one of their representatives had won a medal or was crowned Olympic champion: Tajikistan won its first medals thanks to Rasul Boqiev in the judo and Yusup Abdusalomov in the wrestling; Afghanistan stepped up on to the podium thanks to Rohullah Nikpai in taekwondo; Badar-Uugan Enkhbat in boxing and Tuvshinbayar Naidan in judo were the first athletes from Mongolia to win a gold medal at the Olympic Games; just like Bahrain with Rachid Ramzy in athletics. For the African continent, Bruno Julie in boxing and Benjamin Boukpeti in canoe/kayak offered Mauritius and Togo respectively their first Olympic medals, while Panama took its first gold medal in athletics.
The oldest world record smashed in swimming
The women’s 800m record had been held by Janet Evans (USA) for almost 20 years. But in Beijing, Great Britain’s Rebecca Adlington smashed this record, which had been set in 1989 when she was only six months old. In 2008, in the 800m final, Rebecca Adlington improved on the previous time by more than two seconds, with a new time of 8:14.10. She took the gold medal in the 800m and in the 400m, and became the first British gold medallist in women’s swimming since 1960.
The oldest and the youngest participant in the Games
In Beijing, almost 50 years separated the oldest from the youngest athlete: Japanese horse rider Hiroshi Hoketsu took part in his third Olympic Games at the age of 67, whilst Cameroon swimmer, Antoinette Joyce Guedia Mouafo participated in the Games for the first time at the tender age of 12.
Age is not necessarily a disadvantage
With his ninth participation in the Games and at the age of 61, Canada’s Ian Millar won his first medal in the team jumping event. At 33, and with her fifth participation in the Games, Germany’s Oxsana Chusovitina won the silver medal in artistic gymnastics, while US swimmer Dara Torres took three silver medals at the age of 41.
Ultramodern sports facilities and thousand-year old history
The National Stadium, re-named the “Bird’s Nest”, and the National Swimming Centre, known as the “Water Cube”, were avant-garde models of sports architecture and the symbols of the new Beijing.
In cycling, for the road race, the organisers chose to follow the Great Wall and pass in front of the “Forbidden City” - two symbols of the thousand-year-old history of the city.
Thirty-seven venues, six of which were outside Beijing, hosted the competitions: namely Hong Kong for the equestrian events and Qingdao for the sailing; and Tianjin, Shanghai, Qinhuangdao and Shenyang for the football matches. Six of the sports facilities located on the city’s university campuses will be used by students after the Games.
Ceremonies
Beijing, 8 August, 2008, Opening Ceremony of the Games of the XXIXe Olympiad. The last runner of the Olympic Torch relay Li Ning prepares to light the Olympic cauldron.
Official opening of the Games by:
President of the People's Republic of China Hu Jintao
Lighting the Olympic Flame by:
Li Ning (artistic gymnastics)
Official Oath by:
Huang Liping (gymnastics)
The official emblem of Beijing 2008 entitled "Chinese Seal-Dancing Beijing" cleverly combines the Chinese seal and the art of calligraphy with sporting features, transforming the elements into a human figure running forward and embracing triumph. The figure resembles the Chinese character "Jing", which stands for the name of the host city and represents a particularly significant Chinese style. The artwork embodies four messages: * Chinese culture, * the color of red China * Beijing welcomes friends from all over the world * to challenge the extreme and achieve the perfect and promote the Olympic motto of "Citius, Altius, Fortius (Faster, Higher, Stronger).
For the first time jade is used for the Beijing Olympic medals. The medals have been designed with inspiration coming from "bi", China's ancient jade piece inscribed with a dragon pattern. The medals symbolise nobility and virtue and are the embodiment of traditional Chinese values of ethics and honour, emitting a strong Chinese flavour. The winners’ medal is made of gold weighing not less than six grammes each. The medal for the runner-up is made of pure silver. Noble and elegant, the medals are a blending of traditional Chinese culture and Olympism. On their obverse side, the medals reflect the Greek character of the Olympic Games: the goddess of victory Nike pictured in the Panathinaikos Stadium. While on their reverse side, the medals are inlaid with jade with the Beijing Games emblem engraved in the metal centrepiece. The design inspiration of the medal hook derives from jade "huang", a ceremonial jade piece decorated with a double dragon pattern and "Pu", the reed mat pattern.
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Bei Jing Huan Ying Nin
Each name rhymes by repeating the same syllable: a traditional Chinese way of showing affection to children. Linking the five names forms the sentence “Welcome to Beijing” (Bei Jing Huan Ying Nin). The mascots form the “Fuwa”, which translates as “good-luck dolls”.
Number of torchbearers: 21 800 including 630 in Greece
Total distance: 137 000 km including 1 528 in Greece and 97 000 in continental China
Countries crossed: Almaty, Istanbul, St. Petersburg, London, Paris, San Francisco, Buenos Aires, Dar es Salaam, Muscat, Islamabad, New Delhi, Bangkok, Kuala Lumpur, Jakarta, Canberra, Nagano, Seoul, Pyongyang, Ho Chi Minh City, Macao. The 2008 Olympic Flame also reached the summit of Mount Everest
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The “Official Report of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games” was published in English as a four-volume set. A French version exists, but this was published only in electronic form. The set consists of three printed volumes (Bid documents and analysis; Ceremonies and competitions; Preparation for the Games) and a multimedia volume, which had now become standard. This contained a CD-ROM and four DVDs, featuring the results, films of the Opening and Closing Ceremonies and key documents.
