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The Von Trapp family were immortalised in which film in 1965? | The von Trapp Story from Stowe, VT
Maria Von Trapp
The Real Maria
Born on a train en route to Vienna on January 26, 1905, Maria Augusta Kutschera’s anxious entrance into the world set in motion a life full of remarkable and challenging events that would be immortalized on stage and screen. Maria’s mother died when she was only 2 years old and her father left her with an elderly cousin, where she experienced a lonely and strict upbringing.
Surprisingly, Maria grew up as a socialist and atheist who was cynical of all religions, until a chance meeting with a Jesuit priest at her college changed her beliefs and the course of her life. Maria dedicated her life to the convent, but was taken away from the outdoor activities she loved so much. As a result of her lack of fresh air and exercise, her doctor became concerned for her health and the decision was made to send her to the home of retired naval captain, George von Trapp. Her position was not governess to all the children, as the movie portrayed, but specifically to the captain's daughter who was bedridden with rheumatic fever.
The rest is truly history. Maria never returned to the convent and married the Captain on November 26, 1927. This is the story that has been made immortalized by The Sound of Music. Maria von Trapp passed away on March 28, 1987 and is interred in the family cemetery at the Trapp Family Lodge.
Captain Von Trapp
Memories of Our Father
The South Seas – I remember Father's dream of taking the entire family to the Marquesas Islands, in the South Seas, where he had visited as a young Naval Cadet. That dream never materialized. Instead we went to America.
The Whistle – As a U-boat commander, he needed a Bosun's Whistle to give commands, especially in the howling winds and roaring sea where a voice could be drowned out. In Salzburg, we had a large house and large gardens, so he used that whistle to call us instead of his voice, which we might not have heard. Each one of us had a special call, and one call for when he wanted all of us. When we heard this, we stormed to him, but we never had to march or stand at attention.
A Few of Our Favorite Things – In our garden, Father built a big, open hut with three walls and a roof. It was large enough to hang hammocks inside and we each got our own. Then he demonstrated how to sleep in them without falling out. He also bought folding, rubber canoes with canvas sails and showed us how to use them. On our little outings, Father taught us how to make fires without matches and how to roast potatoes and apples in the hot cinders. When we lost our money, because the bank failed during the Depression, he started a chicken farm. We learned how to take care of the chicks and how to sift out the ones that did not lay eggs. Agathe's book, Memories Before and After The Sound of Music, contains other wonderful stories about Father.
Werner Von Trapp
A Humble Musician
Werner von Trapp was born in Zell am See, Austria in 1915, the fourth child and second son of Captain Georg von Trapp and his first wife, Agathe Whitehead. He studied cello at Salzburg’s Mozarteum in the 1930s, and became proficient on several other instruments, as well as in the art of composing and arranging. He sang tenor with his family’s choir, The Trapp Family Singers, who won great acclaim throughout Europe after their debut in 1935.
The von Trapp family escaped from Nazi occupied Austria when Werner was 23 in 1938. They arrived as refugees in New York where they quickly became popular with concert audiences, performing in the U.S. and 30 other countries until 1956. Werner joined the U.S. Army in 1943 and served in Europe with the ski troops as part of the 10th Mountain Division. After the war, he returned home to the family farm in Stowe, Vermont and resumed touring with the family choir. He married Erika Klambauer in 1948 and the two has six children.
After the Trapp Family Singers retired from the stage, Werner helped found a music school in Reading, Pennsylvania called the Community School of Music. Years later, he and his family settled on a dairy farm in Waitsfield, where he worked until retired in 1979. He spent many years enjoying his family, traveling, and lifelong hobbies before passing away at the age of 91 on October 11, 2007.
Agathe Von Trapp
The Eldest Daughter of the von Trapps
Agathe von Trapp, known as Leisl in the movie The Sound of Music, was born in Pola in the former Austro-Hungarian Empire. Her mother died of Scarlet Fever when Agathe was only 10 years old.
Agathe’s siblings describe her as shy and private. She was a good painter and singer, who toured with the Trapp Family Singers until she was 43. She then moved to Baltimore and lived a quiet life as a kindergarten teacher's helper at a private Catholic school affiliated with the Sacred Heart Parish for many years.
At the age of 91, Agathe published her memoirs, Agathe von Trapp: Memories Before and After The Sound of Music, which detailed her family’s history and genealogy as well as how she really felt about the film and Broadway play that portrayed them. The Sound of Music portrayed her father as cold, unfeeling, and distant, but Agathe insists that the Captain was kind, loving, and helped her and her siblings learn to sing. She also states that the family did not cross the Alps to escape Austria after the Captain was asked to serve in the Nazi army. She says they simply crossed the street, boarded a train, and requested asylum in the U.S.
| The Sound of Music |
The longest shoreline belongs to which English county? | Von Trapp hotel plan not a favorite thing - SFGate
Von Trapp hotel plan not a favorite thing
Associated Press
Published 4:00 am, Tuesday, May 20, 2008
- Plans to run a hotel out of a former home of the von Trapp family immortalized in the movie "The Sound of Music" have triggered fierce resistance from neighbors who fear tourists will tie up traffic and make a nuisance of themselves.
"We will fight this with all means at our disposal," said Andreas Braunbruck , who lives near the Villa Trapp in a part of Salzburg already teeming with "Sound of Music" tourists seeking a glimpse of the house.
"Buses and cars are constantly in the street in front of our homes as it is," he told Austrian television on Sunday.
The 125-year-old, pale yellow villa trimmed in white and black is perched on the outskirts of Salzburg, where the 1965 film starring Julie Andrews and Christopher Plummer was made.
The original Broadway musical and the film tell the story of a World War II-era Austrian nun-turned-nanny who cared for a widower's seven children, taught them to sing and eventually fell in love with him. It altered some details of the family's history.
Baron Georg Ludwig von Trapp , the real-life widower, lived in the villa with his family from 1923 to 1938. After the Nazis confiscated the property in 1939, SS chief Heinrich Himmler moved in and stayed until 1945.
The von Trapps emigrated to the United States and settled in Vermont, where the family lodge in Stowe remains a popular tourist attraction in its own right.
Although the Salzburg villa is the real deal, it does not appear in the movie, which used a lakeside castle and other locations for the exterior garden scenes. All of the interior shots were filmed in a Hollywood studio, and the famous opening scene of Andrews running across an alpine meadow was shot over the border in Bavaria, Germany.
Wilfried Haslauer, a Salzburg tourism official, announced plans last week to refashion the villa into a hotel. Haslauer said the park surrounding the villa also will be open to the public. He said refreshments and souvenirs will be sold in a pavilion to be built there, and that original furnishings that once belonged to the family would be displayed.
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In which Californian city did the first Disney theme park open? | Disneyland opens - Jul 17, 1955 - HISTORY.com
Disneyland opens
Publisher
A+E Networks
Disneyland, Walt Disney’s metropolis of nostalgia, fantasy, and futurism, opens on July 17, 1955. The $17 million theme park was built on 160 acres of former orange groves in Anaheim, California, and soon brought in staggering profits. Today, Disneyland hosts more than 14 million visitors a year, who spend close to $3 billion.
Walt Disney, born in Chicago in 1901, worked as a commercial artist before setting up a small studio in Los Angeles to produce animated cartoons. In 1928, his short film Steamboat Willy, starring the character “Mickey Mouse,” was a national sensation. It was the first animated film to use sound, and Disney provided the voice for Mickey. From there on, Disney cartoons were in heavy demand, but the company struggled financially because of Disney’s insistence on ever-improving artistic and technical quality. His first feature-length cartoon, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1938), took three years to complete and was a great commercial success.
Snow White was followed by other feature-length classics for children, such as Pinocchio (1940), Dumbo (1941), and Bambi (1942). Fantasia (1940), which coordinated animated segments with famous classical music pieces, was an artistic and technical achievement. In Song of the South (1946), Disney combined live actors with animated figures, and beginning with Treasure Island in 1950 the company added live-action movies to its repertoire. Disney was also one of the first movie studios to produce film directly for television, and its Zorro and Davy Crockett series were very popular with children.
In the early 1950s, Walt Disney began designing a huge amusement park to be built near Los Angeles. He intended Disneyland to have educational as well as amusement value and to entertain adults and their children. Land was bought in the farming community of Anaheim, about 25 miles southeast of Los Angeles, and construction began in 1954. In the summer of 1955, special invitations were sent out for the opening of Disneyland on July 17. Unfortunately, the pass was counterfeited and thousands of uninvited people were admitted into Disneyland on opening day. The park was not ready for the public: food and drink ran out, a women’s high-heel shoe got stuck in the wet asphalt of Main Street USA, and the Mark Twain Steamboat nearly capsized from too many passengers.
Disneyland soon recovered, however, and attractions such as the Castle, Mr. Toad’s Wild Ride, Snow White’s Adventures, Space Station X-1, Jungle Cruise, and Stage Coach drew countless children and their parents. Special events and the continual building of new state-of-the-art attractions encouraged them to visit again. In 1965, work began on an even bigger Disney theme park and resort near Orlando, Florida. Walt Disney died in 1966, and Walt Disney World was opened in his honor on October 1, 1971. Epcot Center, Disney-MGM Studios, and Animal Kingdom were later added to Walt Disney World, and it remains Florida’s premier tourist attraction. In 1983, Disneyland Tokyo opened in Japan, and in 1992 Disneyland Paris–or “EuroDisney”–opened to a mixed reaction in Marne-la-Vallee. The newest Disneyland, in Hong Kong, opened its doors in September 2005.
Related Videos
| Anaheim, California |
A phrenologist would be studying which part of the body? | Disneyland Opens in 1955
By Jennifer Rosenberg
Updated October 16, 2015.
On July 17, 1955, Disneyland opened for a few thousand specially invited visitors; the following day, Disneyland officially opened to the public. Disneyland, located in Anaheim, California on what used to be a 160-acre orange orchard, cost $17 million to build. The original park included Main Street, Adventureland, Frontierland, Fantasyland, and Tomorrowland.
Walt Disney's Vision for Disneyland
When they were little, Walt Disney would take his two young daughters, Diane and Sharon, to play at the carousel at Griffith Park in Los Angeles every Sunday. While his daughters enjoyed their repeated rides, Disney sat on park benches with the other parents who had nothing to do but watch. It was on these Sunday excursions that Walt Disney began to dream of an activity park that had things for both children and parents to do.
At first, Disney envisioned an eight-acre park which would be located near his Burbank studios and be called, " Mickey Mouse Park ." However, as Disney began to plan themed areas, he quickly realized that eight-acres would be way too small for his vision.
continue reading below our video
10 Best Universities in the United States
Although World War II and other projects put Disney's theme park on the back burner for many years, Disney continued to dream about his future park. In 1953, Walt Disney was finally ready to start on what would become known as Disneyland.
Finding a Location for Disneyland
The first part of the project was to find a location. Disney hired the Stanford Research Institute to find an appropriate location that consisted of at least 100-acres, was located near Los Angeles, and could be reached by a freeway. The company found for Disney a 160-acre orange orchard in Anaheim, California.
Financing a Place of Dreams
Next came finding funding. While Walt Disney put up much of his own money to make his dream a reality, he didn't have enough personal money to complete the project. Disney then contacted financiers to help. But however much Walt Disney was enthralled with the theme park idea, the financiers he approached were not.
Many of the financiers could not envision the monetary rewards of a place of dreams. To gain financial support for his project, Disney turned to the new medium of television. Disney made a plan with ABC: ABC would help finance the park if Disney would produce a television show on their channel. The program Walt created was called "Disneyland" and showed previews of the different themed areas in the new, upcoming park.
Building Disneyland
On July 21, 1954, construction on the park began. It was a momentous undertaking to build Main Street, Adventureland, Frontierland, Fantasyland, and Tomorrowland in only one year. The total cost of building Disneyland would be $17 million.
Opening Day
On July 17, 1955, 6,000 by-invitation-only guests were invited for a special preview of Disneyland before it opened to the public the following day. Unfortunately, 22,000 extra people arrived with counterfeit tickets.
Besides the huge numbers of extra people on this first day, many other things went wrong. Included in the problems were a heat wave that made the temperature unusually and unbearably hot, a plumber's strike meant only a few of the water fountains were functional, women's shoes sunk into still soft asphalt which had been laid the night before, and a gas leak caused several of the themed areas to be closed temporarily.
Despite these initial setbacks, Disneyland opened to the public on July 18, 1955, with an entrance fee of $1. Over the decades, Disneyland has added attractions and opened the imaginations of millions of children.
What was true when Walt Disney stated it during the opening ceremonies in 1955 still stands true today: "To all who come to this happy place - welcome. Disneyland is your land. Here age relives fond memories of the past and here youth may savor the challenge and promise of the future. Disneyland is dedicated to the ideals, the dreams, and the hard facts that have created America... with the hope that it will be a source of joy and inspiration to all the world. Thank you."
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Iceland became independent from which country in 1944? | Iceland country profile - BBC News
BBC News
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A sparsely-populated North Atlantic island, Iceland is famous for its hot springs, geysers and active volcanoes. Lava fields cover much of the land and hot water is pumped from under the ground to supply much of the country's heating.
Iceland became an independent republic in 1944 and went on to become one of the world's most prosperous economies. However, the collapse of the banking system in 2008 exposed that prosperity as having been built on a dangerously vulnerable economic model.
The affluence enjoyed by Icelanders before 2008 initially rested on the fishing industry, but with the gradual contraction of this sector the Icelandic economy developed into new areas.
Area 103,000 sq km (39,769 sq miles)
Major language Icelandic
Life expectancy 80 years (men), 84 years (women)
Currency krona
President: Gudni Johannesson
Image copyright AFP
Image caption President-elect Gudni Johannesson, with his wife Eliza Reid, at an election party in Reykjavik in June 2016.
University historian Gudni Johannesson won Iceland's presidential election in June 2016 on his 48th birthday.
He secured 39.1% of the vote, ahead of Halla Tomasdottir, a private equity executive, on 27.9%.
A political outsider, he campaigned for the largely ceremonial post by pledging to restore Icelanders' faith in their system of government after years of public dissatisfaction with politicians first sparked by the country's banking collapse in 2010.
Mr Johanesson succeeded Olafur Ragnar Grimsson, who stepped down in August 2016 after 20 years.
Prime minister: Sigurdur Ingi Johannsson (resigned)
Image copyright EPA
Image caption Mr Johannsson resigned in October 2016 after a snap parliamentary election
Sigurdur Ingi Johannsson resigned as prime minister in October 2016 after a snap election saw his Progressive Party lose more than half of its seats.
The parliamentary election was triggered by the resignation of Mr Johannsson's predecessor, Sigmundur Gunnlaugsson, during public protests in April 2016 after leaked legal documents from the Panama law firm Mossack Fonseca revealed his offshore holdings.
No party gained a parliamentary majority in an election dominated by public anger at Iceland's traditional elites and a strong desire for political change.
While the anti-establishment Pirate Party made significant gains, the conservative Independence Party, a governing coalition partner since 2013, emerged as the biggest party but will need the support of at least two other parties to form a coalition government.
MEDIA
National radio and TV is provided by the Icelandic National Broadcasting Service (RUV), a public-service broadcaster owned by the state.
The RUV is obliged to promote the Icelandic language and the nation's history and cultural heritage. Its services are funded by a licence fee, and by advertising revenues.
Press titles include privately-owned and party-affiliated newspapers. The constitution guarantees press freedom.
Some key dates in Iceland's history:
1918 - Iceland achieves full self-government under the Danish crown.
Image copyright Getty Images
Image caption A view of Iceland's capital Reykjavik
1940 - German forces occupy Denmark. British forces occupy Iceland.
1941 - The United States takes over the defence of Iceland and stations tens of thousands of troops there.
1943 - The Treaty of Union with Denmark runs out, with Denmark still occupied by Nazi Germany.
1944 - Icelanders vote in a referendum overwhelmingly to cut all ties with Denmark and become a republic. The Republic of Iceland is proclaimed.
1944 - Iceland becomes a member of Nato.
1970 - Iceland joins European Free Trade Association (EFTA).
| Denmark |
'Ag' is the chemical symbol for which precious metal? | Iceland | Flags of countries
Flags of countries
Iceland
Flag of Iceland
The flag of Iceland followed the example of the other Scandinavian countries and consists of a blue background bearing a red cross, which is embedded in the traditional white Scandinavian cross. The blue color is supposed to represent omnipresent Atlantic Ocean, the red lava and Icelandic volcanoes, and the white stands for another Icelandic natural landmarks - glaciers and geysers. The red cross also points to the historical ties with Denmark, that dominated Iceland since the 14th century. Iceland adopted the flag in 1918, when it won the statute of the autonomous territory of Denmark. However, the flag did not became official national flag until 1944, when Iceland became a fully independent.
Download a flag or use it on websites
Flag Download
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X-rays have a longer wavelength than microwaves. True or false? | Do Photons Of Gamma Rays And X-rays Move Faster Than Photons Of Visible Light
Do Photons Of Gamma Rays And X-rays Move Faster Than Photons Of Visible Light
A QUESTION OF TIME : If radiation travels at different rates, then depending on the frequency range we use in Thus we can conclude that the energy arriving now comes from different to collect data, visible light seems to travel faster than either radio or xray 'light' and visible light, gamma rays a
Practice multiple choice questions for Exam II 1 : A. gamma rays, visible light, radio waves, microwaves B. gamma rays, visible light, Photon a is 5 times more energetic than photon b. This means that for photon a, compared to photon b, A. it travels at a speed which is 5 times faster B. th
Electromagnetic Radiation Matter and Energy : Photons have varying amounts of energy, but all move at the speed of light. Thus each photon is a packet, or quanta, of pure energy, moving fast outside of the nucleus, can be less powerful than gamma rays and weak xrays can go partially
Electromagnetic Spectrum Imagine The Universe : Spectrum, electromagnetic radiation can be described as a stream of photons, each traveling in a wavelike pattern, carrying energy and moving at the speed of light. In that radio waves, visible light and gamma rays is the ene
XRays Another Form of Light Chandra X : The energy of the photon tells what kind of light it is. Radio waves (On a hot day, the particles in the air are moving faster than on a cold day.).
VERITAS Education : Gammaray photons carry more energy than any other kind of light in the also employ lenses and mirrors, but the most energetic ultraviolet photons and Xrays can no of visible light and radio waves: they travel in straight lines they mov
Do Ultraviolet rays travel faster than Light? : Because Ultraviolet Rays have higher wavelengths than the visual Gamma ray or Xray photon going faster than light photon could be the
The Basics of Light : and refer to them by name, such as gammarays, Xrays, ultraviolet, optical, infrared, and Each photon of Xray light contains a lot of energy in comparison with, say, the sound wavesthe faster the vibration the higher the pitch of the
2 : The term electromagnetic radiation refers to a phenomenon that moves energy Electromagnetic radiation can be thought of as particles, called photons, that carry It is divided into the following regions: gamma ray, Xray, ultraviolet, vi
Assignment 4A : Which of the following statements about electromagnetic radiation is FALSE? Which of the following travels through space the fastest? a. light b. radio waves c. infrared d. xrays e. you cant fool me, all of these travel through space at the same speed e. a gammaray photon is more energetic than a visible light photon.
Electromagnetic Radiation : Electromagnetic radiation can travel through empty space. microwaves, infrared waves, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, Xrays, and gamma rays. Thus , some colors are reflected more than other, leading to the creation of a rainbow. When a photon is absorbed, the electron can be moved up or down an energy level.
astronmytools html : dim the light. b. the seeing is better. c. has a wavelength that is shorter than the xrays emitted by the star. d. a and b a. will have a greater energy than short wavelength visible light. b. will have e. travel at a greater speed than photons of red light. a. xrays b. visible light c. radio d. gammarays e. infrared radiation
HowStuffWorks How X : Xray machines seem to do the impossible: They see straight through clothing, Visible light photons and Xray photons are both produced by the movement of Radio waves dont have enough energy to move electrons between orbitals in up your bones are much larger, so they are better at absorbing Xray photons.
Radioactivite Photons : When the wavelength is as short as is the case with gamma rays, then the waves Despite what the Greek root of the word would suggest, photons do not carry only light. to Xrays and gamma rays, including infrared, visible and ultraviolet light. known to us and the universal speed limit: it is impossible to travel faster.
Student questions from Astro 130 : In a vacuum will gammarays travel faster or slower than visible light? All types of light travel This includes Radio waves Microwaves Infrared radiation Visible light Ultraviolet light Xrays Gammarays Do photons of light have mass? If not
Electromagnetic Radiation : Xrays have more energy than UV, so they can pass through skin, muscles, and organs. Other types of waves need some sort of medium to move through: water the forms of light are Gamma rays, Xrays, Ultraviolet, Visible, Infrared, Radio. You can consider light as packets of energy called photons.
x : Posts about xrays written by Jessamyn Fairfield. removing electrons from atoms, and can damage DNA at a much lower dose than UV light.
Gamma Rays : Gamma rays (gamma photons) are emitted from the nucleus of some Because of their high energy, gamma photons travel at the speed of light and can cover Gamma rays and xrays, like visible, infrared, and ultraviolet light, are part of the Gamma rays can travel much farther than alpha or beta particles and have
What Wavelength Was That? : Are there any handson/mindson activities I can do to learn more? Light waves travel faster than sound waves. As we move down the chart we see visible, ultraviolet, Xrays, and gammarays whose photon energies gradually increase.
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Acetic acid is more commonly known as what? | Do Photons Of Gamma Rays And X-rays Move Faster Than Photons Of Visible Light
Do Photons Of Gamma Rays And X-rays Move Faster Than Photons Of Visible Light
A QUESTION OF TIME : If radiation travels at different rates, then depending on the frequency range we use in Thus we can conclude that the energy arriving now comes from different to collect data, visible light seems to travel faster than either radio or xray 'light' and visible light, gamma rays a
Practice multiple choice questions for Exam II 1 : A. gamma rays, visible light, radio waves, microwaves B. gamma rays, visible light, Photon a is 5 times more energetic than photon b. This means that for photon a, compared to photon b, A. it travels at a speed which is 5 times faster B. th
Electromagnetic Radiation Matter and Energy : Photons have varying amounts of energy, but all move at the speed of light. Thus each photon is a packet, or quanta, of pure energy, moving fast outside of the nucleus, can be less powerful than gamma rays and weak xrays can go partially
Electromagnetic Spectrum Imagine The Universe : Spectrum, electromagnetic radiation can be described as a stream of photons, each traveling in a wavelike pattern, carrying energy and moving at the speed of light. In that radio waves, visible light and gamma rays is the ene
XRays Another Form of Light Chandra X : The energy of the photon tells what kind of light it is. Radio waves (On a hot day, the particles in the air are moving faster than on a cold day.).
VERITAS Education : Gammaray photons carry more energy than any other kind of light in the also employ lenses and mirrors, but the most energetic ultraviolet photons and Xrays can no of visible light and radio waves: they travel in straight lines they mov
Do Ultraviolet rays travel faster than Light? : Because Ultraviolet Rays have higher wavelengths than the visual Gamma ray or Xray photon going faster than light photon could be the
The Basics of Light : and refer to them by name, such as gammarays, Xrays, ultraviolet, optical, infrared, and Each photon of Xray light contains a lot of energy in comparison with, say, the sound wavesthe faster the vibration the higher the pitch of the
2 : The term electromagnetic radiation refers to a phenomenon that moves energy Electromagnetic radiation can be thought of as particles, called photons, that carry It is divided into the following regions: gamma ray, Xray, ultraviolet, vi
Assignment 4A : Which of the following statements about electromagnetic radiation is FALSE? Which of the following travels through space the fastest? a. light b. radio waves c. infrared d. xrays e. you cant fool me, all of these travel through space at the same speed e. a gammaray photon is more energetic than a visible light photon.
Electromagnetic Radiation : Electromagnetic radiation can travel through empty space. microwaves, infrared waves, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, Xrays, and gamma rays. Thus , some colors are reflected more than other, leading to the creation of a rainbow. When a photon is absorbed, the electron can be moved up or down an energy level.
astronmytools html : dim the light. b. the seeing is better. c. has a wavelength that is shorter than the xrays emitted by the star. d. a and b a. will have a greater energy than short wavelength visible light. b. will have e. travel at a greater speed than photons of red light. a. xrays b. visible light c. radio d. gammarays e. infrared radiation
HowStuffWorks How X : Xray machines seem to do the impossible: They see straight through clothing, Visible light photons and Xray photons are both produced by the movement of Radio waves dont have enough energy to move electrons between orbitals in up your bones are much larger, so they are better at absorbing Xray photons.
Radioactivite Photons : When the wavelength is as short as is the case with gamma rays, then the waves Despite what the Greek root of the word would suggest, photons do not carry only light. to Xrays and gamma rays, including infrared, visible and ultraviolet light. known to us and the universal speed limit: it is impossible to travel faster.
Student questions from Astro 130 : In a vacuum will gammarays travel faster or slower than visible light? All types of light travel This includes Radio waves Microwaves Infrared radiation Visible light Ultraviolet light Xrays Gammarays Do photons of light have mass? If not
Electromagnetic Radiation : Xrays have more energy than UV, so they can pass through skin, muscles, and organs. Other types of waves need some sort of medium to move through: water the forms of light are Gamma rays, Xrays, Ultraviolet, Visible, Infrared, Radio. You can consider light as packets of energy called photons.
x : Posts about xrays written by Jessamyn Fairfield. removing electrons from atoms, and can damage DNA at a much lower dose than UV light.
Gamma Rays : Gamma rays (gamma photons) are emitted from the nucleus of some Because of their high energy, gamma photons travel at the speed of light and can cover Gamma rays and xrays, like visible, infrared, and ultraviolet light, are part of the Gamma rays can travel much farther than alpha or beta particles and have
What Wavelength Was That? : Are there any handson/mindson activities I can do to learn more? Light waves travel faster than sound waves. As we move down the chart we see visible, ultraviolet, Xrays, and gammarays whose photon energies gradually increase.
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The word 'BASIC' in computing terms means what? | What does BASIC mean? definition, meaning and audio pronunciation (Free English Language Dictionary)
• BASIC (noun)
The noun BASIC has 2 senses:
1. a popular programming language that is relatively easy to learn; an acronym for beginner's all-purpose symbolic instruction code; no longer in general use
2. (usually plural) a necessary commodity for which demand is constant
Familiarity information: BASIC used as a noun is rare.
The adjective BASIC has 4 senses:
1. pertaining to or constituting a base or basis
2. reduced to the simplest and most significant form possible without loss of generality
3. serving as a base or starting point
4. of or denoting or of the nature of or containing a base
Familiarity information: BASIC used as an adjective is uncommon.
Dictionary entry details
| BASIC |
What name is given to number 1 followed by 100 zero's? | Basic | Define Basic at Dictionary.com
basic
of, relating to, or forming a base; fundamental:
a basic principle; the basic ingredient.
2.
Chemistry.
pertaining to, of the nature of, or containing a base .
not having all of the hydroxyls of the base replaced by the acid group, or having the metal or its equivalent united partly to the acid group and partly to oxygen.
alkaline .
3.
Metallurgy. noting, pertaining to, or made by a steelmaking process (basic process) in which the furnace or converter is lined with a basic or nonsiliceous material, mainly burned magnesite and a small amount of ground basic slag, to remove impurities from the steel.
Compare acid (def 9).
Geology. (of a rock) having relatively little silica.
5.
(especially of a female) characterized by predictable or unoriginal style, interests, or behavior:
those basic girls who follow trends.
(of things) boringly predictable or unoriginal:
His lyrics are just so basic.
noun
a soldier or airman receiving basic training.
8.
Often, basics. something that is fundamental or basic; an essential ingredient, principle, procedure, etc.:
to learn the basics of music; to get back to basics.
9.
Slang. a person, especially a female, who is boringly predictable or unoriginal.
Origin of basic
1. elementary, essential, key, primary; basal; underlying.
BASIC
noun, Computers.
1.
a widely adopted programming language that uses English words, punctuation marks, and algebraic notation to facilitate communication between the operator or lay user and the computer.
Origin
1965-70; B(eginner's) A(ll-purpose) S(ymbolic) I(nstruction) C(ode)
Can be confused
Examples from the Web for basic
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Contemporary Examples
This is a country that more or less invented the basic ground rules for the pursuit of happiness.
Obama’s Extravagant Summer Break? More Like, America’s Vacation-Deficit Disorder Clive Irving August 9, 2014
As someone who supports this basic agenda, I am heartened to see this maturation, and the shift in power that has come with it.
Attrition Jim Wannamaker
I know you are anxious to be more helpful as we all are, but all we can do is get the basic facts.
Warren Commission (10 of 26): Hearings Vol. X (of 15) The President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy
If you've had basic, you know enough how to address an officer.
Mercenary Dallas McCord Reynolds
But in this process over a period of time during these four discussions he never deviated from his basic thesis?
Warren Commission (2 of 26): Hearings Vol. II (of 15) The President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy
British Dictionary definitions for basic
Expand
of, relating to, or forming a base or basis; fundamental; underlying
2.
elementary or simple: a few basic facts
3.
excluding additions or extras: basic pay
4.
(chem)
of, denoting, or containing a base; alkaline
(of a salt) containing hydroxyl or oxide groups not all of which have been replaced by an acid radical: basic lead carbonate, 2PbCO3.Pb(OH)2
5.
(metallurgy) of, concerned with, or made by a process in which the furnace or converter is made of a basic material, such as magnesium oxide
6.
(of such igneous rocks as basalt) containing between 52 and 45 per cent silica
7.
(military) primary or initial: basic training
noun
(usually pl) a fundamental principle, fact, etc
BASIC
a computer programming language that uses common English terms
Word Origin
C20: acronym of b(eginner's) a(ll-purpose) s(ymbolic) i(nstruction) c(ode)
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition
© William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins
Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012
Word Origin and History for basic
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1832, originally in chemistry, from base (n.) + -ic .
BASIC
computer language, 1964, initialism for Beginners' All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code; invented by Hungarian-born U.S. computer scientist John G. Kemeny (1926-1992) and U.S. computer scientist Thomas E. Kurtz (b.1928).
Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper
Of, being, or serving as a starting point or basis.
Producing, resulting from, or relating to a base.
Containing a base, especially in excess of acid.
Containing oxide or hydroxide anions.
The American Heritage® Stedman's Medical Dictionary
Copyright © 2002, 2001, 1995 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company.
BASIC
(bā'sĭk)
A simple programming language developed in the 1960s that is widely taught to students as a first programming language.
The American Heritage® Science Dictionary
Copyright © 2002. Published by Houghton Mifflin. All rights reserved.
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language
Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. A simple language originally designed for ease of programming by students and beginners. Many dialects exist, and BASIC is popular on microcomputers with sound and graphics support. Most micro versions are interactive and interpreted .
BASIC has become the leading cause of brain-damage in proto-hackers. This is another case (like Pascal ) of the cascading lossage that happens when a language deliberately designed as an educational toy gets taken too seriously. A novice can write short BASIC programs (on the order of 10-20 lines) very easily; writing anything longer is painful and encourages bad habits that will make it harder to use more powerful languages. This wouldn't be so bad if historical accidents hadn't made BASIC so common on low-end micros. As it is, it ruins thousands of potential wizards a year.
Originally, all references to code, both GOTO and GOSUB (subroutine call) referred to the destination by its line number. This allowed for very simple editing in the days before text editors were considered essential. Just typing the line number deleted the line and to edit a line you just typed the new line with the same number. Programs were typically numbered in steps of ten to allow for insertions. Later versions, such as BASIC V , allow GOTO -less structured programming with named procedures and functions , IF-THEN-ELSE-ENDIF constructs and WHILE loops etc.
Early BASICs had no graphic operations except with graphic characters. In the 1970s BASIC interpreters became standard features in mainframes and minicomputers . Some versions included matrix operations as language primitives .
A public domain interpreter for a mixture of DEC 's MU-Basic and Microsoft Basic is here (ftp://oak.oakland.edu/pub/Unix-c/languages/basic/basic.tar-z). A yacc parser and interpreter were in the comp.sources.unix archives volume 2.
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Percy Shaw invented a road safety device commonly known as what? | History of the Road Stud
History of the Road Stud
They originated in the UK in 1933 and today are used all over the world.
The simple road stud, or as they are commonly known, the Cat's Eye was invented by Percy Shaw, a road mender from Halifax, and are now used as a safety device on over 90% of Britain's roads.
Their invention came about from a remarkable piece of observation when Shaw noticed after the removal of tram-lines in the nearby suburb of Ambler Thorn, he had, unwittingly been using the old polished strips of steel to navigate.
The name "cat's eye" comes from Shaw's inspiration for the device: the reflection from the eyes of a cat apparently when driving home one foggy night.
That is when he clicked onto the idea of using a simple reflective device buried in the road surface to guide drivers along dangerous roads.
Having seen how cars were becoming more and more popular and that as more and more people wanted to travel at night they would need more and more help to do so safely.
In 1934, he patented his invention, but to actually design something which was not only bright enough to light the road but also withstand the impact of the cars driving over the top of it.
In 1937 he won the government contract to mass manufacture the stud and what we still see today on our roads was born.
Shaw made the device from two pairs of reflective glass spheres - the 'eyes' - which are traditionally set into a white rubber dome, mounted in a cast iron housing.
The clever thing about the road stud is its ability to clean itself by using a fixed rubber wiper which effectively 'washes' the reflectors as they are pushed down when a car drives over the top of the device using rainwater which has collected in the base, making the stud's effectively way ahead of their time in terms of recycling as well.
At its peak, Shaw's company Reflective Road studs made over a million studs a year, exporting all over the planet, and while these days they are available in a range of colours and can be solar powered or hard wired the basic principle remains the same.
What do the various types of Cat's-Eyes mean?
On UK roads today there are various types of road stud all of which have different meanings:
The original Cats Eyes are white studs that separate lanes or the middle of the road.
Red studs warn motorists that they are close to the left edge of the road.
Amber studs warn drivers of the central reservation of a dual carriageway or motorway.
Green studs signify the edge of the main carriageway where rest-areas and access roads exit the main road.
Green/yellow studs warn drivers that there are temporary adjustments to lane layouts, e.g. where roadwork’s are taking place.
| C.A.T.S. Eyes |
Solid carbon dioxide is commonly known as what? | History of the Road Stud
History of the Road Stud
They originated in the UK in 1933 and today are used all over the world.
The simple road stud, or as they are commonly known, the Cat's Eye was invented by Percy Shaw, a road mender from Halifax, and are now used as a safety device on over 90% of Britain's roads.
Their invention came about from a remarkable piece of observation when Shaw noticed after the removal of tram-lines in the nearby suburb of Ambler Thorn, he had, unwittingly been using the old polished strips of steel to navigate.
The name "cat's eye" comes from Shaw's inspiration for the device: the reflection from the eyes of a cat apparently when driving home one foggy night.
That is when he clicked onto the idea of using a simple reflective device buried in the road surface to guide drivers along dangerous roads.
Having seen how cars were becoming more and more popular and that as more and more people wanted to travel at night they would need more and more help to do so safely.
In 1934, he patented his invention, but to actually design something which was not only bright enough to light the road but also withstand the impact of the cars driving over the top of it.
In 1937 he won the government contract to mass manufacture the stud and what we still see today on our roads was born.
Shaw made the device from two pairs of reflective glass spheres - the 'eyes' - which are traditionally set into a white rubber dome, mounted in a cast iron housing.
The clever thing about the road stud is its ability to clean itself by using a fixed rubber wiper which effectively 'washes' the reflectors as they are pushed down when a car drives over the top of the device using rainwater which has collected in the base, making the stud's effectively way ahead of their time in terms of recycling as well.
At its peak, Shaw's company Reflective Road studs made over a million studs a year, exporting all over the planet, and while these days they are available in a range of colours and can be solar powered or hard wired the basic principle remains the same.
What do the various types of Cat's-Eyes mean?
On UK roads today there are various types of road stud all of which have different meanings:
The original Cats Eyes are white studs that separate lanes or the middle of the road.
Red studs warn motorists that they are close to the left edge of the road.
Amber studs warn drivers of the central reservation of a dual carriageway or motorway.
Green studs signify the edge of the main carriageway where rest-areas and access roads exit the main road.
Green/yellow studs warn drivers that there are temporary adjustments to lane layouts, e.g. where roadwork’s are taking place.
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Sn is the chemical symbol for which metal? | tin (Sn) | chemical element | Britannica.com
chemical element
Earth
Tin (Sn), a chemical element belonging to the carbon family, Group 14 (IVa) of the periodic table . It is a soft, silvery white metal with a bluish tinge, known to the ancients in bronze, an alloy with copper . Tin is widely used for plating steel cans used as food containers, in metals used for bearings, and in solder.
The origins of tin are lost in antiquity. Bronzes , which are copper–tin alloys, were used by humans in prehistory long before pure tin metal itself was isolated. Bronzes were common in early Mesopotamia , the Indus valley, Egypt, Crete, Israel, and Peru . Much of the tin used by the early Mediterranean peoples apparently came from the Scilly Isles and Cornwall in the British Isles , where tin mining dates to at least 300–200 bce. Tin mines were operating in both the Inca and Aztec domains of South and Central America before the Spanish conquest. The symbol Sn for tin is an abbreviation of the Latin word for tin, stannum.
Occurrence and distribution
The element is present in the igneous rocks of Earth’s crust to the extent of about 0.001 percent, which is scarce but not rare; its abundance is of the same order of magnitude as such technically useful elements as cobalt , nickel , copper, cerium , and lead , and it is essentially equal to the abundance of nitrogen . In the cosmos there are 1.33 atoms of tin per 1 × 106 atoms of silicon , an abundance roughly equal to that of niobium , ruthenium , neodymium , or platinum . Cosmically, tin is a product of neutron absorption. Its richness in stable isotopes is noteworthy.
carbon group element:
Tin occurs in grains of the native metal but chiefly as stannic oxide, SnO2, in the mineral cassiterite , the only tin mineral of commercial significance. The metal is obtained from cassiterite by reduction (removal of the oxygen) with coal or coke in smelting furnaces. No high-grade deposits are known. The major sources are alluvial deposits, averaging about 0.01 percent tin. The oldest tin mines were those in Cornwall, which were worked at least as early as Phoenician times but are no longer of major consequence, and Spain. Lode deposits, containing up to 4 percent, are found in Bolivia and Cornwall. China led the world in tin production in the early 21st century, accounting for nearly half of all production; Indonesia , Peru, and Bolivia were also top producers. Several processes have been devised for reclaiming the metal from scrap tin or tin-plated articles. (For a full treatment of tin mining, refining, and recovery, see tin processing .)
Properties of the element
carbon (C)
Tin is nontoxic, ductile, malleable , and adapted to all kinds of cold-working, such as rolling , spinning , and extrusion . The colour of pure tin is retained during exposure because a thin, invisible, protective film of stannic oxide is formed spontaneously by reaction with the oxygen of the air. The low melting point of tin and its firm adhesion to clean surfaces of iron , steel, copper, and copper alloys facilitate its use as an oxidation-resistant coating material. Tin exists in two different forms, or allotropes: the familiar form, white (or beta) tin, and gray (or alpha) tin, which is powdery and of little use. The gray form changes to the white above 13.2 °C (55.8 °F), rapidly at temperatures above 100 °C (212 °F); the reverse transformation, called tin pest, occurs at low temperatures and seriously hampers the use of the metal in very cold regions. This change is rapid only below −50 °C (−58 °F), unless catalyzed by gray tin or tin in the +4 oxidation state , but is prevented by small amounts of antimony , bismuth , copper, lead, silver , or gold normally present in commercial grades of tin.
Periodic Table of the Elements
White tin has a body-centred tetragonal crystal structure , and gray tin has a face-centred cubic structure. When bent, tin makes an eerie, crackling “cry” as its crystals crush each other. Tin is attacked by strong acids and alkalies, but nearly neutral solutions do not affect it appreciably. Chlorine , bromine , and iodine react with tin, but fluorine reacts with it only slowly at room temperature. The relationships among the allotropic modifications of tin can be represented as transformations from one crystal type to another at specific temperatures:
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(The double arrows signify that the transformation occurs in both directions, as tin is heated or as it is cooled.)
Tin exists in two oxidation states, +4 and +2. Elemental tin is readily oxidized to the dipositive ion in acidic solution, but this Sn2+ ion is converted to the Sn4+ ion by many mild oxidizing agents, including elemental oxygen. Oxidation under alkaline conditions normally gives the tetrapositive (Sn4+) state. In an alkaline medium, dipositive tin (Sn2+) disproportionates readily to tetrapositive tin and the free element.
Tin has 10 stable isotopes, occurring in the following percentages in natural tin: tin-112, 0.97; tin-114, 0.65; tin-115, 0.36; tin-116, 14.53; tin-117, 7.68; tin-118, 24.22; tin-119, 8.58; tin-120, 32.59; tin-122, 4.63; and tin-124, 5.79.
Uses
Tin-plating of iron protects the latter from corrosion; tin piping and valves maintain purity in water and beverages; molten tin is the base for (float) plate-glass production. Because pure tin is relatively weak, it is not put to structural uses unless alloyed with other metals in such materials as bronzes, pewter , bearing metals, type metals, lead-based solders, bell metal, babbitt metal , and low-temperature casting alloys. Tin oxide , in which tin is in the +4 oxidation state, is useful in making ceramic bodies opaque , as a mild abrasive, and as a weighting agent for fabrics. Tin fluoride and tin pyrophosphate, in which tin is in the +2 oxidation state, are used in dentifrices. Organic tin compounds act as stabilizers in certain plastics and as wood preservatives. A crystalline alloy with niobium is a superconductor at temperatures as high as 18 K (−427 °F) and retains this property in very strong magnetic fields.
Elemental tin is apparently nontoxic, and quantities of tin up to 300 parts per million, as dissolved by foods packaged in tin-plated containers and cooking utensils, are not harmful. Organic tin compounds commonly used as biocides and fungicides are, however, toxic to human beings.
Compounds
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Tin forms two series of compounds: stannous, in which tin is in the +2 oxidation state, and stannic, in which it is in the +4 state. Some of the more commercially important stannous compounds are stannous chloride, SnCl2, used in tin galvanizing and as a reducing agent in the manufacture of polymers and dyes; stannous oxide, SnO, employed in making tin salts for chemical reagents and for plating; and stannous fluoride, SnF2, an active ingredient in toothpastes. Stannic compounds of significance include stannic chloride, SnCl4, widely used as a stabilizer for perfumes and as a starting material for other tin salts; and stannic oxide, SnO2, a useful catalyst in certain industrial processes and a polishing powder for steel.
Tin can form a bond with carbon, as in the more than 500 known organotin compounds . Organotin stabilizers are used to prevent changes in polyvinyl chloride upon exposure to light and heat. A number of organotin compounds are major ingredients in biocides and fungicides.
Element Properties
| Tin |
Seismology is the study of what? | Tin
Appearance and Characteristics
Harmful effects:
Tin is considered to be non-toxic but most tin salts are toxic. The inorganic salts are caustic but of low toxicity. Organometallic compounds of tin are highly toxic.
Characteristics:
Tin is a silvery-white, soft, malleable metal that can be highly polished.
Tin has a highly crystalline structure and when a tin bar is bent, a ‘tin cry’ is heard, due to the breaking of these crystals.
In compounds tin is usually in the divalent state (Sn2+) or tetravalent state (Sn4+).
It resists oxygen and water but dissolves in acids and bases. Exposed surfaces form an oxide film. When heated in air, tin forms tin(IV) oxide (stannic oxide) which is feebly acidic.
Tin has two allotropic forms at normal pressure, gray tin and white tin. Pure white tin slowly tends to become the gray powder (gray tin), a change commonly called ‘tin pest’ at temperatures below 13.2 oC. Gray tin has no metallic properties at all. Commercial quality tins are resistant to tin pest as a result of the inhibiting effects of minor impurities.
Uses of Tin
Tin is used as a coating on the surface of other metals to prevent corrosion. ‘Tin’ cans, for example, are made of tin-coated steel.
Tin can be rolled into thin foil sheets (tinfoil). Present day ‘tinfoil’ to cover or wrap food is usually made from aluminum.
Alloys of tin are commercially important in, for example, soft solder, pewter, bronze and phosphor bronze.
Tin chloride (stannous chloride, SnCl2) is used as a mordant in dyeing textiles and for increasing the weight of silk.
Stannous fluoride (SnF2) is used in some toothpastes.
Abundance and Isotopes
Abundance earth’s crust: 2.3 parts per million by weight, 0.4 parts per million by moles
Abundance solar system: 9 parts per billion by weight, 0.1 parts per billion by moles
Cost, pure: $24 per 100g
Cost, bulk: $1.80 per 100g
Source: Tin very rarely occurs free in nature. The chief ore is cassiterite (SnO2). The metal is prepared from cassiterite by reducing the ore with coal.
Isotopes: Tin has 35 isotopes whose half-lives are known, mass numbers 100 to 134. Tin has ten stable isotopes, the most of any element.
Naturally occurring tin is a mixture of its ten stable isotopes and they are found in the percentages shown: 112Sn (1.0%), 114Sn (0.7%), 115Sn (0.3%), 116Sn (14.5%), 117Sn (7.7%), 118Sn (24.2%), 119Sn (8.6%), 120Sn (32.6%), 122Sn (4.6%) and 124Sn (5.8%). The most abundant is 120Sn at 32.6%.
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What actually is laughing gas? | Laughing Gas - Nitrous Oxide - Relative Analgesia - Inhalation Sedation
Inhalation Sedation
Inhalation Sedation (Laughing Gas)
Inhalation sedation, laughing gas, relative analgesia, RA, happy gas, gas and air, nitrous, nitrous oxide, N2O-O2… this one has more names than any other sedation technique! And deservedly so. Inhalation sedation with nitrous oxide (N2O) and oxygen (O2) has been described as “representing the most nearly ‘ideal’ clinical sedative circumstance”…
What is it? And what does it do?
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is simply a gas which you can breathe in. It has no color, smell, and doesn’t irritate. It was discovered in 1772. Humphrey Davy (1778-1829), one of the pioneers of N2O experimentation, described the effects of N2O on himself following self-administration for a toothache and gum infection as follows:
“On the day when the inflammation was the most troublesome, I breathed three large doses of nitrous oxide. The pain always diminished after the first four or five inspirations; the thrilling came on as usual, and uneasiness was for a few minutes swallowed up in pleasure.”
Sounds like fun!! The extract above pretty much summarizes the effects of nitrous oxide: it kills pain – and it induces a pleasurable feeling. After 5 minutes or so of breathing in the gas, you should feel a euphoric feeling spread throughout your body. It really kind of feels like a ‘happy drunk’ feeling. Some people find that there are auditory or visual effects as well. You will feel a bit light headed and often people get ‘the giggles’ (hence the name laughing gas!). As an interesting aside, nitrous oxide was one of the drugs of choice for young people in the late 1700s and early 1800s, when laughing gas demonstrations were a popular source of entertainment and enjoyment.
First-hand accounts of Relative Analgesia
“I started feeling warm all over. The elevator-type music they had on was starting to all sound the same and I could have sworn that they were looping the same song over and over and over. I remember somewhat the dentist coming in and telling me that this is going to be a “Three Martini Cleaning” and asked me if I preferred Strawberry Daiquiri or Pina Colada. The taste of Pina Colada filled my gums and then I saw the needle with the local anesthesia for a second, but he must have decided not to use it because I seriously didn’t feel anything. I was already under a nice level buzz from the N20 and I could feel myself relaxing into the chair — the drugs were finally kicking in. The Pina Colada taste in my mouth made me start thinking of previous Caribbean vacations…”
“I’m still smelling cherry flavor :-).You start with O2 of course and a few minutes later he asked how i was doing and basically nothing happened so he had to increase it a couple of times and finally I started to relax a bit. No real loopiness but just a sense of yeah I can get thru this. The biggest sensation was my legs felt kinda heavy as if to say maybe I want to stay here a while. Thinking like that I knew the gas was definitely working!! I WANTED TO STAY AT THE DENTIST!!!! Can you believe this.”
How does nitrous oxide work?
Today, we know that nitrous oxide (N2O) on its own can only safely be used for short periods of time (because the lack of oxygen in pure N2O can lead to unconsciousness and even death) – but that it’s safe to use for longer periods of time if you mix it with oxygen (O2). Hence, the “laughing gas” used now is called N2O-O2, and contains at least 30% oxygen (that’s all the machines used nowadays will permit). Usually, the mix is about 70% oxygen to 30% nitrous oxide.
In medicine, sometimes a mix of 50% oxygen to 50% nitrous oxide is used. This is known as entonox or, more commonly, “gas and air”.
Depending on the concentration and length of administration of laughing gas, four levels of sedation can be experienced (after an initial feeling of light-headedness):
a tingling sensation, especially in the arms and legs, or a feeling of vibration (“parasthesia”), quickly followed by
warm sensations, and
a feeling of well-being, euphoria and/or floating. During heavier sedation, hearing may dissolve into a constant, electronic-like throbbing.
At a deeper level of sedation again, sleepiness, difficulty to keep one’s eyes open or speak (“dream”) can occur. Should nausea set in, it means you’re definitely oversedated!
If you experience any unpleasant symptoms, let your dentist know so that they can adjust the percentage of N2O. Alternatively, just take the mask off.
During relative analgesia, you should stay within the first three stages. The “dream” stage means that the N2O concentration is too high, or that the gas has been administered for too long. This stage can be associated with side effects such as nausea and other potentially unpleasant sensations, including flashbacks. N2O concentration should always be gradually increased (“titrated”) at each visit, because people’s tolerance can vary from day to day. If you’ve had bad experiences with laughing gas in the past, it is highly likely that these were due to improper administration and too high a concentration of N2O.
Interestingly, the actual mechanism of action of N2O is still unknown (it appears that there are quite a few different mechanisms at work)! However, it’s been observed that N2O depresses almost all forms of sensation – especially hearing, touch and pain, and that it seems to disinhibit some emotional centers in the brain. The ability to concentrate or perform intelligent acts is only minimally affected, as is memory.
How is nitrous oxide administered?
The equipment used for delivering “happy gas” is quite simple. It consists of a supply of compressed gases and an apparatus which delivers the gases to the client. By turning some knobs and flipping on/off switches, the administrator can produce the desired mix of N2O-O2 in the desired quantities. Flowmeters and pressure gauges allow the administrator to keep an eye on the flow of gases.
The desired N2O-O2 mix is fed through a tube to which a nasal hood or cannula is attached. This hood is put over your nose. All you have to do now is breathe normally through your nose – bingo!
In modern machines there is a sort of double mask (see photo) where the outside mask is connected to a vacuum machine to suck away the waste gas – you wouldn’t want your dentist to get a face full of N2O… The white inside mask, which is placed over your nose, comes in lots of yummy scents – such as vanilla, strawberry, and mint! The one pictured to the left is scented with vanilla (that’s the one I’d go for), but Gordon likes the minty one best…
The twin tubes running to the mask are for “gas in” and “gas out”. The “gas out” line is attached to the vacuum machine, while the “gas in” line is attached to the RA (short for relative analgesia) machine. The inner mask is attached to the “line in”, you breathe out through a one-way valve in the inner mask, and the exhaust gas is collected inside the outer grey mask (pictured to your right) and sucked into the vacuum machine.
What are the advantages of nitrous oxide?
Nitrous oxide works very rapidly – it reaches the brain within 20 seconds, and relaxation and pain-killing properties develop after 2 or 3 minutes.
The depth of sedation can be altered from moment to moment, allowing the person who administers the gas to increase or decrease the depth of sedation. Other sedation techniques don’t allow for this. For example, with IV sedation, it’s easy to deepen the level of sedation, but difficult to lessen it. Whereas with laughing gas, the effects are almost instant.
Other sedation techniques have a fixed duration of action (because the effects of pills or intravenous drugs last for a specific time span), whereas gas can be given for the exact time span it’s needed for. It can also be switched off when not needed and then switched on again (though to avoid a roller-coaster effect, you shouldn’t do this too abruptly).
There’s no “hangover” effect – the gas is eliminated from the body within 3 to 5 minutes after the gas supply is stopped. You can safely drive home and don’t need an escort.
With nitrous oxide, it’s easy to give incremental doses until the desired action is obtained (this is called “titration”). So the administrator has virtually absolute control over the action of the drug, preventing the possibility of accidental overdoses. While giving incremental doses is possible with IV sedation, it’s not possible with oral sedation (as a result, oral sedation can be a bit of a hit-and-miss affair).
For certain procedures – those involving gums rather than teeth (e. g. deep cleaning) – it may be possible to use nitrous instead of local anaesthesia. N2O acts as a painkiller on soft tissues such as gums. However, its pain-relieving effects vary a lot from person to person and can’t be relied upon.
No injection is required. In cases of very severe needle phobia, getting laughing gas first can help you feel relaxed enough to allow the needle required for IV sedation to be inserted in your arm or hand. The very deep state of sedation achievable through IV sedation will then allow you to accept local anaesthetic.
Inhalation sedation is very safe. It has very few side effects and the drugs used have no ill effects on the heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, or brain.
Inhalation sedation has been found to be very effective in eliminating or at least minimizing severe gagging.
Are there any disadvantages?
Some people are not comfortable with the effects of laughing gas (either because they’re afraid they might lose control or because it makes them feel nauseous – this is quite rare, though, and usually due to oversedation). If you’re prone to nausea, it’s a good idea to have a meal (not a huge one) about 4 hours before your appointment. If that’s not possible (e. g. an early morning appointment), make sure your stomach isn’t completely empty – but don’t stuff yourself straight beforehand either. According to Gordon, who’s a bit of an expert in the field, the normal working concentration of gases is about 70% oxygen to 30% nitrous oxide: “It’s rare to go beyond that because that’s what brings on the nausea, more than 45% N2O and you’re going to have the patient puke on you :grin:”.
Some people will not achieve adequate sedation with permissible levels of oxygen.
If you can’t breathe through your nose (either because you’re a pure mouth breather, or because your nose is blocked), or you feel too claustrophobic when something is put over your nose, it can’t be used.
Depending on where you live, a dentist who offers nitrous oxide may be hard to come by.
Apart from that, most of the disadvantages of inhalation sedation don’t affect you, but the dental team: there’s training required, the equipment is quite bulky and takes up a lot of space, and there is a possibility that dental staff who are chronically exposed to nitrous oxide might develop health problems. The cost of the equipment and gases is high, so you’ll have to contribute to the cost – but it’s quite a bit cheaper than IV sedation.
What about bad experiences with laughing gas?
On rare occasions, people have reported a bad experience with nitrous oxide. Usually this is due to oversedation – getting too much N2O in the mix. This is easily reversible by reducing the amount of N2O. For example, a few people have reported auditory and “physical” hallucinations, dizziness, or vertigo.
Don’t panic if you should experience this. While these symptoms are usually due to the N2O concentration being too high for you, the machines used nowadays have built-in safety features preventing an accidental overdose. Nonetheless, these sensations can be unpleasant – let your dentist know asap about any unpleasant sensations or symptoms so that they can adjust the percentage of N2O. Laughing, becoming giddy, crying, or uncoordinated movements are other signs that the NO2 concentration is too high, but these will easily be spotted by your dentist. Alternatively, just rip the mask off your nose! Don’t confuse “dizziness” with the normal feeling of lightheadedness which many people who’ve never had N2O before experience after maybe 60 or 90 seconds. The feeling of lightheadedness will pass as the concentration of N2O is increased.
Some experts in this field (e. g. Stanley Malamed) argue that nitrous oxide should always be “titrated”. This means gradually increasing the percentage of nitrous oxide in the N2O – O2 mix until a comfortable level is reached. The reason why titration should ideally be used every single time is because of potential adverse effects in the event of oversedation (including flashbacks of traumatic past events, as well as physical ill-effects).
However, other experts (e.g. Fred Quarnstrom) say that it’s ok to use a mix based on prior experience (a concentration which a particular patient has experienced as pleasant during previous appointments). Quite a lot of dentists do this because it’s quicker.
The problem with this approach is that tolerance can vary from visit to visit, depending on both psychological and physiological factors. What is experienced as pleasant varies from person to person and from day to day. And once a person has been oversedated, they may come to dislike nitrous oxide so much that they don’t want to try it again.
Are there any contraindications?
There aren’t any major contraindications to relative analgesia, except for M.S., emphysema and some exotic chest problems. It hasn’t been proven to be safe during the first trimester of pregnancy, so you can’t use it then.
Because you have to breathe it in through your nose, it’s not suitable for people who have a cold or some other condition which prevents them from breathing through their nose.
You can’t be allergic to N2O. It’s also safe to use if you suffer from epilepsy, liver disease, heart disease, diabetes, or cerebrovascular disease. It is also used quite successfully in many people with respiratory disease – but it depends on the exact nature of the disease, so check with your dentist!
How do I know if it’s for me?
Why not ask if you can have a 5 minute ‘sample’ so that you know what to expect on the day of your procedure?
Many thanks to Gordon Laurie BDS for his advice and help while writing this page – and for the photos.
| Nitrous oxide |
Fe is the chemical symbol for what metal? | June 19th 2016 1 Shares
Is Laughing Gas Really That Dangerous?
Josh Teal in more
Nitrous oxide or laughing gas is now the 7th most popular drug the survey including 50 countries, according to the latest Global Drug survey.
Over half of the UK participants said they'd tried the drug at some point, and 38% admitted to using it in the last year, making it more popular in the UK than the other 49.
NOS, hippie crack - whatever you wanna call it - is no new thing. Nitrous oxide, a sweet, colourless gas, has been used recreationally since the late 1700s.
Medical use came about in the early 20th century and has remained an important anaesthetic and painkiller ever since. Chances are, outside of a pre's or house party, you've probably been on the stuff at some point without realising it.
Nos is considered to have a low toxicity. Though it can cause dizziness, so there's a risk of falling onto a table head-first in front of all your mates.
Credit: Getty
Other risks can vary, depending on how the drug's taken. Inhaling nos from a pressurised canister can damage your lungs. Although rare, people have died from asphyxiation after passing out.
Most NOS enthusiasts inhale the drug from balloons, and if the dose is low, the risk of asphyxiation is pretty nonexistent.
Heavy usage is bad, naturally. It can lead to vitamin deficiency and anemia as a result of the inactivation of vitamin B12 in the body. Vitamin B deficiency can cause tingling in your fingers and toes, with the potential to last for hours or days. Worse cases can lead to numbness and poor coordination.
It's anyone's guess why NOS truly is so popular in the UK. My hunch is that it's mostly legal around the world, cheap and quick. If a user doesn't enjoy the sensation, then they only have to wait seconds for it to go away. But what do I know?
Featured image: Getty
| i don't know |
Henry V111 had several wives. Who was the last one? | Learn All About The Six Wives Of Henry VIII, Their Lives & Deaths | Historic Royal Palaces
Find out more about the lives (and deaths) of Henry VIII's six wives
Katherine of Aragon
Divorced
The first of Henry VIII's six wives, Katherine of Aragon (1485-1536) was a Spanish princess who was married to Henry for 18 years before he began divorce proceedings in his desperation to re-marry and produce a male heir.
Katherine had been pregnant six times but only one daughter, Princess Mary, later Mary I , had survived. Dying in 1536, Katherine wrote to Henry: 'Lastly, I make this vow, that mine eyes desire you above all things. Farewell.'
Anne Boleyn
Beheaded
The second of Henry VIII's six wives, Anne Boleyn (c1501-1536) was married to the King for only three years from 1533-1536.
Instead of the sought after male heir, Anne was pregnant with another princess, Elizabeth (later Elizabeth I ).
Anne was supported by religious reformers but was also hated by many at court. After a miscarriage, her fate was sealed and she was arrested (and later executed at the Tower of London) for adultery and incest.
Jane Seymour
Died
Jane Seymour (c1509-1537) was the third of Henry VIII's six wives and the only wife to provide the King with the much longed for son and male heir.
Having married Henry in May 1536, she gave birth to Prince Edward (later Edward VI) at Hampton Court Palace in 1537 but died soon afterwards.
Henry had his son but grieved: 'Providence has mingled my joy with the bitterness of the death of her who brought me this happiness.'
Anne of Cleves
Divorced
Anne of Cleves (1515-1557) was the fourth of Henry VIII's six wives and at 24 was half Henry's age when they married in January 1540.
Henry first saw Anne of Cleves in a painting by Hans Holbein but in the flesh, Henry found Anne unattractive and began pursuing one of her maids of honour, Catherine Howard.
After six months the marriage was annulled yet Anne remained in England and on good terms with Henry VIII. He commanded that she be treated as 'the king's sister'
Catherine Howard
Beheaded
Henry VIII's fifth wife was an alluring teenager named Catherine Howard (c1522-1542).
Married three weeks after his second divorce, rumours of Catherine's past and present love affairs reached a furious Henry. She was arrested at Hampton Court Palace and later taken to the Tower of London where she was beheaded in February 1542, aged about 21.
Kateryn Parr
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Back to Henry V111, who was his third wife? | King Henry VIII and His Six Wives—Love, Marriage, and Children | Owlcation
King Henry VIII and His Six Wives—Love, Marriage, and Children
King Henry VIII and His Six Wives—Love, Marriage, and Children
Updated on July 22, 2016
Joined: 8 years agoFollowers: 1,006Articles: 47
Henry VIII of England, King 1509-1547
King Henry VIII was, quite probably, the most significant English political and religious figure since William the Conqueror set sail from Normandy in 1066 AD.
This article is about Henry the man - his loves, his wives, his children. Famous for having six wives, Henry VIII is said to be the only English King to have had more wives than mistresses.
Every English schoolchild knows the rhyme, "divorced, beheaded, died, divorced, beheaded, survived", about, in turn, Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard, and Catherine Parr.
Even in his own lifetime, when his revenge could be swift and cruel, his marital history was made fun of. The beautiful 16 year old Duchess Christina of Denmark is supposed to have said in 1538 that if she had had two heads, Henry was welcome to one of them. She declined to marry him.
Henry himself died thinking that he had had only two marriages - to Jane Seymour, and Catherine Parr. The rest were not valid, in his view. That meant, also, that King Henry VIII only considered one of his children, the future King Edward VI, to be legitimate. He did not regard his daughters, Mary Tudor and Elizabeth Tudor, as being born within marriage.
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Portraits of Catherine of Aragon
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Catherine of Aragon in c. 1503, as the widowed Princess of Wales
Catherine of Aragon as Queen of England, in c. 1520s
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Family and Childhood of Catherine of Aragon, Henry VIII's wife 1509-1533
Catherine of Aragon was born in Spain on 16th December 1485.
She was the daughter of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile. Both were monarchs of their own countries. Catherine was therefore an infanta, a Spanish princess. Her title as a child was Infanta Caterina.
Catherine was named after her maternal grandmother, the English daughter of John of Gaunt Duke of Lancaster.
As you can see from the portrait to the right of this text, she looked English as well, with fair hair, fair skin, and blue eyes.
Ferdinand and Isabella were important monarchs in Europe. They were relentlessly pious and Catholic, and were awarded the titles of, “the Catholic Kings”.
Catherine had several older siblings. The eldest was called Isabella, then came Juan, and then Juana, Maria and then the baby of the family, Catherine.
Catherine had an active childhood. Ferdinand and Isabella were busy with the reconquista.
They were dedicated to expelling the last remaining Muslim Moors from Spain, and the Queen was head of her own armies. Isabella took her daughters as well as her son to the siege of Granada in 1491.
Historical Fiction on This Topic
Catherine of Aragon's Marriage to Arthur Tudor, Prince of Wales
At the age of 3, Catherine was betrothed to Arthur, Prince of Wales. The couple were married before they even met, by proxy.
They married firstly in Wales in May 1499, where Arthur married the Spanish Ambassador to England, De Puebla.
There was a second proxy marriage in December 1500, and the Ambassador played the part of Catherine of Aragon at a wedding feast after the proxy marriage.
Catherine arrived in England in October 1500, at Plymouth, Devon. Catherine and Arthur married in St Paul’s Cathedral on 14th November 1500.
The young couple moved to the Welsh Marches, but their married life together was short. Prince Arthur, Prince of Wales, died on 2nd April 1502, leaving Catherine a young teenage widow.
It was almost immediately proposed by Catherine’s parents, Ferdinand and Isabella, that Catherine marry Arthur’s younger brother, Prince Henry.
Henry the VII was far from sure that the marriage remained to his advantage. And Henry the VII therefore delayed it as long as possible, and in fact it was delayed until after he died in 1509.
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Henry VIII in about 1520
Henry VIII in old age
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Henry VIII's Marriage to Catherine of Aragon
Henry VII died on 21st April 1509.
Catherine married Henry VIII on 24th June 1509 in a very private ceremony. Henry appeared to want to marry Catherine. He had come to know her over the years that she lived in London as his brother’s widow, and appeared to find her attractive and interesting.
Catherine was a little older than Henry. She was 24 in 1509 when they married, and Henry was 18. She was, however, universally regarded as attractive. It must have seemed like a miracle to Catherine - from impoverished, disregarded and ignored widowhood, to wife and Queen in a matter of weeks.
Catherine became pregnant quickly, but miscarried in early 1510. She became pregnant again almost immediately, and on 31st December 1510 her first living child, a son, was born. He was named Prince Henry, and was baptised and given his own royal household. Jousts and ceremonies were held all over England to celebrate.
At the age of 22 days, Prince Henry died.
In 1513, Henry the VIII set sail for France in order to fight, allied with the Spanish, on French soil. He appointed Catherine as Regent of the country while he was away, a signal honour and a sign of his confidence in her.
While Henry fought battles abroad, encouraged by affectionate and admiring letters from Catherine back in England, the Scottish army led by James IV invaded England. Catherine organised the military defence. She marched out at the head of an army from Richmond, near London, and appears to have worn some form of armour.
Obviously she didn’t exactly fight, but was nearby when the English and Scots armies clashed at the Battle of Flodden. The Scots lost badly. In the Scottish armour, the King himself was killed, there was an Archbishop, a Bishop, 2 Abbots, 12 Earls, 14 Lords and 10,000 common soldiers. Casualties on the English side were only about 1,500.
Catherine further wrote to Henry a couple of months later to inform him that she was pregnant again. This pregnancy also ended in a miscarriage. She suffered from another stillbirth in 1514. She appears to have miscarried again in early 1515.
In January 1516 Catherine was once again in childbed. At the age of 31 she gave birth to the only child which would live to adulthood. Wonderful though a living child was, the celebrations were hugely muted because the child, Mary, was a girl and not the son everybody wanted.
In 1518, in November, Catherine gave birth to another live daughter, who died a few days later.
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A video About the Inventory Made in 1547, on the Death of Henry VIII
Bessie Blount—Henry VIII's Mistress c. 1519-20
Henry the VIII’s only confirmed mistresses were Elizabeth Blount and Mary Boleyn.
By Elizabeth Blount, Henry had a bastard son, Henry Fitzroy.
In 1525 he was formally recognised as the King’s son, created Earl of Nottingham, Duke of Richmond, Duke of Somerset, a Knight of the Garter, and Lord Admiral and Warden General of the Marches against Scotland.
The 6 year old was given a formal household, based at Sheriff Hutton Castle, Yorkshire, and altogether set up as a royal figure.
Henry died before he reached adulthood. At one stage, bizarrely, King Henry VIII appeared to be considering a marriage between Henry Fitzroy and his half-sister, Mary Tudor, daughter of Catherine of Aragon.
Mary Boleyn, sister of Anne Boleyn and mistress of Henry VIII
Mary Boleyn—Henry VIII's Mistress c. 1520 to 1523
When Mary Boleyn, Anne’s older sister, became Henry’s mistress, she was already married to William Carey. That marriage had taken place in February 1520. Carey was bribed, and given grants of land, titles and other offices.
Mary remained his mistress for some time. She had a son, Henry Carey, in 1525. It is generally thought very unlikely that this child was also Henry’s.
Firstly, the affair had probably ended by then. Secondly, Henry was all too eager to recognise Henry Fitzroy as his bastard son, in order to show that his marriage was the problem not his virility.
"Greensleeves," Supposed to Have Been Written by Henry VIII for Anne Boleyn
The Failing Marriage in the 1520s
Catherine was very short, probably only about 4 feet 9 or 10 in height. She was pregnant 7 out of the 9 years from her marriage in 1509 to 1518, and by the age of 35 she was really very large.
Henry VIII no longer found her attractive. In losing her looks, and failing to produce a male heir, Catherine also lost a great deal of her power over the King.
By 1525, Henry VIII was referring to himself as childless, despite his healthy living heir, Mary.
In 1525 also, Mary’s household was reorganised to be formally the heir’s household. She was given stewards and chamberlains who were barons, a Lord President of the Council, who was a Bishop, and 300 assorted servants. Her household cost £5000 a year to run.
As Princess of Wales, Mary was based in the Welsh Marches.
By 1527, however, Henry VIII had decided that the solution to the problem of the succession was to obtain a new wife.
The King's Great Matter
Henry VIII convinced himself that the words in Leviticus Chapter 20 showed that his marriage was unlawful:
If a man shall take his brother’s wife, it is an impurity; he hath uncovered his brother’s nakedness: they shall be childless
Henry came to believe fervently that the papal disposition for the marriage was not sufficient to make it lawful, and that the Pope could not set aside the laws of nature and God.
Henry was therefore determined that the marriage should be set aside.
Henry thought it would be easy. Generally speaking, Popes were sympathetic to Kings who lacked sons and whose wives were unable to provide them.
Ways out of marriage contracts were often found. For example, Eleanor of Aquitaine’s first marriage to Louis of France was dissolved as they had only daughters.
In the King's Great Matter, however, things were different. Amongst other problems, the Pope was under the practical and military control of the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V.
And, of course, Charles V was not just the Holy Roman Emperor, he was Catherine of Aragon’s nephew.
Woodcut showing the coronation of Catherine of Aragon and Henry VIII, from Stephen Hawes, "A Joyfull Medytacvon to All Englande" published 1509
The End of Catherine of Aragon's Marriage, and Her Life Thereafter
In May 1533, Cranmer declared that Henry’s marriage to Catherine of Aragon had been unlawful, and declared Henry’s marriage to Anne Boleyn valid.
In July 1533, Henry issued a proclamation stripping Catherine of Aragon of her title as Queen, and saying from thenceforth should she be known as the Princess Dowager of Wales, as Prince Arthur’s widow. She was given a greatly reduced household and sent off to the country.
Catherine moved in the spring of 1534 to Kimbolton, Huntingdonshire, and lived there as a semi-prisoner. Henry had not allowed Catherine to see her daughter for some years.
In March 1534, the Pope finally declared that Henry’s marriage to Catherine of Aragon was valid in Canon Law, and that the marriage could not be challenged. This was now, in England, an irrelevancy.
Catherine died early in January 1536 at Kimbolton. She was buried as the Princess Dowager of Wales.
Mary had to be dealt with. She was put under enormous pressure from after the birth of Elizabeth to swear an oath that her parents had not been married and that she was illegitimate.
Anne Boleyn as Queen of England, painted about 1534.
Hever Castle, Home of the Boleyn family
Anne Boleyn's Family and Childhood
Anne Boleyn did not come from one of the top families in the land.
Her father’s family were merchants who had ascended into the landed classes. Her great-grandfather, Geoffrey Boleyn, was a London merchant who bought land in Norfolk and in Kent. Anne’s grandfather and father, Thomas Boleyn, married well, into increasingly aristocratic families.
Thomas Boleyn’s wife was the daughter of the second Duke of Norfolk and sister of the third. Thomas and Elizabeth married in about 1500, and had 3 children who lived to adulthood; Mary Boleyn, Anne Boleyn, and George Boleyn.
The exact dates of birth of all 3 children are not known. It is likely that Mary Boleyn was the oldest (contrary to what Philippa Gregory says in the “Other Boleyn Girl”) Anne was the second, born between 1502 and 1507, and George was the youngest.
Anne was well educated, attractive, and had all the courtly skills. As a child she went to live in the Archduchess Margaret’s household in Burgundy. Margaret’s court was intellectual and cultured, and Anne Boleyn received an extremely good education there.
When Henry VIII’s sister, Mary Tudor, married the King of France in 1514, Anne Boleyn joined Mary’s household in Paris. Mary Tudor was quickly widowed, in 1515, but Anne Boleyn stayed at the French Court.
Anne became perfectly fluent in French, had a very good singing voice and played a number of instruments.
She did not look like a classic ideal of English beauty. She was dark-haired and had very dark eyes. She was nevertheless regarded as extremely attractive, skilled, and interesting.
In the early 1520s, Anne returned to England and entered the royal household as one of Catherine of Aragon’s Ladies in Waiting. It is likely Henry VIII became interested in Anne in late 1524 or 1525.
Original parchment record of the trial of Anne Boleyn and her brother, George Boleyn, for incest, adultery, and treason.
Anne Boleyn's Relationship With Henry VIII
In 1525 and 1526, Henry VIII chased Anne Boleyn vigorously. He no doubt thought it would be easier enough to make her his mistress. But she held out.
A good number of Henry’s love letters to Anne have survived. Many of them were stolen and they are now in the Vatican library.
They became engaged on New Year’s Day, 1527.
Anne was, by 1528, already supporting religious dissenters, Lutherans, and Protestants. She did her best to protect them against persecution by the Catholic establishment.
Instead, Anne favoured her Chamberlain and Chaplain Thomas Cranmer. He was a reformist priest from Cambridge.
Anne brought Cranmer to Henry VIII’s attention, and he rose steadily in Tudor circles, eventually becoming Archbishop of Canterbury.
Anne adopted a new motto from the Burgundian Court in 1531, “Thus it will be, grumble who will”.
For a couple of years, bizarrely, King Henry VIII, Queen Catherine of Aragon, and Anne Boleyn had travelled together in a royal court.
Henry VIII's Children
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Mary I, daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon
Elizabeth I, daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn
Edward VI, son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour
Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Richmond, son of Henry VIII and Elizabeth Blount
The Marriage of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII
nry VIII and Anne Boleyn became lovers in November or December 1532. They had a secret marriage at the end of 1532, although Henry was still married to Catherine of Aragon.
By early December, Anne was pregnant, and the expected heir made the marriage even more urgent.
The Act of Succession 1534, passed at the end of March, cited Thomas Cranmer’s verdict that the marriage to Catherine was unlawful, and affirmed the lawfulness of the marriage between Henry and Anne Boleyn.
The succession to the throne was to go to Henry’s heirs male by Anne or any subsequent wife, and if no such sons were born, the throne was to pass to Elizabeth. Mary I was not mentioned at all.
On 7th September 1533, Anne gave birth to a healthy child. This heir is exactly what was wanted, apart from one terrible error.
The baby, Elizabeth, was a girl and not the son for which Henry had risked everything.
More Acts were passed setting out the reformation, the Act of Supremacy 1534 appointed the King as Supreme Head of the Church of England, and the Act of Obedience 1534 made any attribution of power to the Pope treason.
In January 1536, Anne Boleyn was pregnant again. In a jousting event, Henry had an accident and fell badly. Anne Boleyn was not there, but was badly shocked when told.
On the day of Catherine of Aragon’s funeral, 5 days after the accident in jousting, Anne miscarried a male foetus.
This was the third pregnancy for Anne. She’d had the healthy Elizabeth I in 1533, a miscarriage in 1534 (or possibly a stillbirth) and a further male miscarriage in early 1536.
By the time of this miscarriage, Henry’s eye already seems to have turned to Jane Seymour.
In early May, Anne Boleyn was arrested and was taken to the Tower of London. Her chief prosecutor and interrogator was her Uncle, the Duke of Norfolk.
Anne was accused of adultery with numerous gentlemen at the Court, and of incest with her brother. The 5 men, including George Boleyn, were executed on Tower Hill near the Tower of London on 17th May.
Anne Boleyn’s marriage to the King was annulled on the 18th May, and Anne Boleyn herself was executed on the 19th May. She was buried in the Chapel of St Peter ad Vincula.
After the execution, the 2 year old Princess Elizabeth joined her sister Mary in a state of legally-proclaimed bastardy.
Queen Jane Seymour, third wife of Henry VIII
Jane Seymour
Jane Seymour was a complete contrast to Anne Boleyn. She spoke very little, and when she did she was extremely meek, submissive and calm.
After the exciting and rollercoaster relationship with Anne Boleyn, Henry VIII appears to have been attracted to a woman who was frankly seen as pretty dull.
The day after Anne Boleyn’s execution on 19th May, Henry VIII and Jane Seymour were betrothed, and they married on 30th May at York Place, now Whitehall, in Central London.
Not much is known about how Jane Seymour formed a relationship with Henry VIII. Jane was a member of Anne Boleyn’s household, just as Anne Boleyn had been a member of Catherine of Aragon’s household.
The relationship appears to have started in about February 1536. Like Anne Boleyn, Jane was from a good but not top-notch aristocratic family.
Jane soon became pregnant, and on the 12th October 1537, gave birth to a healthy son, named Edward. After a long and difficult labour, Jane appeared to be recovering, but then became infected with childbed fever, and died late on the 24th October. It appears that Henry was absent.
Anne of Cleves, in the portrait seen by Henry VIII before they met
Anne of Cleves
King Henry’s fourth marriage was an arranged marriage of State.
With the reformation in full swing in England, fiercely Catholic princesses could not be considered, nor would they consider Henry.
The Duchy of Cleves was in present day Northern Germany, and had its capital at Düsseldorf. The Duke had 2 unmarried younger sisters, Anne and Amelia. Anne was 25 when the marriage took place, and Henry was nearly 50.
The famous portrait of Anne of Cleves was painted by Hans Holbein, in order that Henry could see what she looked like before they married.
Anne was not well educated. She came from a suitably non Catholic country, but could only speak and understand her own language, a type of German, and could not speak English, French or even Latin.
Anne arrived in England right at the end of December 1539, and first met Henry by surprise on New Year’s Day. Anne of Cleves failed to recognise Henry VIII, who was offended by this.
His type of humiliation set him against her from the beginning. In addition, he decided that she was unattractive and unsuitable.
However, in terms of arranged royal marriages it was impossible for him to reject her now.
The couple married on 6th January 1540, greatly against Henry’s will.
The day after the marriage, Henry declared he’d been unable to consummate it and was not impotent but unable to rise to the occasion with Anne.
By early July 1540, Henry was already talking about divorce. Anne of Cleves was distinctly upset by this, but was wise enough to realise that opposing the King in such matters was bad for her health.
She therefore wrote to the King accepting that the marriage should be tried and found invalid, and signing the letter, “Your Majesty’s most humble sister and servant, Anne, daughter of Cleves.”
As Anne had been so accommodating, Henry VIII was generous to her and gave her an income of £4000 a year and 2 houses, Richmond and Bletchingley, both near London. She was to be considered an honoured member of the royal court.
Catherine Howard, fifth wife of Henry VIII
Catherine Howard's Family and Childhood
Catherine Howard was English, from the same family as Anne Boleyn. The Duke of Norfolk, the man who had prosecuted and supervised the execution of Anne Boleyn, was Catherine’s Uncle as well as Anne’s.
Catherine was one of the younger children of Edmund Howard, a younger son. There was not a great deal of money.
Edmund Howard married Jocasta Culpepper, who already had several children. She and Edmund Howard were married for about 15 years and had 10 more children.
No-one is sure exactly when Catherine Howard was born. The earliest possible date of birth is about 1520, and the latest about 1525. When she married Henry, therefore, she was almost certainly aged between about 14 and 19.
Catherine spent a lot of her childhood in the household of her step grandmother, the powerful Dowager Duchess of Norfolk. She formed a relationship as a very young teenager with a music master, but this relationship does not appear to have been consummated.
Later, she formed another relationship with Francis Dereham, also a member of the Howard clan and a gentleman. It appears very likely that they had a sexual relationship when Catherine was about 13 or 14.
In late 1539 Catherine Howard was appointed as a Lady of Waiting for the future Queen Anne of Cleves.
Clip of the Clash Between Henry VIII and His Chancellor, Sir Thomas More
The Tower of London, showing Traitors' Gate. Copyright Viki Male
St. Peter ad Vincula chapel in the Tower of London. This is the burial place of Anne Boleyn and Catherine Howard.
The Marriage Between Henry VIII and Catherine Howard
By spring 1540, there was a fully fledged love affair between Catherine Howard and Henry VIII. The relationship was heavily pushed and encouraged by Catherine’s Uncle, the Duke of Norfolk.
Catherine appears to have had red hair, pale skin, and dark eyes. They married on 8th August 1540 at Hampton Court, Henry’s second marriage in 8 months.
Henry was besotted with Catherine. He described her as his, “rose without a thorn”.
In 1541, Henry VIII undertook a progress to the north of England. A progress was a royal journey around all or part of a King’s kingdom. The Court arrived after the progress at Hampton Court at the end of October.
Cranmer, the Archbishop of Canterbury, had received allegations against Catherine, and told the King. Henry did not believe a single one of the allegations. He did agree that the matter should be investigated, but said it should be utterly confidential to protect Catherine’s reputation.
A number of members of Catherine’s step grandmother’s household were interviewed, and confirmed Catherine’s earlier relationships.
On 5th November, Henry summoned his councillors, including Catherine’s Uncle the Duke of Norfolk. He then left secretly for London and never saw Catherine again.
On 7th November, the Archbishop Cranmer arrested and interrogated Catherine, who appears to have fallen apart when confronted with the evidence. She made a full written confession, and begged for the King's Mercy.
The punishment for Catherine’s pre-marital relationships was, Henry decided a couple of days later, that she be banished to a former Nunnery, at Syon, but was still to be treated as a Queen.
A more dangerous allegation then came about. Catherine had been unwise enough to appoint Francis Dereham to her household, and the Council suspected the love affair might have continued after she married Henry. Dereham was tortured, but did not admit it, although he did go on to say that Thomas Culpepper and Catherine Howard had formed a relationship.
Thomas Culpepper was arrested the following day. He was taken to the Tower and tortured.
Catherine actually wrote to him, a letter which survived and was used against her, in which she said,
I have never longed for so much for a thing as I do to see you and speak with you, the which I trust shall be shortly now … it makes my heart to die to think what fortune I have that I cannot always be in your company …Yours as long as life endures, Catherine.
Catherine and Culpepper both admitted to meeting secretly late at night on the northern progress. Neither admitted actually committing adultery, but both admitted that there was an intention to do so.
Dereham and Culpepper were both tried for treason. Culpepper was beheaded on 10th December, and Dereham was dragged to Tyburn, hanged, castrated, disembowelled, beheaded and quartered ,all because he had slept with a teenage girl who had that point had not even met her future husband, the King.
Catherine herself was not even tried. An Act of Parliament was passed in early 1542 with retrospective clauses saying that a loose-living woman who married the King without declaring it was guilty of treason, as were people who knew that she was not a virgin and allowed her to marry the King anyway.
Catherine was executed on 13th February 1542, and buried next to her cousin, Anne Boleyn.
Catherine Parr, sixth and last wife of Henry VIII
Catherine Parr
Future wives were going to be quite to come by.
The Act of Attainment meant that any woman who had not been married was greatly at risk if she married the King. As were her relatives, in case the King later discovered something about her past that he didn’t like.
Fortunately, Henry VIII’s eye lit on a widow.
Catherine Parr was born as the first child of Thomas Parr and Maud Green, in 1512. Catherine of Aragon was her Godmother. In 1517, Catherine’s father died of the plague, leaving Catherine’s mother a widow at 22 and Catherine fatherless at the age of 5.
Catherine was married at some time before 1529, when she was 17. She married Sir Edward Burgh, son and heir to Lord Burgh of Gainsborough in Lincolnshire. Edward died in 1533 leaving Catherine a childless 21 year old widow. Her mother had also died during her brief marriage.
Within months, Catherine Parr married again, to John Neville, Lord Latimer, again a much older man, 20 years older than her, who had had 2 previous wives and 2 young adult children. Catherine, and her husband Lord Latimer, were both reformists. They did their best to encourage the reformation and the downfall of Catholicism.
Lord Latimer was in increasing ill health in 1542 and 1543. He died in early March 1543, leaving his wife well provided for, and once again a widow. She was still only 31 years old. She formed a relationship with Sir Thomas Seymour, younger brother of Queen Jane Seymour and Prince Edward’s Uncle.
But the King was interested in her, and offered to marry her just after her husband died. She agreed, although she did not appear to want to be Queen. The marriage took place on 12th July 1543.
Catherine Parr did her best to bring together Henry’s disparate family, and brought Mary, Elizabeth and Edward together in the royal household with herself and Henry VIII. Catherine got on particularly well with Mary I.
Catherine also formed a close relationship with Elizabeth I, and Elizabeth lived with Catherine after Henry’s death.
Like Henry’s first wife but unlike any of the others, Catherine Parr was appointed Regent when Henry journeyed abroad to supervise war in France. She appears to have done a good job as Regent, and was admired by Henry for it.
Catherine was well-educated, pious in reformist religion, and interested in religious and social affairs. She wrote a book, published in June 1545, called, “Prayers or Meditations”
For a New Year’s present, in 1546, Elizabeth decided to flatter both her parents by sending to Henry VIII a copy of Prayers or Meditations by Queen Catherine. Elizabeth translated it into Latin, French and Italian and dedicated it to her father, and impressive feat for a 12 year old.
Henry appears to have been a little bit irritated by this, and appears to have thought that Catherine Parr was getting above herself in terms of religion. Catherine narrowly escaped being arrested and executed for heresy by some clever work.
After Henry VIII died, Catherine was finally able to marry Thomas Seymour, and to have Elizabeth and Elizabeth’s cousin, Lady Jane Grey, to live with her. She married Thomas Seymour very shortly after Henry VIII died on 28th January 1547, and became pregnant for the first time in 4 marriages.
Catherine Parr survived Henry VIII, but not for long. Her child, a girl named Mary, was born in 1548, and Catherine Parr died of childbirth fever. Her husband was then accused of treason and executed.
Sir Thomas Seymour, Catherine Parr's fourth husband. They married in 1547, and Henry VIII's death
The Henry VIII exhibition presents a selection of key documents from Henry VIII’s reign to celebrate the 500th anniversary of his accession to the throne. The documents are arranged into three themes: Power, Passion and Parchment.
