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Who became the World Chess Champion after beating Boris Spassky in 1972? | Bobby Fischer - Chess Player
Bobby Fischer
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Bobby Fischer
Bobby Fischer (1943 – 2008) became World Chess Champion in 1972, after beating the defending champion Boris Spassky in Reykjavik, Iceland. Taking place during a very chilling part of the Cold War, this match where a U.S. player challenged a Soviet Union one became highly publicized and was dubbed “Match of the Century”.
Background
Robert James Fischer was born in Chicago, Illinois, USA on March 9, 1943.
He learned to play chess when he was six years old, and eventually started playing at the Brooklyn Chess Club and Manhattan Chess Club.
At the age of 14, he became the youngest player to win the U.S. Championships.
At the age of 15, he became an International Grandmaster, breaking the old age record for youngest international Grandmaster.
Chess career
After becoming an International Grandmaster, Bobby Fischer continued to play both U.S. Championship matches and World Championship matches.
In the early 1970’s, he achieved a 20-game winning streak.
In 1972, he defeated the reigning World Chess Champion Boris Spassky from the Soviet Union in a highly publicized event in Reykjavik, Iceland. Bobby Fischer was now the World Chess Champion – the first one ever from the United States.
In the mid 1970s, Anatoly Karpov had earned the right to challenge the reigning World Chess Champion, but Bobby Fischer refused to play against him unless a long row of demands were fulfilled. The International Chess Federation stripped Fischer of this title and gave it to Karpov.
After many years of living a turbulent life, Fischer agreed to play Boris Spassky in a $5 million rematch in Yogoslavia on the 20th anniversary of their championship match in Reykjavik. Fischer won the match, but found himself in a heap of legal trouble afterwards. Because of the ongoing Yugoslavian war, United States citizens were not allowed to visit Yugoslavia without special permission, and Fischer would now face criminal charges if he returned to the US. Fischer therefore remained in exile.
In the 1990’s, Fischer invented and patented a modified chess timing system, where a time increment was added to the player’s time after each move. This chess timing system is today used in virtually of the top tournaments.
Fischer has also created a special variant of chess called Fischer Random Chess or Chess960.
In 2004, he married Japanese chess player Miyoko Watai, who is a Woman International Master. In 2005, Fischer moved to Iceland after being granted Icelandic citizenship. In January 2008, he died of kidney failure in Reykjavik after refusing medical treatment for a urinary tract blockage.
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| Bobby Fischer |
Which famous London landmark was erected on the Embankment in September 1878? | World Champions page 2
* 10th World Champion *
1969 - 1972
In 1969, Boris Spassky defeats Tigran Petrosian by a 12 - 10 score. A child prodigy, Spassky became an International Master at the age of 16 and in 1955, at age 18, he became an International Grandmaster. He was born in Leningrad (now Saint Petersburg).
Robert James Fischer
* 11th World Champion *
1972 - 1975
Bobby Fischer ended the Russian domination of the World Championship. He defeated Boris Spassky in 1972 in Reykjavik, Iceland by a score of 12 to 8 and becoming the first American to win the title. He was born in Chicago, Illinois on March 9, 1943.
Anatoly Yevgenyevich Karpov
* 12th World Champion *
1975 - 1985 | 1993 - 1999
In 1975, Anatoly Karpov won the World Championship by default when Bobby Fischer refused to agree to the terms for a match. His series of matches against Garry Kasparov set a record for the most games by two opponents. He was born in the former Soviet Union.
Garry Kimovich Kasparov
* 13th World Champion *
1985 - 1993
In 1985, Garry Kasparov defeats Anatoly Karpov for the title by a 13-11 score. He defeats Karpov again in three more attempts for the title in 1986, 1987, and 1990. In 1993, he splits with FIDE to form PCA. Kasparov was stripped of the FIDE title in that year.
Alexander Valeryevich Khalifman
* 14th World Champion *
1999 - 2000
Russian Grandmaster Alexander Khalifman won the FIDE World Championship in 1999. He defeated 8 players in a knockout event held at Caesar's Palace in Las Vegas, Nevada from July 31 to August 29. He was born in Leningrad, in the former Soviet Union.
Viswanathan Anand
* 15th World Champion *
2000 - 2001
Viswanathan Anand won the FIDE World Chess Title on Christmas Eve 2000, in a match held in Teheran, Iran and New Delhi, India. He beat Alexei Shirov in the final game by a score of 3.5 - .5. He was born in Mayiladuthurai, a small town in Tamil Nadu, India.
Ruslan Olegovich Ponomariov
* 16th World Champion *
2002 - 2004
Ruslan Ponomariov became the youngest Chess Grandmaster in history. At the age of 18, (born Oct. 11, 1983) he won the World Chess Championship by beating Vasilly Ivanchuk in Moscow by 4 1/2 - 2 1/2. He was born in Horlivka, Ukraine, Soviet Union.
Rustam Kasimdzhanov
* 17th World Champion *
2004 - 2005
Rustam Kasimdzhanov GM won the FIDE title in 2004 beating a string of world-class players like Almsi, Ivanchuk, Grischuk, Topalov and Adams. This match was held in Tripoli, Libya. He was born in Tashkent, in the former Soviet Union on Dec. 5, 1979.
Veselin B. Topalov
* 18th World Champion *
2005 - 2006
Veselin Topalov finished undefeated with 10 points on this match held in San Luis, Argentina with 1.5 points ahead of the runner-up GM Viswanathan Anand. Topalov's performance rating was 2890. He was born on March 15, 1975 in Rousse, Bulgaria.
Vladimir B. Kramnik
* 19th World Champion *
2006 - 2007
Vladimir Kramnik defeats GM Veselin Topalov in a twelve game match held in Elista, the Capital of Kalmykia southern Russia. After four extra rapid tie break games, Kramnik wins with a final 9-8 score. He was born on June 25, 1975 in Tuapse, USSR.
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Which English footballer was accused and later cleared of stealing an emerald bracelet in Colombia in 1970? | BBC ON THIS DAY | 20 | 1970: Bobby Moore cleared of stealing
1970: Bobby Moore cleared of stealing
The England soccer captain, Bobby Moore, has been cleared of stealing an emerald bracelet in Colombia.
Moore, who captained England to World Cup victory in 1966, was accused of taking the �600 ($1,500) bracelet from the Green Fire shop in the Tequendama Hotel, Bogota, last month.
Police and judicial investigators have long indicated that Moore was set up, and today the Bogota Superior Court ruled he should have "unconditional freedom".
The three judges also confirmed a decision made by Judge Pedro Dorado on 28 May that there was no evidence to warrant jailing England's legendary footballer.
House arrest
On 18 May Mr Moore went into the shop with fellow player Bobby Charlton to find a present for Charlton's wife.
The store owner, Danilo Rojas, and his assistant, Carla Padilla, called the police after the two men had left the shop.
The police arrived and took statements and the footballer denied the allegations.
On 25 May, Mr Moore, was charged and placed under house arrest at the home of a local football official but was freed three days later with conditions, so that he could play in the World Cup in Mexico.
One witness, Alvaro Suarez, said he had seen the bracelet in Moore's pocket.
But today the chief of police, Jaime Ramirez, indicated Mr Moore had been the victim of a frame-up and that Mr Suarez had been paid by Mr Rojas to testify against the England football star.
It is believed the plan was to either blackmail Mr Moore and get publicity for the jewellery shop and even to damage England's morale ahead of the World Cup.
Mr Moore, now back in the UK, will not have to report to the Colombian Consulate, but if he ever returned to Colombia he may be asked further questions in relation to the theft as further investigations are still under way.
Rojas and Suarez will be questioned by the judge - but Ms Padilla is believed to have gone to the United States.
The First Secretary at the British Embassy in Bogota, Keith Morris, welcomed the ruling but said the judges had decided a "legal technicality" and that the case was by no means closed.
Bobby Moore was named Footballer of the Year 1963-64 and awarded an OBE 1967.
| Bobby Moore |
In what year were the Blackpool Illuminations first switched on? | Revealed: legendary footballers sold goods on the black market during WWII | Daily Mail Online
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He was the unimpeachable knight of football, an icon known as The Wizard of the Dribble who played in the top flight until he was 50.
But Sir Stanley Matthews's reputation has taken a dent after it emerged he sold goods on the black market during the second world war.
Together with another England legend, Stan Mortensen, he flogged coffee and soap in exchange for cash.
Partners in crime: Footballers Sir Stanley Matthews, left, and Stan Mortensen sold goods on the black market during the second world war
Details of his sideline as a spiv emerged in files kept under lock and key at the National Archives for more than 60 years.
They revealed both players, who served in the RAF, travelled with an FA Services team in 1945 to newly-liberated Belgium to play matches against local sides.
While there, they went into a jeweller's in Brussels claiming to be shopping for presents. But Mortensen then produced the highly sought-after goods from a suitcase.
A shop assistant told the RAF special investigations branch that she and another member of staff paid 250 francs for a kilo of coffee and a further 40 francs for ten bars of soap.
She added Mortensen - whose pace on the pitch led to the nickname Electric Heels - casually signed an autograph for her while in the shop.
According to the records, the players - who had 79 caps between them - were charged with 'conduct prejudicial to good order and discipline'.
They admitted the allegations but escaped with a carpeting from their commanding officers.
Sir Stanley is the only player ever to have been knighted while still playing. He was also the first winner of the European Footballer of the Year and Football Writers' Association Footballer of the Year awards.
The vegetarian teetotaller played his last match in the old first division in 1965 and five years later at the age of 55 was still playing for Hibernians in Malta.
He was also an inaugural inductee to the English Football Hall of Fame in 2002, two years after his death.
The outside right played for Stoke before the war and had his international debut against Wales in 1934.
During the Second World War he was stationed in Blackpool with the RAF and played as a guest for the local team and others including Crewe Alexandra, Manchester Utd and Arsenal.
After the war he transferred to Blackpool, where he played with Mortensen, and won his only FA Cup winner's medal in 1953.
He made 54 official England appearances, scoring 11 goals, as well as 29 unofficial wartime appearance with two more goals.
Mortensen was 18 when war broke out and was a wireless operator who overcame injury sustained when his bonber crashed to go on to become one of England's best post-war players.
In a playing career spent mainly with Blackpool, he scored 197 league goals in 317 appearances.
The centre forward, who scored 23 goals for England in 25 appearances, died in 1991.
Rationing of food and shortages of luxuries during and after the Second World War led to black marketeering, described by one MP at the time as 'treason of the very worst kind'.
The practice was rife in England but servicemen also took advantage of countries that had been recently been liberated from Nazi occupation.
Popular items for sale included meat, butter, cheese, eggs, sugar, coffee and soap.
In Britain, the Ministry of Food investigated black market deals and Parliament passed legislation for courts to impose maximum two-year jail terms and fines.
Another English football icon, 1966 World Cup winning captain Bobby Moore, faced disgrace when he was accused of stealing a bracelet from a jeweller in Bogota, Colombia, shortly before the 1970 finals.
The case was eventually dropped due to lack of evidence.
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In 1893 which country were the first to allow women to vote? | September 19, 1893 : New Zealand First to Allow Women to Vote | TakePart
September 19, 1893 : New Zealand First to Allow Women to Vote
Sep 18, 2010· 0 MIN READ
Originally from Baltimore, Oliver lives and writes on a quiet, tree-lined street in Brooklyn.
Bio
Sheet music cover with the title 'We'll Show You When We Come To Vote! The Great Womens Suffrage.' USA, circa 1869. (Image: Getty Images)
New Zealand, 1893. With the passage of the Electoral Bill, New Zealand becomes the first country in the world to grant national voting rights to women. Just two months later, the first women would go to the polls during the country's national elections.
There had been pockets of the world where women's suffrage was allowed in the past. In medieval France, voting for city and town assemblies were open to the heads of households regardless of sex. During the Age of Liberty in Sweden (1718-1771), female tax-paying guild members were allowed to vote. And in 1756, Lydia Capin Taft was allowed to vote in a New England town meeting in Uxbridge, Massachusetts, doing so at least three times.
In all those cases, however, the right to vote was eventually revoked, and it wasn't until 1893 that an independent nation gave women the permanent right to vote. After New Zealand, Australia quickly followed, with the United States joining in 1920 and Great Britain in 1928.
While women's suffrage was included in the Universal Bill of Human Rights in 1948 by the United Nations, the battle for universal suffrage is still ongoing. For example, Bhutan only just allowed women full voting rights in 2008, and in Saudi Arabia, women have little or no representation at all.
About Us
TakePart is the digital news and lifestyle magazine from Participant Media , the company behind such acclaimed documentaries as CITIZENFOUR, An Inconvenient Truth and Food, Inc. and feature films including Lincoln and Spotlight.
| New Zealand |
First shown in 1984, which sit-com featured the characters Cliff and Clair Huxtable? | The 1893 Electoral Act; NZ Women First in the World To Vote! - Home
The 1893 Electoral Act; NZ Women First in the World To Vote!
Author of Website: Claire Skelton (2013)
Outline
Today it seems unbelievable that there was a time when women could not vote. However it is relatively new to our in history. Until Governor General Lord Glasgow on the 19th of September 1893 signed a new Electoral Act into law no women in the world could vote in parliamentary elections. With the passing of this new law, women as well as men were allowed to vote. New Zealand became the first ever self-governing country in the world which allowed women the right to vote in parliamentary elections. It was a defining moment in New Zealand History. The little country at the bottom of the world could led the way.
The 1893 Electoral Act made New Zealand an exemplar country for women suffragists around the world. In most other democracies women did not win the right to vote until after the First World War.
While this would not have been possible has it not been for the contributions of the suffrage campaign women leading it like Kate Sheppard. This was only one part of history. A close examination of the 1893 Electoral Act shows that without the support of the men in government at the time this Bill would never of been passed. Yet even this support resulted from unexpected twists and terns. It shows that it was a complex system and there were a number of significant factors that led to its passing. For example In 1891, 1892 and 1983 the suffragist produced a series of campaigns and petitions which called on Parliament to grant the vote to women.
To acknowledge her efforts Kate Sheppard is on the New Zealand's $10 note with the symbol of women suffrage supporters beside her (the white camellias).
Figure 1: New Zealand's $10 Note
Throughout this website we will examine important questions such as what factors led to the 1893 Electoral Act, the course of events during the passing of the Electoral Act 1893 and what were the significant consequence of this Act for the lives of New Zealanders'. Throughout historical sources will be critiqued to determine the extent to which they can successfully (or otherwise) add to the picture created of this significant historical Event in New Zealand's History.
Website Created By Claire Skelton
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What is the name of Cleo Laine's husband who died in February 2010? | Dame Cleo Laine on her husband Sir John Dankworth's death - BBC News
BBC News
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Dame Cleo Laine on her husband Sir John Dankworth's death
3 November 2010 Last updated at 13:00 GMT
Dame Cleo Laine's big break came auditioning for Sir John Dankworth in the early 1950's and they later married and became a hugely successful jazz partnership.
Sir John died in February this year, at the age of 82, after months of ill health and Dame Cleo joined BBC Breakfast in her first television interview since his death.
| John Dankworth |
Which member of the Royal Family was banned from driving for speeding in 1987? | Dame Cleo Laine: 'I do my weeping silently, by myself’ - Telegraph
TV and Radio
Dame Cleo Laine: 'I do my weeping silently, by myself’
Dame Cleo Laine may be an unsentimental toughie, but the legendary jazz singer still grieves for her husband, says Judith Woods.
Dame Cleo Laine, jazz singer extraordinaire Photo: David Rose
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On the windowsill of Dame Cleo Laine’s Buckinghamshire sitting room, between the photograph of “Dankie getting gonged by the Queen” and the framed Valentine’s Day doggerel which rhymes “waffle” with “I loves yer, dear, with all my heart - and all me other offal”, stands a Hallmark card bearing the word “Granny” picked out in pastel flowers.