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How many singles titles did Billie Jean King win at Wimbledon? | Olympic Games | Britannica.com
Olympic Games
Beijing 2008 Olympic Games: Mount Olympus Meets the Middle Kingdom
Olympic Games, athletic festival that originated in ancient Greece and was revived in the late 19th century. Before the 1970s the Games were officially limited to competitors with amateur status, but in the 1980s many events were opened to professional athletes. Currently the Games are open to all, even the top professional athletes in basketball and football (soccer). The ancient Olympic Games included several of the sports that are now part of the Summer Games program, which at times has included events in as many as 32 different sports . In 1924 the Winter Games were sanctioned for winter sports. The Olympic Games have come to be regarded as the world’s foremost sports competition .
Opening ceremonies, Moscow Olympics, 1980.
AFP/Getty Images
The ancient Olympic Games
Origins
Just how far back in history organized athletic contests were held remains a matter of debate, but it is reasonably certain that they occurred in Greece almost 3,000 years ago. However ancient in origin, by the end of the 6th century bce at least four Greek sporting festivals, sometimes called “classical games,” had achieved major importance: the Olympic Games, held at Olympia ; the Pythian Games at Delphi ; the Nemean Games at Nemea; and the Isthmian Games , held near Corinth . Later, similar festivals were held in nearly 150 cities as far afield as Rome , Naples , Odessus, Antioch , and Alexandria .
Overview of the first Olympic Games, which were held in Olympia, Greece.
Contunico © ZDF Enterprises GmbH, Mainz
Of all the games held throughout Greece, the Olympic Games were the most famous. Held every four years between August 6 and September 19, they occupied such an important place in Greek history that in late antiquity historians measured time by the interval between them—an Olympiad. The Olympic Games, like almost all Greek games, were an intrinsic part of a religious festival. They were held in honour of Zeus at Olympia by the city-state of Elis in the northwestern Peloponnese . The first Olympic champion listed in the records was Coroebus of Elis, a cook, who won the sprint race in 776 bce. Notions that the Olympics began much earlier than 776 bce are founded on myth , not historical evidence. According to one legend , for example, the Games were founded by Heracles , son of Zeus and Alcmene.
Competition and status
Asian Games
At the meeting in 776 bce there was apparently only one event, a footrace that covered one length of the track at Olympia, but other events were added over the ensuing decades. The race, known as the stade , was about 192 metres (210 yards) long. The word stade also came to refer to the track on which the race was held and is the origin of the modern English word stadium. In 724 bce a two-length race, the diaulos, roughly similar to the 400-metre race, was included, and four years later the dolichos, a long-distance race possibly comparable to the modern 1,500- or 5,000-metre events, was added. Wrestling and the pentathlon were introduced in 708 bce. The latter was an all-around competition consisting of five events—the long jump, the javelin throw, the discus throw, a footrace, and wrestling.
Boxing was introduced in 688 bce and chariot racing eight years later. In 648 bce the pancratium (from Greek pankration), a kind of no-holds-barred combat, was included. This brutal contest combined wrestling, boxing, and street fighting. Kicking and hitting a downed opponent were allowed; only biting and gouging (thrusting a finger or thumb into an opponent’s eye) were forbidden. Between 632 and 616 bce events for boys were introduced. And from time to time further events were added, including a footrace in which athletes ran in partial armour and contests for heralds and for trumpeters. The program, however, was not nearly so varied as that of the modern Olympics. There were neither team games nor ball games, and the athletics (track and field) events were limited to the four running events and the pentathlon mentioned above. Chariot races and horse racing, which became part of the ancient Games, were held in the hippodrome south of the stadium.
Men wrestling, detail of an ancient Greek cup, by Epictetus, c. 520 bc; in the Agora Museum, …
© Gianni Dagli Orti/Corbis
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In the early centuries of Olympic competition, all the contests took place on one day; later the Games were spread over four days, with a fifth devoted to the closing-ceremony presentation of prizes and a banquet for the champions. In most events the athletes participated in the nude. Through the centuries scholars have sought to explain this practice. Theories have ranged from the eccentric (to be nude in public without an erection demonstrated self-control) to the usual anthropological, religious, and social explanations, including the following: (1) nudity bespeaks a rite of passage, (2) nudity was a holdover from the days of hunting and gathering , (3) nudity had, for the Greeks, a magical power to ward off harm, and (4) public nudity was a kind of costume of the upper class. Historians grasp at dubious theories because, in Judeo-Christian society, to compete nude in public seems odd, if not scandalous. Yet ancient Greeks found nothing shameful about nudity, especially male nudity. Therefore, the many modern explanations of Greek athletic nudity are in the main unnecessary.
The Olympic Games
The Olympic Games were technically restricted to freeborn Greeks. Many Greek competitors came from the Greek colonies on the Italian peninsula and in Asia Minor and Africa . Most of the participants were professionals who trained full-time for the events. These athletes earned substantial prizes for winning at many other preliminary festivals, and, although the only prize at Olympia was a wreath or garland, an Olympic champion also received widespread adulation and often lavish benefits from his home city.
Women and the Olympic Games
Although there were no women’s events in the ancient Olympics, several women appear in the official lists of Olympic victors as the owners of the stables of some victorious chariot entries. In Sparta, girls and young women did practice and compete locally. But, apart from Sparta, contests for young Greek women were very rare and probably limited to an annual local footrace. At Olympia, however, the Herean festival, held every four years in honour of the goddess Hera , included a race for young women, who were divided into three age groups. Yet the Herean race was not part of the Olympics (they took place at another time of the year) and probably was not instituted before the advent of the Roman Empire. Then for a brief period girls competed at a few other important athletic venues .