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What did Sir Richard Arkwright invent in 1769? | Richard Arkwright
Richard Arkwright
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Richard Arkwright, the sixth of the seven children of Thomas Arkwright (1691–1753), a tailor, and his wife, Ellen Hodgkinson (1693–1778), was born in Preston on 23rd December, 1732. Richard's parents were very poor and could not afford to send him to school and instead arranged for him to be taught to read and write by his cousin Ellen. (1)
Richard became a barber's apprentice at Kirkham before moving to Bolton . He worked for Edward Pollit and in 1754 he started his own business as a wig-maker. The following year he married Patience Holt, the daughter of a schoolmaster. Their only child, Richard Arkwright, was born on 19th December 1755. After the death of his first wife he married Margaret Biggins (1723–1811) on 24th March 1761. (2)
Arkwright's work involved him travelling the country collecting people's discarded hair. In September 1767 Arkwright met John Kay, a clockmaker, from Warrington , who had been busy for some time trying to produce a new spinning-machine with another man, Thomas Highs of Leigh. Kay and Highs had run out of money and had been forced to abandon the project. Arkwright was impressed by Kay and offered to employ him to make this new machine.
Arkwright also recruited other local craftsman, including Peter Atherton, to help Kay in his experiments. According to one source: "They rented a room in a secluded teacher's house behind some gooseberry bushes, but they were so secretive that the neighbours were suspicious and accused them of sorcery, and two old women complained that the humming noises they heard at night must be the devil tuning his bagpipes." (3)
Richard Arkwright and the Spinning Frame
As the economic historian, Thomas Southcliffe Ashton , has pointed out, Arkwright did not have any great inventive ability, but "had the force of character and robust sense that are traditionally associated with his native county - with little, it may be added, of the kindliness and humour that are, in fact, the dominant traits of Lancashire people." (4)
In 1768 the team produced the Spinning-Frame and a patent for the new machine was granted in 1769. The machine involved three sets of paired rollers that turned at different speeds. While these rollers produced yarn of the correct thickness, a set of spindles twisted the fibres firmly together. The machine was able to produce a thread that was far stronger than that made by the Spinning-Jenny produced by James Hargreaves . (5)
Adam Hart-Davis has explained the way the new machine worked: "Several spinning machines were designed at about this time, but most of them tried to do the stretching and the spinning together. The problem is that the moment you start twisting the roving you lock the fibres together. Arkwright's idea was to stretch first and then twist. The roving passed from a bobbin between a pair of rollers, and then a couple of inches later between another pair that were rotating at twice the speed. The result was to stretch the roving to twice its original length. A third pair of rollers repeated the process... Two things are obvious the moment you see the wonderful beast in action. First, there are 32 bobbins along each side of each end of the water frame - 128 on the whole machine. Second, it is so automatic that even I could operate it." (6)
On 29th September 1769 Arkwright rented premises in Nottingham . However, he had difficulty finding investors in his new company. David Thornley, a merchant, of Liverpool , and John Smalley, a publican from Preston , did provide some money but he still needed more to start production. Arkwright approached a banker Ichabod Wright but he rejected the proposal because he judged that there was "little prospect of the discovery being brought into a practical state". (7)
Wright introduced Arkwright to Jedediah Strutt and Samuel Need . Strutt was a manufacturer of stockings and the inventor of a machine for the machine-knitting of ribbed stockings. (8) Strutt and Need were impressed with Arkwright's new machine and agreed to form a partnership. On 19th January 1770, for £500, Need and Strutt joined the partners; Arkwright, Thornley and Smalley, were to manage the works, each having £25 a year. Financially secure, the partners commissioned Samuel Stretton to convert the premises into a horse-powered mill. (9)
Arkwright's machine was too large to be operated by hand and so the men had to find another method of working the machine. After experimenting with horses, it was decided to employ the power of the water-wheel. In 1771 the three men set up a large factory next to the River Derwent in Cromford , Derbyshire. Arkwright later that his lawyer that Cromford had been chosen because it offered "a remarkable fine stream of water… in an area very full of inhabitants". (10) Arkwright's machine now became known as the Water-Frame. It not only "spun cotton more rapidly but produced a yarn of finer quality". (11)
Arkwright did not build the first factory in Britain. It is believed that he borrowed the idea from Matthew Boulton , who financed the Soho Manufactory in Birmingham in 1762. However, Arkwright's factory was much larger and was to inspire a generation of capitalist entrepreneurs. According to Adam Hart-Davis : "Arkwright's mill was essentially the first factory of this kind in the world. Never before had people been put to work in such a well-organized way. Never had people been told to come in at a fixed time in the morning, and work all day at a prescribed task. His factories became the model for factories all over the country and all over the world. This was the way to build a factory. And he himself usually followed the same pattern - stone buildings 30 feet wide, 100 feet long, or longer if there was room, and five, six, or seven floors high." (12)
Child Labour
In Cromford there were not enough local people to supply Arkwright with the workers he needed. After building a large number of cottages close to the factory, he imported workers from all over Derbyshire. Within a few months he was employing 600 workers. Arkwright preferred weavers with large families. While the women and children worked in his spinning-factory, the weavers worked at home turning the yarn into cloth. (13)
Cottages in Cromford built by Richard Arkwright for his weavers (1992)
A local journalist wrote: "Arkwright's machines require so few hands, and those only children, with the assistance of an overlooker. A child can produce as much as would, and did upon an average, employ ten grown up persons. Jennies for spinning with one hundred or two hundred spindles, or more, going all at once, and requiring but one person to manage them. Within the space of ten years, from being a poor man worth £5, Richard Arkwright has purchased an estate of £20,000; while thousands of women, when they can get work, must make a long day to card, spin, and reel 5040 yards of cotton, and for this they have four-pence or five-pence and no more." (14)
Peter Kirby , the author of Child Labour in Britain, 1750-1870 (2003) has argued that it was poverty that forced children into factories: "Poor families living close to a subsistence wage were often forced to draw on more diverse sources of income and had little choice over whether their chidren worked." (15) Michael Anderson has pointed out, that parents "who otherwise showed considerable affection for their children... were yet forced by large families and low wages to send their children to work as soon as possible." (16)
The youngest children in the textile factories were usually employed as scavengers and piecers. Piecers had to lean over the spinning-machine to repair the broken threads. One observer wrote: "The work of the children, in many instances, is reaching over to piece the threads that break; they have so many that they have to mind and they have only so much time to piece these threads because they have to reach while the wheel is coming out." (17)
Scavengers had to pick up the loose cotton from under the machinery. This was extremely dangerous as the children were expected to carry out the task while the machine was still working. David Rowland , worked as a scavenger in Manchester : "The scavenger has to take the brush and sweep under the wheels, and to be under the direction of the spinners and the piecers generally. I frequently had to be under the wheels, and in consequence of the perpetual motion of the machinery, I was liable to accidents constantly. I was very frequently obliged to lie flat, to avoid being run over or caught." (18)
Illustration of scavengers and piecers at work that
appeared in Trollope's Michael Armstrong (1840)
John Fielden , a factory owner, admitted that a great deal of harm was caused by the children spending the whole day on their feet: " At a meeting in Manchester a man claimed that a child in one mill walked twenty-four miles a day. I was surprised by this statement, therefore, when I went home, I went into my own factory, and with a clock before me, I watched a child at work, and having watched her for some time, I then calculated the distance she had to go in a day, and to my surprise, I found it nothing short of twenty miles." (19)
Unguarded machinery was a major problem for children working in factories. One hospital reported that every year it treated nearly a thousand people for wounds and mutilations caused by machines in factories. Michael Ward , a doctor working in Manchester told a parliamentary committee: "When I was a surgeon in the infirmary, accidents were very often admitted to the infirmary, through the children's hands and arms having being caught in the machinery; in many instances the muscles, and the skin is stripped down to the bone, and in some instances a finger or two might be lost. Last summer I visited Lever Street School. The number of children at that time in the school, who were employed in factories, was 106. The number of children who had received injuries from the machinery amounted to very nearly one half. There were forty-seven injured in this way." (20)
William Blizard lectured on surgery and anatomy at the Royal College of Surgeons. He was especially concerned about the impact of this work on young females: "At an early period the bones are not permanently formed, and cannot resist pressure to the same degree as at a mature age, and that is the state of young females; they are liable, particularly from the pressure of the thigh bones upon the lateral parts, to have the pelvis pressed inwards, which creates what is called distortion; and although distortion does not prevent procreation, yet it most likely will produce deadly consequences, either to the mother or the child, when the period." (21)
Illustration of scavengers and piecers at work that appeared in
Edward Baines' book The History of the Cotton Manufacture (1835)
Elizabeth Bentley , who came from Leeds , was another witness that appeared before the committee. She told of how working in the card-room had seriously damaged her health: "It was so dusty, the dust got up my lungs, and the work was so hard. I got so bad in health, that when I pulled the baskets down, I pulled my bones out of their places." Bentley explained that she was now "considerably deformed". She went on to say: "I was about thirteen years old when it began coming, and it has got worse since." (22)
Samuel Smith , a doctor based in Leeds explained why working in the textile factories was bad for children's health: "Up to twelve or thirteen years of age, the bones are so soft that they will bend in any direction. The foot is formed of an arch of bones of a wedge-like shape. These arches have to sustain the whole weight of the body. I am now frequently in the habit of seeing cases in which this arch has given way. Long continued standing has also a very injurious effect upon the ankles. But the principle effects which I have seen produced in this way have been upon the knees. By long continued standing the knees become so weak that they turn inwards, producing that deformity which is called 'knock-knees' and I have sometimes seen it so striking, that the individual has actually lost twelve inches of his height by it." (23)
John Reed later recalled his life aa a child worker at Cromford Mill: "I continued to work in this factory for ten years, getting gradually advanced in wages, till I had 6s. 3d. per week; which is the highest wages I ever had. I gradually became a cripple, till at the age of nineteen I was unable to stand at the machine, and I was obliged to give it up. The total amount of my earnings was about 130 shillings, and for this sum I have been made a miserable cripple, as you see, and cast off by those who reaped the benefit of my labour, without a single penny." (24)
Business Methods
Arkwright originally produced cotton yarn for stockings, but its possibilities as warp for the loom led, in 1773, to the manufacture of calicos. Jedediah Strutt took responsibility for lobbying Parliament and eventually persuaded its members to reduce excise duties on British-made cotton goods. (25) By February 1774 the partners could, according to Elizabeth Strutt, "sell them … as fast as we could make them." (26)
As J. J. Mason has pointed out: "From the mid-1770s he sought to dominate the trade. In 1775 he successfully applied for a patent for certain instruments and machines for preparing silk, cotton, flax, and wool, for spinning. Covering a range of preparatory and spinning machines, it was an attempt to extend the length and terms of his monopoly to the whole cotton industry". (27)
When businessmen heard about Arkwright's success, they sent spies to find out what was going on in his factories. In exchange for money, some of Arkwright's employees were willing to explain how the factory was organised. Businessmen then used this information to build their own water-powered textile factories. This included spies sent from "many different countries, from Russia, Denmark, Sweden and Prussia, but the most eager of the spies were from Britain's greatest rival, France." (28)
Ralph Mather reported that Arkwright feared that Luddites would destroy his factory: "There is some fear of the mob coming to destroy the works at Cromford, but they are well prepared to receive them should they come here. All the gentlemen in this neighbourhood being determined to defend the works, which have been of such utility to this country. 5,000 or 6,000 men can be at any time assembled in less than an hour by signals agreed upon, who are determined to defend to the very last extremity, the works, by which many hundreds of their wives and children get a decent and comfortable livelihood." (29)
Eric Hobsbawm has argued that in his dealings with his partners he was an "unscrupulous operator". (30) Matthew Boulton described him as a "tyrant". (31) John Smalley suggested to Jedediah Strutt that they should force Arkwright out of the company. Strutt replied. "We cannot stop his mouth or prevent his doing wrong.... but it is not in our power to remove him… for he is in possession and as much right there as we." (32)
Arkwright made further money by selling the rights to use his machines. With the 1769 patent due to expire in the summer of 1783, Arkwright faced losing his controlling hold on the cotton industry. He petitioned parliament that his patents be consolidated and the 1769 patent extended to 1789. However, as Jenny Uglow points out: "Since 1781 Lancashire cotton-spinners had spent a fortune on buildings and machines, employing around thirty thousand people - men, women, and children. They could not afford to become his licensees at prohibitive rates." (33)
In April, 1781, his competitors applied to have the decision annulled. The trial took place in June. Arkwright employed the finest lawyers and an array of witnesses. John Kay and Thomas Highs both gave evidence against Arkwright. He lost the case and a broadsheet in Manchester crowed that "the old Fox is at last caught by his over-grown beard in his own trap". (34)
Arkwright was furious with this decision and he argued that the court's decision would halt the work of other inventors. James Watt , was one of those who gave his support to Arkwright's campaign to extend his patents. Rumours circulated that he was trying to buy up the world's cotton crop. This did not happen but he did set up a company to establish cotton plantations in Africa. (35)
Despite this set-back Arkwright he remained the country's largest cotton spinner; he made huge gains in the 1770s, and even in the early 1780s his profits from the industry seem to have been at 100 per cent per annum. Thomas Carlyle described Arkwright as "a plain, almost gross, bag-cheeked, pot-bellied man, with an air of painful reflection, yet almost copious free digestion". (36)
When Samuel Need died on 14th April, 1781. Arkwright and Jedediah Strutt decided to dissolve their partnership. Strutt was disturbed by Arkwright's plans to build mills in Manchester, Winkworth, Matlock Bath and Bakewell. Strutt believed that Arkwright was expanding too fast and without the support of Need, his long-time partner, he was unwilling to take the risk of further investments. Arkwright's textile factories were very profitable. He now built factories in Lancashire, Staffordshire and Scotland. In these factories he used the new steam-engine that had recently been developed by James Watt and Matthew Boulton .
Wealth and Honours
Arkwright's biographer, J. J. Mason , claimed that: "In 1782 he bought Willersley manor and in 1789 the manor of Cromford. These acquisitions established him more firmly with the local gentry, including the Gells and Nightingales, with whom he was already connected through business.... Society sneered at his extravagance and ridiculed his gauche behaviour... but enjoyed his lavish entertainments in... Rock House, perched high and overlooking the mills and his more stately home, Willersley Castle." (37)
Arkwright was made Sheriff of Derbyshire and was knighted in 1787. King George III told Wilhelmina Murray, that he did not deal very well with the ceremony. "Tthe little great man had no idea of kneeling but crimpt himself up in a very odd posture which I suppose His Majesty took for an easy one so never took the trouble to bid him rise." (38)
Sir Richard Arkwright by Mather Brown (1790)
Richard Arkwright's employees worked from six in the morning to seven at night. Although some of the factory owners employed children as young as five, Arkwright's policy was to wait until they reached the age of six. Two-thirds of Arkwright's 1,900 workers were children. Like most factory owners, Arkwright was unwilling to employ people over the age of forty. (39)
William Dodd carried out a study into the long-term impact on the physical health of these child workers. This included an interview with John Reed: "Here is a young man, who was evidently intended by nature for a stout-made man, crippled in the prime of life, and all his earthly prospects blasted for ever! Such a cripple I have seldom met with. He cannot stand without a stick in one hand, and leaning on a chair with the other; his legs are twisted in all manner of forms. His body, from the forehead to the knees, forms a curve, similar to the letter C. He dares not go from home, if he could; people stare at him so."
Dodd compared the life of John Reed with that of Richard Arkwright: "I have taken several walks in the neighbourhood of this beautiful and romantic place, and seen the splendid castle, and other buildings belonging to the Arkwrights, and could not avoid contrasting in my mind the present condition of this wealthy family, with the humble condition of its founder in 1768. One might expect that those who have thus risen to such wealth and eminence, would have some compassion upon their poor cripples. If it is only that they need to have them pointed out, and that their attention has hitherto not been drawn to them, I would hope and trust this case of John Reed will yet come under their notice." (40)
Arkwright had difficulty making friends and Josiah Wedgwood claimed that "he shuns all company as much as possible". Archibald Buchanan, who lived with him and found him "so intent on his schemes" they "often sat for weeks together, on opposite sides of the fire without exchanging a syllable". (41)
Richard Arkwright died aged 59 on 3rd August 1792 at his home in Cromford, after a month's illness. On 10th August, over 2,000 by two people attended his funeral. (42) The Gentleman's Magazine claimed that on his death, Arkwright was worth over £500,000 (over £200 million in today's money). (43)
(17) James Turner, interviewed by Michael Sadler's Parliamentary Committee (17th April 1832)
(18) David Rowland interviewed by Michael Sadler's Parliamentary Committee (10th July 1832)
(19) John Fielden , speech in the House of Commons (9th May 1836)
(20) Dr. Ward from Manchester was interviewed about the health of textile workers on 25th March, 1819.
(21) Sir William Blizard was interviewed by Michael Sadler's House of Commons Committee on 21st May, 1832.
(22) Elizabeth Bentley was interviewed by Michael Sadler and his House of Commons Committee on 4th June, 1832.
(23) Samuel Smith , interviewed by Michael Sadler's House of Commons Committee on 16th July, 1832.
(24) William Dodd interviewed John Reed from Arkwright's Cromford's factory in 1842.
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Who founded the 'Open University'? | Biography of Richard Arkwright, the Founder of Cromford Mill
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Biography of Richard Arkwright, the Founder of Cromford Mill
Sir Richard Arkwright, the inventor of the so-called water frame or water-driven spinning frame and one of the leading entrepreneurs during the Industrial Revolution was born on 23 December 1732 in Preston, Lancashire, England as the youngest of 13 children to Sarah and Thomas Arkwright. He was taught to read and write by his cousin Ellen and apprenticed as a barber.
He started his career as a barber and wig maker. In 1750s, he opened his own shop in Bolton where he invented the first waterproof wig dye which brought him a substantial profit and allowed him to finance his interest in cotton spinning and carding technology. In 1767, he started working with clockmaker John Kay who helped him build the famous water frame which he patented in 1769.
After he connected with Jedediah Strutt and Samuel Need, Arkwright built the first water-powered mill at Cromford in 1771 which began operating one year latter. By 1775, he made improvements in the carding machine that was invented by Lewis Paul in 1748 and patented the improved carding machine which effectively converted raw cotton into yard. This machine was installed into the second Cromford Mill which was built between 1776 and 1777 by a lead merchant Peter Nightingale who bought the Cromford Estate and built Arkwright’s residence the Willersley Castle overlooking the Cromford Mills.
The success of the Cromford Mill made Arkwright and his partners wealthy men and encouraged Arkwright to set up mills elsewhere. In 1777, he leased the Haarlem Mill in Derbyshire where he put into operation the first steam engine in cotton industry and turned Chorley into the most industrialized town at the time after he leased the Birkacre Mill. However, the success of the Cromford Mill also encouraged other entrepreneurs to follow his example which caused him difficulties with the 1775 patent rights for the improved carding machine. His monopolistic patent was finally rejected by the Lancashire court in 1785 because he allegedly borrowed ideas for the machine from reed manufacturer Thomas Highs. He was later also denied the right to a number of other patents, however, a large part of his fortune cam from his intellectual rights. And despite the court’s decisions, he was knighted in 1786 and become High Sheriff of Derbyshire one year later.
Richard Arkwright was married twice. He married his first wife Patience Holt in 1755. She gave birth to a son, Richard Arkwright Junior in the same year but she died for unknown reason one year later. In 1761, he remarried with Margaret Bigging who bore him three children, however, only their daughter Susanna survived to adulthood. Richard Arkwright died at his residence on 3 August 1792 at the age of 59 years. He was buried at St. Giles Church in Matlock but his remains were later transferred to St. Mary’s Church in Cromford. After his death, his son Richard Arkwright Junior sold most of his father’s mill interests outside Cromford and Marlock Bath.
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What country did Alaska belong to prior to 1867? | Why did Russia sell Alaska to the United States? | Russia Beyond The Headlines
Why did Russia sell Alaska to the United States?
April 20, 2014 Georgy Manaev , RBTH
In 1867, Russia sold the territory of Alaska to the U.S. for $7.2 million. A mere 50 years later, the Americans had earned that amount back 100 times over. How could the imperial officials have given up such a choice parcel? RBTH sorts out the muddled story of the sale of Alaska.
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u.s.-russia relations , history , alaska
View of Alaska. Source: Alamy / Legion Media
A petition calling for Russia’s annexation of Alaska that was posted on the White House website gathered more than 35,000 signatures before it was canceled. Many people still think that the Americans either stole Alaska from the Russians or leased it and did not return it. Despite the widespread myths, the deal was an honest one, and both sides had valid reasons to make it.
Alaska before the sale
In the 19th century, Russian Alaska was a center of international trade. In the capital, Novoarkhangelsk (now known as Sitka), merchants traded Chinese fabrics, tea and even ice, which the southern United States needed before the invention of the refrigerator. Ships and factories were built, and coal was mined. People already knew about the numerous gold deposits in the area. Selling this land seemed like madness.
Pilots retrace Alaska-to-Siberia Lend-Lease route
Russian merchants were drawn to Alaska for the walrus ivory (it was as expensive as elephant ivory) and the valuable sea otter fur, which could be procured by trading with the indigenous peoples of the region. Trading was done by the Russian-American Company (RAC), which was started by adventurers — 18th-century Russian businessmen, courageous travelers and entrepreneurs. The company controlled all of Alaska’s mines and minerals, it could independently enter into trade agreements with other countries, and it had its own flag and currency — leather “marks”.
These privileges were granted to the company by the imperial government. The government not only collected massive taxes from the company, it also owned a large part of it — the tsars and their family members were among the RAC’s shareholders.
The Russian Pizarro
The main ruler of the Russian settlements in America was the talented merchant Alexander Baranov.
Alexander Baranov. Source:GettyImages/Fotobank
He built schools and factories, taught the native people to plant rutabaga and potatoes, built fortresses and shipyards, and expanded the sea otter trade. Baranov called himself the “Russian Pizarro” and took a liking to Alaska not only with his purse, but also with his heart — he married the daughter of an Aleut chief.
Under Baranov, the RAC brought in enormous revenue: more than 1,000 percent profit. When an ageing Baranov resigned his duties, he was replaced by the captain lieutenant Hagemeister, who brought with him new employees and shareholders from military circles. Statute now dictated that only naval officers could lead the company. The strongmen quickly appropriated the profitable business, but it was their actions that ruined the company.
Filthy lucre
The new masters set astronomical salaries for themselves — common officers earned 1,500 rubles per year (this was comparable to the salaries of ministers and senators), while the head of the company earned 150,000 rubles. They bought fur from the local population for half price. As a result, over the next 20 years, the Eskimos and Aleuts killed almost all the sea otters, depriving Alaska of its most profitable trade. The native people suffered and staged uprisings that the Russians quashed by firing on the coastal villages from military ships.
The officers began to look for other sources of revenue. Hence the trade in ice and tea began, but the ill-fortuned businessmen could not organize this sensibly either, and lowering their salaries was unthinkable. Consequently, the RAC was transferred to state subsidies — 200,000 rubles per year. But even this did not save the company.
A check in the amount of $7.2 million, for the purchase of Alaska. Source: Getty Images / Fotobank
Then the Crimean War broke out, and Britain, France and Turkey stood against Russia. It became clear that Russia could neither supply nor defend Alaska — the sea routes were controlled by the allies’ ships. Even the prospect of mining gold dimmed. There was a fear that the British might block Alaska, and then Russia would be left with nothing.
Tensions between Moscow and London grew, while relations with the American authorities were warmer than ever. Both sides almost simultaneously came up with the idea of selling Alaska. So Baron Eduard de Stoeckl, Russia’s envoy in Washington, opened talks with U.S. secretary of state William Seward on behalf of the tsar.
The Russian flag refuses to come down
While the bureaucrats were negotiating, public opinion in both countries opposed the deal. “How can we give away land that we have put so much effort and time into developing, land where the telegraph has arrived and where gold mines have been found?” the Russian newspapers wrote. “Why does America need this ‘ice box’ and 50,000 wild Eskimos who drink fish oil for breakfast?” the American press asked indignantly.
U.S. and Russia introduce visa-free travel for Chukotka and Alaska
The press was not alone in this sentiment — Congress also disapproved of the purchase. But on March 30, 1867, in Washington, D.C., the parties signed the agreement to sell 1.5 million hectares of Russian property in America for $7.2 million, or about 2 cents per acre ($4.74/km2) — a purely symbolic sum. At that time, an unproductive plot of land in Siberia with the same surface area could have cost 1,395 times as much on the domestic market.But the situation was critical — the Russians risked not even receiving this.
The official handover of the land occurred in Novoarkhangelsk. The American and Russian soldiers lined up next to the flagpole, from which the Russian flag started its descent to the accompaniment of a canon salute. However, the flag got tangled at the top of the pole. The sailor who climbed up for it threw it down, and it accidentally landed on Russian bayonets. It was a bad omen! Afterward, the Americans started requisitioning the buildings of the town, which was renamed Sitka. Several hundred Russians who decided not to take American citizenship had to evacuate on merchant ships, and they did not reach home until the following year.
The cartographic fall-out over Crimea
A short time passed, and gold started flowing from the “ice box”: The Klondike gold rush started in Alaska, bringing the States hundreds of millions of dollars. Of course it was insulting. But it is impossible to know how relations between the world’s largest powers would have developed if Russia had not escaped in time from the problematic and unprofitable region, which only talented and courageous merchants, but not navy bureaucrats, could extract revenue from.
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What year marked the end of the Chinese 'Ming' Dynasty? | Treaty with Russia (Alaska Purchase). 1909-14. American Historical Documents, 1000-1904. The Harvard Classics
American Historical Documents, 10001904.
The Harvard Classics. 190914.
Treaty with Russia (Alaska Purchase)
[The risk of encroachment by Russia had been one of the causes which induced President Monroe to give official utterance to the Monroe Doctrine. After his statement, Russia ceased from attempts to increase her influence on the Pacific coast, and became willing to dispose of Alaska, regarding it as a possession difficult to defend and of little value. The territory was formally transferred on Oct. 18, 1867.]
CONVENTION between the United States of America and His Majesty the Emperor of Russia, for the Cession of the Russian Possessions in North America to the United States, Concluded at Washington, March 30, 1867; Ratification Advised by Senate, April 9, 1867; Ratified by President, May 28, 1867; Ratification Exchanged at Washington, June 20, 1867; Proclaimed, June 20, 1867.
1
The United States of America and His Majesty the Emperor of all the Russias, being desirous of strengthening, if possible, the good understanding which exists between them, have, for that purpose, appointed as their Plenipotentiaries, the President of the United States, William H. Seward, Secretary of State; and His Majesty the Emperor of all the Russias, the Privy Counsellor Edward de Stoeckl, his Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the United States;
Article I
His Majesty the Emperor of all the Russias, agrees to cede to the United States, by this convention, immediately upon the exchange of the ratifications thereof, all the territory and dominion now possessed by his said Majesty on the continent of America and in adjacent islands, the same being contained within the geographical limits herein set forth, to wit: The eastern limit is the line of demarcation between the Russian and the British possessions in North America, as established by the convention between Russia and Great Britain, of February 2816, 1825, and described in Articles III and IV of said convention, in the following terms:
4
III Commencing from the southernmost point of the island called Prince of Wales Island, which point lies in the parallel of 54 degrees 40 minutes north latitude, and between the 131st and 133d degree of west longitude (meridian of Greenwich), the said line shall ascend to the north along the channel called Portland Channel, as far as the point of the continent where it strikes the 56th degree of north latitude; from this last-mentioned point, the line of demarcation shall follow the summit of the mountains situated parallel to the coast, as far as the point of intersection of the 141st degree of west longitude (of the same meridian); and finally, from the said point of intersection, the said meridian line of the 141st degree, in its prolongation as far as the Frozen Ocean.
7
2d That whenever the summit of the mountains which extend in a direction parallel to the coast, from the 56th degree of north latitude to the point of intersection of the 141st degree of west longitude, shall prove to be at the distance of more than ten marine leagues from the ocean, the limit between the British possessions and the line of coast which is to belong to Russia as above mentioned (that is to say, the limit to the possessions ceded by this convention), shall be formed by a line parallel to the winding of the coast, and which shall never exceed the distance of ten marine leagues therefrom.
8
The western limit within which the territories and dominion conveyed are contained passes through a point in Behrings Straits on the parallel of sixty-five degrees thirty minutes north latitude, at its intersection by the meridian which passes midway between the islands of Krusenstern of Ignalook, and the island of Ratmanoff, or Noonarbook, and proceeds due north without limitation, into the same Frozen Ocean. The same western limit, beginning at the same initial point, proceeds thence in a course nearly southwest, through Behrings Straits and Behrings Sea, so as to pass midway between the northwest point of the island of St. Lawrence and the southeast point of Cape Choukotski, to the meridian of one hundred and seventy-two west longitude; thence, from the intersection of that meridian, in a southwesterly direction, so as to pass midway between the island of Attou and the Copper Island of the Kormandorski couplet or group, in the North Pacific Ocean, to the meridian of one hundred and ninety-three degrees west longitude, so as to include in the territory conveyed the whole of the Aleutian Islands east of that meridian.
Article II
In the cession of territory and dominion made by the preceding article, are included the right of property in all public lots and squares, vacant lands, and all public buildings, fortifications, barracks, and other edifies which are not private individual property. It is, however, understood and agreed, that the churches which have been built in the ceded territory by the Russian Government, shall remain the property of such members of the Greek Oriental Church resident in the territory as may choose to worship therein. Any Government archives, papers, and documents relative to the territory and dominion aforesaid, which may now be existing there, will be left in the possession of the agent of the United States; but an authenticated copy of such of them as may be required, will be, at all times, given by the United States to the Russian Government, or to such Russian officers or subjects as they may apply for.
Article III
The inhabitants of the ceded territory, according to their choice, reserving their natural allegiance, may return to Russia within three years; but if they should prefer to remain in the ceded territory, they, with the exception of uncivilized native tribes, shall be admitted to the enjoyment of all the rights, advantages, and immunities of citizens of the United States, and shall be maintained and protected in the free enjoyment of their liberty, property, and religion. The uncivilized tribes will be subject to such laws and regulations as the United States may from time to time adopt in regard to aboriginal tribes of that country.
Article IV
His Majesty, the Emperor of all the Russias, shall appoint, with convenient despatch, an agent or agents for the purpose of formally delivering to a similar agent or agents, appointed on behalf of the United States, the territory, dominion, property, dependencies, and appurtenances which are ceded as above, and for doing any other act which may be necessary in regard thereto. But the cession, with the right of immediate possession, is nevertheless to be deemed complete and absolute on the exchange of ratifications, without waiting for such formal delivery.
Article V
Immediately after the exchange of the ratifications of this convention, any fortifications or military posts which may be in the ceded territory shall be delivered to the agent of the United States, and any Russian troops which may be in the territory shall be withdrawn as soon as may be reasonably and conveniently practicable.
Article VI
In consideration of the cession aforesaid, the United States agree to pay at the Treasury in Washington, within ten months after the exchange of the ratifications of this convention, to the diplomatic representative or other agent of His Majesty the Emperor of all the Russias, duly authorized to receive the same, seven million two hundred thousand dollars in gold. The cession of territory and dominion herein made is hereby declared to be free and unincumbered by any reservations, privileges, franchises, grants, or possessions, by any associated companies, whether corporate or incorporate, Russian or any other; or by any parties, except merely private individual property-holders; and the cession hereby made conveys all the rights, franchises, and privileges now belonging to Russia in the said territory or dominion, and appurtenances thereto.
Article VII
When this convention shall have been duly ratified by the President, of the United States, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, on the one part, and, on the other, by His Majesty the Emperor of all the Russias, the ratifications shall be exchanged at Washington within three months from the date thereof, or sooner if possible.
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Who was the mother of Queen Elizabeth 1? | Queen Elizabeth I | Britroyals
Born: September 7, 1533 at Greenwich Palace
Parents: Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn
Relation to Elizabeth II: 1st cousin 13 times removed
House of: Tudor
Ascended to the throne: November 17, 1558 aged 25 years
Crowned: January 15, 1559 at Westminster Abbey
Married: Never Married
Children: None
Died: March 24, 1603 at Richmond Palace, Surrey, aged 69 years, 6 months, and 15 days
Buried at: Westminster
Reigned for: 44 years, 4 months, and 5 days
Succeeded by: her 3rd cousin James of Scotland
Queen of England (1558�1603), the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. Through her Religious Settlement of 1559 she enforced the Protestant religion by law. She had Mary Queen of Scots executed in 1587. Her conflict with Roman Catholic Spain led to the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588. The Elizabethan age was expansionist in commerce and geographical exploration, and arts and literature flourished. The rulers of many European states made unsuccessful bids to marry Elizabeth, and she used these bids to strengthen her power. She was succeeded by James I.
Elizabeth was born at Greenwich, London on 7 September 1533. She was well educated in several languages. During her Roman Catholic half-sister Mary's (Mary I) reign, Elizabeth's Protestant sympathies brought her under suspicion, and she lived in seclusion at Hatfield, Hertfordshire, until on Mary's death she became queen. Her first task was to bring about a broad religious settlement. Many unsuccessful attempts were made by Parliament to persuade Elizabeth to marry or settle the succession. She found courtship a useful political weapon, and she maintained friendships with, among others, the courtiers Leicester, Sir Walter Raleigh, and Essex. She was known as the Virgin Queen.
The arrival in England in 1568 of Mary Queen of Scots and her imprisonment by Elizabeth caused a political crisis, and a rebellion of the feudal nobility of the north followed in 1569. Friction between English and Spanish sailors hastened the breach with Spain. When the Dutch rebelled against Spanish tyranny Elizabeth secretly encouraged them; Philip II retaliated by aiding Catholic conspiracies against her. This undeclared war continued for many years, until the landing of an English army in the Netherlands in 1585 and Mary's execution in 1587, brought it into the open. Philip's Armada (the fleet sent to invade England in 1588) met with total disaster.
The war with Spain continued with varying fortunes to the end of the reign, while events at home foreshadowed the conflicts of the 17th century. Among the Puritans discontent was developing with Elizabeth's religious settlement, and several were imprisoned or executed. Parliament showed a new independence, and in 1601 forced Elizabeth to retreat on the question of the crown granting manufacturing and trading monopolies. Yet her prestige remained unabated, as shown by the failure of Essex's rebellion in 1601.
Queen Elizabeth I's Signature
Quotes:
�I know I have the body of a weak and feeble woman, but I have the heart and stomach of a king, and of a king of England too� � Queen Elizabeth I (speech as the Spanish Armada approached)
�I have already joined myself in marriage to a husband, namely the kingdom of England� � Queen Elizabeth I (on being pressed by Parliament to marry)
�There is no marvel in a woman learning to speak, but there would be in teaching her to hold her tongue� � Queen Elizabeth I (on being praised for her linguistic skills by the French ambassador)
�Better beggar woman and single than Queen and married� � Queen Elizabeth I (her father Henry VIII had executed her mother Anne Boleyn)�
Timeline for Queen Elizabeth I
Year
| Anne Boleyn |
Thomas Becket was murdered where? | BBC - iWonder - Elizabeth I: Troubled child to beloved Queen
Elizabeth I: Troubled child to beloved Queen
1533
1603Elizabeth dies a beloved queen
'Good Queen Bess'
Elizabeth I is one of England's greatest monarchs – perhaps the greatest. Her forces defeated the Spanish Armada and saved England from invasion, she reinstated Protestantism and forged an England that was a strong and independent nation.
But she had a very difficult childhood and was fortunate to make it to the throne at all. When she was young, her father Henry VIII executed her mother Anne Boleyn. She was stripped of her inheritance and was imprisoned in the Tower of London.
1533
Born into the Tudor dynasty
Getty
Elizabeth's parents Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII.
Elizabeth is born on 7 September in Greenwich Palace.
News of her birth causes rejoicing across the country, but is a bitter disappointment to her father Henry. He is desperate for a male heir to continue the Tudor dynasty. Although Elizabeth is made next in line to the throne, the King prays his next child will be male – superseding her claim to the throne.
Getty
Anne Boleyn awaits her fate in the Tower of London.
Elizabeth is two years and eight months old when her mother Anne Boleyn is accused of adultery and beheaded on the orders of Henry VIII.
Her father marries Anne’s lady-in-waiting Jane Seymour a week later. Elizabeth is declared illegitimate and removed from the royal succession. Her title is downgraded from 'Princess’ to 'Lady’. Elizabeth is neglected for a number of years until Henry's final wife Catherine Parr takes charge and makes sure she is educated to the highest standards and, crucially, taught the art of public speaking by renowned Cambridge scholar Roger Ascham.
She does perceive how, of herself… she can do nothing that good is, or prevails for her salvation, unless it be through the grace of god…
Elizabeth describes a translation of French verse in a letter to Catherine Parr, 1544.
1547
Father dies
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Simon Schama explains how Thomas Seymour and Elizabeth's relationship developed. A History of Britain by Simon Schama (BBC Two, 2000).
Elizabeth is 13-years-old when Henry VIII dies. Her nine-year-old half-brother Edward becomes King.
Elizabeth joins the household of her stepmother Catherine Parr. When Elizabeth is caught in an embrace with Parr’s husband Thomas Seymour, she is banished from the house. In 1548 Catherine dies in childbirth and Seymour is subsequently executed for plotting to marry Elizabeth and kidnap Edward VI. When Elizabeth is questioned by the authorities she protests her innocence and escapes prosecution.
Imprisoned in the Tower of London
Mary Evans
Elizabeth held prisoner in the Tower of London.
After Edward’s early death in 1553 Elizabeth’s older sister Mary I becomes queen.
Mary returns the country to Catholicism and begins a series of bloody purges of Protestants. 287 are executed during her short reign. Mary’s plan to marry Prince Phillip of Spain sparks an unsuccessful rebellion and Elizabeth is interrogated about her involvement with the plotters. She is imprisoned in the Tower of London before being put under house arrest in Woodstock, Oxfordshire.
Remember your last promise and my last demand that I be not condemned without answer and due proof.
In a letter Elizabeth beseeches her half-sister Mary not to send her to the Tower, March 1554.
1558
Elizabeth becomes Queen
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Simon Schama describes Elizabeth I's coronation. Clip from A History of Britain by Simon Schama (BBC Two, 2000).
Following the death of her half-sister Mary, Elizabeth succeeds to the throne. She is 25.
Elizabeth has inherited a country wracked by religious strife and knows she needs public support to remain queen. The celebrations for the coronation the following year are spectacular. As her procession makes its way through London on its way to Westminster she pauses to listen to congratulations and receive flowers from ordinary people on the street.
I will be as good unto ye as ever a Queen was unto her people. No will in me can lack, neither do I trust shall there lack any power.
Elizabeth to the people of London on the eve of her coronation
1559
Falls in love?
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Simon Schama asks if Elizabeth was really in love with Robert Dudley. Clip from A History of Britain by Simon Schama (BBC Two, 2000).
Elizabeth has many suitors but the one who comes closest to winning her heart is Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester.
The two are very close and she appoints him as one of her most trusted advisors. When his wife Lady Amy Dudley dies suddenly in suspicious circumstances in 1560, rumours start spreading about the nature of Robert's relationship with the Queen. However Elizabeth ignores the rumours. The precise nature of their relationship remains a mystery to this day.
Executes Mary, Queen of Scots
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Simon Schama describes how Elizabeth's spymaster entrapped Mary, Queen of Scots. Clip from A History of Britain by Simon Schama (BBC Two, 2000).
Elizabeth's Catholic cousin Mary, Queen of Scots is under house arrest in Chartley Hall, Stafford as she poses a threat to Elizabeth.
Elizabeth builds up an extensive network of spies headed by Francis Walsingham to help protect her. He implicates Mary in a plot to depose Elizabeth and she is tried and convicted of treason. Elizabeth is reluctant to execute her cousin. She doesn’t want to set a precedent by executing an anointed monarch. After months of prevaricating, she finally has Mary beheaded at Fotheringhay Castle.
What will my enemies not say, that for the safety of her life a maiden queen could be content to spill the blood even of her own kinswoman?
Elizabeth to a Parliamentary delegation begging her have Mary, Queen of Scots executed.
1588
The defeat of the Spanish Armada
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Elizabeth I makes a rousing speech to the English soldiers gathered at Tilbury. Clip from A History of Britain by Simon Schama (BBC Two, 2000).
After the death of Mary, Queen of Scots the Pope urges Philip of Spain to invade England.
England and Spain have long been bitter rivals and Philip launches a great fleet of ships, known as the Spanish Armada. Elizabeth is adamant she will retain her crown and that England will remain free from the influence of Rome. She addresses the troops encamped at Tilbury saying she will fight by their side. The Armada is engaged by the Royal Fleet in the channel and then driven to the North Sea by strong winds. Only half of the 130 ships make it back to Spain.
I know I have the body but of a weak and feeble woman; but I have the heart and stomach of a king, and of a king of England too.
Elizabeth I, addressing English soldiers at Tilbury, July 1588.
1603
Elizabeth dies a beloved queen
Topfoto
Elizabeth I, The Weary Sovereign.
Elizabeth I dies aged 69. Known forever as 'the Virgin Queen', she remains unmarried and childless until the end.
In her final years Elizabeth's reign is beset by problems in Ireland and her failing health. However, the mourning which follows her death is unprecedented. Many ordinary Londoners take to the streets to watch Elizabeth's journey to her final resting place in Westminster Abbey. As Elizabeth leaves no direct Tudor heir, James VI of Scotland – the son of Mary, Queen of Scots – is named king. The Tudor dynasty that has ruled England for 118 years comes to an end.
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Handmade Films was formed to produce which film? | BFI Screenonline: Film Studios and Industry Bodies > HandMade Films
(d. John Mackenzie, 1979) and
Mona Lisa
(d. Neil Jordan, 1986) breathed new life into the much-maligned gangster genre. And while not all of the 23 films that HandMade produced during its 1978-90 heyday were up to that exalted level, the quality threshold was often enviably high.
HandMade was born in highly unusual circumstances. EMI had originally backed
Life of Brian
, but the company's chairman
Lord Delfont
got cold feet about the subject matter and pulled out just days before shooting was due to start. This left the
Monty Python
team faced with the prospect of writing off what was already a considerable investment.
Eric Idle
had recently struck up a friendship with the former Beatle
George Harrison
, a fan of Idle's affectionate parody
The Rutles
(1978), and as Harrison was by far the richest person that any of the Pythons knew, Idle asked him to bail out the film. Harrison read the script, loved it, and agreed to help, forming HandMade Films with his business manager
Denis O'Brien
in order to produce it. It was a shrewd investment, as the film was an enormous success.
HandMade was originally intended to produce that one film, but Harrison and O'Brien soon became involved in another salvage operation. In this case,
The Long Good Friday
had already been completed, but its production company
Black Lion Films
(owned by
Lew Grade
, Lord Delfont's brother) was nervous about its prospects, due to the level of violence and a key subplot involving the IRA. Severe cuts were proposed, along with the redubbing of lead actor Bob Hoskins, whose strong Cockney accent was felt to be a liability. HandMade agreed to buy the rights for £700,000, and released the film in its originally intended form. A solid critical hit, if not the commercial triumph of
Life of Brian
, it made Hoskins (previously best known for the BBC's
Pennies from Heaven
, 1978) a bona fide star.
Harrison and O'Brien next agreed to back
Time Bandits
(1981),
Terry Gilliam's
second solo feature. The first film HandMade had funded from the start, this elaborate fantasy achieved impressively lavish production values on a relatively small investment of £4 million. More importantly, it was a surprise hit in the US, grossing over $40 million, and ensuring HandMade's future as a going concern. The Python connection was maintained with
The Missionary
(d. Richard Loncraine, 1981), written by and starring
Michael Palin
as a naively well-meaning cleric administering to "fallen women".
1982 saw a stepping-up of HandMade's production ambitions.
Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl
(d. Terry Hughes) was a filmed record of a live show, and
Privates On Parade
in an adaptation of
Peter Nichols'
stage hit about an Army light entertainment troupe in Singapore in the late 1940s. Against this comedic backdrop, the relentlessly harsh
Scrubbers
(d. Mai Zetterling) seems out of place, but this study of life in a women's borstal came in the wake of the success-cum-notoriety of its male counterpart
Scum
(d. Alan Clarke, 1979), with which it shared a screenwriter.
After this, HandMade's output slowed to one release per year.
Bullshot
(d. Dick Clement, 1983) was the company's first serious critical and commercial failure, an only intermittently amusing spoof of Sapper's Bulldog Drummond adventure stories of the 1920s and 30s. The underrated
Water
(d. Clement, 1985), revisiting colonial territory mined by the
Boulting Brothers'
Carleton Browne of the F.O.
(1957), fared little better, but
A Private Function
(d. Malcolm Mowbray, 1984) was recognised from the start as a bona fide gem.
Alan Bennett's
first original script for the big screen was brought to life by a superlative cast, many of whom had starred in
The Missionary
fared far better, its quirky tale of the relationship between a high-class black prostitute (
Cathy Tyson
) and her middle-aged Cockney "chauffeur" (
Bob Hoskins
) adding unexpected warmth to what could otherwise have been a straightforward gangster film in the mould of
Get Carter
(d. Mike Hodges, 1971), whose star
Michael Caine
has a memorable supporting role as the chief villain.
HandMade's third 1986 production wasn't released until 1988. Initially a resounding commercial failure,
Withnail & I
went on to become the most enduring British cult film of its era, especially following its rediscovery on video in the 1990s. Though this was fuelled by the rise of "lad culture", and the film more than delivers in terms of boozing and swearing, at base it's a subtle, melancholy work, drawn strongly from writer-director
Bruce Robinson's
own disastrous experiences as a "resting" actor. Robinson and star
Richard E.Grant
reunited with HandMade for
How To Get Ahead In Advertising
(1989), but despite the originality of the premise - an arrogant advertising executive develops a talking boil that takes over his personality - it merely preached to the already converted.
But by then, HandMade was in financial trouble, thanks partly to the mediocre-to-disastrous performance of several US co-productions (notably
Cold Dog Soup
, whose box-office performance was as unappetising as its title) and also to Harrison's discovery that O'Brien had been embezzling money from the company. Though it continued to operate, HandMade effectively ceased production after
Nuns on the Run
(d. Jonathan Lynn, 1990) amid a welter of lawsuits between its founders, and the company was finally sold to a Canadian firm in 1994, a sad end to one of the British cinema's more inspiring success stories. However, four years after Harrison's death, the firm was relaunched in 2006 as HandMade plc, seemingly with the intent of recapturing past glories.
Michael Brooke
| Monty Python's Life of Brian |
What character did John Wayne play in 'True Grit'? | 5 Movies That Wouldn't Exist Without George Harrison | Houston Press
5 Movies That Wouldn't Exist Without George Harrison
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5 Movies That Wouldn't Exist Without George Harrison
Wednesday, October 5, 2011 at 4:40 p.m.
Print Article
After giving the deluxe documentary treatment to Bob Dylan (No Direction Home) and the Rolling Stones (Shine a Light), Martin Scorsese now trains his camera on George Harrison for George Harrison: Living In the Material World, his two-part film about the "Quiet Beatle" that airs at 8 p.m. tonight and Thursday on HBO.
Although he was never especially quiet - Rocks Off just read Peter Doggett's You Never Give Me Your Money: The Beatles After the Breakup over the weekend, and we highly recommend it - Harrison was himself a cinephile. After befriending the Monty Python crew, Harrison created the production company HandMade Films to produce their Christ-figure comedy Monty Python's Life of Brian, prompting Python's Terry Gilliam to remark it was the "most expensive script in history."
Harrison sold his interest in HandMade in 1994, but by then it had already produced some of the most successful and influential works in recent British film history, along with its fair share of turkeys. After emerging from financial "restructuring" last year, it's still a going concern, most recently producing the Oscar-nominated 127 Hours. Here's a quick sampling of HandMade's archives.
Monty Python's Life of Brian (1979)
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Tickets
Fri., Feb. 3, 7:30pm
Summary: From the stable to the cross, Judean-born accidental messiah Brian (Graham Chapman) has a nasty habit of getting mistaken for this "Jesus Christ" fellow.
Starring: Eric Idle, John Cleese, Michael Palin, Terry Gilliam
Trivia: Harrison appears uncredited as Mr. Papadopolous.
The Long Good Friday (1980)
Summary: London gangster battles the IRA and police corruption as he tries to go legit with a scheme to redevelop the docklands into an Olympic village. Too bad he asks the U.S. mafia for help.
Starring: Bob Hoskins, Helen Mirren
Trivia: Future James Bond Piers Brosnan makes his film debut as an IRA gunman who takes Harold Shand (Hoskins) hostage.
Time Bandits (1981)
Summary: A rather rude group of dwarves discovers time travel - something to do with a toaster, if we remember right - and accumulates ill-gotten gains across various historical eras.
Starring: John Cleese, Michael Palin, Ralph Richardson and Sean Connery as King Agamemnon
Trivia: Kenny Baker, better known as R2-D2, co-stars as one of the dwarves, Fidgit.
Shanghai Surprise (1986)
Summary: Mercenary and missionary meet cute, dodge thugs while hunting stolen opium.
Starring: Sean Penn, Madonna
Trivia: Roundly considered one of the worst films of the '80s, if not of all time. Won Madonna her first "Razzie" award for Worst Actress, and its utter failure at the box office put HandMade in serious financial trouble. Harrison appears as a lounge singer.
Withnail and I (1987)
Summary: Two struggling actors in late-'60s London get more than they bargained for when they spend a weekend at a lake house belonging to one of them's flamboyantly gay uncle.
Starring: Richard E. Grant, Paul McGann, Richard Griffiths
Trivia: Daniel Day-Lewis, Kenneth Branagh and Bill Nighy were all in the running for the title role of Withnall. Day-Lewis turned it down.
Chris Gray has been Music Editor for the Houston Press since 2008. He is the proud father of a Beatles-loving toddler named Oliver.
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'The Dambusters' tells the true story of which RAF Squadron? | Dambusters - Trailer. - YouTube
Dambusters - Trailer.
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Uploaded on Jun 17, 2009
The Dam Busters is a 1955 British war film, set during the Second World War, and based on the true story of the RAF's 617 Squadron, the development of the "bouncing bomb", and Operation Chastise, the attack on the Ruhr dams in Germany. It stars Michael Redgrave as Barnes Wallis and Richard Todd as Wing Commander Guy Gibson and was directed by Michael Anderson
Category
| No. 617 Squadron RAF |
In the 1989 film 'Shirley Valentine', who played the title roll? | 1000+ images about The Dam Busters - (1955) on Pinterest | Richard todd, The germans and Wallis
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The Dam Busters - (1955)
The Dam Busters is a British Second World War war film starring Michael Redgrave and Richard Todd. It was directed by Michael Anderson. The film recreates the true story of Operation Chastise when in 1943 the RAF's 617 Squadron attacked the Möhne, Eder and Sorpe dams in Germany with Barnes Wallis's "bouncing bomb". The film was based on the books The Dam Busters (1951) by Paul Brickhill and Enemy Coast Ahead (1946) by Guy Gibson.
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What character did Bruce Willis play in 'Last Man Standing'? | Last Man Standing (1996) - IMDb
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A drifting gunslinger-for-hire finds himself in the middle of an ongoing war between the Irish and Italian mafia in a Prohibition era ghost town.
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A down and out cynical detective teams up with a down and out ex-quarterback to try and solve a murder case involving a pro football team and a politician.
Director: Tony Scott
An imprisoned IRA fighter is freed to help stop a brutal, seemingly "faceless" assassin from completing his next job.
Director: Michael Caton-Jones
Shadowy elements in the NSA target a nine-year old autistic savant for death when he is able to decipher a top secret code.
Director: Harold Becker
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 5.8/10 X
Coming from a police family, Tom Hardy ends up fighting his uncle after the murder of his father. Tom believes the killer is another cop, and goes on the record with his allegations. Demoted then to river duty, the killer taunts Tom.
Director: Rowdy Herrington
A struggling dentist's life is turned upside down when a famous gangster moves in next door, and his wife convinces him to inform a notorious mob boss about the gangster's whereabouts.
Director: Jonathan Lynn
A cat burglar is forced to steal Da Vinci works of art for a world domination plot.
Director: Michael Lehmann
A failed police negotiator turned small-town cop, must save the lives of a family held hostage, which draws him into a much more dangerous situation.
Director: Florent-Emilio Siri
An aging alcoholic cop is assigned the task of escorting a witness from police custody to a courthouse 16 blocks away. There are, however, chaotic forces at work that prevent them from making it in one piece.
Director: Richard Donner
Two bank robbers fall in love with the girl they've kidnapped.
Director: Barry Levinson
Jimmy the Tulip's (Willis) quiet new life is shaken up by his old pal Oz (Perry), whose wife (Henstridge) has been kidnapped by a Hungarian mob. The Tulip and his wife Jill (Peet) spring into action.
Director: Howard Deutch
A law student becomes a lieutenant during World War II, is captured and asked to defend a black prisoner of war falsely accused of murder.
Director: Gregory Hoblit
The secret US abduction of a suspected terrorist leads to a wave of terrorist attacks in New York that lead to the declaration of martial law.
Director: Edward Zwick
Edit
Storyline
John Smith is an amoral gunslinger in the days of Prohibition. On the lam from his latest (unspecified) exploits, he happens upon the town of Jericho, Texas. Actually, calling Jericho a town would be too generous--it has become more like a ghost town, since two warring gangs have 'driven off all the decent folk.' Smith sees this as an opportunity to play both sides off against each other, earning himself a nice piece of change as a hired gun. Despite his strictly avowed mercenary intentions, he finds himself risking his life for his, albeit skewed, sense of honor.... Written by Tad Dibbern <[email protected]>
If you lived in this town, you'd be dead by now. See more »
Genres:
Rated R for pervasive strong violence and some sexuality | See all certifications »
Parents Guide:
20 September 1996 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
$7,010,331 (USA) (20 September 1996)
Gross:
Did You Know?
Trivia
One of the three big-budget, star-driven films that indie outfit New Line Cinema released in 1996. Like the other two films ( The Island of Dr. Moreau (1996) and The Long Kiss Goodnight (1996)) the film underperformed at the box-office. See more »
Goofs
In opening scenes we see "Mr. Smith" coming into town and obviously sweating from the south Texas heat. In subsequent scenes we see gang members in wool suits and wool overcoats. See more »
Quotes
[first lines]
John Smith : It's a funny thing. No matter how low you sink there's still a right and wrong. You always end up choosing. You go one way so you can try to live with yourself. You go the other, you'd still be walkin' around, but you're dead and you don't even know it.
Great Gangster Action Movie and Actors/Characters
25 February 2006 | by ninjanic1
(United States) – See all my reviews
I really enjoyed Bruce Willis's character and the supporting cast chosen noting Walken(Hickey)and Kelly(Doyle). They really made the characters interesting to the audience and they deserve much credit for doing such a good job in this older film. I have seen many of Willis's movies and say this one is underrated and unique. In addition, it was well written with many twists to the plot, keeping you on the edge of your seat. If you are an action movie shoot them up fan, like gangster type movies and appreciate the older scenery of the pre 1930's. I would recommend this movie highly. Kudos to those who made this movie as I rate it as one of my all time favorites.
Nick Milone
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| John Smith |
Who played 'Velvet Brown' in the 1944 film 'National Velvet'? | Last Man Standing: The Fedora Chronicles Flicks
Last Man Standing
Review by Eric 'Renderking' Fisk | November 2008
Back in the early years of my obsession with all things WW2 era (big band, history, art, and films), there was one television show that provided a brief interlude once a week. “Moonlighting” starring Bruce Willis and Cybil Shepherd as David Addison and Mattie Hayes was a phenomenal hit and put the two co-stars on the celestial charts of Hollywood. It brought back good powerful writing into fashion. The on-screen relationship between Willis and Shepherd is similar to that of William Powell and Merna Loy of the Thin Man series back in the 30’s and 40’s.
Word was that the reason why there weren’t as many episodes each season, as with other series, were the hefty scripts which were full of witty dialog and plot twists. Yea… this show did have heft and plot; more so than some of the other movies released the years “Moonlighting” was on the air.
One of my favorite episodes was a great “What if”. Mattie and David pondered what really happened in an unsolved case from the 1940’s. Willis and Shepherd played the parts of the couple involved. Shepherd was a night club singer, Willis a Philip Marlow type hard-boiled detective.
While it was by far one of the best episodes of the season, I was praying to the false gods of Hollywood’s divine intervention that somehow the rating for that episode would go through the roof and the rest of the series would be in black and white, set in 1940’s Los Angeles.
What impressed me about the Philip Marlow-esqe episode of “Moonlighting” was Willis’ timeless performance. The man he portrayed in that black and white episode was similar to the one he portrayed every other week, with the exception of being cooler and withdrawn. It’s a subtlety I doubt many other actors, with the exception of Harrison Ford, could pull off.
I hoped that someday we would see a motion picture along the same line of that episode, or, once Moonlighting was over, a series similar to that episode would be made. While that series never materialized, Stacey Keach played a modern fedora-wearing detective on CBS’s “Mickey Spillane's Mike Hammer” in the late 80’s and Powers Boothe played Phillip Marlow on HBO around the same time. It wasn’t until a few years ago that my wish of seeing Willis in a similar adventure to that “Moonlighting” Episode came true.
The First Real Samurai Gangster Western?
It was more than a decade later. A friend of mine was surprised to see that out of the few DVD’s I owned already I had already bought “The Untouchables” and yet I didn’t have “Last Man Standing”. To be honest, I had yet to see it since I heard it received poor reviews, which is odd… since I usually avoid reading reviews when I like the premise of a film and the way the trailers look. Many times, I’ve disagreed with critics. Some of the most critically acclaimed movies are ones that nearly put me to sleep: “Portrait of a Lady” comes to mind.
I bought the Last Man Standing DVD on a cold Saturday night while desperately looking for something from my favorite era. It was a night that I was desperate for atmosphere, flawed heroes in suits and fedoras with loud guns… good men doing right by stopping bad men trying to do wrong… and this movie fits the bill, almost exactly!
Willis plays the part of a man, a drifter with a shadowy past during prohibition. John Smith (Willis ) arrives at a town, broke, down to his last dollar and just finishes his last swallow of whiskey. Learning that there are two rival gangs in this town he quickly learns the player's names and rules and plays both sides for the most dollars. Along the way, he picks up only two allies: the sheriff, Ed Galt played by Bruce Dern and “Newhart” alumni William Sanderson ... as Joe Monday the saloon and innkeeper, (Sanderson seems to play the same parts from “Lonesome Dove” miniseries and “Blade Runner”…)
Willis’ character really has only a few redeeming qualities. He is perhaps one of the best two-fisted shot I’ve seen on screen in recent memory, he has a soft spot for women in distress (the reason why it seems, that he always ends up broke)...
Last Man Standing is supposed to be a remake of Akira Kurosawa's samurai classic “Yojimbo”, which I can only assume is correct because I’ve never seen it... But what I can say is that there are times when I’ve watched this I’ve thought that maybe the makers of this film had more “Raiders Of The Lost Ark” (but without any treasure) in mind. That's either ironic, coincidence or , since George Lucas has said on countless occasions on how Kurosawa inspired him in the past (If anything, Star Wars- Episode IV: A New Hope is a remake of Kurosawa’s “Hidden Fortress”.)
There are a few another standout performances besides those previously mentioned. Christopher Walken as the henchman Hickey , again… another Indiana Jones wanna-be (Walken was considered for the role of a brash swashbuckler pilot in the Lucas remake of the aforementioned “Hidden Fortress”). Regardless that his character is perhaps creepy enough to rival Anthony Hopkins most famous roll, you can’t help but want to root for a guy who’s attire closely matches that one of our favorite heroes.
Basically, what is “Last Man Standing”? It’s hardly a morality tale. Smith leaves town a bit more broke and battered but has the satisfaction of doing some good. Smith does a great job of cleaning up the town while in the process of wrecking a quarter of it... “Last Man Standing” is either a western or a gangster movie… or a gangster movie filmed on location of a Western movie… perhaps left-overs from “The Quick and The Dead” starring Sharon Stone which I believe was filmed around the same time.
If anything, the movie can be best described as one long "Raven bar fight," from "Raiders Of The Lost Ark..." right down to the shootout at the burning building out in the middle of nowhere. Perhaps my wife did say it best when she said “ “Last Man Standing” really isn’t much of a movie: "It’s a man in a perfectly blocked fedora shooting people endlessly.”
For fans of the movies made by George Lucas and Steven Spielberg, "Lat Man Standing" is good enough to hold us over through one more cold Saturday night when we’re craving some atmosphere, men in suits and fedoras, and loud guns. This is also a great movie for fans of Film Noir since this fits most of the criteria of what makes a film fit that genre, and there is substance to be found if you are able to look past the over-the-top violence and gratuitous sex and language... And yes... Willis is a fedora-clad hero throughout the whole movie, even when all else is taken from him and all hope is lost, he at least has that left when he drives off into the sunset.
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Who played 'The Riddler' in 'Batman Forever'? | Batman Forever (1995) - IMDb
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Batman must battle Two-Face and The Riddler with help from an amorous psychologist and a young circus acrobat who becomes his sidekick, Robin.
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Nominated for 3 Oscars. Another 9 wins & 21 nominations. See more awards »
Videos
When a corrupt businessman and the grotesque Penguin plot to take control of Gotham City, only Batman can stop them, while the Catwoman has her own agenda.
Director: Tim Burton
The Dark Knight of Gotham City begins his war on crime with his first major enemy being the clownishly homicidal Joker.
Director: Tim Burton
Batman and Robin try to keep their relationship together even as they must stop Mr. Freeze and Poison Ivy from freezing Gotham City.
Director: Joel Schumacher
An alien orphan is sent from his dying planet to Earth, where he grows up to become his adoptive home's first and greatest superhero.
Director: Richard Donner
Superman agrees to sacrifice his powers to start a relationship with Lois Lane, unaware that three Kryptonian criminals he inadvertently released are conquering Earth.
Directors: Richard Lester, Richard Donner
Stars: Gene Hackman, Christopher Reeve, Margot Kidder
Superman reappears after a long absence, but is challenged by an old foe who uses Kryptonian technology for world domination.
Director: Bryan Singer
Bank clerk Stanley Ipkiss is transformed into a manic superhero when he wears a mysterious mask.
Director: Chuck Russell
A couple of recently deceased ghosts contract the services of a "bio-exorcist" in order to remove the obnoxious new owners of their house.
Director: Tim Burton
Synthetic kryptonite laced with tobacco tar splits Superman in two: good Clark Kent and bad Man of Steel.
Director: Richard Lester
Ace Ventura, Pet Detective, returns from a spiritual quest to investigate the disappearance of a rare white bat, the sacred animal of a tribe in Africa.
Director: Steve Oedekerk
A goofy detective specializing in animals goes in search of a missing dolphin mascot of a football team.
Director: Tom Shadyac
The discovery of a massive river of ectoplasm and a resurgence of spectral activity allows the staff of Ghostbusters to revive the business.
Director: Ivan Reitman
Edit
Storyline
The Dark Knight of Gotham City confronts a dastardly duo: Two-Face and the Riddler. Formerly District Attorney Harvey Dent, Two-Face incorrectly believes Batman caused the courtroom accident which left him disfigured on one side; he has unleashed a reign of terror on the good people of Gotham. Edward Nygma, computer-genius and former employee of millionaire Bruce Wayne, is out to get the philanthropist; as The Riddler he perfects a device for draining information from all the brains in Gotham, including Bruce Wayne's knowledge of his other identity. Batman/Wayne is/are the love focus of Dr. Chase Meridan. Former circus acrobat Dick Grayson, his family killed by Two-Face, becomes Wayne's ward and Batman's new partner Robin the Boy Wonder. Written by Ed Stephan <[email protected]>
Rated PG-13 for strong stylized action | See all certifications »
Parents Guide:
16 June 1995 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
Batman 3 See more »
Filming Locations:
£4,703,430 (UK) (14 July 1995)
Gross:
Did You Know?
Trivia
Michael Gough (Alfred Pennyworth) and Pat Hingle (Commissioner James Gordon) are the only actors to reprise their roles from either Batman (1989) or Batman Returns (1992). See more »
Goofs
Joel Schumacher 's Batman movies are not set in quite the same universe as Tim Burton 's, so differences between them (in the back stories of Bruce Wayne and Harvey Dent, for example) are not goofs. See more »
Quotes
Alfred Pennyworth : Can I persuade you to take a sandwich with you, sir?
Batman : I'll get drive-thru.
The opening Warner Bros. logo re-shapes itself to form the bat logo. See more »
Connections
Performed by Brandy Norwood (as Brandy)
Courtesy of Atlantic Recording Corporation
Better than most people remember.
17 May 2001 | by Thatman95
(Bergen County, NJ, USA) – See all my reviews
While the Batman franchise has been much maligned in recent years due to the disappointing performance of the last live-action film, Forever was second in quality only to the first Bat-film. It added color back into a Gotham that had gotten way too claustrophobic, and brought the tone back to something resembling the comics. Jim Carrey is a scene-stealer and dead on as The Riddler, and Val Kilmer is the perfect Bruce Wayne and Batman. Tommy Lee Jones does a great turn as Two-Face, unfortunately he isn't given enough to do and therefore comes across too cartoony, minus the angst of the character in the comics. One other big complaint is the new score - gone are Danny Elfman's orchestrations. Elliot Goldenthal's music would have been fine if not for his predecessor. Most people tend to lump this one in the 'lousy' section, it seems, but it was one of the biggest movies of '95 and a very faithful adaption overall. Now if they'd only release the director's cut
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| Jim Carrey |
Who played the title roll in the Australian film 'Ned Kelly'? | 'Batman Forever' Turns 20: Val Kilmer, Nicole Kidman, and Jim Carrey in a Red Carpet Flashback
'Batman Forever' Turns 20: Val Kilmer, Nicole Kidman, and Jim Carrey in a Red Carpet Flashback
Writer
June 18, 2015
Despite their divided loyalties to Batman, Chris O'Donnell, who played Robin, and Jim Carrey, who played the villainous Riddler, joined forces on the red carpet. The ‘Batman Forever’ premiere took place at Mann’s Village Theater on June 9, 1995 in Los Angeles, California.
Source: Yahoo Magazines PYC
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The song 'White Christmas' first featured in which film starring Bing Crosby? | I'm Dreaming Of A White Christmas_Bing Crosby_Lyrics - YouTube
I'm Dreaming Of A White Christmas_Bing Crosby_Lyrics
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Published on Nov 23, 2013
The song White Christmas is undoubtedly the most famous and popular of all the Christmas songs. The music and lyrics for White Christmas were written by Irving Berlin in 1942 and originally featured in the movie Holiday Inn starring Bing Crosby. The lyrics of White Christmas struck a chord with the soldiers fighting in the Second World War and their families who were waiting for them back home. The song and recording of White Christmas by Bing Crosby with John Scott Trotter's orchestra and the Ken Darby Singers was so popular that it was later reprised in the movie called after its name - White Christmas. The film White Christmas once again starred Bing Crosby together with Danny Kaye, Rosemary Clooney and Vera-Ellen.
White Christmas Final Act Pinetree Vermont
I'm dreaming of a White Christmas
Just like the ones I used to know
Where the tree tops glisten
And children listen
To hear sleigh bells in the snow
I'm dreaming of a White Christmas
With every Christmas card I write
May your days be merry and bright
And may all
I'm dreaming of a White Christmas
Just like the ones I used to know
Where the tree tops glisten
And children listen
To hear sleigh bells in the snow
I'm dreaming of a white Christmas
With every Christmas card I write
May your days be merry and bright
And may all your Christmases
May all your Christmases
May all your Christmases be white
I'm dreaming of a white
Christmas with you
All the way, all the way
Category
| Holiday Inn |
What was the last line spoken in the film 'Some Like It Hot'? | White Christmas (song) | Christmas Specials Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Publisher:
Irving Berlin Music Co.
"White Christmas" is a Christmas song written by Irving Berlin , reminiscing about an old-fashioned Christmas setting. According to the Guinness Book of World Records, the version sung by Bing Crosby is the best-selling single of all time, with estimated sales in excess of 50 million copies worldwide.
Accounts vary as to when and where Berlin wrote the song. One story is that he wrote it in 1940, poolside at the Biltmore hotel in Phoenix, Arizona. He often stayed up all night writing — he told Norman Wisdom, who added to the lyrics and claimed co-authorship, "Grab your pen and take down this song. I just wrote the best song I've ever written — heck, I just wrote the best song that anybody's ever written!"
The first public performance of the song was also by Crosby, on his NBC radio show The Kraft Music Hall on Christmas Day, 1941 and the recording is not believed to have survived. He recorded it with the John Scott Trotter Orchestra and the Ken Darby Singers for Decca Records in just 18 minutes on May 29, 1942, and it was released on July 30 as part of an album of six 78-rpm songs from the film Holiday Inn . At first, Crosby did not see anything special about it. He just said "I don't think we have any problems with that one, Irving."
Contents
[ show ]
Bing Crosby version
The song initially performed poorly and was overshadowed by the film's first hit song: "Be Careful, It's my Heart". By the end of October 1942, however, it topped the "Your Hit Parade" chart. It remained in that position until well into the new year. (It has often been noted that the mix of melancholy — "just like the ones I used to know" — with comforting images of home — "where the treetops glisten" — resonated especially strongly with listeners during World War II. The Armed Forces Network was flooded with requests for the song.)
In 1942 alone, Crosby's recording spent eleven weeks on top of the Billboard charts. The original version also hit number one on the Harlem Hit Parade for three weeks, Crosby's first-ever appearance on the black-oriented chart. Re-released by Decca, the single returned to the #1 spot during the holiday seasons of 1945 and 1946 (on the chart dated January 4, 1947), thus becoming the only single with three separate runs at the top of the U.S. charts. The recording became a chart perennial, reappearing annually on the pop chart twenty separate times before Billboard Magazine created a distinct Christmas chart for seasonal releases.
Following its prominence in Holiday Inn, the ong won the Academy Award for Best Original Song. In the film, Bing Crosby sang it as a duet with actress Marjorie Reynolds, though her voice was dubbed by Martha Mears. This now-familiar scene was not the moviemakers' initial plan; in the script as originally conceived, Reynolds, not Crosby, was to sing it.
The familiar version of the song most often heard today is not the one Crosby recorded in 1942. He was called to Decca studios on March 18, 1947, to re-record the track; the 1942 master had become damaged due to its frequent use. Efforts were made to exactly reproduce the original recording session, and Crosby was again backed by the Trotter Orchestra and the Darby Singers. Even so, there are subtle differences in the orchestration, most notably the addition of a celesta and flutes to brighten up the introduction.
Crosby was dismissive of his role in the song's success, saying later that "a jackdaw with a cleft palate could have sung it successfully." But Crosby was associated with it for the rest of his career. Another Crosby vehicle — the 1954 musical White Christmas — was the highest-grossing film of 1954.
Cover versions
Eddie Fisher with Hugo Winterhalter's orchestra & chorus recorded the song at Manhattan Center, New York City, on July 15, 1952. It was released by RCA Victor Records as catalog number 20-4910 (in USA) and by EMI on the His Master's Voice label as catalog number B 10779 and JO 420.
The Drifters' 1954 cover of the song showcased the talents of lead singer Clyde McPhatter and the bass of Bill Pinkney. Their recording of it peaked at #2 on Billboard’s R&B chart in December 1954, and returned to the same chart in the next two years. In December 1955, it became the Drifters' first of 34 singles to register in the mainstream Hot 100 chart. For decades, the Drifters' version was primarily heard on R&B radio stations, getting little exposure elsewhere. It received a boost in the early 1990s, when it was prominently featured in the film Home Alone during a scene in which Kevin, the lead character, is applying his father's aftershave while mouthing the lyrics. Radio stations formats as diverse as oldies, adult contemporary, Top 40, and country began playing the Drifters' version. It was later featured in the film The Santa Clause .
Andy Williams charted on the Christmas Singles chart in 1963 (#1) and 1967 (#22) with his version. The B-Side was his version of The Christmas Song .
Michael Bolton covered the song on his 1992 album Timeless: The Classics.
In 2000, Linda Ronstadt recorded the song for A Merry Little Christmas.
Appearances in Christmas specials
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What was the name of the island where 'King Kong' lived? | Skull Island | King Kong Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Edit
Little wonder Skull Island lay undiscovered for so long. Jutting out of the perilous sea, west of Sumatra, the island was in the heart of a region afflicted by intense magnetic anomalies and violent sea storms. The very rock of which the island was built was treacherous.
Once part of a much larger landmass, ancient Gondwanaland, Skull Island sat square near the turbulent boundary of the Indo-Australian and Eurasian tectonic plates. The plates rolled over one another and stresses caused violent fracturing of the Indo-Australian plate beneath the island. Significant volcanic activity resulted. Fissures and pressure spots created land and forced molten rock to the surface while, at the same time, great chunks of the island fell into the deep subduction trench that marked the plate edge. Skull Island owed its creation to the same forces that were tearing it to pieces by the mid-twentieth century.
The coastline shattered and fell away while the entire island was sinking. In the island’s heart, volcanic forces brought water and mud bubbling to the surface while other areas were gnawed hollow from beneath, leaving a crumbling land full of jagged abutments and bottomless chasms.
The Mystery of the Ruins
Edit
The first sight to greet explorers of Skull Island was the mighty wall that divided humanity’s meager settlement from the terrors of the jungle interior. Huge and imposing, this enormous structure dwarfed the puny village huddling in its protective shadow. This was not the work of that struggling populace, but the legacy of some older, far more advanced civilization long gone.
Giant stone ruins of this ancient society dotted the entire island. Vast edifices jutted from the shrouding jungle and tumbled down the coast to disappear into the sea. Beneath the tangled forest that enveloped the island in a choking green embrace, a great city had once breathed. Study of these remains and of the great wall itself – which had run in an unbroken circle around the entire center portion of the island – told of a culture three thousand years old. Architectural parallels suggested Southeast Asia as a homeland.
It was theorized that ancient colonists brought with them an established culture, as evidenced by the great carved statues and shards of magnificent pottery left behind. They were a devoted culture who revered the giant apes that abounded throughout their art. Some have speculated the apes may have arrived with the colonists, alluding to a symbiosis between the people and the ancestors of Kong.
The exact nature of the extinction that befell these people remains a mystery. At least a thousand years ago they were wiped out, leaving little behind but stowaway rats and the stone skeletons of their city on a doomed island. The jungle swept in to reclaim the land, inexorably spreading its tendril-like root fingers over the eroding architecture, turning plazas and markets into glades and barnacling towers with ferns and gnarled creepers. The great wall crumbled as surf swallowed the land, and its few projecting stretches stood like gravestones in the green swathe, monuments to the lost civilization of Skull Island.
A Menagerie of Nightmares
Edit
Tiny Skull Island was once part of the vast and ancient continent of Gondwana in prehistoric times. What came to be Skull Island was a stretch near the coast of the great Tethys Sea, rich in life. When this landmass broke away, many prehistoric ancestors of the island’s modern inhabitants rode with it, guaranteeing their survival when catastrophe and ecological change wiped them out everywhere else in the world. Others joined later, rafting, swimming, or flying to the island sanctuary. Land bridges came and went, bringing new fauna, each adding to the diversity of the island.
Over the millennia the island eroded. As habitat was lost, life was concentrated into ever-shrinking areas. Competition became fierce. The island saw an evolutionary arms race erupt, forging a menagerie of nightmares.
The Crumbling Coast and Village
Edit
Skull Island’s coast was a savage warfront between land and sea. Heavy oceanic swells buffeted the shattered coast, eating rocks and ruins alike, leaving a jagged shoreline like a jaw of broken teeth.
On the western flank the sea crashed against sheer cliffs and shardlike escarpments. Ancient ruins wound through the cracks in the rock, soulless atriums echoing with the pounding of the waves. Seabirds made their homes here in the myriad cuts and ledges – resident gulls and seasonal migrants. Petrels, gannets, and cormorants dived for fish in the rich, cold waters of the trench that abutted the island.
By the twentieth century the few humans that lived on Skull Island scraped a living on this barren shore, their village perched on a thin sliver of rock, jutting into the sea, beyond the warding great wall.
On the far side of the island a slow sinking brought the sea gradually inland. Where once lowland forests and floodplains stretched, the high tides drowned the land. There were a few beaches in the more sheltered inlets between the rocky headlands. These were the transitory homes of fur seals and sea turtles. Patrolled by huge predators and scavengers, these inlets were every bit as forbidding as the western cliffs to the human inhabitants.
The Jutting Cliffs
Edit
Skull Island’s temperamental geology rendered its coast a crumbling maze of cliffs and promontories jutting out of and over a savage sea. The jagged projections provided protected ledges for seabirds and other wildlife to nest upon and precipitous lookouts for predators to scan for prey below. There were few beaches on the island’s coast, so competition for their use was fierce.
The Estuary
Edit
On the eastern shores of Skull Island, where the rivers flowed down into the sea and the land was slowly sinking, much of what had once been floodplains or low jungle was drowned in growing swamp. Where once low forests grew adjacent to the river, instead tide-flooded swamps lap, punctuated only by the stumps of choked trees.
The Shrinking Lowlands
Edit
On the eastern side of the mountainous spine that bisects Skull Island, a network of rivers, fed by runoff and springs, weaved through a wide land of gentle country swathed in low scrub and patchy grasslands. These lowland flats and wide grassy valleys were home to the largest of the island’s inhabitants. Towering sauropods and brawny ceratopsians chewed the grasses and mowed the jungle perimeter, keeping it at bay, while giant, predatory Vastatosaurus rexes stalked the herds at a distance. Beneath them all, legions of insects went about their secret lives, mimicking the epic struggles of the dinosaurs.
Over time, as the island shrank and the encroaching sea gobbled up much of this region, the inhabitants were forced into the jungle borders to survive. Surveys showed the overall size of the open lowland habitat had been reduced by nearly eighty percent in less than a few centuries. This concentrated species in ever tighter clusters and intensified the competition in the low forest areas.
The Winding Swamps and Waterways
Edit
Water is the lifeblood of any ecosystem, and nowhere was this more evident than on Skull Island. High rainfall for much of the year ensured that a constant flow of water worked its way across, into, and under the land. This constant flow sculpted the landforms, carved deep gullies, and leveled the grasslands. It filled holes to create pools and murky swamps and fed the ravenous jungle that swathed most of the island. It defined and sustained much of the land’s geography and fed all of its inhabitants.
These extensive aquatic systems of streams, rivers, lakes, and swamps were home to many of the island’s unique life-forms. Microscopic, but vital, algae and protozoans bobbed along, drawn by the current. Swarming silver flashes of fish shoals, numbering in the thousands, wound like underwater trains through the boughs of wet-footed forests. Long-necked birds and thin-snouted fisher-reptiles stalked through marshy sinks. In the deep black-brown water of the wide, slow rivers, leviathan killers sinuously slipped unnoticed by the prey they marked.
The Steaming Jungle
Edit
The tangled jungles of Skull Island were, without doubt, the most impressive forest complexes on the planet. Gnarled trees the size of skyscrapers erupted in knotted root jumbles from the broken, volcanic earth. Entire ecosystems existed within the great arms of single trees, with unique species coddled among their leaves and vines. Undergrowth, taller and denser than full-sized trees elsewhere in the world, choked the sodden ground hundreds of feet below the light-gobbling canopy. Snakelike vines and strangling creepers crisscrossed, struggling with one another in a slow fight for light and water. Fungi the size of armchairs jutted from sponge-damp wood to vomit clouds of toxic spores into the sodden air, and thick seas of rotting leaves pooled between buttress roots, several feet deep in places and writhing with arm-thick centipedes and luminous slugs.
Understanding where one species stopped and another began was a task in the green melee. All kinds of organisms – plant, animal, or something in between – twisted around and through each other in a savage dance for survival. This was an extreme environment that rewarded extreme adaptations in its inhabitants. The fight to survive fashioned many bizarre life-forms, some, prehistoric holdovers, and others, skewed versions of recognizable modern species.
The jungle sweated in an everlasting twilight. Leafy branches, high above, stole light before it could filter to the floor, rendering a world in muted green during the day. At night cool moonlight was echoed in luminous pools by light-emitting creatures calling insects to their doom. The creatures of the jungle learned to use this darkness to their advantage, concealing themselves in its protective embrace or developing means to pierce the unrelenting gloom.
In the battle for water, light, and food, each had its own card to play. Plants defended themselves with toxins, only to be eaten by creatures with immunity. Prey hid beneath camouflage, only to be detected by a hunter’s heat-sensitive organs. Scaly armor met bladed claws. Sharpened teeth crashed on hardened horn. Lapping tongues recoiled from poison. Nature was at war with itself and reveled in its own innovations.
The humid jungle of the island recalled the ancient Cretaceous, and perhaps this was why so many of its denizens descended from that age of ruling reptiles. In the hot, wet dark of the jungle, dinosaurs and their prehistoric kin were protected from the passage of time and forces of change that destroyed them elsewhere. Here they flourished, evolving to new extremes in their green bower.
The Jungle Canopy
Edit
An ecosystem of its own, distinct from the lightless depths of the broken jungle floor, the lofty canopy was a green maze of dizzy spans and shifting leaf walls. Wind, either gently caressing or violently shaking, rendered the canopy a world in perpetual motion. This was a transitory environment, a place that water, light, and life passed through on their way to the earth. The creatures of the canopy clung in this no-man’s-land by whatever claws, fingers, or prehensile limbs they had, swatted by elements in service to the inexorable pull of gravity. By whatever adaptations they might possess, the inhabitants of the jungle’s ceiling struggled to interrupt and steal what water, light, and life they could as it passed, fragile things clinging to a tenuous existence.
The Abyssal Chasms and Pits
Edit
Due to the island's volcanic nature and composition of brittle, quick setting igenous glasses and easily-weathered granite, ceaseless rainfall has carved numerous deep cracks, pits, and narrow valleys running towards the ocean. Rains from higher elevations settle in low spots and depressions, warmed by geothermal heat to body temperature and higher, which then collect nearly all biological matter that has entered a state of decomposition. The result is dark soup of decay, a rich ground for an entire niche of invertebrate life, the giant scavengers.
With sunlight rarely touching these deep places, a number of arthropods have evolved to feast on the dead. Such as the Carnicticus, a worm like creature feeding on its prey.
The Barren Uplands
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Rising above the green shag of the jungle, like the spires of some eroding castle, the great spine of Skull Island was the mountainous ridge that ran its crooked length. Flanked by ruin-studded lesser peaks and black crags that broke the choking tree line, the central rise was a row of jagged, bald summits. Harsh elemental forces of wind and rain pruned back the jungle’s insistent efforts to colonize these rocky heights.
Ancient eruptions and lurches of the earth had created these heights long ago. Now, as the island slowly fell away, they jutted above the jungle skeletal and grim – the bones of a dying beast, pale and gaunt.
This harsh land, which was as much sky as rock, was the domain of only the toughest plants. Low, wind-bludgeoned scrub, cushion-leafed sprigs, and rock-hugging lichen, they were hardy survivors capable of squeezing life out of the stone they clung to.
In turn, the stumpy plants were grazed by thick-skinned herbivores, quitters of the steamy competition of the jungle seeking to scrape a living in the windblown uplands. Some were agile rock runners, fleet of foot. Others were lumbering brutes but held to the stone with iron grip. Following them all were the flesh-lusting predators, slaves to the scent of life-sustaining meat.
Into this landscape of grand vistas and buffeting winds, the last of the great apes retreated to make his refuge – a bleak hermitage for the lonely king.
Skull Island Wikipedia
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Skull Island is a fictional island first appearing in the 1933 film King Kong and later appearing in its sequels and in the two remakes. It is the home of the eponymous King Kong and several other species of creatures, mostly prehistoric and in some cases species that should have been extinct long before the rise of mammalian creatures such as gorillas, along with a primitive society of humans. In the 1962 film King Kong vs. Godzilla and the 1967 film King Kong Escapes, the equivalents of Skull Island are called Farou Island and Mondo Island, respectively. Kong plays a similar role on these islands as the godlike being of the land, a role he plays in all versions of the King Kong story. Skull Island's origins are unknown, however Kong appears to be the only giant gorilla known to exist on the island. However, the 2005 remake shows other skeletons of Kong-sized gorillas, indicating that there was once a group of such creatures of an unknown number living on the island.
Appearance in the 1933 film
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In King Kong, Skull Island is located at approximately 12°S 78°E / 12°S 78°E / -12; 78 — somewhere off the coast of Sumatra. There is a distinctive rocky knoll in the center of the island which is shaped like a human skull, hence its foreboding name.
At first, it is thought of as deserted, but upon further examination by the protagonists of the picture, it is filled to the brim with superstitious natives, prehistoric creatures of all sorts, and one extremely large gorilla, known by those on the island as " Kong "[ citation needed ].
The ancestry of the natives is never really explained, although the setting suggests they are a South East Asian group. Their barbaric portrayal in the film has provoked complaints and controversy ever since the movie's release. In the sequel film, Son of Kong, we last see Skull Island as it sinks into the sea. Kong's son drowns while holding Carl Denham above the water. Denham survives unscathed.
Skull Island is never referred to by name on film. In the original film, only Skull Mountain is named, while in the sequel Son of Kong, its simply referred to as "Kong's Island". In the novelization of King Kong (1933) by Delos Lovelace, it's called Skull Mountain Island. But RKO referred to it as Skull Island in their publicity materials.
Kong: King of Skull Island, a 2004 sequel-novel which ignores Son of Kong, makes an attempt to reveal the history of Skull Island before the events of the 1933 film's story.
Appearance in the 1976 film
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Though not called by name in the film (it is simply referred to as the Beach of the Skull by Jack Prescott), and lacking the distinctive skull outcropping, the island featured in the King Kong 1976 remake film is referenced as Skull Island within the film's soundtrack. The infrared satellite photo of the island featured in the shipboard briefing demonstrates that it is the island's outline, rather than its features, that is the cause of its being referred to as skull-like. This incarnation is also located in the Indian Ocean and is discovered by an oil drilling expedition. As in the original, the ancestry of the natives is never really explained and most seem to be West African. In this film's sequel King Kong Lives (1986), the island is mistakenly referred to by Hank Mitchell as Kong Island.
Appearance in Kong: The Animated Series
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In the series, the island is called Kong Island and rather than being situated in the Pacific, it is in the notorious Bermuda Triangle. As well as being home to a myriad of prehistoric wildlife, the island is also home to ruins in which the demon Chiros is imprisoned. The island is also home to Jason Jenkins, the show's protagonist, his grandmother Dr. Jenkins and Jason's friend Tan, as well as Lua, a female shaman who is the final surviving member of the island natives.
Appearance in the 2005 remake
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The Skull Island of 2005's King Kong is very similar to that of the 1933 film. It is once again a long-forgotten place, noted as being "far west of Sumatra", until a mysterious map leads a group of adventurers to it. It appears to be in a region that affects magnets, and is frequently shrouded in fog. The island is slowly sinking beneath the sea.