Dame Cleo, an indomitable 83, follows my gaze and raises an eyebrow, then, gingerly picking the card up as though with a pair of metaphorical tongs, explains it is a wry joke.
Why? Because she has no grandchildren?
“No,” she responds crisply. “Because they don’t have a granny. I don’t knit for them or cook for them or remember their birthdays or anything like that - I’m a great-grandmother too - but I suppose I do get them out of the s*** if they ever need money.”
She chuckles deeply, then sighs. “Oh dear, that wasn’t very diplomatic of me, was it? John was the diplomatic one, he always kept me in check.”
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Sir John Dankworth
07 Feb 2010
John, Dankie, is her late husband, Sir Johnny Dankworth, who died in hospital after a short illness last February, on the day of a milestone celebratory concert to mark the 40th anniversary of the couple’s music venue, The Stables, which they established in the grounds of their rural home in Wavendon, near Milton Keynes.
But despite the tragedy the show went on, indeed it was only moments before the finale that Dame Cleo broke the news of his passing to the audience. To say it came as a shock would be something of an understatement; subsequently she was commended in the media for her bravery. But it is an accolade that, somewhat oddly, still rankles.
“We had a full house expecting a very special concert and it would have been terribly deflating to have come out and said “Sorry, John’s dead but we’re going to carry on anyway,” she says.
“It wasn’t at all courageous, I was simply thinking of the poor audience; I’d come to terms with my “poor self” a long time previously.”
Dame Cleo manages to imbue the phrase “poor self” with such fiery derision that it’s hard not to wince until she (eventually, and it’s a pretty long wait) smiles and defuses the tension.
Jazz singer extraordinaire with a vocal range of four octaves, famed for her “scat” singing, although she prefers the term “vocalese” and a CV of best-selling recordings that would take too long to list, her virtuousity is such that she is the only female performer to have ever received Grammy nominations in the jazz, pop and classical categories.
Age has taken its inevitable toll, and the apple cheeks may no longer be so pert, but she remains a handsome woman, with a head of unruly curls and an impish smile that breaks out on her solemn features, often despite herself.
“The children quite often tell me I’m a toughie” she beams. “But life has a habit of knocking you sideways so you have to be prepared to stand firm. Yes, from time to time I am a complete wreck, but I do my weeping silently, by myself - I always think of Joyce Grenfell referring to people “speaking in a Sunday voice” to the bereaved, and I can’t stand that.”
She pulls an exaggeratedly pious face to illustrate the vehemance of her point. Certainly, it takes a toughie - and a not altogether diplomatic toughie at that - to volunteer details of her husband’s marital infidelity at a juncture when the posterity would be quite content to leave his memory unblemished.
Not only that, but when she does mention it, it is with the sort of dismissive matter-of-factness that would earn her a standing ovation from her fellow octogenarian Debo, Duchess of Devonshire who famously laments Britain’s fatal slide into sloppy sentimentality.
“I knew John probably had a fling from time to time when I was away on tour,” says Dame Cleo. “I’ve been on the road for most of my life and I know what it’s like when couples are separated and how even a man deeply in love can stray. I also know what men are like; but what was I going to do about it? I chose to be away.”
It’s a far cry from modern sensibilities, where the doctrine of equality means men are never excused philandering on the grounds of their biology. But Dame Cleo, brought up in Southall by her Jamaican father and English mother, witnessed at close hand his serial dalliances, which eventually led her parents to split up when her mother lost patience. Despite their mutual sadness and his deep remorse, they never got back together again.
“Occasionally I had opportunities for an affair but I never strayed because I didn’t want to embarrass John in such a way; it wouldn’t be fair to him,” she says, blythely unconcerned about any accusations of double standards.
“I truly loved him and we both realised that it would be a terrible thing to break up our partnership because one of us might have had a fling. Who would benefit from that? But when I found out about a fling that happened when I was appearing on Broadway in Into the Woods, I was very upset and angry and he was very contrite. I didn’t have many real worries married to him.”
As it transpired Dame Cleo’s what-the-eye-doesn’t-see pragmatism contributed to a marriage that was happy and fruitful. The couple, who met in 1951, when she auditioned for his band, had two children, jazz bassist Alec, 50 and jazz singer Jaqui, 48, both internationally successful in their own right.
Dame Cleo’s elder son, Stuart, from her first marriage lives in California, and is suffering from MS. She has just returned from a visit and intends to go back again shortly. But in the meantime life goes on as normal. She intends to keep singing until her plummy, rich voice begins to wobble - of which, astonishingly, there is as yet no hint.
“I was relying on John to tell me when I had to stop, but I’m sure my daughter will, when the time comes,” she says. “I am not going to be one of those people who carries on regardless and as I’m not a soppy emotional person, I won’t crumple when I'm told my performing days are over.”
Forthcoming shows include a gig at Ronnie Scott’s, although with a twinkle she confesses that she prefers large venues to the intimate clubs because she prefers people not to see her wrinkles. There is also television appearance on the in-depth Sky Arts interview series In Confidence, presented by Professor Laurie Taylor.
Along with a clutch of other high profile names - Stephen Fry, Mike Leigh, Tracey Emin - Dame Cleo has agreed to lay her soul bare in what invariably will be a revealing encounter. So why would she effectively put herself in the if not psychiatrist’s, then eminent sociologist’s chair?
“I just wanted to put the record straight about the anniversary concert because I’m no braver than anybody else, and if the boot had been on the other foot, John would have done the same,” she cries, perplexed that anyone should find her actions anything other than completely logical.
It’s easy to imagine that any partner left behind after a union - matrimonial, professional - lasting 52 years might struggle to regain their own identity. Dame Cleo insists this is not so; she and her husband’s careers converged every so often rather than being inextricably bound together.
“We each had clear roles; he was technically briliant as a musician, all I had was natural musicality. He also wore the trousers in the relationship, and would rein me in and advise me how to get the best out of people.”
An instinctive mediator and a humorous man (it was he who penned the rather unconventional sweetbread-related Valentine's Day verse), Sir John was a lively presence at Wavendon and both house and grounds are quieter without him.
Quieter, but not completely silent. Far from it. The Stables continue to buzz with musicians and singers from across the globe. The hedgerows are alive with spring birdsong. And then there’s Dame Cleo herself.
“I’m not unemotional, it’s just that I can keep it in and when I need release I can sing what I’m feeling,” she says. “ I put John’s ashes in the garden, down by the pond. It’s a very pretty spot and I visit him every day, to sit on the bench, chat to him, and sing my heart out.”
In Confidence is on Sky Arts 1 on Thursday nights at 10pm. Dame Cleo Laine’s apparance can be viewed on 12 May. See sky.com/arts.
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Fidel Castro made the longest speech ever at the 'United Nations' in 1960. How long was the speech? | Weird and wonderful: the facts about Fidel Castro | The Independent
Weird and wonderful: the facts about Fidel Castro
Tuesday 19 February 2008 09:22 BST
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The Independent US
Fidel Castro is retiring after almost half a century as leader of Cuba, leaving in his wake some fascinating facts:
LONGEST-SERVING LEADER: Fidel Castro was the world's third longest-serving head of state, after the Queen of Britain and the King of Thailand. He was its longest-serving government leader when illness forced him to hand over power to his brother in July 2006.
LONGEST SPEECH: Castro's holds the Guinness Book of Records title for the longest speech ever delivered at the United Nations: 4 hours and 29 minutes, on Sept. 29, 1960. His longest speech on record in Cuba was 7 hours and 10 minutes in 1986 at the III Communist Party Congress in Havana.
ASSASSINATION PLOTS: Castro claims he survived 634 attempts on his life, mainly masterminded by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency. They involved poison pills, a toxic cigar, exploding mollusks, a chemically tainted diving suit and powder to make his beard fall out so as to undermine his popularity.
OUTLASTED NINE US PRESIDENTS: Despite CIA plots, a US-backed exile invasion at the Bay of Pigs and four and a half decades of economic sanctions, Castro outlasted nine US presidents, from Eisenhower to Clinton, and faced increased hostility under George W. Bush, who tightened enforcement of financial sanctions and a travel ban.
LAST CIGAR PUFF: Castro, once a cigar-chomping guerrilla fighter, gave up cigars in 1985. Years later he summed up the harm of smoking tobacco by saying: "The best thing you can do with this box of cigars is to give them to your enemy."
FAMILY: Castro has at least eight children. His eldest son Fidel Castro Diaz-Balart, the spitting image of his father and known as Fidelito, is a Soviet-trained nuclear scientist. Daughter Alina Fernandez, the result of an affair with a Havana socialite when he was underground in the 1950s, escaped from Cuba disguised as a tourist in 1993 and is a vocal critic of Castro on her Miami radio program. Castro has five sons with his second wife Dalia Soto. Their names all begin with A. The youngest, Antonio, is the national baseball team's doctor.
RECORD-BREAKING COW: One of his pet projects was a cow called Ubre Blanca (or White Udder) that produced prodigious quantities of milk and became a propaganda tool for Cuba's collectivized agriculture in the 1980s. Ubre Blanca is in the Guinness Book of Records for the highest milk yield by a cow in one day - 110 litres (29 U.S. gallons).
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| 4 hours and 29 minutes |
After only 33 days in office, which Pope died in 1978? | Castro's Marathon Speech - ABC News
ABC News
N E W Y O R K, Sept. 9
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Cuban President Fidel Castro said all he could not say at a summit of world leaders in a 4 hour and 16 minutes speech to an audience of fervent New York sympathizers on Friday night.
The bearded Communist leader joked, gesticulated and lectured on subjects that ranged from the AIDS pandemic in Africa and the calorie intake of Cubans to his first handshake with President Clinton.
Dressed in his trademark olive green military fatigues, Castro was warmly received by a crowd of 2,000 Americans who support rapprochement between the United States and Cuba, which have been ideological enemies for four decades.
In a neogothic church built in 1930 by millionaire J.D. Rockefeller Jr, he denounced growing poverty and disease in Third World countries as a product of economic globalization.
Organized by Activist Groups
The event was organized by dozens of religious, political, labor and student activist groups who want Washington to lift its 38-year-old trade embargo of its Caribbean neighbor.
The crowd waved Cuban flags and chanted “Blockade, no; Cuba, yes” in Spanish, and sang Happy Birthday for Castro, who turned 74 on Aug. 13.
A banner at the front of the packed church on the upper west side of Manhattan said: “Welcome, Comandante Fidel.”
Castro was in New York to attend the three-day Millennium Summit of 150 leaders at the United Nations that focused on alleviating poverty in the world.
‘Catastrophic Situation’
Legendary for his lengthy speeches, Castro chided the United Nations for restricting the leaders’ time at the podium, and said he had spoken for just seven minutes at the summit, two minutes over the allotted time.
“It was an important meeting, because the world is in a really catastrophic situation,” he said.
Castro produced a wad of documents with statistics and expounded at length on social conditions in the world and in the United States, saying the gap between rich and poor was growing, echoing his words to the summit.
Despite the economic hardship in his country since the collapse of the Soviet Union, Cuba continued to send doctors to assist other developing nations, he said.
Castro criticized racial discrimination and capital punishment in the United States and drew strong applause when he called for the freeing of former Black Panther Mumia Abu-Jamal.
Abu-Jamal is on death row for the 1981 killing of a Philadelphia police officer. His case has become a cause celebre for the anti-capital punishment movement in the United States and abroad.
Sleeping Audience
After three hours, and more statistics, some of his audience had fallen asleep in the pews.
Others walked out exhausted, leaving the church half full by the end of his speech. It was almost as long as the 4 hours and 29 minutes he spoke at the United Nations in September 1960, the longest continuous speech ever given in the General Assembly.
Castro rallied his listeners when he recounted the return to school of Elian Gonzalez, the six-year-old boy at the center of a bitter international custody battle after he survived a shipwreck off Florida in which his mother drowned fleeing Cuba.
The boy returned to Cuba in June after courts upheld a U.S. government decision that he should live there with his father and not with exiled anti-Castro relatives in Miami, who tried to block his return.
‘Dignity and Courtesy’
Castro said his brief handshake with Clinton on Wednesday at the U.N. was a simple gesture of “dignity and courtesy” and it would have been cowardly for either of them to have tried to avoid the encounter in a crowded room.
“It all lasted less than 20 seconds,” he said of the incident which was apparently the first handshake between Castro and a U.S. president since the 1959 Cuban revolution.
U.S. officials said Castro approached Clinton and shook his hand. “Everyone knows that a Cuban with dignity does not go begging for a greeting,” he said to a final round of applause.
Castro was expected to leave New York early on Saturday.
Only a handful of protesters, who chanted “What is a murderer doing in church?” showed up outside Castro’s speaking event.
Earlier in the week, others opposed to his visit protested in New York. One group of women wore black in mourning, they said, for political prisoners in Cuba.
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Who played James Herriot in the TV drama series 'All Creatures Great and Small'? | All Creatures Great & Small
All Creatures Great & Small
Julian Norton, The Yorkshire Vet, with his dog
Yorkshire will take centre stage in a new documentary series based on the original 'All Creatures Great & Small' veterinary practice in Thirsk.
The Skeldale Veterinary Centre, where James Herriot based his famous books, will be the focus of The Yorkshire Vet, six-part series for Channel 5, launching on September 15 at 8pm.
The drama of the daily events at the practice on the edge of the Yorkshire Dales has been captured by Leeds-based TV company Daisybeck Studios, who gained exclusive access.
Julian Norton, who is the 'Yorkshire Vet', is one of the partners of the centre along with original Herriot trainee Peter Wright and they aren't afraid to get their hands dirty as they treat all creatures great and small.
Jacki Barlow with her Alpaca Lothario
The practice, steeped in history, is still run with a good old fashioned ethos combined with today's veterinary practices, specialising in both small animals and farm stock, and they travel across the Yorkshire Dales and North York Moors.
In keeping with the theme 'The Yorkshire Vet' will be narrated by actor Christopher Timothy, who played the role of James Herriot in the popular BBC TV show 'All Creatures Great & Small'.
The show has the support of the Herriot Centre who will also feature in Episode 3 of the show.
The show is a joint commission by Daisybeck and Group M entertainment.
Series Producer, Lou Cowmeadow, for Daisybeck said: "The show will bring to life the beauty of Yorkshire and its characters in all its glory, we were asked to make Yorkshire one of the stars of the show and that's what we've done."
All Creatures Great & Small, 15th September 2015, 12:00 PM
| Christopher Timothy |
Which member of the Royal Family married Katherine Worsley? | James Herriot's private hell: The shocking truth about the man behind TV's most famous vet | Daily Mail Online
James Herriot's private hell: The shocking truth about the man behind TV's most famous vet
Jim Wight is talking about his father's 'little attacks of melancholy'. His quaint turn of phrase evokes a bygone era when expressions such as 'having a turn' or 'an attack of the vapours' might just as easily be used.
But the much harsher word 'depression' would, today, be applied to describe his condition.
Jim says of his father, Alf - who is better known to millions by his pen name and alter ego James Herriot - 'My dad had a wonderfully happy life, but it was one that included little periods of depression, or whatever you like to call it.
The real James Herriot: Author Alf Wight - who used a pen name - based the character on his own experiences as a country vet
'He had the big one - a proper nervous breakdown - when I was in sixth form, but there were other little episodes, never lasting very long, throughout his life.
'Once, when he was having one of these attacks, I asked what was wrong, and he said he didn't know. He couldn't describe it as anything other than "overwhelming melancholy".'
How poignant then, that the country vet who took to writing about his experiences was unable to explain parts of his own life.