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The 2nd-century-ce traveler Pausanias wrote that women were banned from Olympia during the actual Games under penalty of death. Yet he also remarked that the law and penalty had never been invoked . His account later incongruously stated that unmarried women were allowed as Olympic spectators. Many historians believe that a later scribe simply made an error copying this passage of Pausanias’s text here. Nonetheless, the notion that all or only married women were banned from the Games endured in popular writing on the topic, though the evidence regarding women as spectators remains unclear.
Demise of the Olympics
Greece lost its independence to Rome in the middle of the 2nd century bce, and support for the competitions at Olympia and elsewhere fell off considerably during the next century. The Romans looked on athletics with contempt—to strip naked and compete in public was degrading in their eyes. The Romans realized the political value of the Greek festivals, however, and Emperor Augustus staged games for Greek athletes in a temporary wooden stadium erected near the Circus Maximus in Rome and instituted major new athletic festivals in Italy and in Greece. Emperor Nero was also a keen patron of the festivals in Greece, but he disgraced himself and the Olympic Games when he entered a chariot race , fell off his vehicle, and then declared himself the winner anyway.
Romans neither trained for nor participated in Greek athletics. Roman gladiator shows and team chariot racing were not related to the Olympic Games or to Greek athletics. The main difference between the Greek and Roman attitudes is reflected in the words each culture used to describe its festivals: for the Greeks they were contests (agōnes), while for the Romans they were games (ludi). The Greeks originally organized their festivals for the competitors, the Romans for the public. One was primarily competition, the other entertainment. The Olympic Games were finally abolished about 400 ce by the Roman emperor Theodosius I or his son because of the festival’s pagan associations.
The modern Olympic movement
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Revival of the Olympics
The ideas and work of several people led to the creation of the modern Olympics. The best-known architect of the modern Games was Pierre, baron de Coubertin , born in Paris on New Year’s Day, 1863. Family tradition pointed to an army career or possibly politics, but at age 24 Coubertin decided that his future lay in education, especially physical education. In 1890 he traveled to England to meet Dr. William Penny Brookes , who had written some articles on education that attracted the Frenchman’s attention. Brookes also had tried for decades to revive the ancient Olympic Games, getting the idea from a series of modern Greek Olympiads held in Athens starting in 1859. The Greek Olympics were founded by Evangelis Zappas, who, in turn, got the idea from Panagiotis Soutsos , a Greek poet who was the first to call for a modern revival and began to promote the idea in 1833. Brookes’s first British Olympiad, held in London in 1866, was successful, with many spectators and good athletes in attendance. But his subsequent attempts met with less success and were beset by public apathy and opposition from rival sporting groups. Rather than give up, in the 1880s Brookes began to argue for the founding of international Olympics in Athens.
When Coubertin sought to confer with Brookes about physical education, Brookes talked more about Olympic revivals and showed him documents relating to both the Greek and the British Olympiads. He also showed Coubertin newspaper articles reporting his own proposal for international Olympic Games. On November 25, 1892, at a meeting of the Union des Sports Athlétiques in Paris, with no mention of Brookes or these previous modern Olympiads, Coubertin himself advocated the idea of reviving the Olympic Games, and he propounded his desire for a new era in international sport when he said:
Let us export our oarsmen, our runners, our fencers into other lands. That is the true Free Trade of the future; and the day it is introduced into Europe the cause of Peace will have received a new and strong ally.
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He then asked his audience to help him in “the splendid and beneficent task of reviving the Olympic Games.” The speech did not produce any appreciable activity, but Coubertin reiterated his proposal for an Olympic revival in Paris in June 1894 at a conference on international sport attended by 79 delegates representing 49 organizations from 9 countries. Coubertin himself wrote that, except for his coworkers Dimítrios Vikélas of Greece, who was to be the first president of the International Olympic Committee, and Professor William M. Sloane of the United States, from the College of New Jersey (later Princeton University), no one had any real interest in the revival of the Games. Nevertheless, and to quote Coubertin again, “a unanimous vote in favour of revival was rendered at the end of the Congress chiefly to please me.”
It was at first agreed that the Games should be held in Paris in 1900. Six years seemed a long time to wait, however, and it was decided (how and by whom remains obscure) to change the venue to Athens and the date to April 1896. A great deal of indifference, if not opposition, had to be overcome, including a refusal by the Greek prime minister to stage the Games at all. But when a new prime minister took office, Coubertin and Vikélas were able to carry their point, and the Games were opened by the king of Greece in the first week of April 1896, on Greek Independence Day.
Organization
The International Olympic Committee
At the Congress of Paris in 1894, the control and development of the modern Olympic Games were entrusted to the International Olympic Committee (IOC; Comité International Olympique). During World War I Coubertin moved its headquarters to Lausanne , Switzerland, where they have remained. The IOC is responsible for maintaining the regular celebration of the Olympic Games, seeing that the Games are carried out in the spirit that inspired their revival, and promoting the development of sports throughout the world. The original committee in 1894 consisted of 14 members and Coubertin.
IOC members are regarded as ambassadors from the committee to their national sports organizations. They are in no sense delegates to the committee and may not accept, from the government of their country or from any organization or individual, any instructions that in any way affect their independence.
The IOC is a permanent organization that elects its own members. Reforms in 1999 set the maximum membership at 115, of whom 70 are individuals, 15 current Olympic athletes, 15 national Olympic committee presidents, and 15 international sports federation presidents. The members are elected to renewable eight-year terms, but they must retire at age 70. Term limits were also applied to future presidents.
The IOC elects its president for a period of eight years, at the end of which the president is eligible for reelection for further periods of four years each. The executive board of 15 members holds periodic meetings with the international federations and national Olympic committees. The IOC as a whole meets annually, and a meeting can be convened at any time that one-third of the members so request.
International Olympic Committee presidents
*The Winter Games were not held until 1924.