The island is shaped like a large hand with long, skeletal fingers. It is surrounded by carved stone reefs, made to resemble faces crying out in anger and pain, and is criss-crossed by an enormous stone wall and covered with jungle-swallowed ruins that are countless generations old, which are all that remain of an unknown, ancient human civilization (possibly Mu) that somehow once existed and thrived on Skull Island.
It is filled with all manner of monstrous creatures, but these beings have evolved past their primitive ancestors. Due to Skull Island's unstable ecosystem, there are many more carnivores than herbivores. Aside from dinosaurs and other large animals, the island is also home to insectoid and worm-like creatures, most of them giants. There are strange creatures like Arachno-Claw, Scorpio-Pede, and Celocimex.
The island can be broken down into several smaller ecosystems, all shifting and changing as the animals fight amongst each other. These ecosystems are:
The Crumbling Coastal Region and the Village -
The Shrinking Lowlands -
The Uplands -
Each has its own unique collection of species that continuously fight with each other.
The current native people of Skull Island appear to be of a mixed Melanesian descent, although director Peter Jackson has stated that they are supposed to look like no other people on Earth. They were largely portrayed by a number of different Pacific Island people, but also by natives of Africa and Asia. The actors and extras were sprayed with a brown paint to make all of their skin tones coincide. Many wear pieces of bone in some form (such as a necklace) and some even have smaller pieces of bone embedded or pierced in their flesh, such as through the nose. Artistic scarification is evident on a large number of Skull Islanders. Bright red eyes are a seemingly derived trait.
The island is further explored in the later series of expeditions called Project Legacy. In 1948, the island sinks and is forever lost due to a huge earthquake measuring 9.2 on the Richter Scale, with all of its unique animals and strange people. The fate of the flying animals are unknown.
The Weta Workshop book The World of Kong documents many of the inhabitants, locations and details of Skull island, as of King Kong (2005 film).
Appearance in the 2017 film
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Stegosaurus: Appears in a sequence in which it is disturbed by Carl Denham's crew. It charges the men and they fell it with a gas-bomb. As they walk by, it starts to get up again and is shot. Orville Goldner , who worked on the film, described the film's stegosaur as a combination of two genera : Stegosaurus ungulatus and the less well-known Kentrosaurus.
A long-necked Brontosaurus: The dinosaur is disturbed by the rescue party's raft as it crosses a swamp and capsizes it, attacking the men in the water. Several of them are chased onto land, and one fellow is cornered while climbing a tree and maimed to death by the animal. A common misconception is that the sauropod actually eats the sailor, but it is stated in the script and observed in the film that the dinosaur kills and then abandons the body of a sailor identified as "Tim." The creature reappears in Son of Kong, crying out as the island is sinking.
A large 2-legged lizard-like creature: This creature climbs up a vine from the crevasse to attack Jack Driscoll. It falls back into the pit when Jack cuts the vine it is climbing. Other than the two limbs, the other distinct feature of this creature is the iguana-like ridge of spikes down its back. Orville Goldner said it was loosely based on the features of the Desmatosuchus.
A large theropod which has been identified as both Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus : The dinosaur was modeled after Charles R. Knight's depiction of a Tyrannosaurus.[1] However, it possesses three fingers per hand, unlike Tyrannosaurus which had only two (however, the number of fingers in Tyrannosaurus was disputed at the time, as a complete manus was uncovered until the mid-1990s). In the documentary I'm King Kong! The Exploits of Merian C. Cooper, included on the 2 disk DVD release of King Kong, Cooper refers to this beast as an Allosaurus, not a Tyrannosaurus, which would help explain the number of fingers. However, the creature was originally intended to be a Tyrannosaurus designed for the canceled Willis O'Brien film Creation (1931). It may also be worth noting that the Tyrannosaurus present in Willis O'Brien's earlier project The Lost World (1925) also had a third finger. The 1932 King Kong screenplay refers to the dinosaur only as a "Meat Eater." The creature appears in the iconic scene where Kong defends Anne from its attack, killing it after a protracted fight.
An Elasmosaurus-like creature: a highly stylized, serpentine aquatic reptile with a long neck and tail as well as two pairs of flippers. It inhabits the bubbling swamp area inside Kong's cave. Goldner describes the Elasmosaurus as "being designed as more slender then the ones known to science, and its swimming limbs are less prominent. In those respects, it more closely resembles the polydactyl nothosaur Ceresiosaurus. "[1] It battles Kong in the style of a giant, constricting snake.
A Pteranodon-like pterosaur menaces Anne and is the last major creature to appear on Skull Island. It is slain by Kong.
Teratornis: These birds can be seen flying around the dead Tyrannosaurus. One is seen eating the dead tyrannosaur and is frightened off by the approaching Jack Driscoll.
Rhamphorhynchus: The tiny Rhamphorhynchus are seen flying around Skull Mountain. A few are flying around the large cave at the base of Skull Mountain, while others are seen at Kong's lair near the top of Skull Mountain.
Archaeopteryx: The tiny Archaeopteryx are seen flying around in the jungle. Most notably a few fly by when the Stegosaurus enters the clearing, and one flies out of the dead tree that Kong puts Ann in before he goes to fight the sailors on the log bridge. According to Goldner, they "were made to flit among the trees on invisible wires."
Arsinoitherium: This huge prehistoric mammal was to chase the men onto the log bridge and corner them between itself and the enraged Kong. in the test reel. According to Goldner, Cooper had second thoughts about the Arsinotherium and "ordered the action to be refilmed using a Styracosaurus. Both versions were eventually thrown out because they captured too much audience attention." This can be attested to by the fact that the sailors didn't just run back across the log when Kong appeared.
Gigantophis garstini : According to Goldner, "This huge serpent that appeared in one scene and later cut out of the film, had its living prototype in Egypt." This giant snake frightens Ann at the base of the dead tree that Kong puts her in before he battles the sailors on the log bridge. It was in the test reel, but later cut. However, you can still see Ann Darrow's reactions to it below her just before the T. rex shows up in the clearing.
Cynognathus: It was created and then re-created for the "spider-pit sequence" and portrayed as a stout reptilian predator. Goldner stated that a was loosely adapted, as many of the creatures of the pit were imaginative.[1]
A giant crab, spider and tentacled "bug": all appear in the original notes, script, and re-created "spider-pit sequence," eating the surviving crewmen in the crevasse.
Triceratops: In the original script only, encountered by Kong on volcanic flats; he hurls boulders at a herd of them and drives them into a stampede, impaling one of the crew of the Venture.
Giant Bear: A gigantic bear that attacks Denham and Hilda, but is driven off by the Son of Kong.
Styracosaurus: Corners Hellstrom, Englehorn and Charlie into a cave in Son of Kong, destroying one of their guns. Originally slated to appear in King Kong, chasing the crew onto the log bridge and keeping them trapped there.
Cave Serpent: A dragon-like creature that threatens Denham and Hilda, but is fended off and killed by Kiko. King Kong: A History of a Movie Icon calls the creature 'The Dragon' all through its review of Son of Kong. In some respects it resembles a very large Protorosaurus.
Second unknown, dragon-like plesiosaur: A very stylized incarnation of this marine reptile eats Hellstrom as he attempts to flee at the end of Son of Kong. The 'snapping' version that grabbed Hellstrom was actually the revamped brontosaur from the original film; same holds for the armature version seen briefly snarling in predatory glee.
1976 Remake
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Aside from Kong and the island natives, the only other creature that appears in this incarnation of the island is a giant snake very similar to the Gigantophis garstini . It battles with Kong after it tries to eat Ann dwan and, unlike the original film's T.rex finisher (a simple jaw-break), the snake's jaw is ripped off entirely.
Kong: The Animated Series
T-Rex-A dinosaur which is a constant menace to Kong.
Brontosaurus-They appear in the series and its two films.
Smilodon-They appear in the series and films. One of them is Chondar, Lua's pet and mount, and her cub, Kip.
Mammoths-They make appearances in the series as well as the two films.
Pterodactyls-They appear in the series. One of them is called Saura.
Cave bear-They appear in the series and King of Atlantis.
Gigantophis-A giant python which appears in the series and Return to The Jungle.
Stegosaurus-They appear in the series.
Triceratops-They make appearances throughout the series.
Velociraptors-They appear in the series.
2005 Remake
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Kirk Douglas is the father-in-law of which famous Welsh actress? | Kong 1933 | King Kong Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Last Appearance
Godzilla.Vs.Kong (2020 Film)
Kong was a giant ape, the last member of his species. Unlike the latter films Kong's origins remained relatively obscure, and are still a mystery. Regardless of his origin Kong was discovered on Skull Island by the crew of the USS Venture after Ann Darrow was offered up by the Island Natives. Eventually he was captured by Carl Denham and the rest of the USS Venture crew, where he was taken to New York as a show. Unfortunately Kong escaped and met his demise after being shot off the Empire State Building and falling to his death.
Contents
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Kong's appearance was like that of an ordinary gorilla, except he was much larger and stronger, and he grew to a height of about 24 feet. Kong walked upright like a man and did not locomote in a typical gorilla fashion. He had extremely large canines that jutted from his mouth giving a much more bestial appearance than any of his latter depictions. With a very heavy set brow.
Behavior
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Kong's behavior was quite simple, and seemed singularly focused on protecting Ann Darrow. Despite this he did seem to be more than capable of displaying emotion and was surprisingly passive aggressive unless of course provoked, which he was several times. In these events Kong's behavior swiftly changed into a violent destructive force, he utterly destroyed anything that opposed him and showed no fear at all in any confrontations, in fact he seemed to be only irritated. But these uproars seemed to quickly die down shortly afterwards.
Enemies
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Kong himself had many foes. On Skull island it appeared that Tyrannosaurus rex was a mortal enemy, as were Pterosaurs (likely Pteranodon albeit an incredibly large and powerful one), and a lethal serpent. More than likely many other dwellers of Skull Island presented minor to lethal threats to the giant ape.
History
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Kong lived on Skull Island, worshiped as a god. In 1933 Carl Denham and his cast and with a crew on the USS Venture came to Skull Island hoping to make a film, unfortunately one of the actresses Ann Darrow was captured by the natives of Skull Island, and sacrificed to Kong. Kong took Ann and saved her several times from many horrors of the Island (a Pterosaur, Serpent, and of course a Tyrannosaurus rex). Eventually he was captured by Carl Denham the crew of USS Venture. He was brought back to New York, where they advertised him, and put him in a show. He escaped, and took Ann yet again. Kong climbed up the Empire State Building with Ann. Where he was shot down by Biplanes and died. Around Kong's fallen corpse a man asked why Kong would go up there and trap himself and that the airplanes got him. But Carl Denham stated it wasn't the airplanes that killed Kong "It was Beauty that killed the Beast"The film shows us the first version of the '8th wonder of the world'!
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Kong was not in this movie, but was mentioned several times (mostly by Denham). It was revealed that Denham was still suffering lawsuits from Kong's escape/rampage in New York city. Upon finding the Son of Kong (Kiko), Carl noted he "was a scrapper just like his old man". A reference to Kong's violent lifestyle with the various beasts of Skull Island.
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A velodrome hosts what kind of event? | Types of Events | The Dick Lane Velodrome
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Types of Events
Similar to Track and Field meets, velodrome races offer spectators a wide variety of events to watch. Each event is unique and presents its own set of physical and mental demands for riders. But unlike track and field, what makes velodrome racing at the DLV so unique is that all riders must compete in each scheduled event, meaning sprinters have to figure out a way to finish endurance events and endurance riders need a figure out a way to out smart the sprinters in a short fast race. All weekly and Grand Prix races are "Omnium" style events which are a series of races worth points.To win an omnium style event you must start each race and you must accumulate the most amount of points during each event. The rider with the most points at the end of all of the races wins. While watching you will find some events you may favor more than others, that's what makes it great.
Here are a few of the typical events that will take place in a Grand Prix or Weekly race.
SPLIT SCRATCH
The split scratch will be a combination of a points race and a scratch race. There will be a mid-race sprint that will score points 4 places deep, 5,3,2,1. There will then be a final sprint which will score points 6 places deep, 9,7,5,3,2,1. Highest total points scored wins the race. Scratch race rules apply for laps gained/lost, tie-break is the results of the final sprint.
WIN AND IN
The Win and In race is held over 15 laps. Sprints are held every 3 laps(for 5 total) and the winner of each of those sprints "qualifies" for the final sprint. Once the 15 lap portion of the race is completed and we have our 5 qualifiers, the rest of the field will leave the track and the qualifiers will receive 3 laps to go for the final sprint. Already qualified riders may win more sprints to race the finale against less competitors, in which case the results of the sprint at the end of the 15 lap regular race portion will determine the final places to score points towards the nights omnium.
POINT-A-LAP
The Point- A-Lap is tactically a nightmare event because it's usually a medium distance event that doesn't favor either style of rider. What makes it such a tough race is the leader of each lap, and only the leader, of each lap scores one point per lap. with the exception of the final lap, in which the leader earns 3 points, 2 for second and 1 for 3rd. Simple... the rider with the most accumulated points at the end wins.
SNOWBALL
Take the Point-A-Lap and have the points be worth more as the race goes on. Usually one additional point for the leader, and only the leader, per additional lap. In other words, lap one is worth one point and lap ten is worth ten points, etc. etc. Unlike the Point-A-Lap the snowball does not place three deep on the final lap. In the event of a tie between riders, the rider who places better in the final sprint breaks the tie.
SCRATCH RACE
Easiest of races. A predetermined amount of laps and the rider who comes across the finish line first on the final lap wins. Typically ran two ways. Very short and very fast races to seed riders for "Match Sprint" heats. However it can also be a very long race similar to NASCAR or INDY style car races which pits riders and teams against each other. Riders try to break away from the group while teammates try to slow down the field or make other teams work to catch the break a way rider. The scratch race can be a very raw fast event or a very tactical race.
CHARIOT
The shortest group race that we do at the velodrome, the chariot is just one lap of the velodrome. Up to 7 riders line up side by side on the pursuit line, held by holders. When the gun goes, it's an all out dash for the line amongst all of the riders. The two keys for this event are having a great standings start, and good top end speed to hold the front position all the way to the finish line.
MATCH SPRINT
This race is the shortest, fastest, and ironically the slowest event on the track. Often described as a chess match on wheels, the match sprint is a display of tactics and speed. Riders compete in a 3 lap race. Unlike sprints in running, cyclists do not have to remain in designated lanes and can use the entire track to maneuver for position. This enables them to take advantage of the tremendous drafting effect by riding in other riders' slipstreams. For this reason Match Sprints usually begin very slowly until a rider makes a strategic "attack". Some racers prefer being out in front to get a good "jump" on the competition. Others prefer being in second position, while taking advantage of the slipstream and saving energy until they make their move in the last few meters. To do this sometimes riders will come to a complete stop and "Track Stand", which is balancing your bike without your feet coming off of the pedal or rolling backward, forcing the other rider(s) to come ahead of them and take the lead. Doing this makes the race sometimes the slowest race and at the same time very exciting. The match sprint is always a crowd pleaser. Sometimes Match Sprints are run on Tandem bicycles and is a very popular paralympics event.
WHEEL RACE
More commonly called a Handicap race. This event, which is extremely popular in Australia, is a short distance race where the strongest riders give a lead to the less strong. Typically a national register of all riders "handicap "marks" is kept, and is regularly updated. The riders' distances spread out according to their rankings from the best rider who is known as the "scratch". The handicapper (promoter) is trying to make all the riders cross the finish line together in a "blanket finish". All riders start from a standing start (A start where the rider is clipped in and held upright by a holder who gives a little push at the start to help the riders go faster) The race is only three or four laps as a rule, the riders desperately struggle to catch up with the "long markers", or slower riders who are given the greatest head start from the scratch man
KEIRIN
Racing behind a motorcycle sound like fun? The keirin is run usually in heats of 5-8 riders who follow a motorcycle that allows the riders to draft off of it. The pace gradually gets faster and with 1 1/2 laps to go the motor bike pulls off and the sprint begins. This race is very very fast and very very dangerous, with speeds easily approaching 40 mph! During the keirin riders jockey for position and will bump, head but or do just about anything to get the position they want. In Japan, keirin races are run with riders wearing shoulder, elbow and hip pads. The races are bet on and are so popular and so competitive that riders during large events have to be hidden from spectators to keep the riders from being bribed or worse. Only baseball is more popular.
UNKNOWN DISTANCE
Like the Scratch Race, the Unknown Distance is a race in which the rider who finishes first on the last lap wins. Except the "Unknown" has a small twist for no one knows, except the official, when that last lap will be. This is a very tactical race. You can gamble when the final lap will be and take a "Flyer" in which you break away from the field in the hopes that the bell will be rung while you are out in front. Some times riders, typically sprinters, will stay back in the pack keeping an eye on the official and allowing all the other riders to push the pace. Doing so allows them to get a running start on the rest of the field when the bell is rung and they shoot themselves around the other riders who are not up to speed yet. Both are very risky moves, but are very rewarding in you guess correctly. This is a very fast and exciting race.
MISS AND OUT
Easily the crowd favorite... this is an elimination race where the last rider on every lap is "pulled" from the race. The race takes place at the back of the pack, as one by one the rider whose rear wheel crosses the line last is eliminated. This can get hectic as riders fight desperately for position. This race is also known as "DEVIL TAKE THE HINDMOST" as occasionally a rider/riders like to play the "Devil". The devil likes to stay at the back of the pack until the final few meters of each lap, then eliminating an unsuspecting opponent at the last moment. The race continues until there are only three riders left, and then a sprint to the finish.
WIN AND OUT
A very short and dangerous race, usually run as a full pack of riders who do a predetermined amount of laps to help jockey for position. The official then rings the bell and the rider who comes across the line first wins the race. During this time the official continues to ring the bell every lap so that the next rider across the next lap is second, next lap third and so forth. Riders sometimes try to guess where they should finish and "sand bag" or sit in until that lap. Reason being if you go for the win and fail, then you have to continue to sprint for the next lap and so on. Most times the rider who comes in second on the first sprint lap fails to place at all.
POINTS RACE
Usually the last and the longest race of the night, this is the endurance race on the track. The race is run a predetermined amount of laps with sprint laps every 5 or 10 laps. Riders sprint for points during a sprint lap. The bell is rung and riders sprint for 5, 3, 2, 1 points respectively. With it be the longest race, this is the best opportunity for riders with the most endurance to break away. And riders also race for laps in this event, because any lap(s) gained over the main field give any rider who gains a lap 20 extra points and takes away 20 points to any rider who is lapped. The rider with the most points at the end wins. This can be a confusing race to understand at first, but with a good announcer keeping track of things it allows you to get up to speed quickly. Veterans of track racing love watching points races.
MADISON
The Madison is named after Madison Square Garden and is similar to the points race, except the field is made up of teams of two riders who don't race at the same time. During the event one rider stays above the "Stayers" line (Blue line on the track) or hangs on to the side of the track while their teammate races around the track, when a rider wants in to the race or out of race for a breather, the one rider racing will come up on the other rider and "Hand Sling" him in to the race. The hand sling is literally slinging or throwing the other rider in to the race. Using a hand sling allows the new rider to get up to speed faster. Typically the team will have a sprinter and an endurance rider so the endurance rider will sling the sprinter hopefully in to the race on a sprint lap. Sometimes, however, riders can't make the exchange and must continue for additional laps or try to sprint for points. In Europe this is one of the most popular sporting events.
PRIMES (Pre-mes)
Riders will also be racing for "Primes" or races within a race. During any race the official will ring the bell once letting the riders know that on that lap which ever rider comes across first will be rewarded with some cash. Primes are a great way for riders to get a little extra in their pockets. Sometimes riders can make more money collecting primes then winning the race. The primes are spectator primes meaning the more fans we have the more money we will payout in primes to the riders. Spectators can also make a donation to the "Prime Fund" in which they can pick the lap and race they want to have the prime. (You can even be cruel by donating a series of back to back to back primes for a minimum of $30 and watch their faces as they fight it out for the extra money.)
| Cycling |
Only one sign of the zodiac starts and ends with the same letter, what's the sign? | Lee Valley VeloPark | Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park
Lee Valley VeloPark
Lee Valley VeloPark
Track cycling, road racing, BMX or mountain biking: get your two-wheeled thrills at the unrivalled Lee Valley VeloPark
Opening times
Mon - Sun9am - 10pm
Centred on the iconic, award-winning, 6,000-seat velodrome where Sir Chris Hoy and Dame Sarah Storey, along with their Team GB and Paralympics GB compatriots set the London 2012 Games alight, Lee Valley VeloPark is the first place in the world where you can take part in four types of cycling in one place: Track cycling, road racing, BMX or mountain biking.
The VeloPark caters for all abilities, from beginners to elite: anyone can cycle here! You don't even need a bike - you can hire everything you need - so there's nothing stopping you from experiencing the fun of two wheels.
The indoor velodrome is the fastest track in the world. Try out an introduction to track cycling with a one hour session, or if you're already familiar with the velodrome track, why not go through the four-stage accreditation course? Alternatively, experience an adrenaline rush on the remodelled Olympic BMX track, with over 30 bumps, jumps and berms.
The floodlit one-mile road circuit is perfect for getting back on your bike if it's been a while. Or if you prefer to go off-road, there are 8km of traffic-free mountain bike trails on offer.
This really is a venue for everyone- amateurs and world champions. There are programmes for people new to cycling, schools, clubs and community groups. Some sessions will need to be booked but you can ‘pay and ride’ at many others.
The world’s top cyclists regularly compete at Lee Valley VeloPark in high profile events such as the Revolution Series and the UCI Track Cycling World Championships- so you’re in good company!
Look around Lee Valley VeloPark
Events at Lee Valley VeloPark
Lee Valley VeloPark has the capacity to host the full range of cycling events, including World Championships. It opened with the finale of the Revolution Series – Britain’s top track cycling competition – in March and will host the UCI Track Cycling World Championships in 2016, the most important track cycling event ahead of the Rio Games.
The venue will be available for hire by schools, clubs, and community groups in addition to more casual ‘pay and play’ users.
We are working with our partners to ensure the Park is linked with existing cycle routes across London.
Outdoor 1 mile road cycle circuit
Outdoor 8km mountain bike trails
Four fully accessible changing rooms
Dedicated bike workshop and bike hire facilities
Multi-purpose rooms for meetings, seminars, conference facilities
Café owned and managed by Lee Valley Regional Park Authority
Lee Valley VeloPark in 2012
The ongoing popularity of cycling in the UK was cemented in 2012 with the performances of Team GB.
On the track, the team won seven out of a possible ten gold medals with Sir Chris Hoy collecting his sixth Olympic gold medal of his career and becoming the most successful British Olympian of all time.
In the 2012 Paralympic Games, the GB track cycling team won a total of 15 medals, including five golds, seven silver and three bronze.
Disabled Access Guides
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'When you wish upon a star' is a song from which Disney film? | When You Wish Upon a Star | Disney Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
When You Wish Upon a Star
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When You Wish Upon a Star is a featured article , which means it has been identified as one of the best articles produced by the Disney Wiki community. If you see a way this page can be updated or improved without compromising previous work, please feel free to contribute.
When You Wish Upon a Star
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"When You Wish Upon a Star" is a song written by Leigh Harline and Ned Washington for Walt Disney 's 1940 adaptation of Pinocchio . [1] The original version was sung by Jiminy Cricket ( Cliff Edwards ) [1] and is heard over the opening credits and in the final scene of the film. It has since become the representative song of The Walt Disney Company . The recording by Cliff Edwards and Chorus was released by Victor Records as catalogue number 261546 and 26477A (in USA) and by EMI on the His Master's Voice Label as catalogue number BD 821.
Edwards recorded another version in 1940 for an American Decca Records "cover version" of the score of Pinocchio, conducted by Victor Young and featuring soprano Julietta Novis and The King's Men. It was first released on a 4-record 78-RPM album set, and years later as one side of an LP, backed by selections from The Wizard of Oz. A recording with Christian Rub (with Mister Geppetto 's voice), Cliff Edwards and Chorus was released by Victor Records as catalogue number 26479B (in USA) and by EMI on the His Master's Voice label as catalogue number BD 823. It won the 1940 Academy Award for Best Original Song. [1] It was also the first Disney song to win an Oscar.
Contents
When you wish upon a star
Makes no difference who you are
Anything your heart desires
If your heart is in your dream
No request is too extreme
When you wish upon a star
As dreamers do
She brings to those who love
The sweet fulfillment of
Like a bolt out of the blue
Fate steps in and sees you through
When you wish upon a star
Your dreams come true
When your heart is in your dream
No request is too extreme
Chorus (Singing):
When you wish upon a star
Your dreams come true
You'll find your dreams come true
Influence
The American Film Institute ranked the song seventh in their 100 Greatest Songs in Film History, the highest ranked Disney animated film song, and also one of only four Disney animated film songs to appear on the list, with the others being " Some Day My Prince Will Come " from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ranked at #19, " Beauty and the Beast " from Beauty and the Beast ranked at #62, and " Hakuna Matata " from The Lion King ranked at #99.
The song reached the top one in Billboard's Record Buying Guide, a predecessor of the retail sales chart. Popular versions included Louis Armstrong, Glenn Miller, Guy Lombardo, Horace Heidt and, of course, Cliff Edwards.
In Japan , Sweden, Finland, Norway and Denmark , the song has become a Christmas song, often referring to the Star of Bethlehem. The Swedish language version is called Ser du stjärnan i det blå, roughly translated: "do you see the star in the blue(sky)", and the Danish title is "Når du ser et stjerneskud", which translates as "When you see a shooting star". In Denmark, Sweden, Finland and Norway, the song is played on television every Christmas Eve in the traditional Disney one-hour Christmas cabaret, and the gathering of the entire family to watch this is considered a Scandinavian tradition.
The song was also covered by Dion and the Belmonts in 1960 .
The song was covered by KISS bassist Gene Simmons, on his eponymous solo album in 1978 . Simmons said that he covered it because he related to ut and was a fan of Disney movies. "When I first heard that song I could barely speak English but I knew the words were true. Anybody can have what they want, the world and life can give its rewards to anyone." [2]
In 1986 , Linda Ronstadt recorded the classic song for her Platinum-certified album For Sentimental Reasons. Released as the album's first single, it peaked at #32 in Billboard Magazine at year's end.
Billy Joel performed the song in the 1991 direct-to-video special Simply Mad About the Mouse: A Musical Celebration of Imagination and its soundtrack. A video was produced with Joel featuring as an animated character interacting with famous Disney characters. [3]
In 1995 , Alvin and the Chipmunks and The Chipettes recorded a cover as the final track to their Disney-themed album When You Wish Upon a Chipmunk.
The song is presented twice in Disney's RocketMan ( 1997 ). The first time it appears in the film, it is sung by Fred Z. Randall (played by Harland Williams ) while looking at a star outside of a spaceship. Then at the end of the film, an abridged version of the original by Cliff Edwards plays as Randall and Julie Ford (Jessica Lundy) dance together on a spaceship.
Neil Diamond covered the song on his 1998 album The Movie Album: As Time Goes By.
'N Sync recorded a cover for Disneymania ( 2002 ), Ashley Gearing covered the song for Disneymania 2 ( 2003 ), Jesse McCartney covered it for Disneymania 3 ( 2005 ), and Kate Voegele performed it for Disneymania 6 ( 2008 ).
In 2005, Julie Andrews selected the original Cliff Edwards recording for the album Julie Andrews Selects Her Favorite Disney Songs.
In 2009 , Meaghan Jette Martin covered the song for the DVD release from Disney's 70th Anniversary Platinum Edition of Pinocchio.
The Library of Congress deemed the song "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" and preserved it into the National Recording Registry in 2009. [4]
On February 15 , 2011 , Celtic Woman released a cover of the song as the first track on their album Celtic Woman: Lullaby. [5]
Brian Wilson admits that the melody of The Beach Boys hit song "Surfer Girl", which has the same AABA form, [6] is loosely based on the Dion and the Belmonts version of "When You Wish Upon a Star". [7] [8] [9] [10] Wilson also covered it on his album In the Key of Disney, which was released on October 25 , 2011.
Later, on Christmas Day 2011, Jessica Jung of Girls' Generation covered the song for their MBC Christmas Special.
On 2012 album Disney - Koe no Oujisama, which features various seiyus covering Disney songs, this song was covered by Takahiro Sakurai
Rod Stewart covered the song for his 2012 Christmas album Merry Christmas, Baby. [11] Idina Menzel also recorded the song for her 2014 Christmas album Holiday Wishes. [12]
Avant-garde guitarist Buckethead occasionally plays a shortened version live.
A cover version of the orchestral underscore is used in the Walt Disney World commercial: "Wake Up Call" to replace " A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes " as seen in the Pocahontas 1996 VHS tape.
"When You Wish" was the corps song of the Star of Indiana Drum and Bugle Corps . [13] In addition, it was the first musical chart in Star's first competitive program in 1985 (as the entire musical book was drawn from Disney properties).
Disney icon
"When You Wish Upon a Star", along with Mickey Mouse , has become an icon of The Walt Disney Company. In the 1950s and 1960s, Walt Disney used the song in the opening sequences of all the editions of the Walt Disney anthology television series . It has also been used to accompany the Walt Disney Pictures opening logos – including the present-day logo – since the 1980s. The ships of the Disney Cruise Line use the first seven notes of the song's melody as their horn signals. Additionally, many productions at Disney theme parks – particularly fireworks shows and parades – employ the song.
Other Versions
Turkish
Jazz
The piece has become a jazz standard. [14] It has been performed by artists including Louis Armstrong, June Christy, Dave Brubeck Quartet, Glenn Miller, Joe Pass, the Keith Jarrett Trio, The Manhattan Transfer, Sun Ra, Jason Becker and Bill Evans.
Lawsuit
The owner of the rights to the song, Bourne Co. Music Publishers, sued Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp., Fox Broadcasting Company, Fuzzy Door Productions, Cartoon Network, Walter Murphy and Seth MacFarlane to try to stop distribution of a 2003 Family Guy episode entitled "When You Wish Upon a Weinstein" that parodies the song in a version called I Need a Jew. A federal judge ruled against Bourne Co, stating that parodying the song did not infringe on the company's copyright. [15]
References
↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 134. ISBN 1-904994-10-5 .
| Pinocchio |
Benny Goodman was known as what? | Movie Theme - "When You Wish Upon A Star" from Disney's Pinocchio - YouTube
Movie Theme - "When You Wish Upon A Star" from Disney's Pinocchio
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Published on Mar 5, 2013
Movie Theme - "When You Wish Upon A Star" from Disney's Pinocchio by Leigh Harline and Ned Washington (1940)
An instrumental arrangement based on a recorded or transcribed midi sequence
Notes: "When You Wish Upon a Star" is a song written by Leigh Harline and Ned Washington for Walt Disney's 1940 adaptation of Pinocchio. The original version was sung by Cliff Edwards in the character of Jiminy Cricket, and is heard over the opening credits and in the final scene of the film. The song has since become the representative song of The Walt Disney Company. The recording by Cliff Edwards and Chorus was released by Victor Records as catalogue number 26477A (in USA) and by EMI on the His Master's Voice Label as catalogue number BD 821.
Edwards recorded another version in 1940 for an American Decca Records "cover version" of the score of Pinocchio, conducted by Victor Young and featuring soprano Julietta Novis and The King's Men. It was first released on a 4-record 78-RPM album set, and years later as one side of an LP, backed by selections from The Wizard of Oz. A recording with Christian Rub (with Mister Geppetto's voice), Cliff Edwards and Chorus was released by Victor Records as catalogue number 26479B (in USA) and by EMI on the His Master's Voice label as catalogue number BD 823. "When You Wish Upon a Star" won the 1940 Academy Award for Best Original Song. Source....WIKIPEDIA.
Notes: Piano Arrangement.
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In Rudyard Kipling's 'Jungle Book' What was the name of the mongoose? | The Jungle Book by Rudyard Kipling · OverDrive: eBooks, audiobooks and videos for libraries
Classic Literature Juvenile Fiction Short Stories
Venture into the depths of the jungle with Mowgli, the "man cub", Baloo the bear, Bagheera the panther, Rikki-Tikki-Tavi, an Indian Mongoose, and others in Rudyard Kipling's enduring classic, The Jungle Book. Inspired by Kipling's travels through India, The Jungle Book is a collection of short stories shared through the eyes of animals in the Indian jungle who possess human characteristics.
HarperPerennial Classics brings great works of literature to life in digital format, upholding the highest standards in ebook production and celebrating reading in all its forms. Look for more titles in the HarperPerennial Classics collection to build your digital library.
| Rikki-Tikki-Tavi |
Imagine it's Friday the 13th, what day of the week was the 1st? | The Jungle Book : Rudyard Kipling : 9780141325293
The Jungle Book
By (author) Rudyard Kipling , Introduction by Christopher Paolini
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Puffin Classics - the world's favourite stories - relaunched with exciting new covers. The Jungle Book is a classic story of friendship between man and beast. Saved from the jaws of the evil tiger Shere Khan, young Mowgli is adopted by a wolf pack and taught the law of the jungle by lovable old Baloo the bear and Bhageera the panther. The adventures of Rikki-Tikki-Tavi the snake-fighting mongoose, little Toomai and the elephant's secret dance, and Kotick the white seal are all part of Mowgli's extraordinary journey with his animal friends. With an introduction by Christopher Paolini. Joseph Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936) was born in India, although educated in England. He was a prolific writer and recognized as a genius. In 1907 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. His many books for children include Just So Stories and Kim. The book includes a behind-the-scenes journey, including an author profile, a guide to who's who, activities and more. The Puffin Classics relaunch includes: A Little Princess Alice's Adventures in Wonderland Alice's Adventures Through the Looking Glass Anne of Green Gables series Black Beauty Hans Andersen's Fairy Tales Heidi Journey to the Centre of the Earth Little Women series Peter Pan Tales of the Greek Heroes The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn The Adventures of King Arthur The Adventures of Tom Sawyer The Call of the Wild The Jungle Book The Odyssey The Secret Garden The Wind in the Willows The Wizard of Oz Treasure Island show more
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In what year was the first episode of 'Coronation Street'? | What is Coronation Street ?
Coronation Street is a soap opera shown four times a week in the United Kingdom.
Of course, there's much more to it than just that ! Coronation Street is the most popular soap opera in Britain. It's also the world's longest-running television drama serial - the first episode was shown in December 1960, and has been shown continuously since then, going from two, to three (October 1989), and in December 1996, four episodes a week. The 4,000th episode was transmitted in April 1996. It is also transmitted in Canada, Australia, New Zealand and parts of Europe.
Like other UK soaps, its attraction lies in the mundane. Set in the fictional Weatherfield, part of the Manchester conurbation in north west England, it portrays ordinary working class people in ordinary, believable situations and is a world away from US soaps such as Dallas and Dynasty. However, what makes The Street stand out from other UK soaps is the quality of writing, and the fact that plots are written from the characters viewpoint, rather than the issue-led storylines of other soaps.
Coronation Street was the brainchild of writer Tony Warren. Although he was brought up in middle-class surroundings in Swinton, Manchester, Warren drew inspiration from his grandmother's surroundings in inner-city Salford. In 1956, Warren, only 19, wrote Where No Birds Sing, a script about a northern back-street, and a year later developed a comedy version - Our Street which he submitted to the BBC in Leeds and famously is still awaiting a reply. In 1958, he joined Granada Television, writing episodes for Shadow Squad, People and Places and Biggles.
Granada Television (yes, named after the Spanish city) had been created by brothers Sydney and Cecil Bernstein in 1955, and was granted a licence to transmit television in the north of England. Part of the remit was to reflect the life of the region, but they were hardly fulfilling this. After pressurising producer Harry Elton to write about something he knew and understood, Warren was given twenty-four hours to 'come up with an idea to take Britain by storm'. Drawing on his childhood experiences and those first two scripts, overnight he produced what was to become the first episode of Coronation Street. Its potential was immediately obvious, and Warren's memo to the Granada board, explaining Florizel Street (Coronation Street's working title) ensured its production:
"A fascinating freemasonary, a volume of unwritten rules. These are the driving forces behind life in a working class street in the north of England. The purpose of Florizel Street is to examine a community of this nature, and to entertain."
Coronation Street went into production with twelve episodes, and a possible final thirteenth episode, were the street was bulldosed if the programme wasn't successful. The first episode was transmitted at 7:00 pm, Friday 9th December 1960 and was an immediate success. Before the end of 1960, more episodes were commissioned, and by May 1961 it was fully networked throughout the UK, topping the TV ratings - where it has remained ever since.
You can hear a cheesy version of Eric Spear's theme tune - though the one used in the TV series is far better.
| one thousand nine hundred and sixty one |
What were 'Bit' and 'Bot' on the children's TV programme Playschool? | What is Coronation Street ?
Coronation Street is a soap opera shown four times a week in the United Kingdom.
Of course, there's much more to it than just that ! Coronation Street is the most popular soap opera in Britain. It's also the world's longest-running television drama serial - the first episode was shown in December 1960, and has been shown continuously since then, going from two, to three (October 1989), and in December 1996, four episodes a week. The 4,000th episode was transmitted in April 1996. It is also transmitted in Canada, Australia, New Zealand and parts of Europe.
Like other UK soaps, its attraction lies in the mundane. Set in the fictional Weatherfield, part of the Manchester conurbation in north west England, it portrays ordinary working class people in ordinary, believable situations and is a world away from US soaps such as Dallas and Dynasty. However, what makes The Street stand out from other UK soaps is the quality of writing, and the fact that plots are written from the characters viewpoint, rather than the issue-led storylines of other soaps.
Coronation Street was the brainchild of writer Tony Warren. Although he was brought up in middle-class surroundings in Swinton, Manchester, Warren drew inspiration from his grandmother's surroundings in inner-city Salford. In 1956, Warren, only 19, wrote Where No Birds Sing, a script about a northern back-street, and a year later developed a comedy version - Our Street which he submitted to the BBC in Leeds and famously is still awaiting a reply. In 1958, he joined Granada Television, writing episodes for Shadow Squad, People and Places and Biggles.
Granada Television (yes, named after the Spanish city) had been created by brothers Sydney and Cecil Bernstein in 1955, and was granted a licence to transmit television in the north of England. Part of the remit was to reflect the life of the region, but they were hardly fulfilling this. After pressurising producer Harry Elton to write about something he knew and understood, Warren was given twenty-four hours to 'come up with an idea to take Britain by storm'. Drawing on his childhood experiences and those first two scripts, overnight he produced what was to become the first episode of Coronation Street. Its potential was immediately obvious, and Warren's memo to the Granada board, explaining Florizel Street (Coronation Street's working title) ensured its production:
"A fascinating freemasonary, a volume of unwritten rules. These are the driving forces behind life in a working class street in the north of England. The purpose of Florizel Street is to examine a community of this nature, and to entertain."
Coronation Street went into production with twelve episodes, and a possible final thirteenth episode, were the street was bulldosed if the programme wasn't successful. The first episode was transmitted at 7:00 pm, Friday 9th December 1960 and was an immediate success. Before the end of 1960, more episodes were commissioned, and by May 1961 it was fully networked throughout the UK, topping the TV ratings - where it has remained ever since.
You can hear a cheesy version of Eric Spear's theme tune - though the one used in the TV series is far better.
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What was the first vehicle registration plate in Britain? | History of Number Plates | Registration and Car Number Plate History
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History of Number Plates
This article focuses on the history of GB Mainland number plates. Interested in the History of Irish Number Plates ?
At the beginning of the century, with mechanically propelled vehicles increasing in number, and accidents occurring more frequently, it became apparent that a means of identifying cars had become necessary. The solution was The Motor Car Act 1903. From 1st January 1904 it become compulsory for every motorcar to be registered with a number plate. This came about 5 years after Dutch authorities first introduced the idea to the world.
The first mark to be issued in London was the simple, bold, A1 and this was registered to Earl Russell. He wanted the mark so badly he camped out all night to secure it, making him not only the first registrant but also the inventor of the idea of having a distinctive, personalised or cherished plate on a vehicle.
Since then, the registration system has changed 4 times to accommodate the ever-growing demand for vehicle registrations.
Interesting fact: Our Director Des currently has O 11 on his vehicle, which dates back to 1903 and was originally issued in Birmingham
Let's take a look at the different number plate systems that have come into play over the years...
Dateless 1903-1963
The first plates issued were dateless, that is, there was nothing to denote the year of issue. This system lasted for an incredible 60 years.
Initially, the marks were made up of a local council identifier code of up to 3 letters, followed by a random number, e.g. ABC 123. In the early 1950s, as numbers started to run out, the components were reversed, giving rise to registrations in the format 123 ABC.
In 1920 The Roads Act was passed that made a few minor changes to the number plate system. Up until this time, there was nothing to stop authorities having two registers, one for cars and one for motorcycles. This meant that it was possible for a car and a motorcycle in the same area to have the same plate. The 1920 act put a stop to this and ensured that all authorities had one single register for all vehicles. Also, up until 1920, if a vehicle moved from one area to another, it would lose the plate and receive a new one in the new area, the old plate being reassigned to another vehicle. It was decided that this was simply too confusing and inconvenient, so this practice was stopped by the 1920 Roads Act.
Not surprisingly, all the dateless registrations are now in high demand, especially short combinations such as O 11 which is worth in excess of £95,000. The high price tag is due to the single letter and the fact that it only has 3 characters in total.
Suffix 1963 - 1983
By 1963, a number of local councils had run out of registrations, even by adding extra digits and reversing them. As a result of this, the Suffix system was introduced, a letter indicating the year of registration being added at the end of the plate, which until then had comprised only 3 letters followed by 3 numbers. Thus, 1963 plates had the format AAA 111A, 1964 plates AAA 111B and so on. This was the first change to a system that had been set up in 1903 when there were far fewer cars on the roads. Since then the administration of the system has turned into a massive task. Everything was done manually and locally.
Police checks on vehicle records were time consuming and labour intensive. There were also delays with registrations and the public were not happy with having to wait. So in 1963, as well as a revamp of the system, thought started to be given to utilising some modern technology, namely, computers to create a centralised system. This system would be nine years in the planning!
Since 1903 the design of the physical plates had gone through a few changes but the most significant was in 1973 when all newly registered vehicles were required to have reflective style number plates, with black letters on a white background at the front, and on a yellow background at the rear. Older style plates, with white or silver letters on a black background, remained legal for vehicles already registered.
Eventually, in 1974, the centralised DVLC system was up and running, no longer were local councils responsible for vehicle-registration.
Prefix 1983 - 2001
The Prefix system started in August 1983. This saw the letter indicating the year moved to the beginning of the registration mark, thus doubling the lifespan of the number plate system.
Prefix registrations can be broken down in three sections:
First Letter: The year the car was registered and put on the road, hence its age. A for 1983, B for 1984 and so on
Last two letters: An area code that indicates where the plate was registered.
The three numbers and the first of the three letters at the end have no meaning, only providing a variation for identification.
This system continued until the end of August 2001, and a large number of these registrations were held back for later release or for personalised registrations.
The letters I, O, U and Z were not issued at all as Prefix letters, and Q was used only where the age or origin of the vehicle could not be identified.
Of course the lifespan of this system could be guessed at. It had taken just 20 years to exhaust the suffix system, souring the 1990s a lot of thought was given as to what to do when the prefix system had also run out of combinations.
Current Style 2001 - Now
The current style started in 2001. Police evidence suggested that witnesses, particularly in hit and run incidents, remember the letters of a registration mark much more easily than the numbers. As people read from left to right it made sense to put this information, the local code, at the beginning rather than at the end of the number plate. As the result the current system for registrations is made up of 3 parts, as shown below:
Local Region:
This represents the place where the car was first registered. Vehicles registered in Birmingham, for example, begin with the letters BA - BY; those registered in Chelmsford begin EA – EY.
Date ID:
This indicates the date of registration of the vehicle, and changes every 6 months, in March and September.
The system started with the use of 51 to denote the 6 months from September 2001, with 02 replacing it in March 2002. 52 then denotes September 2002, 03 denotes March 2003 and so on. This continued until March 2010 when 10 and 60 had been reached and so it goes on.
Random:
The last three letters are random and can now include Z.
This current system is far more future-proof that than the previous plate styles were. This system can cater for up to 12.6 million new registrations each year. It is believed this system will run smoothly until at least 2049, when it can simply be reversed.
Islands
The Isle of Wight
For many years the Isle of Wight, with county council status, used the areas letters DL within the general system for all vehicle registrations. Following gradual rationalisation of DVLA local offices. DL identifiers were issued by Portsmouth Vehicle Registration Office. Under the system that started on 1st September 2001, the island falls within the Hampshire and Dorset region, and HW is used exclusively for residents of the island.
The Isle of Man
The Isle of Man introduced vehicle registration in 1906, in the same format as the mainland Britain system, with the first MN registrations having up to four digits. This series endured for some time, before the island moved on to a three letter, three digit sequence commencing with AMN. The MAN series was also used, diverted from West Ham Borough Council, where it was made unavailable. The letters MAN followed by four digits have also been used. All these series have also been issued in reverse. The island did not follow the British year identifier system introduced in 1963, though since then its plates have utilized both suffix and prefix letters as integral parts of the registration, on a seven character plate of British appearance.
Guernsey and Jersey
Vehicles here have carried mandatory registrations marks since before 1915, with each island having a unique arrangement unrelated to the British registration system. Guernsey vehicles carry straightforward numerical plates with no letters and in 2003 up to five figures. Jersey also uses a five-figure series, preceded by the single letter J. Interestingly, J, was also allocated by the mainland county Durham, between 1903 and 1922.
The Isles of Scilly
The registration mark SCY was made available for use on these islands in 1971, and simultaneously withdrawn from use by Swansea, which had previously issued that combination. Because there are relatively few vehicles on the Isles of Scilly, any plate carrying the registration SCY is a rare sight in the mainland.
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| A1 |
Which creature has the largest eyes in the world? | Vehicle registration - GOV.UK
GOV.UK
12. 'Q' registration numbers
4. New registrations fee
You’ll have to pay a fee of £55 if you’re registering and taxing a vehicle for the first time with DVLA .
You can pay by cheque or postal order. You can’t send cash.
You don’t have to pay for some vehicles, including:
those first registered and licensed in the disabled exempt taxation class
historic vehicles previously registered with the old local authorities (late conversions)
vehicles previously registered in Northern Ireland
imported vehicles previously registered under the personal export scheme and new means of transport scheme
visiting forces vehicles
vehicles registered under the direct export scheme
vehicles registered for off-road use only
crown exempt vehicles
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How long does a human taste bud live for, 10 minutes, 10 hours or 10 days? | Taste and Flavor - Taste Bud Facts at WomansDay.com
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You probably already know that your taste buds have something to do with your food preferences, but you'll likely be surprised to learn how deeply those preferences are rooted in your body's survival instincts. We spoke to the experts to learn more about taste buds, and uncovered loads of surprising information, from how pregnancy can affect taste to why some people have more sensitive palates. Read on to learn seven surprising facts about taste buds.
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1. You can't see your taste buds.
Those bumps you see on your tongue when you say "ahh"? They aren't taste buds. "Those round projections are called fungiform papillae and each has an average of six taste buds buried inside its surface tissue," says Linda Bartoshuk, PhD, director of human research at the University of Florida Center for Smell and Taste. Specialized taste receptors inside the taste buds allow us to distinguish sweet, salty, sour and bitter—and a possible fifth taste called umami, which has a savory element––by sending a message to the brain. And you don't just have taste buds on your tongue—they're everywhere, from the roof of your mouth to your throat and stomach.
2. Not everyone has the same amount of taste buds.
According to Nicholas Bower, MD, district medical director at MedExpress, the average adult has between 2,000 and 10,000 taste buds. People who have more than 10,000 are considered to be "supertasters" because they taste things more intensely. "Research has shown that supertasters don't like vegetables very much because they taste bitterness so intensely," says Dr. Bartoshuk. "They also may find very sweet desserts, like crème brûlée, to be over-the-top sugary." To find out where you fall on the taste spectrum, Dr. Bartoshuk recommends an easy at-home test: Apply a couple of drops of blue food color to your tongue and swallow a few times. Then examine your tongue's surface; fungiform papillae won't pick up the dye, so they'll look like pink polka dots on a blue background. If your tongue appears to be almost solid pink, then you have tons of fungiform papillae and may be a supertaster.
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3. Taste and flavor are not the same thing.
Taste is what your taste buds pick up: sweet, salty, sour, bitter and potentially umami (the fifth savory taste). Flavor is a combination of taste plus smell, specifically "retronasal olfaction," which is how your brain registers scent when you eat something. For example, sniffing a chocolate doughnut will send a scent message through your nostrils to one part of your brain, and eating it will send a different type of scent signal to a different part of your brain. It is the scent message from eating that combines with taste to create flavor. However, according to Dr. Bartoshuk, the scent message from smelling with your nose is not involved with flavor at all (your brain knows the difference between the two).
4. Taste buds are designed to keep us alive.
"The purpose of our ability to distinguish tastes is survival," says Trey Wilson, DDS, a New York City–based dentist. "Taste buds tell your brain whether or not to swallow what's already in your mouth." According to Dr. Bartoshuk, infants are born loving sweet and hating bitter, because natural sugar—not the sugar in, say, a processed candy bar, as we think of it today—is brain fuel, while bitter is the sensory cue for poison. "The taste system evolved to protect a baby who hasn't learned anything about what is good and bad for himself yet," she explains. Additionally, sodium is a mineral that's essential for making our muscles and nerves work, thus many people's cravings for salty snacks.
5. Your flavor preferences aren't set in stone.
You can train your palate to enjoy new foods—just ask any adventurous eater who used to be a picky toddler. "By our watching our parents and friends, our brain learns what foods are 'good,'" says Dr. Bower. Want to expand your child's—or your own—palate? According to Dr. Bartoshuk, bringing out the sweetness of something will make it more palatable, as will adding something fatty, since your stomach has fatty acid receptors, which send a pleasing signal to your brain. So pairing broccoli with cheese, or roasting it to pull out its natural sugars, will likely make it more enjoyable. "Or you could add social cues: Eat it with someone else who really enjoys it, or with someone whom you admire and like. All of these things can make the food seem more appealing." Similarly, if you eat something you used to love right before getting hit with the stomach flu, chances are you'll have an aversion to that food for quite some time.
6. Our taste preferences may fluctuate with our hormones.
Have you ever noticed that many pregnant women in their first trimester can't stand the sight of vegetables? Their taste buds may be protecting them against potential harm. "I suspect that because the taste of bitter is hardwired to be a cue for poison, early in pregnancy your brain becomes sensitized to avoid it in order to guard your baby," says Dr. Bartoshuk. Similarly, pregnant women crave foods that tend to be high energy sources—something women need more of during pregnancy––like sugars and carbohydrates in the form of bread, candy or other sweets. As for the classic pregnancy cravings of ice cream and pickles, according to Dr. Bartoshuk, they most likely have very little to do with what a woman's body needs. While craving ice cream could be a hankering for an energy source, pickles aren't a source of anything that a pregnant woman might need.
7. Taste buds are constantly regenerating.
Taste buds go through a life cycle where they grow from basal cells into taste cells and then die and are sloughed away. According to Dr. Bartoshuk, their normal life cycle is anywhere from 10 days to two weeks. However, "burning your tongue on hot foods can also kill taste buds," she says. "But they grow right back, which is why the ability to taste doesn't diminish with age." Though Dr. Bartoshuk notes that taste remains robust as we get older, the ability to taste bitterness does decline in women with the onset of menopause. Since, on a primal level, the ability to taste bitter may protect a pregnant woman's baby, those receptors may stop working after a woman's childbearing years are over because it is no longer a reproductive necessity.
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What was Frank Sinatra's big 1966 hit, a number one in 13 countries? | Tutorial: How to Grow Cannabis Indoors! | Grow Weed Easy
You are hereTutorial: How to Grow Cannabis Indoors!
Tutorial: How to Grow Cannabis Indoors!
by Nebula Haze
Intro: So You Want to Learn How to Grow Weed?
You're here because you want to learn how to grow weed indoors and are interested in an "online class" about growing marijuana. Despite what you may have heard, growing your own cannabis is actually pretty easy once you have the right information. Anyone with the will to grow, a few extra minutes each day and a grow space already have what it takes to grow their own cannabis!
What Supplies Do I Need to Start Growing Weed Indoors?
Cannabis goes by many names; weed, pot, marijuana, bud, ganja and more. These all refer to the dried and cured buds of a female cannabis plant. Cannabis plants can live in many environments, and some form of cannabis naturally grows nearly everywhere in the world. Yet it's the flowers of specially bred female cannabis plants which most people think of when it comes to the word “cannabis.”
The flowers of potent strains of cannabis are grown, harvested, dried and cured to become the buds that can be used to vaporize, smoke, eat (via edibles) or otherwise processed for recreational or medical marijuana purposes.
Dried & Cured Flowers of a Female Cannabis Plant
"Sinsemilla" - potent cannabis buds without seeds
Maybe you're like me a few years ago. You like cannabis, or need it for medical reasons, and you’re tired of paying for it. Or perhaps, like me, you couldn’t even find any cannabis to buy most of the time.
For people like us, growing cannabis can be a relaxing pastime that can save you a lot of money, time and frustration.
Why I started growing cannabis
save money & time - compared to buying cannabis, growing is much cheaper easier for me
health reasons - I use medical marijuana for epilepsy
stealth - never have to bring cannabis in from outside the home
personal safety - no need to deal with drug dealers or other shady sources to get cannabis
consistent supply - never run out!
higher quality cannabis & choice of strains - produce exactly what you want
Before you start growing, it’s important that you understand your local laws. If you live in the USA, this website may help.
Cannabis is a weed in the wild that adapts to many climates. Cannabis plants can actually be really easy to grow if you have the right information and know what to do. It can seem impossible to get started if it’s your first time growing, but this website will walk you through everything.
Don't you want to see this when you wake up every morning?
How Long Until You’re Smoking Your Buds? 4 months
After you start growing, it usually takes at least 3 months until harvest for most strains (some just a little less, some strains take longer, and it will also take longer if you grow big plants). After harvest, your cannabis buds takes around a week to dry. Lastly, for the best quality, most growers want to cure their bud for 2+ weeks to get a smoother taste and a higher perceived potency. After being cured for 2-4 weeks, buds will feel stronger and be less likely to cause headaches or anxiety.
In total, you’re looking at a 4 month investment for a cannabis harvest.
Growing Timeline
~3+ Months - Seed to Harvest
~1 week - Drying
Are you ready to see cannabis growing inside your house?
Growing Cannabis Basics
Cannabis plants are weeds with simple needs. Your cannabis plants will grow as long as you give them the right amount of the following resources..
In order to thrive and grow, your weed needs…
Light (brightness has a huge effect on yields)
Air (fresh air with a slight breeze is best)
a Grow Medium (place to grow, soil isn't your only choice)
the right Temperature (room temperature or a little warmer is perfect during the day, cannot stand freezing at night)
Nutrients (start at half as much as what's recommended on the package)
Water ( maintain pH for best results, soil likes 6 - 7 pH & hydro likes 5.5 - 6.5 pH)
Whether growing marijuana plants indoors or outdoors, you will need to ensure that it gets the proper amount of these six resources. You will be rewarded with big colas!
What’s The Most Common New Grower Mistake? Lack of Research
One of the most common mistakes made by new weed growers is to conduct spur-of-the-moment experiments and hurt or even kill their plants.
You should always at least do a quick google search before you try any new technique.
Why make your plants be the guinea pig of an experiment that someone else has already tried before?
For example, it may seem like a good idea to give your growing cannabis Miracle-Gro nutrients because it's easily available/cheap, or plant your seeds in the original Miracle-Gro soil you have laying around the house. Unfortunately the standard Miracle-Gro formula does not contain the right ratio of nutrients for cannabis, especially during the budding stage. Using original Miracle-Gro nutrients during flowering can hurt your plants and reduce your yields.
But how could you possibly know that unless you look it up first?
What nutrients can I use for cannabis?
http://www.growweedeasy.com/cannabis-nutrients
Suggestion: Harvest Your First Plant Before Trying Any Experiments
You don't want to lose your entire crop to something that has already been tried before and proven not to work, so make sure you do a little research and experiment with caution and moderation.
Another common problem new growers have is the tendency to skip crucial steps like maintaining a proper pH or getting the right kind of nutrients . While you can get lucky and succeed at growing weed without taking these steps, you are a lot more likely to end up plants that die or just never produce any buds.
It can actually be really easy to grow marijuana with the right info. It’s like growing any other plant. You follow a proven set of steps, and before you know it, you’ll be harvesting your first buds.
Start by reading this simple cannabis grow guide and you will soon have all the knowledge you need to start producing your own potent buds today!
Light Needs (Cannabis needs more light than most house plants)
Many cannabis growers like to grow outdoors. Outdoor growers need a accessible, private space that gets 8+ hours of direct sunlight a day for the best results.
Outdoor growers need 8+ hours of direct sunlight a day
Plant in Spring, Harvest in Fall.
Cannabis plants grow very fast in a short amount of time, and need a lot of energy from the light to grow and produce buds. In the wild, a cannabis plant can grow to the size of tree in less than a year, and it uses energy from light to power that growth.
Many new growers who want to grow indoors like the idea of growing their cannabis plant in a sunny window, like a house plant. Usually the light from a window won’t be enough. While young cannabis plants seem to be able to grow in bright, sunny windows, cannabis plants usually don’t ever produce more than a few wispy hairs during the flowering stage, and may not produce any bud at all. Without any flowers/bud, you’re out of luck.
Indoor growers almost always need grow lights to get buds
Indoors, nearly all growers will need some type of grow light for successful cannabis growth.
Indoor growers usually put their grow lights with a timer to simulate the sun. This makes it easy to turn on and off the lights for each “day” so grow lights are more automated. There are many different sized grow lights, from the CFL light bulbs you already use in your house to bigger, more specialized grow lights that produce pounds of bud at a time.
There are indoor growing options for nearly everyone, even if you're on a budget or only have a small space to work with, whether you want to grow in a bucket or a whole room.
Indoor growers need a private space and grow lights
There are limitless setup options
What do you need to grow indoors?
Repeat - Everything starts over again for the next generation
Why is this important?
Cannabis plants go from seed to death in just one year, and they have a certain order for their life stages. This is very important for you to understand as a grower.
As far as a grower is concerned….
Seed ⇒ Seedling ⇒ Vegetative ⇒ Flowering ⇒ Harvest
A plant will keep growing vegetatively (just stems and leaves) as long as the plant “believes” it is early spring or summer. Outdoors this happens naturally as the seasons change. Indoors, growers put grow lights on a timer to “tell” the plant when to start flowering.
Cannabis Life Stages
Vegetative - stems and leaves
Flowering - making buds / flowers
It seems simple, and it is! Just remember that there are two stages of life for cannabis, first the vegetative stage, and then the flowering stage (which is followed by harvest).
Male & Female Cannabis Plants
Cannabis plants have a gender. Each plant grows into a “male” or “female” plant. Although about half of plants are male or female, only female cannabis plants produce bud. Getting rid of male cannabis plants also prevents pollination (and seeds).
Most growers are only interested in growing female plants so they can harvest the bud.
Female Cannabis Plants Produce Buds
Cannabis plants first show their sex at the end of the vegetative stage or at the beginning of the flowering stage.
Male cannabis plants only produce pollen sacs, no buds, and few male plants produce a significant amount of THC or other cannabinoids.
That's worth repeating. Male weed plants do not produce buds with THC. Most growers throw them away on sight.
Male Cannabis Plants Do Not Produce Bud
There is no way to determine the gender of a plant initially, just by looking at the seeds, or even by looking at young plants.
Both male and female cannabis plants look exactly the same until they start flowering. There used to be myths and tricks on how to tell male from female plants from a young age, but none actually works 100% of the time. To this day, even scientists are not exactly sure what causes some plants to become male, and some plants to become female.
For most growers, you will need to identify the gender of your plants as soon as possible and remove any males promptly, before they contaminate your females.
Tell me more about what it means for a cannabis plant to be "male" or "female"
How to Get Seeds or Clones - Choosing the Right Strain
The two most popular ways to get cannabis seeds or clones is in person or via online seed banks.
Seeds vs Clones (or read on below)
http://www.growweedeasy.com/seeds-vs-clones
If you want to to reduce the uncertainty and make sure you always grow incredible-quality cannabis, you need to start with great genes.
Just like with animals, the way your cannabis plants turn out will have a lot to do with the genetics they started life with. Each cannabis plant is a mixture of the traits from its two parents.
Tutorial About Choosing the Right Strain
http://www.growweedeasy.com/training#choose-strain
Because genetics have such a huge impact on your results, it is important to know a little bit about the genetics of the plant you're working with.
There are three main strains or types of cannabis: indica, sativa, and hybrid strains (hybrid strains are a mix of indica and sativa).
These types are not set in stone. Nearly all cannabis strains you run into with be some sort of hybrid. Some strains lean more indica, others lean more Sativa. Some are a class of their own. I’ve heard some people consider "Haze" to be a strain type, though it's sometimes considered part of the "Sativa" family.
There is also a very important other type of cannabis; “Ruderalis” or “auto-flowering” strains.
Let me explain...
Indica, Sativa & Hybrids (plus Auto-flowering) Strains
Indica
Indica strains tend to cause more of a body high and tend to grow shorter and bushier.
Sativa
Sativa strains tend to cause more of a cerebral or mental high. Sativas grow larger, have higher light requirements, and take longer to mature than indica plants so a sativa strain of cannabis may need special plant training to be suited for growing indoors. Sativas often have thin, finger-like leaves while indicas have fatter, rounder leaves.
Hybrid
It is often simplest to grow marijuana plants that are a hybrid strain because they have been bred to carry the best traits of both sativa and indica.
Auto-flowering or “Ruderalis” strains
Auto-flowering means these strains will start flowering regardless of its light schedule. These strains are usually a famous strain that has been bred to carry the “auto-flowering” characteristic. When growing with Ruderalis-based cannabis strains such as the Lowryder, you can give the plant up to 18 hours of light a day for the whole grow, and your plant will be ready to harvest in about 3 months. Because of their short lifecycle, Ruderalis cannabis stains generally do not grow taller than 1-2 feet.
Auto-Flowering vs Photoperiod (Regular) Cannabis Strains
If you're researching what strain of cannabis to grow, pay close attention to the light requirements, grow times, etc. to make sure that it is a good match for your grow area.
Learn more about choosing the right cannabis strain:
Seeds
Seeds are a good way for many people to start growing because they can be easily purchased off the internet and delivered discretely almost anywhere in the world.
Viable cannabis seeds are usually hard and dark colored. If you have cannabis seeds which are small and white, they are often immature and won't germinate.
Example of Good Cannabis Seeds
(yes, even the lighter colored one)
Healthy seeds can be stored in your fridge until you're ready to use them, but it is not recommended that you freeze your seeds. Seeds which are kept in a cool, dry place away from light will remain viable for five years or even longer!
Sometimes you will find good seeds in marijuana that you have purchased (these seeds are called "bagseed") which can definitely be used to start growing.
The downside of using seeds that you find in the bud you got from your local weed dealer is that about half of the seeds will end up being male, and only half will end being female. You also don’t know what to expect as far as how the plant will tend to grow.
Still, many growers also start growing cannabis with bagseed that they’ve collected. This is a great way to get started growing, and many growers have happily made it to harvest with bagseed.
Some growers get very lucky with bagseed, and end up with great results. But sometimes growers end up growing buds that are nothing like the ones the seeds were found in.
Already have your seeds? Get started with germinating your cannabis seeds .
Whenever possible, get a trusted strain for best results!
It is actually safe and reliable to buy your marijuana seeds online from a reputable seed source. The biggest problem for USA residents ordering online is the long wait time - nearly all cannabis seed sources are located overseas. I’ve had seeds take a month or longer to make it through customs and arrive to my door. Yet as long as you choose to get guaranteed delivery from your seed source, you know that they will always eventually come, even if it takes twice as long as expected.
Learn more about buying cannabis seeds online with safety
Getting seeds online will allow you to purchase feminized (all-female) seeds and will also let you pick the exact strain to match your size and time requirements. This can be helpful when setting up your grow space.
Clones
Clones are an exact copy of another plant. When starting with a clone, you can expect the plant to grow and produce buds in a very similar way to the mother plant it came from. This can be helpful to growers because they know exactly what to expect.
In order to get cannabis clones, you will need to know someone who already has cannabis plants. As far as I know, there’s no way to consistently order cannabis clones online. The only online way to get cannabis plants is by ordering seeds.
You may be able to buy cannabis clones from your local medical marijuana dispensary if you have a recommendation for marijuana from your doctor in a medical state. Unfortunately this option isn’t available for a lot of new growers. One of the great things about starting with seeds is anyone can do it..
Starting with a cannabis clone can save you a couple of weeks to a month compared to starting with seeds because they have a head start on growth.
Using clones instead of regular seeds guarantees the gender of your weed plant because the clones have the exact same genetics as their parent plant including gender.
If you already have female plants, you can clone them to make more plants (copies) without ever having to worry about sexing your plants or creating seeds.
If you're starting out with a clone, you want to treat it gently for the first day or two that you have it. If your clone hasn't established roots yet, then you want to make sure that it stays moist and gets gentle light (like from fluorescent tubes) until it develops some roots.
New cannabis clones like warm, wet conditions. Think springtime.
Before your clones have made roots, they to get water through their leaves right until roots have formed. A humid cloner works great for getting clones to root, or you can mist your plants a few times a day until they start forming roots. Some growers will use a heating pad under their clones to help keep things warm. A little warmer than room temperature 72-77 °F (22-25 °C ) is perfect. Many automatic cloners come with a heat setting.
If your clone has already established its roots, then you can put it in its new home with your grow lights a bit further away than normal.
Only give your clone just a little bit of water at first with either no nutrients or a highly diluted nutrient solution. It's tempting to want to put your lights close to the new baby and give it nutrients because you want to do everything you can to make sure it does okay.
However, in the very beginning, less is more for your clone. Your recently-moved clone is more sensitive to heat and light than an established plant, and putting it in a completely new environment can be stressful. It's important to check on your clone frequently during its first 24 hours to make sure there isn't any unforeseen problems such as it tipping over.
Once the clone has started really growing (usually after a couple of days) then you can put your lights closer and start feeding it with full-strength nutrients. At this point you basically treat the clone like a cannabis plant in the vegetative stage (first stage of life).
Get started with creating and caring for your cannabis clones:
Electricity Use (For Indoor Growers)
For small-scale growers, the difference in your electric bill might not be that noticeable. As an example, I grew a single plant under a small 250W HPS grow light, and only ended up paying $278 in electricity for the whole grow over the course of 4 months. I ended up yielding 6.2 ounces (only $45/ounce or $1.60/gram) and we have some of the most expensive electricity rates in the country ($0.37/kWh)! So for small grows, you're not going to see a huge bump in your electricity.
But for some of the bigger grow lights, the electric bill can grow quite a bit, especially when using AC units. Yet even with the cost of electricity, it’s usually far cheaper for people to grow their own cannabis indoors than to purchase it.
Just to give you a real example, a 600W grow light (one of the larger types of grow lights) uses about the same electricity as a refrigerator.
Each person has different electricity rates depending on where they way to live, but let me give you an idea with another one of my grow setups. It's not just a matter of how much electricity you use for the whole grow, it's also a matter of how much you pay per month and if you're saving that compared to buying cannabis. As I mentioned, I live in an expensive city in California and in this grow room I have a 600W light, carbon filter, AC unit and a powerful fan. All that uses about $100/month in electricity, and can produce more than a pound of buds at harvest more than twice/year. That’s more than 3 ounces (85 grams) each month for just $100. And I live in a hot area with expensive electricity.
For me, growing indoors saves handfuls of money compared to buying buds, even with the cost of electricity.
For growers who want smaller amounts of cannabis, it’s easy to scale down your growing operation to suite your needs. A space bucket can cost just $100 to set up, a few bucks of electricity each month, and produce up to an ounce of buds at harvest. For some growers, this is more than enough.
It’s important to understand what you want and get in touch with your growing expectations. This will help you choose the right growing setup.
Setup Cost
Outdoors, the starting cost is generally less than indoors - no grow lights or electricity, just soil and sunlight - but the hard part about growing outdoors is finding a good spot that’s private, convenient for you to get to, with easy access to water, and 8+ hours of direct sunlight every day.
Outdoors: Free - $200
Indoors, your cost depends on your setup and what you’re looking for. If you want to harvest an ounce here and then, it may cost very little to get started, even just $100 (check out space buckets ).
For a premium indoor setup with a grow tent, grow light, fan, plus growing supplies, you’re looking at spending $800 - $1500 to grow a few plants. A setup like this can yield several ounces or even a pound of bud at harvest.
Indoors: $100 - $1500+
Set Up & Supplies
Supplies Checklist - Are You Ready to Start Growing?
Pick Your Grow Space
Growing Indoors vs Outdoors
There are many considerations to take into account when deciding whether to grow your plant indoors or outdoors.
As someone who lives in the suburbs of a city, with many close neighbors and far away from any wilderness, I only grow weed indoors.
Most cannabis growers have an idea about whether they want to grow indoors or outside, but check this list of pros and cons to help if you’re still not sure
Pros and Cons - Growing marijuana indoors vs. outdoors
http://www.growweedeasy.com/indoors-vs-outdoors
Indoors
You have more control over everything in an indoor growing environment, which means that indoor growers can consistently produce dank buds, but you also have more responsibility. If you don't provide everything your plants need, they will die.
What indoor space works best?
You can grow cannabis most anywhere with easy access to water and fresh air...
a spare room
even the inside of a computer case!
Though I recommend a Space Bucket instead :)
* I believe grow tents are the best grow space for new cannabis growers. You simply need to decide how big a grow tent you should get for your space, and you’ve already given your plant so much that will improve their environment for better growth. Grow tents are cheap, effective, and will save you a lot of trouble. A quality grow tent is light proof, has reflective walls, contains built-in options to vent heat, a place to hang your lights, and waterproof floors for spills (so you never end up with water on your floor). A nice grow tent looks doesn’t always look like a grow tent to someone who doesn’t know what one looks like (I’ve had someone ask me if my grow tent was where I hung my clothes), but it contains many features that will help your cannabis plant thrive while reducing your work. It is often less expensive to get a quality grow tent than to try to make an effective grow space or grow box on your own.
Here's the same grow tent as above, but with cannabis plants inside:
When thinking about where to grow indoors, you should also consider the temperature of your grow space (and remember your temps will likely rise once you have your grow lights running!).
Young growing cannabis plants grow fastest when temps a bit warmer, in the 70-85°F (20-30°C) range.
When plants are a bit older, in the budding/flowering stage, it's best to keep temps slightly cooler, around 65-80°F (18-26°C) to produce buds with the best color, trichome production and smell.
Because temps are so important, it's best to be able to have some amount of control over the temperature of your grow area. When growing indoors, your grow lights will give off heat. The more powerful your lights, generally the more heat they give off.
If you're growing just a few plants in a grow tent or box, usually you can install a fan to pull hot air away from the hot lights and out a window to keep things cool enough.
Learn more about grow room temperature
http://www.growweedeasy.com/temperature
Outdoors
Growing cannabis outdoors is cheaper to get started outdoors since you probably don't have to get grow lights or create an indoor grow area, though you do have to worry about privacy/stealth, possible pollination, people stealing your plants, bugs, deer and other unexpected outdoor visitors.
If you pick the right strain and live in a good environment, it will likely be cheaper to grow outdoors, since you don't have to provide as much for your plants. The sun and mother nature will do a lot of the work for you.
And when you're growing outdoors, you can produce plants like this...
Of course when you're growing outside, it's not always possible to control the environment perfectly. If it's dry, you will need to water your plants. If it's too rainy, you need to protect your plants from getting overwatered .
When it comes to temperatures, a good rule of thumb about cannabis plants is if it's too hot for you, it's probably too hot for your plants. And just like humans, cannabis plants can die if exposed to freezing temps.
So if you know it's going to be extremely hot or cold where you live, you may need to take extra steps to protect your plants from the elements, like setting up a small greenhouse.
More About Indoors vs Outdoors
Choose Growing Medium
Many new growers instantly think of growing their cannabis in soil.
Soil is the growing medium that most people are familiar with, and one of the most common growing methods, but it’s not the only one.
Common Cannabis Growing Mediums
Soil ← Most Common, Intuitive, Great Flavor in Buds
Inert (Soilless) ← Intuitive, Faster Growth than Soil
Hydroponics ← Fastest Growth, Biggest Yields, Potency
You can successfully grow cannabis plants in soil and other sorts of non-soil (soil-less) mediums, or you could grow your plants directly in water or even in moist air!
Read full tutorial: Soil or Hydro?
Each growing medium that you use will have different care and watering requirements. I will talk about some of the different options to help you choose the growing medium that's right for your grow area and experience level.
The most important thing is to choose a growing medium that makes you excited!
Is it your first cannabis grow?
First Grow, Never Grown a Plant in Your Life
Recommended growing mediums (go with your instinct!)
Soil
Soilless
Hydroponics
If it’s your first cannabis grow, and you’ve never gardened or grown a plant, it’s okay. Maybe you have a “black thumb” and every plant you’ve ever grown has died.
That’s exactly how I was before I started growing. I managed to kill every plant that ever made it into my possession, even though I was trying my best. I somehow even managed to destroy other people’s plants, with accidental over or under-watering. Sometimes it seemed I just looked at a plant the wrong way and it would dry up and dry.
Even if you’ve never grown any plants before (like I hadn’t) you can still grow cannabis successfully. This website will teach you everything you need to know to breeze through your first harvest.
You already have what it takes to grow cannabis as long as you are willing to the follow step-by-step instructions provided here on how to grow weed, almost like following a cannabis growing “recipe,”.
Cannabis plants are weeds in the wild. All your plants need is the right conditions, and they will grow and make beautiful flowers you can harvest and dry for your own unlimited supply of bud.
As a grower, you can give your plants a better environment than they would ever get in the wild, and your plants will reward you with bountiful flowers.
The most important thing is to choose a growing medium that you feel excited about. Don’t be afraid to try the growing medium you really want, even if it seems like it may be too complicated! All growing mediums have their upsides and downsides, but they are all straightforward once you have the information you need to provide a perfect growing environment. Yes, even hydroponics!
First Grow, Already Have Soil or Gardening Experience
Recommended growing mediums (go with your instinct!)
Soil
Soilless
If you’ve grown in soil before, hydroponics may not be something you like unless you’re really interested (in which case, we will guide you). Take a look at a high-yielding hydroponic grow journal from my fellow grower Sirius to see if hydroponics might interest you.
Generally, most growers who have grown in soil tend to go with soil or soilless. When growing in soil, the cannabis will get nutrients from the soil itself. You may also provide extra nutrients in your water. With coco coir, you always provide the nutrients in the water. Other than that, the two methods are similar to each other. Soil is known for better taste, while soilless (particularly coco coir) is known for faster growth, bigger yields, and great potency.
If You’ve Grown Cannabis Before, Consider Trying Something New!
Already know which cannabis growing medium you want?
Soil
Just stick the seed in the soil and go. Choose a great soil for growing cannabis and you’re ready to get started.
If you feel certain that you want to grow in soil, do it! Soil is a great way to grow cannabis and there are many different types of soil growing. For those who want something simple and quick to get started, you can use high-quality potting soil and use specially made soil nutrients to give your plants exactly what it needs until harvest. You could also compost your own super soil , which is a relatively advanced way of growing that can be intimidating for new growers who’ve never grown in soil.
Some growers claim growing cannabis in soil produces the best smelling and tasting buds.
General Guidelines for Good Cannabis Soil
No “extended release” or “slow release” nutrients (especially avoid the original Miracle-Gro soil! It will prevent proper budding in the flowering stage)
If you use regular high-quality potting soil that isn’t formulated for a plant like cannabis, you can use specially-made soil nutrients during the grow (especially during the flowering stage) to help make sure your plant gets everything it needs to make buds, without having to worry about getting super special soil
A great soil mix contains ingredients like... coco fiber (i.e. coco coir, coca fiber), perlite, compost, earthworm castings, bat guano, fish meal, crab meal, bone meal, blood meal, kelp meal, peat moss, pumice, composted forest humus, humic acid, sandy loam, soybean meal, alfalfa meal, rock dust, Mycorrhizae fungi, etc
Recommended Soil Brands
Make Your Own Super Soil (advanced)
*About Fox Farms soil for growing cannabis: The Fox Farms company offers several different types of soil that contain different mixes. "Ocean Forest" soil works well by itself for the whole grow, but it may be a bit too strong for young seedlings and cause some light nutrient burn to young plants until they get a little bigger. After they’ve grown bigger, the plants will no longer experience nutrient burn from Ocean Forest. If this is not acceptable, it’s often recommended to mix Ocean Forest with one of the other, lighter soil mixes offered by Fox Farms. A great mix is their Ocean Forest soil mixed with half "Happy Frog" or "Light Warrior" plus about 30% perlite.
Soilless
Get your nutrients, plant your seed, and start watering! Get the same experience as growing cannabis in soil with nutrients, except experience faster growth and bigger yields.
Soilless growing uses an inert medium like coco coir, perlite, vermiculite, etc to grow cannabis plants.
These growing mediums do not have any nutrients, instead you hand-water the plants just like you would in soil, and provide all the nutrients in the water. One of the downsides is there is less of a “buffer” with soilless growing mediums than with soil, which contains nutrients of its own.
Soilless growing is very much like growing in soil with added nutrients. It provides some of the benefits of both soilless and hydroponic growing. Many growers find soilless growing to be as intuitive as soil since both growing methods seem close to what we naturally observe in nature.
With specially made nutrients, the soilless growing experience can be just like growing in soil, but successful soilless growers will be rewarded with faster growth and bigger yields.
Some Possible Soilless Mediums for Cannabis
Coco Coir (coco, coco fiber) <-- Most popular
Vermiculite
Promix
Perlite*
* Perlite is occasionally used by itself as a growing medium, but is most often mixed with something else for better drainage and increased oxygen to roots. Perlite usually looks like small white pebbles, but each piece weighs very little. It almost reminds me of popcorn. Perlite is made from a “puffed up” type of volcanic glass and cannot hold onto much water. Many growers mix perlite with their soilless mediums or soil to add air and drainage, and some growers use perlite as a wick for wick systems.
While it can be done, growing cannabis in just perlite is rare. It’s difficult to get perlite to hold enough water, and other growing mediums are much easier to use. But perlite
is often mixed with other mediums or soil for growing cannabis.
Make Your Own Soilless Mix for Cannabis
50-70% Coco Coir - Coco coir, made from the husks of coconuts, is a proven inert medium for growing cannabis. Like growing hydroponically, coco gets faster growth speed and cannabis yields, but coco can be hand-watered with nutrients, just like soil. Coco coir naturally contains a mix of properties that makes roots grow faster and healthier, and the water-holding properties of coco coir help ensure water is always available to thirsty roots. One of the easiest and most popular soilless growing mediums for cannabis.
30-50% Perlite - The perlite adds extra drainage to coco for ease of watering. Perlite creates small spaces of air in the coco coir, which prevents overwatering and gets more oxygen to the roots. Cannabis roots love oxygen, and perlite lets them get it while the coco coir makes sure roots always stay wet.
Here's a Seedling Growing in the Above Coco/Perlite Mix
Sometimes coco coir is already broken up to use ready directly for planting (bagged coco potting mixes include Canna Coco Coir). But most of the time coco coir comes in bricks. All coco coir should be rinsed well before you start your grow (though some packages states the coco has been washed and pH’ed). Brick coco especially needs to be rinsed well to remove extra salt. Bricks are usually much cheaper than the bagged coco coir because each brick is easier and lighter to transport - you add the water at home. Make sure to let a coco coir brick sit in water for at least an hour first - this way you know it’s fully expanded before you start rinsing.
Once you have expanded and thoroughly rinsed your coco coir, it should easily break into a consistency that is a bit like dark rich soil. At this point, mix your coco with perlite; use more perlite in a humid environment, less in a very dry environment. Once your coco and perlite are mixed you’re ready to go!
Coco coir has grown so popular as a growing medium for cannabis that now there are many brands of specialized nutrients for that exact combo.
Find Coco Coir Nutrients for Growing Cannabis
What Container Should I Use to Hold My Growing Medium?
All containers for growing cannabis need to have drainage holes so water can drain out the bottom
Deeper containers are better than shallow ones - roots tend to grow down and can get rootbound in a shallow or too-small container.
Get a container that provides plenty of oxygen to the roots for faster growth!
Recommended Containers for Growing Cannabis
Standard garden or nursery pot with drainage holes on the bottom
5 gallon bucket (drill your own drainage holes out the bottom)
Fabric Pot ("Smart Pot") ← One of the best containers for growing marijuana
Air pot - get more air to your cannabis roots
Fabric Pots are Great Containers for Growing Cannabis
There are popular brands of fabric pots like "Smart Pot," but you can also make your own fabric pot at home. The great thing about these containers is they get more air and oxygen to the roots, which encourages faster growth.
Which Size Pot Should I Use?
When growing cannabis plants in a container, you have to choose the size of your pot.
A general guide is to have about 2 gallons per 12" of height. This isn't perfect, since plants often grow differently, but this is a good rule of thumb.
When in doubt, get a bigger final container size as opposed to a smaller one. Plants that get rootbound from being in a too-small container will grow more slowly and be prone to problems.
It's not good to transfer plants during the flowering/budding stage, so you want to have your cannabis plants in their final container at least 2 weeks before the beginning of flowering/budding.
Final Container for Desired Plant Size - General guide
12" ~ 2-3 gallon container
Hydroponics
Choose your setup, get your nutrients, and germinate your seed! Get ready for incredibly fast growth, great yields, and amazing potency.
If you want to grow hydroponically, don’t worry that it’s too complicated - once you set up the right environment, growing hydroponically is just as straightforward as growing in soil. And you will be rewarded with faster growth, bigger yields, and the amazing potency of hydroponically grown buds. Growers who have trouble with hydroponics are usually victims of being given the wrong information. With proper setup and maintenance information, which is usually simple and easy-to-follow, you’ll be able to happily harvest every plant and reap the rewards of hydroponic gardening.
Benefits of Growing Hydroponic Cannabis
Less Time to Harvest - Shorter vegetative stage gets you to harvest quickly
Yields - Hydro grows consistently get bigger yields than growing cannabis in soil with the same setup
Potency - Many growers claim hydro-grown cannabis buds are more potent than soil-grown ones, and this seems to be true from my experience
Intro to Growing Hydroponic Cannabis
One of the more common hydroponic grow setups for growing cannabis is known as a “DWC” or “deep water culture” system.
Here's a diagram showing how DWC works for growing hydroponic cannabis.
In DWC, the roots are located in a nutrient reservoir full of water. Oxygen is provided to the roots by bubbling air through the water with an air pump. There are lots of different variations of the DWC method, including top-fed DWC .
In all hydroponic methods done right…
More oxygen to the roots produces much faster growth than soil
Providing a lot of oxygen at the roots is more important than lots of water - just make sure roots never actually get dry
Keep nutrient levels on the low side in hydro for fastest cannabis growth
After setup, tending to your plants in hydro is straightforward
Grow Lights (or Sun)
Light For Growing Cannabis: Do I Need Indoor Grow Lights?
If growing cannabis outdoors, the sun is generally all the light you need. Outdoor growers need to make sure that the plants are in a sunny spot where they get plenty of sunlight throughout the whole day (8+ hours of sunlight a day for best results).
When growing outdoors, you will need to consider that nearly all cannabis plants need to be started (or put outside) in the spring and harvested in the fall.
If growing cannabis indoors, you will need to provide your plant with the light it needs to grow.
Upgrade Guide - Get Help Choosing Your Indoor Marijuana Grow Lights:
All Cannabis Grow Lights Need...
Surge Protector - No matter which cannabis grow light you choose, make sure you get a surge protector
Lighting Timer - All indoor grow lights should be put on a lighting timer - these timers will automatically turn your grow lights on and off for you. A mechanical one is shown below, and there are digital lighting timers as well. These are commonly found at hardware stores and have a variety of uses for non-growing purposes.
The most common types of indoor grow lights for cannabis are:
HID Grow Lights - MH & HPS
CFLs & Fluorescent Lighting
High Intensity Discharge (HID) lights
This class of grow lights includes High Pressure Sodium (HPS) and Metal Halide (MH) grow lights. Considered the "gold standard" for growing weed, these lights are powerful and proven to provide great yields. The bigger models use quite a bit of energy and produce heat that may need to be vented from your grow space, but the lower-wattage models of HID lights are much more manageable for the small indoor grower.
Two most common HID bulbs:
HPS - High Pressure Sodium Grow Lights - used for the flowering stage, makes yellow light
Pros of MH/HPS
Most efficient grow light - MH/HPS grow lights produce the best yields of any grow light (when yields are compared to electricity used)
Cheap setup - MH/HPS are one of the less expensive cannabis grow light options, especially considering the yields; HIDs provide a lot of wattage and light for your money. Many MH/HPS kits comes with everything you need to hang the lights and turn them on immediately
Easy and intuitive to use - just hang your lights and start growing; cooling options are often built right on the reflector (for example an air-cooled hood)
Lots of tutorials - MH/HPS grow lights have been used by the majority of indoor cannabis growers for decades, and nearly all HID grow lights are used exactly the same way. As long as you choose a size of HID grow light that fits your space, you don’t have to worry about a lot of difference between using different models
HPS grow lights produce yellow light
Cons of MH/HPS
Heat - Bigger models need a way to exhaust extra heat (many growers vent heat outside with a fan)
Height - Need at least 5 feet (1.5 meters) of height for small MH/HPS setups, and 6 or 7 feet (~ 2 meters) of height for a larger setup
Help Me Pick The Right HID Grow Light for My Space
CFLs & Other Fluorescent Grow Lights
CFLs and other fluorescent lighting use a low amount of electricity and work perfectly for growing young cannabis plants or clones. These grow lights are often used during the vegetative stage, which is the first stage of life. Many growers switch to more powerful grow lights in the cannabis flowering stage because because fluorescent lights are usually not bright enough to produce big yields (cannabis needs a lot of light during the flowering stage to make buds).
However, CFLs and fluorescent lights like the T5 can grow cannabis plants from seed to harvest if plants are trained to grow short and bushy . When used in the flowering stage, these grow lights usually don’t yield as much as other types of grow lights, but they can be a great choice for someone looking to harvest just a few ounces at a time, especially those who don’t have a lot of height to work with!
Two most common fluorescent grow lights for cannabis:
Pros of CFLs & Fluorescent Grow Lights
Cheap setup - CFL and T5 grows can be started on a small budget. Many growers feel they are a great way to “get your feet wet” as far as growing without putting in a big initial investment.