To this day, James Herriot and the fictionalised accounts of his life - based almost entirely on Alf's, but tweaked to avoid libel claims - remain etched on the national psyche, to the point that his old stomping ground, the Yorkshire Dales, is still known as Herriot Country.
Fifteen years after his death, he is still much loved. Yet the man whose books, such as All Creatures Great And Small, brought joy to millions was plagued by depression and feelings of inadequacy - due largely to his relationship with his own parents.
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Although from a modest background themselves, his parents never approved of Alf's choice of bride - Joan Danbury, a secretary - because they were socially ambitious for him.
His mother, Hannah, who had delusions of grandeur because her work as a dressmaker brought her into contact with another social scene, refused to come to the wedding; his father, James Alfred, stayed away in solidarity, and Alf was devastated.
It was after his own father's death - by which point Alf had a teenage family himself - that old wounds resurfaced and, in 1960, he suffered a nervous breakdown. Jim partly blames the family history.
'Although they had no money, his parents had scrimped and saved to send him to private school. It was because of this that he had got into university, and been able to follow his vocation. Twenty years on, he was hit badly by the death of his father, and maybe some old worries came to the fore.'
Jim, 67, who followed in his father's footsteps, first as a vet and then as a writer, believes now that Alf was tortured by the thought that he wasn't doing a good job as a father.
Peter Davison (left) as Tristan Farnon and Christopher Timothy as James Herriot in All Creatures Great and Small which was based on the books of Herriot
'It was linked in some way with his mother wanting certain standards for him. He thought he was failing us because he hadn't sent us to private school. Dad just couldn't afford to. With hindsight, it was a needless worry.
'I couldn't have had a better education, and the same goes for my sister, Rosie. I went to university and Rosie got accepted to both Oxford and Cambridge. But in the midst of his difficulties, my father couldn't see that. With depression, you can't put things into proportion.'
That inability to think rationally seeped into the marriage. At one point, Alf became convinced that Joan - always an outgoing, even mildly flirtatious woman - was having an affair.
There was no basis for his fears, but they tortured him anyway. The 'episode' lasted two years and resulted in Alf having controversial electroconvulsive therapy.
'I was in my late teens at the time, and I was shielded from the worst of it,' Jim remembers. 'All I knew was that my father kind of withdrew from everything - from us, from life really. He never talked much about it.'
Alf joined the Yorkshire veterinary practice of Donald Sinclair ( Siegfried Farnon in the book) in 1940. Twenty-six years later he started writing what was to become his ever popular memoir, All Creatures Great And Small.
In all, he wrote eight books about his life as a vet, which were adapted into a TV series and two films. Now, the house where he worked for most of his life - and the model for the vet's home in the famous TV series - is a museum that receives some 50,000 visitors a year. And his fans are not just from the UK.
Jim talks about his own introduction to the James Herriot world - although it would be many years before it was formally known as that.
'From the age of three my father took me to work with him,' he says. 'When he got a call, I'd hop in the car with him and we'd be off, on this great adventure. By five, I was pretty much qualified to do the job myself. There was never a question of me not being a vet.'
As well as writing his father's biography, Jim has also contributed to Herriot: A Vet's Life, a book of nostalgic reflections by the famed Yorkshire writer WR Mitchell, a friend of his father's.
It's more than 30 years since the TV series starring Christopher Timothy and Robert Hardy was first screened, but James Herriot will soon be introduced to a new generation. One of the original scriptwriters is currently penning a new series - a prequel which focuses on his experiences at vet school in Glasgow.
Would his father have approved? Alf was fond of saying that he was a vet first and an author second. He would often make the point that, in the middle of the night, when a cow was in distress, farmers cared not a jot for echoes of George Bernard Shaw.
'He always said he was 90 per cent vet and ten per cent author, although his earnings were 90 per cent from writing and ten per cent from veterinary work.
'People often ask me when my father actually retired from veterinary work. That always has me scratching my head. He never really did. He kept coming in, even though he wasn't taking a penny in pay. He just did it because he loved it. It was a way of life, not just a job.'
Although we may never know whether the writing process helped Alf Wight come to terms with the difficult parts of his own past, his son believes that his father remained fascinated with the human condition until he died.
'He was an incredibly sensitive man, with a deep interest in people. I think that's what made him a wonderful writer. One of the things that people get most wrong about my father is that he wrote "nice little stories about animals".
A play based on his work is opening soon and someone asked me recently, "How on earth will they get the animals on stage?" To me, that misses the point. My father didn't write about animals - he wrote about people. That, I think, is what keeps his work alive today.'
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Who was Transport Minister in 1967 when 'Breathalyser tests were introduced? | The 9th of October 1967 AD, Breathalyser Introduced
Breathalyser Introduced
The 9th of October 1967 AD
The age of motoring innocence � albeit an increasingly dangerous age � came to an end with the introduction by then transport minister Barbara Castle of the breathalyser in October 1967. Ad hoc tests of sobriety such as making drivers stand on one leg, or walk a straight line, were thrust aside for a more scientific measure, though the breathalyser was initially only used for indicative purposes, a subsequent blood or urine test the actual evidential proof. Three years previously tests had hit on the blood alcohol level of 80mg of alcohol per 100ml as the limit beyond which driving was unsafe. The necessary legislation received royal assent in May 1967; and police forces were issued with the breathalyser equipment in preparation. The first driver to be tested happened to be stopped in Shropshire .
Somewhat incredibly there was major resistance to the very idea of the breathalyser test, and the 12-month driving ban for those caught over the limit. Even after the introduction Barbara Castle faced protests � at one public event a group of publicans berated her for the damage it was doing to their business. But in the first 12 months in which the device was used, and with the additional push of an advertising campaign, road deaths reduced by more than 1100, and serious injuries sustained in car accidents by more than 11,000. After such an impact few could argue that the action had not been both successful and necessary.
| Barbara Castle, Baroness Castle of Blackburn |
Who played Anna in the film version of 'The King and I'? | UK Drink Driving Law History – Drinkdriving.org
The Year of 1872
1872 Licensing Act
In 1872 it became an offence to be drunk while in charge of carriages, horses, cattle and steam engines!! The penalty for which was a fine not exceeding 40 shillings OR at the discretion of the court, imprisonment with or without hard labour for a term not exceeding one month.
The Year of 1896
British Motoring History Begins
January 14th 1896 saw the formation of Daimler Motor Company Ltd. This was the UK's first serial production motor car company. They produced 89 vehicles in the first 8 months of production from their site in Coventry. The British motor industry had officially begun!
The Year of 1899
First Fatal Motor Car Accident in Britain
The year of 1899 saw the first fatal motor car accident in Britain. The rear wheel of a 6HP Daimler collapsed and two men named Edwin Sewell and Major Richer were thrown from the vehicle and died as a result. The accident happened at Grove Hill in Harrow.
The Year of 1925
1925 Criminal Justice Act
In 1925 it became an offence to be found drunk in charge of ANY mechanically propelled vehicle on any highway or other public place. The penalty for which was a fine not exceeding 50 pounds and/or imprisonment for a period not exceeding 4 months as well as a disqualification from holding a driving licence for a minimum period of 12 months.
The Year of 1930
1930 Road Traffic Act
In 1930 it became an offence to drive, attempt to drive or be in charge of a motor vehicle on a road or any other public place while being "under the influence of drink or a drug to such an extent as to be incapable of having proper control of the vehicle". No legal drink driving limit was set until 1967.
The Year of 1960
1960 Road Traffic Act
In 1960 it became an offence to drive, attempt to drive or be in charge of a motor vehicle on a road or other public place while "unfit to drive through drink or drugs". No legal drink driving limit was set until 1967.
The Year of 1962
1962 Road Traffic Act (aka The Marples Act)
In 1962 it became an offence for any person to drive, attempt to drive or be in charge of a motor vehicle if their "ability to drive properly was for the time being impaired". No legal drink driving limit was set until 1967.
The possibility of using blood, urine or breath for alcohol analysis was approached in the Road Traffic Act of 1962 (aka The Marples Act), it was not considered to be an offence to fail/refuse to supply a breath, blood or urine specimen. However, failing to do so without reasonable cause could "be treated as supporting any evidence given on behalf of the prosecution, or as rebutting any evidence given on behalf of the defence".
Before this act was introduced successful drink driving prosecutions relied heavily upon the subjective tests and observations of so called 'police surgeons' and other evidence such as witness statements alongside any statements made by the accused.
The Year of 1964
Accidents, Alcohol and Risk Study
A study entitled Grand Rapids Effects Revisited: Accidents, Alcohol and Risk funded by the U.S public health service and the Licensed Beverage Industries of New York was carried out in 1964, the study showed that 80mg of alcohol per 100ml of blood was the level at which the chances of being involved in a crash rose sharply for most drivers.
The Year of 1965
UK Government Prepares to Introduce New Drink Driving Limit
The UK government announced that it was preparing to introduce a maximum legal blood alcohol limit for drivers (drink driving limit). This move came as a result of the increase of road traffic accidents involving drivers who had been drinking alcohol.
The Year of 1967
Introduction of the Maximum Legal Drink Drive Limit (Road Safety Act 1967)
The Road Safety Act of 1967 introduced the first maximum legal blood alcohol (drink driving) limit in the UK. The limit was set at a maximum BAC (blood alcohol concentration) of 80mg of alcohol per 100ml of blood or the equivalent 107 milligrams of alcohol per 100 millilitres of urine. It became an offence to drive, attempt to drive or be in charge of a motor vehicle with a blood alcohol concentration that exceeded the maximum prescribed legal limit.
Failing to Provide 'Evidential' Specimen became an Offence
The Road Safety Act of 1967 also made it an offence for "A person who, without reasonable excuse, fails to provide a specimen for a laboratory test'. Any person who failed to provide an evidential blood or urine specimen for a laboratory test without reasonable excuse could be prosecuted and punished as if the offence charged were an offence of either driving, attempting to drive or being in charge of a motor vehicle with a blood alcohol concentration above the maximum prescribed legal limit.
Introduction of the Roadside Breathalyser
In 1967 the breathalyser act was given royal assent. Transport minister Barbara Castle introduced the breathalyser as a way of testing a person's BAC (blood alcohol concentration) level at the roadside. The act stated that the breathalyser device must be one that is type approved by the government . People protested to the introduction of the breathalyser and claimed that it was an infringement of their personal liberties, especially publicans, many of whom claimed impending bankruptcy.
Failing to Provide a Preliminary Specimen of Breath becomes and Offence
The Road Safety Act 1967 made provisions so that any person who, without reasonable excuse, fails to provide a specimen of breath for a preliminary breath test is guilty of an offence and is subjected to arrest without warrant and liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding £50.00.
The Year of 1968
First Breathalyser is Type Approved
The first preliminary roadside breathalyser to be type approved by the home office was the Alcotest 80, manufactured by Dräger Ltd. The number 80 in the name refers to the BAC (blood alcohol concentration) limit it was designed to detect.
The introduction of the breathalyser in the UK, along with a heavy Government run advertising campaign helped decrease the percentage of road traffic accidents where alcohol had been a factor from 25% to 15% in the first year. This resulted in 1,152 fewer recorded deaths, 11,177 fewer serious injuries and 28,130 fewer slight injuries caused by road traffic accidents.
The Year of 1981
1981 Transport Act Introduces Evidential Breath Testing
The 1981 Transport Act introduced evidential breath testing and stated that 35 microgrammes of alcohol in 100 millilitres of breath (the equivalent of 80mg of alcohol in 100ml of blood) was to be the maximum legal breath alcohol limit.
Although the act introduced evidential breath testing legislation, it was not actually established and implemented until 1983. This was due to the various tests and trials that were, at the time, being carried out on evidential breath testing machines and the need for the manufacturers of these machines to produce, test and check large quantities for wide scale distribution and implementation.
The police force also needed to train its officers in the correct use of evidential breath testing machines in order to ensure correct procedure was always followed, this also took a considerable amount of time.
The Statutory Option
The 1981 Transport Act stated that motorists that provided a breath test reading of up to 50 microgrammes of alcohol per 100 millilitres of breath or less could have the right to the statutory option of providing a blood or urine sample (whichever the police officer specified) instead. The statutory option was introduced to help instil confidence in the reliability and accuracy of evidential breath testing machines.
The Year of 1983
Evidential Breath Testing is put into Practice
1983 seen the introduction, type approval and implementation of the Lion Intoximeter 3000. The Lion Intoximeter 3000 is an evidential breath testing machine that provided much more accurate and reliable results than the portable hand-held breathalyser devices the police used at the roadside for preliminary breath testing. The readings these machines produced could be used as a basis for prosecution and hard evidence in a court of law!
The introduction of these evidential breath testing machines caused much controversy as to how accurate the readings actually were. However, the readings they produced, were scientifically proven to be very accurate and evidential breath testing, to this day, remains to be the principal means of testing a drivers BAC (blood alcohol concentration) level in order to help secure drink driving related convictions in a court of law.
High Risk Offender Scheme
1983 also saw the introduction of the High Risk Offender (HRO) scheme, intended to manage convicted drink drivers who may have an alcohol problem. This is achieved by attending a DVLA medical , part of the medical includes providing a blood sample for analysis.
Drivers who fall into this category are required to satisfy the DVLA of their fitness to drive and a hold a driving licence. They must prove that they do not misuse alcohol and they are not alcohol dependant. High risk offenders must satisfactorily complete the medical before they will be issued with a driving licence upon expiration of a driving disqualification.
High Risk Offenders are drivers who:
Have been disqualified by order of a court for being over two and a half times the legal drink driving limit with a blood alcohol content that equalled or exceeded:
87.5 microgrammes per 100 millilitres of breath, or
200 milligrammes per 100 millilitres of blood, or
267.5 milligrammes per 100 millilitres of urine; OR
Have been disqualified by order of a court for failing, without reasonable excuse, to provide a specimen for analysis when ordered to do so pursuant to section 7 of The Road Traffic Act 1988 ; OR
In 1991, in addition to drivers who fall into the categories above, the high risk offender scheme was extended to cover drivers who:
Have been disqualified by an order of court on two or more occasions within a 10 year period for any drink drive offence
In 2013, in addition to drivers who fall into the categories above, the high risk offender scheme was extended to cover drivers who:
Have been disqualified by order of court by reason of failing, without reasonable excuse, to give permission for a laboratory test of a specimen of blood taken while that person was incapable of consenting.
The Year of 1991
New Criminal Offence Introduced
The Road Traffic Act of 1991 introduced a new offence of 'Causing death by driving while under the influence of alcohol or drugs' which carried a compulsory prison sentence of up to five years.
Drink Driving Rehabilitation Courses Introduced
Section 30 of the Road Traffic Act 1991 introduced a provision for sentencing courts to refer those who are disqualified for drink driving offences to approved drink driving rehabilitation courses . The main aim of these courses is to educate offenders in order to help prevent re-offending. Completing the drink driving rehabilitation course can reduce any disqualification period by up to 25% and can help reduce car insurance premiums for convicted drivers .
The Year of 2000
Drink Driving Rehabilitation Courses Adopted Nationwide
With effect from January 1st 2000, a nationwide scheme was implemented that enabled all courts across the UK to be able to refer convicted drink drivers to the drink driving rehabilitation course .
The Year of 2002
Most serious drink drive offenders must sit extended re-test
As of 2002, drivers convicted of causing death by driving when under the influence of alcohol or drugs are required to pass an extended test before being allowed to drive again.
In 2002 doctors were also given the right to take blood samples from unconscious or incapacitated drivers without their consent. Even though a blood sample can be taken while a driver is incapacitated or unconscious, once the driver regains consciousness, he must give consent for that sample to be analysed. Failure to allow a specimen to be subjected to a laboratory test when 'driving or attempting to drive' is a criminal offence.