**Games were not held during World War I and World War II.
***From 1992 the Summer and Winter Games were held on a staggered two-year schedule.
Corruption
In December 1998 the sporting world was shocked by allegations of widespread corruption within the IOC . It was charged that IOC members had accepted bribes —in the form of cash, gifts, entertainment, business favours, travel expenses, medical expenses, and even college tuition for members’ children—from members of the committee that had successfully advanced the bid of Salt Lake City , Utah , as the site for the 2002 Winter Games. Accusations of impropriety were also alleged in the conduct of several previous bid committees. The IOC responded by expelling six committee members; several others resigned. In December 1999 an IOC commission announced a 50-point reform package covering the selection and conduct of the IOC members, the bid process, the transparency of financial dealings, the size and conduct of the Games, and drug regulation. The reform package also contained a number of provisions regulating the site-selection process and clarifying the obligations of the IOC, the bid cities, and the national Olympic committees. An independent IOC Ethics Commission also was established.
Political pressures
Because the Olympics take place on an international stage, it is not surprising that they have been plagued by the nationalism , manipulation, and propaganda associated with world politics. Attempts to politicize the Olympics were evident as early as the first modern Games at Athens in 1896, when the British compelled an Australian athlete to declare himself British. Other prominent examples of the politicization of the Games include the Nazi propaganda that pervaded the Berlin Games of 1936; the Soviet-Hungarian friction at the 1956 Games in Melbourne, Australia, which followed shortly after the U.S.S.R. had brutally suppressed a revolution in Hungary that year; the forbidden, unofficial, but prominent contests for “points” (medals counts) between the United States and the Soviet Union during the height of the Cold War; the controversy between China and Taiwan leading up to the 1976 Montreal Games; the manifold disputes resulting from South Africa ’s apartheid policy from 1968 to 1988; the U.S.-led boycott of the 1980 Moscow Games (in protest of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979), followed by the retaliatory boycott of the 1984 Los Angeles Games by the Soviet bloc; and, worst of all, the murder of Israeli athletes by terrorists at the 1972 Games in Munich , West Germany.
Even national politics has affected the Games, most notably in 1968 in Mexico City, where, shortly before the Games opened, Mexican troops fired upon Mexican students (killing hundreds) who were protesting government expenditures on the Olympics while the country had pressing social problems. Political tension within the United States also boiled to the top at Mexico City when African American athletes either boycotted the Games or staged demonstrations to protest continuing racism at home.
In the latter half of the 20th century, the IOC sought to more actively promote peace through sports. The IOC and relevant Olympic organizing committees worked with political leaders to allow the participation of former Yugoslav republics at the 1992 Games in Barcelona , Spain , as well as the participation of East Timorese and Palestinian athletes at the 2000 Games in Sydney , Australia . In 2000 the IOC revived and modernized the ancient Olympic truce, making it the focal point of its peace initiatives . (See Sidebar: The Olympic Truce .)
Commercialization
Commercialism has never been wholly absent from the Games, but two large industries have eclipsed all others—namely, television and makers of sports apparel, especially shoes. The IOC, organizing committees of the Olympic Games (OCOGs), and to some degree the international sport federations depend heavily on television revenues, and many of the best athletes depend on money from apparel endorsements. Vigorous bidding for the television rights began in earnest before the Rome Games in 1960; what have been called the “sneaker wars” started an Olympiad later in Tokyo.
The Los Angeles Games of 1984, however, ushered in a new Olympic era. In view of Montreal’s huge financial losses from the 1976 Olympics, Peter Ueberroth , head of the Los Angeles OCOG, sold exclusive “official sponsor” rights to the highest bidder in a variety of corporate categories. Now almost everything is commercialized with “official” items ranging from credit cards to beer. And while American decathlete Bill Toomey lost his Olympic eligibility in 1964 for endorsing a nutritional supplement, now athletes openly endorse allergy medicines and blue jeans.
National Olympic committees, international federations, and organizing committees
Each country that desires to participate in the Olympic Games must have a national Olympic committee accepted by the IOC. By the early 21st century, there were more than 200 such committees.
A national Olympic committee (NOC) must be composed of at least five national sporting federations, each affiliated with an appropriate international federation. The ostensible purpose of these NOCs is the development and promotion of the Olympic movement. NOCs arrange to equip, transport, and house their country’s representatives at the Olympic Games. According to the rules of the NOCs, they must be not-for-profit organizations, must not associate themselves with affairs of a political or commercial nature, and must be completely independent and autonomous as well as in a position to resist all political, religious, or commercial pressure.
For each Olympic sport there must be an international federation (IF), to which a requisite number of applicable national governing bodies must belong. The IFs promote and regulate their sport on an international level. Since 1986 they have been responsible for determining all questions of Olympic eligibility and competition in their sport. The International Federation of Rowing Associations was founded in 1892, even before the IOC. In 1912 Sigfrid Edström, later president of the IOC, founded the IF for athletics (track and field), the earliest of Olympic sports and perhaps the Games’ special focus. Because such sports as football (soccer) and basketball attract great numbers of participants and spectators in all parts of the world, their respective IFs possess great power and sometimes exercise it.
When the IOC awards the Olympic Games to a city, an organizing committee for the Olympic Games (OCOG) replaces the successful bid committee, often including many of that committee’s members. Although the IOC retains ultimate authority over all aspects of an Olympiad, the local OCOG has full responsibility for the festival, including finance, facilities, staffing, and accommodations.