Low height needed - CFLs are sold as individual light bulbs and T5s are sold as several long tubes in a panel, but each needs only a few feet of height for successful growing
Stealth - Some of the best high-stealth options because of low height needed for these grow lights. CFLs can be "plugged in" to almost any space and can be bought at the supermarket, which makes CFLs a great choice for a small stealthy setup like growing in a space bucket. A T5 panel is found at most garden stores and doesn’t even need a light socket, it can be plugged directly into a wall.
Options for low heat, low electricity - Just a few CFLs or a single T5 doesn’t produce much heat or use much electricity
Cons of CFLs & Fluorescent Grow Lights
Low yields - These grow lights tend to pull in very small yields unless you use a lot of them
Heat - Each CFL bulb produces a bit of heat (especially the big bulbs), and growers who use many CFLs or fluorescent tubes will need to exhaust extra heat (usually by venting heat outside with a fan).
Least efficient grow lights - When considering light produced (and yields) for electricity used, CFLs are the least efficient grow lights. T5s are made for gardening and do a bit better, but still not as well as other grow lights.
Daily Maintenance - It can be difficult to position CFLs near plants, and lights need constant adjustment through the grow
Help Me Pick The Right CFLs for My Grow Space
http://www.growweedeasy.com/cfl-upgrade-guide
I actually started growing indoors with CFLs in coco coir, and they served me well. I believe CFL grow lights are a great choice for a small hobby grower who just wants to harvest a few ounces at a time. They are also a great way to get introduced to growing cannabis without making a big investment or using a lot of space.
Here's a tutorial I wrote on how to grow cannabis with CFLs
(this is the method I used when I first started growing)
LED Grow Lights
LED grow lights are a new type of grow light which claim to produce better quality buds and bigger yields, while using less electricity and producing less heat than other grow lights.
But are all the claims true? Some are, while other claims are misleading. Protect yourself and learn what you need to know about LED grow lights for growing cannabis.
Pros of LEDs
Cutting edge - One of the newest type of cannabis grow lights, LED grow lights are unlike anything else on the market for growing cannabis. In the last few years, prices have come way down and quality has gone up. LED yields are improving every year and there are now many reliable models of LED that have been proven for growing cannabis
Bud Quality - There is some evidence that LED grow lights produce buds with increased potency, smell, and trichome development (compared to other grow lights or even the sun). Some cannabis growers combine LEDs with other types of grow lights to take advantage of the improved bud quality from LEDs
Stealth - Small LED spotlights or panels can be great for stealth growing since they can fit in many sized spaces, plus they almost always have a built-in fan to disperse heat into the grow space (instead of letting the heat beam down directly on the plants)
Options for low heat, low electricity - A small LED panel doesn’t produce much heat or use much electricity
Cons of LEDs
Expensive setup - LED grow lights are the most expensive cannabis grow lights when considering the price for how much light will be produced
Heat - Each LED panel produces a bit of heat (especially the high-wattage models), and growers who use a lot of LEDs will need to exhaust extra heat (usually by venting heat outside with a fan)
Using LEDs - each model of LED grow light needs to be used differently. The size of LED chips, the reflectors for each bulb, and other differences from each model make it difficult to make any generalizations about how to use a particular LED panel. You can’t use your LED panel the same way your friend does unless it’s the exact same model from the same manufacturer. Even if your LED panels look the same, they may need to be used differently so they don’t hurt your plants. It is very important to ask the manufacturer how far a LED panel should be kept from the top of your plants, and how big a space the panel will be able to cover at that height.
Light burn and bleaching - Because some models of LEDs are so powerful, it’s important to avoid using LEDs incorrectly (for example keeping the panel too close to the top of your plants). Keeping LEDs too close to your plants can cause light burn, even when the grow space is completely cool. Basically LEDs can be so bright that they actually burn your plants. It is common for leaves directly under an LED panel to look stressed, especially when the panel is kept too close, with leaves under the lights sometimes showing browning, spot, crispiness or random deficiencies. There is some speculation that minor stress to the plant is part of what causes the increased bud quality at harvest from LEDs.
Lower yields than MH/HPS - Some LED models do produce really great yields. LEDs usually get better yields than CFLs for the amount of electricity used, but they just can’t compete with MH/HPS grow lights when it comes to yields, at least not yet. Don’t listen to marketing hype - some models of LED panels are very effective at growing cannabis, but just make sure you investigate claims that seem too good to be true. Always get personal testimony from a cannabis grower (especially with pictures or video) to back up claims made by LED manufacturers. From all the actual cannabis LED grow journals I’ve seen, LED grow lights currently just don’t seem to get as high of yields as MH/HPS (when you consider how much electricity it takes to run the lights). But cannabis yields under LEDs are getting better every year as we make better models and learn more about them, so perhaps that will be changing soon!
I’ve used LED grow lights and been pleased with my results. The bud quality and smell from LED-grown bud is unique, and LEDs are a class of their own. That being said, I generally wouldn’t recommend that new growers get LEDs unless they’re willing to do a bit of research about how to use their lights to get the best results.
Always beware of scam LED sellers! You should always conduct research to determine the best LED grow light for your space. There are some crooked LED sellers, so it’s recommended you only purchase LED grow lights from a trusted seller who can answer questions and offer a guarantee on their lights
Learn about (a few) LED models which are proven to grow cannabis
On Choosing Your Cannabis Grow Lights...
Each type of light system has their pros and cons, but you will need to find the one that fits your budget, grow area, and grow style.
Complete Guide to Indoor Cannabis Grow Lights
Nutrients (if needed)
Getting cannabis-friendly nutrients is important if you plan to use nutrients during your grow. Some types of nutrients just don’t contain the right “stuff” for the best plant growth and bud development.
Cannabis nutrients are easy to use - just follow the directions, like a recipe
Unless you have composted your own cannabis super soil , you will most likely want to supplement your cannabis grow with nutrients to make sure plants are getting everything they need.
If you're growing in soil, you will want to get nutrients made for soil.
If you are growing in any medium besides soil, you will need to get hydroponic nutrients (nutrients specially formulated for hydroponic growing). Some popular soilless mixes for growing cannabis have special nutrients, for example there are many nutrient systems made specifically for growing cannabis in coco coir.
Learn everything you need to know about cannabis nutrients:
http://www.growweedeasy.com/cannabis-nutrients
A marijuana-compatible nutrient system will contain everything your cannabis plant needs throughout the grow, and each of the systems I recommend on my cannabis nutrients page comes with a nutrient feeding chart that explains exactly how much nutrients to add at each stage, like a recipe you follow to water your plants.
Keep in mind that you should treat the nutrient feeding chart that comes with your nutrients as the maximum amount to provide to your plants. I recommend that cannabis growers who are using a new type of nutrient for the first time to start with a fraction (I usually start with half) of the recommended nutrient levels and work your way up only if you see signs of nutrient deficiencies.
Every nutrient schedule is considered a place to start, and to get the absolute best results, you may have to adjust the intensity (add more or less water) depending on what your plants tell you.
Some cannabis strains love high amounts of nutrients, while others are actually very sensitive and will do best with half the amount of nutrients as other strains. If you start at half strength, I recommend to only move up to a higher dose of nutrients if needed. Use as little nutrients as possible for each plant (without the plant showing nutrient deficiencies) to achieve the best taste in your harvested buds.
Because of this natural variation between plants, there's no one universal nutrient schedule that works for all strains, but most strains have very similar nutrient needs to each other.
Complete Tutorial: Choose the right cannabis nutrients for your setup
http://www.growweedeasy.com/cannabis-nutrients
Nutrients, continued: The Importance of Root pH
In order for your plants to be able to actually absorb the nutrients through their roots, they need the right pH of the root environment. This is especially important for any growers using liquid nutrients.
The easiest way to maintain proper pH is to test and adjust the pH of your water before you water your plants.
Complete Cannabis pH Tutorial:
http://www.growweedeasy.com/ph
Some people may get lucky and successfully grow cannabis without testing the pH of their water, but many growers using liquid nutrients who don't test for pH will start seeing signs of nutrient deficiencies and other nutrient problems.
This is because the pH actually affects the form that nutrients take. Some forms are easier for the plant to absorb that others. So that means that even if the right amounts of nutrients are present, your plants just can't absorb them if the pH is not right.
.
It's actually really easy, quick, and cheap to learn how to check and adjust the pH of your water, and will take you less than 5 minutes each time you water your plants.
Here's an Example of a pH Kit
You simply use a specially made pH kit to quickly test and and adjust the pH of your water. The results of paying attention to pH (bigger yields, more dense buds and healthy plants) speak for themselves.
A general rule of thumb is to keep a root pH that ranges from 6.0-7.0 for soil, and a pH between 5.5 - 6.5 for hydroponics. There’s no exact number you need to hit. A little bit of range is actually healthy, since different nutrients are absorbed better at different pHs.
What pH are you looking for when growing cannabis?
Soil: 6.0 - 7.0 pH
You’ve picked a very sunny and private place to grow
You have easy access to this space
You can bring water to your plants when needed
You’re sure no one else knows about the spot. As far as privacy, try leaving a few $5 bills in the area and come back a few weeks later, if the $5 bills are still around, you have some evidence that no one else has visited this spot since you left.
Indoors
Grow Space - room, grow tent, grow box, etc. Your cannabis plants need a place to grow! I recommend getting a grow tent in the size that you want if you’re not sure. They create the perfect environment for growing cannabis, and they’re actually pretty inexpensive compared to building a grow box at home.
Temperature Control - some growers get lucky and happen to have a space that’s just the right temperature. For most indoor growers, they will need a fan to vent out extra hot air from the grow lights. Some growers in cold climates will have to protect plants from cold or freezing temperatures. Discover everything you need to understand about controlling temperature in the grow room: http://www.growweedeasy.com/temperature
Growing Medium
If growing outside you most likely are going to use soil. For indoor growers, by this point you’ve chosen your growing medium of the many options available to you. Learn more about different growing mediums for cannabis here: http://www.growweedeasy.com/soil-vs-hydro-cannabis
Grow Lights
Outdoors
The sun is all you need. Make sure plants are getting 8+ hours of direct sunlight every day for the best results.
Indoors
You’ve picked a grow light for your space that excites you. Here’s some more help choosing which grow light if you’re still not sure and here’s a complete list of all the most popular cannabis grow lights: http://www.growweedeasy.com/grow-lights
You’ve tested your grow light(s), hung your grow light(s) in your grow space, and plugged them in. Learn how to install MH/HPS grow lights with a cheap exhaust system: http://www.growweedeasy.com/hps-grow-lights-setup
You’ve got your grow lights on an electrical timer . As I mentioned earlier, indoor growers should have an electrical timer to automatically turn grow lights on and off so plants get a “day” and a “night” period without you having to remember to turn the lights on and off yourself.. The simple models of lighting timers are inexpensive and can be easily found at hardware stores or online.
Nutrients
Choose the cannabis nutrients (if any) you plan on using with your cannabis plants. Learn more about nutrients here: http://www.growweedeasy.com/cannabis-nutrients
Cannabis Plants
Get your cannabis clones or order your seeds. Without any plants, growing cannabis is impossible! Learn more about where to find cannabis seeds online here (with seed shipping worldwide, including the USA, UK and Australia!):
That’s It! You’re ready to start growing!
Get Started
You’ve now got everything you need to grow your own cannabis. Let’s get started!
Germinate Seeds or Care for Clones
If you have cannabis seeds, it’s time to get them to sprout.
Basically you want to give your seeds a warm, wet place to start growing. There are many methods and techniques for germination, but I believe the easiest way to start seeds is to place them in a starter cube or seedling plug.
I use Rapid Rooters because they are easy to work with - you just stick your cannabis seed in the Rapid Rooter plug, keep your seed warm and slightly moist, and let the Rapid Rooter do its magic. Sprouts emerge and roots appear in just a few days. Once your seed has sprouted, you just stick the Rapid Rooter directly in your container or hydroponic system.
Another great option for new growers is to germinate their seeds directly in their final growing medium.
Sometimes nature's way is the easiest way. In nature, cannabis seedlings would sprout in soil, and they would emerge as their taproots start growing down.
One of the biggest benefits of planting your seed directly in the growing medium is you don't have to worry about moving young seedlings. Because seeds are already in their final resting place, they will immediately start adjusting to the environment. Every time you transplant or move a sprouted seed, it can cause stress as the young plant needs to readjust its new surroundings.
Soil - Plant seeds a knuckle deep (0.5-1 inch OR 1.3 cm - 2.5 cm) in moist yet not soaking soil. Use a light or a heating pad to keep things warm. This is one of the easiest marijuana germination methods for beginners.
Coco Coir or other soilless growing medium - Plant in a similar way to soil
Hydroponics - I highly recommend using Rapid Rooters or other hydroponic-friendly starter cubes for starting seeds in hydro systems. Just place the seed in the Rapid Rooter, and then place the plug in your system.
The first two leaves from your cannabis plant will be round (called cotyledons), but after that all the leaves will be serrated like the cannabis leaves you are probably familiar with.
Learn everything you need to know about germinating cannabis seeds here: http://www.growweedeasy.com/germinate
If you're starting with a cannabis clone, you want to treat it gently for the first day or two. It’s common for new clones to be a bit drooper, and it’s your job to make sure it stays healthy and happy. If your clone hasn't established roots yet, then you want to make sure that it stays moist and gets gentle light (like from fluorescent tubes) until it develops some roots.
New clones need to get their water through their leaves until their roots haven't formed, which is why a nice humid cloner works great. If no humidity cloner is available, some growers mist their clones a few times a day until they start forming roots. A little warmer than room temperature 72-77 °F (22-25 °C ) is great for clones. Many automatic cloners come with a heat setting.
Don't give new clones 24 hours of light, without any dark periods. This can slow down the rooting process. Rooting seems to happen best when there's some amount of darkness each day.
I recommend starting new clones on a 16/8 or 18/6 (Light/Dark) schedule when you introduce lights.
The most important thing is to keep a close eye on your new clones or seedlings until they've become well-established.
Once young plants are growing new leaves and getting taller, they are officially in the vegetative stage.
Vegetative Stage
This section will explain how to care for young cannabis plants in the vegetative stage.
When your cannabis plant first starts growing brand new leaves and stems, it marks the beginning of the vegetative stage.
The vegetative stage is a period of growth where your cannabis plant just focuses on getting strong and big. During this stage, cannabis plants will only grow leaves and stems, and will not grow any bud.
Here's what you'll find in this section about the cannabis vegetative stage:
Vegetative Light Schedules
Outdoors
Cannabis plants should be first placed outside in the Spring. The best time differs depending on where you live in the world, but as long as nights are shorter than 12 hours and days are growing longer, it should be a good time to place plants outside. If plants are placed outside too early (while nights are too long) they may start budding right away, instead of staying in the vegetative stage. Therefore make sure your days are long enough to support vegetative growth. Clones should be put out about 2-3 weeks later than seeds because they’re more prone to flowering early.
The vegetative stage is the easiest part of growing outdoors, and as long as you provide the plants with plenty of light, needed nutrients, and water, your plants should thrive.
Keep a close eye on plants for bite marks or other problems, such as bugs, caterpillars, etc.
Outdoors, the amount of time spent by the plant in the vegetative stage is determined by the sun and how long the days are. Plants that get a lot of direct sunlight can grow into trees over the course of one summer.
As the days start growing shorter in the late summer or fall, your cannabis will automatically switch to the flowering stage on its own.
The further away from the equator, the sooner cannabis will start flowering and be ready to harvest. For outdoor grow areas closer to the equator, cannabis will be ready to harvest later in the year.
Indoors
Indoor growers can keep cannabis plants in the vegetative stage for as long or short as they want by providing at least 18 hours of light a day. This is usually accomplished by putting grow lights on a timer.
Unlike outdoor growers, indoor growers have more control over the final size and shape of their plant.
Having a light period that lasts 18+ hours each day will make cannabis think that it's summer/grow time. As long as cannabis plants get 18+ hours of light a day, they will remain in the vegetative stage, growing only stems and leaves.
Use a timer to automatically turn indoor grow lights on and off
Indoor growers usually provide either a 18-6 or 24-0 light schedule during the vegetative stage of cannabis. 18-6 means 18 hours of light and 6 hours of dark each day. 24-0 means 24 hours of light with no darkness each day.
18-6 vs 24-0 Light Schedule for Indoor Growing
Some people will keep their lights on 24 hours during this stage while others will keep the lights on a schedule where they're 18 hours on and 6 hours off every day.
Which is better?
The answer depends on which grower you ask, and may even be different from plant to plant. Most weed strains are fine and will flourish when given 24 hours of light a day in the vegetative stage. Yet some strains may do better on 18/6.
If electricity costs are a big concern, you may want to consider a 18/6 light schedule in order to help keep electricity costs down. This also allows growers to use the 6 hours of darkness to help cool the grow area. If your grow area gets too hot at certain times of the day, you could set your 6 hours of darkness to happen during that time, so lights aren’t running when it’s hot.
According to the Marijuana Horticulture Bible (pg 38), research has shown that most strains of marijuana do grow faster when given 24 hours of light during the vegetative stage.
There will always be growers who feel that cannabis plants need some time with the light off (a dark period) in order to have optimal growth, while others believe that the extra hours of light are better since they give your plants slightly faster growth in veg.
However, many growers seem to agree that ruderalis ( auto-flowering ) strains of marijuana grow fastest when given just 18 hours of light a day. So if you are growing auto strains, you may want to consider an 18-6 light schedule.
I personally keep my lights on and 18-6 schedule (18 hours of light, 6 hours of dark) for all my plants during the vegetative stage. It's easy and my cannabis plants grow fast and healthy. Some delicate strains and autoflowering strains seem to get stressed by a 24-hour light period, and I believe many strains seem to grow healthier with a cool dark period every day.
However, I used to grow using 24 hours of light a day for my cannabis plants in veg, and they grew just fine. 24 hours of light/day provides somewhat faster growth than an 18/6 schedule because plants are getting more light to make energy. It’s up to you to decide which light schedule is best for you. Both work great.
Daily Care in the Vegetative Stage
In the vegetative stage, your job is simple. Cannabis plants grow fast and are tough in the vegetative stage.
To keep your cannabis happy and healthy, you need to do the following
Provide water - Water plants when top inch of soil feels dry to the touch. In containers, make sure water can drain freely out the bottom. In a hydro setup, there will always be plenty of water.
Nutrients - if providing nutrients, start using the included nutrient schedule at ½ strength, and only raise to higher levels of nutrients if needed. Simply add the directed amount nutrients to your water before giving it to plants or adding to reservoir. Manage pH levels if using liquid nutrients.
Provide light - Keep plants in sun or use your vegetative grow light as directed. Simply turn grow lights on and keep at the recommended distance from the top of your plants. Outdoors plants will continue vegetating until days start growing short. Indoors plants will stay in the vegetative stage as long as they’re getting 18+ hours of light a day
Not too cold, not too hot - Vegetative cannabis plants prefer a comfortable room temperature or slightly warmer. 70-85°F (20-30°C) is great. Avoid low humidity in the vegetative stage if possible. Never allow plants to experience freezing temps
Air circulation - Make sure cannabis gets a constant supply of fresh air so plants get the CO2 they need to grow, and keep air moving so there are no hot spots and leaves are always moving/rustling. Outdoors you may want to put up wind breaks if it gets too windy so plants aren’t being waved around.
Some things to look out for during your first grow:
Strange coloring or spotting in your leaves. It is normal a few older and lower leaves to turn yellow or brown and die as the plant matures. It is also normal for all the leaves to start turning yellow in the last week or two before harvest time as your plant pulls nitrogen from the leaves into the mature buds. Other than those exceptions, your leaves (optimally) should always look green and healthy during the whole grow.
Keep an eye out for leaves that are falling off, curling up or dying at a rate of more than a couple of leaves every few days. If your plant is losing more leaves than it's growing, you know there's a problem.
Any sort of rotten or bad smell often indicates bacteria, mold, or rotting. Investigate your system to see if you can find the source of the bad smell. If your plants are starting to smell pretty skunky towards the end of your flowering stage, that's totally normal.
Keep an eye out for signs of mold on your buds or leaves. If you see something on your leaves or buds that does not look like trichomes, you may be seeing the first signs of mold. A common mold looks like white powder on your leaves and is known as "Powdery White Mildew."
Very slow growth means that something is wrong. Use this 7-step checklist to figure out what it is: http://www.growweedeasy.com/7-step-cure
Keep an eye out for "stretching" or when your plant grows very tall with a lot of space between nodes, as opposed to getting bushy and growing lots of leaves. This usually indicates that the plant needs more light and is trying to "reach" for the sun.
Look out for any signs of bugs including mucus trails, eggs, spots, etc.
Watch out for any other signs your plant isn't growing vibrant and healthy.
Don't worry about every little thing, but if you feel like your plant may be having some sort of problem, try to identify what it is and fix it as soon as possible! Many times a problem can be fixed if it's caught in the early stages, and won't have an effect on yields.
How often do I water my plants?
Seedlings may need less water at a time until they are growing vigorously. Especially if young plants are in a big container, avoid giving a lot of water at a time until the plants starts growing faster. Once plant is growing new leaves and stems regularly, start watering using the techniques explained below.
Water plants when soil feels dry up to your first knuckle.
How to water cannabis properly...
Wait until the top of the growing medium is dry about an inch deep (up to your first knuckle - just use your finger to poke a hole in the soil and see if it feels dry).
Add water until you see at least 20% extra runoff water drain out the bottom of your pot. Go back to step 1. Note: If water takes a long time to come out the bottom, or if pots take longer than 5 days to dry out before the next watering, you may actually have a problem with drainage
Some growers also use the "lift the pot" method to decide when to water your plants (basically wait until your pot feels "light" since the plants have used up all the water). It's up to you to decide what's easier for you.
Learn more about watering plants perfectly every time:
http://www.growweedeasy.com/how-often-water-marijuana
Is My Temperature Okay?
Vegetative cannabis plants prefer a comfortable room temperature or slightly warmer. 70-85°F (20-30°C) is great. Avoid low humidity in the vegetative stage if possible.
Make sure to always check the temperature as experienced by your plants, not the ambient room temperature. Check the temperature directly under the light where the top of your plants are located. If temperature feels too hot for your hand after 10 seconds, it’s too hot for your cannabis and you need to take steps to bring the temperature lower. If it’s just a hot spot, you can use small fans to disperse the heat and provide good air circulation in the room.
Cannabis plants cannot stand cold temperatures. Freezing temps can kill cannabis. So if plants are kept in a cold area (for example a basement), take steps to prevent the plants or roots from getting too cold. Grow lights will help keep the plant warm, but make sure the bottoms of the plants have a protective barrier from anything that might be too cold.
Vegetative cannabis plants prefer a comfortable room temperature or slightly warmer. 70-85°F (20-30°C) is great. Avoid low humidity in the vegetative stage if possible.
Learn more about temperature for the vegetative stage of cannabis:
http://www.growweedeasy.com/temperature#seedling-and-vegetative-stage
What if I run into problems?
It's important to keep a close eye on your personal garden during your first couple of grows, and it is inevitable that you will make some sort of mistake or have some sort of problem with your plants.
No grower ever has a “perfect” grow
A good grower always keeps a close eye on their plants, so they can catch and correct any issues before the plant is permanently damaged.
It’s okay to make mistakes. Just keep an eye out and fix them!
Marijuana plants are very resilient, especially in the vegetative stage. As long as you fix any problem that is hurting them, they will usually bounce back quickly and go on to produce fine buds. Problems or nutrient deficiencies that happen to cannabis in the vegetative stage do not have much effect on flowering/budding as long as issues are corrected right away
Here’s a list of marijuana problems, symptoms and cures: http://www.growweedeasy.com/marijuana-symptoms
Plant Training
Plant training is not crucial to success. You can get to harvest without training your plants. But plant training is crucial to getting the best yields from your grow lights. Outdoors, growers may want to train plants to grow short and wide, so they stay out of sight while producing a big yield.
Cannabis growers often want cannabis plants to grow into a certain size and shape to produce the best yields. The best time to train your cannabis plant is in the vegetative stage. There is very little plant training that can be done in the flowering stage.
So if you have special space requirements, make sure you learn about training your plants before they get too big!
As a grower, you have a lot of control over the final size and shape. Plant training techniques allow you to create a cannabis plant that grows the way you want.
A cannabis plant that is trained to grow short and wide takes full advantage of indoor grow lights.
Notice how each of the colas are about the same size, since the plant was trained so that all colas received the same amount of light.
Common cannabis training techniques:
Defoliation (Advanced Only)
No matter how well you train your plants, some grow patterns are going to be determined by your plant's genes, especially in the flowering stage. You can control the genetics by choosing to start with a great strain , and plant training will give you the tools you need to get your cannabis to grow the way you want, so you get the best yields possible.
Learn About All Cannabis Training Techniques Here:
How long should cannabis plants be kept in the vegetative stage?
When growing indoors, the length of time to keep your plant in the vegetative stage will vary with how big you want your final plant to be. The longer your plant stays in the vegetative stage, the bigger it will get.
Some people will turn their cannabis plants over to flowering when they're barely more than a seedling while others will wait until the plant is much larger, after several months.
A cannabis plant can stay in the vegetative stage for virtually forever, and plants can be kept in the vegetative stage for years if given enough hours of light each day. This is often how growers keep great genetics - they’ll keep a “mother plant” in the vegetative stage, and take clones off the plant when needed.
Many indoor growers believe that it's better to make many smaller plants and harvest often as opposed to having large plants and harvesting infrequently.
If you are trying to keep your plants smaller, you will want to keep them in the vegetative stage for a shorter amount of time. For bigger plants, let them stay in the vegetative stage for longer until they’ve reached the size you want. The time spent in the vegetative stage is a big part of what sets the final height of the plant at harvest.
A good rule of thumb is to let your plants stay in the vegetative stage until it reaches about half its final height. Cannabis plants often double in height after the switch to the flowering stage. The amount of “flowering stretch” is dependent on your strain, which is why it’s important to have picked a strain that suits your needs.
A strain that is labeled...
Short - usually stretches less than double the height after switch to flowering stage
Average - may double in height after switch to flowering stage
Tall - may double or triple in height after switch to the flowering stage
Flowering Stage
The cannabis "flowering stage" is when your female weed plants start to grow flowers (buds) and your male plants reveal themselves by growing pollen sacs that look like little balls.
Your plants will start flowering in response to the amount of light they get each day. As long as your cannabis plants receive a 12+ hour dark period every day, plants will stay in the flowering stage until harvest.
In the flowering stage, your cannabis plants will reveal their gender. Male plants grow "pollen sacs" (looks like bunches of grapes), and female plants grow wispy white hairs (pistils) at the joints of the plant.
Here's what cannabis pre-flowers look like for male and female plants:
How can I tell if my plant is male or female? (more pics)
When Does Flowering Start?
Outdoors
If you're growing outdoors, your cannabis will naturally start flowering when the days start getting shorter.
Make sure plants don't get any light during their nights. If the dark period is interrupted at night (for example, by spotlights, street lights, etc), then they plant may never start flowering, or may revert back to the vegetative stage if it’s already started flowering.
Plants that get light during their dark period may even turn into a hermie, a plant with both male and female parts (which you don’t want).
Learn more about hermies here: http://www.growweedeasy.com/hermie-plant-buds-balls
Indoors
Indoor growers need to change their light schedule to to 12 hours on and 12 hours off to get marijuana plants to start the flowering stage. This is usually accomplished by changing your lighting timer to a 12-12 schedule so lights automatically turn off for 12 hours a day.
You can pretty much pick any time to be their new 'morning.' If you're concerned about your electricity usage, you may be able to get cheaper electricity rates at night so it may be beneficial to have your plant's 'day' time be at night. If you have trouble with heat from your lights, it may also be easier to keep your grow room cool if the lights only turn on at night.
When changing from the vegetative stage to the flowering stage, what's most important is to make sure your plants get 12 hours of completely uninterrupted darkness each day.
Changing the light schedule indoors makes your plants “think” that winter is approaching, which is why they start making buds. Just like with outdoor plants, make sure that plants don't get any light during their 12 hours of "off" time. Light leaks can be a big problem during the flowering stage. If you do not maintain consistent night periods, your plants can stop flowering and revert back to the vegetative stage, or even turn into a hermaphrodite.
A hermaphrodite, or “hermie,” is a plant with both male and female parts (which you don’t want). Hermies grow sex organs of both genders, so female plants start growing male pollen sacs which can cause pollination and seedy buds.
Learn more about hermies here: http://www.growweedeasy.com/hermie-plant-buds-balls
If you must visit your plants during their night period, it's best to get a green light either from a garden or hardware store in order to not disturb your plants during their 'slumber.'
The reason a green light works at night is because plants reflect back green light instead of absorbing it (hence their green color). Phytochrome, the photoreceptors that cannabis uses to tell whether it’s “day” or “night” is not sensitive to the green spectrum of light. Therefore a green light is pretty much 'invisible' to your plants and won’t affect their dark periods.
The flowering stage is one of the most exciting parts of marijuana growing, but it is also the toughest stage life life for cannabis. While budding, plants are more prone to issues, for example during the flowering stage your plant is much more likely to suffer from nutrient problems even if you’re doing everything the same as you were during the vegetative stage.
It’s very important to stay on top of problems in the flowering stage!
If there's a nutrition problem in the vegetative stage, the plant will just keep growing new leaves to replace any that are lost, but towards the end of the flowering stage, the plant stops making new leaves altogether while it's focusing on make huge buds.
Therefore, if your leaves get burnt or discolored towards the end of the flowering stage, your plant won't be able to grow any replacements and you'll be stuck with your burnt or discolored leaves until the end.
Leaves that are not green and healthy will absorb less light so it's important to try to maintain plenty of green, healthy leaves in order to produce buds.
However, if you do experience some problems, don't worry too much. As long as your buds remain intact, and you have enough leaves to get you to harvest, you will still produce amazing quality buds.
And when you're growing weed it's TOTALLY normal to start getting yellow, beat-up looking leaves during the last few weeks of the flowering stage.
Because your plant is at its tallest/biggest during the flowering stage, it can be difficult to provide enough light to the whole plant during this stage, especially when growing indoors. This is a shame because the amount of buds you get in the end is directly proportional to the amount of light the plant receives during the flowering stage. This is why it’s so important you trained plants properly in the vegetative stage.
In the flowering stage, if any part of the plant's green foliage appears dark or shadowed, then you know that the shadowy areas are not getting enough light. It’s important that leaves and bud sites are exposed to plenty of bright light to make sure buds grow as big as they can.
Buds that don't get light do not grow much at all. Buds that are lower on the plant, or in the middle of the plant without much access to light and air will tend to stay small.
It is tough for many new growers to be patient and wait until their plant is ready to harvest.
Many new growers cut their cannabis down too early in excitement, which is a huge waste after spending so long caring for the plant. I completely understand though, I've been there.
You see your plant is growing buds and it can be tempting to want to harvest your buds as soon as possible. I urge you to be patient during this stage. A few weeks of growing could be the difference between getting a half-strength bud or getting a bud that is at full potency, so it is important to try to wait until just the right time to harvest.
Initial Growth Spurt (flowering “stretch)
When cannabis reaches the flowering (budding) stage, different strains tend to start growing more differently from each other.
When strains are well-matched, they will tend to stretch about the same amount as each other.
Some strains grow very tall after being switched to flowering, doubling or tripling their height (or more). Other strains stay short and squat after being switched to flowering, and may not stretch much at all.
What to expect for the “flowering stretch?”
A strain that is labeled...
Short - usually stretches less than double the height after switch to flowering stage
Average - may double in height after switch to flowering stage
Tall - may double or triple in height after switch to the flowering stage
As you enter flowering, the genetics begin to really show.
Let Me Show You: These plants were grown together. The one of the right starts out a bit taller, and grows just a little lankier than the other one. But generally they've stayed about the same height for the vegetative stage. Now look what happens when they get switched over to the flowering stage...
Mismatched Cannabis Strains Are Not Effective
at Using Indoor Grow Lights
Always prepare for the Flowering Stretch!
Bud Growth (and how to increase yields)
You’ve already set things up with the strain you chose and the plant training you did in the vegetative stage.
Now it’s time to focus on what you can do to improve bud growth and yields in the flowering stage.
Expose Buds Sites: One thing that can help you get better yields is to expose your bud sites to more air and light. Some growers tuck leaves away, while other remove leaves that are covering buds sites. Try to get the buds as much light and air exposure as possible, but avoid damaging or over-stressing the plant.
Defoliation (removing leaves) is a highly controversial technique for growing cannabis. It’s important the new growers do not defoliate leaves until they’ve made it past their first harvest.
Though defoliation can help open up bud sites, it’s common for new growers to pull too many leaves, which will hurt yields later in the flowering stage. Cannabis uses leaves to make energy, and if it doesn’t have enough leaves it won’t be able to make enough energy to grow and fatten up buds.
Give Plenty of Light: Giving the maximum amount of brightness to your plants will improve your yields by giving your plant more energy to grow. It’s important not to go overboard though, as too much light can actually light-burn your plants.
The highest-yielding cannabis grow lights for the flowering stage are HPS grow lights. Many growers use an HPS grow light in the flowering stage to get bigger yields.
5 Ways to Increase Yields Indoors with Any Strain:
http://www.growweedeasy.com/5-tips-increase-yields-growing-indoors
Avoid Nutrients with Too Much Nitrogen During Budding: It’s important to switch to a flowering or “bloom” formula of nutrients during the cannabis flowering stage, which tend to be lower in nitrogen and higher in phosphorus. Nutrients made for the vegetative stage of growth contain too much nitrogen, which can hinder bud development. So avoid giving your plant a standard nutrient formula in the flowering stage, especially nutrients high in nitrogen (nitrogen is the first number listed on nutrient bottles).
Keep Nutrient Levels Low As You Approach Harvest: Many growers seem to get this idea that more nutrients = more buds. They might start ramping up on nutrients as harvest is coming, in an attempt to get bigger buds. This is not a great strategy.
While cannabis plants use a lot of nutrients in the first month following the switch to flower, your cannabis plants will slowly start needing less and less nutrients as they approach harvest. It can be a good idea to slowly start easing down on the amount of nutrients being provided about halfway through the flowering stage, just a little bit at a time.
Many growers also “flush” their plants by giving them just plain water for the last few weeks before harvest. By keeping nutrient levels relatively low during the second half of the flowering stage, you are preventing nutrient build-up in the plant that could possibly affect the taste of the buds, or prevent proper bud development. As long as your plant is not showing signs of nutrient deficiencies in the first month or two of flowering, you’re providing enough nutrients. Avoid supplements or bud ripening formulas that provide extra nutrients!
In magazines and online, flowering cannabis plants are almost always pictured 2-4 weeks before harvest. This is because leaves start dying and the plants stop looking as picture-perfect as harvest approaches. In the last 2-4 weeks before harvest, it’s normal for the plant leaves to slowly start dying away, just like the leaves of trees in the fall. This isn’t a sign to increase nutrients; it’s a natural part of the plant aging process, and buds will continue to ripen until harvest time.
Control Growing Environment: In the vegetative stage, cannabis plants tend to be able to thrive in many environments. In the flowering stage, plants start being a little more picky about the environment. What helps a lot with bud development is to control the temperature and humidity of the grow area. Most importantly, avoid too-hot temps! Too much heat can burn off terpenes, which reduces the taste/smell of your buds permanently. There’s also some evidence that too-high temps can actually burn off potency too. In the flowering stage, strive for temps that range from 65-80°F (18-26°C). It’s better to have slightly cooler temps at night than during the day, as long as the temperature stays in that range. Keep low humidity if you can because low humidity in the flowering stage reduces the chance of mold and increases trichome development.
Harvest Buds at the Correct Time: Harvesting too early is one of the best ways to reduce your yields, and is a common mistake for new growers. Cannabis plants fatten their buds up considerably in the last few weeks before harvest, and this last-minute budding adds a lot of extra weight to your final yields.
When to Harvest
This section will teach you about harvest time; when are cannabis buds ready for harvest?
This is the Short Version - Read the Complete Tutorial on Choosing the Right Time to Harvest Here:
The Science: Why do we harvest cannabis when we do?
If you ask people what the main ingredient in marijuana is, everyone says THC.
However, marijuana actually contains several different substances which produce the desired effects including something known as CBD. There is another well-known cannabinoid known as CBN.
How do THC, CBD & CBN relate to cannabis potency?
http://www.growweedeasy.com/thc-cbd-cbn-when-to-harvest-marijuana
When people talk about different effects from using different types of marijuana, they're actually talking about variations in the plant chemistry and the ratio of these different substances to each other.
Harvesting a marijuana plant on the early side will tend to produce bud which gives you more of a buzzed, in-your-head experience. However, early-harvested buds give some people anxiety, as well as headaches.
Way too early to harvest - can give some people anxiety or headaches
Harvesting a bit later will give your bud more of that stony, relaxed sort of feeling that makes your eyelids feel heavy.
If you harvest your plant after it's already past the peak point of ripeness, than your bud will not be strong and will cause you to feel extra sleepy.
Thankfully, there is a relatively long window of time where cannabis can be harvested, depending on the strain.
Some growers harvest after only 2 months of flowering, while others wait as long as 4 months or more. The amount of time needed in the flowering stage before harvest is heavily dependent on strain and personal preference.
This cannabis bud is ready for harvest
It's important to pay attention to the cannabis while it's growing, and also figure out what works for you. However, there are some general rules to follow.
Quick note before you harvest your plants: For better tasting buds, some people recommend changing how you feed your cannabis during the last two weeks before harvest, as follows…
Some people stop providing nutrients to their cannabis for the last two weeks before harvest in order to let the plant flush out any extra nutrient buildup or salts that may lead to a chemical nutrient taste.
Some growers also feed their marijuana plants one teaspoon of blackstrap molasses per gallon of water during the last two weeks to help produce bigger and tastier buds.
The molasses contains sugars to help bulk up your buds. Many of the “bud ripening” supplements on the market today are mostly made of sugar.
Even if you stop adding nutrients to your water for the last two weeks, you still want to pH your water so the plant can access any leftover nutrients that are still available in your growing medium.
Flushing is Giving Plants Only Plain Water For Days or Weeks Before Harvest
When to Harvest Your Weed
There are several techniques to be able to look at your plant and tell if it's ready to harvest.
One method to find out if your cannabis is ready for harvest is to look at the little white hairs (pistils) that have been growing out of your bud.
These little hairs are actually the pistils for the bud flowers (marijuana bud is actually just a bunch of little flowers called calyxes all clustered together).
When the hairs first appear, they are all white. As time goes on, with most cannabis strains the pistils start to curl in and darken.
These hairs turn yellow, red, or brown, or even purple or pink, depending partially on the strain, and partially on growing conditions.
A general rule of thumb is to harvest when 50-75% of the hairs have changed color, though each strain is different, and that's just a rough guideline. Some strains (for example White Widow) tend to stay mostly white even as they approach harvest.\
No matter what, if it's your first grow, you probably want to wait a few weeks longer than you expect. There will be lots of times where it seems like the cannabis buds are getting close to being done, then they will suddenly grow a whole bunch of new white pistils.
It's hard to be patient and wait for the pistils to turn, but doing so will also result in much bigger yields since the buds have extra time to fatten up. And remember, if you harvest too early, your buds won't be as potent.
While I like waiting until nearly all the pistils have turned, many others prefer to harvest sooner than that and they get great results too! You need to figure out what is optimal for you and your body.
Just remember that there is a 2-week range where marijuana can be harvested, so you do have a little wiggle room.
Quick and Dirty Method: Look at the Pistils
This method looks at the hairs (“pistils”) on a growing cannabis bud to try to determine harvest time. This method is not as exact as the trichome method explained below, but gives growers a way to start guessing when their buds might be ready, especially if they don’t have a magnifier available.
Wait until your buds have mostly stopped growing new, white hairs. By this point your buds should be fragrant (the whole grow room will likely smell like marijuana), plump and 'filled out'
After new white hairs stop growing, wait until at least 40% of the white hairs have changed color (darkened) and are curling in. This marks the potential beginning of the harvest window. Buds harvested now are not yet at full potency, and will tend to have more of a speedy effect.
Harvest when 50-75% of the hairs have darkened for highest THC levels
Harvest when 80-90% of the hairs have darkened for more a couchlock, anti-anxiety effect (some of the THC has turned into the more relaxing CBN)
Much Too Young to Harvest
Accurate Method: Look at the Trichomes
Just looking at the plants is not always precise enough especially when a plant is growing in an unexpected ways as you approach harvest time.
When you're not familiar with your particular strain, or don't want to risk guessing, you can use a magnifier to look closely at the trichomes to pick the perfect harvest time. In Europe these trichomes are called “resin glands.” Trichomes are the 'crystals' or ‘glitter’ you see accumulating on your bud/leaves during the flowering stage. These trichomes are what contain the majority of cannabinoids (the good stuff) in your buds, and they change in appearance as harvest time approaches.
The cannabis trichome method is the most precise way of deciding when to harvest your cannabis plants. Growers can look at the glandular stalked trichomes on the buds under a magnifier, and this gives you the information you need to know the best time to harvest for your needs.
A bit of random trivia for you: These trichomes are supposed to taste bad to animals and deter them from eating the marijuana plant but many cats love the taste of these trichomes! You will notice that some cats will trick to lick or chew the leaves and buds of your flowering marijuana plant after they get a taste. Therefore if you have cats, make sure you keep them far away from your plants after they've started flowering!
The trichomes look like little mushrooms under a 30x-60x power, illuminated microscope. For harvest, you want to pay attention to the trichomes that look like the little mushrooms.
You'll also see tiny, clear hair-like trichomes without the mushroom head, these aren't important to potency so just ignore these ones.
Here's a simple picture guide which breaks down when to harvest your weed based on the color of the trichomes.
(some strains trichomes turn purple or pink instead of amber/gold/yellow)
Here’s videos showing trichomes of two of my cannabis plants just before harvest. In this case most of the trichomes are cloudy, with a few ambers here and there.
A digital microscope that takes video works even better than a jeweler's loupe since you get a much clearer pic of the trichomes. These buds are ready to harvest.
We took these videos using the Carson zOrb hooked up to a laptop. So far this seems to be the most accurate way to look at trichomes (and you can make the picture big so you're not squinting through a tiny jeweler's loupe)
I was able to take this video using a digital magnifier that connects to my computer, but many growers use jeweler’s loupes and other types of magnifiers to see the trichomes.
Here's some general rules about trichomes, hairs, and harvesting.
If white "hairs" are almost all sticking straight out and trichomes are all still translucent (clear) then your plant is too young and not ready for harvest. Harvesting now will result in low yield and non-potent harvests.
The beginning of the harvest window opens when your plant has stopped growing new white "hairs" or pistils and at least 40% of the white hairs have darkened and curled in.
Highest level of THC is when many/most of the trichomes have turned milky white / cloudy (when viewed under a magnifier). Trichomes that are milky have the highest levels of THC and contribute to a more euphoric 'head high.'
The end of the harvest window is when the trichomes have become a darker color (usually amber/gold). The amber/yellow trichomes contribute to a 'body high' because some of the THC has converted into less psychoactive CBN, which has calming and anti-anxiety effects. With some strains the trichomes will even turn red or purple!
When trichomes start looking grey or withered, the harvest window has passed.
Due to this general principles, some people who want more of a 'head high' tend to harvest their buds earlier, such as when the trichomes are part clear/ part milky or mostly cloudy/milky.
For the "strongest" buds with the most psychoactive effects, harvest when nearly all trichomes are cloudy/milky.
For relaxing, more anti-anxiety buds, wait until some of the cloudy trichomes have darkened to amber.
When growing your own, I recommend sampling buds off your plant at different stages to get an idea what your preference is.
Don’t Harvest Too Early!
The hardest part of growing for many new growers is waiting for the right time to harvest.
There is a strong tendency to harvest the plant early due to excitement.
If you are feeling excited about harvesting your plant, then takes branches off the lower part of the plant that look the most done and dry them and check the potency for yourself.
Harvesting the buds in stages (starting off slowly with small batches) can really help abate the excitement.
Remember, 2 months is the minimum length of the flowering stage while your cannabis is growing buds. Some strains of cannabis need to be flowered for a solid 3-4 months or more before they're ready for harvest.
Advice on using illuminated hand-held microscope: When using an illuminated microscope for the first time, my advice is to actually cut a piece of bud off the plant. You can try to look at the trichomes on the live plant but it can be a bit difficult.
If possible, put the piece of bud down on something stable such as a table. At that point, you want to take the microscope and push down relatively hard in a place where there are trichomes (on the bud is besst). Once the microscope is firmly pressed on the the plant, you can adjust the microscope focus to be able to see the trichomes.
As long as you keep the plant still and the microscope pressing down hard on the plant, you should be able to just twist the focus until all the trichomes just 'pop' into your vision. After a while, you get used to using the microscope and it gets easier.
Trimming, Drying & Curing
You've mastered how to grow weed indoors, and you're so close to the finish line, but at harvest you’re still not quite done. You still need to trim, dry and cure your buds before they will be ready to use.
You first cut down your plant to prepare it for the drying and curing processes.
"Curing" is the act of drying your buds slowly to preserve and enhance their taste and smell.
Curing technically starts when the plant stops getting water. From that moment on, your plant is drying and beginning the curing process. That means your plant is already beginning to cure while it’s being dried.
A proper dry/cure will get rid of the green/grassy smell of newly harvested buds, which can make them harsh, and allows the marijuana smell and taste to re-emerge.
Read the Complete Tutorial Here:
http://www.growweedeasy.com/curing
Drying: How to Trim & Dry Newly Harvested Cannabis
If you prepare your marijuana buds the proper way, you will ensure the smoothest, best-tasting result. I will describe a simple and easy, yet effective method below.
You can hang the entire plant but the drying process will go much faster if you cut off branches or individual buds from the plant and then hang up your pieces of bud to dry.
You will need to trim the leaves near the bud but remember that you can make edibles, hash oil or canna caps from the small leaves that grow close to the bud. While you should cut off these extra leaves during the trimming process, you don't necessarily want to throw them away.
Some growers choose to trim their buds before drying, and some trim their buds after they've already been dried. It is less convenient to trim buds after they're dried, but it will slow down the drying speed if the leaves are left on during the drying process. Optimally want to dry your buds slow, so this may be a good technique if you live in a very dry climate.
I recommend always trimming buds BEFORE drying, unless you have a pressing reason not to. Trimming buds after drying is very difficult.
After you have cut off and trimmed your buds, you hang them upside down in a cool. dark place with plenty of ventilation so that they can dry out.
Make sure to space your buds evenly without touching each other so they can dry out properly without molding. Very humid air or too much moisture during the drying process is your enemy because it can cause mold.
60% humidity is optimal when buds are spread out and not touching each other, though most of us are at the mercy of our drying environments.
If you want to ensure a perfect dry/cure every time, follow this guide: http://www.growweedeasy.com/curing
You can use a humidifier or dehumidifier to adjust the humidity if you're serious about drying your buds right. With a 60% level of humidity in the air, it will take several (4-10) days for your buds to finish drying all the way. At lower humidities, your drying will go much faster, so you need to watch buds closely and pull them down before they get overdried.
Drying as slowly as possible without mold will give you the highest quality buds, as this enhances the curing process.
Where to Hang Buds?
Basically you can hang buds upside down anywhere you want. This is a time to use your creative skills!
An easy way to hang your buds to dry is pin them to coat hangers using clothes pins and simply hand the coat hangers in a closet.
You can also place them on mesh drying racks. These are a good choice for a humid environment, or if you plan on drying a lot of fresh bud together in a small space. By removing the buds from the stems and putting them on a mesh rack, they will dry a lot more quickly than if they were hung upside down with the buds still on the stems.
If you're not sure where to hang your drying cannabis buds, a closet works great. The inside of your grow space or grow tent can also be a really nice choice.
A lot of growers hand their buds in their closets, or even across their living room on string.
I personally hang my trimmed cannabis buds in my grow tent which was holding my now-harvested plants. A grow tent is a great place to dry cannabis, with a controlled environment and many places to hang bud.
Curing: How to Cure Your Dried Cannabis Buds
Drying is the first part of the pot curing process. It’s important to take drying cannabis down at the right time to get the best results from curing.
When the buds still have moisture in the center, their stems will bend without breaking when you apply pressure to the stem. Once the plants are dried to the middle, the stems will begin to snap instead of bend.
Your marijuana buds are ready for the next stage of the curing process once the small stems snap, but the thicker ones don’t.
Check your drying buds several times a day - don’t let them get overdried!
Use your thumb to gently bend a few stems
Once the smaller stems "snap" when you bend them, it’s time to start the curing process.
At this point, the thicker stems should still be bendy, and won’t snap if you bend them. The bendiness means the bigger stems still contain moisture, which will be needed in the next part of the curing process.
You want to be careful of over-drying your weed, or buds will crumble when you try to break it up. If this happens, some growers recommend ways to re-moisten the buds with water and hang them to dry again, but this may not help. Cannabis bud seems to cure best if you dry it out slowly one time, and re-misting also means there is a greater opportunity for mold to grow.
Many people growing weed for the first time accidentally hurt their cure by drying their buds too fast. This is why it’s important to keep an eye on your buds closely during the curing process. When the buds are dried past a certain moisture level, they can no longer be "cured" anymore.
After the marijuana buds have dried, it's time to cure the bud. This is done by placing the dried buds in quart-sized mason jars.
Buds that have not fully dried all the way are placed in mason jars to begin the curing process.
The curing process is a delicate dance of trying to maintain enough moisture to continue curing the buds, but not enough moisture to promote mold. You try to keep things just right.
You're looking to keep the humidity around 60% in your jars during the curing process. A hygrometer will help.
Why Do We Need to Cure Marijuana Buds?
The purpose of curing is to improve the quality and taste of your buds when you smoke it.
Almost all marijuana enthusiasts agree that the best smell and flavor is obtained after the marijuana has been cured for some length of time.
Many pot growers, including me, also believe that curing your buds for at least 2-4 weeks actually improves the apparent potency. This may have to do with what happens to the cannabis terpenoids during the drying/curing process (terpenoids are produced by cannabis plants and affect the taste/smell of the bud - there's some evidence they may also change/improve the potency of buds too).
Yes, that's right, curing buds actually seems to make buds more potent! This may be due to changes that happen to the cannabinoids during the curing process.
However, curing for more than 6 months does not continue to add potency. I personally cure buds for 1-3 months. After that, I'm more concerned with long-term storage of the buds.
How to Cure Your Dried Buds: Step-By-Step
To cure your freshly dried buds, just put them in a tightly-closed jar in a cool dark place.
A quart-sized mason jar works great.
Each jar should be about 70-80% full after you’ve added the buds. Close the jars. You will be spending the next few weeks monitoring your buds in the jars, and in about 2 weeks, they will be ready for use!
The best cure will happen if you can keep a very close eye on your buds throughout the cure and allow them to finish drying as slowly as possible.
Hint: Use a Hygrometer To Track Moisture! The easiest way to track the relative moisture content and ensure a perfect cure every time is to keep your curing buds in mason jars with a hygrometer inside. Learn more in the curing tutorial: http://www.growweedeasy.com/curing
So you’ve put your buds in jars. If buds ever feel wet during the curing process, it means you need to release extra moisture from the jar. It’s common for buds to feel wet 12-24 hours after being put in jars, but it's okay.
During the first few weeks of curing, you will want to open the jars once a day for a couple of seconds to get fresh air in your jars and release any moisture that's built up. Some moisture is still stored in the stems of your buds, even after buds seem mostly dry, and once you start curing the buds, any remaining moisture will spread out evenly through the plant and come to the surface. You know this has happened when you check on curing buds, and they seem like they're moist again.
Whenever the outsides of buds feel wet, simply open the tops of your jars and allow the buds to be exposed to air until buds feel dry on the outside. It may take 10 minutes, or it may take a few hours depending on how wet the buds are. This will allow your buds to drying slowly, just enough to remove extra moisture trapped in the jar. There needs to be moisture for the curing process to continue, but buds should never be allowed to feel wet on the outside or they are more likely to be attacked by mold.
Many growers who don't check buds often enough may end up growing mold and ruining their crop just before it's ready. Yuck.
If you open the jar and it smells really funky (not a good funky), there may be hidden moisture in some of your buds which may not have dried completely and could be in the beginning stages of growing mold due to the moisture.
This especially tends to happen with big fat buds that were cut off the main cola. I generally recommend trashing any buds you suspect may have mold. Your health just isn't worth it.
For the first 2 weeks of curing: Open your jars for a few seconds regularly. This can be done 1-3 times/day, but open all jars at least once each day.
From 2 weeks and on: Open jars at least once/week after that. If buds are wet or moist when you open the jars, then keep opening them every day until they have felt dry to the touch every day for at least a week.
Buds are usually considered "done" curing after 2-4 weeks, though many growers continue curing for longer. I usually let my buds cure for 3-6 months, as they seem to get more potent as time goes on.
It's so important to regularly check on your buds as they're curing and drying, especially if you're not monitoring the humidity, this process of "burping" the jars regularly actually helps curing happen more effectively..
I encourage you to keep your buds in their curing jars until you use them, but if you have a lot of buds, make sure you take out at least 3 weeks worth of bud at a time so you're not constantly going in your jars and accidentally drying out your beautiful bud.
Some people only cure their bud for 1-2 weeks total while other cure their bud for 1-2 months or more. Because you need to open the jar regularly, you can always sample some as it's curing to get a feel for whether it's done or not.
Buds continue curing for up to 6 months. At that point, they will not gain any more benefits from further curing, and you should start thinking about long-term storage. For long term storage of cannabis buds, add fresh Boveda humidipaks to each quart-sized jar (bigger jars aren't suitable for long-term storage), and place jars in a cool, dry place. Check on buds at least once/month.
Different people have different preferences, but luckily you can 'test out' your buds at any stage of curing, to figure out what works best for you.
Temperature
In general, cannabis plants enjoy temperatures in the same general range that humans like, perhaps a little warmer.
If a temperature is too hot or cold for a human to comfortable hang out in, it probably is too hot or too cold for your weed.
Depending on the type of grow lights used, the lights will probably raise the temperature of your grow space, which is something you should consider when creating your grow area.
Cannabis likes temperatures from about 70-85 degrees F (20-30 degrees C). Bigger and more powerful lights will raise the temperature more, and smaller grow areas will be more prone to temperature fluctuations due to the lights.
Learn how to control temperature in the grow room: http://www.growweedeasy.com/temperature
Regarding humidity, grow areas should not be particularly damp or dry.
Optimum humidity levels are from 40-60% though cannabis can stand a higher or lower humidity.
Cannabis kept in lower humidity conditions will drink more water, while cannabis in high humidity conditions will collect water through the leaves and drink less through the roots.
Cannabis tends to prefer a more humid environment - about 60% relative humidity - in the seedling, vegetative, and early flowering stages. However, towards the end of the florwering stage, cannabis will do better in a drier environment.
Excessive humidity at any stage can cause problems with mildew and mold (like the common, dreaded "white powdery mold." Too-high humidity is anything above 60-70%. Some strains are especially prone to mold at high humidity.
On the flip side, extra dry air is often associated with finicky plants that get easily stressed for no reason, especially for younger marijuana plants.
Therefore if you have unexplainable problems with your plants, and you know your grow area is very dry or humid, try investing in a humidifier or dehumidifier.
You may be surprised how often fixing the humidity fixes mysterious marijuana plant problems.
Towards the last few weeks before harvest, it becomes essential to keep humidity lower in order to prevent mold, especially when there are huge, dense buds.
Many pro growers dramatically drop humidity with a dehumidifier during the last two weeks before harvest. This increases resin (THC) production and prepares the buds for drying/curing while preventing mold.
During the last two weeks before harvest, you can basically drop the humidity as low as possible.
A thermometer with a humidity sensor can be extremely useful in monitoring a grow area.
Learn everything you need to know about humidity:
Air Circulation
Your Marijuana Plants Need Air!
Cannabis plants “breathe” CO2 like we breathe oxygen. They need a constant supply of CO2 (usually by giving the plant fresh air) to flourish.
In addition to your exhaust fan, it’s often a good idea to get a few smaller fans to blow air above and below your plant canopy.
This will help prevent hot spots, and gets fresh air and CO2 to all the plants in your grow space. Just make sure your fans aren’t strong enough to actually wave your plants around. Plants that are kept right in front of a fan may get “wind-burned” leaves, which is when leaves that have been waving around too much from the wind start curling and dying.
Smell Control
One of the most recognizable aspects of cannabis is its pungent, unique smell. Unfortunately, that same delightful smell is instantly recognizable, and can cause lots of trouble for growers.
Fortunately, smell control in the grow room is straightforward. There are two ways of stopping smells in the grow room. Either you find a way to “scrub” the smells out of the air, or you find a way to cover up the smell.
Learn about all your options for smell control here:
Stealth
Your new mantra is... “No smell, no sell, no tell.”
There are a lot of ways to keep you and your grow safe, but this is the heart of it all.
No smell – No one should be able to smell your grow or smell cannabis on you. This makes you an easy target for police and marijuana haters!
No sell – Statistically, people who are growing strictly for personal use deal with far less legal troubles than people who sell their cannabis. This even applies in places like Colorado where it’s legal within the state!
No tell – Having fewer people know about your grow reduces the chances of you getting busted by law enforcement or burglarized by thieves. I know it’s hard to not show off your awesome growing skills, but this one secret that needs to stay a secret! Don’t tell ANYONE that you’re growing. It can be amazing how fast information can spread to a group once one person knows.
Don't be this person!
Over or Underwatering
Cannabis plants need just the right amount of water to grow and thrive.
When cannabis is given too much water too often, the roots don’t have access to air and will begin to “drown.” But things are just as bad when roots get too dry.
How do you know how often to water your plants?
Basically…
Water plants when soil feels dry up to your first knuckle
Make Sure Pots Have Enough Drainage
Bigger pots = water less often
Smaller pots = water more often
20-30% Extra Runoff Every Time You Water
This tutorial breaks down everything you need to know about watering cannabis: http://www.growweedeasy.com/how-often-water-marijuana
Too tall plants are usually caused by 3 things
Not enough light
Genetics
Improper plant training
I commonly see new growers with tall, stretched seedlings. Too-tall seedlings is almost always caused when the plant is not getting enough light. In that case, move lights closer or get a more powerful grow light.
Genetics can have a powerful effect on plant size and growing habits. This is why it’s important to learn about your strains (if you can) before you grow them. It will help you know what to expect. Learn more about picking the right strain here: http://www.growweedeasy.com/training#choose-strain
However, many growers end up with too-tall plants because they didn’t properly apply plant training techniques like LST, supercropping, ScrOG, topping, FIMing, and more. Learn about plant training techniques here: http://www.growweedeasy.com/training
Nutrient Deficiencies & Bugs
As long as you’re providing your plant with the right type of nutrients and are managing pH , it’s unlikely that you will run into real deficiencies.
If you’re having problems that you think might be a deficiency, the first step is to look at this 7-step checklist to fixing 99% of cannabis growing problems:
If you’re still not sure, take a look at this comprehensive list of cannabis plant problems, bugs and deficiencies.
List of Common Cannabis Growing Problems (with pics)
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Man has seven vertebrae in his neck, how many does a Giraffe have? | If a giraffe's neck only has seven vertebrae, how is it so flexible? | HowStuffWorks
If a giraffe's neck only has seven vertebrae, how is it so flexible?
Anup Shah/ Getty Images
Giraffes tower above all other mammals in the world. Loping along the African savannas on skinny, stiltlike legs, adult male giraffes can top out at 19 feet (6 meters) [source: National Geographic ]. But only around half of that height comes from their stems -- the rest is all neck. Then, if all of that length wasn't enough for these spotted giants, they have yet another tool to expand their reach. Giraffes' tongues can stretch as far as 18 inches (46 centimeters) to snag even the highest hanging leaf [source: San Diego Zoo ].
In regard to the long neck, scientists continue to scratch their heads about the exact evolutionary path the animal's ancestors took to instigate such a unique adaptation. One of the most compelling pieces of this puzzle is that the great expanse of neck contains a mere seven vertebrae. That's the same number of vertebrae that humans and almost all other mammals have.
From Jaws to Claws
How do ducks float?
For an explanation, many point to giraffes' preferred snack of acacia leaves, which would make the added extension necessary for craning to the tops of these 20-foot (6-meter) trees. However, giraffes also spend time, particularly during the later part of the day, with their legs splayed out, munching on grasses and low-lying shrubs [source: Dagg and Foster ].
Or perhaps it came about to impress the shorter-necked ladies. Giraffe males, called bulls, will duke it out in a neck-to-neck competition for female giraffes. Similar to rams locking horns in heated battles, the bulls use their hefty necks to strike each other with crushing force. Survival of the fittest would suggest that the ones with the longest and strongest would win.
Whatever the case, those seven vertebrae dwarf the ones found in our bodies. In fact, each giraffe neck vertebra may be as long as 10 inches (25 centimeters) [source: San Diego Zoo ]. As you can guess, that doesn't exactly make for a light load to tote. Stack up those seven blocks of bone and toss on a head, and we're talking around 600 pounds (272 kilograms) of cargo [source: San Diego Zoo ].
How do these lanky quadrupeds support their upper halves, much less move them around? Go on to the next page to find out the secrets inside nature's longest neck.
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Whom did Boris Becker beat when he became the youngest Wimbledon champion? | How many bones are in a giraffe's neck? | Reference.com
How many bones are in a giraffe's neck?
A:
Quick Answer
There are seven bones in a giraffe's neck. A human neck has the same number of bones, though they are shorter. A male giraffe shows dominance by swinging its neck into the body of another giraffe.
Full Answer
Because of their lengthy necks, giraffes are able to feed off the leaves, fruits and flowers of tall trees. That reach is further extended by raising the head vertically upwards. Male giraffes can reach up to approximately 19 feet, which is about 3 feet higher than females can. A giraffe's foliage of choice is deciduous foliage during the rainy season and evergreen at other times.
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Which animal is mentioned the most in the Bible? | FOR KIDS - Animals in the Bible
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Animals in the Bible
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Animals In The Bible
Animals in the Bible? Hey, kids, we know you love animals. Do you have a pet at home? What is it? Small or big?
Did you know there are many animals mentioned in the Bible? Actually, there are more than 55.
Did you also know that each animal has a symbolic meaning? That means that we can look at each animal not only from a natural standpoint, but also try to figure out what it represents spiritually and how we can learn valuable lessons from each and everyone of them.
Here we have listed some of the most famous animals in the Bible:
THE ANT
Have you seen an ant? Of course you have. They are everywhere around us. They are so small, but live in large groups. Also, these little creatures are one of the smartest animals in the Bible, because they are very hard working ones and therefore are a symbol of being diligent, industrious and wise in preparing for the future ahead of time. That's what we ourselves must be, right? Proverbs 30:25 says: "Ants are creatures of little strength, yet they store up their food in the summer."
THE BEAR
Bears represent the big and strong animals in the Bible. They are some of the biggest creatures the Lord has created. They are wild and very dangerous beasts. Therefore, bears in the Bible are symbolic of cruel, strong and bad people. Daniel 7:5 says: "And there before me was a second beast, which looked like a bear. It was raised up on one of its sides, and it had three ribs in its mouth between its teeth. It was told, 'Get up and eat your fill of flesh!"
THE BEE
If you have ever seen a flower in a field, you have most probably seen a bee - a representative of the insect family of animals in the Bible. Bees are also very hard working and they produce one of the sweetest things you have ever eaten. Guessed it? Of course - honey. So, bees symbolize sweetness, but also, they symbolize the power to sting. When David was fleeing from his enemies, he said: "They surrounded me like bees..." (Psalm 118:12)
THE BUTTERFLY
The butterfly is not among the specifically mentioned animals in the Bible, but it is definitely a very good symbol, because, as you know, these beautiful creatures experience an extremely amazing process before they turn into butterflies. First they are carterpillars - something not so pretty looking. They hide in a cocoon though and after some time, a butterfly comes out. Can you believe it? Yes, that's one of the biggest miracles the Lord has done. It is very similar to the way the Lord recreates our spirits when we receive Him as our Lord and Savior.
THE CALF
The calves are probaly the happiest animals in the Bible. That's why, when the Bible wants to describe a person who is so happy that he is even dancing and jumping up and down, sometimes it used the symbol of the calf. For instance, in Malachi 4:2, God's Word says: "But for you who revere my name, the sun of righteousness will rise with healing in its wings. And you will go out and leap like calves released from the stall."
THE CAMEL
The camels are the only animals in the Bible and altogether, which can walk on the hot sands of the desert without getting burned. That's why the people of old have used camels when they wanted to transport anything through the desert. Well, you guessed it - the camel is a symbol of a servant and a burden bearer - someone called to help us when it gets "really hot".
THE DEER
The deer is so beautiful and so fast - one of the most gracious and fastest wild animals in the Bible. So, they are a good symbol of beauty and swiftness. Psalm 18:33 says: "He makes my feet like the feet of a deer; he enables me to stand on the heights." See? We should all represent God's beauty and graciousness, and we should always be swift to obey the Lord and His Word. We are sure of course, that you want absolutely the same thing. Let's have a very quick word of prayer together. What do you say? OK? OK, here we go: "Lord, please help us always be obedient to Your will. Lead us and guide us with Your Word and by Your Spirit. Amen!"
THE DOG
You see how good this dog looks? Yea, it looks very friendly and he is, indeed, one of the best friends of the people, in life, but as a Biblical symbol, dogs represent unbelievers and bad people. So, if your read in your Bible something about dogs, please beware - the Bible is probably going to be warning us about something. For example, we can see David again, resembling bad folks to dogs: "Dogs have surrounded me; a band of evil men has encircled me," (Psalm 22:16).
THE DONKEY
On one hand, the donkey, like the camel, can symbolize strength and service (Remember that exactly a donkey was used by the Lord Jesus when He entered Jerusalem), but on the other hand, it can also symbolize stubbornness and self-will, as everybody knows donkeys are what we would classify as the stubborn animals in the Bible. That also can speak of us as people of God - sometimes we are willing to obey and serve the Lord, while other times we refuse to do so. Let's always choose the first, right?
THE DOVE
Well, the dove is so gracious when you look at it, isn't it? It is so gracious indeed, that you can not even attribute the name - animals in the Bible, to it. It's no wonder that the Lord has chosen exactly the Dove to be a symbol of the Holy Spirit, Who, also is very gentle, gracious and at the same time - very powerful. The Bible says that when Jesus was ready to start serving the Lord, the Holy Spirit came bodily upon Him in the form of a beautiful dove (Matthew 3:16).
THE DRAGON
There are no living dragons of course, and this is not one of the real animals in the Bible - it's more like a fairy tale creature and you know that for sure. When the Bible mentions a dragon, it is always speaking of our greatest enemy - satan. There are many Scriptures in the Book of Revelation (The last book in the Bible) where the symbol of the dragon is mentioned, among which are our favorites: Revelation 12:7 & 9, which speak about the dragon being our enemy, and 20:2 - speaking about the way satan will be defeated completely. Hallelujah!)
THE EAGLE
The eagle is a very interesting bird and much can be said about it, as well as many lessons can be learned by observing it. The animals in the Bible include the birds (like the dove we saw above), of which the eagle represents strength and swiftness. The eagles also have a unique way to renew their strength and that's why Isaiah 40:31 says that "but those who hope in the LORD will renew their strength. They will soar on wings like eagles; they will run and not grow weary, they will walk and not be faint."
THE FISH
There are so many different kinds of fish, as there are so many different people. Fish, as another segment of the animals in the Bible, represent people. Some people are good, others are not. Jesus spoke several parables using the fish symbol, and one of them was the parable about separating the good from the bad fish. In much the same way, when we throw our "net" (e.g. when we speak with other kids about the Lord), some of them respond well, while others react harshly. We can not avoid that. What we can do is pray to the Lord that He makes us good "fishers" of kids (Please read Matthew 4:19).
THE FOX
Well, as a major representative of the animals in the Bible, we think there's no need for us to tell you what the fox is a symbol of. We are sure you already know very well. And who has not heard fairy tales with foxes? Always, the fox is representing someone sly and cunning. The Lord Jesus even called the evil king Herod a fox (Luke 13:32), because he was a very cunning person and was all the time trying to figure out in what way he could catch Jesus and kill Him. Of course, Jesus could not be caught, because God protected Him. In the same way, our enemies, who might be very sly and cunning, will never be able to catch us and harm us in any way, because the Lord is with us and is protecting us.
THE FROG
Well, one more of the animals in the Bible, which looks so cute on a picture, but is a symbol of something bad. The frog in the Bible has been used as a representation of demon spirits - the spiritual enemies of God. The book of Revelation 16:13 clearly states that the evil spirits that the apostle John saw in a vision to come out of the mouth of the dragon looked like frogs. These spirits had the mission to go to different people on the earth and make them enemies of God as well, just like they were. The good news, again, is that the book of Revelation ends with our complete victory over the dragon and all his cohorts.
THE HEN
Almost every family living in the countryside has hens and chickens. So, we have seen hens many times. One thing that we can tell right away is that the hen is very protective of her little chickens. She gathers them under her wings, she protects them and she leads them. In Matthew 23:37 and Luke 13:37, the Bible records Jesus' words about Jerusalem, where He compares His love and affection towards Jerusalem, with the way a hen gathers and keeps her children.
THE HORSE
The horse is one of the magnificent animals in the Bible. He is a symbol of spiritual strength, power, support, and swiftness. Our Lord Jesus can be seen riding on a white horse in the book of Revelation. The enemies of Jesus were also on different horses, so the horse can sometimes represent the power of evil forces or the power of the flesh. That's why Proverbs 21:31 says: "The horse is made ready for the day of battle, but victory rests with the LORD." In other words, we can not win in life through our own strength - we need the Lord to help us.
THE LAMB
The lamb is one of the animals in the Bible that is clearly identified as a symbol of the Lord Jesus Christ. He was called: "The Lamb of God". John the Baptist, when he saw Jesus coming towards him, exclaimed: "Look, the Lamb of God, who takes away the sin of the world!". Lambs were the sacrificial animals in the Bible (Old Testament), which the people presented before God for their sins. Later Jesus would become the Perfect Sacrifice, once and for all, so all of us can now be saved. Aren't you glad He became the sacrificial lamb?
THE LION
We chose a very funny picture of a lion here, but in reality, the lion is called the King of animals. Well, this is the second of the animals in the Bible, which is representing the Lord Jesus, this time, not as our sacrifice, but as our King and Lord. The lion is a majesic creature, symbolizing dominance and authority. That's why Jesus is called: The King of kings and Lord of lords. You also know that satan - the enemy of God - counterfeits everything the Lord is doing, so the Bible uses the lion symbol to sometimes describe satan as well - one going around and seeking prey (1 Peter 5:8).
THE MOTH
Do you know what a moth is? It is a very tiny little creature, like a small night butterfly, but can have very destructive powers. It "eats" and can make large holes in our clothing for example. Jesus used this to symbolize the disastrous forces of this world, but He also gave us - the Christians - the remedy. He said if our heart is focused in the right direction (seeking Him and how to please Him, and not our own will and desires - Matthew 6:19-20 & Luke 12:33), then we will not be affected by those evil powers, because they will be powerless against us.
THE OWL
The owl is one of the animals in the Bible and not only in the Bible, that represent wisdom, but also it has a dark, night side to it. It is a creature of the darkness and we don't know anybody who does not get chills when they think about an owl. That's why it rightfully represents evil spirits, which also operate wherever there is a spiritual dakness. Scared? No, don't be. The Lord is called LIGHT and Jesus called us The Light of the world, so there's nothing to worry about. Light has always and will always defeat darkness. Praise the Lord!
THE PIG
The pig, unlike the one we have pictured on the right, is one of the dirtiest animals in the world (as well as probably the dirtiest of all the animals in the Bible). Even if you wash a pig and put a golden ribbon on his neck, the first thing he would do when he sees a muddy pond would be to jump in it and wallow. Well, that clearly shows you the spiritual symbol - unclean people. Hey, do you know why many people are like that? Because they don't know any better. In other words - they are ignorant. God's Word though, when compared to a mirror, shows us all our spiritual complexion, so we can see the areas that need cleaning and when we clean them, we will be without dirty spots and stains - just the way the Lord wants us to be.
THE RABBIT
The rabbit is part of these animals in the Bible, that has the unique ability to find a place of safety while running from his enemies. He is very wise and very quick to run, change his direction and hide. So, it is a symbol of our ability to outwit any enemy that comes our way. Even the wise writer of Proverbs the 30th chapter, wonders and says: "Four things on earth are small, yet they are extremely wise: ...coneys (or rabbits) are creatures of little power, yet they make their home in the crags (or on the rocks)" Well, we too, like rabbits, have little power of our own, but the Lord gives us the wisdom and ability how to build our home (our life) on the Rock - Jesus Christ, so no enemy can reach us.
THE RAM
Chapter 22 in Genesis is one of the most beautiful chapters in the Bible. It describes the story of how Abraham obeyed God and was ready to sacrifice his own son, Isaac. When the Lord saw the obedience of Abraham, He stopped him and showed him a ram, which he was to take and sacrifice instead of his son. Many years later, God Himself would sacrifice His own Son - Jesus, on the cross, to take away our sins (e.g. to substitute us), so we don't have to be "sacrificed". The ram is a symbol of that great substitution that the Lord accomplished for us.
THE RAVEN
The raven, again contrary to the nice funny picture we have placed here, is not a good symbol in the Bible. Raven are birds generally connected with famine and the work of evil spirits, though once, the Lord used exactly ravens to bring food (bread and meat twice a day) to Elijah for many days (1 Kings 17:4-6). The Bible also says that if we love the Lord, He can turn any bad situation in such a way, that we benefit from it and not get hurt by it. So, let's focus on loving the Lord and doing His will and He will make everything to work for and not against us.
THE SCORPION
WOW! The scorpion is from those animals in the Bible, that are poisonous and therefore can have no good symbolism in them. Scorpions sting and bring pain and death to everything they come in contact with. Did we say Everything? We meant everything not protected by God. Jesus told us in the Gospel of Luke though, that this does not include us - His children, because He said there that He will give us power to tread upon snakes and scorpions. Aren't you so glad we are on the winning side. With each animal which symbolizes something bad, the Lord also reminds us of His power over that evil thing, so we can always be peaceful in Him. Hallelujah!
THE SHEEP
Ha - finally some of the animals in the Bible that symbolize us as children of God. Jesus called Himself our Shepherd and we are all His sheep. Even in the Old Testament David called the Lord: "My Shepherd". So, it has always been in God's heart to guard over us, to lead us and guide us, as the shepherd is guiding, leading and watching over his sheep, protecting them from all wild animals. Do you remember the wild animals we read about above (like the bear and the lion)? They try to steal sheep from the flock, but with a shepherd like ours (Jesus), they can never steal and harm us.
THE SNAKE
Nobody likes snakes, right? We don't either. They symbolize evil in all its forms. You remember that it was a snake the devil used to trick Adam and Eve. He is still trying to trick people into so many stupid things, so they can not follow and serve the Lord. The good news? The Lord said to Adam and Eve that the evil snake (satan and his army of demons) will try to harm us, but we will eventually defeat him (Genesis 3:15).
THE SPIDER
Spiders spin webs. In those webs they can catch different things like flies, mosquitoes, and the like. Evil people are the same - they are all the time scheming, planning and strategizing how to do something bad, so they can catch somebody in their "web". So, beware of such and never have anything to do with them. Always pray for the Lord's protection over yourselves. The Lord is the one protecting us from all evil, as the famous "The Lord's prayer" in Matthew 6:9-13 states.
THE WOLF
Wolves' favorite food, of course, are the sheep, so the wolf is a symbol of the Lord's enemies, which want to devour the sheep - the children of God. Bad news for the wolves - they will starve to death, because the Lord is the Good Shepherd and He is watching over His own sheep day and night, so nothing bad happens to them. If you are not sure whether you are the Lord's sheep or not, let's settle this right away. Repeat after us this simple prayer, outloud:
Lord Jesus, please come into my heart and make me Your sheep. Give me Your peace. Give me Your strength and power, so I will not be not afraid. I want to stop disobeying God and want to follow Him. Thank You for dying for me on the cross and being raised from the dead. I want You as my Lord and Savior. I believe in You. Amen!
Animal information provided by Nikola Dimitrov.
FOR MORE ANIMAL INFORMATION GO TO: www.answersingenesis.org and click on the Kids Tab.
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Which phenomenon might you be interested in if you visit Drumnadrochit? | Bible Customs: Animals
CHAPTER 8
Animals
Did you know that animals are mentioned in the Bible even before people are mentioned? In the first chapter of the Bible we learn about the creation of the animals and the creation of man (Genesis 1):
On what day were the fish and sea creatures created? _______
On what day were the birds of the air created? _______
On what day were the land animals created? ______
On what day was man created? ______
In the last chapter of the Bible (Revelation 22) we also find the names of animals. We read about the LAMB (Gods Lamb, the Lord Jesus Christ) in verses 1 and 3. We also read about D________ in verse 15 (those unclean and filthy people who will not be allowed to enter heaven).
Satan made use of an animal when he tempted Eve (Genesis 3:1). God used animal skins to cover Adam and Eve (Genesis 3:21). Animals filled the ark which Noah built (Genesis 7). An animal was put to death instead of Isaac (Genesis 22:13). Jacob used the skins of animals to deceive his father (Genesis 27:16); later he himself was deceived by the blood of an animal which he thought was the blood of his son Joseph (Genesis 37:31-33). Many of the plagues which God put upon the land of Egypt involved animals (Exodus chapters 8-9). Saul once went looking for some lost animals (1 Samuel 9:3) and he met Samuel and was anointed as king of Israel. The Lord Jesus was born and lay in a place where food is usually put for animals (Luke 2:7). During His temptation Jesus was with the wild __________ (Mark 1:13). When Jesus entered the city of Jerusalem before His death, He rode upon an animal (Mark 11:7). When Peter denied the Lord an animal cried out (Luke 22:60). Later the Lord used animals to teach Peter an important lesson (Acts 10:9-16). When the Lord Jesus Christ comes to the earth with His armies, animals are mentioned (Revelation 19:11,14). During the thousand year kingdom, animals will live together peacefully and will not harm man (Isaiah 11:6-9). Yes, the Bible has much to say about animals!
According to 1 Timothy 6:8, what are two things that man needs to live and survive on this earth (the word "raiment" means "clothing")?1. ______________ 2. ____________ Can you think of some of the ways animals provide food for people? What kind of animals are needed for the kinds of food sold at a fast food restaurant? How do animals provide clothing for people? Are you wearing anything right now that has come from an animal? Providing food and clothing are just two of the ways animals help men. The Creator knew what He was doing when He made the animals!
In this chapter we do not have enough space to talk about all of the animals mentioned in the Bible. We will discuss some of the important mammals which are mentioned frequently in the Bible. If you want to learn more about some of the other animals mentioned in the Bible, you can look in a good Bible dictionary.
Sacrificial Animals
Often in the Bible we read about animals being sacrificed. This is something that we do not do today. We slaughter animals and prepare them for eating, but we do not kill them for sacrifice. Even the Jews do not have animal sacrifices today. The Jewish altar of sacrifice was located at the temple and today the Jewish people do not have a temple. The Jewish temple was destroyed by the Romans in 70 A.D. Therefore today the children of Israel are "without a S___________________ " (Hosea 3:4).
The following animals were used in sacrifice:
1) Cattle
The ewe (female sheep, pronounced like our word "YOU")
The lamb (young sheep)
If people could not afford these larger animals, they could offer turtledoves or pigeons instead (see Leviticus 5:7,11).
The very first animals that died were killed as a sacrifice because of mans sin. We read about this in Genesis 3:21. If coats were made from the skins of these animals, what must have happened to the animals? ______________________________ When we think about animal sacrifices, there are three things that we should always remember:
A sacrifice was needed because of mans sin.
The sacrifice involved the shedding of blood (the animal died).
Instead of the sinner dying, the innocent animal died in his place as his SUBSTITUTE.
In Old Testament times thousands and thousands and thousands of animals were sacrificed. According to 1 Kings 8:63, how many oxen (male cattle) were sacrificed? _________________ How many sheep were sacrificed?________________
All of these sacrifices pointed to a greater sacrifice: the sacrifice of Jesus Christ who is called the L__________ of God (John 1:29). This sacrifice took place when Jesus died on the cross.
Did the thousands of animal sacrifices really take away mans sin (Hebrews 10:4,11)? _______ Did the one, perfect sacrifice of Christ take away man�s sin (John 1:29; Hebrews 10:14,17-18)? ________
The animal sacrifices were just the S________________ (Hebrews 10:1) of something that was to come (the perfect sacrifice of Christ). Which would you rather have, the shadow of a twenty dollar bill or the real thing? Would you rather eat the shadow of an ice cream cone or would you rather eat the real thing? The shadow does not do anything for you, but it does tell you that there is something real which is making the shadow. If there were no ice cream cone, could you have the shadow of an ice cream cone? _____ The animal sacrifices carried this message: "SOMEDAY GODS SON WILL BE THE PERFECT SACRIFICE FOR MAN S SIN!" As we think about the sacrifice of Christ, the same three things are true:
The sacrifice of Christ was needed because of mans sin. He died to put away ______ (Hebrews 9:26).
The sacrifice of Christ involved the shedding of blood (Hebrews 9:22) as the Saviour paid the death penalty for mans sin.
Instead of the sinner dying, Jesus died in his place as his SUBSTITUTE (Romans 5:8; 6:23).
Do you really believe that Christ did this for you? Have your sins been put away and forgiven? God does not want us to offer animal sacrifices any more. However, what does God want us to do in order to remember Christs great sacrifice (1 Corinthians 11:23-26)? __________________________________________________________________________
BEASTS OF BURDEN
The Ass
Today when we need to move things from one place to another we pack them in the trunk of our car or in the back of a truck. In Bible times people would load up an ass or donkey. This animal is sure-footed and can carry a heavy load. The donkey can give people a ride too (see Judges 10:4). According to Zechariah 9:9 and Matthew 21:1-11, who once rode into the city of Jerusalem on a donkey? ___________ Probably the most famous donkey in the Bible is the one Balaam rode on. What was so unusual about this donkey (Numbers 22:21-31)? _________________________________________ Who had more sense, the donkey or the rider? _____________________
The Camel
This beast of burden is perfectly designed for desert travel. Here are five reasons why:
1) The camel is able to store water in its body so that it can travel for days without drinking. It needs water just like any other animal, but God has given it the remarkable ability to store water. A camel can consume over 15 gallons of water at a single drink and this water will last for several days.
2) The camel has a broad foot which enables it to walk over sandy areas without sinking deeply beneath the surface. Also its feet are tough enough to stand the burning hot sand.
3) The camel can live off coarse and bitter desert plants and can even take thorns into its mouth and grind them up with its powerful teeth. The camel has been known to travel 20 days without receiving anything as food except what it discovered for itself along the way.
4) The camel is strong and able to carry a burden of 400 or 500 pounds and plod through the hottest desert. It can cover about 30 miles a day.
5) The camel is very large and sometimes reaches eight feet or more in height. How can such a large and tall animal be loaded? The camel is able to kneel down so that it can be loaded as easily as an ass (Genesis 24:11). This makes it much easier for men to climb up on too.
The camel was very useful and valuable. How many did Job have (Job 1:3; 42:12)? _________________________________ God wonderfully designed each animal He created to be able to live where it is found. What we find is not animals struggling to survive (as evolution teaches), but animals that have been made to survive from the beginning because the Creator designed them that way!
The Lord Jesus used the large size of the camel to teach two important lessons. The first is found in Matthew 19:24. How easy is it for a large camel to go through the tiny eye of a needle? ______________________________________________________________ Is this possible or impossible? ______________________ How easy is it for sinful men to enter a sinless heaven (see Matthew 19:2526)? ____________________________ Can a sinful person save himself? Is this possible or impossible?_________________ What are some of the things that people do to try to get saved, even though it is not possible to enter heaven by doing these things?
__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________
Is salvation possible with God (Matthew 19:26)? ______ Can He make it possible for a sinful person to enter a sinless heaven? _____ What did God do to make the impossible possible (John 3:16; 1 John 4:9-10)? ____________________________________
The second lesson in which Jesus used the camel is found in Matthew 23:24. Sometimes little tiny insects would find their way into a drink, and the Pharisees were very careful to strain out these tiny gnats before drinking. Have you ever had a bug in your juice? If you were to accidentally swallow one, do you think it would kill you? Jesus was saying to these Jews, "You are very careful not to ever swallow a tiny insect, but then you go and swallow a camel!" Have you ever had a camel in your juice? If you were to swallow a camel, would this be more serious than swallowing a gnat?
Jesus knew that people did not really swallow camels, but He used this silly illustration to teach a powerful lesson. These Jews were very concerned about the little things, but they were not concerned about the big and important things such as "judgment, mercy and faith" (verse 23). These people followed all kinds of religious rules and regulations, and thought that they were very righteous in doing so, but when Gods Son came along THEY CRUCIFIED HIM!
Suppose your teacher said, "This test has eleven questions. The first ten are very important. The last question is not very important and will not count very much." You then spend all of your time working on the last question and no time on the ten important questions. Would you flunk the test? _____ When it came to being right with God, the Pharisees flunked. They concentrated on minor things and neglected the major things.
WHAT WOULD YOU SAY ARE THE MOST IMPORTANT THINGS GOD WANTS YOU TO DO?
HORSES AND DOGS
Horses
Today horses are used primarily for riding and racing. In Bible times the main purpose for horses was FOR WAR! Why were the children of Israel afraid of Pharaoh and his army (see Exodus 14:9)? _____________________________________________ Horses would pull chariots and the chariots would hold the soldiers. An army with horses and chariots was mighty and greatly to be feared!
Did the Lord want the children of Israel to trust in horses for victory (Psalm 33:16-17)? _____ Do some trust in horses and chariots (Psalm 20:7)? ______Who should we trust in to give us victory and to fight our battles (Psalm 20:7)? ____________________
Christs first mission to earth was one of peace and He came riding a donkey (Matthew 21:5-7). Christs next mission to earth will be one of war and He will come riding on a white _____________ (Revelation 19:11)!
Dogs
Today when we think of a dog we think of "mans best friend." We think of these nice household pets. In our day, dogs are looked upon favorably by most people.
This was not so in Bible times. In those days dogs were looked down upon as unclean and filthy animals. Dogs would eat garbage, dead animals and even human flesh and blood (1 Kings 14:11; 22:38). They even had the disgusting habit of eating their own vomit (Proverbs 26:11; 2 Peter 2:22). The only good thing said about dogs in the Bible is that they would sometimes watch the flock (Job 30:1).
In Revelation 22:15 the word "dogs" is used to describe people who are not allowed to enter the holy city. This means that these people are filthy and unclean and impure. They have no concern about a holy God. There will be no "dogs" in heaven!