The Year of 2004
Maximum sentence increased for serious drink driving offence
The maximum penalty for causing death by driving when under the influence of alcohol or drugs was increased to 14 years in 2004.
The Year of 2005
Evidential roadside breath testing law
In 2005 police officers were given the power to require evidential breath specimens elsewhere other than at the police station. Section 154 of The Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005 made amendments to The Road Traffic Act 1988. These amendments granted police officers the power to require drivers to provide an evidential breath specimen at or near any place where a preliminary breath test was, or would have been so administered but for an individuals failure to co-operate with it.
Police officers were granted the power to administer evidential breath tests at the roadside, in practice however, they were unable to exercise this power as no roadside evidential breath testing device/s had yet been type approved.
The Year of 2008
Comprehensive breath testing statistical data collected
In 2008, The Department for Transport funded every police force in England and Wales in order to buy newly approved, memory equipped roadside screening breath testing devices. These screening devices are able to collect and store data electronically which can then be transferred to a central database. The data they can store includes the age and gender of any driver required to take a preliminary breath test alongside the date and time; the reason for the test and the test result. Comprehensive statistical data on drivers who are below the legal limit and their involvement in any accident starts being collected for the first time in history.
The Year of 2010
DRINK DRIVING LIMIT, LAWS AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK UNDER REVIEW
Government efforts to improve road safety, reduce fatalities and combat drink driving continue. A report commissioned by the Department for Transport (DFT) carried out by Sir Peter North CBE QC reviewed the legal framework in Britain for both drink and drug driving.
The review was requested by the Rt. Hon. Lord Adonis (former Secretary of State for Transport) in order for the Government to examine possible changes to current legislature and the legal framework governing drink and drug driving in the UK.
Recommendations from the report included:
lowering the current legal limit of 80mg of alcohol per 100ml of blood to 50 mg of alcohol per 100ml and the equivalents in both breath and urine
the introduction, type approval and use of portable hand-held evidential breathalysers that can be used at the road side no later than the end of 2011
the introduction of police powers to be able to breathalyse anyone that is driving a vehicle, regardless of circumstances (random breath testing)
the possibility of permanently disqualifying repeat drink driving offenders
the removal of the statutory option allowing drivers with low BAC (blood alcohol content) levels to opt to provide an alternative sample of blood or urine rather than a sample of breath
closing a loop hole that allows high risk offenders to drive once their ban has expired, they have applied for a licence and before they have been classed as fit to drive by a DVLA appointed doctor
The Year of 2013
Government clamps down on high risk offenders
Government amends and introduces new legislation specifically targeting drink drivers who are classified as 'High Risk Offenders'. The new legislation came into force on 1st June 2013.
Disqualified drivers classified as 'High Risk Offenders' are required to satisfy the DVLA (Driver & Vehicle Licensing Agency) of their fitness to drive upon expiration of their driving disqualification by attending and passing a DVLA medical examination . This is in place to help detect if a person is alcohol dependent and/or misuses alcohol and helps ensure if they are, they are kept off the road due to the increased chance of them re-offending.
Prior to June 1st 2013 the majority of people disqualified from driving who were classified as high risk offenders retained legal entitlement to drive once their disqualification had expired and before they had attended and passed a DVLA medical examination if a qualifying driving licence application had been received by the DVLA.
This was seen as a loophole in the system by many and the DVLA stated they had evidence that suggested many high risk offenders were abusing the system by delaying their medical examinations in order to continue legally driving despite the fact they may not have been deemed fit to drive by DVLA medical standards.
Section 88 of The Road Traffic Act 1988 Amended
Section 88 of The Road Traffic Act 1988 was amended for this reason and new legislation requires that, as of 1st June 2013, all disqualified drivers classified as high risk offenders MUST attend, pass and satisfy the DVLA of their fitness to drive before they will be issued with a driving licence and be legally entitled to drive again.
High Risk Offender Scheme Extended
Section 74 of The Motor Vehicle (Driving Licences) 1999 act was also amended and the high risk offender scheme which requires medical investigation for drivers convicted of relevant drink driving related offences was extended to include:
Any person disqualified by order of court by reason of failing, without reasonable excuse, to give permission for a laboratory test of a specimen of blood taken while that person was incapable of consenting.
Any person convicted of the aforementioned offence as of the 1st June 2013 will be classified as a high risk offender requiring medical investigation into their fitness to drive.
Road Safety Minister, Stephen Hammond commented on the new legislation stating:
"Drink drivers are a menace and it is right we do everything we can to keep the most high risk offenders off the road".
The Year of 2014
Scotland Reduces Drink Drive Limit to 50mg of alcohol per 100ml of Blood
A Scottish Statutory Instrument entitled The Road Traffic Act 1988 (Prescribed Limit) (Scotland) Regulations 2014 which was made on 20th November 2014 introduced changes to the maximum prescribed legal alcohol limit in relation to driving or attempting to drive and being in charge of a vehicle in Scotland.
The Statutory Instrument lowered the maximum legal alcohol limit in relation to driving or attempting to drive and being in charge of a vehicle in Scotland from 80mg of alcohol per 100ml of blood to 50mg of alcohol per 100ml of blood.
As of 5th December 2014 when the changes came into force the new maximum legal prescribed alcohol limit in Scotland in relation to driving or attempting to drive and being in charge of a vehicle became:
22 microgrammes of alcohol in 100 millilitres of breath; or
50 milligrammes of alcohol in 100 millilitres of blood; or
67 milligrammes of alcohol in 100 millilitres of urine.
Kenny MacAskill MSP (Member of the Scottish Parliament) who introduced the Statutory Instrument stated:
"This is about improving road safety, we know that alcohol impairment does kick in mostly at 50mg. That’s the level where it's quite clear that driving is impaired."
The maximum legal prescribed alcohol limit of 80mg of alcohol per 100ml of blood remains the same in England and Wales. This means that motorists who are within the legal limit in England and Wales may well exceed the maximum legal limit by simply crossing the border into Scotland.
The Year of 2015
| i don't know |
What was Roger Moore's first Bond film? | Roger Moore | James Bond Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
A View to a Kill
Sir Roger George Moore, CBE (born October 14, 1927) is an English actor known for his suave and witty demeanor. He is known best for portraying two fictional English action heroes, Simon Templar in the television series The Saint, from 1962 to 1969 , and as Sean Connery 's successor as James Bond in the phenomenally successful film series from 1973 to 1985, and a UNICEF ambassador since 1991.
Biography
Roger Moore was born in Stockwell, London , the son of a policeman, he attended Dr Challoner's Grammar School in Amersham, Buckinghamshire, England . During World War II , he served in the entertainment branch (above luminaries such as Spike Milligan). He first appeared in films in the 1940s, as an extra, and then was a leading man, notably in television. Besides having been The Saint, many episodes of which he also directed, Moore was Ivanhoe, the noble knight, and featured as the leading man of The Persuaders! It was for this he was paid the then unheard of sum of one million pounds for a single series, making him the highest paid television actor in the world.
While filming Octopussy in India in 1983, he was shocked at the utter poverty on display, Moore has engaged in humanitarian work. His colleague Audrey Hepburn impressed him with her work for UNICEF, and consequently he became UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador in 1991. He was the voice of "Santa" in the UNICEF cartoon "The Fly Who Loved Me." Moore was also involved in the production of an informative video for PETA that protests against the production and wholesale of foie gras. Moore narrates the video, which shows how ducks and geese are force-fed in order to appease the demand for the "delicacy."
In 1999 , Moore was created a Commander of the British Empire (CBE), and a Knight Commander of the British Empire (KBE) on June 14, 2003.
Now in his late seventies, Moore appears only occasionally in film or television, notably an episode of the American TV series Alias, in 2002.
Moore has a daughter and two sons with Luisa Mattioli; son Geoffrey Moore also is an actor, and owns a restaurant in London . Daughter Deborah Moore made a guest appearance as a flight attendant in Die Another Day .
Moore underwent major but successful surgery for prostate cancer in 1993, an event he later referred to as a life-changing experience.
James Bond
There are a lot of apocryphal stories as to when Moore's name was first dropped as a possible candidate for
Roger Moore as James Bond 007
the mantle of James Bond. Some sources, specifically Albert R. Broccoli from his autobiography When The Snow Melts, claim that Moore was considered for Dr. No , and that he was Ian Fleming 's favorite for the role after apparently having seen Moore as Simon Templar; however, this story is often debunked by fans and Bond-film historians, who point to the fact that the series did not begin airing in the United Kingdom until October 4, 1962 —only one day before the premiere of Dr. No. Other sources, such as the insert for the special edition DVDs, claim that Moore was passed over for Bond in favour of someone who was older. As Moore is older than Sean Connery, this is probably not true. Publicly, Moore wasn't linked to the role of 007 until 1967 , when Harry Saltzman claimed he would make a good Bond, but also displayed misgivings due to his popularity as Simon Templar. Nevertheless, Moore was finally cast as James Bond in Live and Let Die ( 1973 ).
Moore's seven years as Simon Templar earned him enough popularity (and credibility) among fans of detective fiction to earn many Bond fans' acceptance, despite the inevitable comparisons to Connery, who was and is a friend of Moore.
After Live and Let Die, Moore also played the suave and sophisticated agent in:
Roger Moore in For Your Eyes Only
his retirement from the role in 1985), and seven official films (Connery also made seven, but his last Bond film, Never Say Never Again (1983), is not part of the official EON Productions Bond series.) He is also the oldest actor to play Bond: he was 45 when he debuted and 58 when he announced his retirement on December 3, 1985.
Moore's James Bond was light-hearted, more so than any other official actor to portray the character. Connery's style, even in its lighter moments, was that of a focused, determined detective. Moore often portrayed 007 as somewhat of a playboy, with tongue firmly in cheek. The humor served Moore and his fans well through most of his Bond tenure. Fans also relished the moments when his Bond was all business, especially in the more intense parts of The Spy Who Loved Me, For Your Eyes Only, and Octopussy (when, despite wearing a clown getup, he defuses a bomb). It is generally agreed that of the six actors to have played Bond, Moore's portrayal was the furthest removed from the character created by Ian Fleming.
In a commercial for London 's 2012 Olympic bid, Moore once again suited up as James Bond. He appeared alongside Samantha Bond , who played Miss Moneypenny in the Pierce Brosnan series of Bond films.
External links
Sir Roger Moore @ Fan Site - best source of information about Sir Roger Moore's film and TV work on the net
Roger Moore at the Internet Movie Database.
Sir Roger Moore's Official Website - contains articles on Roger's work with UNICEF as well as his entertainment career
| Live and Let Die |
What word would describe a type of shoe and and Irish accent? | Roger Moore - Biography - IMDb
Roger Moore
Biography
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Jump to: Overview (3) | Mini Bio (2) | Spouse (4) | Trade Mark (6) | Trivia (111) | Personal Quotes (76) | Salary (10)
Overview (3)
6' 1" (1.85 m)
Mini Bio (2)
Roger Moore will perhaps always be remembered as the man who replaced Sean Connery in the James Bond series, arguably something he never lived down. Roger George Moore was born on October 14, 1927 in Stockwell, London, England, the son of Lillian (Pope) and George Alfred Moore, a policeman. He first wanted to be an artist, but got into films full time after becoming an extra in the late 1940s. Moore also served in the British military during the Second World War. He came to America in 1953. Suave, extremely handsome, and an excellent actor, he got a contract with MGM . His initial foray met with mixed success, with movies like Diane (1956) and Interrupted Melody (1955), as well as The Last Time I Saw Paris (1954).
Moore went into television in the 1950s in shows like Ivanhoe (1958) and The Alaskans (1959), but probably got the most recognition from Maverick (1957), as cousin Beau. In 1962, he got his big breakthrough, at least internationally, as The Saint (1962). The show made him a superstar and he became very successful thereafter. Moore ended his run as the Saint, and was one of the premier stars of the world, but he was not catching on in America. In an effort to change this, he agreed to star with Tony Curtis in ITC's The Persuaders! (1971), but although hugely popular in Europe, it did not catch on in the United States and was canceled. Just prior to making the series, he starred in the dark The Man Who Haunted Himself (1970), which proved there was far more to Moore than the light-hearted roles he had previously accepted.
Next, he was offered and accepted the role of James Bond, and once audiences got used to the change of style from Connery's portrayal, they also accepted him. Live and Let Die (1973), his first Bond movie, grossed more outside of America than Diamonds Are Forever (1971); Connery's last outing as James Bond. He went on to star in another six Bond films, before bowing out after A View to a Kill (1985) in 1985. He was 57 at the time the film was made and was looking a little too old for Bond - it was possibly one film too many. In between times, there had been more success with appearances in films such as That Lucky Touch (1975), Shout at the Devil (1976), The Wild Geese (1978), Escape to Athena (1979) and ffolkes (1980).
Despite his fame from the Bond films and many others, the United States never completely took to him until he starred in The Cannonball Run (1981) alongside Burt Reynolds , a big hit there. After relinquishing his role as Bond, his work load tended to diminish a little, though he did star in the American box office flop Fire, Ice & Dynamite (1990), as well as the comedy Bullseye! (1990), with Michael Caine . He did the overlooked comedy Bed & Breakfast (1991), as well as the television movie The Man Who Wouldn't Die (1994), and then the major Jean-Claude Van Damme flop The Quest (1996). Moore then took second rate roles such as Spice World (1997), and the American television series The Dream Team (1999). Although his film work may have slowed down, he is still very much in the public eye, be it appearing on television chat shows or hosting documentaries.
Roger Moore was created a Commander of the Order of the British Empire on 31 December 1998 in the New Year Honours list for services to UNICEF and on 14 June 2003, in the Queen's Birthdays honors, was promoted to Knight Commander of the same order his services to the charities UNICEF and Kiwanis International.
Tinted gold-rimmed spectacles (worn in later years)
Trivia (111)
During the early stages of his career, Roger collected towels from the hotels he stayed in. However, he stopped when a British newspaper printed a story entitled "Roger Moore is a towel thief". He revealed on So Graham Norton (1998) that he still has the collection in his Swiss home.
He succeeded Audrey Hepburn as goodwill ambassador for UNICEF.
Father of Geoffrey Moore , Christian Moore and Deborah Moore .
He was created a Commander of the Order of the British Empire on December 31, 1998 in the New Year Honours list for services to UNICEF and on June 14, 2003, in the Queen's Birthdays honours, was promoted to Knight Commander of the same order his services to the charities UNICEF and Kiwanis International.
Was scheduled to make his musical theatre debut as Sir George in "Aspects of Love" in 1990. He left the production days before his escape clause expired due to his own concerns over his singing ability. He was replaced by Kevin Colson .
Received an International Humanitarian Award from the London Variety Club for his charity work. [May 2000]
His father, George Alfred Moore, was a policeman.
Whilst doing National Service, Moore served with Military Intelligence.
In just a few days after he had arrived in the United States in 1952, he appeared in the television play World by the Tail (1953).
Good friends with Lois Maxwell , who played Miss Moneypenny in the James Bond movies. They first met in mid 1940s at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts, where they were in the same class in 1944.
On January 13, 2001, Roger and his then companion, Christina 'Kiki' Tholstrup , escaped injury when another vehicle collided with the actor's car. Airbags were attributed to preventing injury. They married the next year.
In 1990, he participated as a guest host in "33 Zecchino d'Oro".
Received an honorary degree from Ryerson University in Toronto, Ontario, Canada (1999).
His contract for the 007 films provided him with an unlimited supply of Montecristo cigars during filming. The bill for this typically ran to thousands of pounds.
Resides in Switzerland and Monte Carlo with his wife Christina 'Kiki' Tholstrup (2002).
In 1954, he was offered contracts with the Royal Shakespeare Company or MGM. Noël Coward advised him to go for the money.
Despite playing James Bond in seven Bond films, he never ordered a vodka martini shaken not stirred.