In Paris in 1924, a number of cabins were built near the stadium to house visiting athletes; the complex was called “ Olympic Village .” But the first Olympic Village with kitchens, dining rooms, and other amenities was introduced at Los Angeles in 1932. Now each organizing committee provides such a village so that competitors and team officials can be housed together and fed at a reasonable price. Menus for each team are prepared in accord with its own national cuisine. Today, with so many athletes and venues, OCOGs may need to provide more than one village. The villages are located as close as possible to the main stadium and other venues and have separate accommodations for men and women. Only competitors and officials may live in the village, and the number of team officials is limited.
Programs and participation
The Olympic Games celebrate an Olympiad, or period of four years. The first Olympiad of modern times was celebrated in 1896, and subsequent Olympiads are numbered consecutively, even when no Games take place (as was the case in 1916, 1940, and 1944).
Olympic Winter Games have been held separately from the Games of the Olympiad (Summer Games) since 1924 and were initially held in the same year. In 1986 the IOC voted to alternate the Winter and Summer Games every two years, beginning in 1994. The Winter Games were held in 1992 and again in 1994 and thereafter every four years; the Summer Games maintained their original four-year cycle.
The maximum number of entries permitted for individual events is three per country. The number is fixed (but can be varied) by the IOC in consultation with the international federation concerned. In most team events only one team per country is allowed. In general, an NOC may enter only a citizen of the country concerned. There is no age limit for competitors unless one has been established by a sport’s international federation. No discrimination is allowed on grounds of “race,” religion, or political affiliation. The Games are contests between individuals and not between countries.
The Summer Olympic program includes the following sports: aquatics (including swimming, synchronized swimming, diving, and water polo), archery, athletics (track and field), badminton, basketball, boxing, canoeing and kayaking, cycling, equestrian sports, fencing, field hockey , football (soccer), golf, gymnastics (including artistic, rhythmic, and trampoline), team handball , judo, modern pentathlon, rowing, rugby , sailing (formerly yachting), shooting, table tennis, tae kwon do, tennis, triathlon, volleyball (indoor and beach), weightlifting, and wrestling. Women participate in all these sports, whereas men do not compete in synchronized swimming or rhythmic gymnastics. The Winter Olympic program includes sports played on snow or ice: biathlon, bobsledding, curling , ice hockey , ice skating (figure skating and speed skating), luge, skeleton (headfirst) sledding, skiing, ski jumping, and snowboarding. Athletes of either gender may compete in all these sports. An Olympic program must include national exhibitions and demonstrations of fine arts (architecture, literature, music, painting, sculpture, photography, and sports philately).
The particular events included in the different sports are a matter for agreement between the IOC and the international federations. In 2005 the IOC reviewed the summer sports program, and members voted to drop baseball and softball from the 2012 Games. While sports such as rugby and karate were considered, none won the 75 percent favourable vote needed for inclusion. In 2009 the IOC voted to add women’s boxing to the 2012 program, as well as golf and rugby sevens to the 2016 program. Baseball and softball were added back to the program for the 2020 Games, and karate, skateboarding, sport climbing, and surfing were also added.
To be allowed to compete, an athlete must meet the eligibility requirements as defined by the international body of the particular sport and also by the rules of the IOC.
Amateurism versus professionalism
In the final decades of the 20th century there was a shift in policy away from the IOC’s traditionally strict definition of amateur status. In 1971 the IOC decided to eliminate the term amateur from the Olympic Charter. Subsequently the eligibility rules were amended to permit “broken-time” payments to compensate athletes for time spent away from work during training and competition. The IOC also legitimized the sponsorship of athletes by NOCs, sports organizations, and private businesses. In 1984 some of the world’s best athletes were still banned from the Games because they competed for money , but in 1986 the IOC adopted rules that permit the international federation governing each Olympic sport to decide whether to permit professional athletes in Olympic competition. Professionals in ice hockey, tennis, soccer, and equestrian sports were permitted to compete in the 1988 Olympics, although their eligibility was subject to some restrictions. By the 21st century the presence of professional athletes at the Olympic Games was common.
Doping and drug testing
At the 1960 Rome Olympics, a Danish cyclist collapsed and died after his coach had given him amphetamines. Formal drug tests seemed necessary and were instituted at the 1968 Winter Games in Grenoble , France . There only one athlete was disqualified for taking a banned substance—beer. But in the 1970s and ′80s athletes tested positive for a variety of performance-enhancing drugs, and since the ′70s doping has remained the most difficult challenge facing the Olympic movement. As the fame and potential monetary gains for Olympic champions grew in the latter half of the 20th century, so too did the use of performance-enhancing drugs. Tests for anabolic steroids and other substances improved, but so did doping practices, with the design of new substances often a year or two ahead of the new tests. When 100-metre-sprint champion Ben Johnson of Canada tested positive for the drug stanozolol at the 1988 Summer Games in Seoul , South Korea, the world was shocked, and the Games themselves were tainted. To more effectively police doping practices, the IOC formed the World Anti-Doping Agency in 1999. There is now a long list of banned substances and a thorough testing process. Blood and urine samples are collected from athletes before and after competition and sent to a lab for testing. Positive tests for banned substances lead to disqualification, and athletes may be banned from competition for periods ranging from a year to life. Yet, despite the harsh penalties and threat of public humiliation, athletes continue to test positive for banned substances.
Ritual and symbolism
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At the 1968 Olympics, how many gold medals were won by Mark Spitz? | Mark SPITZ - Olympic Swimming | United States of America
Mark SPITZ
Olympic Games 1968 , 1972
Mark Spitz is one of the greatest swimmers of all time. He won seven gold medals at the 1972 Munich Games.
Prediction backfires
American Mark Spitz had brashly predicted that he would win six gold medals at the 1968 Mexico City Games. Although he did take home two gold medals from the relays, he performed well below expectations in his individual races. He was third in the 100m freestyle, second in the 100m butterfly and last in the final of the 200m butterfly.