WILD BEASTS
The Lion
The lion was probably the most feared animal in Bible times. Lions no longer live in Palestine today, but in Bible times many lions roamed this area. The word "lion" is found in 31 books of the Bible.
Why is Satan compared to a lion (1 Peter 5:8)? ____________________________________________________________________________
Why is the Lord Jesus compared to a lion (Revelation 5:5)? ____________________________________________________________________________
Why are believers compared to a lion (Proverbs 28:1; remember, lions are not very bashful and are not usually afraid to approach someone)? ____________________________________________________ In what ways should believers be BOLD?
The Wolf
The wolf is another wild animal which once roamed Palestine (and there are still some wolves there today). The wolf is a fierce and cruel enemy, and a real danger, especially to sheep. The wolf is light-colored and resembles a large dog. The Lord Jesus spoke of people who pretend to be sheep (true believers) but were really __________ or false prophets (Matthew 7:15). See also Acts 20:29 where wolves describe false teachers who try to destroy believers.
These wild animals will not be wild forever. See Isaiah 11:6-9. The Prince of Peace will rule even over the animal kingdom! In what ways will these animals be different?
Let us thank God for animals and for how they help us in so many ways and for the way they provide us with food (1 Timothy 4:4). Let us be careful not to worship animals or let them take the place of God or persons (Romans 1:22-25). 3) Let us use our mind to pay attention to God and learn about Him and from Him. Sometimes we act like animals (see Psalm 73:22). Instead of thinking in the right way, using the mind God has given us, it is possible for a person to act like a beast.
Why Were Animals Created?
The Bible gives many reasons, among the following:
For limited but inadequate companionship (Genesis 2:18-22 and see 2 Samuel 12:3). A dog may provide enjoyment and may walk at a mans side, but the dog was never intended to be "mans best friend." God intended a much better helper for man (Genesis 2:20-22). Indeed, mans greatest and best Companion is the Lord Himself.
For food (Genesis 9:2-3)
For clothing (Matthew 3:4)
For transportation (Genesis 22:3)
For sacrifice, in order to point to the one great Sacrifice and to illustrate that salvation is only possible by way of the shedding of blood (Gen. 4:4; Lev.1:3)
For judgment of sinful men (Exodus chapter 8; 2 Kings 2:23-24)
To serve man in a multitude of ways (Gen. 8:7-8; and compare some amazing uses of animals today, such as "seeing eye dogs" for the blind, animals used in experimentation so as to develop new drugs and medical procedures, etc.)
To teach men spiritual lessons (Proverbs 6:6)
To teach men of God�s care (Matthew 6:26)
To give enjoyment to children (Isaiah 11:6,8)
To carry out orders from their Creator (1 Kings 17:6; Matthew 17:27)
To illustrate that "the Hand that made us is Divine" (every creature demonstrates that it was remarkably designed by the Creator and could never have evolved by chance). Every animal made by God is indisputable proof against the theory of evolution
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In which country is Geneva Gin made? | Home Distillation of Alcohol (Homemade Alcohol to Drink)
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Gin
Federal Standards of Identity: Gin is a product obtained by original distillation from mash, or by redistillation of distilled spirits, or by mixing neutral spirits, with or over juniper berries and other aromatics, or with or over extracts derived from infusions, percolation's, or maceration of such materials, and includes mixtures of gin and neutral spirits. It shall derive its main characteristic flavor from juniper berries and be bottled at not less than 80o proof. Gin produced exclusively by original distillation or by redistillation may be further designated as "distilled." "Dry gin" (London dry gin), "Geneva gin" (Hollands gin), and "Old Tom gin" (Tom gin) are types of gin known under such designations.
A Brief History Of Gin
Credit for the discovery of gin usually goes to Franciscus de la Boe (also known as Dr Sylvius), a Dutch physician and professor at the University of Leyden, Holland. This was during the 1650's. He had long recognized that the oils of juniper berries had diuretic values which helped flush out the urinary system, keeping the bladder and kidneys healthy. His objective was to develop a medicinal tonic by mixing grain spirits with juniper-berry extract. He called it geniévre (French for juniper). The Dutch renamed it genever, later it became known as geneva and was eventually anglicized by the English to gin.
It is unlikely, however, that Dr. Sylvius was the first to add the flavor of juniper to spirits. Hugh Williams, master distiller for United Distillers in London, theorizes that the alchemedic monks of twelfth-century Italy probably were the first to use juniper as a flavor in distilled spirits. Although distillation was practiced by Egyptian alchemists, the Italian monks may have been the first to produce beverage alcohol in the form of distilled spirits.
Italian alchemists had long recognized the diuretic qualities of the juniper berry and may have used it as far back as the time of the Bubonic Plague (1347-1350). Since one of the symptoms of the plague (or, Black Death as it was called) was the enlargement of lymph nodes, a diuretic would have been used to reduce the swelling and juniper has this property. The first printed mention of the use of botanicals in distillation is in a book published in London in the 1520's. Thus, the theory of an early form of gin existing since the mid-1300's, or earlier, is entirely possible, but it cannot be proved.
The problem with the Dr. Sylvius theory is that various books on the subject of spirits refer to Sylvius creating gin in, or around the year 1650. Some of these same books, however, indicate that gin was known in England as early as the 1570's. Sylvius is, however, credited with the first printed recipe for gin and his recipe was probably also the first to be based on grain spirits � previous spirits most likely having been distilled from fruits, probably grapes.
In 1568, the predominately Protestant Dutch revolted against their Catholic rulers from Spain, and in 1585 Queen Elizabeth I of England sent Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, to help the Dutch in their quest. Dudley's soldiers did more than fight, however; they discovered jenever�the Dutch name of a juniper - flavored spirit�and they praised it because it had given them "Dutch Courage" before battles. Returning home they encouraged the production of the crude spirit and it soon became England's national drink.
Production of gin had begun by the early 1600's in some of England's port cities; Bristol, Plymouth, Portsmouth, and London. Increasing popularity of the new drink resulted in continued expansion of production. By 1688, England was producing a half-million gallons of gin per year. In 1689 a Dutchman (William III) ascended to the throne of England and the stage was set for ever higher production.
The new King was a Protestant and figured that one way to weaken the economy of England's enemy, Catholic France, was to prevent any French goods from entering England. The result of this was to create a dependence on grain spirits, which could be produced at home, to replace the banned French brandy. William was succeeded by Queen Anne in 1702 and she further encouraged the production of grain spirits by canceling the "Distillers Charter," which made it legal for anyone to distill their own gin.
This soon got out of hand however and, by 1727, the consumption of gin was nearly 1 gallon per person � man, woman and child (5 million gallons for 6 million people). Drunkenness became common and was enough of a problem that Parliament, in 1736, introduced the Gin Act. This made it illegal to sell gin in quantities of less than two gallons, and required a �50 license fee for anyone wanting to distill gin for sale. The objective was to reduce drinking by the "lower classes" who, it was felt by the "upper crust," were doing too much drinking and not enough working. This had the effect of moving a great deal of gin distillation into the home. A simple way in which to circumvent the law was to give the product a different name � any name � as long as it was not gin. The attempt to reduce production failed to such a degree that by 1743 it quadrupled to 20 million gallons. Some writers have estimated that the average Londoner of that time consumed about 50 gallons per year! The nearly total failure of the Act (forerunner of our Prohibition?) resulted in repeal that same year. By 1751 it had been replaced by a more reasonable and acceptable tax structure.
Regan and Regan state in their book, The Martini Companion, that the Londoners of the mid-1700's were so drunk that "plays had to be canceled because the audiences were too befuddled to sit still, and the actors were too drunk to remember their lines. "
It was common during this time to sweeten gin in order to cover-up off-flavors of badly made spirits. The term "Old Tom" dates to this practice. This name has an interesting origin. A government agent, Captain Dudley Bradstreet, informed on illegal distillers even though he himself was a supplier of gin in London. He wrote a book titled The Life and Uncommon Adventures of Captain Dudley Bradstreet in 1755 and gave detailed information on how he got around the Gin Act. This Act required a minimum of two gallons per sale but Bradstreet's method enabled him to sell small quantities � actually, individual portions. "I . . . purchased in Moorfields the sign of a cat and had it nailed to a street window. I then caused a leaden pipe, the small end out about an inch, to be placed under the paw of the cat, the end that was within had a funnel to it .... When the liquor was properly disposed, I got a person to inform a few of the mob that gin would be sold by the cat at my window next day, provided they put money in his mouth . . . at last I heard the chink of money and a comfortable voice say, 'Puss, give me two pennyworth of gin!' I instantly put my mouth to the tube and bid them receive it from the pipe under her paw." The cat was evidently called "Old Tom" and the term dates from this time. This enterprise (the first vending machine?) was apparently quite lucrative; the Captain claimed to make �3 to �4 a day, a considerable sum in those times.
So-called Gin Palaces, elaborate and classy pubs, began to appear in the late 1700's, about the same time as the Industrial Revolution. This, of course, greatly distressed the temperance people � especially since these were places where the lower classes were drinking themselves into a stupor on a regular basis.
Eventually the roles were reversed; by the mid-Victorian era gin had gained respectability and was favored by the upper-crust, especially the ladies. They could not, however, possibly refer to it as "gin" � they were drinking "white wine."
A major change in the gin market took place sometime during the 1870's when "dry" (as opposed to the sweetened, or Old Tom style) gin first appeared. The development of the continuous still in the 1870's made it possible to easily produce large quantities of clean, flavorless and odorless spirits. Such spirits did not have faults that required masking with sugar. These stills were particularly needed for vodka and gin. Vodka needs to be flavorless, and gin distillers need, basically, very pure vodka to redistill along with their carefully chosen botanicals.
Gin had long been popular in the United States and the Old Tom style sweetened gins remained, to a certain extent, quite popular in this country until the turn of the century, when wealthy Americans traveling to Europe returned to the States with a newfound fondness for London dry gin. Old Tom gin, however, retained some popularity right up until Prohibition. Upon Repeal, American bartenders found that their customers had become more accustomed to dry gin; Old Tom was becoming a distant memory.
During Prohibition, gin came to be the drink of choice rather than whisky which had been the most popular spirit in this country. The reason was that whisky was quite difficult to obtain whereas homemade (bathtub) gin was widely available because of the ease of production � one simply mixed grain alcohol, distilled water, and juniper flavoring. The quality, of course, was of no importance; it was usually poor, often very poor, and sometimes even lethal. When gins are made in this manner nowadays, it is termed "compound" gin rather than the preferred "distilled" gin. Thus, the Martini fad of the 1940's and 1950's can be attributed, in large part, to Prohibition.
It is a paradox that gin, maligned throughout history as being responsible for all sorts of sin and degradation during the 18th and 19th centuries, has today emerged as a highly desirable, and respectable, spirit.
Gin, as the Standards of Identity make clear, is a complex product and is more of a manufactured product than are other alcoholic beverages. There are two basic types produced: Dutch (or Hollands, Genever, Schiedam) gin, and Dry (English or American) gin.
Dutch or Hollands Gin
Dutch gin is made by fermenting a grain mixture (barley malt, corn, rye) into a beer and then distilling and redistilling in a pot still.
The product of this process is called "malt wine" and is drawn off at a very low proof; 100- 110o.
The malt wine is then pot-distilled with juniper berries and other botanicals at a proof of under 100o. The primary flavoring agent is juniper berries; there is less reliance on the use of other botanicals than in the United States or England.
The resulting beverage, because of the low distillation proofs, is much more full-bodied and distinctive than are the dry gins and they have a malt character in both the aroma and flavor. Because of this, they do not lend themselves to mixing and are best consumed "neat", or straight.
Dutch gins are not aged, although there are no regulations prohibiting it. Any coloration in Dutch gin is the result of slight additions of caramel coloring, not of wood.
Dry Gin - English and American
American Gin
American gin is allowed to be made either by distillation or by compounding.
Compounded gin is produced by mixing distilled neutral spirits with essential oils or extracts of the various botanicals, primarily juniper berries. The objective is to add distinctive aromatic and flavor character to the essentially characterless spirit. This method does not have to be identified on the label; it will be labeled simply as dry gin (or extra dry, or very dry).
Gins labeled as distilled can be produced by one of two methods: original distillation or redistillation.
In original distillation, a fermented mash is distilled and the vapors pass through an apparatus called a "gin head" which is packed with the botanicals. Flavors and aromas are picked up by the vapors and remain when they are condensed back into a liquid.
Redistilled gin is made by redistilling neutral spirits. In this method, the botanicals may either be suspended in a gin head or they can be mixed in with the alcohol to be redistilled.
All gins are based on neutral spirits, and these spirits are often made at one distillery and then slipped to a separate facility where they are processed in one of the two ways with the botanicals and become gin. Legally, the neutral spirits can be made from any agricultural product�grapes, sugar, potatoes, beets, etc.�but most gins are distilled from grain.
When the gin vapors are condensed, the first and last parts�the "heads" and "tails"� are usually discarded. Only the heart of the distillation will become gin.
Gin quality depends on the neutrality of the spirits (freedom from flavors and odors) and on the quality of the botanicals.
The botanicals used, in addition to juniper berries, are: coriander and angelica root (often used as the secondary spices), anise, caraway seeds, fennel, lime, lemon, and orange peel, licorice, cardamom, cassia bark, orris root, bitter almonds, calamus root, cardamom, cassia, ginger, and cinnamon,
Each producer has their own character and quality standards and are free to vary the use and proportion of the botanicals in any way they wish. Because the nature of the ingredients will vary from season to season, sophisticated producers prepare their formulas on the basis of the essential oil content of the raw materials.
English Gin
English gin is produced by distilling a grain mash at from 180-188o proof, slightly lower than with American gins.
As with the American gins, the botanicals are either suspended above the spirit in the still, or mixed with the spirits during distillation. It is possible to conduct the distillation under reduced pressure and, with the lower temperatures, avoid thermal decomposition of the flavors.
English gins, because of the slightly lower distillation proof, may have a little more character relative to the American ones.
Gin, when it comes from the gin still and has had its proof reduced to bottling strength, is ready to drink and does not require aging. Storage until bottling is accomplished in stainless steel or glass-lined tanks. While producers in the United States are permitted to age in wood if they desire, they are prohibited from placing any age statements on the label. Gin which has been stored in wood for a short period will acquire a pale, golden color and can be labeled as Golden Gin but, as stated, no age statement is permitted.
The use of the term dry simply means that the gin is not sweet and there is no difference in this regard among products labeled London dry, very dry, extra dry or so forth. The term London dry has lost its original geographical significance and is now used by manufacturers in many countries, including the United States.
Flavored gins may be made by adding specific flavors such as lemon, pineapple, orange, mint and so forth, but the flavor has to be identified on the label. Such products will be sweet as will gins labeled as "Old Tom." Another product with the name gin on it is sloe gin and it is not a gin at all; it is a cordial and will be discussed in the chapter on liqueurs and cordials.
Description of Production Methods of Specific Brands
(Adapted from The Martini Companion, by Gary and Mardee Haidin Regan, Running Press, Philadelphia, London, 1997)
Beefeater London Distilled Dry Gin
: Made in England; 47% alcohol. The brand was introduced to England by James Burrough, a British pharmacist who opened a distillery in London in the early 1800's. The botanicals are infused into the neutral spirit for 24 hours; then the gin is pot-distilled for about 8 hours. The botanicals include, along with juniper: coriander, angelica root, licorice, cassia bark*, sun-dried peels of Seville oranges and lemons from southern Spain. The master distiller has the reputation of taking the greatest care in selecting his botanicals and all ingredients are constantly analyzed for quality and essential oil content.
Spicy (juniper and coriander) and fruity aromas. A round, full bouquet. Very dry with complex flavors, first of minerals and then juniper berry. Medium long finish. 'Kindred Spirits' gives it a **** (highly recommended) rating. Good on the rocks or in martinis.
*Cassia Bark
1. Any of various chiefly tropical or subtropical trees, shrubs, or herbs of the genus Cassia in the pea family, having pinnately compound leaves, usually yellow flowers, and long, flat or cylindrical pods.
2. a. A tropical Asian evergreen tree (Cinnamomum cassia) having aromatic bark used as a substitute for cinnamon. b. The bark of this tree.
Bombay; Distilled London Dry Gin; Bombay Sapphire Distilled London Dry Gin
: Both are produced in England. Bombay is 43% and Sapphire, 47% alcohol. The brand dates to the 1950's when Alan Subin decided there was adequate demand in the United States for another premium imported gin. Following extensive testing he settled on a brand that has reportedly been made in England since 1761. He called the product "Bombay" and its success enabled him to sell the brand to Carillon Importers in the 1960's. In 1988, they released the super-premium brand, Bombay Sapphire which has also been highly successful. Regular Bombay uses coriander seeds from Morocco, licorice from China, lemon peel and almonds from Spain, angelica from Saxony, orris and juniper from Italy, and cassia bark from Indochina. Sapphire uses, in addition to these, cubeb* berries from Java and grains of paradise** from West Africa to differentiate the recipe. They claim not to use as much juniper as most producers and feel this results in a smoother product. Both brands are produced from neutral spirits redistilled with the botanicals. The vapors from the pot still are funneled into a copper basket that holds the botanicals. A spokesperson for the company describes this as being similar to "steaming vegetables instead of boiling them."
Bombay Dry English Gin
: Dry style gin imported from England. Blended with eight botanicals using a recipe that dates back to 1761. Bombay uses a unique distillation process which infuses the aromas and essences of the botanicals with the vapor of the spirit (rather than cooking them together as most gins do). Clean bouquet of coriander, juniper and citrus. Spicy flavors of vanilla and juniper. Creamy texture. 'Kindred Spirits' gives it *** (recommended) rating. 'Wine Enthusiast' gives it a 92 point rating.
Bombay Sapphire Gin
: Imported English gin made in the 'London Dry' style (not sweet). Made with ten natural botanicals (the most of any gin) that include grains of paradise, almonds, lemon peel, licorice, juniper berries, cubeb berries, orris, coriander, angelica, cassia bark, and 100% grain neutral spirits. Packaged in a sapphire blue bottle (the gin itself is not blue). Medium to full-bodied with lots of pungent flavors. Fresh and clean with an elegant finish. 'Kindred Spirits' gives it a **** (highly recommended) rating. 'Wine Enthusiast' gives it 94 points.
*Cubeb:
1. A tropical southeast Asian shrubby vine (Piper cubeba) having spicy, berrylike fruits, heart-shaped leaves, and small flowers in cylindrical spikes.
2. The dried, unripe, berrylike fruit of this plant, used in perfumery, pharmaceuticals, and commercial flavorings.
**Grains of Paradise
1. The pungent, aromatic seeds of a tropical African plant (Aframomum melegueta) used medicinally and for flavoring beverages.
2. The seeds of cardamom.
Boodles British Gin
: Made in England; owned by Seagram's; 45.2% alcohol. The label does not describe boodles as a distilled gin, but the term London Dry Gin indicates it is distilled (rather than compounded). Since the distillation is done under pressure, the vaporization of the alcohol takes place at lowered temperatures. This is felt to better preserve the delicate flavors and odors of the botanicals.
Boodles British Gin
: London Dry style (not sweet) gin imported from England. Like many imported gins, it has a higher alcohol content (90.4) than most domestic gins. Aromas of juniper and coriander. Clean, crisp, slightly acidic flavor. Smooth, satiny finish. Good mixed with tonic. 'Kindred Spirits' gives it a *** (recommended) rating.
Calvert Distilled London Dry Gin
: Made in the US; it has 40% alcohol. The brand is owned by the Jim Beam company and all they will say it that it is "distilled from the finest grain neutral spirits and carries the flavor of the finest botanicals."
Gilbey's Distilled London Dry Gin
: Made in the United States; 40% alcohol. Originally produced in London by the Gilbey brothers (Walter and Alfred) around 1860. The license to make it in America was granted in 1938; today the brand is owned by Jim Beam Brands. Beam closely guards the production processes but does reveal that it uses juniper from Bavaria, orange peels from Spain, and "other rare herbs from around the world."
Gordon's Distilled London Dry Gin
: Made in the U.S.; 40% alcohol. The brand originated in England. A distiller named Alexander Gordon was distilling as early as 1769 (or 1774, there is some disagreement) which means that he was one of, if not the first, producers of the dry style of gin. Since he distilled long before the invention of the continuous still, he must have been quite a skillful distiller to produce a spirit clean enough not to require sweetening. In 1892, the brand was taken over by the Tanqueray gin distilling company. Currently, the brand is owned by United Distillers who claim that the recipe is the same one that has been used since the 1700's, and that the pot stills are exact replicas of one used in 1780 that was nicknamed "Old Tom." This still was used by Alexander Gordon and is still in use today. The company reveals that juniper, coriander, and angelica are used in the recipe; the remainder of the botanicals are a secret. The botanicals are not allowed to steep in the spirit prior to distillation but are added immediately before it begins.
Seagram's Distilled Extra Dry Gin
: Made in the U.S.; 40% alcohol. The brand dates to 1939. Although the recipe is a secret, Seagram's does state that they use juniper from Italy, cardamom from Sri Lanka, cassia bark from Vietnam, orange peel from Spain, coriander seeds from the Czech Republic, and angelica root from Germany. Distillation is done under pressure and the distillate is aged in oak for about three months prior to bottling; something that is very rare. This gives it a pale yellow color; the practice is also noted by the word "mellowed" which appears on the label.
Tanqueray Special Dry Distilled English Gin
: Made in England; 47.3% alcohol. Founded in 1830 by Charles Tanqueray and amalgamated with the Gordon's gin distillery in 1898. The recipe is said to be the same as used by Charles Tanqueray in 1830 and the pot still used today is an exact replica of the he used. The recipe is a secret but the company does say that they use juniper, coriander, and angelica. No steeping is done and the botanicals are added to the neutral spirits immediately prior to distillation.
Tanqueray Gin
: Delicate, citrusy nose with just a hint of spice and juniper berries. Creamy, yet clean, extra dry palate. Full, dry, very extended finish, The #1 premium imported gin in America. Kindred Spirits gives it a ***** rating or Highest Recommendation.
Gin Brands Descriptions
Bombardier Military Gin
: Imported gin from England. Gin, which was first made in Holland, was originally brought to Britain by the soldiers returning home from the European wars; thus the name 'Military Dry Gin'. The Dutch gin was sweeter than the British, so the term 'British Dry' or 'London Dry' style was given to the British gins.
DeKuyper Geneva Gin
: Imported gin from Holland. The Dutch were actually the first to make gin. However, their gin is sweeter than the London Dry style that most of us are used to. Geneva or Genever gin is made by infusing juniper and some, but not many, other botanicals into malt wine. Malt wine is a neutral grain spirit made from equal amounts of malted barley, corn, and rye. This mixture is fermented for a few days and then distilled. There is a slight golden color that comes from a small amount of coloring added to the final product.
Booth's London Dry Gin
: Domestic gin made in the 'London Dry' (not sweet) style. Distilled from grain, 100% neutral spirits. Higher proof (90) than most other domestic gins, more in the style of British gin. Booth's still uses the same recipe that was invented by Felix Booth in 1740.
Burnett's Crown Select Gin
: Imported gin made in the 'London Dry' (not sweet) style. Packaged in a unique green bottle with gold accents.
Burnett's Gin
: Domestic gin made in the London Dry (not sweet) style. Fruity aromas and flavors. Also, flavors of herbs and a mild metallic quality. Good for mixing.
Five O'Clock Gin
: Extra dry, English (London Dry) style gin. Produced at the oldest family distillery in the U.S. (Laird & Co.).
Fleischmann's Dry Gin
: Domestic gin that is light on the botanicals (juniper berry), but heavy on licorice essence. Good for mixing.
Gilbey's Gin
: London 'Dry Style' (not sweet) gin made in the U.S. Made from 100% grain neutral spirits. Spicy, zesty nose. Some berry flavors, also minerals, herbs, and spices. Creamy texture. Dry, minerally finish. Good for mixing. 'Wine Enthusiast' gives it 88 points.
Gordon's London Dry Gin
: Domestic gin that is the number one selling gin in the world. Made with 100% natural ingredients and real botanicals (juniper, etc.). Aromas of spice and peppermint. Flavors of mint, fruit and licorice. It is distilled in 18th century copper pot stills just as it was in 1769 when it was created. A gold medal winner at the 1995 Monde selection awards.
Seagram's Extra Dry Gin
: Domestic gin that is the #1 selling gin in America. Made with 100% grain neutral spirits and botanicals, then aged in oak casks. Fruity aroma with distinct elements of orange peel and cinnamon that carry over into the flavor. Very dry finish with a hint of spice. 'Kindred Spirits' gives it a *** (recommended) rating.
Seagram's Lime Twisted Gin
: Premium extra dry gin with natural lime flavor from the company that produces America's #1 selling gin. Aroma and flavors of just-picked limes and lime is the primary fruit added to gin drinks i.e. Gin and Tonic.
Gin and Prohibition
The 18th Amendment to the Constitution, called Prohibition, was ratified on January 16th, 1920. It provided that "the manufacture, sale or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof is hereby prohibited."
It was no more successful than other attempts to eliminate the production and/or consumption of alcohol. In England, as we have described, the attempts to regulate the production of gin during the 16th and 17th centuries immediately resulted in a vast underground market for spirits of all kinds, and this is basically what occurred in the Untied States. Imported liquor was available either on the black market or at "speakeasies" where the cost of a single drink was as much as the booze-deprived market would bear. The 18th Amendment had nothing to do, of course, with distillers in other countries, and it was not illegal for them to ship their products to islands just off American shores. The contracts sometimes stipulated that the product be packed 'in cases designed to float.'
Those who could not afford these products could brew their own quick and simple "bathtub gin," a combination of raw alcohol and other flavorings that harked back to the ersatz products of Gin Era London. Once again, an entire nation was developing a taste for gin.
Throughout the 1920s the rise of organized crime, as well as the creation of what was virtually a nation of lawbreakers consuming illicit gin in ever- increasing quantities, led to perpetual conflict over Prohibition, and the eventual repeal of the 18th Amendment by Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1933. It is interesting to note that Roosevelt's repeal was accompanied by the ceremonial creation of the first "legal" martini by Roosevelt in the White House -- the silver drinks cups used for the celebratory quaff are preserved in the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library in Hyde Park, New York.
The "Ginning" of America and the Rise of the Cocktail
President Roosevelt's "legal" martini called for two parts gin to one part vermouth, with a teaspoon of olive brine. It was served with an olive for extra smoothness, the rim of the glass was rubbed with lemon peel. Roosevelt's choice of drink, and its composition, would doubtless have been the occasion for heated discussion wherever liquor was consumed, for America was in the grip of a passion for cocktails, born partly of the necessity to adulterate the raw flavor of bathtub gin. And the major ingredient in those cocktails, spurred by its Prohibition-based popularity, was gin.
Though 1910 had seen the opening of London's first "cocktail bar," the Criterion in London's Piccadilly Circus, and the provenance of many popular gin cocktails can be traced to Imperial roots (the Gin and Tonic, for example, was created as a way of making malaria-fighting quinine more palatable to the officers of the Raj) it took American ingenuity and the America's new-found taste for gin to institutionalize any number of classic gin cocktails. The Gimlet, the Tom Collins and, of course, the Martini -- whose composition and classic glass have become synonymous with the word and the image of the sophisticated cocktail -- were all originally perfected and consumed with gin, and found their highest expression with the increased availability and use of Tanqueray. Between the World Wars, the works of such expatriate American authors as F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway described the consumption of gin cocktails with a Continental dash and drew more consumers into the cocktail fold.
The cocktail craze in America was exported back to its roots in England with the rise of the "Cocktail Set," youthful members of the upper classes who flouted convention and, as chronicled by Wodehouse and Waugh, and in the pages of the widely read Tatler, were emulated by the middle and lower classes. Public fascination with these "bright young things" and their gin-inspired antics continued unabated until the shadow of war in Europe curtailed the pleasures and availability of fine spirits and survival became the concern of the two great gin-drinking nations, and of the world beyond their hard fought borders.
http://homedistiller.org This page last modified Tue, 20 Jan 2015 20:51:05 -0800
| Holland |
Cape Finisterre is the most westerly mainland point of which country? | Home Distillation of Alcohol (Homemade Alcohol to Drink)
0.5 g dried cinnamon, and
0.5g dried rosemary
in 200mLs high proof distillate (95%) for 3 weeks in a sealed jar. The mixture becomes a murky brown. Don't worry if it smells unpleasant and medicinal. Then add 100 mLs filtered water, remove the cinnamon and either pot-still without reflux, or, as I do, use a simple 'internal alembic' made from kitchen utensils:
This method is very well known, and may be the best for essence distillations where one is starting with good spirit and where methanol/fusels are not a problem. I place two vessels in the pan: the collecting vessel is thus insulated against the heat of the boiling tincture and at the same time is kept below its own boiling point by the drops of distillate. When the cooling water is hand-warm (trial and error) I turn the gas off. About 100mLs of clear distillate is obtained; I bring this to 150 mL with cold filtered water. It immediately becomes opalescent. About 4 mLs of this will flavour a litre of 40% spirit to make a clear and flavourful gin. Calibrating a batch is a delightful way to spend an evening.
Alternative method.
Use juniper berries by simmering them in 50% vodka for ten minutes (with the lid on), then letting it cool overnight on it's own - 35 grams of juniper berries (crushed) and 350ml of vodka ( 5ml (one teaspoon) will turn a bottle of vodka into a light flavored gin, 10ml makes a more traditional, strong flavored gin).
The next day filter through coffee filters to get a homemade (and better quality) gin essence.
You can add other spices like cardamom, coriander, and lemon peel (about one gram of each) for a more complex flavor in your gin. Using 10ml makes a straw yellow colored drink.
Matt writes ... In Bob Emmons' _The Book of Gin & Vodkas_ he describes gin manufacture to some extent, even delineating the "cold compunding" method into three sub categories. Cold compounding is using neutral spirit and basically soaking the botanicals in it, which is what I see on the amateur sites we frequent. The other methods are of course distillation of botanicals into oils and then their addition to neutral spirit and traditional pot distilling of spirit through botanicals via the gin head.
He says the basic compounding includes crushing the botanicals used, a week of steeping in neutral spirit, and a week of resting. Followed by filtering, dilution, and bottling. It is clear that the filtering is for particulate matter since neutral spirit is used up front.
re: botanical amounts, he gives a complete listing of the common to the more obscure (rosemary, savory, etc.) botanicals used. Here's his section on a basic gin botanical ratio:
Here's a simple recipe utilized for making a basic gin. To 2,000 liters of 100 proof alcohol, add 45.4 kg of juniper berries, 22.7 kg of coriander seeds, 4.5 kg of cinnamon bark, 4.5 kg of angelica root, 0.45 kg of lemon peel, and 0.45 kg of cardamom. The end result will be immediately recognizable as gin.
Well that's good news ;-) He doesn't mention the method used for the above "recipe" but it would appear to be a cold compounding method.
notes on botanicals: North American cinnamon of commerce is actually the bark of the cassia tree. True cinnamon is not as easily obtained but it would seem his basic gin is using the cassia bark. Cardamom in this case would be cardamom seeds themselves and not the whole pods. Remember to remove as much pith (the white part) from the lemon peel; it is bitter. Wal writes ... For the history of gin (1650) see: http://cocktails.about.com/library/weekly/aa080899.htm
The Household Cyclopedia (1881) gives a Dutch and an English recipe: "To Prepare Gin as in Holland" using a proof spirit distilled from a rye, barley malt mash. Scaled down and converted to metric it consists of macerating 17.5g of juniper berries and 0.75ml (15drops) of juniper oil in 1 litre of proof spirit and redistilling. "English Genever" is made by macerating 35g of juniper berries in 1 litre of proof spirit with added water and redistilling.
Some distillers have the alcohol vapor pass through the botanicals (in a gin head), others macerate together and redistill while others distill various botanicals separately, and then blend, because different oils have different boiling points. I suspect some modern gins add essential oils to a neutral spirit instead of redistilling with botanicals.
Dutch gin (genever) is based on a heavier spirit made from a mash of wheat, rye and malted barley distilled in pot stills.It is often stated wrongly that genever uses only juniper. Other botanicals are used. It's the method used which gives genever its distinctive style. Bols, passes the vapor in a 4th distillation over the juniper berries. Triple distillation is common, and juniper is normally introduced in the second distillation, with the other botanicals being added to the 3rd (or sometimes 4th) distillation. Notaris redistills with juniper, while a 3rd blending component is distilled with other botanicals separately. The end result of combining a richer spirit and a higher percentage of juniper is a spirit which is more powerfully textured than London gin.
Old genevers were straw-colored and pungently sweet. Early English gin was also a juniper-laden drink flavored with glycerine and sugar syrup (Old Tom). Plymouth gin claims to be the first distillery to produce a dry, crystal-clear gin in the late 18th century. Gin was a perfect medium for bitters (to prevent stomach problems), lime juice (to prevent scurvy), and Schweppe's Tonic Water cotaining quinine (to prevent malaria).
There are 2 main ways to make gin: redistilling a neutral spirit which has had botanicals added to it (Distilled Gin); or adding essential oils (cold compounding). Distilled Gin (on label) is superior.
The pot stills used have high necks for more reflux than the usual whisky stills.
All distilleries have their secret rcipe of botanicals and how they put them in varies. Some put the botanicals in for only a short time before redistilling, others steep them for 24 hours before distilling, others pass vapor through a basket holding the botanicals. Not all botanical aromas appear at the same time. After a quick foreshots run, the volatile citrus notes appear, then come juniper and coriander, then the roots such as orris, angelica and liquorice. The length of the run is important. The alcohol concentration of the final product is also important as citric notes are the most volatile, and should be greater than 40%abv. Some duty-free gins are 50%abv.
All brands use juniper and coriander, but:
Gordons uses ginger, cassia oil and nutmeg.
Beefeater uses bitter orange peel as well as angelica root and seed.
Plymouth's 7 botanicals include sweet orange peel and cardamon.
Sapphire uses the now rarely seen cubeb berries (India) and grains of paradise (Ghana).
For convenience I have scaled down and rounded the quantities for the recipes for Dutch Geneva, Cordial gin and dry London Gins from 'Muspratt Chemistry'. I have assumed that the botanicals will be macerated in 1 litre of 50%abv and then redistilled. 42%abv is the original strength of Plymouth Gin. I have also doubled the quantity for bitter almonds as the original used pressed bitter almond cake and almonds contain about 50% oil. For the cordial gins, double the quantity of botanicals and then dilute to 22% abv. I have omitted the 'West Country Gin' as it contains only 2g of juniper/litre and a total of about 35g/litre of botanicals seems to be an optimal quantity.
Basic Gin -Recipe 1 (from 'The Book of Gin & Vodkas', Bob Emmons)
Juniper 22.5g
FINE GENEVA (highly recommended) Recipe 9
Juniper 20g
Cardamon 0.125g
Grains of paradise 1g
With the aim of formulating a standard model for gin botanical quantities for the homedistiller, here is a table of the botanicals used in 8 modern gins:
Tiger Gin
Gordon's Distilled London Dry Gin
Beefeater London Distilled Dry Gin
Plymouth Gin
Bombay Distilled London Dry Gin
Bombay Sapphire Distilled London Dry Gin
Mercury Gin
Juniper Green London Dry Gin
The total amount of botanicals used is about 20-35 grams/litre. If we take the dominant botanical juniper as 'x', the proportions of the botanicals used is:
x = juniper
x/10 = angelica, cassia, cinnamon, liquorice, bitter almonds, grains of paradise, cubeb berries
x/100 = bitter & sweet orange peel, lemon peel, ginger, orris root, cardamon, nutmeg, savory, calamus, chamomile.
If we use x = 20g then x/2 = 10g, x/10 = 2g, x/100 = 0.2g (200mg)
Some current gins do not have a pronounced juniper character as they are used for cocktails and are more of a flavored vodka - for this type of gin for 'x' use equal quantities for juniper & coriander (i.e. x = 20g composed of 10g of juniper & 10g of coriander)
The botanical are macerated in 45% abv neutral alcohol (usuallyfor 24 hours), redistilled and then diluted to 42% abv which is an optimal strength for holding the flavour of the botanicals. Only the middle run (80-85% abv) is used to produce a high quality gin. Plymouth Gin also comes in a 57% abv 'Navy Strength' and which is also the British 100 proof strength.
All gins include juniper as an ingredient along with other botanicals. Typically a fine gin contains 6-10 botanicals, although the Dutch Damask Gin has 17 and the French Citadelle Gin has 19 but this could be more for marketing reasons and has been criticised for lacking direction.
Botanical names:
bitter almond - prunus dulcis, amara
grains of paradise - afromumum melegueta
cubeb berries - piper cubeba
calamus - acorus calamus
chamomile - matricaria chamomilla
The usual mash for English gin is 75% maize, 15% barley malt and 10% other grains, although rectified spirit from molasses is also used. Dutch gin originally was made from 1/3 malted barley and 2/3 rye meal, although these days the proportions given is 1/3 malted barley, 1/3 rye, 1/3 maize.
The Dutch figure prominently in the history of distilling. With their business acumen, they were quick to make a guilder when the opportunity arose. The first recorded distillation of gin (eau de vie de genievre)is in 1572 by Franciscus Sylvius a physic of Leiden, and it was meant as a health tonic based on juniper berries. Lucas Bols, the father of commercial gin production, built his first distillery in 1575 near Amsterdam. The first recorded commercial liqueur was Lucas Bol's Kummel. It was meant as an aid for digestion i.e. as a digestive. It's based on caraway seeds which are believed to aid digestion and prevent flatulence.
The use of caraway flavored spirits are still common from Holland to Latvia. Caraway has a yield of essential oils from about 3-7%, therefore you would need to macerate about 100 grams of crushed seeds in 40%abv and then to redistill to get a caraway flavored spirit. This would have about a teaspoon (5ml or 100 drops) of caraway essential oil. Using a commercial essential oil is another alternative. Here is a basic recipe for those with a flatulence problem:
Kummel
750ml (3 metric cups) of caraway flavored alcohol 40%vol (5ml essential oil/litre i.e. redistill 100g crushed seeds in 1L 40% abv)
1 cup sugar
Make a simple syrup and add to the alcohol
You could also make a caraway flavored vodka by maceration:
1 litre vodka 40% abv
60g (2oz) lightly crushed caraway seeds (4tbsp)
60g (2oz) sugar (1/2 cup), or to taste.
Macerate for 10 days and strain.
Pacharan (Patxaran) is a Spanish Basque specialty made by macerating sloe berries (blackthorn, prunus spinosa)in a dry anise flavored alcohol with other herbs and spices.Sloe Gin is made by macerating sloe berries in gin. Here are two recipes from "Wine Making & Home Brewing" S. Beedell (1970):
Sloe Gin 1
| i don't know |
Hillary Rodman married whom in 1975? | The Marriage of Hillary Rodham and Bill Clinton
The Marriage of Hillary Rodham and Bill Clinton
20th Century Presidential Couples
The Marriage of Hillary Rodham and Bill Clinton
First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton and US President Bill Clinton in the Oval Office, January 1, 2000. Photo: Getty Images
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By Sheri Stritof
Although they have one of the most dissected marriages in America, Bill and Hillary Clinton keep their marriage together in spite of rough times, complicated and busy schedules, and lack of privacy. Here is information on how Bill and Hillary met, their wedding, and more.
Fast Marriage Facts - Bill and Hillary
Met: 1970.
Hillary's wedding dress was purchased at a department store.
News Updates:
2/12/2010: Former President Bill Clinton is back home. Dr. Allan Schwartz, chief of cardiology at New York Presbyterian Hospital said Clinton has "no evidence of heart attack or damage to his heart."
2/11/2010: After two stents were inserted into his coronary artery, former President Bill Clinton "is in good spirits." Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton traveled to be with him at New York Presbyterian Hospital.
continue reading below our video
7 Tips for a Harmonious Divorce
2/11/2010.
What You Can Learn From the Marriage of Bill and Hillary Clinton:
Relationships can survive hard times. Don't make decisions when you are upset and angry. Be true to yourself. Do what is right for you.
Born:
William Jefferson Clinton: August 19, 1946 in Hope, Arkansas. His birth name is William Jefferson Blythe III.
Hillary Diane Rodham: October 26, 1947 in Park Ridge, Illinois.
How Bill and Hillary Met:
Hillary and Bill first met in 1970 at Yale Law School in a civil liberties class.
Hillary, on first talking with each other: "If you're going to keep looking at me and I'm going to keep looking at you, we ought to at least know each other. I'm Hillary Rodham."
Source: Wendy H. Goldberg and Betty Goodwin. Marry Me! Courtships and Proposals of Legendary Couples. page 103.
Their first date was at a Yale art gallery to view a Mark Rothko exhibit.
Bill's marriage proposal: "I bought that house you like, so you better marry me because I can't live in it by myself."
Source: Wendy H. Goldberg and Betty Goodwin. Marry Me! Courtships and Proposals of Legendary Couples. page 104.
Wedding Date and Information:
Bill and Hillary were married on October 11, 1975 in Fayetteville, Arkansas in the brick home that Bill had purchased for the two of them. Hillary wore an old-fashioned looking dress designed by Jessica McClintock. She had hurridly purchased the dress at Dillard's department store. They had a small private ceremony followed by a reception for about 100 people.
The reception was held at the home of Morris and Ann Henry. Their wedding cake had pale yellow roses on the icing.
Hillary and Bill honeymooned in Acapulco.
Children:
Hillary and Bill have one daughter.
Chelsea Clinton: Born in 1980. On Thanksgiving Day 2009, Chelsea announced her engagement to banker Marc Mezvinsky. Chelsea and Marc were married on July 31, 2010.
Occupations:
Bill: 42nd President of the U.S., Governor of Arkansas.
Hillary: Former Secretary of State, former U.S. Senator, presidential candidate, lawyer.
Religion:
Hillary: Methodist.
Quotes About Bill and Hillary's Marriage:
Bill: "I believe when she [Hillary] says she doesn’t think she’ll run, she’s being completely honest. I want her to do what she wants to do. I’m glad she’s comin’ home, I miss her. We have fun together.”
Source: Jennifer Wlach. "Bill Clinton Marks 5th Annual Collegiate Service Summit -- ABC New Exclusive." ABCNews.go.com. 4/02/2012.
Tim Dowling: "If the rumours are to be believed, Bill and Hillary Clinton are in love. No, I mean with each other. Recently, the US secretary of state and the former president have been seen holding hands at the Cafe Carlyle in New York, only to be spotted a few days later walking together, again hand in hand, down a street in Washington."
Source: Tim Dowling. "When Bill Met Hillary -- a love story for our times?" Guardian.co.uk. 4/28/09.
Hillary: "I am very lucky because my husband is my best friend and he and I have been together for a very long time. Longer than most of you have been alive. And we have an an endless conversation. We never get bored. We get deeply involved in all of the work that we do and talk about it constantly and I just feel very fortunate that I have a relationship that has been so meaningful to me over my adult life.”
Hillary on dealing with their tough times together: "I am very grateful that I had a grounding in faith that gave me the courage and the strength to do what I thought was right, regardless of what the world thought."
Source: CNN.com. 6/07/2007. Inactive link: http://www.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/06/05/democrats.religion.ap/index.html.
Hillary about Bill's infidelity : "I really had to dig down deep and think hard about what was right for me, what was right for my family. I never doubted Bill’s love for me ever, and I never doubted my faith and my commitment to our daughter and our extended family. The momentary feelings — you know, you are mad, you are really upset, you are disappointed — all of that goes through your mind ... I have found you really shouldn’t make decisions in the heat of those moments.”
Source: "Hillary Clinton Talks to Tyra About Bill's Infidelity." People.com. 1/15/2008. Inactive link: http://peoplefalltv.wordpress.com/2008/01/15/hillary-clinton-talks-to-tyra-about-bills-infidelity/?xid.
Leon Panetta about the Clintons' marriage: "They've been through a lot of challenges as a couple, though in the end if you're with them together, you know there's something there that basically bonds them."
Source: Patrick Healy, NYTimes.com , "Clintons Balance Married and Public Lives", May 23, 2006.
Jay Carson and Philippe Reines about the time they have together: "She is an active senator who, like most members of Congress, has to be in Washington for part of most weeks. He is a former president running a multimillion-dollar global foundation. But their home is in New York, and they do everything they can to be together there or at their house in D.C. as often as possible —- often going to great lengths to do so. When their work schedules require that they be apart they talk all the time."
Source: Patrick Healy, NYTimes.com , "Clintons Balance Married and Public Lives", May 23, 2006.
Bill, near the end of his second term: "The White House has been good for us."
Source: Kati Marton, Hidden Power: Presidential Marriages That Shaped Our History, page 7.
| Bill Clinton |
A ukulele and a banjelele both have how many strings? | Hillary Diane Clinton (Rodham) - Celebrity Genealogy
Hillary Diane Clinton (Rodham)
New Castle, Westchester County, New York, United States
Birthdate:
Edgewater Hospital, Chicago, Cook County, Illinois, United States
Immediate Family:
Sister of <private> Rodham and <private> Rodham
Occupation:
USA Senator; First Lady of the USA; USA Secretary of State; Lawyer, New York Senator; Jr. Senator from New York; Mother of Chelsea Clinton; Grandmother., First lady, Secretary of State, State Senator
Managed by:
Added 2016-07-28 21:51:44 -0700 by Private User
Collection:
Hugh E. Rodham, Dorothy Howell Rodham
Siblings:
Added 2016-07-28 21:51:51 -0700 by Private User
Collection:
Oct 26 1947
Possible relatives:
...ton, Jr, William J Clinton, William J Clinton, Chelsea Victoria Clinton, Gov Bill Clinton, President Bill Clinton,
and names of 6 more re...
Residences:
2741 PO Box, Little Rock, Arkansas 72203-2741, USA
and 6 more full addresses
Phone numbers:
and 2 more phone numbers
Business associations:
Officer, The Childrens Defense Fund, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
and one more business association
Added 2016-07-28 21:51:46 -0700 by Private User
Collection:
About Hillary Rodham Clinton, 67th U.S. Secretary of State
Parents: Hugh E. Rodham, Dorothy E. Rodham
When Bill Clinton took office as president in January 1993, Hillary Rodham Clinton became the First Lady of the United States, and announced that she would be using that form of her name. She is the junior United States Senator from New York and President-elect Barack Obama's nominee for United States Secretary of State. She was a candidate for the Democratic nomination in the 2008 and 2016 presidential elections.
The 67th United States Secretary of State, serving in the administration of President Barack Obama when she decided to quit in 2013. She was a United States Senator from New York from 2001 to 2009. As the wife of Bill Clinton, the 42nd President of the United States, she was the First Lady of the United States from 1993 to 2001. She was a leading candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination in the 2008 and 2016 elections.
A native of Illinois, Hillary Rodham first attracted national attention in 1969 for her remarks as the first student to deliver the commencement address at Wellesley College. She embarked on a career in law after graduating from Yale Law School in 1973. Following a stint as a Congressional legal counsel, she moved to Arkansas in 1974 and married Bill Clinton in 1975. In 1977, Rodham co-founded the Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families. In 1978, she became the first female chair of the Legal Services Corporation. She was named the first female partner at Rose Law Firm in 1979, and was twice listed as one of the one hundred most influential lawyers in America. She was the First Lady of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981 and 1983 to 1992 and successfully led a task force to reform Arkansas's education system. She sat on the boards of Wal-Mart and several other corporations.
When she was First Lady of the United States, her major initiative, the Clinton health care plan, failed to gain approval from the U.S. Congress in 1994. In 1997 and 1999, Clinton played a role in advocating for the establishment of the State Children's Health Insurance Program, the Adoption and Safe Families Act, and the Foster Care Independence Act. Her time as First Lady drew a polarized response from the American public. She became the only First Lady to be subpoenaed, testifying before a federal grand jury as a consequence of the Whitewater controversy in 1996. She was never charged with any wrongdoing in this or any of the several other investigations during her husband's administration. The state of her marriage to Bill Clinton was the subject of considerable public discussion following the Lewinsky scandal in 1998.
After moving to New York, Clinton was elected as senator for New York State in 2000. That election marked the first time an American First Lady had run for public office; Clinton was also the first female senator to represent New York. In the Senate, she initially supported the George W. Bush administration on some foreign policy issues, which included voting for the Iraq War Resolution. She subsequently opposed the administration on its conduct of the war in Iraq, and opposed it on most domestic issues. She was re-elected by a wide margin in 2006. In the 2008 presidential nomination race, Clinton won more primaries and delegates than any other female candidate in American history, but she narrowly lost to Senator Barack Obama. As Obama's Secretary of State, Clinton is the first former First Lady to serve in a president's cabinet.
And their beloving cat Socks...to be remembered : http://edition.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/02/20/socks.obit/index.html?eref=onion
Hillary Rodham Clinton, 67th U.S. Secretary of State's Timeline
1947
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Which river runs by Balmoral Castle? | Balmoral Castle and the Dee - Walks - The AA
Balmoral Castle and the Dee
A walk past the Queen's memorials to her husband, servants and dogs.
Distance 4.8 miles (7.7km)
Paths Tracks and paths, no stiles
Landscape Pine forest and viewpoints above wide river valley
Suggested map aqua3 OS Explorer 388 Lochnagar
Start/finish NO 264949
Dog friendliness On lead in castle grounds
Parking Large pay-and-display at Crathie Church
Public toilets Balmoral Castle
Information
1 From the car park, cross the River Dee to the lodge gateway into Balmoral Castle. You must pay to enter the grounds and can also buy a booklet with a map of the marked walks. Shortly, turn right off the driveway on a track that bends to the left as it reaches the river. After 200yds (183m) bear left on a path that continues along the riverbank. At a yellow waymarker turn left, past a red pillar box to the cafeteria.
2 Go round to the left of the castle to its east front. A path runs directly away from the castle, to the right of a sunken rose garden, past the memorials to dogs. At a path junction turn right through a pinewood to regain the riverside.
3 Turn left on the riverside path. The tall white flowers of angelica grow here, releasing a smell like aniseed; there are lupins too, whose seeds are carried here by the river. The path runs up to a tarred driveway, which you follow for 55yds (50m) to a path rising on the left. This crosses another driveway and rises through the woods to a junction with a map showing the estate paths. Turn up to the right on a track that steepens and bends to the left under larches. At its highest point it reaches a T-junction.
4 Turn right for the fine view ahead into the corrie of Lochnagar. The little-used track runs down to join an unsurfaced forest road where you turn left. A deer fence on the right is threaded with thin laths, designed to make it visible to capercaillie. Injury from flying into fences is a significant reason for the decline of this handsome, and now almost extinct, large grouse. After a gate in the deer fence, turn right at a triangle junction, up a new forest road. In about 350yds (320m), a wide path turns up to the left and leads to a huge pyramidal cairn. from where there are panoramic views.
5 The path continues on the right, descending quite steeply to a corner where trees have been felled to provide a view down the Dee. The path descends through the deer fence to a tarred estate road. Opposite is a rather gaudy dry drinking trough, commemorating General Sir Thomas Myddelton Biddulph KCB. Turn down the road to the shop in Easter Balmoral. You can turn left to revisit the castle, as the route is about to leave the estate by turning right across a stream and down left to a public road alongside the Dee.
6 Turn right, then left, to a white suspension bridge across the river. Follow the road ahead, until a side road on the left leads to Crathie cemetery. The side road continues to the information centre at the end of the car park.
Balmoral Castle became a royal home in the days of Queen Victoria, when Prince Albert would blaze away at the deer out of the castle windows, regardless of the plaque of St Hubert on the east front. Though he was the patron saint of hunters, the message is actually to spare the deer. The castle is still a favourite home of today's royal family. The mountain of Lochnagar dominates the castle and was a favourite of Queen Victoria. Her great-great-grandson, Prince Charles, also admires it and made it the setting for his children's book The Old Man of Lochnagar.
Along the walk you can see the huge pyramidal cairn that was raised 'to the beloved memory of Albert the great and good; prince consort. Erected by his broken-hearted widow'. Victoria and six of her children placed stones bearing their initials in its base. It has wide views in many directions, though not to the castle itself, which is concealed by trees.
Queen Victoria raised ugly stonework even on supposedly joyous occasions, and the next cairn, massive and conical, celebrates the marriage of her daughter, Princess Alice, to Prince Henry of Battenberg.
The end of the walk is marked by a visit to Crathie cemetery. Here are 17th-century tombs with death's heads and epitaphs, and the grave of Queen Victoria's special friend, the ghillie John Brown. Interest in Brown has been increased by the film Mrs Brown starring Billy Connolly and Judi Dench. Brown's grave was inscribed by his Queen 'that friend on whose fidelity you count, that friend given you by circumstances beyond your control, was God's own gift.' It lies midway between the ruined chapel and the south wall of the kirkyard.
While you're there
Entering the castle grounds, you've already paid to visit the indoor displays. Victoria and Albert liked to combine tartan wallpaper with tartan floors and decorate with thistles. This was criticised even at the time and has now been moderated. Even so, the pictures, mostly stags in landscapes, and precious objects show a Victorian gusto and a touch of vulgarity that's refreshingly different from today's taste.
What to look for
You will pass some quite unexpected statues of animals. In the course of the walk you should spot a chamois, a wild boar and a collie dog. Also of interest are the castle's odd outbuildings, including many green wooden sentry boxes and a circular game larder which is decorated with antlers.
Where to eat and drink
The café at Balmoral Castle serves Queen's teas and a pretty good quiche. The nearby Inver Hotel offers bar meals (dogs welcome). Ballater has a selection of fine eating places, from the fish and chip shop to the elegant restaurant at the Deeside Hotel.
Highlands
| River Dee |
Chihuahua dogs originate from which country? | Enjoy a Running Holiday at Scotland's Balmoral Castle - Scotland blog | By Scotland Channel
Features
Enjoy a Running Holiday at Scotland's Balmoral Castle
Perhaps the most famous castle in Scotland is Balmoral , the private residence of the British Royal family. The property in Scotland was bought by Queen Victoria and the present Castle built by Prince Albert, her consort. It is the favorite summer home of the present Queen and her family who spent several weeks there every year. At other times the grounds, garden and castle ballroom are open to the public.
The Balmoral Estate covers 50,000 acres and includes heather covered hills in the shade of Lochanagar. The picturesque river Dee runs nearby. The estate is home to the 2,500 acre Ballochbuie Forest, the largest reserve of native Caledonian Pine in Scotland. The area was regenerated gradually as an ecological experiment by the Royal family. Another 5,000 acres are planted with trees and this wooded area provides shelter for red deer.
Another important part of the estate is the 6350 acres area around Loch Muick and Lochnagar that has been converted into a wildlife reserve. The Cairngorms National Park, the largest in Britain was established in 2003. There are now several activities on the Balmoral Estate open to the public to enjoy the beauty of this lovely countryside. There are also several cottages that can be rented on a weekly basis on the Estate.
The ranger service provides guided walking tours and safaris on land rovers. One can even live on the estate and participate in a walking holiday. This is a wonderful way to experience the life on the estate and see the beautiful Royal Deeside area. Other exciting activities at certain times of the year at Balmoral include a car rally and road races. Salmon fishing is open to anglers in the River Dee and so is golf course for golfers. You can also take a residential painting holiday here with an artist to guide you.
Running the Highlands is a local company that organizes running holidays in the Cairngorms and Royal Deeside for people of all levels of fitness. You can choose the duration you want to run in the Balmoral Estate and there are several packages through the year. You can run, walk, cycle and in winter perhaps participate in cross country skiing. The team has experts in massage and can even teach you Pilates.
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etc. or et cetera is Latin for what? | Et cetera - definition of et cetera by The Free Dictionary
Et cetera - definition of et cetera by The Free Dictionary
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/et+cetera
(ĕt sĕt′ər-ə, sĕt′rə)
Abbr. etc.
And other unspecified things of the same class; and so forth.
[Latin : et, and + cētera, the rest, neuter pl. of cēterus; see ko- in the Appendix of Indo-European roots.]
et cetera
(ɪt ˈsɛtrə) or
etcetera
1. and the rest; and others; and so forth: used at the end of a list to indicate that other items of the same class or type should be considered or included
2. or the like; or something else similar
Abbreviation: etc. or &c
[from Latin, from et and + cetera the other (things)]
Usage: It is unnecessary to use and before etc as etc (et cetera) already means and other things. The repetition of etc, as in he brought paper, ink, notebooks, etc, etc, is avoided except in informal contexts
et cet•er•a
(ɛt ˈsɛt ər ə, ˈsɛ trə)
adv.
and others; and so forth; and so on (used to indicate that more of the same sort or class have been omitted for brevity). Abbr.: etc.
[1100–50; late Old English < Latin]
usage: et cetera appears in English writing mostly in its abbreviated form, etc . The expression and et cetera is redundant.
et•cet•er•a
(ɛtˈsɛt ər ə, -ˈsɛ trə)
n., pl. -er•as.
1. a number of other things or persons unspecified.
2. etceteras, extras or sundries.
et cetera
A Latin phrase meaning and the rest, used to mean that other things which are not named should be included.
ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend:
| and rest |
What agent is normally used to make jam set? | Et cetera - definition of et cetera by The Free Dictionary
Et cetera - definition of et cetera by The Free Dictionary
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/et+cetera
(ĕt sĕt′ər-ə, sĕt′rə)
Abbr. etc.
And other unspecified things of the same class; and so forth.
[Latin : et, and + cētera, the rest, neuter pl. of cēterus; see ko- in the Appendix of Indo-European roots.]
et cetera
(ɪt ˈsɛtrə) or
etcetera
1. and the rest; and others; and so forth: used at the end of a list to indicate that other items of the same class or type should be considered or included
2. or the like; or something else similar
Abbreviation: etc. or &c
[from Latin, from et and + cetera the other (things)]
Usage: It is unnecessary to use and before etc as etc (et cetera) already means and other things. The repetition of etc, as in he brought paper, ink, notebooks, etc, etc, is avoided except in informal contexts
et cet•er•a
(ɛt ˈsɛt ər ə, ˈsɛ trə)
adv.
and others; and so forth; and so on (used to indicate that more of the same sort or class have been omitted for brevity). Abbr.: etc.
[1100–50; late Old English < Latin]
usage: et cetera appears in English writing mostly in its abbreviated form, etc . The expression and et cetera is redundant.
et•cet•er•a
(ɛtˈsɛt ər ə, -ˈsɛ trə)
n., pl. -er•as.
1. a number of other things or persons unspecified.
2. etceteras, extras or sundries.
et cetera
A Latin phrase meaning and the rest, used to mean that other things which are not named should be included.
ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend:
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What is the worlds most common blood type? | Blood Types Chart | Blood Group Information | American Red Cross
Printable Version
Blood Types
Although all blood is made of the same basic elements, not all blood is alike. In fact, there are eight different common blood types, which are determined by the presence or absence of certain antigens – substances that can trigger an immune response if they are foreign to the body. Since some antigens can trigger a patient's immune system to attack the transfused blood, safe blood transfusions depend on careful blood typing and cross-matching.
The ABO Blood Group System
There are four major blood groups determined by the presence or absence of two antigens – A and B – on the surface of red blood cells:
Group A – has only the A antigen on red cells (and B antibody in the plasma)
Group B – has only the B antigen on red cells (and A antibody in the plasma)
Group AB – has both A and B antigens on red cells (but neither A nor B antibody in the plasma)
Group O – has neither A nor B antigens on red cells (but both A and B antibody are in the plasma)
There are very specific ways in which blood types must be matched for a safe transfusion. See the chart below:
In addition to the A and B antigens, there is a third antigen called the Rh factor, which can be either present (+) or absent ( – ). In general, Rh negative blood is given to Rh-negative patients, and Rh positive blood or Rh negative blood may be given to Rh positive patients.
The universal red cell donor has Type O negative blood type.
The universal plasma donor has Type AB blood type.
Blood Types and the Population
O positive is the most common blood type. Not all ethnic groups have the same mix of these blood types. Hispanic people, for example, have a relatively high number of O’s, while Asian people have a relatively high number of B’s. The mix of the different blood types in the U.S. population is:
| Blood type |
Milwaukee is in which US state? |
Red Blood Cells
Red blood cells give blood its colour, which comes from a combination of oxygen and hemoglobin, an iron-containing protein. The average person has about 25,000,000,000,000 (25 trillion) red blood cells. If they were the size of toonies, a stack of all of your blood cells would be 44,000,000 kilometres high and would almost reach from earth to mars. Red blood cells carry oxygen to the tissues and organs and pick up carbon dioxide and carry it back to the lungs for removal.
Plasma
Plasma on its own is straw-coloured. Ninety per cent of plasma is water, while the other 10 per cent is made up of things like proteins, minerals, vitamins, sugars, fats, and other materials that fight disease and act as chemical messengers. Plasma carries nutrients to all parts of the body and carries waste products out of the body, acting like a cell transportation system. Red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets move around through the plasma.
Platelets
Platelets are small, delicate and oddly shaped. When we get a cut or scratch that bleeds, it means that a blood vessel has been cut or broken. Platelets dive into wounds and bind together, getting sticky like glue. They form a seal to help stop bleeding and keep germs and bacteria out of the cut.
White Blood Cells
White blood cells help keep the blood clean and help fight germs and infections. They help us recover from viruses, such as the common cold or chicken pox. Because a donor’s white blood cells may suppress the recipient's immune system by interacting with it, white blood cells are removed from blood donations through a process called leukoreduction.
What’s Your Blood Type?
Your blood type determines who you can donate to, or receive blood from. People with type O negative (O-) are considered universal donors, as they can donate red blood cells to all other blood type recipients. That’s why it’s always in high demand — it’s used in emergency situations when there is no time to test a patient’s blood type.
People with type AB positive (AB+) are considered universal recipients for red blood cells as they can receive them from any other blood type donor.
The most common blood type in Canada is O positive (O+), about 39 per cent of the population has it, which is why we have the greatest need for type O blood.
The least common type is AB negative (AB-), the blood type of less than one per cent of the population.
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The plant 'Digitalis' is better known as what? | Foxglove poisoning: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
Amount swallowed
Poison Control
Your local poison center can be reached directly by calling the national toll-free Poison Help hotline (1-800-222-1222) from anywhere in the United States. This hotline number will let you talk to experts in poisoning. They will give you further instructions.
This is a free and confidential service. All local poison control centers in the United States use this national number. You should call if you have any questions about poisoning or poison prevention. It does not need to be an emergency. You can call for any reason, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
What to Expect at the Emergency Room
The provider will measure and monitor person's vital signs, including temperature, pulse, breathing rate, and blood pressure. Symptoms will be treated as appropriate. The person may receive:
Activated charcoal
Medicines to treat symptoms, possibly including an antidote to help reverse the effects of the poison
Tube through the mouth into the stomach to wash out the stomach ( gastric lavage )
Outlook (Prognosis)
How well you do depends on the amount of poison swallowed and how quickly treatment is received. The faster you get medical help, the better the chance for recovery.
Symptoms last for 1 to 3 days and may require a hospital stay. Death is unlikely.
DO NOT touch or eat any plant with which you are not familiar. Wash your hands after working in the garden or walking in the woods.
Alternative Names
Willow-leaved foxglove poisoning; Revebjelle poisoning
Images
Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea)
References
Graeme KA. Toxic plant ingestions. In: Auerbach PS, ed. Wilderness Medicine. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Mosby; 2012:chap 64.
Review Date 11/4/2015
Updated by: Jesse Borke, MD, FACEP, FAAEM, Attending Physician at FDR Medical Services/Millard Fillmore Suburban Hospital, Buffalo, NY. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.
Related MedlinePlus Health Topics
| Digitalis |
What is the name of Elvis Costello's famous father? | A Modern Herbal | Foxglove
---Synonyms---Witches' Gloves. Dead Men's Bells. Fairy's Glove. Gloves of Our Lady. Bloody Fingers. Virgin's Glove. Fairy Caps. Folk's Glove. Fairy Thimbles.
(Norwegian) Revbielde.
(German) Fingerhut.
---Part Used---Leaves.
---Habitat---The Common Foxglove of the woods (Digitalis purpurea), perhaps the handsomest of our indigenous plants, is widely distributed throughout Europe and is common as a wild-flower in Great Britain, growing freely in woods and lanes, particularly in South Devon, ranging from Cornwall and Kent to Orkney, but not occurring in Shetland, or in some of the eastern counties of England. It flourishes best in siliceous soil and grows well in loam, but is entirely absent from some calcareous districts, such as the chain of the Jura, and is also not found in the Swiss Alps. It occurs in Madeira and the Azores, but is, perhaps, introduced there. The genus contains only this one indigenous species, though several are found on the Continent.
Needing little soil, it is found often in the crevices of granite walls, as well as in dry hilly pastures, rocky places and by roadsides. Seedling Foxgloves spring up rapidly from recently-turned earth. Turner (1548), says that it grows round rabbitholes freely.
---Description--- The normal life of a Foxglove plant is two seasons, but sometimes the roots, which are formed of numerous, long, thick fibres, persist and throw up flowers for several seasons.
In the first year a rosette of leaves, but no stem, is sent up. In the second year, one or more flowering stems are thrown up, which are from 3 to 4 feet high, though even sometimes more, and bear long spikes of drooping flowers, which bloom in the early summer, though the time of flowering differs much, according to the locality. As a rule the flowers are in perfection in July. As the blossoms on the main stem gradually fall away, smaller lateral shoots are often thrown out from its lower parts, which remain in flower after the principal stem has shed its blossoms. These are also promptly developed if by mischance the central stem sustains any serious injury.
The radical leaves are often a foot or more long, contracted at the base into a long, winged footstalk, the wings formed by the lower veins running down into it some distance. They have slightly indented margins and sloping lateral veins, which are a very prominent feature. The flowering stems give off a few leaves, that gradually diminish in size from below upwards. All the leaves are covered with small, simple, unbranched hairs.
The flowers are bell-shaped and tubular, 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 inches long, flattened above, inflated beneath, crimson outside above and paler beneath, the lower lip furnished with long hairs inside and marked with numerous dark crimson spots, each surrounded with a white border. The shade of the flowers varies much, especially under cultivation, sometimes the corollas being found perfectly white.
In cultivated plants there frequently occurs a malformation, whereby one or two of the uppermost flowers become united, and form an erect, regular, cup-shaped flower, through the centre of which the upper extremity of the stem is more or less prolonged.
The Foxglove is a favourite flower of the honey-bee, and is entirely developed by the visits of this insect. For that reason, its tall and stately spikes of flowers are at their best in those sunny, midsummer days when the bees are busiest. The projecting lower lip of the corolla forms an alighting platform for the bee, and as he pushes his way up the bell, to get at the honey which lies in a ring round the seed vessel at the top of the flower, the anthers of the stamens which lie flat on the corolla above him, are rubbed against his back. Going from flower to flower up the spike, he rubs pollen thus from one blossom on to the cleft stigma of another blossom, and thus the flower is fertilized and seeds are able to be produced. The life of each flower, from the time the bud opens till the time it slips off its corolla, is about six days. An almost incredible number of seeds are produced, a single Foxglove plant providing from one to two million seeds to ensure its propagation.
It is noteworthy that although the flower is such a favourite with bees and is much visited by other smaller insects, who may be seen taking refuge from cold and wet in its drooping blossoms on chilly evenings, yet no animals will browse upon the plant, perhaps instinctively recognizing its poisonous character.
The Foxglove derives its common name from the shape of the flowers resembling the finger of a glove. It was originally Folksglove - the glove of the 'good folk' or fairies, whose favourite haunts were supposed to be in the deep hollows and woody dells, where the Foxglove delights to grow. Folksglove is one of its oldest names, and is mentioned in a list of plants in the time of Edward III. Its Norwegian name, Revbielde (Foxbell), is the only foreign one that alludes to the Fox, though there is a northern legend that bad fairies gave these blossoms to the fox that he might put them on his toes to soften his tread when he prowled among the roosts.
The earliest known form of the word is the Anglo-Saxon foxes glofa (the glove of the fox).
The mottlings of the blossoms of the Foxglove and the Cowslip, like the spots on butterfly wings and on the tails of peacocks and pheasants, were said to mark where the elves had placed their fingers, and one legend ran that the marks on the Foxglove were a warning sign of the baneful juices secreted by the plant, which in Ireland gain it the popular name of 'Dead Man's Thimbles.' In Scotland, it forms the badge of the Farquharsons, as the Thistle does of the Stuarts. The German name Fingerhut (thimble) suggested to Leonhard Fuchs (the well-known German herbalist of the sixteenth century, after whom the Fuchsia has been named) the employment of the Latin adjective Digitalis (from Digitabulum, a thimble) as a designation for the plant, which, as he remarked, up to the time when he thus named it, in 1542, had had no name in either Greek or Latin.
The Foxglove was employed by the old herbalists for various purposes in medicine, most of them wholly without reference to those valuable properties which render it useful as a remedy in the hands of modern physicians. Gerard recommends it to those 'who have fallen from high places,' and Parkinson speaks highly of the bruised herb or of its expressed juice for scrofulous swellings, when applied outwardly in the form of an ointment, and the bruised leaves for cleansing for old sores and ulcers. Dodoens (1554) prescribed it boiled in wine as an expectorant, and it seems to have been in frequent use in cases in which the practitioners of the present day would consider it highly dangerous. Culpepper says it is of: 'a gentle, cleansing nature and withal very friendly to nature. The Herb is familiarly and frequently used by the Italians to heal any fresh or green wound, the leaves being but bruised and bound thereon and the juice thereof is also used in old sores, to cleanse, dry and heal them. It has been found by experience to be available for the King's evil, the herb bruised and applied, or an ointment made with the juice thereof, and so used.... I am confident that an ointment of it is one of the best remedies for a scabby head that is.' Strangely enough, the Foxglove, so handsome and striking in our landscape, is not mentioned by Shakespeare, or by any of the old English poets. The earliest known descriptions of it are those given about the middle of the sixteenth century by Fuchs and Tragus in their Herbals. According to an old manuscript, the Welsh physicians of the thirteenth century appear to have frequently made use of it in the preparation of external medicines. Gerard and Parkinson advocate its use for a number of complaints, and later Salmon, in the New London Dispensatory, praised the plant. It was introduced into the London Pharmacopoeia in 1650, though it did not come into frequent use until a century later, and was first brought prominently under the notice of the medical profession by Dr. W. Withering, who in his Acount of the Foxglove, 1785, gave details of upwards of 200 cases, chiefly dropsical, in which it was used.
A domestic use of the Foxglove was general throughout North Wales at one time, when the leaves were used to darken the lines engraved on the stone floors which were fashionable then. This gave them a mosaiclike appearance.
The plant is both cultivated and collected in quantities for commercial purposes in the Harz Mountains and the Thuringian Forest.
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Siam is now called what? | Siam Officially Renamed Thailand | History Today
Siam Officially Renamed Thailand
Richard Cavendish explains how the proposal to change the name of Siam to Thailand was eventually accepted on May 11th, 1949.
On July 20th, 1948, the Siamese constituent assembly voted to change the
name of Siam to Thailand, the change to come into effect the following year. Muang Thai or Thailand means ‘land of the free’ and the name had been changed before, in 1939 under the fascist military dictatorship of Field Marshal Luang Phibunsongkhram, but the anti-Axis powers refused to recognise the new name after Siam allied herself with the Japanese and in 1942 declared war on the United States and the United Kingdom.
Phibun and his nationalist supporters in Siam took the Japanese side, partly because it initially looked like the winning one, partly because they hoped to recover long-lost territory in Laos, Cambodia and Burma, and partly because of their profound hostility to the Chinese in Thailand. They had already restricted Chinese immigration, closed hundreds of Chinese schools and shut down Chinese newspapers. In any case, when the Japanese late in 1941 demanded free passage across Thailand to invade Malaya and attack Singapore, the Thais were in no position to resist.
As the war went on, however, and it became clear that the country had picked the losing side, the resources of Thai diplomacy were skilfully marshalled to make the country’s peace with the Allies while taking care not to offend the Japanese unduly. Phibun’s regime ended in 1944. After the war the United States decided that the Thai regime had acted under duress and no objection was raised to the change of name. Phibun returned to power in 1948 and his hostility to Communist China now put him in an altogether better light with the Western powers. He lasted until 1957, when his military cronies decided they had had quite enough of him and sent him packing. He retired to Japan and lived in Tokyo until his death in 1964.
| Thailand |
What is the fruit of the 'Blackthorn'? | History of Siam-Thailand
by Charles Kimball
Nan Zhao was destroyed by the Mongols in 1253, but long before that time small groups of Thais moved out in search of greener pastures. One group already mentioned, the Shans, settled eastern Burma. Others included the Lao, who settled the Khorat Plateau and the upper Mekong valley; the Ahom or Assamese, who have been the dominant group in northeast India since 1228; the White, Red and Black Thai, who stayed in the highlands of Indochina and derived their names from the main color of their clothing; and a group called the Small Thai, who settled in the heart of modern Thailand, the Menam (Chao Phraya) valley.
Those Thais who stayed at home became the Zhuang, the largest (12 million) ethnic minority in modern China. Wherever they went the Thais became both settlers and mercenaries. Once they left China they discarded the culture that they learned from the Chinese, since it was now a symbol of oppression. In its place they learned Theravada Buddhism from the Mons, the arts from the Khmers, and developed an alphabet based on the scripts of both.
As long as Southeast Asia was ruled by strong empires like Pagan and Kambujadesa, the Thais were no threat. But when those empires weakened in the thirteenth century the Thais found a vacuum they could fill. In several places along the Menam River Thai mercenaries revolted, setting up independent muang or city-states in place of Khmer rule. The most important of these was Sukhothai, founded around 1238 on the upper Menam, and Lan Na ("One Million Rice Fields"), farther north on the same river. Lan Na's first ruler, Mangrai (1259-1318), was an excellent monarch, who defeated and conquered several rival muang around him and made his kingdom both civilized and powerful. He even defeated the Mongols when they invaded Lan Na in 1296 and 1301. After making a few counter-raids of his own into China, Mangrai sent elephants and other gifts to the court of the Great Khan, and Sino-Thai relations were fine after that. In 1296 he founded an impressive new capital, Chiangmai, and the kingdom of Lan Na is usually referred to as Chiangmai after this.
Mangrai's successors quarreled over the Chiangmai throne for eleven years (1318-29), and by the time stability returned the southern kingdom of Sukhothai had clearly become the leader among the Thai states. Sukhothai's first two kings are obscure, but the third was a multi-talented monarch called Rama Khamheng, or Rama the Brave (1279-1317). Under him Sukhothai grew from just another muang into a "super-muang"; most of Malaya, Laos, eastern and central Thailand came under his rule, and he also made vassals of the Mons in Burma. Rama Khamheng was a fearless warrior, but most of the time he did not have to fight; his reputation went ahead of him and caused most enemies to submit without a battle. He made two trips in person (1294 and 1300) to pay tribute at the court of the Great Khan, thereby escaping the Mongol raids that fell upon the rest of Southeast Asia.(1)
On top of other things, Rama Khamheng claimed to be the inventor of the Thai alphabet. Whether or not this is true, the oldest known Thai inscription was written by him. Dated 1292, it portrays Sukhothai as a rich and happy state, active in trade, and governed by a paternal monarch; taxes were modest, all citizens (both Thai and non-Thai) were treated with equal justice, and everyone followed Buddhism. Allowing for some exaggeration of the country's virtues, the picture presented still shows a remarkable contrast to life under the Khmer god-kings, who demanded much in labor and taxes to support themselves and a religion that had little relevance to the commoner's life.
King Rama Khamheng was able to be a good ruler, warrior, diplomat and patron of Buddhism and the arts--all at the same time. His successors were not so talented; his son, Lo Thai, devoted his energy to Buddhism and neglected everything else. Under him it became difficult to rule the kingdom from a capital that was far removed from the centers of agriculture and population. Many muang on the kingdom's periphery seceded, claiming that their submission to Rama Khamheng was now null and void. One of these local princes, Rama T'ibodi I, revolted and founded a new capital, Ayutthaya (also called Ayuthia or Ayudhya), on the lower Menam. Sukhothai's fifth king, the monkish Li Thai, recognized superior leadership and abdicated to him. That marked the beginning of Siam's Ayutthayan era, a time future Thais would regard as a golden age.
Footnotes:
1 - It was around this time that the Chinese started calling Sukhothai "Xian," and neighboring states like Vietnam called it "Syam." From these names we get "Siam," Thailand's official name until 1939.
©Copyright 2000 - 2003 Charles Kimball
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Can you name the Queens eldest grandchild? | First great-grandchild for Queen - BBC News
First great-grandchild for Queen
Media captionThe baby girl weighed 8lb 8oz
The Queen is "delighted" with the birth of her first great-grandchild, Buckingham Palace has said.
The baby girl, the first child for the Queen's eldest grandson Peter Phillips and his wife, Autumn, weighed 8lbs 8oz.
The newborn, who is 12th in line to the throne, was born in Gloucestershire Royal Hospital on Wednesday. Her name has not yet been confirmed.
Mr Phillips, son of Princess Anne, met his wife in Montreal in 2003, and they wed at Windsor Castle five years later.
A statement from Buckingham Palace read: "The Queen, the Duke of Edinburgh, the Princess Royal, Captain Mark Phillips and Autumn's family have been informed and are delighted with the news."
Canadian-born Mrs Phillips, a former Roman Catholic, was accepted into the Church of England shortly before their wedding in May 2008.
Her husband would have had to give up his right to the throne had she not done so.
Since 1701, heirs to the throne marrying Catholics cannot become sovereigns.
Peter Phillips is the only son of Princess Anne and her first husband, Captain Mark Phillips. He does not have a royal title because his mother turned down the Queen's offer of honours for both her children.
Peter's younger sister Zara Phillips announced her engagement to the rugby player Mike Tindall earlier this month.
| Peter Phillips |
'The Importance of Being Earnest' was written by whom? | Queen becomes a great-grandmother for the second time after birth of baby Isla Phillips | Daily Mail Online
Queen becomes a great-grandmother for the second time after birth of baby Isla Phillips
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The Queen has expressed her delight after becoming a great-grandmother for the second time.
Isla Elizabeth Phillips was born on Thursday at Gloucestershire Royal Hospital to the Queen’s eldest grandson, Peter Phillips and his wife Autumn.
Isla, who weighed 7lb 4oz, is the couple’s second daughter. She will be 13th in line to the throne, after her sister Savannah, who was born in December 2010.
Autumn and Peter Phillips, pictured with their daughter Savannah, announced the birth of their second child Isla Elizabeth who was born on Friday
The Queen is said to be delighted at the arrival of her second great-grandchild who has been give the middle name Elizabeth
Buckingham Palace said: ‘The Queen, the Duke of Edinburgh, the Princess Royal, Captain Mark Phillips and Autumn’s family have been informed and are delighted with the news.
‘Isla Elizabeth is the second child for Peter and Autumn, the second grandchild for the Princess Royal and the second great-grandchild for the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh.’
The Palace would not confirm if the middle name of Elizabeth had been chosen as a tribute to the Queen, who is celebrating her Diamond Jubilee this year.
Mr Phillips, 34, the son of Princess Anne, met his wife in Montreal in 2003 and they married at Windsor Castle five years later.
Canadian-born Mrs Phillips, 33, a former Roman Catholic, was accepted into the Church of England shortly before their wedding.
Her husband would otherwise have had to give up his right to the throne.
Although he is 11th in line to the throne, Peter does not have a royal title as his mother declined to give her children the HRH title at birth.
Zara Phillips with the Queen's first great-grandchild, Savannah and Peter, right, was present at the birth of his second child Isla Elizabeth who was born at The Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, Gloucester
Peter Phillips married Autumn Kelly at St George's Chapel, Windsor, on the 17 May 2008
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In which US city do the 'Yankees' play their baseball? | New York Yankees Tickets | 2017 Yankees Tickets
New York Yankees Tickets
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The New York Yankees average ticket prices for regular season MLB games have fluctuated over the last five seasons. New York Yankees ticket prices peaked in 2011 before declining over the next two seasons, and they have been gradually increasing since 2014. The largest increase in New York Yankees ticket prices came during the 2016 season with the average ticket price moving from $37 in 2015 to $50 in 2016. The average ticket price for New York Yankees regular season MLB tickets in 2016 is currently at $50 which is up 35% from 2015.
(Data updated 8/2/2016)
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2016 Yankees Season Preview
After a two year playoff drought, the New York Yankees returned to the MLB Postseason a year ago, falling in a thrilling Wild Card game to the Houston Astros. The new look Yankees are poised to take a step further in 2016, and come in with the confidence and more importantly, the talent to bring home yet another AL East crown to Yankees Stadium. The Yankees 2016 outfield will be as talented as any in the AL East, with speedy Jacoby Ellsbury in center, and the powerful bats of Carlos Beltran and Brett Gardner on either side of him. The growth of Masahiro Tanaka into a legitimate #1 pitcher, has opened things up in the middle of New York’s rotation for younger talent to move in. As always the New York Yankees will compete in one of the toughest divisions in baseball, but will be one of the favorites to return to the Postseason. New York Yankees tickets are always among the most sought after in the MLB, and 2016 should be no different.
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New York Yankees Baseball at Yankee Stadium
Address: 1 E 161st St, Bronx, New York, 10451
The Yankees play their home games at Yankee Stadium , located in the Bronx, New York. This new Yankee Stadium replaced the historic “House That Ruth Built” in 2008. When filled to capacity, Yankee Stadium holds more than 50,000 screaming fans. When at Yankee Stadium, you should visit Monument Park, where you can relive the rich history that New York has enjoyed for more than a century. The New York Yankees dugout is on the Yankee Stadium first base line in fron of sections 15A-17A. Yankee Stadium parking information is covered in our Yankee's event guide.
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Yankees vs. Red Sox
The premier rivalry in baseball, Yankees Red Sox has grown to be bigger than the game itself. It doesn’t matter if both teams are good, bad, or middle of the pack, this game is always important. Played more than 2,100 times over a century, there have been countless pennant races, brawls, curses, feuds, and defections. Oddly enough there are no two teams more essential to the other than the Yankees and Red Sox. It is as if beating the other is life and the purpose of sport.
Yankees vs. Mets
The latest version of the subway series is a century newer, but retains much of the excitement of the originals. First played in 1997, this series erupted onto the scene in 2000 when the two met for the World Series. Since then this rivalry has been personified by matchups like Clemons vs. Piazza, and Santana vs. Jeter. One of the successes of interleague play, this inner-city matchup is like no other in the country, and easily one of the most fun to watch each and every year.
Yankees vs. Orioles
The Yankees and Baltimore share much in common over the course of their history. The Yankees started out as a team in Baltimore before moving to New York. Babe Ruth was born in Baltimore and played for the Orioles (then the name of a minor league team) before there ever was a curse of the bambino. With countless AL East titles between them, this rivalry has seen some of the best names in baseball history, and is one of the better games in the American League.
New York Yankees in the World Series, American League Championship Series and MLB Playoffs
There are organizations and then there are the New York Yankees. As the most accomplished franchise in the history of Major League Baseball, the Yankees have set themselves apart from the rest of the baseball world. New York has won an MLB record 17+ division titles, over 39 AL pennants, and more than 26 World Series titles in their
New York Yankees Event Guide
What time do the gates open prior to a Yankees game?
Gates open 2 hours before the start of most games at Yankees Stadium
How can I buy cheap New York Yankees tickets?
TicketCity offers a big selection of Yankees Baseball tickets which include some of the lowest priced seats on the market. Yankees tickets fluctuate based on demand and opponent. Marquee American League opponents, like the Boston Red Sox, Detroit Tigers and Tampa Bay Rays, can drive up home game prices. While cheap tickets are more plentiful for non-divisional or interleague opponents. Those games may offer best opportunity to purchase Yankees tickets near face value.
Where are good places to eat before a Yankees game?
Some of the best dining options in the entire country are within a few blocks of Yankees Stadium. If you enjoy eating at traditional American diners, don’t miss trying Margie’s Red Rose Diner. Mexican food fans should try Mexicocina, or Café Ollin. For the best pre-game barbeque around check out Dinosaur Bar-B-Que, it is one of the best places in the city. If you are looking for something new, try one of the great Caribbean food places in the area. Freda’s Caribbean & Soul Cuisine, and Elsie’s Caribbean Café are two of the best. For a more sophisticated menu, try Solace Bar and Grill. Solace is on the higher end price wise, but it has a menu that will satisfy all the foodies out there. Other great places in the area are, Zoma, Pisticci, and Buster’s.
Where can I find the 2017 New York Yankees Baseball schedule?
The Yankees 2017 Baseball schedule is listed as soon as it is announced by MLB. The Yankees play in the AL East, which means games against the Boston Red Sox, Tampa Bay Rays, Baltimore Orioles and Toronto Blue Jays. Game times are announced by MLB as soon as the TV schedule is set. The Yankees home opener is typically one of the most popular games. They also play the New York Mets in the Subway Series. If you are looking for Yankees news or scores, then visit our partners at CBS Sports. They are also a good source for the official New York Yankees team roster.
Where is the best place to park at Yankees Stadium?
Parking at Yankees Stadium is a nightmare. There are a few garages in the area, located on the northeast and southwest corner of the stadium, but these are often reserved for season ticket holders, and pre-paid parking only. The best way to get to Yankees Stadium is to take the subway. There are multiple stations within a few blocks of the stadium and they are always packed with Yankees fans heading to and from the game.
Can I buy New York Yankees Baseball season tickets?
New York Yankees season tickets are available to buy until kickoff of their home opener. Check our listings above or call us if you would like to purchase Yankees Baseball season tickets. Let us know if you want a particular section at Yankee Stadium.
Does my child need a ticket to attend a Yankees game?
Children 3 years old and younger, and also under 30 inches tall are allowed to enter Yankees stadium without a ticket, but must sit on a parents lap for the duration of the game. It is best practice to bring proof of your child’s age with you to the gate to ensure they are allowed to enter the stadium.
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| New York |
If you were watching 'The Richmond Tigers', which sport would they be playing? | New York City FC home truth: Yankee Stadium will never be their field of dreams - Telegraph
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“We are thrilled to call Yankee Stadium our first home for New York City FC. Yankee Stadium is one of the world’s most legendary sports venues and a great and accessible location for fans.
"There is no better place for New York City FC to kick off our historic first season in MLS and we look forward to hosting soccer fans across all five boroughs, and beyond at Yankee Stadium next year.”
NYCFC chief business officer Tim Pernetti, April 2014
New York City's first major test in their brief history will not be facing one of Kaka's free-kicks but playing at Yankee Stadium.
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Is MLS harming US Soccer?