He was the oldest person to debut as James Bond. He was age 45 when Live and Let Die (1973) was filmed.
On May 21, 1964, he was Air France's 8,000,000th passenger.
On May 7, 2003, he collapsed during a matinee performance of the Broadway comedy "The Play What I Wrote", but finished the show after a 10-minute break. Roger was playing the role of the mystery guest star, which the cameo role is filled by celebrities, when he fainted toward the end of the second act. He was taken to the hospital after the show. The next day, he was fitted with a pacemaker - something he had been previously told he would eventually have to get.
Was best man at friends Bryan Forbes and Nanette Newman 's wedding
Ironically for his first Razzie nomination (Worst Supporting Actor in Spice World (1997)), he went head to head with another former Bond, Sean Connery in The Avengers (1998), also receiving his first Razzie nomination. However, neither man won.
He was older than any other actor to play James Bond when he portrayed him age 57 in A View to a Kill (1985). Sean Connery was age 52 when he last played Bond in Never Say Never Again (1983).
A close friend of the Danish Royal Family, especially the Grevinde Alexandra , attended the Christening of Princess Alexandra and Prins Joachim 's youngest son, Felix. Attended the wedding of the Danish Kronprins Frederik and Kronprinsesse Mary on May 14, 2004.
He was born in the same Labour Ward in London as the actor Brian Weske , five years previously.
Attended the wedding of Joan Collins and Percy Gibson .
Underwent surgery for prostate cancer in 1993.
Speaks Italian perfectly, former wife Luisa Mattioli is an Italian citizen.
Was cast in two roles that were originally offered to Patrick McGoohan : Simon Templar in The Saint (1962) and James Bond in Live and Let Die (1973).
Often spends summers in Hornbæk, Denmark, where his wife Christina 'Kiki' Tholstrup has a summer house.
Detests doing scenes that involve him shooting firearms - which caused him to ruin countless 007 takes.
Quit smoking cigarettes in 1971 following a stern lecture from Tony Curtis on the set of The Persuaders! (1971).
Both he and his daughter, Deborah Moore , have acted in the James Bond franchise. She played the air hostess in Die Another Day (2002).
Officially announced his retirement from playing James Bond on December 3, 1985, as it was agreed by all involved in the franchise that Moore had got too old for the role by that point. Moore himself was quoted as saying that he felt embarrassed to be seen performing love scenes with beautiful actresses who were young enough to be his daughters.
Took part in a special celebrity edition of Blind Date on The Prince's Trust 30th Birthday: Live (2006). He and actor Richard E. Grant lost to The X Factor (2004)'s Chico Slimani , who got to date Dame Edna Everage (aka Barry Humphries ).
Publicly supported the Conservative Party in the 2001 General Election.
Chose a Swedish conference on child abuse to announce to the world that he too was a victim. He said he was molested as a child, but not seriously. He waited until he was age 16 to tell his mother because he said he was "ashamed".
Rides in or drives a motor-powered boat in every James Bond movie he has appeared in.
Has played James Bond in seven movies of the official EON series, the most of any actor to date ( Sean Connery also played Bond in seven films, but one of them, Never Say Never Again (1983), was unofficial).
He never drove the most famous of all James Bond cars in a Bond film i.e. a 1964 silver birch Aston Martin DB5 or any other Aston Martin model. The DB5 was made famous by the Sean Connery James Bond movies Goldfinger (1964) and then Thunderball (1965) with later models appearing in some subsequent Bond pictures. However, Moore, who played James Bond seven times, has only ever been seen on screen with this make once and that was in The Cannonball Run (1981) where he self-parodies his James Bond persona. In this movie, the DB5's license plate number was 6633PP.
Following the suggestion that fugitive train robber Ronald Biggs make a cameo appearance in the Brazil episode of Moonraker (1979), he replied in rather colorful terms that he did not want the escaped prisoner anywhere near the film, as his own father had been a London Policeman.
All the scenes in which showed Moore running in his seven Bond movies were performed by doubles, since the actor felt he looked awkward running.
When presenting the Best Actor Oscar awards at the The 45th Annual Academy Awards (1973), Moore ended up taking home the Oscar accidentally. The winner of the award, Marlon Brando , refused the award, and Sacheen Littlefeather , who Brando sent to make a speech to refuse the Oscar, also publicly refused to take the statuette from Moore.
Nearly died from double pneumonia when he was five.
Underwent three operations to remove kidney stones in his thirties.
Has named The Spy Who Loved Me (1977) as his favorite Bond movie of the seven he starred in, and A View to a Kill (1985) as his least favorite.
Attended the funeral of Sir John Mills in Denham, Buckinghamshire on April 27, 2005.
He was close friends and neighbours with the late Sir Peter Ustinov .
Quit smoking cigars after undergoing major surgery for prostate cancer when he was age 65.
Ironically, for an actor who has played a weapons-wielding James Bond in no fewer than seven movies, Moore suffers from hoplophobia (fear of firearms).
Intended For Your Eyes Only (1981) to be his final Bond movie, since he was nearly age 54.
Close friends with David Niven , Tommy Cooper , Dudley Moore and Sir Elton John .
Although Moore claimed to have quit smoking cigarettes while filming The Persuaders! (1971), a filmed interview from on the set of For Your Eyes Only (1981) shows him smoking a cigarette.
Future EastEnders (1985) star Mike Reid worked as his underwater stunt double in The Saint (1962), but was fired after making fun of Moore's thinning hair.
Hates being wet when acting. In Moonraker (1979), he had to do a whole scene wet, in the "Mayan pyramid".
Although critics often accused him of not looking tough enough to play superspy James Bond, he once beat up legendary American hellraiser Lee Marvin while they were filming Shout at the Devil (1976). Marvin recalled, "The guy is built like granite. Nobody will ever underestimate him again.".
Used to own a house in Eaton Square in London, but was only allowed to spend a maximum of ninety days a year there for tax reasons.
While filming the interrogation scene opposite Richard Burton and Richard Harris in The Wild Geese (1978), Moore made the unheard of request to have a cut in his lines. After another take he suggested all his lines should be cut. When the director Andrew V. McLaglen asked him why, he replied, "Do you seriously think I want to act against these guys? I'll just sit here and puff on my cigar.".
The Living Daylights (1987) was originally written for him, but the script was changed slightly to suit Timothy Dalton after Moore announced his retirement from the role.
He was awarded a Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 7007 Hollywood Boulevard in Hollywood, California on October 11, 2007 (three days before his 80th birthday).
In March 1996, when his former wife Dorothy Squires underwent surgery for bladder cancer at the BUPA Hospital in Cardiff, he picked up the £6,000 bill. He did not attend her funeral two years later, but instead sent a bouquet of purple tulips, lilies of the valley and orange flowers with a card saying: "I've said it with flowers. Roger.".
Prior to the release of The Spy Who Loved Me (1977), Moore filed a lawsuit against his ex-wife Dorothy Squires to prevent her from publishing a book about their life together. She would eventually be declared bankrupt in 1986.
In 1964, eight years before he took over the movie role, Moore played James Bond in a hilarious sketch on the BBC comedy show, Mainly Millicent: Episode dated 17 July 1964 (1964). In the sketch, Bond is on holiday at a resort, when he encounters a female Russian spy (played by Millicent Martin, the star of the show), who is also on holiday. Bond and the female spy spend the sketch trying to do each other in. The sketch is included in the "Live and Let Die" Ultimate Edition DVD.
While a struggling young actor in the early 1950s, he briefly worked as a truck driver. Many years later, he impressed the crew on the set of A View to a Kill (1985) with his truck driving skills.
He had intended to act in A Bridge Too Far (1977), but was forced to pull out after production on The Spy Who Loved Me (1977) was delayed by a year.
He has always been very honest about the fact that he did not perform any of his own stunts as Bond, unlike Sean Connery , George Lazenby , Timothy Dalton and Daniel Craig .
His least favourite of his films is The Quest (1996).
He considered himself to be miscast in Escape to Athena (1979) and ffolkes (1980).
He was a close friend and admirer of the right-wing writer William F. Buckley .
Confessed in a television interview that when he first traveled to the United States in the 1950s, he landed a supporting role in the Broadway production of "A Pin to See the Peepshow", a show that both began and ended on the same day (September 17, 1953).
Has said he would like to play a villain in a Bond movie starring Daniel Craig , but accepts that can never happen.
His popularity as Bond led to him starring in several movies during the 1970s and early 1980s. However, although some were financially successful, most received poor reviews.
Confirmed in an interview with the Sunday Telegraph magazine that he's completely retired from acting. [April 2009]
In 1954, he signed a seven year contract with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. However, he was released from this contract after only two years following the massive critical and commercial failure of Diane (1956).
Makes no secret of the fact that he loves the old basic British snack of baked beans on toast.
Adores the comedy of Dawn French and Billy Connolly , to name a few.
Has appeared in episodes of three different series with Patrick Troughton : Ivanhoe (1958), The Saint (1962) and The Persuaders! (1971).
Denies being approached for the role of James Bond from the very beginning.
Never had to audition for the role of Simon Templar on The Saint (1962).
Roger Moore's fear of firearms stems from a childhood incident when his brother shot him in the leg with an air rifle by accident when he was age 14.
Moved the family to Geneva when he refused to pay inflated British taxes. Curd Jürgens , who played the Bond villain Stromberg in The Spy Who Loved Me (1977) had become a good friend of his and loaned Moore his chalet until the family found a new home.
Moore and his agent accepted each Bond movie on a film to film basis, instead of signing on for several.
He was awarded Commander of the Order of Arts and Letters by French culture minister Christine Albanel in 2008.
When Moore had to take Marlon Brando 's Oscar home with him, people outside the ceremony thought Moore had won instead. The Academy sent cars around to his house the next morning to retrieve it.
Admits to being a hypochondriac and suffers from vertigo.
By 1985, Moore owned three different houses.
Remained close friends with Albert R. Broccoli right up until Broccoli's death.
In 1986, Moore was named the New York Friars Club's Man of the Year.
Made a captain in the police by the captain of the Maine state police force. He retains the power to arrest.
Owes much of his success to Lew Grade .
He and his wife Christina 'Kiki' Tholstrup love the theatre.
Has a pacemaker just like his father.
His stepdaughter's boyfriend Janus Friis invented Skype.
A huge fan of Rudyard Kipling , Moore was invited to the Nobel Museum in 2007 and gave a 90 minute lecture on Kipling.
He had his first child Deborah Moore at age 36.
In 2005, Germany awarded Moore the Federal Cross of Merit.
He was the final guest ever on The Muppet Show (1976).
Lived with Luisa Mattoili from 1961 before marrying her in 1968 during which time they had the first two of their three children.
Moore was conscripted into National Service after World War II and did not serve during the war. He eventually became a Captain.
He was the only actor to have played both James Bond and Sherlock Holmes.
Mentioned in the song "You Know I'm No Good" by Amy Winehouse .
Divides his time between his homes in Monaco (summer) and Switzerland (winter) (2010).
The only James Bond actor to be older than the man he replaced in the series, being three years older than Sean Connery.
Visited Iceland for a UNICEF program to help educate children in Africa. [November 2005]
Wore a small hairpiece in all his Bond films.
Received an honorary degree (Doctor of Laws) from the University of Hertfordshire on November 21, 2012.
He has a number of favourites from his own era in the James Bond franchise. His favourite gadget is the magnetic watch from Live and Let Die (1973). His favourite villain is Christopher Lee 's Francisco Scaramanga from The Man with the Golden Gun (1974). His favourite girl is Barbara Bach 's Anya Amasova from The Spy Who Loved Me (1977). His favourite henchman was Richard Kiel 's Jaws from The Spy Who Loved Me (1977) and Moonraker (1979). He has stated more or less that anything from A View to a Kill (1985) is his least favourite.
He was offered the role of Lieutenant General Brian Horrocks in A Bridge Too Far (1977) but he was forced to decline due to a scheduling conflict with The Spy Who Loved Me (1977). He became available when the shooting of the Bond film was delayed. However, Horrocks had approval over the casting and turned Moore down. The role instead went to Edward Fox . Coincidentally, Moore's Bond predecessor Sean Connery played Major General R.E. Urquhart in A Bridge Too Far (1977).
In an episode of The Persuaders! (1971), a stolen briefcase is opened to find the contents of the original case have been substituted with 10 James Bond novels. Three of the visible titles are Bond movies that Roger Moore would later portray the famous spy. Live and Let Die (1973), For Your Eyes Only (1981) Octopussy (1983).
Son born in 1973.
Has named the lowbrow sitcom Married with Children (1987) as a guilty pleasure, and was a friend of star Katey Sagal 's father, director Boris Sagal .
Personal Quotes (76)
(1998) Over the last year I've rather enjoyed making documentaries for a company called Associated Television, run by a man called David Mackenzie. And we shot a couple in Russia, one in Moscow and one in St. Petersburg... they are called "The KGB Files".
To me, the Bond situations are so ridiculous, so outrageous. I mean, this man is supposed to be a spy and yet, everybody knows he's a spy. Every bartender in the world offers him martinis that are shaken, not stirred. What kind of serious spy is recognized everywhere he goes? It's outrageous. So you have to treat the humor outrageously as well. My personality is entirely different than previous Bonds. I'm not that cold-blooded killer type. Which is why I play it mostly for laughs.
I must tell you the truth - I have not seen them, and for a very good reason. Knowing that I would get asked questions like that, I'm always desperately honest. If I didn't like the performance, I don't know how I would answer. I do know Timothy, and he is a very, very pleasant chap and a good actor. - When asked for his opinion about the James Bond movies featuring his successor Timothy Dalton
[his explanation for his comical approach to James Bond] I don't believe in Bond as a hero. It's a load of nonsense. How can you be a spy when any bar you walk into, the bartender says, "Ah, Mr Bond. Shaken, not stirred?".
[on his son who owns the London restaurant "Hush"] You could say he has a "License to Grill".
Both Sean and I will be forgotten after everybody sees Pierce. After seeing Pierce Brosnan playing James Bond on the set of the film GoldenEye (1995)
My personality is entirely different than his. I can't play the cold-blooded killer that Sean can do so well, which is why I play it for laughs. - Comparing his portrayal of James Bond with Sean Connery 's
Today I am completely opposed to small arms and what they can do to children. I played every role tongue-in-cheek because I don't really believe in that sort of hero. I don't like guns.
I'm delighted to hear that Daniel Craig has been appointed the new 007. It's a very exciting time and I would like to wish everyone at Eon much success, and welcome Daniel to the family.
You're not a star till they can spell your name in Vladivostok.
A lot of actors didn't make their start until in their prime - I remember Buster Merryfield - who played Uncle Albert in Only Fools and Horses.... (1981) - saying that it wasn't until he retired as a bank clerk that he got involved with amateur dramatics, and then acting on television.
A lot of my reading over the next few months will be the works of Hans Christian Andersen - I have been appointed an ambassador for the bicentenary celebrations of his birth next year.
Bond was escapism, but not meant to be imitated in real life.
But if asked which of my co-stars had the biggest effect and impact on me, I say - without hesitation - Eleanor Parker .
I was pretty - so pretty that actresses didn't want to work with me.
My acting range? Left eyebrow raised, right eyebrow raised.
If I kept all my bad notices, I'd need two houses.
I've never received a nomination for an Academy Award - and that after I went to the trouble of learning two more facial expressions.
[on saving Elstree Studios]: Hertsmere Council extended it a lifeline when it needed it most, and invested heavily. Now that they are seeking to pass on the ownership, I hope that an equally passionate and caring owner can be found; and help take the studio into one of the most exciting periods of film and new media production.
[Comparing his interpretation of "James Bond" to Sean Connery 's] Sean's jokes come from left field and I let people know a joke was coming. I basically said "I'm have a good time doing this, and I hope you're having a good time watching me have a good time.".