Seven golds
At the 1972 Munich Games, Spitz was determined to make up for his below-par performances four years earlier. He did not disappoint. Over a period of eight days, Mark Spitz entered seven events, won all seven and set a world record in every one.
Long-lasting record
Mark Spitz held the record for most gold medals won at a single Olympic Games for 36 years. It was finally broken by American phenomenon Michael Phelps who won eight gold medals at the 2008 Beijing Games.
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Who beat Goran Ivanisevic to win the 1992 Wimbledon men's Final? | Mark Spitz | Jewish Virtual Library
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Mark Spitz is a Jewish American swimmer and eleven-time Olympic medalist, including a then-record seven golds at the 1972 games.
Mark Spitz has won seven gold medals and established many world records for swimming. At the 1972 Olympic Games in Munich , Germany, terrorists murdered eleven Israeli athletes and the world was elated over Spitz's achievements in swimming and simultaneously stunned and angered by the cold-blooded murder of the Jewish athletes . At those Munich summer games, American security guards quickly formed a shield of protection around Spitz since they were fearful that the terrorists might strike at him because he is Jewish. Spitz was angry and saddened by the loss of the Israeli athletes. However, he was too stunned and protected to do anything symbolic against the terrorists.
Spitz was the oldest of three children and was born on February 10, 1950. His parents, Lenore and Arnold Spitz, introduced him to swimming as soon as he could walk. When he was two years old, his father, a steel company executive, was transferred to Honolulu, Hawaii. Spitz swam at Waikiki Beach every day. "You should have seen that little boy dash into the ocean. He'd run like he was trying to commit suicide." Lenore Spitz told a reporter for TIME (April 12, 1968).
After a few years. the family moved back to California. Spitz's father was always teaching him about the importance of being first. At the age of 15, at the Maccabiah Games in Tel Aviv in August 1965, Spitz won four gold medals and was named the most outstanding athlete. This was the beginning of his long list of victories. By the spring of 1972. Spitz had set 23 world swimming records and 3 5 United States records. He won two gold medals, one silver medal and one bronze medal in the 1968 Olympics. Many expected him to do better, but a bad cold had prevented him from doing so.
Spitz set his first world record in June of 1967 at a small swim meet in California. He swam the 400 meter free-style in four minutes, 10 and six-tenths seconds. After this meet, he went on to other meets. His list of swim records became larger and larger.
Spitz won his first gold medal in the 200 meter butterfly in two minutes and seven-tenths of a second for a world record at the Munich Olympic Games on August 28. 1972. That same night, lie won a second gold medal when his team established a. world record for the 400 meter free-style relay The following day, he won his third gold medal. Again, he established a world record when he swam the 200 meter free-style in one minute and 52.78 seconds.
He swam the 100 meter butterfly in 54.27 seconds to earn a world record and a gold medal on September 1. He then went on to anchor the United States 800 meter free-style relay team to victory for another gold medal. He won the 100 meter free-style in 51.22 seconds and swam the butterfly leg on the victorious United States team in the 400 meter medley relay for his seventh gold medal on September 3. He set another world record with his seven gold medals when he surpassed the record held by Italian fencer Nedo Nadi, who had won five Olympic gold medals in 1920.
After the '72 Olympics, Spitz started making movies and commercials and later went into business. He lives in California with wife Suzy and their son.
Sources: Photo from Mark Spitz official website ; This biography is one of the 150 illustrated true stories of American heroism included in Jewish Heroes & Heroines of America : 150 True Stories of American Jewish Heroism , � 1996, written by Seymour "Sy" Brody of Delray Beach, Florida, illustrated by Art Seiden of Woodmere, New York, and published by Lifetime Books, Inc., Hollywood, FL.
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In what year was Badminton played for the fist time in the Olympics? | Badminton - AOC
Badminton
Doubles
Australia and Olympic Badminton
In Australia, badminton was first played in 1900, and from then it became a popular pastime for church groups which played the game in church halls. The Australian Badminton Association was formed in 1935, one year after the formation of the International Badminton Federation.
Anna Lao and Rhonda Cator were Australia’s first badminton representatives, in Barcelona 1992. Lao made it through to the quarter-finals in the women’s singles and, with Cator, finished in the same position in the women’s doubles. Australia has been represented at each Games since Barcelona. In London, Australia’s women’s doubles pairing of Renuga Veeran and Leanne Choo matched Lao and Cator’s result in the event as they bowed out in a close quarter final with Canada.
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How long did Brian Clough reign as manager at Leeds United? | Badminton - Summer Olympic Sport
Badminton
Singapore 2010 adopts new sport formats
12 Aug 2010
Badminton has a cosmopolitan history. The rules of the modern game were developed in England, but it is now Asian countries that dominate the sport.
Badminton House
Badminton takes its name from Badminton House - home of the Duke of Beaufort in the English county of Gloucestershire. In 1873, the Duke is credited with bringing a version of the game – Poona - back from India and introducing it to his guests.
Getting organised
The sport quickly grew in popularity and in 1877 the first set of written rules were devised by the newly formed Bath Badminton Club. The Badminton Federation of England was created 16 years later and in 1899 it organised the first All England Championships.
Olympic history
Badminton made its debut as a demonstration sport at the 1972 Olympic Games in Munich. It was not until the 1992 Games in Barcelona that it was officially included on the Olympic programme, with men’s and women’s singles and doubles events. The mixed doubles event made its debut in 1996 at the Atlanta Olympic Games. Since then, the number of events has remained unchanged.
Although the creation of modern badminton is attributed to England, it is Asia that now dominates this sport. Between 1992 and 2008, Asian countries won 69 of the 76 medals available in Olympic competition! The dominant countries are China, Indonesia and the Republic of Korea, followed by Great Britain and Denmark.