05 Mar 2015
The Major League Soccer expansion side face New England Revolution on Sunday in the first match at their temporary home in front of a 30,000-plus crowd.
Yet for all the glitz and glamour in playing in one of sport's most iconic venues - albeit a $2.3 billion remake of The House That Ruth Built - playing football at a baseball stadium has major problems.
Baseball stadiums, and indeed Yankee Stadium, have long hosted football matches.
In the first of many exhibition matches, Scottish giants Celtic faced the soccer team New York Yankees at Yankee Stadium in June 1931, while in 1971 and 1976, the New York Cosmos of the North American Soccer League, played their homes matches at Yankee Stadium.
And just last summer Manchester City - co-owners of New York City - faced Liverpool in a friendly at the ground.
@IntChampionsCup Had such a fun time at Liverpool vs. Manchester City at Yankee Stadium #ICC2014 pic.twitter.com/ZOfm5zKMxR
— Paul Vernick (@PVernick) August 2, 2014
But there are numerous issues in hosting regular football matches at a baseball ground, not least switching between the sports when the Major League Baseball season begins in early April.
The conversion to a football stadium takes will take three days - two-and-a-half if absolutely necessary - and includes reducing the capacity from 49,642 to 33,444 (but not this weekend's opener due to high demand) and removing the pitcher's mound. All this could happen up to 20 times a season.
"Three days is important based on weather," said Yankees chief operating officer Lonn Trost in a press conference last April. "We are analysing that when it comes to the schedule. We will work out the schedule. We have done it before. We've tested it against existing schedules. We will be working with the club and MLS to make certain that the games will not get in the way of our regular [Yankees] schedule."
#Sportsbiz RT @Yankees : Here's how Yankee Stadium will look for @nycfc home games. pic.twitter.com/l5d5tpKfNy
— Mike Mahoney (@Mahoney) April 21, 2014
More to the point, as tenants, New York City will always come second to the needs of the New York Yankees.
Yankees president Randy Levine added ominously at the same press conference: "Before we made this decision, we sat down with all the officials, including the commissioner at MLS, we told them obviously just as we say for every event: the Yankees are the primary tenant. This is a baseball stadium."
Come baseball play-off time, New York City may have to look for another venue for their home match against New England on Oct 25 depending on how well the Yankees fare.
"We don't anticipate any scheduling problems. If there is, there are other venues in the city," said Levine.
Then there are issues over the pitch itself, which will be at an angle due to the structure of the stadium and just 110 x 70 yards in size, the smallest playing surface in the MLS and the smallest allowable by Fifa regulation.
"Seventy yards wide is typically in a lot of places. For me, that's a comfortable width. When I was told this was going to be 70 yards wide, I was a very very happy man," said New York coach Jason Kreis.
Details of the #NYCFC seat selection process at Yankee Stadium have been announced. Link: http://t.co/Tub4r40zMn pic.twitter.com/WzYkb9IsOg
— New York City FC (@NYCFC) July 22, 2014
But the field of play is of more concern to the Yankees than to New York City.
On Tuesday the Wall Street Journal reported that the Yankees are worried about the state of the field they will play on.
“It’ll definitely cause an issue, but it’s nothing that we can control, so we can’t worry about it," first baseman Mark Teixeira was quoted as saying. “It’s terrible for a field.”
“Grass, dirt, everything gets messed up," he added.
EXCLUSIVE PHOTOS: Bondy: Yankee Stadium field in bad shape for NYCFC game - http://t.co/hcxL3OISVM pic.twitter.com/yQi3dYV4cb
— NY Daily News Sports (@NYDNSports) March 11, 2015
And what of the fan experience for New York City? Already some supporters have had their noses put out of joint after Yankee Stadium issued a list of regulations.
While it is understandable that Yankee Stadium wants total control over its venue, New York City fans do not want to feel like unwanted guests in their own home.
NYCFC with another jab at its fans today for home games in Yankee Stadium pic.twitter.com/jOZXBH7IQe (via @BrownBagSC )
— Grant Wahl (@GrantWahl) January 30, 2015
New York City are likely to face these issues for three years - or more likely longer as they look to find a suitable location, overcome any red-tape issues and then build a stadium within the five boroughs.
On the search for a venue, New York property lawyer Martin Edelman, a member of Manchester City's board of directors told the New York Daily News: “We had focused on the Bronx [where the Yankees play] but that didn’t work out and we weren’t able to find anything else in the Bronx that made sense.
“So we’re looking in Queens and Brooklyn, and each potential has to be analysed for construction, for access to public transportation, for parking, it’s a very complicated process.
“There’s no rush, but there’s a rush. In other words we’re not going to just settle for something, we’re going to find a place where everybody is comfortable doing it, and it makes economic sense to do it. But we’re not just sitting and waiting for the place to come to us.”
New York City play their first home match on Sunday, whether Yankee Stadium feels like home is another matter entirely.
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What is the exact imperial distance of a marathon race? | Why is the marathon distance set to 42.195 km?
Why is the marathon distance set to 42.195 km?
February 13, 2009 20:09 History
The official distance for a marathon is 42.195 km. But why is it so?
Credit : Martineric
Most of the non marathon runners I ask the question answer that this weird number must be due to the conversion from imperial units to the metric system (or the other way round).
It is not. The distance in miles is 26 miles and 385 yards, commonly rounded to 26.2. So why was this distance chosen?
Let’s get back to the origins of the marathon race.
The origin of the marathon
In the year 490 B.C., Miltiade a Greek general from Athens inflicted a serious defeat on the Persians in the plains of Marathon, a small village in the northwest of Athens. In order the convey the news of the victory, a Greek soldier, Phidippides, ran at a stretch from the battlefield to Athens. After delivering the news, he collapsed and died.
What distance did he actually run? We certainly don’t know the exact distance, because we don’t know the route he followed.
I made a little test. I went to the Google maps web site and asked for the direction from Marathon to Athens.With the modern road system, the distance is 42.3 km. Isn’t that amazing? But most historians assume that the distance ran by Phidippides was around 40 km.
Modern marathon
As legendary and fictitious as this story seems, it lead to the creation of the modern marathon race. When Pierre de Coubertin gave birth to the modern Olympic games, the first marathon was set to 40 kilometers. But during the early Olympic games, the distance of the marathon varied a lot. It went from 40 km to 42.75.
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42.195
26.22
The definitive distance for the marathon race was determined in 1921 by the International Amateur Athletic Federation (IAAF). The distance chosen was the one ran in London in 1908 : 26 miles 385 yards or 42.195 km.
The london race in 1908
It is commonly said that the distance was set to 26 miles 385 yards because of the Royal family. During the preparation of the summer Olympiads, it had been agreed that the organizers would include a marathon of about 40 km or 25 miles. The British officials, desirous to accommodate the King of England, started the race at Windsor Castle and finished at the Royal box in the Olympic Stadium—a distance of precisely 26 miles 385 yards.
But that only explains why the London marathon’s distance was 42. 195 km. It doesn’t tell us why this distance was chosen as the definitive marathon distance.
A dramatic event
The London race became famous because of the so called ‘London affair’.
Dorando Pietri, an Italian runner, leading the race was staggering badly when he entered the Olympic Stadium. He collapsed several times on the track. The crowd in the stadium thought he was going to die. A compassionate official, finally helped the semiconscious runner across the finish line. After the event, the story was on the media for days. Some even reported Pietri had died in the hospital after the race. This sensational finish helped the marathon fix itself in the imagination of the crowds as THE endurance race, even though it was dangerous to run. This helped spread the word about marathon running more than anything else.
Unfortunately, because of the help he had received, the Italian runner was disqualified and Johnnie Hayes was declared winner.
The IAAF never officially explained why they had chosen 26 miles and 385 yards as the official distance for the marathon in 1921. But I’m a strong believer that it is due to the enormous emotion generated by the London race.
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Where were the 1948 Olympics held? | The Marathon’s Accidental Route to 26 Miles 385 Yards - The New York Times
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Sports |The Marathon’s Random Route to Its Length
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The Marathon’s Random Route to Its Length
JERÉ LONGMAN
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London
At the Summer Olympics, the marathon will be the only foot race measured by the standard system instead of the metric system.
And yet the precise distance of 26 miles 385 yards is entirely random, established at the 1908 London Games at least in part as an accommodation to the British royal family, not as an adherence to historical imperative.
When the modern Olympics began in Athens in 1896, a race of 40 kilometers, or 24.85 miles, was held to commemorate the legend of Pheidippides . He is the messenger who is said to have run from Marathon to Athens to announce a Greek victory over the Persians at the Battle of Marathon in 490 B.C. And to have promptly died.
The 1900 Olympic marathon in Paris covered just over 25 miles, and the 1904 Olympic marathon in St. Louis returned to the distance of 24.85 miles. This was more like cooking than civil engineering. Race directors designed their courses by a sense of feel, not by a fastidious recipe.
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In Paris, according to David Wallechinsky’s “The Complete Book of the Olympics,” the route was so badly marked that some runners veered off course and had to share the road with bicyclists, automobiles, recreational runners and the occasional animal. One of the favorites stopped for a beer early in the race and dropped out.
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The 1908 London Games established what is now the customary distance of the marathon. The exact reasons are in dispute, myth intertwining like a vine with fact over the past century. But the result, Wallechinsky said, was a race length that was “completely arbitrary.”
The race began on the East Terrace at Windsor Castle. According to some accounts, King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra, along with the Prince and Princess of Wales, had been influenced by attending the unofficial 1906 Athens Olympics on the 10th anniversary of the modern Games. For the 1908 Olympic marathon , the Princess of Wales watched the start, which began near the window of the royal nursery so that her children could watch, according to David Miller’s history of the Olympics, “Athens to Athens.” Thus, Miller wrote, the marathon distance “was determined in a bizarre manner.”
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John Hayes of the United States was eventually declared the winner of the marathon at the 1908 Games after a controversial finish. Credit Associated Press
But David Davis, author of a forthcoming book about the race, “Showdown at Shepherd’s Bush,” said the isolated starting point most likely had to do with controlling the crowd. “There was no demand by the royal family to start beneath the window,” Davis said.
It was about 26 miles from Windsor Castle to the Olympic Stadium in West London at Shepherd’s Bush. The original plan had the runners coming into the stadium at the royal entrance and running about 585 yards, circling the track counterclockwise and finishing in front of the royal box, Davis said. But the royal entrance was deemed unsuitable; instead the runners entered at the opposite end of the stadium and, to enhance the view for the Queen and others, ran clockwise for 385 yards to the royal box.
The final yards made for a gripping and contentious result. Entering the stadium first on that hot and humid July day was an Italian pastry chef named Dorando Pietri. But he was exhausted, delirious. He turned the wrong way on the track, reversed course and began stumbling. According to news accounts, Pietri fell five times in that final quarter-mile.
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, the creator of Sherlock Holmes, covered the race for The Daily Mail of London and wrote, “I caught a glimpse of the haggard, yellow face, the glazed, expressionless eyes, the long, black hair streaked across the brow.”
By assisting Pietri to his feet, race officials knew they were jeopardizing his gold medal. But as the official Olympic report said, “It was impossible to leave him there, for it looked as if he might die in the very presence of the Queen.”
Pietri reached the tape first, collapsed and was placed on a stretcher. Arriving second was John Hayes of the United States, which had become incensed by a controversial finish in the 400 meters and the absence of the Stars and Stripes from the roof of the Olympic Stadium during the opening ceremony. The Americans protested the aid given to Pietri, and Hayes was declared the winner.
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Though he was disqualified, Pietri became a hero. Queen Alexandra presented him with a gold cup. He spurred an international marathon craze. Irving Berlin wrote a song about him. And finally in 1921, the official marathon distance became 26 miles 385 yards, the evolution of which is largely lost on today’s top runners.
Photo
What is now the customary distance of the marathon was partly established to provide a better view for the royal family at the start at Windsor Castle. Credit Associated Press
“I had no idea,” said Wilson Kipsang of Kenya, who has run the second-fastest marathon in 2 hours 3 minutes 42 seconds. “That is fantastic.”
Then he suggested the race should be lengthened to 30 miles to make it more exciting. Patrick Makau of Kenya, the world-record holder in 2:03:38 , had a similar idea.
“People are used to running” 26.2 miles, Makau said. “They run it like it is a short distance. Longer would be better.”
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Abel Kirui of Kenya, the two-time world champion, said he thought the standard marathon distance was perfect, given that elite runners and recreational runners can compete in the same race.
“If you train well enough, it is a distance that will not kill you,” Kirui said. “And it unites people.”
On Sunday, the three Kenyans will compete in the London Marathon, hoping to qualify for the Olympics, which will be run on a mostly different course. At the 2012 Games, the marathon will not finish at the royal box in the Olympic Stadium. Instead, it will conclude along the Mall, between Buckingham Palace and Trafalgar Square.
“The royals aren’t what they used to be,” Wallechinsky said. “I doubt they’ll change the marathon or fencing to please Prince Harry.”
A footnote: In his book, “The Marathon Makers,” John Bryant wrote that the first mile of the 1908 course was measured again in recent years. It came up 174 yards short.
A version of this article appears in print on April 21, 2012, on Page D1 of the New York edition with the headline: The Marathon’s Random Route To Its Length. Order Reprints | Today's Paper | Subscribe
| i don't know |
In which sport is the term Balestra used? | How to Understand Basic Fencing Terminology: 13 Steps
How to Understand Basic Fencing Terminology
Community Q&A
If you're new to fencing or you're "checking it out" to determine if it is the sport for you (and it is, if challenging yourself physically, mentally and emotionally is an effort you enjoy, along with winning bouts), then you have (or soon will) come across words like "sixte", or "riposte", or "septime". These are words steeped in the history of the sport and are an important part of its magic. But, the good news is they are easy to understand and remember and will add to your ability to either enjoy the sport or pick up a weapon and wail. This wikiHow defines the words; it does not try to explain the techniques that these words describe generically. The actual technique of a "parry" depends on the kind of attack that is being made and would require too much verbiage and is worthy of its own article.
Steps
1
Familiarize yourself with the following key words and you'll be ready to take on the sport of fencing.
2
"Lunge" and "Parry": These are the two basic words which you will probably understand immediately. They describe actions that occur countless times in a match at every level:
"Lunge" is the attack and "parry" is the defense to the attack. You can tell the lunge because the fencer who is lunging has the point of the weapon as far toward the opponent as possible, a back leg that is straight and leaning into the attack by at least 45 degrees and a front leg that is bent to the point where the knee is over the ankle.
"Parry" is the defender moving her weapon to "push" aside a blade that is attacking. There are a number of different ways to parry and lunge but the basic purpose of each remains the same.
3
"En garde" (French term): In training it describes the basic stance of a fencer. In a match it is a warning from the judge to both fencers to prepare to fence.
4
"Pret" (French term): This is used by a judge at a fencing match. After the judge warns the fencers with "en garde", the judge will then say "pret" to alert the fencers that the match is about to begin. American referees typically use the word "ready" in place of "pret".
5
"Allez" (French term): This is used by a judge at a fencing match to tell the two fencers to have at one another. American referees typically use the word "fence" in place of "allez".
6
"Arrêt" (French term): Stop. This is used by a judge at a fencing match to tell the two fencers to halt.
7
"Touch": (A much welcome replacement to stabbing, that was developed as fencing became a sport.) A touch is when the tip of one fencers weapon touches the target area on an opponent. Whether the touch results in a point is the determination of the director for the bout, one of whose duties it is to insure the touch was proper under competition rules. The foregoing is true in all styles of fencing. However, in saber fencing, a touch can be scored with the entire blade.
8
"Riposte" (Another of the ubiquitous French terms (the French love to fence), literally meaning "answer".) In fencing it describes an attack that a fencer makes immediately after she executes a parry. Thus the ubiquitous fencing term "parry-riposte". The parry-riposte is one of the most common techniques in scoring touches you will see in a fencing match, again at any level. The parry-riposte is often done in a sequence of two or three, viz. the fencers quickly switch between attacking, defending, attacking, defending - back and forth until a touch is scored or one of the fencers backs down. At the top level of competition, the speed is dazzling to the point of being faster than the eye.
9
"Disengage" (not a French term though the French terms are so apt) : A disengage is moving the tip of a blade under an opponent's blade to the other side or where the disengage started. This is done very quickly and with the absolute minimum of movement - the "great" fencers simply use their fingers to make the tip of the blade duck under their opponent's weapon. It is used chiefly to escape a parry or as part of a disguised attack, i.e. the attack starts toward the opponent's left side (the opponent is thinking left and prepared to defend the left) and moves to the opponent's right side (so quickly the opponent hasn't time to register the change and react to it with a parry).
10
"Attack" (we are now safely away from the French): An attack is any movement intended to score a touch.
11
"Right of way": This is an important concept in foil fencing and in saber fencing, although it does not apply in épée fencing. (It is a very complicated concept but since this wikiHow is just an intro, this is a very basic explanation.) Because of the speed at which foil and sabre fencers move, there had to be some way for a judge to award a point when both fencers have scored a touch almost, if not totally, simultaneously. "Right of way" generally means that the attacker gets the point (aggression pays). In a "parry-riposte", a successful parry ends the opponent's attack and the riposte (being an attack) if successful awards the point to that fencer, even if the fencer who initiated the attack touches the parry-riposter in a legitimate target, too bad - the person executing the successful parry-riposte gets the touch. Basically, a parry transfers the right of way to the person who does it, then following up with a riposte (attack, or touch) scores the point.
12
Target areas. Depends on the weapon used in the match. In foil ("fleuret" in French) fencing, the target area is defined by a jacket (a lame [lom-MAY]) worn over the torso that appears to be of metallic material; touching anywhere else is "off-target" (a waste, practice point control). In épée fencing, the target area is the entire body of the opponent, including the head and feet. In saber fencing the target area is the entire upper body including the arms, torso, and head, except the hands (which are not covered by the metallic material of the lame). So, in foil a touch is off-target if it doesn't touch the lame and the fencing stops with no point scored. In épée there is no "off-target". In saber, even though there is a target area, no off-target occurs (stopping the action) if a fencer touches an area off-target the fencers keep fencing until a touch is scored.
13
"Directeur" (or Director): The head judge for any fencing bout. (There may be zero, two, or four "side judges" as well.) When the scoring lights do not make it clear which fencer scored a legitimate touch, the Director analyzes the sequence of actions between the fencers and decides which fencer gets the point, if either.
Community Q&A
How many points you have to make to win a match?
wikiHow Contributor
You have to win 5 points. If you win at least 2-3 matches, you'll go to direct elimination, in which you have to win 15 points.
What are the different types of swords?
wikiHow Contributor
There are three types of weapons in fencing: foil, sabre and epee. The foil is a mid-weight thrusting weapon that targets the torso. Right of way applies to it. Sabre, the lightest weapon, is the only weapon to attack with the blade rather than the point. Right of way also applies to this weapon. Epee, the heaviest weapon, is a thrusting weapon with no right of way, where the whole body is target.
What does yellow, blue, green, and red mean in Olympic fencing?
wikiHow Contributor
The different colors of the fencing strips in the Olympics is mainly for aesthetics. Beyond helping the fencers who are competing find their correct strip and helping the announcers identify which fencers are on which strips, the colors mean very little.
What is the arena where a fencing match takes place called?
wikiHow Contributor
A fencing school or hall is called a "salle" - a shortened form of the French term "salle d'armes." A fencing school or hall usually contains many fencing strips, or "pistes."
What is a game of fencing called?
wikiHow Contributor
A competition between two fencers, whether to five or 15 touches, is called a bout. The series of blade actions between two fencers that result in a touch being scored during a bout are referred to as a "conversation."
What is the fencing area called?
wikiHow Contributor
The field of play on which a bout takes place is called a piste. Generally speaking, it is fourteen meters long by one and one-half meters wide.
If this question (or a similar one) is answered twice in this section, please click here to let us know.
Tips
Don't buy equipment until you know you want to fence regularly, most clubs have equipment suitable for beginners.
Bring a lot of potable water, a towel, and a change of clothes to your first lesson (alright you don't have to change the shirt you wipe the sweat with - but make sure you can sweat, i.e. bring water).
To learn about fencing, the best way is to try it. Make sure you read the credentials of a club (most clubs have WWW sites), several if your area has them, before taking lessons. You don't need too much of a background if you compare (i.e. look at as many clubs as you can, even if they are not near you).
The F.I.E. (Federation Internationale d'Escrime), the governing body of international fencing has a site that will allow you to watch some great matches on your computer.
Warnings
Do not try to fence without the proper equipment. The F.I.E. and the U.S. Fencing Association, and any legitimate fencing club require proper equipment for all fencing bouts. Don't be blasé about this: accidents do happen and that's why they call them accidents.
| Fencing |
Why was Erika Schinegger stripped of her 1966 downhill skiing world title? | How to Understand Basic Fencing Terminology: 13 Steps
How to Understand Basic Fencing Terminology
Community Q&A
If you're new to fencing or you're "checking it out" to determine if it is the sport for you (and it is, if challenging yourself physically, mentally and emotionally is an effort you enjoy, along with winning bouts), then you have (or soon will) come across words like "sixte", or "riposte", or "septime". These are words steeped in the history of the sport and are an important part of its magic. But, the good news is they are easy to understand and remember and will add to your ability to either enjoy the sport or pick up a weapon and wail. This wikiHow defines the words; it does not try to explain the techniques that these words describe generically. The actual technique of a "parry" depends on the kind of attack that is being made and would require too much verbiage and is worthy of its own article.
Steps
1
Familiarize yourself with the following key words and you'll be ready to take on the sport of fencing.
2
"Lunge" and "Parry": These are the two basic words which you will probably understand immediately. They describe actions that occur countless times in a match at every level:
"Lunge" is the attack and "parry" is the defense to the attack. You can tell the lunge because the fencer who is lunging has the point of the weapon as far toward the opponent as possible, a back leg that is straight and leaning into the attack by at least 45 degrees and a front leg that is bent to the point where the knee is over the ankle.
"Parry" is the defender moving her weapon to "push" aside a blade that is attacking. There are a number of different ways to parry and lunge but the basic purpose of each remains the same.
3
"En garde" (French term): In training it describes the basic stance of a fencer. In a match it is a warning from the judge to both fencers to prepare to fence.
4
"Pret" (French term): This is used by a judge at a fencing match. After the judge warns the fencers with "en garde", the judge will then say "pret" to alert the fencers that the match is about to begin. American referees typically use the word "ready" in place of "pret".
5
"Allez" (French term): This is used by a judge at a fencing match to tell the two fencers to have at one another. American referees typically use the word "fence" in place of "allez".
6
"Arrêt" (French term): Stop. This is used by a judge at a fencing match to tell the two fencers to halt.
7
"Touch": (A much welcome replacement to stabbing, that was developed as fencing became a sport.) A touch is when the tip of one fencers weapon touches the target area on an opponent. Whether the touch results in a point is the determination of the director for the bout, one of whose duties it is to insure the touch was proper under competition rules. The foregoing is true in all styles of fencing. However, in saber fencing, a touch can be scored with the entire blade.
8
"Riposte" (Another of the ubiquitous French terms (the French love to fence), literally meaning "answer".) In fencing it describes an attack that a fencer makes immediately after she executes a parry. Thus the ubiquitous fencing term "parry-riposte". The parry-riposte is one of the most common techniques in scoring touches you will see in a fencing match, again at any level. The parry-riposte is often done in a sequence of two or three, viz. the fencers quickly switch between attacking, defending, attacking, defending - back and forth until a touch is scored or one of the fencers backs down. At the top level of competition, the speed is dazzling to the point of being faster than the eye.
9
"Disengage" (not a French term though the French terms are so apt) : A disengage is moving the tip of a blade under an opponent's blade to the other side or where the disengage started. This is done very quickly and with the absolute minimum of movement - the "great" fencers simply use their fingers to make the tip of the blade duck under their opponent's weapon. It is used chiefly to escape a parry or as part of a disguised attack, i.e. the attack starts toward the opponent's left side (the opponent is thinking left and prepared to defend the left) and moves to the opponent's right side (so quickly the opponent hasn't time to register the change and react to it with a parry).
10
"Attack" (we are now safely away from the French): An attack is any movement intended to score a touch.
11
"Right of way": This is an important concept in foil fencing and in saber fencing, although it does not apply in épée fencing. (It is a very complicated concept but since this wikiHow is just an intro, this is a very basic explanation.) Because of the speed at which foil and sabre fencers move, there had to be some way for a judge to award a point when both fencers have scored a touch almost, if not totally, simultaneously. "Right of way" generally means that the attacker gets the point (aggression pays). In a "parry-riposte", a successful parry ends the opponent's attack and the riposte (being an attack) if successful awards the point to that fencer, even if the fencer who initiated the attack touches the parry-riposter in a legitimate target, too bad - the person executing the successful parry-riposte gets the touch. Basically, a parry transfers the right of way to the person who does it, then following up with a riposte (attack, or touch) scores the point.
12
Target areas. Depends on the weapon used in the match. In foil ("fleuret" in French) fencing, the target area is defined by a jacket (a lame [lom-MAY]) worn over the torso that appears to be of metallic material; touching anywhere else is "off-target" (a waste, practice point control). In épée fencing, the target area is the entire body of the opponent, including the head and feet. In saber fencing the target area is the entire upper body including the arms, torso, and head, except the hands (which are not covered by the metallic material of the lame). So, in foil a touch is off-target if it doesn't touch the lame and the fencing stops with no point scored. In épée there is no "off-target". In saber, even though there is a target area, no off-target occurs (stopping the action) if a fencer touches an area off-target the fencers keep fencing until a touch is scored.
13
"Directeur" (or Director): The head judge for any fencing bout. (There may be zero, two, or four "side judges" as well.) When the scoring lights do not make it clear which fencer scored a legitimate touch, the Director analyzes the sequence of actions between the fencers and decides which fencer gets the point, if either.
Community Q&A
How many points you have to make to win a match?
wikiHow Contributor
You have to win 5 points. If you win at least 2-3 matches, you'll go to direct elimination, in which you have to win 15 points.
What are the different types of swords?
wikiHow Contributor
There are three types of weapons in fencing: foil, sabre and epee. The foil is a mid-weight thrusting weapon that targets the torso. Right of way applies to it. Sabre, the lightest weapon, is the only weapon to attack with the blade rather than the point. Right of way also applies to this weapon. Epee, the heaviest weapon, is a thrusting weapon with no right of way, where the whole body is target.
What does yellow, blue, green, and red mean in Olympic fencing?
wikiHow Contributor
The different colors of the fencing strips in the Olympics is mainly for aesthetics. Beyond helping the fencers who are competing find their correct strip and helping the announcers identify which fencers are on which strips, the colors mean very little.
What is the arena where a fencing match takes place called?
wikiHow Contributor
A fencing school or hall is called a "salle" - a shortened form of the French term "salle d'armes." A fencing school or hall usually contains many fencing strips, or "pistes."
What is a game of fencing called?
wikiHow Contributor
A competition between two fencers, whether to five or 15 touches, is called a bout. The series of blade actions between two fencers that result in a touch being scored during a bout are referred to as a "conversation."
What is the fencing area called?
wikiHow Contributor
The field of play on which a bout takes place is called a piste. Generally speaking, it is fourteen meters long by one and one-half meters wide.
If this question (or a similar one) is answered twice in this section, please click here to let us know.
Tips
Don't buy equipment until you know you want to fence regularly, most clubs have equipment suitable for beginners.
Bring a lot of potable water, a towel, and a change of clothes to your first lesson (alright you don't have to change the shirt you wipe the sweat with - but make sure you can sweat, i.e. bring water).
To learn about fencing, the best way is to try it. Make sure you read the credentials of a club (most clubs have WWW sites), several if your area has them, before taking lessons. You don't need too much of a background if you compare (i.e. look at as many clubs as you can, even if they are not near you).
The F.I.E. (Federation Internationale d'Escrime), the governing body of international fencing has a site that will allow you to watch some great matches on your computer.
Warnings
Do not try to fence without the proper equipment. The F.I.E. and the U.S. Fencing Association, and any legitimate fencing club require proper equipment for all fencing bouts. Don't be blasé about this: accidents do happen and that's why they call them accidents.
| i don't know |
What is the longest race in the heptathlon? | Jessica Ennis claims gold in the World Championship heptathlon | Sport | The Guardian
Jessica Ennis claims gold in the World Championship heptathlon
• Victory in the 800m confirms Jessica Ennis as world champion
• 23-year-old finishes with a world leading total of 6731 points
Jessica Ennis celebrates after winning the World Championship heptathlon in Berlin Photograph: Phil Noble/REUTERS
Sunday 16 August 2009 07.05 EDT
First published on Sunday 16 August 2009 07.05 EDT
Close
This article is 7 years old
Jessica Ennis claimed gold in the heptathlon at the World Championships in emphatic style by winning her heat of the final event, the 800m, in Berlin.
Britain's No1 heptathlete received a rousing ovation from the German crowd as she paraded with her competitors after an impressive performance in the last event of a gruelling weekend.
After winning, she told BBC Sport: "It's been the longest weekend of my life. But I can't believe I am world champion. I couldn't believe it after last year, it's amazing."
She had an 11 second cushion over her nearest rival, Poland's Kamila Chudzik, after the javelin, but Ennis was taking nothing for granted. She stormed into the an early lead of the 800m, and with a lap to go, was 10m ahead of the field. In spite of conceding ground in the back straight, she held on to win the race and the gold medal with a total of 6731 points, a world leading performance for this year.
Ennis led by 307 points overnight after winning three of the four disciplines on the opening day - the 100 metre hurdles, high jump and 200m - and setting a new personal best in the shot. That lead was trimmed to 269 points after the long jump in the Olympic Stadium, Ennis jumping 6.29m in the third and final round for a total of 5,064 points.
The margin was reduced further in the javelin despite a solid throw of 43.54m in the first round. Poland's Kamila Chudzik threw 48.72m to close within 171 points of Ennis with Olympic champion Nataliya Dobrynska currently in third, 273 points behind Ennis.
Only the 800m now remains for Ennis, but she has the comfort of knowing she is one of the fastest in the field with a personal best of two min 09.88 secs, almost eight seconds quicker than Chudzik.
"It would be nice to be up there [on the podium] definitely," Ennis said. "One more event to go. I'm not looking forward to it but I will give it my all."
| 800 metres |
Which boxer added the term marvellous to his name? | Athletics - definition of athletics by The Free Dictionary
Athletics - definition of athletics by The Free Dictionary
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/athletics
n. (used with a sing. or pl. verb)
1. Activities, such as sports, exercises, and games, that require physical skill and stamina.
2. The principles or system of training and practice for such activities.
athletics
n (functioning as plural or singular)
1. (Athletics (Track & Field))
a. track and field events
b. (as modifier): an athletics meeting.
2. (Athletics (Track & Field)) sports or exercises engaged in by athletes
3. (Athletics (Track & Field)) the theory or practice of athletic activities and training
ath•let•ics
1. (usu. used with a pl. v.) athletic sports, as running, rowing, or boxing.
2. Brit. track-and-field events.
3. (usu. used with a sing. v.) the practice of athletic exercises; the principles of athletic training.
[1595–1605]
1. an active interest in sports.
2. an obsessive participation in physical activity. — athletic, adj.
decathlon
an athletic contest in which the contestants compete for points awarded for performances in ten different track and field events, the winner being the one with the highest aggregate score. The events include 100-meter, 400-meter, and 1500-meter runs, 110-meter high hurdles, long jump, high jump, pole vault, shot-put, javelin throw, and discus throw. Cf. heptathlon, pentathlon, triathlon.
1. regimented exercises performed on floor mats and on certain specialized equipment that entail the skills of tumbling and balancing and that are intended to display flexibility, grace, and strength.
2. physical or athletic exercises; calisthenics. — gymnastic, adj.
heptathlon
an athletic competition in which contestants compete for points awarded for performances in seven different track and field events, the winner being the one with the highest aggregate score. The competition, usually for women, consists of 100-meter and 800-meter runs, 100-meter hurdles, high jump, long jump, javelin throw, and shot-put. Cf. decathlon, pentathlon, triathlon.
pentathlon
1. Track and Field, an athletic contest in which the contestants compete for points awarded for performances in five different track and field contests, the winner being the one with the highest aggregate score. The events include, for women, an 800-meter run, 100-meter hurdles, high jump, long jump, and shot-put; for men, 200-meter and 1500-meter runs, long jump, javelin throw, and discus throw.
2. Olympic Games. Usually, modern pentathlon an athletic contest in which the contestants compete for points awarded for performances in five events: fencing, horseback riding, pistol shooting, cross-country running, and swimming.
an intense aerobic endurance competition, typically, in its longest form, consisting of a 2.4-mile ocean swim, a 112-mile bicycle ride, and a 26.2-mile marathon run, the winner being the one to finish all three events in the least time.
athletics
Athletics consists of sports such as running, the high jump, and the javelin.
He has retired from active athletics.
Athletics is an uncount noun. You use a singular form of a verb with it.
Athletics was developing rapidly.
Note that the American term for this is track and field.
She never competed in track and field.
2. 'athletic'
Athletic is an adjective. It can mean 'relating to athletics'.
...athletic trophies.
However, when you use athletic to describe a person, you mean that they are fit, healthy, and active. You do not mean that they take part in athletics.
...athletic young men.
sport
offside - (sport) the mistake of occupying an illegal position on the playing field (in football, soccer, ice hockey, field hockey, etc.)
wipeout - a spill in some sport (as a fall from a bicycle or while skiing or being capsized on a surfboard)
toss , flip , pass - (sports) the act of throwing the ball to another member of your team; "the pass was fumbled"
daisy cutter - a batted or served ball that skims along close to the ground
call - (sports) the decision made by an umpire or referee; "he was ejected for protesting the call"
funambulism , tightrope walking - walking on a tightrope or slack rope
rock climbing - the sport or pastime of scaling rock masses on mountain sides (especially with the help of ropes and special equipment)
birling , logrolling - rotating a log rapidly in the water (as a competitive sport)
diversion , recreation - an activity that diverts or amuses or stimulates; "scuba diving is provided as a diversion for tourists"; "for recreation he wrote poetry and solved crossword puzzles"; "drug abuse is often regarded as a form of recreation"
contact sport - a sport that necessarily involves body contact between opposing players
field sport , outdoor sport - a sport that is played outdoors
gymnastics , gymnastic exercise - a sport that involves exercises intended to display strength and balance and agility
track and field - participating in athletic sports performed on a running track or on the field associated with it
skiing - a sport in which participants must travel on skis
aquatics , water sport - sports that involve bodies of water
rowing , row - the act of rowing as a sport
archery - the sport of shooting arrows with a bow
sledding - the sport of riding on a sled or sleigh
skating - the sport of gliding on skates
racing - the sport of engaging in contests of speed
equitation , horseback riding , riding - the sport of siting on the back of a horse while controlling its movements
cycling - the sport of traveling on a bicycle or motorcycle
blood sport - sport that involves killing animals (especially hunting)
athletic game - a game involving athletic activity
stroke , shot - (sports) the act of swinging or striking at a ball with a club or racket or bat or cue or hand; "it took two strokes to get out of the bunker"; "a good shot requires good balance and tempo"; "he left me an almost impossible shot"
position - (in team sports) the role assigned to an individual player; "what position does he play?"
foul - an act that violates the rules of a sport
personal foul - a foul that involves unnecessarily rough contact (as in basketball or football)
possession - (sport) the act of controlling the ball (or puck); "they took possession of the ball on their own goal line"
judo - a sport adapted from jujitsu (using principles of not resisting) and similar to wrestling; developed in Japan
spectator sport - a sport that many people find entertaining to watch
team sport - a sport that involves competition between teams of players; "baseball is a team sport by golf is not"
save - (sports) the act of preventing the opposition from scoring; "the goalie made a brilliant save"; "the relief pitcher got credit for a save"
press box - box reserved for reporters (as at a sports event)
tuck - (sports) a bodily position adopted in some sports (such as diving or skiing) in which the knees are bent and the thighs are drawn close to the chest
game plan - (sports) a plan for achieving an objective in some sport
won-lost record - (sports) a record of win versus losses
English , side - (sports) the spin given to a ball by striking it on one side or releasing it with a sharp twist
series - (sports) several contests played successively by the same teams; "the visiting team swept the series"
trial - (sports) a preliminary competition to determine qualifications; "the trials for the semifinals began yesterday"
defending team , defence , defense - (sports) the team that is trying to prevent the other team from scoring; "his teams are always good on defense"
bench warmer - (sports) a substitute who seldom plays
coach , manager , handler - (sports) someone in charge of training an athlete or a team
free agent - (sports) a professional athlete who is free to sign a contract to play for any team
iron man , ironman - a strong man of exceptional physical endurance
ref , referee - (sports) the chief official (as in boxing or American football) who is expected to ensure fair play
talent scout , scout - someone employed to discover and recruit talented persons (especially in the worlds of entertainment or sports)
2.
contest , competition - an occasion on which a winner is selected from among two or more contestants
decathlon - an athletic contest consisting of ten different events
Olympic Games , Olympics , Olympiad - the modern revival of the ancient games held once every 4 years in a selected country
Special Olympics - an athletic contest modeled after the Olympic Games but intended for mentally or physically handicapped persons
prelim , preliminary - a minor match preceding the main event
pentathlon - an athletic contest consisting of five different events
meet , sports meeting - a meeting at which a number of athletic contests are held
hop-step-and-jump , triple jump - an athletic contest in which a competitor must perform successively a hop and a step and a jump in continuous movement
tug-of-war - a contest in which teams pull of opposite ends of a rope; the team dragged across a central line loses
3.
| i don't know |
Which rugby union players sister was killed on the Marchioness? | Lawrence Dallaglio's guilt at using sister's death to improve his game - Telegraph
TV and Radio
Lawrence Dallaglio's guilt at using sister's death to improve his game
Lawrence Dallaglio, the former England rugby captain, has spoken of his guilt at using the memory of his sister's death in the Marchioness tragedy to enhance his skills on the pitch.
Dallaglio's 19-year-old sister, Francesca, was the youngest of 51 people to die in the Marchioness disaster in 1989 Photo: ACTION IMAGES
| Lawrence Dallaglio |
How many jumps are in the Grand National? | The Marchioness disaster - 25 years on - Get Hampshire
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The Marchioness disaster - 25 years on
The 1989 tragedy on the River Thames claimed 51 lives and affected countless others. Among the victims were three young people from Hampshire, all destined for bright futures
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It was in the early hours of the morning 25 years ago that the pleasure boat Marchioness sank on the River Thames, claiming the lives of 51 people.
The boat was involved in a collision with the dredger Bowbelle, near the Cannon Street railway bridge, at around 1.45am on August 20, 1989. There were a total of 131 people on board the Marchioness at the time - crew, catering staff and guests celebrating a private birthday party.
To mark the 25th anniversary of the tragic disaster, Get Hampshire pays tribute to three of the young victims, all with links to north-east Hampshire and Surrey, who lost their lives that day.
Shaun Lockwood Croft, of York Road, Aldershot, was 26 when he died. He was working for a communications company at the time of the disaster and had just been made salesman of the year. His mother, Margaret Lockwood Croft, co-founded the Marchioness Action Group in 1990 and has run the organisation for many years. She is a keen campaigner for improved river safety and a driving force behind the team attempting to find justice for the victims.
Speaking to Get Hampshire, Ms Lockwood Croft revealed the progress that has been made.
She said: “In the last 25 years we have left many legacies due to our campaigning.
“There are 43 new safety laws, with onshore marine training meetings and live disaster scenarios.
“We have cameras along the Thames and all the marine services work together in the same building.”
Yet there is still work to be done, as Ms Lockwood Croft explained.
“There should designated telephones for the coastguards and I want there to be only one body in charge of onshore safety.
“And people should have to pass an examination and basic training program before they take to the water.”
Ms Lockwood Croft retains the desire to “drag the authorities kicking and screaming into the 21st century”, which will surely see the introduction of more reforms.
“It will become the legacy for the 51 people who died,” she said.
Francesca Dallaglio, sister of former rugby player Lawrence, was just 19 when she died. Francesca had attended the Elmhurst Ballet School in Camberley and was tipped for a bright future as a dancer. Her mother, Eileen, said in 1999 that Francesca was “earmarked for a brilliant career”.
She was on the Marchioness with her boyfriend John James, who survived, and had been at the family home in Barnes, south-west London, earlier in the evening celebrating her recent graduation from ballet school and her plans to work in Austria.
Tamsin Cole, of Cyprus Drive, in Fleet, was 24 when she lost her life in the disaster.
Her partner, Iain Philpott, was also on the boat and survived. He is a co-chair of Disaster Action, a charity founded in 1991 by survivors and bereaved people to promote a “health and safety culture” and offer support to those affected by disaster. Speaking in 2011, Mr Philpott said he “took quite a public role in relation to the Marchioness” due to a determination “that something like that shouldn’t happen again”.
The reforms provide a small measure of consolation for those affected by the Marchioness tragedy, a true legacy after 25 years of hurt.
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In which Australian city was the first cricket test match played? | A brief history of cricket | Cricket | ESPN Cricinfo
A brief history of cricket
Click here for some more detailed aspects of cricket history
The origins of cricket lie somewhere in the Dark Ages - probably after the Roman Empire, almost certainly before the Normans invaded England, and almost certainly somewhere in Northern Europe. All research concedes that the game derived from a very old, widespread and uncomplicated pastime by which one player served up an object, be it a small piece of wood or a ball, and another hit it with a suitably fashioned club.
How and when this club-ball game developed into one where the hitter defended a target against the thrower is simply not known. Nor is there any evidence as to when points were awarded dependent upon how far the hitter was able to despatch the missile; nor when helpers joined the two-player contest, thus beginning the evolution into a team game; nor when the defining concept of placing wickets at either end of the pitch was adopted.
Etymological scholarship has variously placed the game in the Celtic, Scandinavian, Anglo-Saxon, Dutch and Norman-French traditions; sociological historians have variously attributed its mediaeval development to high-born country landowners, emigré Flemish cloth-workers, shepherds on the close-cropped downland of south-east England and the close-knit communities of iron- and glass-workers deep in the Kentish Weald. Most of these theories have a solid academic basis, but none is backed with enough evidence to establish a watertight case. The research goes on.
What is agreed is that by Tudor times cricket had evolved far enough from club-ball to be recognisable as the game played today; that it was well established in many parts of Kent, Sussex and Surrey; that within a few years it had become a feature of leisure time at a significant number of schools; and - a sure sign of the wide acceptance of any game - that it had become popular enough among young men to earn the disapproval of local magistrates.
Dates in cricket history
1550 (approx) Evidence of cricket being played in Guildford, Surrey.
1598 Cricket mentioned in Florio's Italian-English dictionary.
1610 Reference to "cricketing" between Weald and Upland near Chevening, Kent. 1611 Randle Cotgrave's French-English dictionary translates the French word "crosse" as a cricket staff.
Two youths fined for playing cricket at Sidlesham, Sussex.
1624 Jasper Vinall becomes first man known to be killed playing cricket: hit by a bat while trying to catch the ball - at Horsted Green, Sussex.
1676 First reference to cricket being played abroad, by British residents in Aleppo, Syria.
1694 Two shillings and sixpence paid for a "wagger" (wager) about a cricket match at Lewes.
1697 First reference to "a great match" with 11 players a side for fifty guineas, in Sussex.
1700 Cricket match announced on Clapham Common.
1709 First recorded inter-county match: Kent v Surrey.
1710 First reference to cricket at Cambridge University.
1727 Articles of Agreement written governing the conduct of matches between the teams of the Duke of Richmond and Mr Brodrick of Peperharow, Surrey.
1729 Date of earliest surviving bat, belonging to John Chitty, now in the pavilion at The Oval.
1730 First recorded match at the Artillery Ground, off City Road, central London, still the cricketing home of the Honourable Artillery Company.
1744 Kent beat All England by one wicket at the Artillery Ground.
First known version of the Laws of Cricket, issued by the London Club, formalising the pitch as 22 yards long.
1767 (approx) Foundation of the Hambledon Club in Hampshire, the leading club in England for the next 30 years.
1769 First recorded century, by John Minshull for Duke of Dorset's XI v Wrotham.
1771 Width of bat limited to 4 1/4 inches, where it has remained ever since.
1774 LBW law devised.
1776 Earliest known scorecards, at the Vine Club, Sevenoaks, Kent.
1780 The first six-seamed cricket ball, manufactured by Dukes of Penshurst, Kent.
1787 First match at Thomas Lord's first ground, Dorset Square, Marylebone - White Conduit Club v Middlesex.
Formation of Marylebone Cricket Club by members of the White Conduit Club.
1788 First revision of the Laws of Cricket by MCC.
1794 First recorded inter-schools match: Charterhouse v Westminster.
1795 First recorded case of a dismissal "leg before wicket".
1806 First Gentlemen v Players match at Lord's.
1807 First mention of "straight-armed" (i.e. round-arm) bowling: by John Willes of Kent.
1809 Thomas Lord's second ground opened at North Bank, St John's Wood.
1811 First recorded women's county match: Surrey v Hampshire at Ball's Pond, London.
1814 Lord's third ground opened on its present site, also in St John's Wood.
1827 First Oxford v Cambridge match, at Lord's. A draw.
1828 MCC authorise the bowler to raise his hand level with the elbow .
1833 John Nyren publishes his classic Young Cricketer's Tutor and The Cricketers of My Time.
1836 First North v South match, for many years regarded as the principal fixture of the season.
1836 (approx) Batting pads invented.
1841 General Lord Hill, commander-in-chief of the British Army, orders that a cricket ground be made an adjunct of every military barracks.
1844 First official international match: Canada v United States.
1845 First match played at The Oval.
1846 The All-England XI, organised by William Clarke, begins playing matches, often against odds, throughout the country.
1849 First Yorkshire v Lancashire match.
1850 Wicket-keeping gloves first used.
1850 John Wisden bowls all ten batsmen in an innings for North v South.
1853 First mention of a champion county: Nottinghamshire.
1858 First recorded instance of a hat being awarded to a bowler taking three wickets with consecutive balls.
1859 First touring team to leave England, captained by George Parr, draws enthusiastic crowds in the US and Canada.
1864 Overhand bowling authorised by MCC.
John Wisden's The Cricketer's Almanack first published.
1868 Team of Australian aborigines tour England.
1873 WG Grace becomes the first player to record 1,000 runs and 100 wickets in a season.
First regulations restricting county qualifications, often regarded as the official start of the County Championship.
1877 First Test match: Australia beat England by 45 runs in Melbourne.
1880 First Test in England: a five-wicket win against Australia at The Oval.
1882 Following England's first defeat by Australia in England, an "obituary notice" to English cricket in the Sporting Times leads to the tradition of The Ashes.
1889 South Africa's first Test match.
Declarations first authorised, but only on the third day, or in a one-day match.
1890 County Championship officially constituted.
Present Lord's pavilion opened .
1895 WG Grace scores 1,000 runs in May, and reaches his 100th hundred.
1899 AEJ Collins scores 628 not out in a junior house match at Clifton College, the highest individual score in any match .
Selectors choose England team for home Tests, instead of host club issuing invitations.
1900 Six-ball over becomes the norm, instead of five.
1909 Imperial Cricket Conference (ICC - now the International Cricket Council) set up, with England, Australia and South Africa the original members.
1910 Six runs given for any hit over the boundary, instead of only for a hit out of the ground.
1912 First and only triangular Test series played in England, involving England, Australia and South Africa.
1915 WG Grace dies , aged 67.
1926 Victoria score 1,107 v New South Wales at Melbourne, the record total for a first-class innings.
1928 West Indies' first Test match.
AP "Tich" Freeman of Kent and England becomes the only player to take more than 300 first-class wickets in a season: 304.
1930 New Zealand's first Test match.
Donald Bradman's first tour of England: he scores 974 runs in the five Ashes Tests, still a record for any Test series.
1931 Stumps made higher (28 inches not 27) and wider (nine inches not eight - this was optional until 1947).
1932 India's first Test match.
Hedley Verity of Yorkshire takes ten wickets for ten runs v Nottinghamshire, the best innings analysis in first-class cricket.
1932-33 The Bodyline tour of Australia in which England bowl at batsmen's bodies with a packed leg-side field to neutralise Bradman's scoring.
1934 Jack Hobbs retires, with 197 centuries and 61,237 runs, both records. First women's Test: Australia v England at Brisbane.
1935 MCC condemn and outlaw Bodyline.
1947 Denis Compton of Middlesex and England scores a record 3,816 runs in an English season.
1948 First five-day Tests in England.
Bradman concludes Test career with a second-ball duck at The Oval and a batting average of 99.94 - four runs short of 100.
1952 Pakistan's first Test match.
1953 England regain the Ashes after a 19-year gap, the longest ever.
1956 Jim Laker of England takes 19 wickets for 90 v Australia at Manchester, the best match analysis in first-class cricket.
1957 Declarations authorised at any time.
1960 First tied Test, Australia v West Indies at Brisbane.
1963 Distinction between amateur and professional cricketers abolished in English cricket.
The first major one-day tournament begins in England: the Gillette Cup.
1969 Limited-over Sunday league inaugurated for first-class counties.
1970 Proposed South African tour of England cancelled: South Africa excluded from international cricket because of their government's apartheid policies.
1971 First one-day international: Australia v England at Melbourne.
1975 First World Cup: West Indies beat Australia in final at Lord's.
1976 First women's match at Lord's, England v Australia.
1977 Centenary Test at Melbourne, with identical result to the first match: Australia beat England by 45 runs.
Australian media tycoon Kerry Packer, signs 51 of the world's leading players in defiance of the cricketing authorities.
1978 Graham Yallop of Australia wears a protective helmet to bat in a Test match, the first player to do so.
1979 Packer and official cricket agree peace deal.
1980 Eight-ball over abolished in Australia, making the six-ball over universal.
1981 England beat Australia in Leeds Test, after following on with bookmakers offering odds of 500 to 1 against them winning.
1982 Sri Lanka's first Test match.
1991 South Africa return, with a one-day international in India.
1992 Zimbabwe's first Test match.
Durham become the first county since Glamorgan in 1921 to attain firstclass status.
1993 The ICC ceases to be administered by MCC, becoming an independent organisation with its own chief executive.
1994 Brian Lara of Warwickshire becomes the only player to pass 500 in a firstclass innings: 501 not out v Durham.
2000 South Africa's captain Hansie Cronje banned from cricket for life after admitting receiving bribes from bookmakers in match-fixing scandal.
Bangladesh's first Test match.
County Championship split into two divisions, with promotion and relegation.
The Laws of Cricket revised and rewritten.
2001 Sir Donald Bradman dies, aged 92.
2003 Twenty20 Cup, a 20-over-per-side evening tournament, inaugurated in England.
2004 Lara becomes the first man to score 400 in a Test innings, against England.
2005 The ICC introduces Powerplays and Supersubs in ODIs, and hosts the inaugural Superseries.
2006 Pakistan forfeit a Test at The Oval after being accused of ball tampering.
Resources relating to the history of cricket
General
The measurements of cricket - the origin of the dimensions of cricket by AR Littlewood.
National
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What type of race is Doggett's coat and badge? | Playing Australia - New Zealand cricket | NZHistory, New Zealand history online
The underarm incident (video)
Trans-Tasman cricket contests are overshadowed by the unprecedented events of 1 February 1981. New Zealand needed a six from the final ball to tie the match at the MCG. It was an unlikely prospect on one of the world's largest grounds, but Australian captain Greg Chappell ordered his brother Trevor to bowl underarm to New Zealand's no. 10 batsman, Brian McKechnie. This was, at the time, within the rules, if not the spirit, of the game. In one of the great sporting understatements, the television commentator and ex-Australian cricket captain, Bill Lawry, initially described the impending delivery as 'possibly a little bit disappointing'. Vilified by New Zealand (and many Australian) supporters for their actions, the Chappells later stated that they regretted them, with Greg Chappell claiming that the stress of the occasion had got the better of him.
Match scoreboard
Lance Cairns and Excalibur, 1983
New Zealand lost the second final of the ODI World Series by a massive 149 runs at the Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG) on 13 February 1983, but a cult hero was born when Lance Cairns went down swinging. Wielding a heavy bat called Excalibur, Cairns smashed six huge sixes (one of them using only one hand) off the Australian quick bowlers, thrilling the huge crowd and commentators with his power hitting. Big hitting of this nature has become commonplace in modern ODIs, but these exploits (at one of the biggest grounds in the world) ensured Lance Cairns would become a New Zealand cricketing legend. His son Chris went on to become one of the greatest all-rounders in the New Zealand game.
Hadlee at the Gabba
The first test at Brisbane in November 1985 will be remembered for the first-innings bowling display by Richard Hadlee. One of the finest fast bowlers in cricketing history, Hadlee mesmerised the Australian batsmen with pace and movement to capture 9 wickets for 52. The New Zealand total of 553 included centuries by John Reid and Martin Crowe. Despite an Australian fightback in their second innings, New Zealand not only won their first test in Australia but did so by a massive innings and 41 runs.
Match scorecard
A first test series win in Australia, 1985
After New Zealand's victory in Brisbane in the first match of the 1985 series, the Australians bounced back to win the second test at Sydney, setting up the decider at Perth in late November and early December. Eleven wickets for Richard Hadlee and fine half-centuries by Bruce Edgar and Martin Crowe saw the New Zealanders clinch the series 2–1.
Match scoreboard
Winning a test series against Australia for the first time in New Zealand, 1986
New Zealand's dominance over Australia in the mid-1980s continued when they followed up the historic 1985 series in Australia with another triumph at home. Victory in the third test at Eden Park in March 1986 came largely as a result of a tremendous spell of spin bowling by John Bracewell (the current New Zealand coach), who took 6 for 32 in the second innings to dismiss the Australians for a meagre 103. Bracewell picked up 10 wickets for the match.
Match scoreboard
Mark Greatbatch's marathon in Perth, 1989
It is one of the unique features of the longer version of cricket that two teams can spend five days playing without achieving a definite result. To the uninitiated this might seem like one of the game's great weaknesses, but to the purists it is part of what makes cricket special and unique. The one-off test between New Zealand and Australia in Perth in November 1989 is a prime example of how a record stating 'match drawn' can fail to capture the drama of test-match cricket.
Chasing Australia's imposing 521, New Zealand was forced to follow-on early on day four. In extreme heat and up against a strong home bowling line-up, it would take something special to avoid a heavy defeat. That something came in the form of New Zealand's number three batsman, Mark Greatbatch, who took everything the Australians could throw at him for 485 deliveries in a marathon 655-minute stay at the crease. He ended the match on 146 not out, having almost single-handedly steered New Zealand to a meritorious draw when all seemed lost.
Match scorecard
New Zealand whitewash Australia 3–0 in Chappell–Hadlee ODI series, 2007
Australia chose to rest key players like captain Ricky Ponting and Adam Gilchrist to keep them fresh for the upcoming 2007 World Cup, and several other players were out injured. Some people argued this was an understrength Australian team, but others pointed out that Australians often bragged about the depth of talent in their domestic game.
The final match in the series, at Hamilton on 20 February, was one of the most thrilling one-day games ever. New Zealand chased down a massive 346 with one wicket and three balls to spare. This was the second-highest successful run chase in ODI history, eclipsing the 337/5 the New Zealanders had posted just two days earlier at Auckland's Eden Park. The series was especially significant in terms of records between the two countries as the New Zealand team had won the first match in Wellington by 10 wickets – the heaviest defeat ever experienced by an Australian ODI team.
The series also showed the growth of big hitting since the days when New Zealander Lance Cairns and his bat Excalibur thrilled the crowds with sixes. A total of 26 sixes were hit in the Hamilton match.
Chappell–Hadlee third ODI scorecard
Doug Bracewell's 6-40 spearheads dramatic comeback in Hobart, 2011
Bracewell's match-winning spell of 6 for 40 in the second innings of this low-scoring affair saw the New Zealanders secure an unlikely victory. Bracewell's return, in only his third test match, was the second-best New Zealand innings figures on Australian soil, after Richard Hadlee's 9 for 52 in Brisbane in 1985.
The victory was all the more remarkable given New Zealand was bowled out in the first innings of the test for a paltry 150 runs. This would prove to be one of the lowest first-innings scores from which a team has won in test history. In the final innings the Australians needed 241 to win and shortly before lunch on the fourth day were well placed at 159-2. Bracewell and his partner in crime Tim Southee then took the match by the scruff of the neck with a devastating spell that reduced the Australians to 199-9. Some late heroics by Australian opener David Warner and number 11 batsman Nathan Lyon threatened to carry the day, before Bracewell clean bowled Lyon to pull off a nail-biting win.
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Which American football team is called the Chiefs? | Kansas City Chiefs | American Football Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Arrowhead Stadium (1972-present)
The Kansas City Chiefs are a professional American football team based in Kansas City, Missouri. They are a member of the Western Division of the American Football Conference (AFC) in the National Football League (NFL). Originally named the Dallas Texans, the club was founded by Lamar Hunt in 1960 as a charter member of the American Football League (AFL). In 1963, the team relocated to Kansas City and assumed their current name. They joined the NFL during the AFL-NFL Merger of 1970. The team is legally and corporately registered as Kansas City Chiefs Football Club, Incorporated and according to Forbes is valued at just under $1 billion. [1]
From 1960 to 1969, the Chiefs were a successful franchise in the AFL, winning three league championships (1962, 1966, 1969) and having an all-time AFL record of 92–50–5. [2] The Chiefs were the second AFL team (after the New York Jets ) to defeat an NFL franchise in an AFL–NFL World Championship Game when they defeated the Minnesota Vikings in Super Bowl IV . The team's victory on January 11, 1970 remains the club's last championship game victory and appearance to date. The Chiefs were the second team, after the Green Bay Packers , to appear in more than one Super Bowl; and, they were the first team to appear in the championship game in two different decades.
Contents
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In 1959 Lamar Hunt began discussions with other businessmen to establish a professional football league that would rival the National Football League . [2] [3] Hunt's desire to secure a football team was heightened after watching the 1958 NFL Championship Game between the New York Giants and Baltimore Colts . [3] [4] After unsuccessful attempts to purchase and relocate the NFL's Chicago Cardinals to his hometown of Dallas, Texas, [2] [5] Hunt went to the NFL and asked to create an expansion franchise in Dallas. The NFL turned him down, so Hunt then established the American Football League and started his own team, the Dallas Texans, to begin play in 1960. Hunt hired a little-known assistant coach from the University of Miami football team, Hank Stram , to be the team's head coach. [3] Hunt chose Stram after the offer was declined by Bud Wilkinson and Tom Landry . [3]
The Texans shared the Cotton Bowl with the NFL's cross-town competition Dallas Cowboys for three seasons. [3] While the team averaged a league-best 24,500 at the Cotton Bowl, the Texans gained less attention due to the league's relatively unknown existence. [3] In the franchise's first two seasons, the team managed only a 14–14 record. [6] In their third season, the Texans strolled to an 11–3 record and a berth in the team's first American Football League Championship Game against the Houston Oilers . [5] [6] The game was broadcast nationally on ABC and the Texans defeated the Oilers 20–17 in double overtime. [5] The game lasted 77 minutes and 54 seconds, which still stands as the longest championship game in professional football history. [5]
Despite having a championship team in the Texans and a Cowboys team that managed only a 9–28–3 record in their first three seasons, the Dallas–Fort Worth media market could not sustain two professional football franchises. [5] [7] Hunt became interested in moving the Texans to either Atlanta, Georgia or Miami, Florida for the 1963 season. [5] Mayor of Kansas City Harold Roe Bartle extended an invitation to Hunt to move the Texans to Missouri. [5] [7] [8] Bartle promised to triple the franchise's season ticket sales and expand seats at Municipal Stadium to accommodate the team. [5] [7] [8]
Hunt agreed to relocate the franchise to Kansas City on May 22, 1963 and on May 26 the team was renamed the Kansas City Chiefs. [5] [7] [8] Hunt and head coach Hank Stram initially planned on retaining the Texans name, but a fan contest determined the new "Chiefs" name in honor of Mayor Bartle's nickname that he acquired in his professional role as Scout Executive of the St. Joseph and Kansas City Boy Scout Councils and founder of the Scouting Society, Tribe of the Mic-O-Say. [5] [8] [9] A total of 4,866 entries were received with 1,020 different names being suggested, including a total of 42 entrants who selected "Chiefs." [9] The two names that received the most popular votes were "Mules" and "Royals." [9]
The franchise became one of the strongest teams in the now thriving American Football League, [2] with the most playoff appearances for an AFL team (tied with the Oakland Raiders ), and the most AFL Championships (three). [5] The team's dominance helped Lamar Hunt become a central figure in negotiations with NFL Commissioner Pete Rozelle to agree on an AFL-NFL Merger . [5] [10] In the meetings between the two leagues, a merged league championship game was agreed to be played in January 1967 following the conclusion of the leagues' respective 1966 seasons. Hunt insisted on calling the game the "Super Bowl" after seeing his children playing with a popular toy at the time, a Super Ball. [5] [10] [11] While the first few games were designated the "AFL–NFL World Championship Game," the Super Bowl name became its officially licensed title in years to come.
The Chiefs cruised to an 11–2–1 record in 1966, and defeated the defending AFL Champion Buffalo Bills in the AFL Championship Game. [12] The Chiefs were invited to play the NFL's league champion Green Bay Packers in the first AFL–NFL World Championship Game . Kansas City and Green Bay played a close game for the first half, but Green Bay took control in the final two quarters, winning the game by a score of 35–10. [5] The Chiefs lost the game but gained the respect of several Packers opponents following the game. [13] The Chiefs' interleague match-up with the Packers was not the last time that they would face an NFL opponent, especially on the championship stage. [5] The following August, Kansas City hosted the NFL's Chicago Bears in the 1967 preseason and won the game 66–24. [5]
Despite losing to the division rival Oakland Raiders twice in the regular season in 1969, the two teams met for a third time in the AFL Championship Game where Kansas City won 17–7. [6] Backup quarterback Mike Livingston led the team in a six-game winning streak after Len Dawson suffered a leg injury which kept him out of most of the season's games. [5] While getting plenty of help from the club's defense, Dawson returned from the injury and led the Chiefs to Super Bowl IV . [5] Against the NFL champion Minnesota Vikings , [2] who were favored by 12½, the Chiefs dominated the game 23–7 to claim the team's first Super Bowl championship. [5] Dawson was named the game's Most Valuable Player after completing 12-of-17 passes for 142 yards and one touchdown, with 1 interception. [14] The following season, the Chiefs and the rest of the American Football League merged with the National Football League after the AFL–NFL merger became official. [5] The Chiefs were placed in the American Football Conference 's West Division . [6]
1970-1988
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In 1970, the Chiefs won only seven games in their first season in the NFL and missed the playoffs. [6] The following season, the Chiefs tallied a 10–3–1 record and won the AFC West Division. [15] Head coach Hank Stram considered his 1971 Chiefs team as his best, but they failed to capture their championship dominance from 1969. [15] Most of the pieces of the team which won Super Bowl IV two years earlier were still in place for the 1971 season. [15] The Chiefs tied with the Miami Dolphins for the best record in the AFC, and both teams met in a Christmas Day playoff game which the Chiefs lost 27–24 in double overtime. [15] The Dolphins outlasted the Chiefs with a 37-yard field goal . [15] The game surpassed the 1962 AFL Championship Game as the longest ever at 82 minutes and 40 seconds. [15] The game was also the final football game at Kansas City's Municipal Stadium. [15]
In 1972, the Chiefs moved into the newly constructed Arrowhead Stadium at the Truman Sports Complex outside of Downtown Kansas City. [15] The team's first game at Arrowhead was against the St. Louis Cardinals , a game which the Chiefs won 24–14. [15] Linebacker Willie Lanier and quarterback Len Dawson won the NFL Man of the Year Award in 1972 and 1973, respectively. The Chiefs would not return to the post-season for the remainder of the 1970s, and the 1973 season was the team's last winning effort for seven years. [15] Hank Stram was fired following a 5–9 season in 1974, and many of the Chiefs' future Hall of Fame players would depart by the middle of the decade. [15] From 1975 to 1988, the Chiefs had become a laughing stock of the NFL and provided Chiefs fans with nothing but futility. [16] [17] Five head coaches struggled to achieve the same success as Stram, compiling an 81–121–1 record. [16]
In 1981, running back Joe Delaney rushed for 1,121 yards and was named the AFC Rookie of the Year . [18] The Chiefs finished the season with a 9–7 record and entered the 1982 season with optimism. [18] However, the NFL Players Association strike curbed the Chiefs' chances of returning to the postseason for the first time in over a decade. [18] By employing replacement players, the Chiefs tallied a 3–6 record [6] and in the off-season, Joe Delaney died while trying to save several children from drowning in a pond near his home in Louisiana. [19]
The Chiefs made a mistake in drafting quarterback Todd Blackledge over future greats such as Jim Kelly and Dan Marino in the 1983 NFL Draft . [20] [21] Blackledge never started a full season for Kansas City while Kelly and Marino played Hall of Fame careers. [21] While the Chiefs struggled on offense in the 1980s, the Chiefs had a strong defensive unit consisting of Pro Bowlers such as Bill Maas , Albert Lewis , Art Still and Deron Cherry . [18]
John Mackovic took over head coaching duties for the 1983 season after Marv Levy was fired. [18] Over the next four seasons, Mackovic coached the Chiefs to a 30–34 record, but took the team to its first post-season appearance in 15 years in the 1986 NFL playoffs . [6] Following the team's loss to the New York Jets in the playoffs, Mackovic was fired. [18] Frank Gansz served as head coach for the next two seasons, but won only eight of 31 games. [18]
1989–2008
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On December 19, 1988, owner Lamar Hunt hired Carl Peterson as the team's new president, general manager, and chief executive officer. Peterson fired head coach Frank Gansz two weeks after taking over and hired Marty Schottenheimer as the club's seventh head coach. [18] In the 1988 and 1989 NFL Drafts , the Chiefs selected both defensive end Neil Smith and linebacker Derrick Thomas , respectively. [18] [22] The defense that Thomas and Smith anchored in their seven seasons together was a big reason why the Chiefs reached the postseason in six straight years. [23]
In Schottenheimer's tenure as head coach (1989–1998), the Chiefs became a perennial playoff contender, featuring offensive players including Steve DeBerg , Christian Okoye , Stephone Paige and Barry Word , and a strong defense, anchored by Thomas, Smith, Albert Lewis and Cherry. [2] The team recorded a 101–58–1 record, and clinched seven playoff berths. [24] The Chiefs' 1993 season was the franchise's most successful in 22 years. [22] With newly-acquired quarterback Joe Montana and running back Marcus Allen —two former Super Bowl champions and MVP's—the Chiefs further strengthened their position in the NFL. [22] The 11–5 Chiefs defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers and Houston Oilers on their way to the franchise's first and to date only AFC Championship Game appearance against the Buffalo Bills. [22] The Chiefs were overwhelmed by the Bills and lost the game by a score of 30–13. [22] The Chiefs' victory on January 14, 1994 against the Oilers remains the franchise's last post-season victory to date.
In the 1995 NFL playoffs , the 13–3 Chiefs hosted the Indianapolis Colts in a cold, damp night game at Arrowhead Stadium. [6] [22] Kansas City lost the game 10–7 against the underdog Colts after kicker Lin Elliot missed three field goal attempts and quarterback Steve Bono threw three interceptions. [22] The Chiefs selected tight end Tony Gonzalez with the 13th overall selection in the 1997 NFL Draft , a move which some considered to be a gamble being that Gonzalez was primarily a basketball player at California. During a 1997 season full of injuries to starting quarterback Elvis Grbac , backup quarterback Rich Gannon took the reins of the Chiefs' offense as the team headed to another 13–3 season. [6] [22] Head coach Marty Schottenheimer chose Grbac to start the playoff game against the Denver Broncos despite Gannon's successes in previous weeks. [22] Grbac's production in the game was lacking, and the Chiefs lost to the Broncos 14–10. [22] Denver went on to capture their 6th AFC Championship by defeating Pittsburgh, and then defeated the Green Bay Packers in Super Bowl XXXII.
Coach Schottenheimer announced his resignation from the Chiefs following the 1998 season, and defensive coordinator Gunther Cunningham took over coaching duties for the next two seasons, compiling a 16–16 record. [22] By the end of the Chiefs' decade of regular-season dominance, Gannon had signed with the Oakland Raiders, Neil Smith signed with the Denver Broncos, and Derrick Thomas was paralyzed from a car accident on January 23, 2000. [22] Thomas died from complications of his injury weeks later. [22] After allegedly reading online that he would be relieved of duties, head coach Gunther Cunningham was fired. [25] [26]
Looking to change the Chiefs' game plan which relied on a tough defensive strategy for the past decade, Carl Peterson contacted Dick Vermeil about the Chiefs' head coaching vacancy for the 2001 season. [25] Vermeil previously led the St. Louis Rams to a victory in Super Bowl XXXIV . [26] Vermeil was hired on January 12. The Chiefs then traded a first round draft pick in the 2001 NFL Draft to St. Louis for quarterback Trent Green and signed free agent running back Priest Holmes to be the team's cornerstones on offense. [26]
In 2003, Kansas City began the season with nine consecutive victories, a franchise record. [26] They finished the season with a 13–3 record and the team's offense led the NFL in several categories. [26] Running back Priest Holmes surpassed Marshall Faulk 's single-season touchdown record by scoring his 27th rushing touchdown against the Bears in the team's regular season finale. [26] [27] The team clinched the second seed in the 2004 NFL playoffs and hosted the Indianapolis Colts in the AFC Divisional Playoffs. [26] In a game where neither team punted, the Chiefs lost the shoot-out 38–31. [26] It was the third time in nine seasons that the Chiefs went 8–0 at home in the regular season, and earned home field advantage throughout the playoffs, only to lose their post-season opener at Arrowhead.
After a disappointing 7–9 record in 2004, the 2005 Chiefs finished with a 10–6 record but no playoff berth. [26] They were the fourth team since 1990 to miss the playoffs with a 10–6 record. [26] Running back Larry Johnson started in place of the injured Priest Holmes and rushed for 1,750 yards in only nine starts. [26] Prior to the Chiefs' final game of the season, head coach Dick Vermeil announced his retirement. [26] The Chiefs won the game 37–3 over the playoff-bound Cincinnati Bengals . [26]
File:Huard and Croyle.JPG
Within two weeks of Vermeil's resignation, the Chiefs returned to their defensive roots with the selection of its next head coach. [26] The team introduced Herman Edwards , a former Chiefs scout and head coach of the New York Jets, as the team's tenth head coach after trading a fourth-round selection in the 2006 NFL Draft to the Jets. [26] Quarterback Trent Green suffered a severe concussion in the team's season opener to the Cincinnati Bengals which left him out of play for eight weeks. [26] Backup quarterback Damon Huard took over in Green's absence and led the Chiefs to a 5–3 record. [26]
Kansas City was awarded a Thanksgiving game against the Denver Broncos in response to owner Lamar Hunt's lobbying for a third Thanksgiving Day game. [26] The Chiefs defeated the Broncos 19–10 in the first Thanksgiving Day game in Kansas City since 1969. [26] Hunt was hospitalized at the time of the game and died weeks later on December 13 due to complications with prostate cancer. [10] [26] The Chiefs honored their owner for the remainder of the season, as did the rest of the league. [26]
File:061231Jaguars-Chiefs.jpg
Trent Green returned by the end of the season, but struggled in the final stretch, [26] and running back Larry Johnson set an NFL record with 416 carries in a season. [26] Kansas City managed to clinch their first playoff berth in three seasons with a 9–7 record and a bizarre sequence of six losses from other AFC teams on New Year's Eve, culminating with a Broncos loss to the 49ers. [26] The Indianapolis Colts hosted the Chiefs in the Wild Card playoffs and defeated Kansas City 23–8.
In 2007, Trent Green was traded to the Miami Dolphins [28] leaving the door open for either Damon Huard or Brodie Croyle to become the new starting quarterback. [26] After starting the season with a 4–3 record, the Chiefs lost the remaining nine games when running back Larry Johnson suffered a season-ending foot injury and the quarterback position lacked stability with Huard and Croyle. [26] Despite the team's 4–12 record, tight end Tony Gonzalez broke Shannon Sharpe 's NFL record for touchdowns at the position (63) and defensive end Jared Allen led the NFL in quarterback sacks with 15.5. [6]
The Chiefs began their 2008 season with the youngest team in the NFL. [29] The starting lineup had an average of 25.5 years of age. [29] By releasing several veteran players such as cornerback Ty Law and wide receiver Eddie Kennison and trading defensive end Jared Allen, [30] the Chiefs began a youth movement. [29] [31] The Chiefs had a league-high thirteen selections in the 2008 NFL Draft and chose defensive tackle Glenn Dorsey and offensive lineman Branden Albert in the first round. Analysts quickly called Kansas City's selections as the best of the entire draft. [30] [32] [33] [34] Entering the season, the Chiefs were unsure if injury-prone quarterback Brodie Croyle, who was the incumbent starter, could be their quarterback in the long-term. [34] Croyle was injured in the team's first game of the season and Damon Huard started in Croyle's absence. [35] Tyler Thigpen become the third Chiefs starting quarterback in as many games for a start against the Atlanta Falcons . [31] [36] After a poor performance by Thigpen, in which he threw three interceptions against the Falcons defense, [36] Huard was retained as the starting quarterback. [37] The Chiefs struggled off the field as much as on as tight end Tony Gonzalez demanded a trade and running back Larry Johnson was involved in legal trouble. [38] [39] [40] [41]
File:081116Saints-Chiefs02.jpg
Croyle returned for the Chiefs' game against the Tennessee Titans, but both he and Damon Huard suffered season-ending injuries in the game. [42] The Chiefs reorganized their offense to a new spread offense game plan focused around Tyler Thigpen. [31] [35] [43] [44] The Chiefs' new offense was implemented to help Thigpen play to the best of his abilities and also following the absence of Larry Johnson, who was suspended for his off-field conduct. [39] [43] [44] [45] The Chiefs made a huge gamble by using the spread offense, as most in the NFL believe that it cannot work in professional football, and also head coach Herman Edwards was traditionally in favor of more conservative, run-oriented game plans. [44]
2009–10
Main article: 2009 Kansas City Chiefs season
The 2008 season ended with a franchise worst 2–14 record. [6] The team lost two games by 24 point margins against the Falcons and Titans, [36] [46] a 34–0 shut-out to the Carolina Panthers , [47] and allowed a franchise-high 54 points against the Buffalo Bills. [48] The team's general manager, chief executive officer, and team president Carl Peterson resigned at the end of the season, [49] and former New England Patriots vice president of player personnel Scott Pioli was hired as his replacement for 2009. [50] On January 23, 2009 Herman Edwards was fired as head coach, [51] [52] and two weeks later Todd Haley signed a four-year contract to become Edwards' successor. [53] [54] In April, Tony Gonzalez was traded to the Atlanta Falcons after failed trade attempts over the previous two seasons. [55] The Chiefs also fired Offensive Coordinator Chan Gailey 2 weeks before the start of the season. Throughout 2009 the Chiefs acquired veterans to supplement the Chiefs' young talent including Matt Cassel , Mike Vrabel , Bobby Engram , Mike Brown , Chris Chambers , and Andy Alleman . [56] [57] [58]
On December 26, 2010, the Kansas City Chiefs won their first AFC West title since 2003, by beating the Tennessee Titans at The New Arrowhead Stadium. On January 9, 2011, the Chiefs lost their Wild Card Playoff game to the Baltimore Ravens 30–7. Six players were choosen for the Pro Bowl-Dwayne Bowe, Jamaal Charles, Brian Waters, Tamba Hali, Matt Cassel and rookie saftey Eric Berry. Jamaal Charles won the FEDEX ground player of the year award and Dwayne Bowe led the NFL in Touchdown Receptions.
2011
Main article: 2011 Kansas City Chiefs season
For their first pick in the 2011 NFL draft , and 26th overall, the team selected Jonathan Baldwin , Wide Receiver from Pitt, who was predicted to go in the second or third round. This was one of the biggest shocks in the first round because of Baldwin's character and Pioli's strict self enforced rules on drafting players who have had a police record. Template:Citation needed For their 135th pick in the 2011 NFL draft, the Chiefs selected quarterback Ricky Stanzi from the Iowa Hawkeyes.
Season-by-season records
This is a partial list of the last five seasons (2006–2010) completed by the Chiefs. For the full season-by-season franchise results, see List of Kansas City Chiefs seasons .
Note: The Finish, Wins, Losses, and Ties columns list regular season results and exclude any postseason play.
{| class="wikitable"
Main article: Logos and uniforms of the Kansas City Chiefs
When the Texans began playing in 1960, the team's logo consisted of the state of Texas in white with a yellow star marking the location of the city of Dallas. Originally, Hunt chose Columbia blue and orange for the Texans' uniforms, but Bud Adams chose Columbia blue and scarlet for his Houston Oilers franchise. [59] Hunt reverted to red and gold for the Texans' uniforms, which even after the team relocated to Kansas City, remain as the franchise's colors to this day. [59]
The state of Texas on the team's helmet was replaced by an arrowhead design originally sketched by Lamar Hunt on a napkin. [59] Hunt's inspiration for the interlocking "KC" design was the "SF" inside of an oval on the San Francisco 49ers helmets. [59] Unlike the 49ers' logo, Kansas City’s overlapping initials appear inside a white arrowhead instead of an oval and are surrounded by a thin black outline. [59] From 1960 to 1973, the Chiefs had grey facemask bars on their helmets, but changed to white bars in 1974. [59]
The Chiefs' uniform design has essentially remained the same throughout the club's history. [59] It consists of a red helmet, and either red or white jerseys with the opposite color numbers and names. [59] White pants were used with both jerseys from 1960–1967 and 1989–1999. [59] Beginning in 2009, during the Pioli/Haley era, the team has alternated between white and red pants for road games during the season. When the Chiefs wear their red uniforms, they always wear white pants. The Chiefs have never worn an alternate jersey in a game, although custom jerseys are sold for retail.
The Chiefs wore their white jerseys with white pants at home for the 2006 season opener against the Cincinnati Bengals. The logic behind the uniform selection that day was that the Bengals would be forced to wear their black uniforms on a day that forecasted for steamy temperatures. [60]
In 2007, the Kansas City Chiefs honored Lamar Hunt and the AFL with a special patch. [61] It features the AFL's logo from the 1960s with Hunt's "LH" initials inside the football. [61] In 2008, the patch became permanently affixed to the left chest of both Kansas City's home and away jerseys. [61]
In select games for the 2009 season, the Chiefs—as well as the other founding teams of the American Football League —wore "throwback" uniforms to celebrate the AFL's 50th anniversary and the 1962 Dallas Texans team that won the AFL Championship. [62]
Arrowhead Stadium
File:Arrowhead Stadium 2010.JPG
Arrowhead Stadium has been the Chiefs' home field since 1972 and has a capacity of 77,000, [63] which makes it the fourth largest stadium in the NFL. The stadium underwent a $375 million renovation, completed in mid-2010, which included new luxury boxes, wider concourses and enhanced amenities. [1] [50] The stadium renovation was paid for by $250 million in taxpayer money and $125 million from the Hunt Family. [54] The stadium cost $53 million to build in 1972, and an average ticket in 2009 costs $81. [1] Centerplate serves as the stadium's concession provider and Sprint Nextel, Anheuser-Busch and Coca-Cola are major corporate sponsors. [1]
Dating back to the Chiefs' home opener in 1991 to mid-2009, the Chiefs had 155 consecutive sellout games. [1] The streak ended with the final home game of the 2009 season against the Cleveland Browns, resulting in the first local TV blackout in over 19 years. [64] Arrowhead has been called one of the world's finest stadiums [2] and has long held a reputation for being one of the toughest and loudest outdoor stadiums for opposing players to play in. [50] [65] [66] [67] All noise is directly attributed to its fans [68] and was once measured at 116 decibels by the Acoustical Design Group of Mission, Kansas. [69] By way of comparison, take-off of aircraft may lead to a sound level of 106 decibels at the ground. [69] Sports Illustrated named Arrowhead Stadium the "toughest place to play" for opposing teams in 2005. [70] The tailgate party environment outside the stadium on gameday has been compared to a "college football" atmosphere. [71] Arrowhead Stadium features frequent fly-overs from a B-2 Spirit stealth bomber from nearby Whiteman Air Force Base. Since the 1994 NFL season , the stadium has had a natural grass playing surface. [72] From 1972 to 1993, the stadium had an artificial AstroTurf surface. [72]
Culture
File:061123Broncos-Chiefs01.jpg
The Chiefs boast one of the most loyal fanbases in the NFL. [64] [73] Kansas City is the sixth-smallest media market with an NFL team, but they have had the second-highest attendance average over the last decade. [68] Studies by Bizjournals in 2006 gave the Chiefs high marks for consistently drawing capacity crowds in both good seasons and bad. [74] The Chiefs averaged 77,300 fans per game from 1996 to 2006, second in the NFL behind the Washington Redskins . [74] The franchise has an official fan club called Chiefs Nation which gives members opportunities to ticket priority benefits and VIP treatment. [75] [76]
At the end of "The Star-Spangled Banner" at home games, Chiefs fans intentionally yell "and the home of the CHIEFS!" where traditionally "the brave" is sung. [77] In 1996, general manager Carl Peterson said "We all look forward, not only at Arrowhead, but on the road, too, to when we get to that stanza of the National Anthem... Our players love it." [77] After the September 11, 2001 attacks, Chiefs fans refrained from doing so in honor of those who lost their lives in the tragedy and continued to do so for the remainder of the 2001 season. [78] At the Chiefs' September 23, 2001 home game against the New York Giants, fans gave the opposing Giants a standing ovation. [67] This was one of the few known times in Chiefs history where the home crowd welcomed an opposing team onto the field without booing. [78]
After every Chiefs touchdown at home games, fans chant while pointing in the direction of the visiting team and fans, "We're gonna beat the hell outta you...you...you, you, you, you!" over the song "Rock and Roll Part 2." [79] The chant starts after the third "hey!" in the song. [79] The version of the song by Gary Glitter was previously used until the NFL banned his music from its facilities in 2006 following the British rocker's conviction on sexual abuse charges in Vietnam. [79] A cover version of the song played by Tube Tops 2000 has been played since 2006 at every home game. [79] Chiefs fans also make occasional use of "The War Chant" and "Tomahawk Chop" during games. [80]
Tony DiPardo
Edit
From various periods between 1963 to the 2008 season, trumpeter Tony DiPardo and The T.D. Pack Band played live music at every Chiefs home game. [81] [82] The band was known as The Zing Band when the team was located at Municipal Stadium. DiPardo was honored by head coach Hank Stram in 1969 with a Super Bowl ring for the team's victory in Super Bowl IV. [81] When his health was declining, DiPardo took a leave of absence from the band from 1983 to 1988. [82] DiPardo's daughter took over as bandleader in 1989, by which time DiPardo returned to the band by popular demand. [82] [83] For the 2009 season, due to renovations at Arrowhead Stadium, the band did not return to perform at the stadium.
DiPardo passed away on January 27, 2011, at age 98. He had been hospitalized since December 2010 after suffering a brain aneurysm. [84]
Red Friday
Edit
Starting in 1994, the Friday before the Kansas City Chiefs home opening game as became to be known as "Red Friday". On this day, Chiefs Fans everywhere will wear red in support of the Kansas City Chiefs. Also all over the city known as "The City of Fountains" will dye the water red in almost every fountain throughout the city. Besides showing support for the Chiefs, the most important part of the day is the Red Coaters with other volunteers will be selling the KC Star along with the Red Friday Magazine on street corners during the morning hours. The proceeds of the sale will go to local charities.
Radio and television
Mitch Holthus
Since 1989, KCFX , a.k.a "101 The Fox", has broadcast all Chiefs games on FM radio under the moniker of The Chiefs Fox Football Radio Network. Since 1994, Mitch Holthus has served as play-by-play announcer and former Chiefs quarterback Len Dawson serves as color commentator . [85] Former Chiefs longsnapper Kendall Gammon serves as the field reporter. [85] Former Chiefs broadcasters Bill Grigsby and Bob Gretz also contribute to the broadcasts. [85] [86] KCFX holds broadcast rights to Chiefs games through the 2009 season. [85] [86] The Chiefs and KCFX hold the distinction of being the longest FM radio broadcast partnering tenure in the NFL. [85] [86] The Chiefs Radio Network extends throughout the six-state region of Missouri, Kansas, Iowa, Nebraska, Oklahoma, and Arkansas, with 61 affiliate stations. [85] [86]
KCTV Channel 5 (CBS) broadcasts most Chiefs regular season games, with exceptions as following. KCTV also broadcasts all Chiefs pre-season games. WDAF Channel 4 (Fox) broadcasts games in which the Chiefs host an NFC opponent. KSHB Channel 41 (NBC) broadcasts all games in which the Chiefs play on NBC Sunday Night Football or NBC's NFL playoffs coverage. KMBC Channel 9 (ABC) has aired Monday Night Football games locally since 1970.
Prior to the 1994 season, WDAF was the primary station for the Chiefs as an NBC affiliate (they aired on KMBC when ABC had the AFL package through 1964), since NBC had the AFC package. The interconference home games aired on KCTV starting in 1973 (when the NFL allowed local telecasts of home games). After week one of the 1994 season, WDAF switched to Fox (which got the NFC package), and has aired the Chiefs' interconference home games since. The bulk of the team's games moved to KSHB through the end of the 1997 season. Since that time, they have aired on KCTV.