[on For Your Eyes Only (1981)] I was starting to feel I was a bit long in the tooth even then.
Of course, I do my own stunts. And I also do my own lying.
I suppose I was just window-dressing at MGM. You might call me Taylor's dummy. I wore Walter Plunkett 's costumes beautifully though. I was the last of the Englishmen, after Edmund Purdom and Stewart Granger , both of whom had been giving them trouble in Hollywood. I very quickly learned that I had to be highly humble and obsequious and grovel a lot.
[on finally deciding to leave the role of James Bond after seven 007 movies] I think it was the interminable farewell tour of the variety artists, you know? You can't keep on saying that you're not doing any more and then doing another one. So I just had to say that was it. I had done enough. I mean, for the last three I was getting a little restless. But I had an absolute splendid time doing the Bond films. I played a lot of backgammon, managed to steal a lot of wardrobe, and got well paid. Nothing could beat it! (Interview with author David Giammarco, "For Your Eyes Only: Behind the Scenes of the James Bond Films")
[on A View to a Kill (1985)] I was horrified on the last Bond I did. Whole slews of sequences where Christopher Walken was machine-gunning hundreds of people. I said "That wasn't Bond, those weren't Bond films." It stopped being what they were all about. You didn't dwell on the blood and the brains spewing all over the place.
Sadly, I had to retire from the Bond films. The girls were getting younger, or I was just getting too old.
I have no idea. I had never met Ian Fleming , but I remember when the search for Bond was going on. I really wasn't aware of Bond until then. I was doing The Saint (1962) and The Daily Express was conducting a search for Bond. However, since I was involved with The Saint (1962) I would not have been available, although Cubby told me later that I had been on 'the short list.' (when asked if Ian Fleming had originally considered him for the role of James Bond)
It used to take them hours and hours in make-up to give me character. Now I've got the character, they take it all out.
I like Bond. But it's silly to take it seriously. It's just a great big comic strip.
[on A View to a Kill (1985)] I was only about four hundred years too old for the part.
People don't realize how physically demanding the role is. I'm still amazed how many people ask me to this day if I did my own stunts. I tell them if I did or Sean did or Pierce did then we would have been physically dead by the end of the first reel of every film!
Sean and I never discussed our experiences... not even with the leading ladies! Actors don't really sit around discussing the parts they've played -- just in case someone says, "That was crap!".
I have seen Daniel Craig in a number of films. He is a thundering good actor. The movie Casino Royale (2006) showed me that he is one hell of an athlete.
I am disappointed by what is happening today in television. We seem to have gone into an age of cruelty where everything is put down. Even I notice dear Cilla Black has got a new format. Now they have 'ditch' - a poor girl comes up and if you don't like her face, get rid of her. I think it's absolutely terrible. It's appalling. It's humiliating.
I've not planned my funeral. I'm not the Queen. A procession through the streets of Stockwell would be nice, I suppose. But when I go, I'd just like everyone to say: "He lived longer than anyone I knew.".
The wonderful thing about age is that your knees don't work as well, you can't run down steps quite as easily and obviously you can't lift heavy weights. But your mind doesn't feel any different. I read the obituary columns and I think "Oh goodness, he was only 93!".
As a child, I had mumps and the measles. Chickenpox. Tonsils out. I didn't learn the alphabet until I was 11. I was circumcised at eight. Much better than having it done later, like my old friend in the army, Captain Hornby of the Royal Artillery. Afterwards I said to Matron, "You can't call Hornby 'old cock' anymore!".
I'm the worst Bond, according to the Internet. Generally hated! I was too funny, too light. Didn't take it seriously enough. Well, I mean, this is a man who is supposed to be a spy. And yet he turns up in bars and hotels around the world, and everyone says, "Ah, Mr. Bond, we've been expecting you." Everybody knows who he is and what he wants to drink. It's the same with the Bond girls. All the new ones say, "Oh, I'm going to be different from the others", but before long it's always the same - "Oh, James!".
[on Quantum of Solace (2008)] I am happy to have done it, but I'm sad that it has turned so violent. That's keeping up with the times, it's what cinema-goers seem to want and it's proved by the box-office figures.
Of course, I was getting long in the tooth. I was 58 when I finished. My god, Gary Cooper was seemingly an old man when he was about 56 doing Love in the Afternoon (1957) with Audrey Hepburn . And I started to realize. When the leading ladies came in and they were younger than my daughter, I thought "Hmm, this is getting on a bit." And then... God, I could have had them as granddaughters. It becomes rather disgusting - dirty old man. Well, I still got paid, and had a lot of laughs. I didn't regret any of it. I note that occasionally when I look at the Internet and I've typed in a reference and then suddenly up comes my name again and then I see the blogs where people write that I was too light and I was too old.
I would love to be remembered as one of the greatest Lears or Hamlets. But, as that's not going to happen, I'm quite happy I did Bond.
[on his knighthood] I am so proud to be the recipient of this great honour. I accept this title on behalf of the many thousands of volunteers and workers at Unicef who dedicate their lives to helping the millions of children in need around the world today.
Lew ( Lew Grade ) was quite simply a gem. When he was at the height of his powers his energy was enormous. He would get off a plane without any jet lag and just go straight to work. His health regime consisted of never having butter and smoking cigars all day long.
I like to play things for humour. Particularly as I was playing a hero because I consider myself to be devoutly unheroic to the extent of being a sheer coward. I think any heroism I have is the fact that I did things physically that I was absolutely petrified of doing.
I was as surprised as everyone else was to be cast as Bond, particularly since I was already forty-five at the time.
[on the death of his friend and The Persuaders! (1971) co-star Tony Curtis ] He'll be remembered as a very good actor when people start reflecting on the amount of work he did both in drama and comedy. He certainly was wonderful in Some Like It Hot (1959) and he was quite brilliant in The Boston Strangler (1968) and in the film that he did with Sidney Poitier , The Defiant Ones (1958).
[on why he took the role of James Bond] When I was a young actor at RADA, Noël Coward was in the audience one night. He said to me after the play, "Young man, with your devastating good looks and your disastrous lack of talent, you should take any job ever offered you. In the event that you're offered two jobs simultaneously, take the one that offers the most money." Here I am.
[on leaving the role of James Bond] I left the role when I realized that my female co-stars had mothers who were younger than I was.
[on Quantum of Solace (2008)_] I didn't like the last Bond film, it was like a long, disjointed commercial.
Sean ( Sean Connery ) is a good actor, it's a pity I can't understand what he's saying.
I'm a Conservative. I always have been. Most young people that were brought up with parents who were in jobs like the police force are Conservative in their thinking. You don't have to be rich, wealthy, high income to be Conservative. I just think that Conservatism is the way to run a country.
I would have been very upset if we had had to take the Queen off our currency. They'd probably have to take her off the stamps and everything. I am British and I'm fiercely independent and I think we should be independent.
I jokingly said once that the reason the banks were in trouble, particularly the Royal Bank of Scotland, was that Sean Connery had drawn out all his money in cash.
I come back to England often enough not to miss it, to see the changes, to find some of the changes good. I paid my taxes at the time that I was earning a decent income, so I've already paid my due.
(Asked what would make him return to the United Kingdom) Being able to afford a house in the country. I would come back like a shot.
I seem to replace everyone.
[what it was like working with Grace Jones on A View to a Kill (1985)] I've always said if you've nothing nice to say about someone, then you should say nothing. So I'll say nothing about Grace Jones.
[after witnessing the poverty in foreign countries] I can never leave the tap running while cleaning my teeth.
If I can use what celebrity I have to open doors for the betterment of children's lives, than my career in movies has produced an added bonus. I have now been working with UNICEF for 19 years and have yet to meet a hard-headed person in the organization.
Food has always been a passion of mine - see the waistline for proof.
I've often been asked what I might like my epitaph to be. Well that's easy. I've no intention of going anywhere so won't need one!
UNICEF is the most rewarding thing I've ever done.
[on being awarded Knighthood for his charity work] I am doubly proud because this is an acknowledgment of UNICEF, an organization I am honored to work for.
I loved Casino Royale (2006) and Daniel Craig . He is a wonderful actor, certainly the best actor to play Bond. I have never been guilty of method acting or even acting if you want to argue a point.
Bond is an enigmatic character. My only real clue to his personality was a line from one of the books, where he said that he didn't particularly enjoy killing people, but he took pride in doing it well. So that was how I played him.
[on George Lazenby ] Well, Lazenby had a big disadvantage in that he hadn't been an actor before, but he was a model. He did look good, and that is how he came into the role.
Of course, I do not regret the Bond days. I regret that sadly heroes in general are depicted with guns in their hands, and to tell the truth, I have always hated guns and what they represent.
(on David Cameron ) I think he's doing absolutely wonderfully well, despite the opposition from many members of his own party. Traitors, I call them. I mean any hardliner within the Conservative Party who speaks out against their leader. You should support your leader.
I do not have time to sit down and regret anything although sometimes I wish I had been able to see more of my parents while they were alive and have done more for them.
(on the Russian population of Monaco) I'm afraid we're overstuffed with Russians. All the restaurant menus are in Russian now.
(on Die Another Day (2002)) I thought it just went too far - and that's from me, the first Bond in space! Invisible cars and dodgy CGI footage? Please! They gave the public what they wanted, though maybe they too realised there was only so far they could push it before Bond became a caricature of himself, and the funeral directors were called in.
Of course I have great pride in being English. We were brought up with the idea that 'We are the best', which is not quite true. I'm proud to be British. I said English, but I meant British.
So I did four films with MGM with my face never moving. I went on to make the Saint TV series and no-one was telling me I couldn't do this or that. I've got three expressions - left eyebrow up, right eyebrow up, both eyebrows up together. They always say that I'm the one eyebrow actor, which is true. I don't do it so much these days. I find gravity weighs things down and it's much more difficult.
I wouldn't want to get into a fist fight with Sean. He's big.
[on Daniel Craig playing James Bond]I think we're very lucky to have him because he is quite extraordinary. I always say that Sean Connery looked like a killer but Daniel Craig would finish it off.
[on seeing Daniel Craig in Casino Royale (2006)]I thought that he did more action in the first seven minutes than I did in seven movies!
Salary (10)
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In the TV series 'Rawhide', what was Clint Eastwood's character called? | Rawhide (TV Series 1959–1965) - IMDb
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Gil Favor is trail boss of a continuous cattle drive; he is assisted by Rowdy Yates. The crew runs into characters and adventures along the way.
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Favor and Rowdy looking for grazing and water in the Lost Mountains find their path blocked by Indians and an old white man. They hire a guide but he is killed after a lost woman joins them. She has ...
9.0
Gil visits his girls encountering an Indian on the train. Gil sees the Indian from the train in a wagon with handcuffs on. He discovers the man is a prisoner. With help they decide to break him out. ...
8.9
At a river the drovers are startled by a bugle and stopped by a group of Jayhawkers wanting $5 per head to cross the river. They are lead by a Judge who has conned his son-in-law into thinking they ...
8.9
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Nominated for 1 Golden Globe. Another 5 wins & 3 nominations. See more awards »
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Stories of the journeys of a wagon train as it leaves post-Civil War Missouri on its way to California through the plains, deserts and Rocky Mountains. The first treks were led by gruff, ... See full summary »
Stars: Frank McGrath, Terry Wilson, Robert Horton
Bret and Bart Maverick (and in later seasons, their English cousin, Beau) are well dressed gamblers who migrate from town to town always looking for a good game. Poker (5 card draw) is ... See full summary »
Stars: Jack Kelly, James Garner, Roger Moore
Marshal Matt Dillon keeps the peace in the rough and tumble Dodge City.
Stars: James Arness, Milburn Stone, Amanda Blake
Frontier hero Daniel Boone conducts surveys and expeditions around Boonesborough, running into both friendly and hostile Indians, just before and during the Revolutionary War.
Stars: Fess Parker, Patricia Blair, Darby Hinton
A Civil War veteran with a sawed-off rifle as a holstered weapon makes a living as a bounty hunter in the Wild West of the 1870s.
Stars: Steve McQueen, Wright King, Olan Soule
Dressed-up dandy (derby and cane), gambler and lawman roams the West charming women and defending the unjustly accused. His primary weapon was his wit (and cane) rather than his gun.
Stars: Gene Barry, Allison Hayes, Allen Jaffe
After the Civil War, nomadic adventurer Cheyenne Bodie roamed the west looking for fights, women and bad guys to beat up. His job changed from episode to episode.
Stars: Clint Walker, Clyde Howdy, Chuck Hicks
The Wild West adventures of the residents and staff of Barkley Ranch in California's San Joaquin Valley.
Stars: Richard Long, Peter Breck, Lee Majors
The adventures of a gentlemanly gunfighter for hire.
Stars: Richard Boone, Kam Tong, Hal Needham
The adventures of Ben Cartwright and his sons as they run and defend their ranch while helping the surrounding community.
Stars: Lorne Greene, Michael Landon, Dan Blocker
Marshal Earp keeps the law, first in Kansas and later in Arizona, using his over-sized pistols and a variety of sidekicks. Most of the saga is based loosely on fact, with historical badguys... See full summary »
Stars: Hugh O'Brian, Jimmy Noel, Ethan Laidlaw
The Shiloh Ranch in Wyoming Territory of the 1890s is owned in sequence by Judge Garth, the Grainger brothers, and Col. MacKenzie. It is the setting for a variety of stories, many more ... See full summary »
Stars: Doug McClure, James Drury, Lee J. Cobb
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Storyline
Gil Favor is trail boss of a continuous cattle drive; he is assisted by Rowdy Yates. The crew runs into characters and adventures along the way.
9 January 1959 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
Tausend Meilen Staub See more »
Filming Locations:
Did You Know?
Trivia
The full names for Wishbone and Mushy are George Washington Wishbone and Harkness Mushgrove III. See more »
Goofs
In some episodes Gil Favor is seen wearing Wrangler jeans - rivets and the trademark "W" on two pockets. The Wrangler brand wasn't sold until 1947. See more »
Connections
(Chicago, IL USA) – See all my reviews
Currently on METOO's new schedule at 4 pm on weekdays, right after "Maverick" and right before "Wild, Wild West" (followed by "Star Trek").
Don't know if I ever actually saw an episode of it when it was originally on, but I'm really captivated by it. Offbeat, unusual, surreal stories set in a mythical West. Kind of the "Naked City" of Westerns.
And the guest stars are there: Dan Duryea, Lyle Bettger, Brian Donlevy, MacDonald Carey, Rick Jason (as a treacherous Mexican), a young Dick Van Patten, Jack Lord, Noah Berry, Jr. (as a colorful Mexican), Martha Hyer, Marguerite Chapman, even Ann Robinson ("War of the Worlds"), Gloria Talbott ("I Married a Monster from Outer Space")
It ran for EIGHT SEASONS, over 200 episodes, from January, 1959, to December, 1965.
Eric Fleming is quite remarkable as trail boss Gil Favor, the most stolid man that's ever lived, with the code of honor of a Samurai, and just the right balance between toughness and open-handedness. I would vote for him for President any day. (P.S. He had a very interesting biography: http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0281661/ )
And a young Clint Eastwood is quite striking as his impulsive right hand, "Rowdy" Yates. Also, veteran Western actor and country music figure (the immortal "One-eyed, One-horned, Flying Purple People Eater") Sheb Wooley is there as seasoned scout Pete Nolan. And Paul Brinegar makes the most cantankerous character of a cook you could ask for as "Wishbone".
And then there's that great theme song, performed by the immortal Frankie Laine. (Between that and the "Maverick" theme, I've got Western theme songs running through my head all day.)