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Who was England's football manager from 1994 to 1996? | England's Managers - Index
England's Managers
P 4 W 2 D 2 L 0 F 7: A 2
The Coaches/Managers
BME Players
Not until 1946 did the England national team have a manager or coach. From 1870, when England played their first match, a friendly not recognised as official, until the Second World War, the team was selected by International Select Committee functionaries, at first the F.A. Secretary and later the F.A.'s International Committee. Although most of the national teams of Continental Europe and South America had coaches from their beginnings, England's footballing establishment viewed coaching with suspicion in general and as unnecessary at this level in particular. The selected players simply showed up, took the pitch and played their own game. Match preparation, if there was time for it, was limited to training runs, conditioning exercises and perhaps a kickabout or two.
The International Federation of Football History & Statistics (IFFHS), a scholarly enterprise based in Wiesbaden, Germany, claims in its book on England's matches before the Second World War that Herbert Chapman was the team "trainer"--a term it uses in the Continental European sense of manager or coach--for the 1-1 draw with Italy in Rome on 13 May 1933 and that Thomas Whittaker was the "trainer" for six matches, the 5-2 win against Scotland at Wembley Stadium on 5 April 1930, the 2-1 loss to Austria in Vienna on 6 May 1936, the 3-2 loss to Belgium in Brussels on 9 May 1936, and the last three pre-war matches in 1939, the 2-2 draw with Italy in Milan on 13 May, the 2-1 loss to Yugoslavia in Belgrade on 18 May, and the 2-0 victory over Romania in Bucharest on 24 May. IFFHS, England (1872 - 1940), Eire (1924 - 1940), England/Amateurs (1906 - 1940): Full Internationals, pp. 116, 126, 134-35, 147-49 (IFFHS, Wiesbaden, Germany, 2000).
Chapman, the famed Huddersfield Town and Arsenal manager of the 1920's and 1930's, did indeed play an advisory role in England's two-match Continental European tour of 1933, which also included the 4-0 win against Switzerland in Berne on 20 May as well as the draw with Italy a week earlier, but he never received an official appointment with the England team and acted in an entirely informal capacity. Another historian has the proper perspective: "in 1933, despite objections from selectors, he acted as unofficial manager to the England team in Italy and Switzerland with considerable success. His tactical pre-match team talks helped effect a 4-0 victory over a strong Swiss team, and a 1-1 draw against Italy, in Rome." Tony Say, "Herbert Chapman: Football Revolutionary?", The Sports Historian, vol 16, pp. 81-98 (May, 1996).
Whittaker, too, accompanied the England team on occasion. But at the time he was the physical trainer for Arsenal, under Chapman at first and, following Chapman's death in early 1934, George Allison. It was almost certainly that role he filled with England; he certainly never received an appointment making him coach or manager of the England team. Whittaker did not become a manager himself until 1947, when he succeeded Allison at Arsenal. The IFFHS itself seems uncertain about Whittaker's role. While its book names him as trainer in the summaries of six matches taking place in 1930, 1936 and 1939, it inconsistently has him as trainer for only the three 1939 matches in the tabular record that follows the match summaries.
The role Chapman or Whittaker filled with the England team was purely on an ad hoc basis. The F.A. did not give either of them official appointments putting them in charge of the team, and neither ever had anything resembling the authority of a manager or coach over the England team. For these reasons, it would be inaccurate to include them in the list of England managers/coaches.
When international play resumed in 1946 following World War II's seven-year disruption, Walter Winterbottom was named England's first coach and manager. For the first few months of his tenure, he had responsibility for the national team as national director of coaching, but in May, 1947, immediately after England's 1-0 loss to Switzerland in Zurich, he was appointed England team manager. Under neither title did Winterbottom have the final authority to select the England team, which still rested with the International Committee. While Winterbottom played an advisory role in team selection, he had to negotiate for the inclusion of players he wanted and he usually ended up accepting players who were not his first choice as part of the bargaining process.
The International Committee yielded the selection power only in 1963, after Winterbottom's successor, Alf Ramsey, accepted the manager's post on the condition that he alone would hold authority over team selection. The ISC disbanded in mid-63, only to be reorganised for Ramsey's first three matches in charge, whilst he still took care of his club, Ipswich Town FC. Since his fourth match, that power has remained with England's manager or head coach ever since.
Over the 45 years from Winterbottom's appointment in 1946 to the World Cup finals of 1990, England had only five permanent managers, which works out to an average tenure of nine years. Another 22 years on, England have had another eight permanent managers or coaches. Terry Venables, Sven-Göran Eriksson, Steve McClaren, Fabio Capello and Roy Hodgson were given the title national team coach rather than manager when they were retained. The diminution in title came in Venables' case because the F.A. wished to minimise his managerial role in view of his business and legal disputes. In Eriksson's case, it presumably was the result of his foreign origins. McClaren, Capello and Hodgson continued on the position.
Four managers/coaches--Joe Mercer, Howard Wilkinson, Peter Taylor and Stuart Pearce--were appointed as caretakers. Mercer served for seven matches in May and June, 1974 after the F.A. sacked England's second and most successful manager, Alf Ramsey. Wilkinson twice served for single matches, the first following Glenn Hoddle's brokered resignation in February, 1999 and the second after Kevin Keegan's resignation in October, 2000. Peter Taylor, while continuing as manager of Leicester City in the English Premiership, succeeded Wilkinson under an appointment encompassing only the friendly match against Italy on 15 November 2000. He was reappointed to take charge of the friendly match against Spain on 28 February 2001, but that reappointment became moot with Eriksson's early assumption of the coaching reigns. Eriksson retained Taylor as a member of his coaching staff, but club pressure forced Taylor to relinquish his England role after the season ended. Stuart Pearce, the under-21 and Olympic team manager, stepped in after Capello resigned, and was even prepared to take England in the European Championship 2012 finals, before Roy Hodgson was appointed.