Mascots and cheerleaders
File:KC Wolf.JPG
The Chiefs' first mascot was Warpaint, a nickname given to several different breeds of pinto horse. Warpaint served as the team's mascot from 1963 to 1988. [4] [87] [88] The first Warpaint (born in 1955, died in 1992) was ridden bareback by rider Bob Johnson, who wore a full Native American headdress. [4] [87] Warpaint circled the field at the beginning of each Chiefs home game and performed victory laps following each Chiefs touchdown. [4] [87] On September 20, 2009 a new Warpaint horse was unveiled at the Chiefs' home opener against the Oakland Raiders. [89]
In the mid-1980s, the Chiefs featured a short-lived unnamed "Indian man" mascot which was later scrapped in 1988. [87] Since 1989 the cartoon-like K. C. Wolf, portrayed by Dan Meers in a wolf costume, has served as the team's mascot. [4] [90] The mascot was named after the Chiefs' "Wolfpack," a group of rabid fans from the team's days at Municipal Stadium. [87] K. C. Wolf is one of the most popular NFL mascots and was the league's first mascot inducted into the Mascot Hall of Fame in 2006. [91]
The Chiefs have employed a cheerleading squad since the team's inception in 1960. [92] In the team's early days, the all-female squad was referred to as the Chiefettes. [93] From 1986 to 1992, the cheerleader squad featured a mix of men and women. [92] Since 1993, the all-female squad has been known as the Chiefs Cheerleaders. [87] [92] [93]
Training camp and practice facility
File:Mo-west-chiefs1.jpg
When the franchise was based in Dallas, the team conducted their inaugural training camp at the New Mexico Military Institute in Roswell, New Mexico. [5] They moved camp to Southern Methodist University, owner Lamar Hunt's alma mater, for 1961 and continued to practice there until 1965. [5] From 1966 to 1971, the Chiefs practiced in Swope Park in Kansas City, [94] and from 1972 to 1991 held camp at William Jewell College in Clay County, Missouri–where Lamar Hunt had extensive business dealings including Worlds of Fun, Oceans of Fun and SubTropolis. [22]
File:011 KC Chiefs Practice Fields.jpg
From 1991 to 2009 the Chiefs conducted summer training camp at the University of Wisconsin–River Falls in River Falls, Wisconsin. [95] The Chiefs' 2007 training camp was documented in the HBO/[[NFL Films documentary reality television series, Hard Knocks. [96] Following the passage of a $25 million state tax credit proposal, the Chiefs will move their training camp to Missouri Western State University in St. Joseph, Missouri in 2010. [97] The bulk of the tax credits will go for improvements to Arrowhead Stadium with $10 million applied to the move to Missouri Western. [98] A climate-controlled, 120-yard NFL regulation grass indoor field, and office space for the Chiefs was constructed at Missouri Western adjacent to the school's Spratt Stadium before the 2010 season. [99]
Outside of training camp and during the regular season, the Chiefs conduct practices at their own training facility nearby Arrowhead Stadium. The facility is located near the Raytown Road entrance to the Truman Sports Complex just west of Interstate 435 .
Notable players
File:Jan Stenerud.JPG
The Chiefs are one of 16 organizations that honor their players, coaches and contributors with a team Hall of Fame or Ring of Honor. [100] Established in 1970, the Chiefs Hall of Fame has inducted a new member in an annual ceremony with the exception of the 1983 season. [100] [101] Several of the names were featured at Arrowhead Stadium in the stadium's architecture prior to renovations in 2009. The requirements for induction are that a player, coach, or contributor must have been with the Chiefs for four seasons and been out of the NFL for four seasons at the time of induction. [100] There are some exceptions, such as Joe Delaney and Derrick Thomas , Delaney was with the team for only two seasons before his death, Thomas was inducted 1 years after his death in January 2000 (2 seasons after his final season). The Chiefs have the second-most enshrinees of any NFL team in their team hall of fame behind the Green Bay Packers , who have enshrined over 100 players and team contributors over the years in the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame . [100]
Main article: List of Kansas City Chiefs head coaches
Eleven head coaches have served the Texans/Chiefs franchise since their first season in 1960. Hank Stram , the team's first head coach, led the Chiefs to three AFL championship victories and two appearances in the Super Bowl . Stram was the team's longest-tenured head coach, holding the position from 1960 to 1974. [15] Marty Schottenheimer was hired in 1989 and led Kansas City to seven playoff appearances in his ten seasons as head coach. [18] [22] Schottenheimer had the best winning percentage (.634) of all Chiefs coaches. [24] Gunther Cunningham was on the Chiefs' coaching staff in various positions from 1995 to 2008, serving as the team's head coach in between stints as the team's defensive coordinator . [25] [26] Dick Vermeil coached the team to a franchise-best 9–0 start in the 2003 season. [102] Of the ten Chiefs coaches, Hank Stram and Marv Levy have been elected into the Pro Football Hall of Fame . [103] Herman Edwards served as the team's head coach from 2006 to 2008, compiling a 15–33 record and a franchise worst 6–26 record over a two-year span. [51] [52] [104] [105] Todd Haley began his first season with the team in 2009, and in 2010 led the team to its first AFC West division title since 2003. [53] The current head coach for the Chiefs is Romeo Crennel , a position he has held since Week 15 of the 2011 season, though it was originaly on interim basis, he was named full time head coach at the end of the season.
Ownership and administration
File:Clark Hunt.JPG
The franchise was founded in 1959 by Lamar Hunt after a failed attempt by Hunt to purchase an NFL franchise and relocate them to Texas. [106] Hunt purchased the team for $25,000 in 1960. [1] Hunt remained the team's owner until his death in 2006. [106] The Hunt family kept ownership of the team following Lamar's death and Clark Hunt , Lamar's son, represents the family's interests. [107] [1] [54] [108] While Hunt's official title is Chairman of the Board, he serves as the franchise's de facto owner. [107] [108] In 2010, Hunt assumed role as CEO alongside his role as Chairman of the Board. [109] According to Forbes, the team is valued at just under $1 billion and ranks 20th among NFL teams in 2010. [1]
Owner Lamar Hunt served as the team's president from 1960 to 1976. Because of Lamar Hunt's contributions to the NFL, the AFC Championship trophy is named after him. [110] He promoted general manager Jack Steadman to become the team's president in 1977. [110] Steadman held the job until Carl Peterson was hired by Hunt in 1988 to replace him. [110] Peterson resigned the title as team president in 2008. [111] Denny Thum became the team's interim president following Peterson's departure and was officially given the full position in May 2009. [111] [112] Thum resigned from his position on September 14, 2010. [109]
Don Rossi served as the team's general manager for half of the 1960 season, resigning in November 1960. [5] Jack Steadman assumed duties from Rossi and served in the position until 1976. [5] [15] [110] Steadman was promoted to team president in 1976 and despite being relieved of those duties in 1988, [110] he remained with the franchise until 2006 in various positions. [15] [18] Jim Schaaf took over for Steadman as general manager until being fired in December 1988. [18] Carl Peterson was hired in 1988 to serve as the team's general manager, chief executive officer and team president. [18] [110] Peterson remained in the position for 19 years until he announced his resignation from the team in 2008. [111] [113] Denny Thum served as interim general manager [111] until January 13, 2009 when the Chiefs named New England Patriots executive Scott Pioli the team's new general manager. [50] [114]
Current staff
Althaus, Bill (2007), The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly: Kansas City Chiefs: Heart-Pounding, Jaw-Dropping, and Gut-Wrenching Moments in Kansas City Chiefs History, Triumph Books, Template:Citation/identifier
Gruver, Ed (1997), The American Football League: A Year-by-year History, 1960–1969, McFarland Publishing, Template:Citation/identifier
Herb, Patrick; Kuhbander, Brad; Looney, Josh et al., eds. (2008), 2008 Kansas City Chiefs Media Guide, Kansas City Chiefs Football Club, Inc.
Hoskins, Alan (1999), Warpaths: The Illustrated History of the Kansas City Chiefs, Taylor Publishing Company, Template:Citation/identifier
Maske, Mark (2007), War Without Death: A Year of Extreme Competition in Pro Football's NFC East, Penguin Group, Template:Citation/identifier
McKenzie, Michael (1997), Arrowhead: Home of the Chiefs, Addax Publishing Group, Template:Citation/identifier
Peterson, John E. (2003), The Kansas City Athletics: A Baseball History, 1954–1967, McFarland, Template:Citation/identifier
Stallard, Mark (2004), Kansas City Chiefs Encyclopedia (2nd ed.), Sports Publishing, LLC, Template:Citation/identifier
External links
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Richard 111 lost his life in which battle? | Kansas City Chiefs
Kansas City Chiefs
The Kansas City Chiefs started playing professional football in 1960, when they were first established by Lamar Hunt. The team originally played for American Football League (AFL) until 1969, where the Chiefs joined the NFL during the merger in the 1970. Ever since they joined the NFL they have played in the AFC West and have been playing all of their home games in Arrowhead Stadium, since 1972. They use these same installations as their headquarters located in Kansas City, Missouri. The team colors are Red and Gold, and they actually have two mascots. One of the mascots is Warpaint, a real horse that is ridden by a fully dressed Native American, and the other K. C. Wolf, named after a group of very rowdy fans called the “Wolf pack”. The Chiefs are actually legally and corporately registered as Kansas City Chiefs Football Club, Inc. and since they have never relocated in their franchise history, they are now valued at a little under $1 Billion USD.
Chiefs Brief Team History
The Kansas City Chiefs were established in 1960 by Lamar Hunt, an avid sports fan that dedicated his life to creating and supporting various different sports throughout the U.S. He was the founder of the AFL, as well as investor and owner in other various sports teams, like the Chicago Bulls. The Chiefs did very well during their time with the AFL, winning three league championships, as well as having an all-time AFL record of 92 – 50 – 5. During their time in the AFL, the team played in the Cotton Bowl, and later on used the Municipal Stadium until 1971.
Once the Chiefs joined the NFL, there were several ups and downs throughout the next few decades. Team owner, Lamar Hunt, went through a head coach about every 6 seasons, depending on their record. The one head coach that truly made an impact was Marty Schottenheimer, who coached from 1989 until 1998 and made the Chiefs in top playoff contenders during his time with them. He left the chiefs with a 101 – 58 – 1 record before he left, making it the most prosperous the team had been since their AFL years. During their time in the NFL, the Chiefs have made 12 playoff appearances, along with 8 Division championships. They have yet to make it to the Super Bowl, but with their great line up, it could happen any season.
Notable Chiefs Figures
During its time participating in professional football, the Chiefs have amassed several different players and coaches, as well as other people that are associated with the team, that have made it a great NFL competitor.
Past Chiefs Figures
Linebacker Willie Lanier and quarterback Len Dawson were crucial for the Chiefs during the 1970’s, as they led the team to various winning seasons. They were able to win the NFL Man of the Year Award two years straight, in 1972 and 1973, before the team fell into another slump.
Defensive End Neil Smith and linebacker Derrick Thomas were drafted by the Chiefs during the 1988 and 1989 drafts, respectively, and went on to become enormous assets for the team. The way they defended, along with teammates Albert Lewis and Deron Cherry would make the Chiefs top playoff contenders, and actually taking them to the playoffs six years straight; from 1990 to 1995.
Tony Gonzalez was a tight end for the Chiefs from 1997 until 2008, during which time he accomplished many amazing things. He managed to become the first tight end to ever catch 1000 passes, as well as consistently get over 1,000 yards receiving, which is something a lot of tight ends do not accomplish and has even set NFL records for doing so.
Present Chiefs Figures
Jamal Charles has been a Chiefs running back since 2008, he had some very good seasons but he was out most of the 2011 season. He is now back for the 2012 season and he is accomplishing many great things. He is able to get a lot of yardage, and even ran for 91 yards for a touchdown. Not only is he great running with the ball, but he is a great way for the quarterback to pass the ball to someone when the opponents rush.
Dwayne Bowe is an experience wide receiver and has been playing with the Chiefs since 2007. During most of the seasons where he played and started for most or all of the games, he managed to catch for more than 1,000 yards each season. With the Chiefs relying more on their offense during the 2012 season, Bowe will get to show his catching skills more often.
Two defenders that have been leading the pack for the Chiefs are outside linebacker Justin Houston and inside linebacker Derrick Johnson . These two players complement each other greatly; Johnson makes sure the running plays are disrupted, while Houston does a good job at rushing the quarterback and even getting a few sacks and interceptions.
Present Team Personnel
The current owner of the Kansas City Chiefs is Clark Hunt, who is the son of the previous owner, Lamar Hunt. Clark Hunt is very much like his father, and even grandfather in the sense that he enjoys sports to a great extent and is also an avid businessman; that is a perfect combination when being an owner of a multi-million dollar sports enterprise. The current head coach for the Chiefs is Romeo Crennel, who was hired recently before the 2012 season began. He has a long list of both college and pro football teams that he has gained much experience needed in order to become head coach.
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The English town of Malmesbury is in which county? | Wiltshire Council - Wiltshire Community History Get Community Information
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Malmesbury
This page is one of 261 pages covering every community in Wiltshire, and is provided by Wiltshire Council Libraries and Heritage. A project to provide a fuller picture of each community is in progress, working on the larger communities first. When these 261, which are modern civil parishes, are completed we will begin work on a further 180 villages and hamlets to provide comprehensive coverage of Wiltshire communities large and small.
Map of the Civil Parish of Malmesbury:
1890s
Wiltshire & Swindon History Centre
From the Ordnance Survey 1890s revision of the one inch to one mile map. The modern civil parish boundary has been superimposed.
From Andrews’ and Dury’s Map of Wiltshire, 1773:
Wiltshire & Swindon History Centre, Chippenham
From Andrews’ and Dury’s Map of Wiltshire, 1810:
Wiltshire & Swindon History Centre, Chippenham
This is a corrected and updated edition of the 1773 map that includes the recently built canals.
Thumbnail History:
Malmesbury is an ancient place built on a steep hill almost encircled by the Tetbury and Sherston branches of the River Avon, which unite at the south of the town. The site is easily defended with the older parts of the town being on an outcrop of cornbrash at over 75 metres. Lower parts of the parish are on beds of Kellaway Clay and Oxford Clay. There has long been a tradition of an early defended site here and in 2000 an excavation revealed a section of a substantial Iron Age hill fort with a bank at least 4 metres wide.
It would seem that Mailduib, an Irish monk or hermit, settled here and gathered a group of pupils around him. This may have been the nucleus of the first monastery and it seems likely that the place-name is derived from Mailduib, although it has been suggested that confusion between his name and Aldhelm has resulted in the modern name. Certainly the earlier forms, from reliable 8th century texts, are Maildufi or Maldubiensis.
One of Mailduib's pupils was Aldhelm (c.640-709), a Saxon who was a member of the Royal House of Wessex. He took over the monastery and Abbey c.675 and after a visit to Rome the Abbey came under direct Papal jurisdiction. Aldhelm was a learned man, a writer, poet and skilful architect who began the work on the abbey buildings and also founded the church and monastery at Bradford-on-Avon. Around 700 he built what is believed to be the first organ in England at the Abbey. He left Malmesbury in 705 to become Bishop of Sherborne and four years later was buried in his beloved Malmesbury Abbey after his death at Doulting, Somerset. He was later canonised.
A settlement grew around the Abbey and this became a local trading centre by the 9th century. In 730 it was one of four places in Wiltshire listed among the 112 settlements of the Burghal Hidage. These were fortified centres and the town walls of Malmesbury could have extended to 1650 yards in length. Around 878 Malmesbury was sacked by the Danes for the first time but the Abbey was spared. The town recovered and continued to develop and was probably one of the most important in the county by the early 11th century when moneyers were working here.
Another national figure connected with Malmesbury was King Athelstan (925-940). He was a great Saxon king and a benefactor of the town. His standard bearer, Godwyn, came from the town and many Malmsburians fought for him in his battles. He endowed the Abbey library and gave common land, the King's Heath, to the freemen in 939, although the charter has been lost.
In the Domesday Book (1085) the town is placed at the head of the Wiltshire entry and has the most detailed description of any Wiltshire community. There are likely to have been 100 households or more and it was one of five mints mentioned in the county.
In 1100 the castle of Malmesbury was built by Roger Le Poer, Bishop of Salisbury, close to the west end of the Abbey with the intention of annoying the monks. The castle played an important role in the siege of Malmesbury in 1153 during the civil war between King Stephen and the Empress Maud. The town was held for Stephen but was captured by the Duke of Anjou (later Henry II), Maud's son. Owing to escalating friction between the soldiers and monks it was ordered that the castle be destroyed and much of it was in 1216. There are some remains in, and under, the Bell Hotel.
It is likely that a new town wall was built in the 1130s following the line of the earlier defences. The street plan of the town was established within these by the late 13th century and has remained little changed to this day. There has been much dispute over the claim that Marlborough is the oldest borough in England, dating back to 939, or 880 according to one erroneous writer. What happened was that in 1381 the burgesses sought royal confirmation of various exemptions and privileges that had been granted to them by King Athelstan. The charter they put forward was accepted by the authorities but modern scholars have found it to be a post-conquest forgery. This was a common practice and the earlier a fabricated charter could be dated the better as the clerks who judged it had little experience of Saxon charters. Doubtless Athelstan did give Malmesbury a charter but boroughs as such did not exist until after the Norman Conquest.
The early history of Malmesbury can seem a little confusing as there were three separate areas in what is now the town - the Benedictine Abbey, Malmesbury and Westport. Until the Dissolution of monasteries the Abbey was a separate area owning most of the land around Malmesbury under religious jurisdiction, after which it became part of the borough of Malmesbury. Westport was a separate settlement and parish outside the west gate of Malmesbury, with its own church from Saxon times. It remained separate until 1872 when most of the settlement was assigned to the new Malmesbury urban sanitary district and was included in Malmesbury municipal borough in 1886. The Westport part of the borough became the civil parish of Westport St. Mary Within in 1894 and remained so until 1934 when it was merged with other civil parishes to form a new Malmesbury parish.
With three separate administrations there were several markets and fairs. Until 1223 there was a Saturday market at the graveyard of St. Paul's Church but it then moved to the 'new market', which could have been the area where the market cross stands. This stone octagonal cross is late 15th century, is 41 feet high and is one of the finest in England. The market around the cross ceased in c.1890. A Thursday market for Westport was granted in 1252 and both the Triangle and Horsefair in Westport could have been the sites of markets and fairs. Malmesbury Abbey was granted a 3 day fair, later extended to 8 days, around St. Aldhelm's day in May by William I, while in 1252 there was a fair of St. James (25th July) on their Whitchurch manor. This abundance of markets and fairs would seem to indicate a prosperous and thriving community that was at the centre of a fair-sized farming area.
Other fairs were added by a borough charter of 1635 for March, April and October. Certain areas were known by the names of these fairs - Horsefair and Sheepfair (now the Triangle) - and there was a separate cattle market area. Although Malmesbury's importance as a market town became less over the centuries it remained one until the 20th century, with the Cross Hayes being used as a market place when the earlier market area proved too small.
The Abbey and monastery continued to exercise a great influence over the town. Apart from its abbots and a cellarer called Faritius, who had great medical skill and became Abbot of Abingdon, one of the best known of its people was William of Malmesbury. He was born near the end of the 11th century and died around 1143, and became librarian of the fine library of the Abbey. He collected many other books for the library and wrote several himself including ones on the histories of kings and bishops. He was a good Latin scholar and his style is vivid and interesting. Much of our knowledge of the late Saxon period is the result of his writings.
The Abbey had been completed in the reign of Henry II in the latter half of the 12th century and remained little altered until the second half of the 13th century. There were also several other small religious buildings - hospitals, almshouses and chapels - in the town. A very energetic abbot, William of Colerne, made many alterations and improvements, built new buildings and provided the monastery with a water supply via a 3 1/2 mile conduit in 1284. Extensive alterations were carried out in the 14th century and an ill-conceived centrol tower was built over the two western bays of the nave. This fell around 1660 wrecking the western end of the church.
On the dissolution in 1539 the Abbey was bought by the clothier William Stumpe. The production of woollen cloth was the chief industry of the town in medieval times and in 1542 John Leland reported that 3,000 cloths a year were woven here. Stumpe housed up to 20 looms in the monastic buildings and was instrumental in the town acquiring the Abbey church to use as a parish church. The cloth industry remained important until the mid 17th century but then declined and ceased c.1750. It was revived c.1790 and a new mill, Burton Hill Mill, was built outside the urban area. It was originally water-powered but had a steam engine by 1838 and continued with cloth production until the 1840s.
The mill was converted to silk production c.1850 with 56 power looms. It closed soon after 1900 but re-opened in 1923 and continued in operation until c.1950. It has now been converted to residential use. Leather working had also been a prominent industry in medieval times and gloving was also an early industry. Apart from these the other local industries were those typical of a small market town.
Malmesbury saw a fair amount of action during the Civil War. In 1642 it was apparently on the Parliamentary side but submitted to the Royalists on 3rd February 1643. On 23rd March it was taken by Sir William Waller for the Parliamentarians but their new governor, Sir Edward Hungerford, changed sides and surrendered the town to the Royalists on 5th April. It may have changed hands twice more before it was recaptured for Parliament on 24th May 1644 and a garrison of 1,000 was there until late 1646. The effects of these continued sieges and occupations would have been traumatic for both townspeople and local country dwellers and many buildings in Westport, including the church, also suffered as this was the only route by which the town could be attacked. A splendid 'birds eye' view of the walled town was drawn in 1646 and a limited edition of 175 copies in colour was produced in 1995.
Malmesbury was of some strategic importance, being on the route from Oxford to Bristol and the west, and parts of its castle and most of the town walls were still standing. Another major routeway was southwards to Chippenham, along a route that was called the Kingsway c.1100. The road northwards to Cirencester went via Tetbury until 1788 when the present, more direct, route was turnpiked. The road to Wootton Bassett and Swindon is recorded in 1773 but was doubtless in existence much earlier. It was turnpiked in 1809.
Malmesbury is believed to be unique in having two Corporations, the Old and the New. The Old originates in those freemen to whom the King's Heath was given and consisted of Commoners who elected a High Steward. The Old Corporation also chose the members of Parliament from 1295 until 1832, by which time it had become one of the more notorious rotten boroughs. In 1886 Malmesbury was incorporated as a municipal borough and the New Corporation took over the running of the borough while administration of many of the local charities was left with the Old Corporation who also continued with their role with King's Heath.
From the 18th century the town has been mainly a local centre for commerce, manufacture and administration. During this period one of the chief occupations was lace, which was made at home. This declined in the 19th century owing to factory competition but women and children were still making pillow lace at home throughout that century. There was a revival after 1900 under the Countess of Suffolk and a lace-making school opened. Most lace production ceased after 1914 however.
The 19th century saw an increase in population, although this was largely a case of more people in the same small area, and the usual introduction of modern services. A gasworks was proposed in 1835 and was started in 1848 as the Malmesbury Gas & Coke Co. It was taken over by the South Western Gas Board in 1866. A public cemetery was opened in 1884. Electricity became generally available through the Western Electricity Distributory Corporation in 1923. The Malmesbury Water Works Co. Ltd. had built a pumping house c.1864 and a water tower around the same date. The waterworks were transferred to the borough in 1900.
A railway line had been proposed in 1864 but Malmesbury did not have a rail link until 1877 when a branch line from the Great Western Railway line at Dauntsey was opened. A small station was built to the north of the Abbey church. The passenger service ceased in 1951 but a freight service continued until 1963 when the station was closed.
In the 20th century the town has expanded greatly beyond the old line of its town walls in the former parish of Westport, which is the only area of fairly level ground around the old town. The borough council built many houses between 1931 and 1956 and continued until 1972. Developments in the last quarter of the century were almost entirely private including an estate of 300 houses at Reed's Farm. In 1973 the town was relieved of some traffic when a bypass was built for the Chippenham to Cirencester road to the east of the town. The medieval streets are now protected by a 20 m.p.h. speed limit but, like most old towns, the streets are full of vehicles.
New industries have come to Malmesbury. Just before the Second World War E.K. Cole Ltd., later EKCO, relocated to Malmesbury, making radios and electrical and electronic equipment. They were absorbed in the Pye Group in 1963 but continued production in the town. In 1941 Linolite Ltd. set up in the town making light fittings and other electrical components. They became a subsidiary of the General Electric and Electronics Corporation. A more recent arrival has been the inventor James Dyson who has built an award-winning factory at Tetbury Hill and whose companies employ over 4,000 people. Much of the production is now (2003) likely to be relocated overseas.
Today Malmesbury is a magnet for tourists. Situated on the fringe of the Cotswolds its Abbey, early buildings and narrow streets are a considerable attraction. A range of establishments is available to serve the visitors and these include many of the early inns and public houses. One of the earliest surviving is the King's Arms, open in the late 17th century and named for the restoration of Charles II. A landlord at the turn of the century was so well-known that letters addressed to 'Harry Jones, England' or merely with a drawing of his trademark top hat were correctly delivered. The Old Bell was known as the Castle, on whose site it stands, in 1703 and the Bell by 1798.
Other settlements in the parish include Burton Hill, which has long been a small suburb of the town and included, in the 13th century, the hospital of St. Mary Magdalene. Houses for workers in the new mill were built here in the late 18th early 19th centuries. Cowbridge in the 18th century consisted only of a mill and a large house. Cowbridge House was rebuilt in 1853. Milbourne was a settlement in the Middle Ages and in the 17th and 18th centuries comprised farmsteads along the village street. There was little building in the 19th century and most other houses here date from the second half of the 20th century.
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Jonas Salk developed a vaccine for what? | Malmesbury, Wiltshire - SN16 - Malmesbury: A Brief History
A Brief History
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Malmesbury before St. Aldhelm (500BC – 675AD)
Malmesbury has a history dating back to around 500 BC, at which point the first mentions of the settlement of ‘Caer Bladon’ are made. This translates to mean ‘fortified place (or ‘stronghold’) on the Bladon’, with ‘Bladon’ referring to what we now recognise as the River Avon. Use of this early term suggests, and archaeological digs have since proven, that the site has been continuously inhabited since the Iron Age.
Moving into the early AD centuries, we initially see Malmesbury becoming part of Wessex (an Anglo-Saxon kingdom belonging to the West Saxons located in South-West England) after a Saxon invasion in about 570.
Soon, Christianity reached the site of Malmesbury. The earliest recorded religious leader to settle in Malmesbury was Maildulph, a 7th century Irish-Celt monk who founded a Hermits Cell on the site of the present Abbey in around the year 600. He went on to become a famous religious teacher, founding a small monastery school for sons of the nobility. He either retired or died around 675.
Malmesbury’s rise to prominence: Aldhelm and Athelstan (675 – 940)
Maildulph’s successor, Aldhelm, is much more famous and central to the development of Malmesbury. Saxon by birth and possibly closely related to the Kings of Wessex, Aldhelm reputedly became the first Abbot of Malmesbury Abbey. His royal connections gave him control of the surrounding villages and his close connections to the Pope saw the Abbey being placed under papal jurisdiction, a high honour. He became Bishop of Sherborne, with a diocese extending through Wiltshire, Somerset, Dorset, Devon and Cornwall.
As an individual, Aldhelm was well respected and loved by the local community. Local stories tell of Aldhelm playing music and attracting large audiences, who he would then tell stories of the life of Jesus, inspiring devotion. He was well educated; speaking both Greek and Latin. It is also said that he was a skilful architect, great scholar and good technician and that in around 700; he built the first organ in England in the Abbey. On his death (c.709-710), Aldhelm’s remains were carried to be buried in Malmesbury. Here his remains were enshrined, making Malmesbury an important focus for pilgrimage. A feast and fair were held in his honour at St. Aldhelm’s Mead, a tradition that continued for 840 years (until 1540, when it was discontinued due to rioting and debauchery). Aldhelm was later canonised as a Saint in 1080.
Another important development for Malmesbury was the granting of its Charter in 924 during the reign of Edward the Elder (901-925). Malmesbury was known for its active fighting men, which is likely the key reason the town was given the Charter.
King Athelstan, born in 895, was central to Malmesbury’s development and rise to fame. He was the first king of all ‘England’ and the first to introduce a common currency; silver coins were imprinted with his head. He proved to be an effective king and was also aware that law should be made specific for certain areas. He introduced ‘shrievalty’ which appointed shire reeves (or ‘sheriffs’) to act as important officials overseeing the shire or county. He also increased his powerbase by marrying his sisters to influential Europeans, with the precious jewels and sacred relics from these dowries often being kept in Malmesbury Abbey.
Athelstan showed real affection for Malmesbury, especially towards its people who had helped him in battles. As a result, in 937 he started the ‘Commoners of Kings Heath’ or the ‘Old Corporation’. Through this he gave those that had helped him in battle land from Kings Heath, which continues to be passed down through the descendents of these freemen to this day. Upon his death in 940, Athelstan was buried in Malmesbury Abbey, but his remains have since been moved.
From Flying Monk to William Stumpe (1010 – 1490)
The next figure of note in Malmesbury’s history was Eilmer, a monk of Malmesbury Abbey who in circa 1010 attempted to fly from the top of the Abbey using a ‘glider’ he had fashioned for himself. He managed to fly for just over 200m in active flight before falling and breaking both of his legs. He wished to try again but the Abbot refused to allow him and he returned to his talents in astronomy, living to a good age. His attempted flight makes him the first recorded aeronaut in the world.
Our knowledge of Eilmer owes much to another prominent character in Malmesbury’s history, William of Malmesbury. One of the greatest historians of his time and sometimes referred to as the ‘Father of English History’, William was a Benedictine monk who resided in Malmesbury Abbey as its librarian.
William was born half-Norman, half-Saxon and spent most of his childhood and adult life in Malmesbury. He was educated at Malmesbury Abbey where he spent most of his time in the library, helping to make it one of the finest in Europe. It is said that even the Pope used to borrow books from there. He had a good grasp of Latin and travelled a good deal, but his greatest quality was his love of truth and accuracy. He ensured we have a fine collection of Saxon history, especially concerning Kings and Prelates, and is responsible for the only known authentic account of the First Crusade. William died at some point between 1143 and 1148.
William must have lived through a time of significant changes to Malmesbury, the present Abbey Church was completed by 1180, but must have been a work in progress many years prior to this. William also provides us with some information about a less well known Malmesbury landmark. In circa 1118, a castle at Malmesbury was built by Roger le Poer (Bishop of Salisbury). The chosen location was to the West of the Abbey, in close proximity to the Monastery, and its location quickly created friction with the monks. The Abbot was given papal authority to excommunicate members of the castle garrison for their ‘depredations on the Abbey’ and for interfering with their water supply.
Despite its unpopularity, the castle played a key role in the 12th century. The siege of Malmesbury in 1153 saw the castle playing a vital role in the conflict between King Stephen and the challenger to the throne, Henry, the Duke of Anjou. One section of the defences, known as ‘Jordan’s Tower’, managed to hold out for an extended period of time, but fell after a long siege. In 1215, the Abbot of Malmesbury Abbey sent a plea to King John to remove the castle. He obliged and the structure was demolished after existing for no more than 100 years.
The Old Bell Hotel, potentially occupying the location of the old castle, has origins dating back to around 1220, when a new building was erected on the site to house important guests. The fireplace inside the Great Hall dates from this period and it contains paintings from the late medieval period. The building has also been open as a pub since at least 1703, originally known as the Castle, acquiring the name the Bell Hotel in 1798.
During this period, the present Abbey building was also completed. It is believed that its consecration service was in about 1180, after only about 35 years of being under construction. The layout chosen was typical of other major 11th and 12th century churches, especially in France. Over the next couple of centuries, the Abbey saw further improvements, most notably the building of the Abbey cloisters and the Abbey spire, which was the tallest of its kind in England and 30 feet taller than the Salisbury spire.
In about 1490, the Market Cross was built in Malmesbury, and remains one of the town’s most distinguishable features. It was built as a place of shelter and a meeting place for special occasions, and was commissioned as a joint venture between the Abbot and the town Burgesses (townspeople or ‘people of the borough’).
A Time for Change: William Stumpe and Thomas Hobbes (1497-1679)
With the Dissolution of the Monasteries came a new era in Malmesbury’s history, beginning with the role of William Stumpe. A wealthy clothier, Stumpe was famous in Malmesbury for his ownership of much of the Abbey properties and the changes he made to the town’s trade. He became prominent in the area from 1540 onwards, when he obtained the Abbey buildings and associated lands from King Henry VIII. His acquisition of the Abbey lands and property saw some buildings becoming workshops, and the cloth trade flourished, gaining a reputation throughout Europe for its excellence. Stumpe also represented Malmesbury at parliamentary level, first from 1529-36 and then from 1547-52. He was also respected in Malmesbury for giving the townspeople back their parish church in 1541, and helped raise funds to preserve the Abbey as best he could. When he died, Stumpe left a huge fortune and multiple properties and holdings to his family.
Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury, one of the most famous English philosophers renowned for his work on political philosophy, was born prematurely in the Westport area of Malmesbury in 1588. He spent the first 14 years of his life in Malmesbury, attending Westport Church School and growing up as part of the Malmesbury community. At 14, he then left for Oxford to continue his education. His family remained in the same household in Westport, and Hobbes returned to visit Malmesbury on multiple occasions throughout his life.
Civil War, Tigers and Foxes (1642 – 1806)
When the English Civil War broke out in 1642, it had far reaching implications, even for the smallest of settlements. Malmesbury was no exception; the settlement was in fact of great strategic importance due to its location between Oxford and Bristol. Throughout the course of the war, Malmesbury changed hands at least five times, twice involving direct assaults on the town itself.
The first assault on Malmesbury took place on 21st March 1643, where a force under the command of the parliamentarian, Sir William Waller, took the settlement with relative ease, his force sustaining only three casualties. Waller attacked through Westport, usually considered to be a weak point in the otherwise naturally well defended town.
The second assault was altogether more aggressive. On 24th May 1644, Colonel Massey, another parliamentarian, attacked Malmesbury with troops and artillery, again choosing Westport as the main area to attack. A vivid description of the battle has survived the years and it appears that once the bloody conflict had ended, Massey refrained from plundering the town. As far as Malmesbury was concerned, the conclusion of this battle marked the end of its direct role in the Civil War.
Jumping ahead a few decades, we come across Hannah Twynnoy, a maid working at the White Lion Inn during the early 18th century, famous for her unusual death. When a travelling circus came to visit in the town, it brought with it a tiger which Hannah reputedly teased, despite warnings from its keeper. It eventually broke free from its shackles and killed her. Her grave can be seen in the Abbey grounds.
Charles James Fox, a prominent British Whig statesman notable for his strong support for the colonists over the issue of the American Colonies, held the seat of High Steward of the Old Corporation, in the years between 1769 and 1775. He also represented Malmesbury at parliamentary level for the earlier part of this period, but his resignation over the issue of tea duty meant he never represented Malmesbury again.
Industrial and Social development in a Market Town: The Silk Mills, Malmesbury Branch Line and The Triangle (1600 – 1962)
The Avon Mill site is best known for its previous 19th century Silk Mills but has been the site of a mill since the 13th century. In about 1600, Avon Mill became a fulling mill (process during which cloth was thickened and shrunk by pounding it in a solution of fullers earth), but ceased to have such a role in 1622. A century later, the woollen industry in Malmesbury as a whole had closed down.
In 1852 it was bought by silk manufacturers. Silk ribbons were very much in demand in the Victorian era and at its peak the factory employed around 400 people. The business failed in 1899, but was reopened and by 1900 there were 150 workers. The mill was forced to close yet again that year, but as before it reopened, this time in the early 1920’s by Avon Silk Mills Co. Ltd. Silk production continued until 1941. In 1984 both of the main buildings were converted into flats.
Malmesbury lace was also once central to Malmesbury’s economy. Renowned nationwide for its quality and unique characteristics, the earliest record of lacemaking in the Malmesbury area dates back to the English Civil War (1642-48). Lacemaking became even more prominent after Charles II’s 1672 declaration allowing Dutch artisans to settle in England. Many of these individuals settled in Wiltshire and Dutch influence certainly had a refining impact on lacemaking. By 1795, Malmesbury inhabitants claimed they could earn more by lacemaking than they could by working at a factory. However, by 1826 the hand lace industry was declining, due to the introduction of machinery. Whereas in 1851 Malmesbury had 150 adult lacemakers, by 1881 it had only 11.
There were attempts to revive the practice, namely by Lady Suffolk, who in 1907 realised that lacemaking in Malmesbury was in danger of disappearing. She set up a lace school in the Kings Arms Hotel, which saw children and young women from a wide area joining. By 1908 it had 30 pupils and two teachers. It is unknown when the class closed but it was before the 1920’s, when the Kings Arms changed hands.
Another important development in the 19th century was the railway in Britain, which had an enormous impact nationwide. Malmesbury was at first ignored by early rail development, the first scheme suggested in 1845 was rejected by landowners, but a few decades later a branch line was developed.
On 17th December 1877, the Malmesbury Branch Line and station had its grand opening. The impact on trade was immediately noticeable; Malmesbury’s market prospered and saw its best attendance in 30 years in February 1878. The railway was well utilised in both of the world wars, the first saw large numbers of troops travelling through the town and the second saw significant numbers of refugees coming to Malmesbury. Despite its usage though, the railway closed down, first to passengers in 1951 and then to goods in 1962.
An area that has undergone constant changes in Malmesbury is The Triangle, which used to be the location of a bustling market. The First World War Memorial located at the Triangle was dedicated in March 1921, and remembers 74 men, including one civilian. The site of the Three Cups Inn has been occupied by a pub since the 15th century, with the present building dating back to the 17th century. In its earlier history, Elizabethan cloth and yarn traders would stay here and in March 1643, it was reputedly the headquarters of General Waller when he was besieging the town. By 1930, Stroud Brewery had renovated the pub, installing electric lights.
Malmesbury during the Second World War (1939-1945)
Two locations in Malmesbury had a particularly key role in the Second World War. The first, Cowbridge House, has seen varied roles throughout its 250 year history, but significantly at the end of August 1939, the Electrical Appliances Division of E.K. Cole Ltd., was instructed by the RAF to establish a ‘shadow factory’ to produce radio equipment. More specifically, Cowbridge House helped to develop radar for the Allies to utilise in the Second World War. Unknown to the residents of Malmesbury and the 1,000 or so employees working at the factory, they were at the cutting edge of wartime technological development.
The second location, the site where The Maltings is now located, was home to Linolite Ltd. in 1941. The company had patented a tubular electric lamp in 1901, obtaining the name Linolite Ltd. in 1933. The company specialised in filament strip lights but during the Second World War they became the main supplier of hose clips for bomber aircraft de-icing systems (they made 7.5 million hose clips during the war).
Films and Vacuum Cleaners: Athelstan Cinema to the Present Day (1935 – Present Day)
Malmesbury has had noticeable developments in the 20th century, one of the earliest being the building of a cinema. After experiencing a travelling cinema for some years beforehand, Malmesbury finally obtained a permanent building to fulfil such a role in 1935. Athelstan Cinema, as it was known, contained 333 seats. In 1955 it obtained a panoramic screen for the first time and between 1983 and 1988 it doubled as a bingo hall. The cinema closed later in 1988 and was eventually demolished in 1993.
One of the most significant developments to the town, especially in terms of its recent history involves the Dyson headquarters at the top of Tetbury Hill. In June 1993, James Dyson, the industrial designer behind Dyson vacuum cleaners, located a research and development centre and factory in Malmesbury to produce his products. All Dyson vacuum cleaners and washing machines were made at the Malmesbury factory, until 2002, when production was outsourced to Malaysia (with washing machine production to follow suit in 2003). The Malmesbury site is still used as Dyson’s main headquarters and research and development for Dyson products is also carried out there.
Sources:-
Bartholomew, Ron., A History of Malmesbury Abbey (The Friends of Malmesbury Abbey: Malmesbury, 2010).
Blanchard, Joan., Malmesbury Lace (B.T. Batsford Limited, London: 1990).
Bowen, John. (Edited By Allnatt, Graham), A Story of Malmesbury (Hackman Print, Rhondda: 2000).
Hodge, Dr. Bernulf., A History of Malmesbury (5th Edition; The Friends of Malmesbury Abbey, Minety: 1990).
http://www.athelstanmuseum.org.uk/people_hannah_twynnoy.html (last accessed 11/07/2011).
http://www.bbc.co.uk/wiltshire/content/articles/2004/09/01/entertainment_days_out_cowbridge_feature.shtml (last accessed on 11/07/2011).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter (last accessed on 06/06/2011).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyson_(company) (last accessed on 08/07/2011).
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Luce, Major-General Sir Richard H., The History of the Abbey and Town of Malmesbury (The Friends of Malmesbury Abbey, Minety: 1979).
Vernon, Charles & Malmesbury Civic Trust., An Historical Guide to Malmesbury (Malmesbury Civic Trust, Chippenham: May, 2005).
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Who was the next US President after Richard Nixon? | Mormon Numbers Not Adding Up | Religion Dispatches
February 3, 2012
Mormon Numbers Not Adding Up
The ascendancy of Mormonism as a world religion once seemed inevitable. The year was 1984, and sociologist named Rodney Stark made a startling projection: the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints would grow to 267 million members by 2080.
That’s the narrative drumbeat to which tens of thousands of young LDS men and women marched off to proselyting missions in Latin America and Asia during the 1980s and 1990s, as LDS Church membership shot up from 4.4 million to 11 million members. Mormons imbued this growth with theological significance as the fulfillment of a prophecy that the Church would one day “fill the earth”—a sense captured in this Church video .
But new data suggests that Mormonism may no longer be (as it is often described) among the fastest-growing faiths in the United States. Instead, American Mormons appear to be settling into the twenty-first century as a maturing minority having an increasingly hard time holding onto younger members.
Official LDS Church statistics for 2011 count 6,144,582 Mormons in the United States in 2011, comprising about 2% of the nation’s population. Church statistics also show a 30% membership increase between 1990 and 2008—a rate double general US population growth.
But recent studies tell a different story—different because whereas LDS Church records count anyone who has ever been baptized, demographers and pollsters count only those who currently identify themselves as Mormon. Those are the parameters for the landmark Trinity College American Religious Identification Survey: a two-decade project that has produced the largest and most accurate database of self-reported religious identification ever compiled, with 100,000 randomly sampled participants. According to Rick Phillips and Ryan Cragun, the authors of a study of Mormons based on ARIS data, self-identified adult Mormons make up not 2% but rather 1.4% of the adult US population—that’s about 4.4 million LDS adults.
Phillips and Cragun also place LDS growth rates not at 30% but at 16%—a rate on par with general US population growth. “Despite a large missionary force and a persistent emphasis on growth,” Phillips and Cragun write, “Mormons are actually treading water with respect to their per capita presence in the U.S.” In fact, additional studies by Cragun and Phillips show that retention rates of young people (young men especially) raised Mormon have dropped substantially in the last decade: from 92.6% in the 1970s–2000s to 64.4% from 2000–2010. Rising rates of disaffiliation go a long way towards explaining the gap between LDS Church records and the ARIS population estimates.
Those who do continue to identify as Mormon, according to data released by the Pew Forum in January, form a confident, cohesive core that is deeply invested in LDS institutional life. The Pew Forum found that 77% of self-identified Mormons reported attending church weekly, and 65% reported regular participation in temple worship, a benchmark of highly observant Mormonism. Those are eye-popping numbers that don’t quite match up to what most Mormons experience week-to-week in their congregations. (The problem may be sample bias: the Pew located many of its Mormon respondents through oversampling in core areas of the Mormon culture region, where attendance rates trend higher.) The Mormons surveyed by Pew also indicate high levels of life satisfaction, as well as a sense that Mormons are misunderstood in the U.S.: 46% said Mormons experience discrimination. Insularity is also strong among Pew-sampled LDS people, with 57% reporting that all or most of their friends are also LDS.
Social insularity as well as familial and kinship ties and feelings of religious certainty contribute to the cohesiveness of the self-identified Mormon core. But taken together the Pew and ARIS numbers suggest that while the highly active LDS core is highly self-assured, it may also be shrinking—a fact not immediately evident in Church membership statistics.
The numbers also suggest that cultural or heritage identity sense of Mormonism may be weakening, especially at the margins of the core and among those who disaffiliate. That may be bad news for twenty-first century Mormonism: other stable American minority faiths like Judaism rely on cultural identity to draw individuals back into religious life throughout the life cycle and across changes in belief and practice. Today, after decades of institutional emphasis on orthodox belief and behavior, it may be difficult for some in the highly observant Mormon core to imagine a cultural Mormonism that enfranchises the less observant. But as the 2012 presidential contest brings increased scrutiny and self-awareness of Mormonism as a culture (complete with its own foodways ), perhaps the time is right for Mormons to explore how to nourish and strengthen Mormon identity, even if our twenty-first century numbers don’t live up to the projections.
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john zimmerman
The numbers in this article are not what’s adding up. And the conclusions are based on the bad math: “6,144,582 Mormons in the United States in 2011, comprising about 2% of the nation’s population” “According to Rick Phillips and Ryan Cragun, the authors of a study of Mormons based on ARIS data, self-identified adult Mormons make up not 2% but rather 1.4% of the adult US population—that’s about 4.4 million LDS adults.” This is comparison of 6,144,582 total Mormons in the 1st study versus 4,400,000 Mormon adults in the 2nd study. Of course they are not equal thus the number-based conclusions such as the following are erroneous: “while the highly active LDS core is highly self-assured, it may also be shrinking—a fact not immediately evident in Church membership statistics.” As shown, the reason the “fact” isn’t immediately evident is that the numbers it’s based on don’t add up.
Jim Platt
The mormon church is counting those baptized and since they baptize for the dead, their claimed numbers will keep climbing until they run out of dead people to baptize…only problem dead aren’t blackmailed into pay a tithe…*S*
Robynn Peterson
I know that the proxy baptisms (baptisms for the dead) are NOT counted as “Members” or “New Members” That is a weird notion that has been floating around for decades. But it is untrue! I have a lot of other critisims of the LDS Church but that is not one of them.
2/3 of Mormons are inactive
A key prob w/ mormon #s is that many conversions/baptisms just don’t stick. Only about 1/3 of members are actually retained. A recent investigation for *worldwide* #s, places active members at 4.5 million. http://www.religionnews.com/2014/01/13/new-almanac-offers-look-world-mormon-membership/
There’s tremendous social pressure for adherents (esp. males) to go on proselytizing missions and to come home w/ tales of conversions. Often this imperative fails to inform the newly recruited of the high demands the religion actually require – and they bail w/o officially removing themselves from the records. The boastful ‘fastest growing religion’ doesn’t account for true attrition rates and at that record – they really suck.
IOW – for every member they actually gain, they lose two more. If this were to receive a letter grade, it’s a solid F. Not something you’ll likely see touted by the Mormon PR reps, that’s for sure. And if there’s anything the religion excels at and invests heavily in — it’s PR. Great at ‘spin’ and superficial misleading appearances across the board.
If missionaries were upfront about the religion’s true expectations and what it takes to go to Mormon Heaven and to be an acceptable church member — both wrt doctrine *and* social responsibilities – BEFORE dipping the converts underwater — many young men’s status and reputation w/n the church would be sullied upon their return. Good Mormons make more Mormons, it’s just the deeply seated Mormon way.
Oh and female Mormons can’t get into Mormon Heaven, unless they are married to a *Good* Mormon man. Men, OTOH, not only can get to heaven w/o a Mormon wife — they can pick up extra celestial wives there too. Official doctrine is inherently sexist, hierarchical, repressive and authoritarian. A woman’s husband can become a God and she is relegated to serve him in heaven. It’s outmoded and bigoted. And simply can’t keep pace w/ the more civilized world.
But then again, just several decades ago the Mormon Prophet claimed Native Americans that were stripped away from their families and placed into Mormon hands were becoming more ‘pure’ by evidence of their skin color becoming lighter (!!!) *and* Mormons were actively encouraged to uproot Native American children and replace their culture with ‘true teachings’. See, dark skin is a doctrinal curse of perpetual wickedness. But dark skin (and impurities) can be cured w/ Mormon intervention. Nah, that’s not messed up at all.
Course the practice of manipulating Native American parents to give up their children is now illegal & the accompanying claims so laughably ludicrous – that this is just one of many severe blemishes they try to desperately sweep under the rug. Still today though, they pitch hard for Latin Americans to join them by making claims that are known to be false. That is, that they are the Lost Tribe (they’re not – we *know* that genetically). Moreover, conversion efforts are *concentrated* in regions where people lack the proper education to know otherwise. It’s targeted & exploitative esp. considering that the converts are then expected to pay 10% of their *net* income to the church. It’s ultimately embezzlement for those that often times are the ones *least* able to afford it. And that’s not a stable way to keep converts. But it is a way to *speciously* boost enrollment records. And that matters, A LOT. Cuz there *are* appearances to keep up, after all…
Correction!
Sorry! That should be *gross* income – not net!
Fed up with Mormons
Mormons: Get out ! Get out of Arizona ! Go back to Utah, you’re not welcome, you are backwards and antiquated, every other growing population in this world values diversity, you do not. You value racism and are exclusionary. In 50 years you are going end up in the crappiest desert in Utah in internment camps like the Japanese during WWII. The USA is a melting pot, accept and embrace that or you are finished !
Joshua Blake Smith
Oh my, this is hilarious.
Haha…
Did you know that the number of mormons WORLDWIDE is 15 million…
NOT ONLY IN THE UNITED STATES YAH DINGBAT!
I almost can not believe that Joanna Brooks wrote an article with an obviously incorrect thesis statement, but it speaks for itself and you have to believe it happened.
SHARE THIS WITH FRIENDS TO SHOW THE HILARITY OF THE ARTICLE
Joshua Blake Smith
I couldn’t have better said it myself.
john zimmerman
Thank you.
TigranMetz
Do you realize that Brooks was actually being pretty kind by only talking about US Mormons? Activity rates in the US are quite a bit higher than the rest of the world as a whole, with overall activity rates at well under 40%.
Joshua Blake Smith
Oh yah? Show me an accurate source.
Joshua Blake Smith
Nice broad statements you got there. With ideas that completely imply the opposite of all justifiable evidence. Give me one reliable source that completely proves your “ideas” and in no way is lacking logic, emotional advertisement, or logical fallicies.
TigranMetz
As we all know the Church isn’t exactly forthcoming with exact data. I don’t think I can send links here, but check out the article “New Almanac Offers Look at the World of Mormon Membership” at religionnews dot com. The best available data can be found at cumorah dot com, an independent and incredibly well researched site run by a few LDS statisticians. A few highlights:
– Active membership worldwide is about 30%.
– Less than half of individuals claimed as members by the LDS Church worldwide identify the LDS Church as their faith of preference.
Joshua Blake Smith
I read the article, and the only thing that was partially true is that 30% of the church attends 95% of the time. I also went to that church growth site. Neither of the sites said anything about:
“Less than half of individuals claimed as members by the LDS Church worldwide identify the LDS Church as their faith of preference.”
Let me clarify, everyone who is above 8, has been baptized, has chosen to become a member of the church by notifying their bishop, is alive, has not been ex-communicated from the church is counted in that number of 15 million.
1. The article said that the church had problems with overall attendance (especially in latin america, which is true).
2. It is often hard to convert new members in certain lands where culture, experience, and laws interfere.
It said nothing about how the LDS church falsifies their count of members. All of this seems legitimate to me.
TigranMetz
That’s interesting you dispute that quote, because I pulled it verbatim from the cumorah website. The easiest way to find it would be to search the sentence in quotes on Google. The first hit will take you to the proper page (Internet Research 101, bro). I also got the the 30% statistic from the same page. I guess the definition of “active” is semantic but even the most generous definitions don’t raise that global ratio past 40%.
The information providing the impetus of my original reply to your first, somewhat childish, post is also on that page. Of the number of members claimed by the LDS church the ratio that self identifies as LDS “varies from the mid-sixties in the United States to 20-27% in Latin America”, (which is interesting considering that Latin America boasts the lion’s share of overall membership numbers outside the US).
Lastly, where did I claim that “the LDS church falsifies their count of members”? I said that the LDS church isn’t forthcoming with exact data, which it’s not. I wouldn’t necessarily expect it to include any disheartening stats in the General Conference verbal report, but I do expect detailed data to be made available somewhere.
Joshua Blake Smith
Oh, so in your mind it makes sense that the LDS church wouldn’t want to publish it’s data even if it does have that many members, and you weren’t implying at all that the church doesn’t disclose it’s information because it doesn’t want the world to find out it has as many members. Ok then.
However worldwide, many out-of-church studies have been done to prove that the LDS faith (comparatively by ratio to other faiths) has one of the highest numbers of active members.
TigranMetz
Look over your 1st paragraph and get back to me. It doesn’t make sense.
As to your second paragraph, I’ll throw your initial reply to me right back at you, “Oh yah? Show me an accurate source.”
A good apples to apples statistical comparison with the LDS church is with the 7th Day Adventist church. They come from the same cultural milieu and are both proselyting churches. The Adventists are 33 years younger than the LDS, yet they have about 3 million more members. Their retention rates are about double those of the LDS church (even using the most generous stats for the latter). They also publish very detailed membership and financial reports (again, unlike the latter).
Joshua Blake Smith
Look at beliefs and practices.
TigranMetz
It’s not that I can’t read sarcasm. That paragraph just grammatically doesn’t make sense.
I thought you would cite that 2008 Pew Research survey. First things first, I’m more inclined towards the numbers in the cumorah research because it’s significantly more recent and globally comprehensive. Second, the Pew survey is within America only, which doesn’t make it a “worldwide, out-of-church survey.” Yes, Mormons are above average when it comes to weekly attendance among denominations in the US, which isn’t saying much vis-a-vis converts because the overwhelming majority of active Mormons in the US grew up in the faith.
At this point, we’re just arguing semantics. My overall point in engaging in dialogue with you was to demonstrate that Joanna Brooks was actually being generous by not including activity rates outside the US, which are not good. Case in point, the activity rate among members in my mission was less than 20%. The largest branch had about 450 members and around 40 were active.
You’re right that culture and laws can sometimes interfere and make retention difficult. That being said, have you ever considered that convert retention rates might be so low (both inside and outside the US) because people aren’t getting anything spiritually significant out of their membership? How is it that the 7th Day Adventist church (a church originally based on a false prediction of Christ’s 2nd Coming) retains its converts at more than double the rate of the LDS?
Joshua Blake Smith
It’s because being a Mormon at requires lots of work and time (ex: Jehovah’s Witnesses) as well as giving up many things which are often addictive. If a person’s been a member at least once in their life they know that if they’re not performing those things they aren’t really members. So when the surveys come around to those who know they are not participating as much as they should in the church, those people know to say that they are not Mormon. However most other churches don’t require nearly as much time and effort and most church don’t require a standard of living to be a member. So it’s easy to say that you’re a member of a church you don’t attend often, but just as much as the other person who says they’re not Mormon. This occurs frequently with Catholics and Jews. People aren’t religions at all who say they’re members of a church.
Now because staying a mormon member requires so much effort, many people think it’s too hard to do all of the things which are required. Fellow members always try to keep people reminded of what the spiritual benefits are for being staying a member, but some don’t have the per-say “Spiritual Maturity/Experience” to see them clearly enough.
TigranMetz
Are you serious? There is so much wrong with what you just said (from both the perspective of a member and a non-member). If those are the kinds of things you’re deluding yourself into thinking to explain these troubling statistics, no amount of fact or truth will help you realize just how much trouble the church is in right now.
If you really want to know why so many people are leaving the church (most just go inactive without officially resigning, thus still being counted as members in General Conference), the results of this study are a real eye opener: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uZQJc5SxnVs
Two years ago, church historian Elder Marlin Jensen, acknowledged that members are leaving in droves, largely over historical problems, social issues, doctrinal contradictions, etc. He stated, “Maybe since Kirtland, we’ve never had a period of – I’ll call it apostasy, like we’re having now.” (If you need a quick refresher, the crisis in Kirtland he was referring to was a massive schism that came as a result of the collapse of Joseph Smith’s fradulent bank, the Kirtland Safety Society, due to an economic recession and the fact that Smith lied to the members about the amount of cash reserves the bank had in an attempt to get people to bank there.)
Joshua Blake Smith
I’m just going to say it- your a sad case. You have a problem. Only someone with personal issues goes around the internet, trolling about Mormons in their spare time. Hey, the opposite same can be said for me, but you’re the aggressor and the law of “moral higher ground” gives me the advantage. I’m sorry that’s just the way it is. Every single time you give an arguement, it’s based off of some crap that some anti-mormon completely made up or twisted until it was no longer distinguishable. Lies, lies, lies. I don’t have anything against you personally, I’m just frustrated that you aren’t even thinking about my logical points, as I do for yours. I spend time trying to show you the truth and you just whine like an ignorant child who wants to stay up all night.
TigranMetz
I can’t believe you’re really that obtuse.
Which one of us is the troll? Well, which one of us was the OP of this thread, slinging around 6th grade insults in all caps?
Can you point out to me which arguments or evidence I presented that are “anti-mormon crap”? If you respond, you better be able to back your assertions up. Make no mistake, I am very well read in LDS history.
On second thought, don’t bother responding. It’s clear this isn’t going anywhere. Peace.
Joshua Blake Smith
Thanks for that exit, now I don’t have to show you the door.
fiona64
You wouldn’t know an accurate source if it bit you in the arse.
fiona64
Aw, sweetie. Do you save this to your computer so you can just copy-pasta your grammatically incorrect nonsense at anyone who dares to question you and your priesthood authority? Because this is verbatim what you said to me when I proved you wrong, too.
You’re laughable.
fiona64
Ignore him; that’s the identical paragraph he flung at me in another thread when I proved him wrong with actual sources and he had an angry little Mormon hissy-fit.
fiona64
Do you imagine that no one has met Mormons? Hell, if you were the first one I’d ever encountered (and you’re not), you would confirm FUWM’s assessment all on your own.
Zane
Lots to respond to, but I’ll stick to the errors about “Mormon Heaven.” First, you cannot talk about “heaven” by comparing it to “a more civilized world.” Something spiritual/ethereal/whatever you think heaven may or may not be, cannot be scrutinized under the microscope of the temporal. That said, men cannot go to this “mormon heaven” without a wife. In fact, it is the opposite of what you said. It is men who will seemingly have trouble if they avoid marriage in this life. Furthermore, what is promised to men and women, as seen in the book of Revelations, is to become Kings and Queens, Priests and Priestesses. Notice: men are not elevated above women. The idea of men as Gods and women as servants is both nonsensical and straight odd. If godhood is what is to come under mormon doctrine (only a theory), then it will surely follow the same format as the royalty and priesthood taught in the scriptures. Gods and goddesses. I’m not saying there hasn’t been sexism in the church, or racism or prejudice, etc. But that is due to the imperfect nature of men, and surely as it is found in even the most “civilized world,” it will be found, sadly and unfortunately, in all religious groups. But for the mormons, it is not doctrinally founded, and you are wrong. If you want female empowerment and equality, you’ll find it in the mormon church. It is trumpeted by the leaders, seen in the oldest female organization in the world, taught as doctrine, and found in the women who make up the church.
fiona64
If the cult keeps you too busy to question, that’s a good thing. If the cult keeps you too busy to talk to outsiders, that’s a good thing.
For the cult.
Get a life
fiona64
Oh, sweetie. I have an outstanding life. Why? Because I was smart enough not to get roped into your cult.
Marcus_Z
If people would focus on living a good life today and helping others around them, rather than silly superstitions that have no evidence to back them up, how much better would the world be?
cynth
You will NOT find female empowerment and equality in the Mormon church. You WILL find leaders trumpeting it, as though if they say it often enough they can make people believe it.
cynth
Not true, people are counted until they are well over 100, even if the church has lost track of them. Dead people are counted in that fake 15 mil #
cynth
Reference please, for those studies?
F Zuber
Look at Mormon reality today and back to the beginning. There are plenty of priests and priestcraft, but no priestesses. There are lots of kings, but women serve as concubines, not queens.
James Bond
We Mormons are just superior and that’s just the way it is, we will get our multiple wives in our exclusive heaven because we abstain from the evils of coffee and porn (ok actually Utah leads the nation in online porn subscriptions so scratch that one). Anyway we enjoy the privilege of always being morally correct even in the face of conflicted historical evidence, sorry that’s just the way God wants it. Also gay people can just choose to be straight or not marry at all.
eastcoast71
What in the world are you talking about??
zelda
You voted up on your own comment? Does that self validation make you feel better?
Your use of caps don’t make your point any more valid, either.
Doesn’t help when you immaturely call people DINGBAT, either.
Another apologist that can’t take the truth.
You belong to a cult. Joseph Smith was a con man, a treasure hunter, he peered into a top hat (hilarious) ! He found and carried? Gold plates that would have weighed how much? (impossible) and only were seen with “spiritual eyes”.
He lied about the funeral papyrus/Book Of Abraham (didn’t plan on the Rosetta Stone deciphering and revealing the truth about that.
He slept with other mens wives all while cheating on Emma.
There is NO proof of any great war, no archeological evidence your cult is real.
The “church” and members are a hateful organization that is dying out. But, keep convincing yourself of those inflated numbers.
zelda
“highest active members” that is funny!
zelda
Complex much? Get over the persecution thing. It is old.
Richard Gould Madsen
There’s nothing new in this article. You can tear apart any religion on the planet. Just name the religion and I can make it look like a mess. You take any belief, put a special twist on it and I can make it look ugly. But, what’s the point? So, we all end up with black eyes and we all hate each other? Christians need to stop bickering among themselves and unite.
Danny
Just for entertainment I’ve been reading comments. You say sweetie fairly regularly. Not trying to troll or anything, it’s just fun to see the word choices people make when they want to be condescending. I do it too in some way I’m sure, everyone does, just….really bored and felt like sharing
fiona64
He’s a “priesthood holder”; of course he’s going to break his arm patting himself on the back.
RossGa
http://www.sltrib.com/54497395
spinner145
Sorry but if you’re going to trumpet these membership numbers to the world, you can’t just expect everybody to take you at your word. This is not “tearing down other people’s beliefs” but is in fact an attempt to quantify who actually does believe. If the results hurt your feelings because they contradict what you want to believe about Mormonism’s growth, that’s not the fault of the study.
Richard Madsen
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Which letter is at the extreme right of the centre row of a UK standard keyboard? | Use the On-Screen Keyboard (OSK) to type - Windows Help
Use the On-Screen Keyboard (OSK) to type
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There are several different kinds of keyboards for PCs. The most common type is a physical, external keyboard that you plug into your PC. But, Windows has a built-in Ease of Access tool called the On-Screen Keyboard (OSK) that can be used instead of a physical keyboard to move around a PC's screen or enter text. You don’t need a touchscreen to use the OSK. It displays a visual keyboard with all the standard keys, so you can use your mouse or another pointing device to select keys, or use a physical single key or group of keys to cycle through the keys on the screen.
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There are a few different kinds of keyboards. The most common is a physical, external keyboard that you plug into your PC.
Windows also has the On-Screen Keyboard (OSK), an Ease of Access tool. Use the OSK instead of a physical keyboard to move around your PC and enter text. You don’t need a touchscreen to use the OSK. The OSK displays a visual keyboard with all the standard keys. Select keys using the mouse or another pointing device, or use a physical single key or group of keys to cycle through the keys on the screen.
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Turn on numeric keypad. Use this option to expand the OSK to show a numeric keypad.
Click on keys. Use this mode if you prefer to click or tap the on-screen keys to enter text.
Hover over keys. Use this mode if you use a mouse or joystick to point to a key. The characters you point to are entered automatically when you point to them for a specified time.
Scan through keys. Use this mode if you want the OSK to continually scan the keyboard. Scan mode highlights areas where you can type keyboard characters by pressing a keyboard shortcut, using a switch input device, or using a device that simulates a mouse click.
Use Text Prediction. Use this option if you want the OSK to suggest words for you as you type so you don't need to type each complete word.
Notes
Text Prediction is available in English, French, Italian, German, and Spanish. If you want to use one of these languages and it isn't installed, install the language files for that language.
If you're using either hovering mode or scanning mode and accidently minimize the OSK, you can restore it by pointing to it in the taskbar (for hovering mode) or by pressing the scan key (for scanning mode).
If you minimize the OSK and switch to the Start screen or a full-screen app, you won't be able to get to the OSK. Open the OSK first, and then go to the Start screen or app.
Windows 7
Instead of relying on the physical keyboard to type and enter data, you can use On-Screen Keyboard. On-Screen Keyboard displays a visual keyboard with all the standard keys. You can select keys using the mouse or another pointing device, or you can use a single key or group of keys to cycle through the keys on the screen.
Watch this video to learn how to type without using the keyboard (1:21)
| L |
Zagreb is the capital city of which country? | List of Characters on a French Canadian Keyboard - How to Access Characters in the French Canadian Layout
List of Characters on a French Canadian Keyboard
How are the special characters on the French Canadian legended keyboard generated? First you must choose the standard French Canadian layout ( as outlined here) in your operating system. Once this is done, French Canadian keyboards are legended to provide you with indications of the differences between the French Canadian layout and the standard English Layout. In some cases special characters can be generated with a single keystroke, in other cases you enter the accent first (i.e. accent grave or accent aigu) and then press the letter you wish the accent to apply to (a, e, i, o, u). If you want to generate a capitalized letter with an accent, make sure to enter a capitalized version of the letter (A, E, I, O, U).
In the list which follows, all the keys which differ from the standard keyboard are described, and the key action which is generated is indicated when you press the key alone (by itself with no modifier), Shifted (press and hold the Shift key first and then press the key in question) or Alt Car Shifted (press and hold the Alt Car key first and then press the key in question).
Sample French Canadian Legended Keyboards: KB210USB-FCB , SK595UW-CF , KB700PB-FC
Not all the keys are legended on all French Canadian keyboards, however most common characters are legended for easy reference.
Upper left corner key (usually Tilda):
Alone #
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What is surgically removed if you have a cholecystectomy? | Overview - Cholecystectomy (gallbladder removal) - Mayo Clinic
Cholecystectomy (gallbladder removal)
Print
A cholecystectomy (koh-luh-sis-TEK-tuh-me) is a surgical procedure to remove your gallbladder — a pear-shaped organ that sits just below your liver on the upper right side of your abdomen. Your gallbladder collects and stores bile — a digestive fluid produced in your liver.
A cholecystectomy may be necessary if you experience pain from gallstones that block the flow of bile. A cholecystectomy is a common surgery, and it carries only a small risk of complications. In most cases, you can go home the same day of your cholecystectomy.
A cholecystectomy is most commonly performed by inserting a tiny video camera and special surgical tools through four small incisions to see inside your abdomen and remove the gallbladder. Doctors call this a laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
In some cases, one large incision may be used to remove the gallbladder. This is called an open cholecystectomy.
Gallstones. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/gallstones/Pages/facts.aspx. Accessed June 15, 2016.
Understanding gallstones. American Gastroenterological Association. http://www.gastro.org/info_for_patients/2013/6/6/understanding-gallstones. Accessed June 15, 2016.
Feldman M, et al. Gallstone disease. In: Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Management. 10th ed. Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders Elsevier; 2016. http://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed June 16, 2016.
Patient information for laparoscopic gall bladder removal (cholecystectomy) from SAGES. Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons. http://www.sages.org/publications/patient-information/patient-information-for-laparoscopic-gallbladder-removal-cholecystectomy-from-sages. Accessed June 15, 2016.
Feldman M, et al. Gallstone disease. In: Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal Cholecystectomy. American College of Surgeons. https://www.facs.org/education/patient-education/patient-resources/operations. Accessed June 15, 2016.
Picco MF (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. June 22, 2016.
Related
| Gallbladder |
In which country would you find 'Punta Arenas' the worlds most southerly city? | Cholecystectomy - Health Encyclopedia - University of Rochester Medical Center
What is a cholecystectomy?
A cholecystectomy is surgery to remove your gallbladder.
The gallbladder is a small organ under your liver. It is on the upper right side of your belly or abdomen. The gallbladder stores a digestive juice called bile which is made in the liver.
There are 2 types of surgery to remove the gallbladder:
Open (traditional) method. In this method, 1 cut (incision) about 4 to 6 inches long is made in the upper right-hand side of your belly. The surgeon finds the gallbladder and takes it out through the incision.
Laparoscopic method. This method uses 3 to 4 very small incisions. It uses a long, thin tube called a laparoscope. The tube has a tiny video camera and surgical tools. The tube, camera and tools are put in through the incisions. The surgeon does the surgery while looking at a TV monitor. The gallbladder is removed through 1 of the incisions.
A laparoscopic cholecystectomy is less invasive. That means it uses very small incisions in your belly. There is less bleeding. The recovery time is usually shorter than an open surgery.
In some cases the laparoscope may show that your gallbladder is very diseased. Or it may show other problems. Then the surgeon may have to use an open surgery method to remove your gallbladder safely.
Why might I need a cholecystectomy?
A cholecystectomy may be done if your gallbladder:
Has lumps of solid material (gallstones)
Is red or swollen (inflamed), or infected (cholecystitis)
Is cancerous
Gallbladder problems may cause pain which:
Is usually on the right side or middle of your upper belly
May be constant or may get worse after a heavy meal
May sometimes feel more like fullness than pain
May be felt in your back and in the tip of your right shoulder blade
Other symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, fever, and chills.
The symptoms of gallbladder problems may look like other health problems. Always see your healthcare provider to be sure.
Your healthcare provider may have other reasons to recommend a cholecystectomy.
What are the risks of a cholecystectomy?
Some possible complications of a cholecystectomy may include:
Bleeding
Infection
Injury to the tube (the bile duct) that carries bile from the gallbladder to the small intestine
Liver injury
Scars and a numb feeling at the incision site
A bulging of organ or tissue (a hernia) at the incision site
During a laparoscopic procedure, surgical tools are put into your belly. This may hurt your intestines or blood vessels.
You may have other risks that are unique to you. Be sure to discuss any concerns with your healthcare provider before the procedure.
How do I get ready for a cholecystectomy?
Your healthcare provider will explain the procedure to you. Ask him or her any questions you have.
You may be asked to sign a consent form that gives permission for the procedure. Read the form carefully and ask questions if anything is not clear.
Your provider will ask questions about your past health. He or she may also give you a physical exam. This is to make sure you are in good health before the procedure. You may also need blood tests and other diagnostic tests.
You must not eat or drink for 8 hours before the procedure. This often means no food or drink after midnight.
Tell your provider if you are pregnant or think you may be pregnant.
Tell your provider if you are sensitive to or allergic to any medicines, latex, tape, and anesthesia medicines (local and general).
Tell your provider about all the medicines you take. This includes both over-the-counter and prescription medicines. It also includes vitamins, herbs, and other supplements.
Tell your provider if you have a history of bleeding disorders. Let your provider know if you are taking any blood-thinning medicines, aspirin, ibuprofen, or other medicines that affect blood clotting. You may need to stop taking these medicines before the procedure.
If this is an outpatient procedure, you will need to have someone drive you home afterward. You won’t be able to drive because of the medicine given to relax you before and during the procedure.
Follow any other instructions your provider gives you to get ready.
What happens during a cholecystectomy?
You may have a cholecystectomy as an outpatient or as part of your stay in a hospital. The way the surgery is done may vary depending on your condition and your healthcare provider's practices.
A cholecystectomy is generally done while you are given medicines to put you into a deep sleep (under general anesthesia).
Generally, a cholecystectomy follows this process:
You will be asked to take off any jewelry or other objects that might interfere during surgery.
You will be asked to remove clothing and be given a gown to wear.
An intravenous (IV) line will be put in your arm or hand.
You will be placed on your back on the operating table. The anesthesia will be started.
A tube will be put down your throat to help you breathe. The anesthesiologist will check your heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, and blood oxygen level during the surgery.
If there is a lot of hair at the surgical site, it may be clipped off.
The skin over the surgical site will be cleaned with a sterile (antiseptic) solution.
Open method cholecystectomy
An incision will be made. The incision may slant under your ribs on the right side of your abdomen. Or it may be made in the upper part of your abdomen.
Your gallbladder is removed.
In some cases, 1 or more drains may be put into the incision. This allows drainage of fluids or pus.
Laparoscopic method cholecystectomy
About 3 or 4 small incisions will be made in your abdomen. Carbon dioxide gas will be put into your abdomen so that it swells up. This lets the gallbladder and nearby organs be easily seen.
The laparoscope will be put into an incision. Surgical tools will be put through the other incisions to remove your gallbladder.
When the surgery is done, the laparoscope and tools are removed. The carbon dioxide gas is let out through the incisions. Most of it will be reabsorbed by your body.
Procedure completion, both methods
The gallbladder will be sent to a lab for testing
The incisions will be closed with stitches or surgical staples
A sterile bandage or dressing or adhesive strips will be used to cover the wounds
What happens after a cholecystectomy?
In the hospital
After the procedure, you will be taken to the recovery room to be watched. Your recovery process will depend on the type of surgery and the type of anesthesia you had. Once your blood pressure, pulse, and breathing are stable and you are awake and alert, you will be taken to your hospital room.
A laparoscopic cholecystectomy may be done on an outpatient basis. In this case, you may be discharged home from the recovery room.
You will get pain medicine as needed. A nurse may give it to you. Or you may give it to yourself through a device connected to your IV (intravenous) line.
You may have a thin plastic tube that goes through your nose into your stomach. This is to remove air that you swallow. The tube will be taken out when your bowels are working normally. You won’t be able to eat or drink until the tube is removed.
You may have 1 or more drains in the incision if an open procedure was done. The drains will be removed in a day or so. You might be discharged with the drain still in and covered with a dressing. Follow your provider’s instructions for taking care of it.
You will be asked to get out of bed a few hours after a laparoscopic procedure or by the next day after an open procedure.
Depending on your situation, you may be given liquids to drink a few hours after surgery. You will slowly be able to eat more solid foods as tolerated.
Arrangements will be made for a follow-up visit with your provider. This is usually 2 to 3 weeks after surgery.
At home
Once you are home, it’s important to keep the incision clean and dry. Your provider will give you specific bathing instructions. If stitches or surgical staples are used, they will be removed during a follow-up office visit. If adhesive strips are used, they should be kept dry and usually will fall off within a few days.
The incision and your abdominal muscles may ache, especially after long periods of standing. If you had a laparoscopic surgery, you may feel pain from any carbon dioxide gas still in your belly. This pain may last for a few days. It should feel a bit better each day.
Take a pain reliever as recommended by your provider. Aspirin or other pain medicines may raise your risk of bleeding. Be sure to take only medicines your healthcare provider has approved.
Walking and limited movement are generally fine. But you should avoid strenuous activity. Your provider will tell you when you can return to work and go back to normal activities.
Call your provider if you have any of the following:
Fever or chills
Redness, swelling, bleeding, or other drainage from the incision site
More pain around the incision site
Yellowing of your skin or the whites of your eyes (jaundice)
Belly or abdominal pain, cramping, or swelling
No bowel movement or gas for 3 days
Pain behind your breastbone
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Torchwood was created from the anagram of what other TV drama? | Torchwood (TV series) | Tardis | Fandom powered by Wikia
[ show ]
You may wish to consult Torchwood (disambiguation) for other, similarly-named pages.
Torchwood was a Doctor Who television spin-off. As an in-house BBC Wales production for digital television station BBC Three , it was the first television spin-off of Doctor Who since the pilot of K9 and Company in 1981 and the first to be commissioned for a full 13-part series. It originally featured the adventures of the Torchwood branch located in Cardiff and later the Torchwood team that succeeds it, and was set on Earth after the events of Doomsday (and for lead character Jack Harkness the events of The Parting of the Ways ).
The spin-off series has not yet featured the Doctor himself, though the materialisation sound of the Doctor's TARDIS is heard in the final episode of season one, and other dialogue references have been made, most recently in the Torchwood: Miracle Day arc. Likewise, the appearance of Martha Jones in the second series provides vital continuity between third and fourth series of Doctor Who. Conversely, Jack, as well as his team of Gwen Cooper and Ianto Jones featured (and former team members Owen Harper and Toshiko Sato are mentioned) in the last two episodes of the fourth series of Doctor Who.
Regular characters have included Gwen Cooper , Jack Harkness , Ianto Jones , Toshiko Sato , Owen Harper , Rex Matheson and Esther Drummond . Martha Jones , Suzie Costello and Vera Juarez have also been portrayed as part of the Torchwood team led by Harkness. Semi-regulars Rhys Williams and Sgt Andy Davidson are the only non-Torchwood members who have recurred across all series.
The 12 October 2016 marks the 10th anniversary of Torchwood. In celebration of that, and due to its popularity, cast and crew have been invited to the Chapter Arts Centre in Cardiff, and a special screening of the very first ever episode to be shown for the fans. [1] Big Finish also produced a special audio story to celebrate the show's anniversary.
Origins
Edit
In 2002 , before the revival of Doctor Who, Russell T Davies began to develop an idea for a science-fiction/crime drama in the style of American fantasy drama series like Buffy the Vampire Slayer and its spin-off series, Angel.
This idea, originally titled Excalibur, was abandoned until 2005 , when BBC Three Controller Stuart Murphy invited Davies to develop a post- watershed science fiction series for the channel. During the production of the 2005 series of Doctor Who, the word "Torchwood" (an anagram of "Doctor Who") originated during production of the new Doctor Who series, when television pirates were eager to get their hands on the tapes. Someone in the production office suggested that the tapes be labelled "Torchwood" instead of "Doctor Who" to disguise their contents as they were being sent to London . Davies thought that was a clever idea and remembered the name.
Davies connected the word Torchwood to his earlier Excalibur idea and decided to make the series a Doctor Who spin-off. Subsequently, the word Torchwood was seeded in several Doctor Who episodes and other media which aired in 2005 and 2006.
Premise
Edit
The series was set in contemporary Cardiff and followed the Welsh branch of a covert agency called the Torchwood Institute , which investigates extraterrestrial incidents on Earth and scavenges alien technology for its own use. As established in the Doctor Who episodes Tooth and Claw and Army of Ghosts , the Institute had been formed by Queen Victoria following an incident involving the Tenth Doctor and a werewolf , ostensibly to protect the British Empire from aliens and other creatures — as well as from the Doctor himself.
To paraphrase Torchwood Three's commander-in-chief, Jack Harkness , the organisation was separate from the government, outside the police, and beyond the United Nations (the last reference thereby placing Torchwood in a different realm than UNIT ).
Although a secret organisation, the existence of Torchwood was known by the public, and Torchwood operatives made no secret of their identity when on duty (they even drove a vehicle emblazoned with the name). Their public perception was as merely a "special ops" group, with their true responsibilities kept secret to all but a select few.
The events of the first series took place some time after the Doctor Who Doomsday series two finale, in which Torchwood's London headquarters was destroyed, and just before the series three finale; the final episode of Series 1 led directly into the Doctor Who episode Utopia .
The initial main writer alongside Davies was Chris Chibnall , creator of the BBC light drama show Born and Bred (who later moved over to work on Law & Order UK ). Other writers include P.J. Hammond , Toby Whithouse , Doctor Who script editor Helen Raynor , Catherine Tregenna , and Doctor Who cast member Noel Clarke .
In a 17 October 2005 announcement unveiling the series, BBC Three controller Stuart Murphy described Torchwood as "sinister and psychological...As well as being very British and modern and real." Davies further described it as "a British sci-fi paranoid thriller, a cop show with a sense of humour. [...] Dark, wild and sexy, it's The X-Files meets This Life ."[ source needed ] Davies later denied ever making this comparison, instead describing the show as "alleyways, rain, the city".
As Torchwood was a post- watershed show — that is, after 9 p.m. — it had more mature content than Doctor Who. Davies told SFX : "We can be a bit more visceral, more violent, and more sexual , if we want to. Though bear in mind that it's very teenage to indulge yourself in blood and gore, and Torchwood is going to be smarter than that. But it's the essential difference between BBC One at 7 pm, and BBC Three at, say, 9 pm. That says it all — instinctively, every viewer can see the huge difference there."
Davies also joked to a BBC Radio Wales interviewer that he was "not allowed" to refer to the programme as "Doctor Who for grown-ups". The first and second series included content never before seen or heard in the televised side of the Doctor Who franchise, including intense lovemaking scenes (in episodes such as Day One , Out of Time or Dead of Night ), same-sex kissing in a romantic/sexual context (in Cyberwoman or Captain Jack Harkness , for example), and use of extreme profanity in several episodes. Such content was controversial among aspects of Who fandom, and, as the series progressed, such scenes were minimised, to the point where, by series 3 , relatively little of this content remained.
Cast
The episode TV : Turn Left presents an alternate timeline, nicknamed Donna's World , where, by saving the Earth from a Sontaran invasion (an event shown in the usual timeline in TV : The Sontaran Stratagem and TV : The Poison Sky ), Gwen Cooper and Ianto Jones die, while Jack Harkness is captured and taken to Sontar . (In this alternate timeline, as in the normal one, Toshiko Sato and Owen Harper have already died.)
In TV : The Stolen Earth and TV : Journey's End , the surviving Torchwood team and the Hub appear. While Jack goes off to save the Tenth Doctor , Gwen and Ianto remain in the Hub to fight off a Dalek . TV : Journey's End concludes with Jack offering Martha a job with Torchwood.
After leaving Earth in TV : Day Five , following all the deaths he's claimed responsibility for up to and including Ianto and Steven , Jack Harkness is seen at a bar drinking his sorrows. ( TV : The End of Time )
Crossover characters/aliens
Edit
According to Russell T Davies in The Writer's Tale - The Final Chapter , two former members of the pop group ABBA issued a proposal for a stage musical based upon Torchwood. The proposal was rejected, and in his book Davies strongly indicates that the idea was never taken seriously. [6]
American series
Edit
In January 2010 US media reported that Davies, Julie Gardner and Jane Tranter were planning a US version of Torchwood for the Fox network, which had previously aired the 1996 Doctor Who TV movie . According to the reports, Barrowman and other original cast members may have appeared. The media coverage did not indicate whether or not the series was expected to be a remake/standalone, or if it would tie in with existing Whoniverse continuity. On the 20th January 2010 it was announced that Fox had ordered a pilot script for a US version of Torchwood from BBC Worldwide. [7] On 21st April 2010, however, BBC Worldwide announced that Fox had chosen not to proceed with the series, which according to the BBC was to have been a 13-episode, serialised programme, similar to the UK original. [8]
The show was later picked up by the American network Starz, which co-produced the fourth series .
Merchandising
| Doctor Who |
What fish is used to make a kipper? | h2g2 - Torchwood - the TV Series - Edited Entry
1 Conversation
Torchwood is a science fiction television drama created by Russell T Davies. It is set in Cardiff 1 and features a top secret organisation which works to broaden human knowledge of alien life and technology, while protecting us all from an uncertain and dangerous future.
Torchwood Institute
If it's alien - it's ours.
Queen Victoria founded the Torchwood Institute at the Torchwood Estate 2 in Scotland, in 1879 - as recounted in an episode of long-running sci-fi drama Doctor Who , entitled 'Tooth and Claw'. Queen Victoria declared its purpose as to protect the British Empire from enemies 'beyond imagination'.
Surviving throughout the 20th Century, four versions of the Torchwood organisation were operating at the turn of the 21st Century. Torchwood One was destroyed by the Cybermen and Daleks during the Battle of Canary Wharf in the final episodes of Doctor Who Series Two 3 . Torchwood Two is a one-man operation run out of Glasgow, while Torchwood Four has gone missing altogether. The organisation featured in Torchwood, the series, is Torchwood Three, based in Cardiff.
The Team
Captain Jack Harkness (John Barrowman) is an ex-Time Agent 4 from the 51st Century. He assumed the name Jack Harkness as an alias following a career-transition to conman and a chance meeting with a World War Two American pilot, living in London during the Blitz, who died on a training mission .
Captain Jack is the leader of Torchwood Three and was first introduced in Doctor Who during the 2005 series. At that time, he was attempting to con the Doctor and Rose into buying a useless space capsule.
He continued to travel with the Doctor until the end of Series One, where he died on Satellite Five in a last stand against the Daleks . However, Rose, through the phenomenon of Bad Wolf , used the channelled power of the time vortex to bring Captain Jack back from the dead. For reasons that remain unexplained 5 , Captain Jack's resurrection means he can now never die. The Doctor left Satellite Five without Jack, but the resourceful ex-time agent used his personal Vortex Manipulator to make a single desperate leap into the past - travelling from the 1,002nd Century and overshooting to 1869 - and then living through the intervening years through a combination of luck, bravado and miraculous resistance to death and personal harm. He reunited with the Doctor again in the Series Three episode 'Utopia'.
As a result of Jack's apparent immortality, some evidence exists that he will ultimately become The Face of Boe , who has played an oddly significant role in the ongoing arc 6 sub-plot of the Doctor Who storyline.
Toshiko Sato (Naoko Mori) is the computer and technical specialist of Torchwood Institute. Analytical and by-the-book, she sometimes comes across as aloof. ' Greeks Bearing Gifts' showcases Toshiko's frustration with her role within Torchwood after receiving a pendant which enables her to hear people's thoughts.
Dr Owen Harper (Burn Gorman) is the medical specialist, and second in command. Cynical, sarcastic and a little cold hearted, he leads a promiscuous lifestyle with little concern about the outcome. In the episode 'Out of Time', he falls in love with a woman from 1953, who arrived in the present day due to a fault in the Rift. This is Owen's darkest and most moving hour, which colours his outlook and personality for the rest of Series One.
Ianto Jones (Gareth David-Lloyd) is in charge of administration. He largely deals with the paperwork and makes coffee. He enjoys a special relationship with Captain Jack, one which frustrates them both 7 . Ianto comes close to leaving Torchwood Institute in the episode 'Cyberwoman', when he puts the team and the city of Cardiff in danger from deadly Cyberman attack - and his relationship with the whole team subtly shifts to the negative as a result.
Gwen Cooper (Eve Myles) is Torchwood's newest recruit. Promoted from the police force to Torchwood in episode one of the first series, she brings a certain wide-eyed wonder and naivety to the team, and - to some extent - serves as the confused and questioning mouthpiece of the viewer. Gwen has a long-term partner, Rhys, who knows nothing about her 'day job' since she transferred out of the Police Force into Torchwood - other than it seems to necessitate her keeping very strange hours.
Suzie Costello (Indira Varma) is Torchwood's technical expert and second-in-command 8 . She takes a keen interest in the study of the various artefacts recovered by the team during their investigations. Suzie's insatiable curiosity leads her down a dark path, however, and her actions put her at odds with Captain Jack and the rest of the team. Events in the first episode, 'Everything Changes', lead to her killing Captain Jack in cold blood, before taking her own life with a bullet through the head.
The Hub
The headquarters of Torchwood Three lies beneath the water tower opposite the Millennium Centre in Cardiff, Wales. The existence of the facility is a guarded secret, though some non-members certainly have clues to its existence (like the local pizza delivery lady... though she certainly isn't in any condition to divulge any information following the events of 'Cyberwoman'). The Hub seems cavernous in proportions, with extensive connecting corridors and rooms, both artificial and natural.
Some evidence seems to suggest that the Hub has existed as a base for Torchwood for a very long time - with an archaic Underground-style appearance to some parts of the facility, with 'Torchwood' picked out in meticulously crafted mosaic, as well as a train turntable in the morgue. However, while Cardiff has a very active overground rail network, no underground service has ever existed.
The Hub has at least five means of access (maybe more):
The Tourist Office - a disguise for the front door, manned by Ianto. The Tourist Office sports a whole array of leaflets, posters and guides to Cardiff. Deliveries comes through the Tourist Office - whether post, invited guests or fast food.
The Lift - a complex lift mechanism incorporating a stone slab that forms part of the step next to the water tower. Contact with the TARDIS 9 during the events of 'Boom Town' appears to have imprinted the slab with some aspects of the perceptive filter of the time machine's chameleon circuit 10 . As a result of this imprint, anyone standing on the slab cannot be perceived (seen or heard) by anyone not on the slab until they step off it - though physical contact remains possible (Suzie knew this when she shot Captain Jack, who was standing on the slab at the time).