I look forward to every episode; I'm collecting the whole set. A good time (not to mention a moo-ving experience) is always guaranteed, as one waits to see if the boys will get their difficulties straightened out before the commercial.
"Rollin', rollin', rollin' . . . "
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| Rawhide (TV series) |
Who first demonstrated TV in public? | Clint Eastwood
Clint Eastwood
Clinton Eastwood, Jr. May 31, 1930 (1930-05-31) (age 81)San Francisco, California, U.S.
Occupation
Actor, director, producer, composer, politician
Years active
Maggie Johnson (1953–1984) 2 childrenDina Ruiz (1996–present) 1 child
Children
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Eastwood at the 2010 Toronto International Film Festival
Clinton "Clint" Eastwood, Jr. (born May 31, 1930) is an American film actor, director, producer, composer and politician. Following his breakthrough role on the TV series Rawhide (1959–65), Eastwood starred as the Man with No Name in Sergio Leone's Dollars Trilogy of spaghetti westerns (A Fistful of Dollars, For a Few Dollars More, and The Good, the Bad and the Ugly) in the 1960s, and as San Francisco Police Department Inspector Harry Callahan in the Dirty Harry films (Dirty Harry, Magnum Force, The Enforcer, Sudden Impact, and The Dead Pool) during the 1970s and 1980s. These roles, along with several others in which he plays tough-talking no-nonsense police officers, have made him an enduring cultural icon of masculinity.Eastwood won Academy Awards for Best Director and Producer of the Best Picture, as well as receiving nominations for Best Actor, for his work in the films Unforgiven (1992) and Million Dollar Baby (2004). These films in particular, as well as others including Play Misty for Me (1971), The Outlaw Josey Wales (1976), Pale Rider (1985), In the Line of Fire (1993), The Bridges of Madison County (1995), and Gran Torino (2008), have all received commercial success and critical acclaim. Eastwood's only comedies have been Every Which Way but Loose (1978) and its sequel Any Which Way You Can (1980); despite being widely panned by critics they are the two highest-grossing films of his career after adjusting for inflation.Eastwood has directed most of his own star vehicles, but he has also directed films in which he did not appear such as Mystic River (2003) and Letters from Iwo Jima (2006), for which he received Academy Award nominations and Changeling (2008), which received Golden Globe Award nominations. He has received considerable critical praise in France in particular, including for several of his films which were panned in the United States, and was awarded two of France's highest honors: in 1994 he received the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres medal and in 2007 was awarded the Légion d'honneur medal. In 2000 he was awarded the Italian Venice Film Festival Golden Lion for lifetime achievement.Since 1967 Eastwood has run his own production company, Malpaso, which has produced the vast majority of his films. He also served as the nonpartisan mayor of Carmel-by-the-Sea, California, from 1986 to 1988. Eastwood has seven children by five women, although he has only married twice. An audiophile, Eastwood is also associated with jazz and has composed and performed pieces in several films along with his eldest son, Kyle Eastwood.
Early life
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Eastwood was born in San Francisco to Clinton Eastwood, Sr. (1906–70), a steelworker and migrant worker, and Margaret Ruth (née Runner; 1909–2006), a factory worker. He was nicknamed "Samson" by the hospital nurses as he weighed 11 pounds 6 ounces (5.2 kg) at birth. Eastwood is of English, Irish, Scottish, and Dutch ancestry and has a younger sister, Jean. According to Eastwood, his parents did not raise him to be particularly religious. His family relocated often as his father worked at different jobs along the West Coast, including at a pulp mill. The family settled in Piedmont, California, where Eastwood attended Piedmont Junior High School and Piedmont Senior High School, taking part in sports such as basketball, football, gymnastics, and competitive swimming. He later transferred to Oakland Technical High School where the drama teachers encouraged him to enroll in school plays, but he was not interested. As his family moved to different areas he held a series of jobs including lifeguard, paper carrier, grocery clerk, forest firefighter, and golf caddy.
Although he intended to enter Seattle University and major in music theory after graduating from high school in 1949, Eastwood was instead drafted into the United States Army in 1950 during the Korean War and posted to Fort Ord in California, where his lifeguard's certificate got him appointed as a life-saving and swimming instructor. While on leave in 1951 Eastwood was a passenger onboard a Douglas AD bomber that ran out of fuel and crashed into the ocean near Point Reyes. After escaping from the sinking aircraft he and the pilot swam 3 miles (5 km) to safety.
Eastwood later moved to Los Angeles and began a romance with Maggie Johnson, a college student. He managed an apartment house in Beverly Hills by day and worked at a gas station by night. He enrolled at Los Angeles City College and married Maggie shortly before Christmas 1953 in South Pasadena.
Film career
Eastwood on the set of Gran Torino, July 17, 2008
1950s
According to the CBS press release for Rawhide, Universal Studios, then known then as the Universal-International film company, was shooting in Fort Ord when an enterprising assistant spotted Eastwood and arranged a meeting with the series' director. According to Eastwood's official biography the key figure was a man named Chuck Hill, who was stationed in Fort Ord and had contacts in Hollywood. Later, in Los Angeles, Hill became reacquainted with Eastwood and managed to sneak him into one of Universal's studios, where he showed him to cameraman Irving Glassberg. Glassberg arranged for an audition with Arthur Lubin who, although impressed with Eastwood's appearance and 6-foot-4-inch (1.93 m) frame, initially questioned his acting skills remarking, "He was quite amateurish. He didn't know which way to turn or which way to go or do anything". Lubin suggested he attend drama classes and arranged for his initial contract in April 1954 at $100 (US$817 in 2011 dollars) per week. After signing Eastwood was initially criticized for his stiff manner, his squint and with hissing his lines through his teeth, a feature that would become a life-long trademark.
In May 1954 Eastwood auditioned for his first role in Six Bridges to Cross, but was rejected by Joseph Pevney. After many unsuccessful auditions he eventually landed a minor role as a laboratory assistant in director Jack Arnold's Revenge of the Creature, a sequel to The Creature from the Black Lagoon. He then worked for three weeks on Lubin's Lady Godiva of Coventry in September 1954, then won a role in February 1955 as a sailor in Francis in the Navy as well as appearing uncredited in another Jack Arnold film, Tarantula, in which he played a squadron pilot. In May 1955 Eastwood had a brief appearance in the film Never Say Goodbye, during which he shared a scene with Rock Hudson. Universal presented him with his first television role on July 2, 1955, in NBC's Allen in Movieland, which starred Tony Curtis and Benny Goodman. Although he continued to develop as an actor Universal terminated Eastwood's contract on October 23, 1955.
Eastwood then joined the Marsh Agency and although Lubin landed him his biggest role to date in The First Traveling Saleslady (1956) and later hired him for Escapade in Japan, without a formal contract Eastwood struggled. He met financial advisor Irving Leonard, who would later arguably take most responsibility for launching his career in the late 1950s and 1960s, whom Eastwood described as being "like a second father to me". On Leonard's advice Eastwood switched talent agencies to the Kumin-Olenick Agency in 1956 and to Mitchell Gertz in 1957. He landed several small roles in 1956 as a temperamental army officer for a segment of ABC's Reader's Digest series, and as a motorcycle gang member on a Highway Patrol episode. Eastwood had a minor uncredited role as a ranch hand in his first western film, Law Man, in June 1956. The following year he played a cadet in the West Point television series and a suicidal gold prospector in Death Valley Days. In 1955 he played a Navy lieutenant in a segment of Navy Log and in early 1959 he made a notable guest appearance on Maverick, opposite James Garner, as a cowardly villain intent on marrying a rich girl for money. Eastwood had a small part as an aviator in the French picture Lafayette Escadrille and took on a major role as an ex-Confederate renegade in Ambush at Cimarron Pass, a film which Eastwood viewed as disastrous and the lowest point of his career.
In a long sought after career breakthrough, Eastwood was cast as Rowdy Yates for the CBS hour-long western series Rawhide in 1958, although he was not especially happy with his role. By now, aged almost 30, he felt that his character Rowdy was too young and too cloddish for him to feel comfortable with the part. Filming began in Arizona in the summer of 1958 and on release it took just three weeks for Rawhide to reach the top 20 in the TV ratings. Although the series never won an Emmy it was a major success for several years, reaching its peak at number six in the ratings between October 1960 and April 1961. The Rawhide years (1959–65) were some of the most grueling of Eastwood's career. He often filmed for six days a week at an average of twelve hours a day, yet some directors still criticized him for not working hard enough. By late 1963 Rawhide's popularity had declined. Lacking freshness in the scripts, it was canceled in the middle of the 1965–66 television season. Eastwood made his first attempt at directing when he filmed several trailers for the show, although he was unable to convince producers to let him direct an episode. In the show's first season Eastwood earned $750 (US$5,697 in 2011 dollars) an episode. At the time of its cancellation he received a $119,000 (US$828,341 in 2011 dollars) compensation package.
1960s
In late 1963 Eastwood's co-star on Rawhide, Eric Fleming, rejected an offer to star in an Italian-made western called A Fistful of Dollars; to be directed in a remote region of Spain by Sergio Leone who was relatively unknown at the time. Other actors, including Charles Bronson, Steve Reeves, Richard Harrison, Frank Wolfe, Henry Fonda, James Coburn, and Ty Hardin, were also considered for the role. Knowing that he could play a cowboy convincingly Harrison suggested Eastwood, who in turn saw the film as an opportunity to escape from Rawhide. He signed a contract for $15,000 (US$106,211 in 2011 dollars) in wages for eleven weeks' work with a bonus of a Mercedes automobile upon completion and arrived in Rome in May 1964 Eastwood later spoke about the transition from a television western to A Fistful of Dollars: "In Rawhide I did get awfully tired of playing the conventional white hat. The hero who kisses old ladies and dogs and was kind to everybody. I decided it was time to be an anti-hero." Eastwood was instrumental in creating the Man with No Name character's distinctive visual style and although a non-smoker, Leone insisted he smoke cigars as an essential ingredient of the "mask" he was attempting to create with the loner character.
Some interior shots for A Fistful of Dollars were done at the Cinecittà studio on the outskirts of Rome, before production moved to a small village in Andalusia, Spain. The film became a benchmark in the development of spaghetti westerns, with Leone depicting a more lawless and desolate world than in traditional westerns; meanwhile challenging stereotypical American notions of a western hero by replacing him with a morally ambiguous antihero. The film's success meant Eastwood became a major star in Italy and he was re-hired by Leone to star in For a Few Dollars More (1965), the second film of the trilogy. Through the efforts of screenwriter Luciano Vincenzoni, the rights to the film and the final film of the trilogy (The Good, the Bad and the Ugly) were sold to United Artists for roughly $900,000 (US$6.26 million in 2011 dollars).
In January 1966 Eastwood met with producer Dino De Laurentiis in New York City and agreed to star in a non-western five-part anthology production named Le streghe ("The Witches") opposite De Laurentiis' wife, actress Silvana Mangano. Eastwood's nineteen-minute instalment only took a few days to shoot but his performance did not go down well with the critics, with one saying "no other performance of his is quite so 'un-Clintlike' ". Two months later Eastwood began work on the third Dollars film, The Good, the Bad and the Ugly, in which he again played the mysterious Man with No Name. Lee Van Cleef returned to play a ruthless fortune seeker, while Eli Wallach portrayed the cunning Mexican bandit Tuco. The storyline involves the search for a cache of Confederate gold buried in a cemetery. One day during filming of a scene where a bridge was to be dynamited Eastwood, suspicious of explosives, urged Wallach to retreat to the hilltop saying, "I know about these things. Stay as far away from special effects and explosives as you can." Minutes later crew confusion, over the word "Vaya!", resulted in a premature explosion which could have killed the co-star, while necessitating rebuilding of the bridge.
The Dollars trilogy was not shown in the United States until 1967 when A Fistful of Dollars opened in January, For a Few Dollars More in May, and The Good, the Bad and the Ugly in December. All the films proved successful in cinemas, particularly The Good, the Bad and the Ugly which eventually earned $8 million (US$52.6 million in 2011 dollars) in rental earnings and turned Eastwood into a major film star. All three films received generally bad reviews and marked the beginning of Eastwood's battle to win the respect of American film critics.Judith Crist described A Fistful of Dollars as "cheapjack", while Newsweek considered For a Few Dollars More as "excruciatingly dopey".Renata Adler of The New York Times remarked that The Good, the Bad and the Ugly was "the most expensive, pious and repellent movie in the history of its peculiar genre", despite the fact that it is now widely considered one of the finest films in the history of cinema.Time magazine highlighted the film's wooden acting, especially Eastwood's, although critics such as Vincent Canby and Bosley Crowther of The New York Times praised Eastwood's coolness in playing the tall, lone stranger. Leone's unique style of cinematography was widely acclaimed, even by some critics who panned the acting.
Stardom brought more "tough guy" roles for Eastwood. He signed for the American revisionist western Hang 'Em High (1968), in which he featured alongside Inger Stevens, Pat Hingle, Dennis Hopper, Ed Begley, Bruce Dern, and James MacArthur. A cross between Rawhide and Leone's westerns, the film brought him a salary of $400,000 (US$2.53 million in 2011 dollars) and 25% of its net earnings. He plays a man who seeks revenge after being lynched by vigilantes and left for dead. Using money earned from the Dollars trilogy Leonard helped establish Eastwood's production company, Malpaso Productions, named after the Malpaso Creek on Eastwood's property in Monterey County, California. Leonard arranged for Hang 'Em High to be a joint production with United Artists and, when it opened in July 1968, the film became the biggest United Artists opening in history — its box office receipts exceeding all the James Bond films of the time. It was widely praised by critics; including Archer Winsten of the New York Post who described Hang 'Em High as, "a western of quality, courage, danger and excitement".
Before the release of Hang 'Em High Eastwood had already begun work on the film Coogan's Bluff, about an Arizona deputy sheriff tracking a wanted psychopathic criminal (Don Stroud) through the streets of New York City. He was reunited with Universal Studios for the project after receiving an offer of $1 million (US$6.58 million in 2011 dollars)—more than double his previous salary.Jennings Lang arranged for Eastwood to meet Don Siegel, a Universal contract director who later became one of Eastwood's close friends, with the two forming a close partnership that would last for more than ten years.Coogan's Bluff also became the first of many collaborations with Argentine composer Lalo Schifrin, who would later score the jazzy themes to Eastwood's films throughout the 1970s and 1980s and especially the Dirty Harry film series. Filming began in November 1967, before the full script had been finalized. The film was controversial for its portrayal of violence, with Eastwood's role creating the prototype for what would later become the macho cop of the Dirty Harry films.
Eastwood was paid $850,000 (US$5.37 million in 2011 dollars) in 1968 for the war epic Where Eagles Dare, about a World War II squad parachuting into a Gestapo stronghold in the mountains. Richard Burton played the squad's commander with Eastwood as his right-hand man. He was also cast as Two-Face in the Batman television show, but the series was canceled before filming could commence.
Eastwood then branched out to star in the only musical of his career, Paint Your Wagon (1969). Eastwood and fellow non-singer Lee Marvin play gold miners who share the same wife (portrayed by Jean Seberg). Bad weather and delays plagued the production while its budget eventually exceeded $20 million (US$120 million in 2011 dollars), extremely expensive for the time. The film was not a critical or commercial success, although it was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy.