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Which motor manufacturer made the model called Dyane? | My Football Facts & Stats | England National Football Team
Statistics 1872-2016
Statistics detailing the results achieved against of all England's 86 different international opponents played so far with chronological table
The England National football team is the joint oldest in the world, formed at the same time as Scotland's National Team . England played their first international match against Scotland at Scotland's invitation, at Hamilton Crescent in Scotland on 30th November 1872. Over the next forty years, England played exclusively with the other three "Home Nations" - Scotland, Wales and Ireland (later, Northern Ireland). The games were made competitive with the advent of the British Home Championship, sometimes called "Home Internations", from 1883 to 1984.
Before Wembley was opened in 1923, England had no permanent home ground. England joined FIFA in 1906, playing its first ever game outside the British Isles in 1908. However, the relationship between the two was strained mainly due to the status and definition of amateurs, resulting in the British nations' departure from FIFA in 1928, before rejoining in 1946.
As a result, England did not compete in a FIFA World Cup until 1950, in which they were beaten in a 1-0 defeat against the United States, failing to get past the first round. England's first ever defeat on home soil to a non-UK team was a 0-2 loss to Ireland on September 21, 1949 at Goodison Park, Liverpool. A 6-3 loss in 1953 to Hungary was England's first ever defeat to a non-UK team at Wembley.
England are one of the more successful footballing teams, being one of only seven countries to ever win the FIFA World Cup, which they did in 1966 when they hosted the finals. They defeated West Germany 4-2 in extra time in the Final. Since then, however, they have only reached the semi-finals once, losing to West Germany on penalties. Nevertheless, they remain a prominent team on the global stage, usually just inside or close to the top ten rankings of both FIFA and ELO.
Although Walter Winterbottom was appointed as the first ever full time manager in 1946, the team was still picked by an FA committee until Alf Ramsey took over in 1963. Under Ramsey, England experienced its greatest ever success, winning the 1966 FIFA World Cup Final against West Germany 4-2 after extra time.
Geoff Hurst famously scored a hat-trick in the final. The 1966 World Cup was also held in England. England qualified for the 1970 FIFA World Cup in Mexico as reigning cup holders. They reached the Quarter-finals but were knocked out by West Germany.
England failed to qualify for both the 1974 and 1978 World Cups. In 1982, England under Ron Greenwood qualified for FIFA World Cup in Spain after a 12-year absence and were eliminated from the second round without losing a match. The team under Bobby Robson fared better as England reached the quarter finals of the 1986 FIFA World Cup and finished fourth in the tournament four years later, which was the best performance in the World Cup since 1966.
Graham Taylor's short reign as Robson's successor ended after his England failed to qualify for the 1994 FIFA World Cup, but then the 1996 European Championships were held in England, and under new coach Terry Venables the team had its best ever performance at a European Championship, reaching the semi-final.
The England team of the 1990s and 2000s hasn't progressed beyond the quarter finals of any international tournament apart from Italia 90 and Euro 96. Sven-Göran Eriksson took charge of the team between 2001 and 2006 and was the first non-English manager of England. Steve McClaren was appointed as the head coach following the 2006 World Cup.
The reign was marked with little success, with England failing to qualify for the 2008 European Championships. McClaren left on 22 November 2007, after only 16 months in charge and making him the shortest tenured full time England manager ever since the inauguration of the post in 1946.
He was replaced by the former Real Madrid and AC Milan manager Fabio Capello. The Italian was the second foreign manager to coach England, after Eriksson, and took charge of his first game on 6 February 2008 against Switzerland. England won 2-1.
England played Brazil in a friendly in Qatar in November as part of their World Cup Finals preparations. The match in Qatar was the 23rd meeting between England and Brazil since 1956 and resulted in a 1-0 win for Brazil. A friendly against Egypt in March 2010 was won 3-1. England's provisional squad of 30 players for the 2010 World Cup Finals was announced on 11th May 2010 and from this the final 23 players for South Africa will be selected.
The first match for Capello's World Cup squad, who have been training in Austria, was against Mexico at Wembley Stadium on 24th May 2010 and resulted in a rather flattering 3-1 win with Ledley King, Peter Crouch and Glen Johnson providing the goals. A further friendly against Japan was played in Graz, Austria on 30th May with England again fortunate to win 2-1.
England got off to a slow start in the 2010 World Cup Finals with draws against the USA & Algeria but beat Slovenia to progress to the knock-out stages, where they met Germany.
The Second Round match saw England completely outclassed and humiliated by a young German side who ran-out worthy 4-1 winners. Fabio Capello was retained for the 2012 European Championship qualifiers and England's first match was against Bulgaria at Wembley on Friday 3rd September 2010. England qualified for the Finals on 7th October 2011 as unbeaten group champions. England have been drawn to play Montenegro, Ukraine, Poland, Moldova & San Marino in Group H for the Qualification Competition for the 2014 FIFA World Cup Finals to be held in Brazil.
Capello resigned as England's manager in February 2012 and Stuart Pearce was appointed caretaker manager for the friendly against the Netherlands at Wembley, which the Dutch won 3-2.
Roy Hodgson was appointed in May 2012 for the Euro 2012 Finals, where England reached the Quarter Finals unbeaten before going-out to Italy on penalties. England's unbeaten run under Hodgson continued into the World Cup qualification for Brazil 2014.
England International Football Team Stats 1872-2016
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