The Garage - inferred rather than specifically mentioned or seen. Torchwood maintain an imposing, customised, black Land Rover that positively begs well-protected garage space 11 .
The Millennium Centre Roof - Torchwood team members have been known to go up on the roof for a relaxing retrospective moment or two, and one would assume - as a result - that some easy and concealed route exists from within the Hub to somewhere inside or on top of the Centre.
The Dino-Flap - The Hub provides a resting place for a pterodactyl, which - as seen at the end of 'Day One' - has some means to come and go as it pleases into the sky over Cardiff.
In addition, the Hub contains a whole range of additional facilities to support the day-to-day activities of the team (and some purely for colour and entertainment value!):
The Medical Facilities - The Hub contains facilities for autopsy, forensics and cold storage, primarily utilised by Owen Harper, though everyone seems to take turns at introducing new residents to the morgue.
The Rift - There's a rift in space and time running right through the city... - The Hub sits at the nexus of a rift in time and space, suppressed and controlled by a device - called the Rift Manipulator - possibly devised or salvaged by Captain Jack. Fluctuations in the Rift allow egress through time and space by all sorts of 'flotsam and jetsam' - as evidenced by the passenger plane in 'Out of Time' and the Gelf in the Doctor Who episode 'Unquiet Dead'. It would be purest speculation and conjecture to suggest that Captain Jack's malfunctioning Vortex Manipulator may have aggravated the Rift into its current state of instability, but in the final episode we learn that the Rift has existed since the Dawn of Time and yet Cardiff probably wasn't knee deep in Weevils and other alien scum prior to 1869.
The Safe - Situated in Jack's office and fitted with an alphanumeric combination 12 , the safe holds many of the most powerful artefacts discovered by Torchwood.
The Armoury - Torchwood has access to a phenomenal amount of alien technology, a significant proportion of which falls into the classification of 'weaponry'. The armoury provides a locked storage facility for these varied weapons of massed construction, with only Captain Jack in possession of the key.
The Cells - Secure holding facilities in a 'Silence of the Lambs' style, there are nine maintained cells and many more untouched for a long time. The cells usually serve as home to an expanding population of Weevils, but they do see general use throughout the series and seem fairly suited to the task (ie not many people manage to escape from them). It would seem that the different cell areas sit adjacent to one another, accessible from the main Hub by a ladder. Each area, as you enter, contains viewing windows on the left and access to the next row of cells, through very heavy wheel-locked doors, on the right.
The Basement - Revealed in 'Cyberwoman', the Hub has an extensive basement, composed of a multitude of rooms, cells, storage areas, alcoves, cubbyholes, and lots of corridors with visible pipework.
The Dinosaur - As previously mentioned, the interior of the Hub serves as a home for a pet pterodactyl. The fact that it isn't always inside the central Hub proper, and likely isn't allowed constant free-range to menace the skies over Cardiff, would certainly suggest access to extensive underground caverns for sleeping and feeding (unless it subsists entirely on left-over pizza).
Creation and Production
Torchwood is the brainchild of Doctor Who producer Russell T Davies. Davies claims he had the idea for the programme long before the plans to bring back Doctor Who in 2005, but the return of such a sci-fi classic provided the perfect setting for a newer, darker, more adult drama for the BBC. With an excellent group of writers, and executive producer Julie Gardner, who had also worked on the new series of Doctor Who, Torchwood was created.
The programme began filming on 1 May, 2006, with filming continuing until just before the first episode was aired, according to John Barrowman. The project was to be produced originally by James Hawes, previously a director on Doctor Who. However, Hawes decided that directing was his true passion, and so turned down the role as producer, leaving Richard Stokes in control.
Episode Guide
The first series, aired from 22 October, 2006, began with a double-bill and ran for a total of 13 episodes. Each episode was aired on BBC Three on a Sunday evening, and repeated during the week on BBC Two.
Everything Changes
This is Torchwood Three. Torchwood One was London, destroyed in the battle. Torchwood Two is an office in Glasgow, very strange man. Torchwood Three, Cardiff. Torchwood Four's kind of gone missing but we'll find it one day.
- Captain Jack
Writer: Russell T Davies
Director: Brian Kelly
The first episode focuses on Gwen Cooper, a Cardiff Police Constable. At the scene of a brutal murder, Gwen witnesses Torchwood, known only to her as 'special-ops', bring the victim back to life. She is determined to find out more about the mysterious organisation, but soon regrets her persistence after meeting Captain Jack Harkness, who tricks her into imbibing a drink laced with an alien drug that induces amnesia. After discovering a series of clues which jog her memory, she meets Suzie Costello and Captain Jack in a revelation-filled climax that results in Suzie shooting Jack through the head... and then shooting herself when Jack refuses to stay down!
Day One
Put your trousers on and get out. NOW! ... It almost breaks my heart to say those words.
- Captain Jack
Writer: Chris Chibnall
Director: Brian Kelly
Gwen faces her first official case with Torchwood. While carrying out tests on a comet, which has landed just outside the city, Gwen damages the surface of the comet, releasing an unusual gas. The gas, in fact a sentient alien entity, flies across the city and possesses the body of a young girl in a busy Cardiff nightclub. The alien feeds on sexual energy, forcing its host to engage in random sexual acts with strangers to satiate its hunger. However, the girl leaves a trail of victims across the city - including some very telling CCTV footage - and Torchwood engage in a desperate race against time to stop the killings.
Ghost Machine
The problem with seeing the future is you can't just sit and look at it. You have to try and change things, make it happen differently.
- Captain Jack
Writer: Helen Raynor
Director: Colin Teague
Chasing a hoodie through the lamp-lit streets of Cardiff, Gwen seizes the jacket of Sean 'Bernie' Harris, a teenager who found alien technology in the garage of an old man. In the pocket of the jacket, Gwen discovers the Ghost Machine, which gives the team a startling series of visions of the past and future. Owen witnesses the scene of a murder in the 1960s, and takes it upon himself to bring justice to the villain. Meanwhile, the team track down Bernie Harris, who has been experiencing the same haunting visions of a violent past. Outside Bernie's flat, it looks like Gwen's vision of a murder that night is to come true. In stopping one murder, she becomes responsible for another.
Cyberwoman
Together? Yes! Transplant my brain into your body, the two of us together, fused, we'll be one complete person, isn't that what love is?
- Lisa
Writer: Chris Chibnall
Director: James Strong
At the end of Doctor Who Series Two, Cybermen attacked Torchwood One in the Battle of Canary Wharf. Ianto Jones, who was working at Torchwood One at the time, saved his girlfriend during her 'upgrade' from human to Cyberman. Ianto has been secretly keeping his unconscious Cyberwoman girlfriend, named Lisa, and the cyber-conversion unit in the basement of the Torchwood Hub. After a visit from a Japanese doctor, Lisa is revived and begins attacking the doctor, attaching him to the cyber-conversion unit and starting his upgrade. The resulting power drain forces the team to put the Hub into lockdown to contain Lisa.
Small Worlds
She was seventeen years old and she was beautiful. I loved her at first sight. But nothing lasted back then. Promises were always being broken.
- Captain Jack
Writer: Peter Hammond 13
Director: Alice Troughton
Jack meets up with an old friend, Estelle, who he originally met in London during the Blitz. In order not to call attention to his extreme longevity, Jack has convinced Estelle he is the son of the Jack she knew back then. Estelle has a studious fascination with fairies, and Jack meets with her at a lecture on the subject. In the meantime, Jasmine, an intelligent but secretive girl, has unwittingly gained a fairy guardian, which punishes her playground bullies and kills a man who attempts to kidnap her. As Torchwood investigates, Captain Jack realises he has seen the symptoms of fairy attack before - asphyxiation by red petals. The fairies reveal that they need Jasmine to become one of them... and nothing can stop them from taking her and making Jasmine one of their own.
Countrycide
No other species in the universe goes camping. Celebrate your own uniqueness.
- Captain Jack
Writer: Chris Chibnall
Director: Andy Goddard
While investigating the disappearance of a woman in the Brecon Beacons, Gwen, Jack and Owen discover a terrified teenager hidden in a farmhouse, hiding from certain death. Meanwhile, Ianto and Toshiko discover a farmhouse full of human corpses, and are captured by villagers who intend to make the Torchwood team their next victims. The villagers turn out to be a group of cannibals who have harvested visitors to the area once a decade for generations. The terrible events bring Owen and Gwen closer together, despite Gwen's long-term relationship.
Greeks Bearing Gifts
D'you know what, Tosh? Sometimes I think even that stick up your arse has a stick up its arse.
- Owen Harper
Writer: Toby Whithouse
Director: Colin Teague
Toshiko is given a pendant which enables her to hear the thoughts of other people. Her new gift forces her to delve into and analyse the morality of the power, as well as her own sexuality and her position within the group. After Toshiko confides in a girlfriend, who is revealed to be an alien using her to get into Torchwood, the issue of mistrust and privacy causes divisions throughout the group. Gwen has to question her relationship with Owen.
They Keep Killing Suzie
You're being shot in the head... slowly...
- Suzie Costello
Writer: Paul Tomalin, Dan McCulloch
Director: James Strong
After being called to the scene of a gruesome murder inextricably tied to Torchwood, the team are forced to bring Suzie, who was killed in episode one, back from the dead, to question her on the murder. It is revealed that Suzie 'hypnotised' a man and instructed him to carry out the murders on her death, which would force her colleagues to bring her back to life in desperation. However, to keep her alive, the life is being drained from Gwen, and Jack steps in to save Gwen from losing her life.
When Jack faces Suzie at the end of the episode, she makes the first mention in the series of the darkness that waits beyond life, intent on getting its hands on Captain Jack. This terrible darkness eventually becomes manifest in the final episode of the series.
Random Shoes
He may have been able to square the root of the frigging root, but he couldn't cross the frigging road.
- Eugene's Brother
Writer: Jacquetta May
Director: James Erskine
Eugene wakes up to find himself both dead and invisible, and believes only Gwen Cooper can help him sort out his strange problem. Eugene discovers more about his own fate as Gwen investigates his death and the strange alien artefact that seems to have come into his possession during his childhood. A series of random clues and some very unhelpful ex-friends of Eugene lead Gwen toward an entirely unexpected revelation...
Like the Doctor Who episodes 'Love & Monsters' and 'Blink', 'Random Shoes' provides a regulars-light story that focuses instead on someone entangled in the world of the main character without directly being involved.
Out of Time
It's like two separate worlds. There's Torchwood. Then there's real life.
- Gwen Cooper
Writer: Catherine Tregenna
Director: Alice Troughton
A 1950s passenger flight lands in present-day Cardiff. Torchwood meet the plane, alerted by disturbances in the Rift, and try to look after the plane's three occupants, helping them adapt to a frightening, modern world. A ballsy pilot, a young girl with a hankering after personal freedom, and a middle-aged man comfortable with the values of his own era - each finds the opportunities and changes in the modern world very different to adjust to. The Torchwood team, while seeking only to provide support at this difficult time, find themselves inexorably drawn into the lives of these stranded travellers and face very tough decisions of their own.
Combat
You shouldn't have. No, really, you shouldn't. I hate grapes.
- Owen Harper
Writer: Noel Clarke 14
Director: Andy Goddard
Weevils, an alien species introduced in episode one who live in the sewers of Cardiff, are being abducted by humans across the capital. When Torchwood investigates, Owen gets dragged into a secretive extreme fighting club where men face-off against the feral Weevils in one-on-one combat. Powerfully affected by the loss of Diane, the pilot from 'Out of Time', Owen takes a near suicidal path into the fight club, ultimately facing a Weevil himself and caring little if he lives or dies.
Captain Jack Harkness
Why does that man have your name? I'm lost enough here without you holding back on me.
- Toshiko Sato
Writer: Catherine Tregenna
Director: Ashley Way
Investigating weird time anomalies in an old dance hall run by the mysterious Bilis Manger, Jack and Toshiko get stranded in 1941 and meet a handsome young American squadron leader who goes by the name of... Captain Jack Harkness. While Jack and Toshiko desperately try and find a way back into the future, Owen decides to use one of Tosh's formulae to force open the Rift to rescue them, triggering a power struggle in the Hub.
The start of the episode features the first appearance of a 'Vote Saxon' poster - central to the story arc of Doctor Who Series Three.
End of Days
You wanna know the secret? There is no solution. I can't fix this. Because this was never meant to happen. The first thing you learned when you joined Torchwood is 'don't mess with the Rift'. But you disobeyed those orders, and now everything that's happening is down to you.
- Captain Jack
Writer: Chris Chibnall
Director: Ashley Way
Opening the Rift may have saved Jack and Toshiko from the past, but things rapidly take a turn for the worst. Expansion of the Rift threatens the whole world, as people and objects fall through it from across time. Meanwhile, Bilis Manger, living in both 1941 and the present, sets in place the final pieces for the release of a terrible darkness. Can Captain Jack save the world or will he finally die for nothing?
Torchwood and Doctor Who
Torchwood has been closely linked with Doctor Who since the conception of the return of the long-running sci-fi series in 2005. Indeed, it was due to the success of Doctor Who's return that the BBC commissioned the series, attempting to create a more adult sci-fi programme in competition with other popular, yet largely American, programmes such as Battlestar Galactica.
Captain Jack was first introduced in the episode 'The Empty Child' of the 2005 series of Doctor Who, where, as an intergalactic conman, he posed as an American fighter pilot. Trying to sell a useless spaceship to the Doctor and Rose, he becomes enlightened to a new, somewhat more selfless way of life during his dealings with the benevolent Time Lord. He continued to travel with the Doctor and Rose throughout the first series, and finally left their company in 'The Parting of the Ways'.
Abandoned in the future, Jack used his Vortex Manipulator to travel into the past, overshooting his target and ending up in 1869. Jack discovered the truth of his new undying condition over the next century and ultimately appears to have either adopted or founded Torchwood Three in Cardiff at the beginning of the 21st Century. The Torchwood series included many passing references to Jack's time with the Doctor, as it would seem he had a strong bond with the Time Lord and felt he may be the only person who could answer questions about his unkillable condition. At the end of Torchwood Series One, Jack disappears following the familiar sound of a materialising (and then de-materialising) TARDIS.
Captain Jack next appears in Doctor Who during the episode Utopia of the 2007 series. He is shown running in front of the Wales Millennium Centre in Cardiff towards the TARDIS, where the Doctor has landed in order to refuel from the Rift. While lacking some aspects of continuity, these events seem to follow on directly from the last episode of Torchwood. On arriving at the TARDIS, Jack clutches the exterior and rides the time vortex to the planet of Malcassairo in the distant future.
Events lead the Doctor, Martha and Captain Jack back to the present, where Torchwood gets a brief mention from the Master - the only other living Time Lord and arch-enemy of the Doctor. Intent to remove any possibility of support for the Doctor in upsetting his evil plans, the Master tells Jack he has sent the Torchwood team off on a wild goose chase to the Himalayas 15 . When the Master finally receives his just deserts at the hands of the Doctor, Captain Jack returns to Cardiff and Torchwood, with renewed hope for the future. On the way, in passing, he lets fall his remarkable revelation about the Face of Boe.
Trivia
Torchwood is an anagram of Doctor Who, and the title was used to label tapes of future episodes of Doctor Who in order to put would-be plotline thieves off the scent.
The Doctor Who episode 'Bad Wolf' features the first mention of the Torchwood organisation as the answer to a question in the futuristic version of 'The Weakest Link' - hosted by the murderous Ann Droid.
The hand kept in a jar at the Torchwood Hub is the severed hand of the Doctor, cut off during a sword fight with the leader of the Sycorax during 'The Christmas Invasion'. Jack kept the hand as a kind of Doctor detector until the Master stole it and used a sample of DNA from it to perfect the time-controlling effects of his laser screwdriver.
The opening episodes of Torchwood on BBC Three attracted over one million viewers, beating the record for highest viewing figures of a digital-only broadcast.
The programme will return for at least a second series, airing in 2008, with a temporary additional member on the team - ex-Doctor Who companion Martha Jones. The new series will be aired on BBC Two.
Other Torchwood Publications
The first series of Torchwood has been released on DVD, with special features including behind the scenes footage and cast interviews.
A series of novels based on the main characters of the series has been published by BBC Books - Border Princes by Dan Abnett, Slow Decay by Andrew Lane and Another Life by Peter Anghelides - with audio versions and more novels to follow with the second series.
On the internet, the official Torchwood website has an episode guide, pictures, videos and special features. The website torchwood.org.uk enables fans to explore the mainframe of Torchwood's intelligence system, and was created by the BBC as a promotion for the series.
1 It isn't absolutely clear when the events in Torchwood take place. Torchwood in Cardiff picks up from after Torchwood in London is destroyed in 'Doomsday', which happens just before the 'Christmas Invasion' that takes place at Christmas, 2007. So, it must be at least 2008 - and events in episodes like 'Cyberwoman' suggest enough elapsed time, since December 2007, needs to have passed for Ianto to have moved and hidden Lisa's body in the basement of the Torchwood Three Hub... so, to be honest, who knows?! 2 You can read about Torchwood House at their website , but be sure to read the disclaimer. 3 Doctor Who series are numbered since the return of the show to TV screens in 2005. 4 He left the Time Agency after he discovered they'd erased two years from his memory without permission or explanation, showing a distinct lack of trust he couldn't reconcile with an ongoing role with them. 5 Much of the first series of Torchwood hangs around Jack's hope that the Doctor would have all the answers. However, in 'Utopia', the Doctor admits to having absolutely no explanation for it and describes Captain Jack as just being 'wrong'. 6 A story arc is a plotline that extends over a whole series of otherwise independent episodes. 7 But which culminates in a rather passionate kiss at the conclusion of the Series One finale 'End of Days'. 8 Owen takes over the role from her, from the second episode, for reasons that will become obvious in just a moment... 9 The Doctor's time machine. 10 The device that, theoretically, allows a TARDIS to seamlessly blend in with its surroundings. 11 It's hard to imagine Ianto keeping the car parked on the kerb overnight... though, in 'End of Days' we spy a big black car with a blaring alarm down a Cardiff back road as the team limp around with a struggling Captain Jack. 12 Rhea Silva - mother of Romulus and Remus - and a nine-digit code - starting with '1'. 13 Creator of the 1970s series Sapphire and Steel . 14 Otherwise known as Mickey Smith, Rose's boyfriend and occasional co-companion during the 2005 - 2006 run of Doctor Who. 15 Given we never see the Torchwood team leave Wales for the entire first series, it seems a terrible shame we hear about this trip overseas only in passing — though dangling threads are a common enough aspect of Doctor Who at the best of times...
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What was the well known nickname of Robert Franklin Stroud? | Robert Stroud - The Birdman of Alcatraz
Official Bookstore
Robert "the Birdman of Alcatraz" Stroud
Robert Stroud, who was better known to the public as the "Birdman of Alcatraz," was probably the most famous inmate ever to reside on Alcatraz. In 1909 he brutally murdered a bartender who had allegedly failed to pay a prostitute for whom Stroud was pimping in Alaska. After shooting the bartender to death, Stroud took the man's wallet to ensure that he and the prostitute would receive compensation for her services. In 1911 Stroud was convicted of manslaughter, and he was sent to serve out his sentence at McNeil Island, a Federal penitentiary in Washington State. His record at McNeil indicates that he was violent and difficult to manage. On one occasion, Stroud viciously assaulted a hospital orderly who he insisted had reported him to the administration for attempting to procure narcotics through intimidation and threats. On another occasion he stabbed a fellow inmate.
Robert Stroud following his arrival at U.S.P. Alcatraz in December of 1942
Robert Stroud at Alcatraz in October 1951
Shortly after receiving an additional six-month sentence for his hostile actions, Stroud was transferred to Leavenworth Federal Penitentiary in Kansas, due to ceaseless complaints about his threats toward other inmates, and also because of overcrowding in the prison. In 1916, after Stroud was refused a visit with his brother, he stabbed a guard to death in front of eleven hundred inmates in the prison Mess Hall. He was convicted of first-degree murder and sentenced to death by hanging, and he was ordered to await his death sentence in solitary confinement. His mother desperately pleaded for his life, and finally in 1920 President Woodrow Wilson commuted his death sentence to life imprisonment without parole. As a result of Stroud's unpredictable and violent outbursts, Warden T.W. Morgan directed that Stroud be permanently placed in the segregation unit, to live out his sentence in total solitude.
Over the course of Stroud's thirty years of imprisonment at Leavenworth, he developed a keen interest in canaries, after finding an injured bird in the recreation yard. Stroud was initially allowed to breed birds and maintain a lab inside two adjoining segregation cells, since it was felt that this activity would provide for productive use of his time. As a result of this privilege, Stoud was able to author two books on canaries and their diseases, having raised nearly 300 birds in his cells, carefully studying their habits and physiology, and he even developed and marketed medicines for various bird ailments. Although it is widely debated whether the remedies he developed were effective, Stroud was able to make scientific observations that would later benefit research on the canary species. However, after several years of Stroud's informal research, prison officials discovered that some of the equipment he had requested was actually being used to construct a still to make an alcoholic brew.
In 1942 Stroud was transferred to Alcatraz, where he spent the next seventeen years - six years in segregation in D Block, and eleven years in the prison hospital. In 1959 he was transferred to the Medical Center for Federal Prisoners in Springfield, Missouri, and there on November 21, 1963, he was found dead from natural causes by convicted spy, close friend, and fellow inmate Morton Sobell. Stroud had never been permitted to see the movie in which Burt Lancaster portrayed him as a mild-mannered and humane individual, but "Birdman of Alcatraz" later earned Lancaster an Academy Award nomination for best actor.
For a more detailed narrative on Robert Stroud please see the full-length article published on this web site, or follow the link for more information on the book Alcatraz - A Definitive History, which can be ordered directly from this site. This publication contains a comprehensive chronicle of Robert Stroud's life and imprisonment. In addition, it includes an extensive archive of rare Alcatraz related documents and photographs.
Former Alcatraz Correctional Officer George DeVincenzi standing outside of Stroud's Alcatraz ward cell in 2011. George guarded Stroud and to pass time the two played checkers through the cell bars.
| Robert Stroud |
Which English seaside town had the first Butlins camp? | Birdman of Alcatraz (1962) - IMDb
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A surly convicted murderer held in permanent isolation redeems himself when he becomes a renowned bird expert.
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Title: Birdman of Alcatraz (1962)
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Nominated for 4 Oscars. Another 4 wins & 8 nominations. See more awards »
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Edit
Storyline
In 1912, the notorious and violent prisoner Robert Franklin Stroud is transferred to the Leavenworth Prison convicted for murdering a man. When a guard cancels the visit of his mother, Elizabeth Stroud, due to a violation of the internal rules, he stabs and kills the guard and goes to trial three times. He is sentenced to be executed by the gallows, but his mother appeals to President Woodrow Wilson who commutes his sentence to life imprisonment. However, the warden, Harvey Shoemaker, decides to keep Stroud in solitary for the rest of his life. One day, Stroud finds a sparrow that has fallen from the nest in the yard and he raises the bird until it is strong enough to fly. Stroud finds a motivation for his life raising and caring for birds and becomes an expert in birds. He marries Stella Johnson and together they run a business, providing medicine developed by Stroud. But a few years after, Stroud is transferred to Alcatraz and has to leave his birds behind. Written by Claudio Carvalho, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
now the world will know the story of the most defiant man alive! See more »
Genres:
15 September 1962 (Italy) See more »
Also Known As:
Der Gefangene von Alcatraz See more »
Filming Locations:
Did You Know?
Trivia
Cinematographer John Alton was fired two weeks into production and replaced by Burnett Guffey . See more »
Goofs
During the 1946 escape attempt from Alcatraz, inmates are shown obtaining a revolver and a lever-action rifle from a gun gallery. The firearms kept (and subsequently stolen from the gallery) were a Colt .45 automatic pistol and a 30.06 Springfield Bolt-Action Rifle. See more »
Quotes
[first lines]
Tour guide: ...during which you will see all of the man-made and natural beauties, the most spectacular bay in the world. You'll pass beneath the famous Golden Gate Bridge, considered by most authorities to be one of the most striking structures ever erected by man. From the bay, you will thrill to the magnificent San Francisco skyline. Your cruise ship, the Harbor King, will circle Alcatraz, a maximum security prison containing the most dangerous criminals in America. It has been the home of ...
– See all my reviews
"Birdman of Alcatraz" depicts a fictionalized version of the life of Robert Stroud, a real prisoner who served a life sentence in various American prisons, including Alcatraz.
As other viewers have commented, the film fictionalizes the life of the real Robert Stroud, who was a murderer and who has been accused of being a pedophile, as well.
This fictionalization should not interfere with an intelligent viewer's enjoyment of a fine film.
Too, this fictionalization doesn't change the key features of Stroud's case -- a bad man, a man who is shown on screen to be a real murderer, was condemned to death by the state. That much is true from Stroud's real life story, and that much is shown in the film.
Stroud was a difficult person who did not treat other people decently. That much was true of the real Stroud and that is shown in the film.
Stroud's mother pled for his life and President Woodrow Wilson commuted his sentence to life. A warden, aware of how difficult Stroud was to control, declared that Stroud be kept in segregation. That much is true in Stroud's real life story, and that is depicted in the film.
Finally, Stroud became noteworthy for his research and writing on canaries, after he found an injured bird in the recreation yard. That much was true in Stroud's life, and that is shown in the film.
Those who argue that the film is not as accurate as it could be have a point, but the film does follow the facts outlined above.
The film is quiet, and black and white, and yet riveting.
It is an example of a kind of film-making that is sadly lost today. The film attempts a serious discussion of serious issues: the value of a man, the death penalty, the role of prisons, their wardens and guards, the possibility of human connection, even under conditions of relative isolation. Stroud makes some human contact with his guard, and with a fellow inmate he communicates with via tapping.
The film is riveting because its entire cast has a kind of star power that is hard to find today. Even given his quiet, surly performance in this black and white film, you can't take your eyes off of Burt Lancaster. The supporting cast is equally excellent.
This film is a must for anyone interested in cinematic treatments of prisons, of the death penalty, of questions of human worth, even the worth of persons who display their lack of worth in, almost, their every act, and, the kind of films of the late fifties and early sixties that provided intelligent discussions of social issues.
It's also a great movie if you just want to be entertained.
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Scotland acquired the 'Hebrides' in 1266 from which country? | Hebrides, the
Encyclopedia > Places > Britain, Ireland, France, and the Low Countries > British and Irish Political Geography
Hebrides, the
Hebrides, the (hĕbˈrĭdēz) [ key ], Western Isles, or Western Islands, group of more than 50 islands, W and NW Scotland. Less than a fifth of the islands are inhabited. The Outer Hebrides (sometimes also referred to as the Long Island) are separated from the mainland and from the Inner Hebrides by the straits of Minch and Little Minch and by the Sea of the Hebrides; they extend for 130 mi (209 km) from the Butt of Lewis on Lewis and Harris to Barra Head island. Other islands are North Uist , Benbecula, South Uist, Barra, the Flannan Islands (Seven Hunters), and Saint Kilda (or Hirta). The Outer Hebrides comprise the council area of Western Isles. The Inner Hebrides include the islands of Skye , Raasay, Rum, Eigg, Coll, Tiree, Staffa , Iona , Mull , Scarba, Colonsay , Oronsay , Jura, and Islay . They are divided between the Highland and Argyll and Bute council areas. The climate is mild, the scenery is beautiful, and there are prehistoric and ancient historical remains and geological structures. Fishing, crop raising, sheep grazing, manufacturing of tweeds and other woolens, quarrying (slate), and catering to tourists are the chief means of livelihood.
The original Celtic inhabitants, converted to Christianity by St. Columba (6th cent.), were conquered by the Norwegians (starting in the 8th cent.). They held the Southern Islands, as they called them, until 1266. From that time the islands were formally held by the Scottish crown but were in fact ruled by various Scottish chieftains, with the Macdonalds asserting absolute rule after 1346 as lords of the isles. In the mid-18th cent. the Hebrides were incorporated into Scotland. The tales of Sir Walter Scott did much to make the islands famous. Emigration from the overpopulated islands occurred in the 20th cent., especially to Canada.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
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After nine years of work, ' A Dictionary of the English Language' was published in 1755. Who was the compiler? | the Hebrides facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about the Hebrides
The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.
Copyright The Columbia University Press
the Hebrides (hĕb´rĬdēz), Western Isles, or Western Islands, group of more than 50 islands, W and NW Scotland. Less than a fifth of the islands are inhabited. The Outer Hebrides (sometimes also referred to as the Long Island) are separated from the mainland and from the Inner Hebrides by the straits of Minch and Little Minch and by the Sea of the Hebrides; they extend for 130 mi (209 km) from the Butt of Lewis on Lewis and Harris to Barra Head island. Other islands are North Uist , Benbecula, South Uist, Barra, the Flannan Islands (Seven Hunters), and Saint Kilda (or Hirta). The Outer Hebrides comprise the council area of Western Isles. The Inner Hebrides include the islands of Skye , Raasay, Rum, Eigg, Coll, Tiree, Staffa , Iona , Mull , Scarba, Colonsay , Oronsay , Jura, and Islay . They are divided between the Highland and Argyll and Bute council areas. The climate is mild, the scenery is beautiful, and there are prehistoric and ancient historical remains and geological structures. Fishing, crop raising, sheep grazing, manufacturing of tweeds and other woolens, quarrying (slate), and catering to tourists are the chief means of livelihood.
The original Celtic inhabitants, converted to Christianity by St. Columba (6th cent.), were conquered by the Norwegians (starting in the 8th cent.). They held the Southern Islands, as they called them, until 1266. From that time the islands were formally held by the Scottish crown but were in fact ruled by various Scottish chieftains, with the Macdonalds asserting absolute rule after 1346 as lords of the isles. In the mid-18th cent. the Hebrides were incorporated into Scotland. The tales of Sir Walter Scott did much to make the islands famous. Emigration from the overpopulated islands occurred in the 20th cent., especially to Canada.
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Hebrides (Western Isles) Group of more than 500 islands off the w coast of Scotland . They divide into the Inner Hebrides (Skye, Rhum, Eigg, Islay, Mull) and the Outer Hebrides (Lewis, Harris, North Uist, and South Uist). First inhabited in the 4th millennium bc, Picts settled on the islands from the 3rd century ad, and the Scots arrived later. In the 8th century, the Vikings invaded and the Hebrides became a Norwegian dependency. In the 13th century, Norway ceded the islands to Scotland. Less than 100 of the islands are inhabited. Industries: fishing, farming, woollen clothing.
http://www.virtualhebrides.com
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Actress Kate Hudson is the daughter of which famous female film star? | BBC News | ENTERTAINMENT | Kate Hudson: More than famous
Friday, 9 February, 2001, 01:28 GMT
Kate Hudson: More than famous
Critics agree that Hudson lights up the screen
By BBC News Online's Rebecca Thomas
Celebrity credentials don't come much more glowing than those of American actress Kate Hudson.
As the 21-year-old daughter of Oscar-winner Goldie Hawn and musician Bill Hudson - her entry onto the Hollywood A-list would seem to have been guaranteed.
Click here to watch Kate Hudson talk to BBC News Online
But famous parents are no ticket to success. And if Hudson is suddenly grabbing headlines for her role in Almost Famous, she is confident it is entirely due to her own talent.
Hudson plays devoted groupie - or "band aid" - Penny Lane in Cameron Crowe's semi-autobiographical movie about fictional 70s rock band Stillwater out on the road.
I laugh when people go on about the advantages I have had - my mother's main influence has come from just being a great parent
Kate Hudson
The film has been a massive hit with the critics and won Hudson a prestigious Golden Globe for best supporting actress.
"I laugh when people go on about the advantages I have - my mother's main influence has come from just being a great parent," says Hudson with a composure of someone twice her age.
"I could have all the accolades in the world and it wouldn't go away. I can either embrace it or rebel against it. I embrace it because I love my parents to bits."
Goldie Hawn: Hudson is used to the comparisons
Goldie Hawn split up from Bill Hudson when Kate was three. She has since come to think of her stepfather Kurt Russell as "Pa".
Much of Hudson's childhood was spent absorbing the Hollywood scene. "I grew up on movie sets and had a blast," fizzes Hudson.
Yet, until Almost Famous, Hudson had only had small roles in 200 Cigarettes - with Ben Affleck - and Desert Blue - with Christina Ricci.
'Fun-loving'
As a long-time admirer of Crowe - the Oscar-nominated director of Jerry Maguire - Hudson was determined to get any part in his new film.
Then, when Sarah Polley dropped out of the role of Penny Lane, Hudson went into overdrive to secure the plum part.
Kate is a fun-loving girl who just captured the mood
Cameron Crowe
"I fell in love with the character immediately. When I read it for the first time I felt I could really give something to Cameron," Hudson enthuses.
"This whole movie for me was about giving to Cameron."
Crowe has described Penny Lane as a young woman "who has slept with a lot of guys, yet does not look or feel like a victim".
He adds: "Kate is a fun-loving girl who just captured the mood."
Hudson watches Stillwater with co-star Patrick Fugit
Hudson explains: "There is an innocence to Penny even though she's seen and done a lot.
"But she does have a sense that she's got something special, that she can make it a party just by walking into a room."
Critics concede that Hudson steals just about every scene she is in Almost Famous. Crowe says it was this radiant quality that helped her secure the role.
Rock 'n' Roll
Just as influential was Hudson's knowledge and love of rock music - inspired by Kurt Russell's addiction to Led Zepplin.
Hudson found a soul mate in Robinson
But even Hudson was impressed by the performance of Almost Famous's mock band, headed by Billy Crudup as the star of Stillwater.
None of the actors had played an instrument before, but after coaching from musician Peter Frampton, Hudson raves: "I couldn't believe it - it was a full-on rock 'n' roll concert. It was incredible."
She adds that meeting Crowe - who started life as a rock journalist - was also an "education".
We are such geeks - we just sit in our little home and read each other poems
Kate Hudson on her marriage
More valuable still was Hudson's meeting two years ago with the rock band Black Crowes. Since New Year, Hudson has been married to the band's singer Chris Robinson, who is 13 years her senior.
"When I first met Chris and all the guys in the band, for the first time I met people who really loved and were educated on music," says Hudson.
"I realised they were the one rock'n'roll band today that really digged great music of all kinds."
But for all that, Hudson brushes off suggestions that she and Robinson live a rock'n'roll lifestyle.
"Hell no," she laughs. "Chris goes on tour and is finishing the band's album but as lovers we are such geeks.
"We just sit in our little home and read each other poems."
Hudson scoops the Golden Globe
With the Oscars looming on the horizon, Hudson could be garnering more accolades for her role as Penny Lane.
The inevitable comparisons with her mother will she knows be trotted again. But Hudson says she will soldier on regardless.
She is currently filming period war epic the Four Feathers and concludes philosophically:
"I always wanted to perform and when I started acting I knew my mother would be a big reason for the attention that was drawn to me.
"But I never felt I had to 'make my mark' and I never questioned that I could do it."
Almost Famous opens on 9 February
See also:
| Goldie Hawn |
Name the tennis star who was stabbed during a tournament in Hamburg in 1993? | Goldie Hawn and Daughter Kate Hudson Stun at Book Launch Picture | Stars With Their Families - ABC News
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Goldie Hawn and Daughter Kate Hudson Stun at Book Launch
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Jason Priestley Attends an Event With His Family
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Will and Jaden Smith Hit the Cannes Lions Festival Together
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Zoe Saldana Brings Her Sisters to an Interview
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See Carrie Fisher and her Look-alike Daughter Billie
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Patrick Schwarzenegger/Instagram
Will Ferrell Hits Red Carpet With Family
(L-R) Will Ferrell, Axel Paulin Ferrell, Viveca Paulin, and Mattias Paulin Ferrell attend the "Daddy's Home" New York premiere at AMC Lincoln Square Theater, Dec. 13, 2015 in New York City.
Michael Loccisano/Getty Images
Drew Barrymore Steps Out with Her Husband and Sister-in-Law
Will Kopelman, Drew Barrymore, and Jill Kargman attend ACRIA's 20th Anniversary Holiday Dinner on Dec. 10, 2015 in New York.
Michael Stewart/WireImage
'Agents of SHIELD' Star Ming-Na Wen Takes Her Daughter to a Premiere
Ming-Na Wen arrives with her daughter Michaela Kitlin at the premiere of "If/Then," Dec. 9, 2015, in Hollywood, Calif.
Gabriel Olsen/Getty Images
See Kelly Clarkson's 'Game of Thrones'-Themed Holiday Card
Kelly Clarkson shared her family Christmas card to her Instagram account, Dec. 9, 2015.
Kelly Clarkson
Laura and Bruce Dern Enjoy a Father/Daughter Date
Laura Dern and her father, Bruce Dern, attend the premiere of The Weinstein Company's "The Hateful Eight" at ArcLight Cinemas Cinerama Dome, Dec. 7, 2015 in Hollywood, Calif.
David Livingston/Getty Images
Cindy Crawford Shares a Shot of Her Gorgeous Brood
This photo was posted to Cindy Crawford's Instagram account on Dec. 5, 2015 with the text, "Look who came out last night to support me!"
cindycrawford/Instagram
Kaley Cuoco Celebrates 30th Birthday With Lookalike Sister
Kaley Cuoco shared this image with her sister to her Instagram account, Nov. 29, 2015.
Kaley Cuoco
Amy Schumer Takes the Subway With Her Sister
Amy Schumer is seen in New York, Nov. 24, 2015.
JosiahW/Blayze/Splash News
Sylvester Stallone Brings His Wife and Daughters to His Movie Premiere
Sistine Stallone, Jennifer Flavin, Sylvester Stallone, Sophia Stallone and Scarlet Stallone attend Warner Bros. Pictures' 'Creed' Premiere at Regency Village Theatre, Nov. 19, 2015, in Westwood, Calif.
JB Lacroix/Getty Images
Ian Ziering Hits the Red Carpet with His Family
Ian Ziering, his wife Erin Ludwig and their daughters Penna Ziering and Mia Ziering arrive at the premiere of Disney-Pixar's "The Good Dinosaur" on Nov. 17, 2015 in Hollywood, Calif.
Amanda Edwards/WireImage
Jamie Foxx Shares a Smile with His Daughter
Jamie Foxx and daughter Corinne Foxx attend the Hollywood Foreign Press Association and InStyle's celebration of the 2016 Golden Globe award season at Ysabel, Nov. 17, 2015, in West Hollywood, Calif.
Jason LaVeris/FilmMagic/Getty Images
Rande Gerber and Cindy Crawford Smile With Their Children
Kaia Gerber, Rande Gerber, model Cindy Crawford and Presley Gerber attend Rock4EB! 2015, Nov. 15, 2015, in Malibu, Calif.
Todd Williamson/Getty Images
Victoria Beckham Steps Out With Her Son
Brooklyn Joseph Beckham and mother fashion designer/singer Victoria Beckham attend Glamour's 25th Anniversary Women Of The Year Awards at Carnegie Hall, Nov. 9, 2015, in New York.
Gilbert Carrasquillo/Getty Images
Hugh Jackman Bonds with His 'Hero,' His Dad
Hugh Jackman posted this photo to Instagram on Nov. 2, 2015 with the caption, "Spending time with my hero, my Dad."
Hugh Jackman/Instagram
Reese Witherspoon and Her Kids Together on the Red Carpet
Reese Witherspoon with her children, Ava and Deacon Phillippe, attend the 29th American Cinematheque Award Honoring Reese Witherspoon, Oct.30 2015, in Los Angeles.
Paul Smith/Startraksphoto.com
Reese Witherspoon Shares a Squeeze with her Brother John
Reese Witherspoon shared this image with her brother to her Instagram account, Oct. 28, 2015.
Reese Witherspoon/Instagram
See Jack Nicholson and His Look-Alike Son
Jack Nicholson and son Raymond Nicholson at the Lakers game on Oct. 28, 2015, at Staples Center in Los Angeles.
London Ent/Splash News
Alyson Hannigan Steps Out With Her Daughter Keeva Jane
Alyson Hannigan and daughter Keeva Jane Denisof attend the Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation's 26th A Time for Heroes Family Festival at Smashbox Studios, Oct. 25, 2015, in Culver City, Calif.
David Livingston/Getty Images
Scott and Clint Eastwood Hang Out on Set
This photo was posted to Scott Eastwood's Instagram account with the caption "Like father like son. Out in Atlanta on the set of my dads new movie. #Sully." on Oct. 16, 2015.
@scotteastwood/Instagram
Melanie Griffith and Her Beautiful Look-alike Daughters
Dakota Johnson, Tippi Hedren, Melanie Griffith and Stella Banderas arrive at the Annual ELLE Women In Hollywood Awards on Oct. 19, 2015 in Los Angeles, California.
Jon Kopaloff/FilmMagic
Phylicia Rashad and daughters Sky and Taylor attend the "Goosebumps" New York Premiere at AMC Empire 25 theater on Oct. 12, 2015 in New York City.
Laura Cavanaugh/Getty Images
Emily Blunt Hits the Red Carpet With Her Mom Janice
Actress Emily Blunt and Janice Dixon Blunt attend the Awards Dinner on Day 4 of the 23rd Annual Hamptons International Film Festival, Oct.11, 2015, in East Hampton, New York.
Matthew Eisman/Getty Images
Jack Black and His Wife Take Their Son to a Premiere
Jack Black, right, his wife Tanya Haden and son, Thomas Black, attend the premiere of "Goosebumps" on Oct. 4, 2015 in Westwood, Calif.
Imeh Akpanudosen/Getty Images
Mariska Hargitay and Her Family Attend a Movie Premiere
Mariska Hargitay and family attend the "Pan" New York Premiere at Ziegfeld Theater, Oct. 4, 2015, in New York.
Laura Cavanaugh/Getty Images
Lily-Rose Depp Hits the Red Carpet With Her Aunt
Lily-Rose Depp and her Aunt Alysson Paradis attend the 'Enrages' Premiere, Sept. 28, 2015, in Paris.
Laurent Viteur/Getty Images
Claire Danes Brings Her Parents to Her Star Ceremony
Actress Claire Danes, center, poses with her parents Carla, left, and Chris after she received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, Sept. 24, 2015, in Los Angeles, Calif.
Jim Smeal/BEImages via Rex USA
Rumer Willis Gets Supports From Her Family for Her Broadway Debut
Emma Heming, Rumer Willis, father Bruce Willis, sister Tallulah Belle Willis, mother Demi Moore and sister Scout LaRue Willis pose backstage as Rumer makes her broadway debut as "Roxie Hart" in Broadway's "Chicago" on Broadway at The Ambassador Theater, Sept 21, 2015, in New York City.
Bruce Glikas/FilmMagic/Getty Images
Meet the Rock's Daughter Simone
The rock posted this photo with this caption: "Had the best dinner w/ my daughter Simone at one of our favorite spots. Life's crazy and complicated, but this amazing, loving, protective one of a kind father/daughter bond we have keeps me grounded and balanced. #GratefulMan #FatherDaughterBond #LifesBlessings," Sept 20, 2015.
therock/Instagram
Tracy Morgan and His Wife Megan Bring Daughter Maven to the Emmys
Actor/comedian Tracy Morgan, Maven Sonae Morgan and Megan Wollover pose in the press room at the 67th Annual Primetime Emmy Awards at Microsoft Theater, Sept. 20, 2015, in Los Angeles.
Kevork Djansezian/Getty Images
Donald and Kiefer Sutherland Take In Toronto Together
Donald Sutherland, left, and Kiefer Sutherland, right, arrive at the "Forsaken" premiere during the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival on Sept. 16, 2015 in Toronto, Canada.
Michael Tran/Getty Images
Meet Bette Midler's Lookalike Daughter Sophie von Haselberg
Bette Midler and daughter Sophie von Haselberg attend the Marchesa fashion show during Spring 2016 New York Fashion Week, Sept. 16, 2015, in New York.
Gary Gershoff/Getty Images
(L-R) Tallulah Willis, Demi Moore and Scout Willis arrive at the Salvatore Ferragamo 100 Years In Hollywood celebration at the newly unveiled Rodeo Drive flagship Salvatore Ferragamo boutique on Sept. 9, 2015 in Beverly Hills, Calif.
Amanda Edwards/Getty Images
Julia Roberts and Danny Moder Step Out With Their Kids, Phinnaeus, Henry and Hazel
Daniel Moder, Julia Roberts, Kelly Slater, Phinnaeus Moder, Henry Daniel Moder and Hazel Moder attend Kelly Slater, John Moore and friends celebrate the launch of Outerknown, Aug. 29, 2015, in Malibu, Calif.
Stefanie Keenan/Getty Images
Catherine Zeta-Jones Shares a Family Photo From Vacation
Catherine Zeta-Jones shared this family photo to her Instagram account while on vacation.
Catherine Zeta-Jones
Meet Jack Nicholson's Lookalike Son Ray
Ray Nicholson and Jack Nicholson attend Apollo in the Hamptons 2015 at The Creeks, Aug. 15, 2015, in East Hampton, N.Y.
Kevin Mazur/Getty Images
Cindy Crawford and Her Daughter Meet Llamas in Peru
Cindy Crawford posted this photo to Instagram on Aug. 11, 2015 with the caption, "Is your mama a llama? Love flipping through our pictures from Peru!"
@cindycrawford/Instagram
Meet Guy Richie's Sons Rocco and David
Jacqui Ainsley, Rocco Ritchie, Guy Ritchie and David Ciccone Ritchie attend "The Man From U.N.C.L.E." at the Ziegfeld Theater on Aug. 10, 2015 in New York.
Mark Sagliocco/FilmMagic/Getty Images
Meet Olivia Newton-John's Daughter Chloe Lattanzi
Singer Chloe Lattanzi and her mother, singer/actress Olivia Newton-John, celebrate the 35th anniversary of "Xanadu" with the world premiere of their music video "You Have to Believe" at Share Nightclub, Aug. 9, 2015, in Las Vegas.
Gabe Ginsberg/Getty Images
Reese Witherspoon Recalls Hitting the Beach with Son Tennessee
Reese Witherspoon posted this photo to Instagram on Aug. 6, 2015 with the caption, "#TBT to long walks on the beach with this little comedian #Vacation #TakeMeBack".
@reesewitherspoon/Instagram
Meryl Streep and Her Daughter Pose With Rick Springfield
Actress Mamie Gummer, musician/actor Rick Springfield and actress Meryl Streep attend the "Ricki And The Flash" New York premiere at AMC Lincoln Square Theater, Aug. 3, 2015, in New York.
Jim Spellman/Getty Images
Meet Mario Lopez's Children, Gia and Dominic
Actors Mario Lopez, Courtney Mazza and their children Gia Lopez and Dominic Lopez attend L.A. Parent's 35th birthday bash at Original Farmers Market, Aug. 2, 2015, in Los Angeles.
JC Olivera/Getty Images
Kelly Rutherford Enjoys a Day Out with Her Son and Daughter
Kelly Rutherford and children Helena and Hermes attend the Ovarian Cancer Research Fund's Super Saturday NY at Nova's Ark Project on July 25, 2015 in Water Mill, New York.
Sonia Moskowitz/Getty Images
Cindy Crawford and Her Family Smile On Vacation
Cindy Crawford posted this photo on Instagram of her family, July 21, 2015.
cindycrawford/Instagram
Meet Karlie Kloss's Sister Kimberly
Kimberly Kloss and Karlie Kloss attend the New York premiere of "Paper Towns" at AMC Loews Lincoln Square, July 21, 2015, in New York.
Jamie McCarthy/Getty Images
Cindy Crawford Shares a Photo of Her Husband and Kids
Cindy Crawford posted this photo with this caption: "#lakelife," July 18, 2015.
cindycrawford/Instagram
Olivia Wilde Shares a Throwback Family Portrait
Olivia Wilde posted this photo with the caption: "#tbt to Otis developing his hatred for tiny bear suits." July 16, 2015.
oliviawilde/Instagram
Christie Brinkley Enjoys a Vacation With Her Kids
Christie Brinkley posted this photo to her Instagram on July 15, 2015 with the caption, "Positano! All hands on deck!"
christiebrinkley/Instagram
Michael Douglas and Catherine Zeta Jones Bring Their Kids to an 'Ant-Man' Premiere
Michael Douglas, Catherine Zeta Jones, and their children Carys Zeta Douglas and Dylan Michael Douglas attend the European Premiere of Marvel's "Ant-Man" at Odeon Leicester Square on July 8, 2015 in London.
Getty Images
Meet Zac Efron's Younger Brother Dylan
Zac Efron posted this photo to his Instagram on July 6, 2015 with the caption, "#brothers."
@zacefron/Instagram
Meet Rob Lowe's Son Johnny
Rob Lowe share this image of himself with his son after a workout to his Instagram account, June 24, 2015.
roblowe/Instagram
Michael Douglas and Family Visit Jerusalem
Michael Douglas and his wife Catherine Zeta Jones, son Dylan and daughter Carys, pose for a photograph upon their arrival for the Genesis Prize award ceremony in Jerusalem, June 18, 2015.
DEBBIE HILL/AFP/Getty Images
Cindy Crawford Hits the Red Carpet With Her Lookalike Kids
Supermodel and OMEGA Ambassador Cindy Crawford poses with her daughter Kaia Gerber, and son Presley Gerber as they attend 'The Hospital In The Sky' Asian premiere presented by OMEGA, June 16, 2015, in Hong Kong.
Anthony Kwan/Getty Images
Meet Jude Law's Teenaged Son Rafferty
Rafferty Law poses during the Spencer Hart presentation during The London Collections Men SS16 at, June 14, 2015, in London.
Stuart C. Wilson/Getty Images
Paris Hilton Celebrates at Her Sister's Bachelorette Party
Paris Hilton and Nicky Hilton celebrate Nicky's bachelorette party at Wall at the W Hotel, June 6, 2015, in Miami Beach, Fla.
Johnny Louis/Getty Images
Oliver and Kate Hudson Share a Laugh
Oliver Hudson.left, and FABLETICS Co-Founder Kate Hudson attends FL2 Launch at Gramercy Terrace at The Gramercy Park Hotel on June 4, 2015 in New York City.
Paul Zimmerman/Getty Images
Kendall and Kylie Jenner Hit the Red Carpet Together
Kendall Jenner and Kylie Jenner arrives at the New Kendall + Kylie Fashion Line Launch Party At TopShop, June 3, 2015, in Los Angeles.
Jason Merritt/Getty Images
Kate Hudson and Goldie Hawn Share a Mother-Daughter Moment
Kate Hudson and Goldie Hawn attend the Glamour Women Of The Year Awards at Berkeley Square Gardens, June 2, 2015, in London.
Anthony Harvey/Getty Images
Meet Uma Thurman and Ethan Hawke's Daughter Maya
Maya Thurman-Hawke attends the 2015 CFDA Fashion Awards at Alice Tully Hall at Lincoln Center on June 1, 2015 in New York City.
Andrew H. Walker/FilmMagic/Getty Images
Meet Sylvester Stallone's Daughter Sistine
Sly Stallone posted this photo to Instagram on May 31, 2015 with the caption, "Me with my daughter Sistine who wants to be a serious model. I believe you can do it."
@officialslystallone/Instagram
Rumer Willis Is 'Becoming' Mom Demi Moore
Rumer Willis posted this photo on Instagram with this caption: "That moment when you realize you actually are becoming your mother #twinning #imnotmad," May 25, 2015.
ruelarue/Instagram
Cindy Crawford Poses for Selfie With Daughter
Cindy Crawford posted this photo to Instagram on May 16, 2015 with the caption, "Selfie lesson from @kaiagerber."
Cindy Crawford/Instagram
Kris Jenner Hits the Red Carpet With Khloe and Kylie
Kris Jenner, Khloe Kardashian, and Kylie Jenner attend the 2015 NBCUniversal Cable Entertainment Upfront at The Jacob K. Javits Convention Center, May 14, 2015, in New York.
D Dipasupil/Getty Images
Tallulah Willis Smooches Mom Demi Moore
Actresses Tallulah Willis and Demi Moore attend an intimate dinner hosted by Charlotte Olympia Dellal and Liz Goldwyn at The Sunset Tower Hotel, May 12, 2015, in West Hollywood, Calif.
Donato Sardella/Getty Images
Could Cindy Crawford’s Daughter Look Any More Like Her?
Kaia Gerber and Cindy Crawford attend the Premiere Of Disney's "Tomorrowland" at AMC Downtown Disney 12 Theater, May 9, 2015, in Anaheim, Calif.
Frazer Harrison/Getty Images
Meet Sean Penn's Lookalike Son Hopper
Hopper Jack Penn, left, and Sean Penn, right, are seen in Hollywood, Calif. on May 7, 2015.
Bauer-Griffin/Getty Images
Meet Reese Witherspoon's Lookalike Daughter Ava
Reese Witherspoon posted this photo with her daughter, Ava Phillipe, to Instagram on April 30, 2015 with the caption, "Me and my girl ready for #HotPursuit premiere!"
@reesewitherspoon/Instagram
Priscilla and Lisa Marie Presley Strike a Pose
Priscilla Presley and Lisa Marie Presley are seen here at the ceremony for 'Graceland Presents ELVIS: The Exhibition' at Westgate Resort and Casino, April 23, 2015, in Las Vegas.
STARPICZ/Splash News
Tim McGraw and Faith Hill Step Out with Their Daughters
Faith Hill and Tim McGraw attend the TIME 100 Gala at Lincoln Center with daughters Gracie, Audrey and Maggie on April 21, 2015 in New York City.
Kevin Mazur/Getty Images
Courteney Cox and Her Daughter Coco Attend a Premiere With Her Fiance
Johnny McDaid, Courteney Cox and Coco Riley Arquette are seen at the arrivals at 'Just Before I Go' Los Angeles Special Screening at the ArcLight Hollywood in Hollywood, Calif.
Parisa/Splash News
The Beckham Family Sits From Row at a Fashion Show
From left, Romeo Beckham, Harper Beckham and David Beckham attend the Burberry "London in Los Angeles" event at Griffith Observatory on April 16, 2015 in Los Angeles.
Getty Images
Vanessa Hudgens Kicks Back With Her Sister Stella
Vanessa Hudgens is seen, April 13, 2015, in New York.
Gardiner Anderson/Bauer-Griffin/GC Images/Getty Images
Kevin Hart Brings His Kids to the MTV Movie Awards
Honoree Kevin Hart recipient of the Comedic Genius Award, poses with Heaven Hart, left, and Hendrix Hart, right, in the press room during The 2015 MTV Movie Awards at Nokia Theatre L.A. Live, April 12, 2015, in Los Angeles.
Michael Buckner/Getty Images
Happy Siblings Day! Meet These Stars' Families
Khloe Kardashian and Kim Kardashian pose for a photo as they take a walk through sightseeings of Yerevan during their visit in Armenia, April 9, 2015.
Vahram Baghdasaryan/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images
Johnny Depp's Daughter Lily-Rose Steps Out With Her Mom, Vanessa Paradis
Vanessa Paradis and daughter Lily-Rose Depp arrive at Chanel Metiers d'Art show at the Park Avenue armory in New York, March 31, 2015.
Splash News
Katie Holmes and Suri Cruise
Suri Cruise (L) and actress Katie Holmes (R) attend Nickelodeon's 28th Annual Kids' Choice Awards held at The Forum on March 28, 2015 in Inglewood, Calif.
Christopher Polk/KCA2015/Getty Images
Angelina Jolie Takes Kids to Annual Kids' Choice Awards
Angelina Jolie (C) with Zahara Marley Jolie-Pitt (L) and Shiloh Nouvel Jolie-Pitt (R) in the audience during Nickelodeon's 28th Annual Kids' Choice Awards held at The Forum on March 28, 2015 in Inglewood, Calif.
Lester Cohen/KCA2015/Getty Images
Jennifer Hudson with David Daniel Otunga, Jr.
David Daniel Otunga, Jr. and Jennifer Hudson arrive at the Nickelodeon's 28th Annual Kids' Choice Awards at The Forum on March 28, 2015 in Inglewood, Calif.
Steve Granitz/Getty Images
Meet Will Ferrell's Family
Will Ferrell and his wife Viveca Ferrell pose with their sons Magnus, Axel and Mattias alongside Ferrell's new star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame following a ceremony honoring him, March 24, 2015, in Los Angeles.
Chris Pizzello/Invision/AP
Jennifer Lopez Takes Her Twins to a Premiere
Jennifer Lopez arrives at the "HOME" Los Angeles Premiere at Regency Village Theatre, March 22, 2015, in Westwood, Calif.
Steve Granitz/Getty Images
Joey McIntyre Enjoys a Night Out With His Family
Joey McIntyre attends the 23rd Annual "A Night At Sardi's" To Benefit The Alzheimer's Association at The Beverly Hilton Hotel, March 18, 2015, in Beverly Hills, Calif.
JB Lacroix/Getty Images
Pamela Anderson Steps Out with Her Teenage Son Brandon
Brandon Thomas Lee and Pamela Anderson attend the premiere of Open Road Films' "The Gunman" in Los Angeles, March 12, 2015.
Kevin Winter/Getty Images
Cindy Crawford Poses with Her Mini-Me, Kaia
Models Kaia Jordan Gerber, left, and Cindy Crawford attend VH1's "Barely Famous" premiere screening and party at The London Hotel, March 12, 2015, in West Hollywood, Calif.
Jeff Kravitz/Getty Images
Chris O'Donnell Honored With Star on Walk of Fame
Actor Chris O'Donnell and family at the Chris O'Donnell Star Ceremony On The Hollywood Walk Of Fame, March 5, 2015, in Hollywood, Calif.
Albert L. Ortega/Getty Images
Vince Vaughn's Wife and Kids Support Dad on the Red Carpet
Kyla Weber, Vernon Lindsay Vaughn, Lochlyn Kyla Vaughn and actor Vince Vaughn attend the 280th hand and footprint ceremony immortalizing Vince Vaughn at The TCL Chinese Theatre IMAX, March 4, 2015, in Hollywood, Calif.
Alberto E. Rodriguez/Getty Images
Jada Pinkett Smith Cuddles Up to Son Jaden
Jaden Smith and Jada Pinkett Smith pose at the after party for the premiere of Warner Bros. Pictures' "Focus" at the W Hotel, Feb. 24, 2015, in Los Angeles.
Kevin Winter/Getty Images
Jewel and Her Estranged Husband Take a Beach Vacation with Their Son
Jewel posted this photo to her Instagram on Feb. 10, 2015 with the caption, "This pic sums up family vacation... Ha! A wild 3 yr old throws sand at dad , laughs hysterically and won't pose for a pic w mom! Anyone relate?"
@jewel/Instagram
Kevin Costner Poses With His Adorable Family
Actor Kevin Costner, wife Christine Baumgartner and children Grace Avery Costner, Hayes Logan Costner and Cayden Wyatt Costner arrive at the World Premiere of Disney's "McFarland, USA" at the El Capitan Theatre, Feb. 9, 2015, in Hollywood, Calif.
Gregg DeGuire/Getty Images
Cindy Crawford Poses for a Photo With Her Gorgeous Family
Kaia Gerber, Rande Gerber, Cindy Crawford and Presley Gerber attend the "The Hospital In The Sky" New York special screening at New York Historical Society, Feb. 5, 2015, in New York.
Andrew Toth/Getty Images
Bruce Willis' Mother Steps Out with His Daughter Tallulah
Tallulah Willis and Grandmother Marlene Willis are seen in Los Angeles, Jan. 29, 2015.
Bauer-Griffin/GC Images/Getty Images
Courtney Love and Her Daughter Frances Bean Honor Kurt Cobain
Frances Bean Cobain and Courtney Love attend the "Kurt Cobain: Montage Of Heck" Premiere during the 2015 Sundance Film Festival at The Marc Theatre, Jan. 24, 2015 in Park City, Utah.
Paul Marotta/Sundance/Getty Images
Meet Julianne Moore and Bart Freundlich's Lookalike Kids.
Julianne Moore with her daughter Liv, son Caleb and husband Bart Freundlich, at the Museum of the Moving Image in New York, Jan. 10, 2015.
Marion Curtis/Startraksphoto.com
Kevin Costner Steps Out With His Wife and Daughter Lily
Christine Baumgartner, Kevin Costner and Lily Costner attend the premiere of "Black or White" at Regal Cinemas L.A. Live, Jan. 20, 2015, in Los Angeles.
Jason LaVeris/Getty Images
Jessica Simpson Smiles with Her Lookalike Mother, Tina
Jessica Simpson posted this photo of herself and her mother to Instagram, Jan. 18, 2015, with the caption: "Happy Birthday Mom! I love you!"
jessicasimpson/Instagram
Meet Bette Midler's Lookalike Daughter, Sophie von Haselberg
Bette Midler and Sophie von Haselberg attend "Honeymoon in Vegas" Broadway Opening Night at Nederlander Theatre, Jan. 15, 2015, in New York.
Robin Marchant/Getty Images
Meet Patricia Arquette's Daughter Harlow
Actress Patricia Arquette and daughter Harlow Olivia Calliope Jane arrive at The 41st Annual People's Choice Awards at Nokia Theatre LA Live, Jan. 7, 2015, in Los Angeles.
Gregg DeGuire/Getty Images
Donald and Melanie Trump Step Out With Their Son, Barron
Donald Trump, Barron Trump and Melania Trump attends Trump Invitational Grand Prix Mar-a-Lago Club at The Mar-a-Largo Club in Palm Beach, Fla., Jan. 4, 2015.
Getty Images
Kate Hudson Kicks Back with Loved Ones
Kate Hudson posted this photo on Instagram with this caption: "This is what it looks like when you Face Time random names on your brothers phone... @justintimberlake denied our call...?? #ChristmasColdCalls," Dec. 30, 2014.
katehudson/Instagram
Molly Sims Shares a Sweet Family Photo
Molly Sims posted this photo to her Instagram on Dec. 29, 2014 with the caption, "Family Fun #vacation #muchneededvacation."
@mollybsims/Instagram
Newly Single Kate Hudson Spends Holiday Time With the Family
Kate Hudson posted this photo to Instagram, Dec. 28, 2014, with the caption, Home for the holidays. Hope everyone is having a beautiful holiday season! #lovemybrothers #colorado #BroncosKickedSomeAssToday #winterwonderland #BeautifulChristmas."
@katehudson/Instagram
Susan Sarandon Hits the Museum with Her Kids and Granddaughter
Eva Amurri Martino shared this image on her Instagram account on Dec. 18, 2014 with the caption, "Baby's first MoMa exhibit! #Matisse #Family #HappyHolidays"
4evamartino/Instagram
Lindsay Lohan Steps Out With Her Sister Ali
Ali and Lindsay Lohan attend the LOVE x Balmain Chrismas Party at The Ivy Market Grill on Dec. 15, 2014 in London, England.
Fjeraku/Getty Images
Brad Pitt Brings Pax, Shiloh and Maddox to Their Mom's Premiere
Brad Pitt, with Pax Thien Jolie-Pitt, Shiloh Nouvel Jolie-Pitt and Maddox Jolie-Pitt, attend the "Unbroken" Los Angeles premiere on Dec. 15, 2014 in Hollywood, Calif.
JB Lacroix/Getty Images
Lindsay Lohan Brings Her Sister Ali to a Party
Lindsay and Ali Lohan attend the Sunday Times Style Xmas Party at Tramp on December 9, 2014 in London.
David M. Benett/Sunday Times Style/Getty Images
Meet Sylvester Stallone's Family!
From left, Sylvester Stallone, Sistine Rose, Sophia Rose Stallone and Scarlet Rose Stallone attend a basketball game between the New Orleans Pelicans and the Los Angeles Lakers at the Staples Center, Dec. 7, 2014 in Los Angeles.
Noel Vasquez/Getty Images
Which Star's Mom Is Flaunting Her Abs at 61?
Jada Pinkett Smith posted this image on her Mother on Facebook with caption, "Willow took this shot of her grandmother, my mother, emerging from the ocean today. She is 61! I wanna be her when I grow up:)," Nov. 28, 2014.
Jada Pinkett Smith/Facebook
Matthew McConaughey and Camila Alves Bring Their Kids to His Star of Fame Ceremony
Actor Matthew McConaughey and his family Camila Alves, Levi McConaughey, Livingston McConaughey, and Vida McConaughey attend The Hollywood Walk Of Fame ceremony for Matthew McConaughey, Nov. 17, 2014, in Hollywood, Calif.
Jason Merritt/Getty Images
Meet Danny DeVito and Rhea Pearlman's Son, Jake
Actress Rhea Pearlman, executive producer Jake DeVito and actor Danny DeVito attend the premiere of Amplify's "The Better Angels" at DGA Theater, Oct. 27, 2014, in Los Angeles.
Alberto E. Rodriguez/Getty Images
Aww! Fergie Shares a Sweet Family Photo
Singer Fergie shared this image on her Instagram account on Oct. 21, 2014 with the caption, "#FootballSunday with dad & @danamferg. #happybirthdaydana #latergram."
fergie/Instagram
Melanie Griffith Gets Support from Mom Tippi Hedren
Actresses Melanie Griffith and Tippi Hedren attend the 7th annual Bel-Air Film Festival opening night gala, Oct. 7, 2014, in Beverly Hills, Calif.
Tommaso Boddi/Getty Images
Lisa Bonet and Zoe Kravitz Take a Family Photo
Zoe Kravitz, left, posted this photo with her mother, Lisa Bonet, to Instagram, Oct. 3, 2014, with the caption, "Night out with my best gal. Thank you @michaelkors for an amazing night. #jetsethollywood."
@zoeisabellakravitz/Instagram
Meet Jaime Pressly's Family!
Actress Jaime Pressly attends Disney's VIP Halloween event at Disney Consumer Products Campus, Oct. 1, 2014 in Glendale, Calif.
Paul Archuleta/Getty Images
Hilary Duff Reunites with Her Mom and Son Luca
Hillary Duff posted this photo to Instagram Sept. 26, 2014, with the caption: "Airport bound. So happy to be with my mini and my mama."
hillaryduff/Instagram
Pierce Brosnan Takes His Family to the 'November Man' Premiere
Actor Pierce Brosnan and family arrive to the World Premiere of Relativity Media's "The November Man" at the TCL Chinese Theatre on August 13, 2014 in Hollywood, Calif.
Alberto E. Rodriguez/Getty Images
Sylvester Stallone Brings His Daughters to the 'Expendables' Premiere
Actor Sylvester Stallone and family arrive at the Los Angeles Premiere "The Expendables 3" at TCL Chinese Theatre, Aug. 11, 2014, in Hollywood, Calif.
Jon Kopaloff/Getty Images
Glenn Close Hits the Red Carpet With Her Daughter Annie
Actress Glenn Close and daughter Annie Starke arrive at the Los Angeles premiere of Marvel's "Guardians Of The Galaxy" at the El Capitan Theatre on July 21, 2014 in Hollywood, Calif.
Gregg DeGuire/WireImage/Getty Images
Meet Bar Rafaeli's Brother, Dor
Bar Refaeli and her brother, Dor are spotted shopping on July 11, 2014 in Berlin.
Karadshow/GC Images/Getty Images
Meet Chloe Moretz's Giant Band of Brothers
Chloe Grace Moretz is spotted in New York with her brother Trevor Moretz, June 18, 2014.
Humberto Carreno/startraksphoto.com
Andie McDowell Steps Out With Her Lookalike Daughters
Andie MacDowell and daughters Margaret Qualley and Rainey Qualley in New York City on June 8, 2014.
Splash News
Francesca Eastwood Enjoys a Day With Her Mom
Frances Fisher and Francesca Eastwood attend The Environmental Media Association's 5th Annual LA School Garden Program Luncheon at Westminster Avenue Elementary School, May 29, 2014 in Venice, Calif.
Valerie Macon/Getty Images
Meet Gisele's Twin Sister, Patricia!
Gisele Bundchen, right, and her sister Patty, left, were spotted being playful in Boston. At one point, Gisele jokingly put her sister in a headlock while crossing the street.
Splash News
Ivanka Trump Shares a Sweet Family Portrait
Ivanka Trump posted this photo on Instagram with this caption: "Impromptu family photo op! (Arabella opted for her "serious" face)" April 30, 2014.
ivankatrump/Instagram
Jamie Foxx's Daughter Steals the Spotlight at 'Spider-Man' Premiere
Actor Jamie Foxx and his daughter Annalise Bishop attend "The Amazing Spider-Man 2" premiere at the Ziegfeld Theater, April 24, 2014, in New York.
Gilbert Carrasquillo/Getty Images
Judd Apatow and Leslie Mann's Daughters
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Nicknamed 'The Muscles from Brussels' who is the actor? | Jean-Claude Van Damme - Biography - IMDb
5' 9¾" (1.77 m)
Mini Bio (1)
Van Damme was born Jean-Claude Camille François Van Varenberg in Berchem-Sainte-Agathe, Brussels, Belgium, to Eliana and Eugène Van Varenberg, an accountant. "The Muscles from Brussels" started martial arts at the age of eleven. His father introduced him to martial arts when he saw his son was physically weak. At the age of 12, Van Damme began his martial arts training at Centre National De Karate (National Center of Karate) under the guidance of Master Claude Goetz in Ixelles, Belgium. Van Damme trained for 4 years and earned a spot on the Belgium Karate Team. He won the European professional karate association's middleweight championship as a teenager, and also beat the 2nd best karate fighter in the world. His goal was to be number one but got sidetracked when he left his hometown of Brussels. In 1976 at the age of sixteen, Jean-Claude started his Martial Arts fight career.
Over the next 6-years, he competed in both full-contact and semi-contact matches. He debuted under his birth name of Jean Claude Van Varenberg. In his first match, Jean-Claude was staggered by a round-house kick thrown by fellow countryman, Toon Van Oostrum in Brussels, Belgium. Van Damme was badly stunned, but came back to knockout Van Oostrum moments later. In 1977, at the WAKO Open International in Antwerp, Belgium, Jean-Claude lost a decision to fellow team mate Patrick Teugels in a semi-contact match. At the 1978 Challenge De Espoirs Karate Tournament (1st Trials),Jean-Claude placed 2nd in the semi-contact division. He defeated twenty-five opponents during the week long tournament, but lost in the finals to Angelo Spataro from the Naha Club. Later in 1978, Jean-Claude lost a 3-round match for the Belgium Lightweight Championship (semi-contact) to his fellow team-mate to Patrick Teugels.
In 1979, Jean-Claude traveled to the United States of America, to Tampa, Florida. In his first and only match against a United States opponent, Van Damme faced 'Sherman 'Big Train'Bergman', a kick-boxer from Miami Beach, Florida. For the first and only time in his career, Jean-Claude was knocked to the canvas after absorbing a powerful left hook from Bergman. However, Jean-Claude climbed off the canvas and with a perfectly timed ax-kick, knocked Bergman out in 56 seconds of the first round. Jean-Claude was a member of the Belgium team which competed on December 26, 1979 at the La Coupe Fancois Persoons Karate Tournament which was sanctioned by the Federation bruxelloise de Karate. Van Damme's final match victory enabled his team to win the European Team Karate Championship. In Full-Contact karate, Jean-Claude knocked out England's Micheal Heming in 46 seconds of the first round. In 1980, Van Damme knocked out France's Georges Verlugels in 2 rounds of a match fought under kick-boxing rules. Jean-Claude wanted to defeat his rival Patrick Teugels. At the Forest Nationals in Brussels, on March 8, 1980, Jean-Claude knocked Teugels down and Teugels suffered a nose injury and was unable to continue. Jean-Claude was awarded a first round victory.
Jean-Claude retired from martial arts in 1982, following a knockout over Nedjad Gharbi in Brussels,Belgium. Jean-Claude posted a 18-1 (18 knockouts) Kickboxing record, and a Semi-Contact record of 41-4. He came to Hong Kong at the age of 19 for the first time and felt insured to do action movies in Hong Kong. In 1981 Van Damme moved to Los Angeles. He took English classes while working as carpet layer, pizza delivery man, limo driver, and thanks to Chuck Norris he got a job as a bouncer at a club. Norris gave Van Damme a small role in the movie Missing in Action (1984), but it wasn't good enough to get anybody's attention. Then in 1984 he got a role as a villain named Ivan in the low-budget movie No Retreat, No Surrender (1986). Then one day, while walking on the streets, Jean-Claude spotted a producer for Cannon Pictures, and showed some of his martial arts abilities which led to a role in Bloodsport (1988). But the movie, filmed in Hong Kong, was so bad when it was completed, it was shelved for almost two years. It might have never been released if Van Damme did not help them to recut the film and begged producers to release it. They finally released the film, first in Malaysia and France and then into the U.S. Shot on a meager 1.5 million dollar budget, it became a U.S box-office hit in the spring of 1988. It made about 30 million worldwide and audiences supported this film for its new sensational action star Jean-Claude Van Damme.
His martial arts assets, highlighted by his ability to deliver a kick to an opponent's head during a leaping 360-degree turn, and his good looks led to starring roles in higher budgeted movies like Cyborg (1989), Lionheart (1990), Double Impact (1991) and Universal Soldier (1992). In 1994, he scored with his big breakthrough $100 million worldwide hit Timecop (1994). But in the meantime, his personal life was coming apart. A divorce, followed by a new marriage, followed by another divorce. It began to show up in his career when his projects began to tank at the box office - The Quest (1996), which he directed; Maximum Risk (1996) and Double Team (1997). The three films made less than $50 million combined. In 1999 he remarried his ex-wife Gladys Portugues and restarted his lost career to attain new goals. With help from his family he faced his problems and made movies like Replicant (2001), Derailed (2002), and In Hell (2003) which did averagely in box office terms, but he tried to give his fans the best, his acting in those movies got better, more emotional and each movie was basically in different action tones.
Thrilling one and all with his 360-degree ultimate leaping & super flying karate kicks.
Frequently performs splits in his movies
Belgian accent
Very muscular physique
Trivia (31)
His fight scenes are so intense that he won't film them in the U.S. for fear of being sued.
In 1989, he was sued for willfully gouging the eye of an extra in a sword fight while filming Cyborg (1989).
Won a court case filed against him by martial arts legend Frank Dux , who claimed he collaborated with Van Damme on his 1996 directorial debut The Quest (1996), only for Van Damme to deny him any share of the profits. His evidence was lost in an earthquake. Coincidentally, Van Damme played Dux in his debut Bloodsport (1988).
On July 10, 2000, Van Damme was sentenced to an anti-drunk driving class, a $1,200 fine, 3 years probation and a 90 day revocation of his license after pleading no contest for a September 23, 1999 DUI arrest in Beverly Hills.
Once said he learned to speak English by watching the cartoon The Flintstones (1960).
Studied classical ballet for five years
In his late teens he opened a gym called California Fitness Center.
Was student of Dominique Valera .
Although Jean-Claude Van Damme failed to place in either the 1978 or 1979 WAKO World Championships, he was a member of the 1979 Belgium Team when it won the European Team Championships and a European middleweight Karate champion in his late teens. He won at the Hope Cup, the Cup of Antwerp, The Gala International, and The Forest Nationals.
Can bench press 166 kg.
Formerly, had his own production companies - Long Road Productions / 777 Films Corp.
Related to Screenwriter Adam Burnett through marriage.
One-time sparring partner of Chuck Norris during the early 80s. Norris eventually cast him in Missing in Action (1984).
Children: Kris Van Damme (b. 1987) and Bianca Brigitte VanDamme (b. 1990) with Gladys Portugues ; son Nicholas (b. 1995) with Darcy LaPier .
He was the inspiration for the character Johnny Cage from Mortal Kombat (1992), which was initially envisioned as a gaming vehicle for Van Damme, but he and Midway could not come to terms on the costs for using his likeness.
One of Johnny Cage's special moves is doing a split while punching his opponent in the groin, as seen when Van Damme's character, Frank Dux , punches his large sumo opponent in Bloodsport (1988).
Van Damme was the original choice to play the title character in Predator (1987) and was part of the production until he was let go. According to Jesse Ventura 's book, Van Damme played the Predator (1987) alien until he was replaced replaced by Kevin Peter Hall .
During the movie's production, Van Damme reportedly was not happy that his face would not be shown on camera and that he would only receive an uncredited special effects role. He was also not comfortable in the original alien suit and passed out due to heat exhaustion.
When Stan Winston 's new Predator design came in, Kevin Peter Hall replaced Van Damme in the title role. Supposedly, Van Damme has no regrets on backing out of the Predator project.
Often states Charles Chaplin as the first great action star.
Adopted Van Damme as his stage name from one of his friend's father name. He considered it punchy, short and clear than his birth name of Van Varenberg.
Has one older sister Veronique Van Varenberg by 18 months.
Films often contain injuries to the groin area. Examples include Bloodsport (1988), Double Impact (1991), Hard Target (1993) and Timecop (1994).
Van Damme has an impressive kickboxing record of 18-1-0, with 18 wins by knockout. For most of these fights, he fought under his birth name of Jean-Claude Van Varenberg. Van Damme's only defeat in kickboxing was to France's Etienne Aubry on March 7, 1977 in Marseille, France. Van Damme lost by disqualification when he accidentally kicked Aubry when he was on the canvas.
Lives in Hong Kong and Knokke-Heist, Belgium.
When Van Damme first arrived in Hollywood in the 1980s, his jobs consisted of waiting tables, delivering pizza, driving a taxi, and acting as a bouncer at Woody's Wharf, a bar owned by Chuck Norris in Newport Beach.
Started filming The Shepherd (2008) in Bulgaria. [February 2007]
At the Eurasia Film Festival in Almaty, Kazakhstan. [September 2005]
Started filming Soldiers (2010) (aka "Full Love") in Thailand. [July 2008]
Suffered from mood swings and depressions for years, causing him to seek his refuge in martial arts and drugs. Finally, after several attempts at rehab, he visited a neurologist who diagnosed him with rapid cycling bipolar disorder. With appropriate medication, he has managed to stay off drugs ever since, and he has even remarried his former wife Gladys Portugues .
His very brief work on the production of Predator (1987) unexpectedly helped him to become an action star. While working as a waiter, van Damme spotted producer Menahem Golan in his restaurant, and did a roundhouse kick for him without spilling a drop from the bowl of soup he had in his hands. Golan was sufficiently fascinated to invite van Damme on an official audition. During the audition, van Damme did his trademark split while balancing on two chairs, which did not impress Golan. While he dismissed him, a friend who had come along mentioned that van Damme had just done Predator (1987) with Arnold Schwarzenegger . Golan went out to check, and as luck would have it, van Damme's name had not yet been removed from the cast sheet. Golan decided to offer him the lead role in Bloodsport (1988) which became van Damme's big break.
Refused a three-picture deal that would have earned him 12 million dollar per movie, stating that he wanted 20 million, equal to Jim Carrey 's salary at the time.
He understands Spanish very well because he had a Spanish nanny when he was a boy. He can't speak the language properly as he never studied it. On one occasion he had a interview in Chile and all the questions were asked in Spanish, he understood but replied in English.
His older sister Veronique wrote a book My brother Jean-Claude.
Personal Quotes (24)
"I am the Fred Astaire of karate".
In an action film you act in the action. If it's a dramatic film you act in the drama.
I've become 40, my audience is partly the same age.
God gave me a great body and it's my duty to take care of my physical temple.
What is a movie star? It is an illusion. It was everything I ever wanted to be, but it became a kind of shell, non? It was what made me famous and got me women. But it wasn't real.
I took his (Alex Van Damme) name, in fact from his father because his father sent me for the first time in Hong Kong to be a picture model. I'm not enough tall to be a catwalk model, plus too big for that, and we became very good friends and I took his name as an honor. Because my name, by the way, is too complicated, it's Van Veren Berg, so in America it sounds like "Van Varen Berg" (said with American accent). So Van Damme it's punchy, short, and clear. - [on adopting the name 'Van Damme']
Timecop (1994) could have been a very profitable franchise, but those idiots chose instead to sell the rights to television. That could have also been the case with _Bloodsport_, but they settled instead on second-rate kick-boxers for the sequels. - [on his famous films sequels]
An action hero has to be always in shape mentally and physically. People, sometimes they believe Sly, Arnold, myself, we're athletes, you cannot make mistakes. But Hollywood forgives, I guess.
Ten, 15 years ago, Sly, Arnold, those guys, were well-built; of course, they had to act and find good scripts, but today action heroes don't have to be Mr. Muscles. What really helps a guy to become an action hero today is the directing of the movie. All those fast cuts.
[His response to being asked what he thinks of his nickname 'Muscles from Brussels]: "It's better than being called 'The Idiot from Brussels'."
I'm one of the most sensitive human beings on Earth -- and I know it.
My dreams came true in America. It's not possible in Belgium. I grew up sadly. Skinny kid. Big, thick glasses. Everything I've done is a miracle.
I love challenges. If you don't have any and can do whatever you want, then it's probably time to die.
I liked the movement, technique and philosophy and I was training to be the best. Karate's a very boring sport, but when you know the technique you can go further and further. You need at least six or seven years to understand the philosophy and concentration of karate to know to clean your spirit of everything and dedicate your mind and body to the sport. I also use it for concentration before acting scenes.
I love playing the villain, but a villain with class.
(2008) I see dogs on the street, and I adopt them. I took seven dogs from Thailand, and a few of them are paralyzed. One has three paws instead of four. One is limping, so we bought him a wheelchair. I spent my own money to fly them back by private jet. In commercial, they can have heart attacks because of stress - it's dark and icy cold. I love animals. I have nine dogs and a kitty. My biggest orgasm - not in a sexual way - is to walk with my dogs on the beach. In Belgium we have these wide sidewalks. You feel like you're on the Planet Moon, and I can make them feel like movie stars.
[on rejecting Sylvester Stallone 's offer of a part in The Expendables (2010)] Stallone gave me a part in his next movie, but I ask him about the subject, about the story. He said, 'You're gonna make lots of money.' I don't want to hear that, I want to hear what was my character. He was unable to tell what it's going to be. [Stallone said:] 'You know, uh, well, the fighting will be good.' [So I said:] 'Syl, what is my character?' So I didn't do the movie.
[on Timecop (1994) director Peter Hyams ] He was the only one who visited me in the clinic when I was there years ago. All the agents and managers who made a fortune with me never came.
[circa 1992] You have to have a dream, the passion to make it, to make it, to really, really make it.
Hard Target (1993) was a bad script, but we had some great action scenes, and John Woo made me look like a samurai with greasy hair.
I am very proud of that film. I am persuaded that here, in the United States, it would have been a great success in theaters. And if you ask me why I am so proud of Replicant, it is because we succeeded in making a big film with very reduced budgets.
I have lots of respect for Christopher Walken . Did you see him in King of New York (1990)? Steve McQueen , and Paul Newman are terrific. I feel their movies have quality. Rocky and Rambo were filled with drama and passion. Arnold doesn't move me. I like movies like The Godfather (1972) and The Deer Hunter (1978). These are films with real solid acting, real talent.
[on Kickboxer 2: The Road Back (1991)] I refused a sequel. I wasn't offered enough money. Instead, we did a new film, Double Impact (1991), rather than just make Kickboxer 2.
[on who should play the villain in The Expendables 3 (2014)] I think Steven Seagal has such a good presence. And he should lose some weigh, which isn't that difficult. I think he has lots of charisma. Even though he speaks bad about me sometimes, I think it's all bullshit. He's a nice guy. I think he has his own type of temper, vision, character. But he would be great in Expendables as a bad guy.
Salary (13)
| Jean-Claude Van Damme |
The 'Serengeti National Park' is situated in which country? | Jean-Claude Van Damme - Film Actor, Martial Arts Expert - Biography.com
Famous People Named Jean-Claude
Synopsis
Jean-Claude Van Damme was born on October 18, 1960, in Berchem-Sainte-Agathe, Belgium. A champion martial artist and bodybuilder as a teenager, he used his physical abilities to become the star of such American action flicks as Bloodsport (1988) and Double Impact (1991). Van Damme endured personal and professional difficulties beginning in the 1990s, but has since regained some of his star power.
Early Years and Career
Jean-Claude Camille François Van Varenberg was born on October 18, 1960, in Berchem-Sainte-Agathe, Brussels, Belgium. A skinny child, he began studying Shotokan karate at age 11, and also eagerly took to weightlifting and ballet. As a teenager, Van Damme won the middleweight championship of the European Professional Karate Association and was named "Mr. Belgium" in a bodybuilding competition.
Jean-Claude Van Damme opened a gym in Brussels and earned some modeling work, but he was enthralled with the idea of becoming a film star. After briefly attempting to break into the thriving martial-arts movie industry in Hong Kong, China, he moved to Los Angeles, California, in the early 1980s to pursue his Hollywood dreams.
Big-Screen Stardom
Originally calling himself "Frank Cujo," Jean-Claude Van Damme received bit parts in feature films and worked as a cabdriver, waiter, aerobics instructor and nightclub bouncer as he tried to make a name for himself in Tinseltown. He was featured in the 1986 martial-arts flick No Retreat, No Surrender, but his big break came after he displayed his ability to perform a jumping, 360-degree "helicopter kick" to B-list producer Menahem Golan, who cast the unknown actor in Bloodsport (1988). The low-budget film grossed a surprising $35 million at the box office, and Van Damme followed with another successful starring role in Kickboxer the following year.
Over the following decade, Van Damme filled the big screen in such action flicks as Double Impact (1991), Universal Soldier (1992), Time Cop (1994), Sudden Death (1995) and Maximum Risk (1996), overcoming his limited acting chops with his acrobatic kicks and patented splits. He made his directorial debut with The Quest (1996), but Double Team (1997) and Knock Off (1998) were flops, and by the start of the 2000s most of his movies landed in the straight-to-video bin.
In 2008, Van Damme resurfaced as a fictionalized version of himself in the part-satirical, part-confessional JCVD. His performance drew positive reviews and triggered something of a revival for the former action star, who went on to reprise a familiar role in Universal Soldier: Regeneration (2010) and voice the character of Master Croc in Kung Fu Panda 2 (2011). In 2012, Van Damme was back in his element as part of the veteran butt-kicking ensemble featured in Sylvester Stallone's The Expendables 2.
Personal Life
Van Damme became addicted to cocaine and sleeping pills while at the height of his stardom in the 1990s, and was arrested for DUI in 1999. He was also diagnosed with bipolar disorder during this period, though his condition improved after he began taking medication and got his personal life in order.
Van Damme has been married five times and has three children. Two of them, Kris Van Varenberg and Bianca Bree, have followed in their father's footsteps as actors.
In October 2012, Van Damme was honored with the unveiling of a bronze statue in his native Brussels. The statue depicts the former martial-arts champion in a classic fighting pose, ready to launch one of his famous flying kicks.
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