1970s
In 1970 Eastwood starred in the western Two Mules for Sister Sara with Shirley MacLaine and directed by Don Siegel. The film follows an American mercenary who gets mixed up with a whore disguised as a nun and ends up helping a group of Juarista rebels during the reign of Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico. Eastwood once again played a mysterious stranger—unshaven, wearing a serape-like vest, and smoking a cigar. Although the film received moderate reviewsthe film is listed in The New York Times Guide to the Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made. Later the same year Eastwood starred as one of a group of Americans who steal a fortune in gold from the Nazis in the World War II film Kelly's Heroes with Donald Sutherland and Telly Savalas. Kelly's Heroes was the last film in which Eastwood appeared that was not produced by his own Malpaso Productions. Filming commenced in July 1969 on location in Yugoslavia and in London. The film received mostly a positive reception and its anti-war sentiments were recognized. In the winter of 1969–70, Eastwood and Siegel began planning his next film, The Beguiled, a tale of a wounded Union soldier held captive by the sexually repressed matron of a southern girl's school. Upon release the film received major recognition in France and is considered one of Eastwood's finest works by the French. However, it grossed less than $1 million (US$5.66 million in 2011 dollars) and, according to Eastwood and Lang, flopped due to poor publicity and the "emasculated" role of Eastwood.
Eastwood's career reached a turning point in 1971. Before Irving Leonard died he and Eastwood had discussed the idea of Malpaso producing Play Misty for Me, a film that was to give Eastwood the artistic control he desired and his debut as a director. The script was about a jazz disc jockey named Dave (Eastwood) who has a casual affair with Evelyn (Jessica Walter), a listener who had been calling the radio station repeatedly at night asking him to play her favorite song—Erroll Garner's "Misty". When Dave ends their relationship the fan becomes violent and murderous. Filming commenced in Monterey in September 1970 and included footage of that year's Monterey Jazz Festival. The film was highly acclaimed with critics such as Jay Cocks in Time, Andrew Sarris in the Village Voice, and Archer Winsten in the New York Post all praising the film, as well as Eastwood's directorial skills and performance. Walter was nominated for a Golden Globe Best Actress Award (Drama) for her performance in the film.
The script for Dirty Harry (1971) was written by Harry Julian Fink and Rita M. Fink. It is a story about a hard-edged New York City (later changed to San Francisco) police inspector named Harry Callahan who is determined to stop a psychotic killer by any means.Dirty Harry is arguably Eastwood's most memorable character and has been credited with inventing the "loose-cannon cop genre", which is still imitated to this day. Author Eric Lichtenfeld argues that Eastwood's role as Dirty Harry established the "first true archetype" of the action film genre. His lines (quoted at left) have been cited as among the most memorable in cinematic history and are regarded by firearms historians, such as Garry James and Richard Venola, as the force which catapulted the ownership of .44 Magnum pistols to unprecedented heights in the United States; specifically the Smith & Wesson Model 29 carried by Harry Callahan.Dirty Harry proved a phenomenal success after its release in December 1971, earning some $22 million (US$119 million in 2011 dollars) in the United States and Canada alone. It was Siegel's highest-grossing film and the start of a series of films featuring the character of Harry Callahan. Although a number of critics praised his performance as Dirty Harry, such as Jay Cocks of Time magazine who described him as "giving his best performance so far, tense, tough, full of implicit identification with his character", the film was widely criticized and accused of fascism.
Following Sean Connery's announcement that he would not play James Bond again Eastwood was offered the role but turned it down because he believed the character should be played by an English actor. He next starred in the loner Western Joe Kidd (1972), based on a character inspired by Reies Lopez Tijerina who stormed a courthouse in Tierra Amarilla, New Mexico, in June 1967. Filming began in Old Tucson in November 1971 under director John Sturges, but Eastwood suffered symptoms of a bronchial infection and several panic attacks during filming.[clarification needed Disjointed, did his illness cause delays or what?]Joe Kidd received a mixed reception, with Roger Greenspun of The New York Times writing that the film was unremarkable, with foolish symbolism and sloppy editing, although he praised Eastwood's performance.
In 1973 Eastwood directed his first western, High Plains Drifter, in which he starred alongside Verna Bloom, Marianna Hill, Billy Curtis, Rawhide's Paul Brinegar and Geoffrey Lewis. The film had a moral and supernatural theme, later emulated in Pale Rider. The plot follows a mysterious stranger (Eastwood) who arrives in a brooding Western town where the people hire him to defend the town against three felons who are soon to be released. There remains confusion during the film as to whether the stranger is the brother of the deputy, whom the felons lynched and murdered, or his ghost. Holes in the plot were filled with black humor and allegory, influenced by Leone. The revisionist film received a mixed reception from critics, but was a major box office success. A number of critics thought Eastwood's directing was "as derivative as it was expressive", with Arthur Knight of the Saturday Review remarking that Eastwood had "absorbed the approaches of Siegel and Leone and fused them with his own paranoid vision of society".John Wayne, who had declined a role in the film, sent a letter of disapproval to Eastwood some weeks after the film's release saying that "the townspeople did not represent the true spirit of the American pioneer, the spirit that made America great".
Eastwood next turned his attention towards Breezy (1973), a film about love blossoming between a middle-aged man and a teenage girl. During casting for the film Eastwood met Sondra Locke for the first time, an actress who would play major roles in many of his films for the next ten years and would become an important figure in his life.Kay Lenz was awarded the part of Breezy because Locke, at 28, was considered too old. The film, shot very quickly and efficiently by Eastwood and Frank Stanley, came in $1 million (US$4.94 million in 2011 dollars) under budget and was finished three days ahead of schedule.Breezy was not a major critical or commercial success; it barely reached the Top 50 before disappearing and was only made available on video in 1998.
Once filming of Breezy had finished, Warner Brothers announced that Eastwood had agreed to reprise his role as Detective Harry Callahan in Magnum Force (1973), a sequel to Dirty Harry, about a group of rogue young officers (among them David Soul, Robert Urich and Tim Matheson) in the San Francisco Police Force who systematically exterminate the city's worst criminals. Although the film was a major success after release, grossing $58.1 million (US$287 million in 2011 dollars) in the United States alone and a new record for Eastwood, it was not a critical success.The New York Times critic Nora Sayre panned the often contradictory moral themes of the film, while the paper's Frank Rich called it "the same old stuff".
In 1974 Eastwood teamed up with Jeff Bridges and George Kennedy in the buddy action caper Thunderbolt and Lightfoot, a road movie about a veteran bank robber Thunderbolt (Eastwood) and a young con man drifter, Lightfoot (Bridges). On its release, in spring 1974, the film was praised for its offbeat comedy mixed with high suspense and tragedy but was only a modest success at the box office, earning $32.4 million (US$144 million in 2011 dollars). Eastwood's acting was noted by critics but was overshadowed by Bridges who was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. Eastwood reportedly fumed at the lack of Academy Award recognition for him and swore that he would never work for United Artists again.
Eastwood's next film The Eiger Sanction (1975) was based on Trevanian's critically acclaimed spy novel of the same name. Eastwood plays Jonathan Hemlock in a role originally intended for Paul Newman, an assassin turned college art professor who decides to return to his former profession for one last sanction in return for a rare Picasso painting. In the process he must climb the north face of the Eiger in Switzerland under perilous conditions. Once again Eastwood starred alongside George Kennedy. Mike Hoover taught Eastwood how to climb during several weeks of preparation at Yosemite in the summer of 1974 before filming commenced in Grindelwald on August 12, 1974. Despite prior warnings about the perils of the Eiger the film crew suffered a number of accidents, including one fatality. In spite of the danger Eastwood insisted on doing all his own climbing and stunts. Upon its release in May 1975 The Eiger Sanction was a commercial failure, receiving only $23.8 million (US$97.1 million in 2011 dollars) at the box office, and was panned by most critics.Joy Gould Boyum of the Wall Street Journal dismissed the film as "brutal fantasy". Eastwood blamed Universal Studios for the film's poor promotion and turned his back on them to make an agreement with Warner Brothers, through Frank Wells, that has lasted to the present day.
The Outlaw Josey Wales (1976), a western inspired by Asa Carter's eponymous 1972 novel, has lead character Josey Wales (Eastwood) as a rebel southerner who refuses to surrender his arms after the American Civil War and is chased across the old southwest by a group of enforcers. Eastwood cast his young son Kyle Eastwood, Chief Dan George, and Sondra Locke for the first time, against the wishes of director Philip Kaufman. Kaufman was notoriously fired by producer Bob Daley under Eastwood's command, resulting in a fine reported to be around $60,000 (US$231,484 in 2011 dollars) from the Directors Guild of America—who subsequently passed new legislation reserving the right to impose a major fine on a producer for discharging a director and taking his place. The film was pre-screened at the Sun Valley Center for the Arts and Humanities in Idaho during a six-day conference entitled Western Movies: Myths and Images. Invited to the screening were: some 200 esteemed film critics, including Jay Cocks and Arthur Knight; directors such as King Vidor, William Wyler, and Howard Hawks; along with a number of academics. Upon release in August 1976 The Outlaw Josey Wales was widely acclaimed, with many critics and viewers seeing Eastwood's role as an iconic one that related to America's ancestral past and the destiny of the nation after the American Civil War.Roger Ebert compared the nature and vulnerability of Eastwood's portrayal of Josey Wales with his Man with No Name character in the Dollars westerns and praised the film's atmosphere. The film would later appear in Time's "Top 10 Films of the Year".
Eastwood was then offered the role of Benjamin L. Willard in Francis Coppola's Apocalypse Now, but declined as he did not want to spend weeks on location in the Philippines. He also refused the part of a platoon leader in Ted Post's Vietnam War film Go Tell the Spartans and instead decided to make a third Dirty Harry film The Enforcer. The film had Harry partnered with a new female officer (Tyne Daly) to face a San Francisco Bay area group resembling the Symbionese Liberation Army. The film, culminating in a shootout on Alcatraz island, was considerably shorter than the previous Dirty Harry films at 95 minutes, but was a major commercial success grossing $100 million (US$386 million in 2011 dollars) worldwide to become Eastwood's highest-grossing film to date.
In 1977 he directed and starred in The Gauntlet opposite Locke, Pat Hingle, William Prince, Bill McKinney, and Mara Corday. He portrays a down-and-out cop who falls in love with a prostitute that he is assigned to escort from Las Vegas to Phoenix, to testify against the mob. Although a moderate hit with the viewing public critics had mixed feelings about the film, with many believing it was overly violent. Eastwood's longtime nemesis Pauline Kael called it "a tale varnished with foul language and garnished with violence". Roger Ebert, on the other hand, gave it three stars and called it "...classic Clint Eastwood: fast, furious, and funny." In 1978 Eastwood starred in Every Which Way but Loose alongside Locke, Geoffrey Lewis, Ruth Gordon and John Quade. In an uncharacteristic offbeat comedy role, Eastwood played Philo Beddoe, a trucker and brawler who roams the American West searching for a lost love accompanied by his brother and an orangutan called Clyde. The film proved a surprising success upon its release and became Eastwood's most commercially successful film at the time. Panned by the critics it ranked high amongst the box office successes of his career and was the second-highest grossing film of 1978.
Eastwood starred in the atmospheric thriller Escape from Alcatraz in 1979, the last of his films to be directed by Don Siegel. It was based on the true story of Frank Lee Morris who, along with John and Clarence Anglin, escaped from the notorious Alcatraz prison in 1962. The film was a major success and marked the beginning of a period of praise for Eastwood from the critics; Stanley Kauffmann of The New Republic lauding it as "crystalline cinema" and Frank Rich of Time describing it as "cool, cinematic grace".
1980s
Eastwood directed the 1980 comedy Bronco Billy as well as playing the lead role in alongside Locke, Scatman Crothers, and Sam Bottoms. His children, Kyle and Alison, also had small roles as orphans. Eastwood has cited Bronco Billy as being one of the most affable shoots of his career and biographer Richard Schickel has argued that the character of Bronco Billy is Eastwood's most self-referential work. The film was a commercial failure but was appreciated by critics. Janet Maslin of The New York Times believed the film was "the best and funniest Clint Eastwood movie in quite a while", praising Eastwood's directing and the way he intricately juxtaposes the old West and the new. Later in 1980 Eastwood starred in Any Which Way You Can, the sequel to Every Which Way but Loose. The film received a number of bad reviews from critics, although Maslin described it as "funnier and even better than its predecessor". The film became another box office success and was among the top five highest-grossing films of the year.
In 1982 Eastwood directed and starred alongside his son Kyle in Honkytonk Man, based on the eponymous Clancy Carlile's depression-era novel. Eastwood portrays a struggling western singer Red Stovall who suffers from tuberculosis, but has finally been given an opportunity to make it big at the Grand Ole Opry. He is accompanied by his young nephew (Kyle) to Nashville, Tennessee where he is supposed to record a song. Only Time gave the film a good review in the United States, with most reviewers criticizing its blend of muted humor and tragedy. Nevertheless the film received critical acclaim in France, where it was compared to John Ford's The Grapes of Wrath, and it has since acquired the very high rating of 93% on Rotten Tomatoes. In that same year Eastwood directed, produced, and starred in the Cold War-themed Firefox alongside Freddie Jones, David Huffman, Warren Clarke and Ronald Lacey. Based on a 1977 novel with the same name written by Craig Thomas, the film was shot before Honkeytonk Man but was released after it. Russian filming locations were not possible due to the Cold War, and the film had to be shot in Vienna and other locations in Austria to simulate many of the Eurasian story locations. With a production cost of $20 million (US$45.5 million in 2011 dollars) it was Eastwood's highest budget film to date.People magazine likened Eastwood's performance to "Luke Skywalker trapped in Dirty Harry's Soul".
Sudden Impact, the fourth Dirty Harry film, was shot in the spring and summer of 1983 and is widely considered to be the darkest and most violent of the series. By this time Eastwood received 60% of all profits from films he starred in and directed, with the rest going to the studio.Sudden Impact was the last film which he starred in with Locke. She plays a woman raped, along with her sister, by a ruthless gang at a fairground and seeks revenge for her sister's now vegetative state by systematically murdering her rapists. The line "Go ahead, make my day", uttered by Eastwood during an early scene in a coffee shop, is often cited as one of cinema's immortal ones; famously quoted by President Ronald Reagan in a speech to Congress and used during the 1984 presidential elections. The film was the highest-earning of all the Dirty Harry films earning $70 million (US$154 million in 2011 dollars). It received rave reviews with many critics praising the feminist aspects of the film, through its explorations of the physical and psychological consequences of rape.
Tightrope (1984) had Eastwood starring opposite his daughter Alison, Geneviève Bujold, and Jamie Rose in a provocative thriller, inspired by newspaper articles about an elusive Bay Area rapist. Set in New Orleans, to avoid confusion with the Dirty Harry films, Eastwood played a single-parent cop drawn into his target's tortured psychology and fascination for sadomasochism. He next starred in the period comedy City Heat (1984) alongside Burt Reynolds, a film about a private eye and his partner who get mixed up with gangsters in the prohibition era of the 1930s. It grossed around $50 million (US$106 million in 2011 dollars) domestically, but was overshadowed by Eddie Murphy's Beverly Hills Cop and failed to meet expectations.
Eastwood made his only foray into TV direction with the 1985 Amazing Stories episode "Vanessa In The Garden", which starred Harvey Keitel and Sondra Locke. This was his first collaboration with Steven Spielberg, who later co-produced Flags of Our Fathers and Letters from Iwo Jima. Eastwood revisited the western genre when he directed and starred in Pale Rider (1985) opposite Michael Moriarty and Carrie Snodgress. The film is based on the classic 1953 western Shane and follows a preacher descending from the mists of the Sierras to side with the miners during the California Gold Rush of 1850. The title is a reference to the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, as the rider of the pale horse is Death, and shows similarities to Eastwood's 1973 western High Plains Drifter in its themes of morality and justice as well as its exploration of the supernatural.Pale Rider became one of Eastwood's most successful films to date. It was hailed as one of the best films of 1985 and the best western in years with Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune remarking, "This year (1985) will go down in film history as the moment Clint Eastwood finally earned respect as an artist".
In 1986 Eastwood co-starred with Marsha Mason in the military drama Heartbreak Ridge, about the 1983 United States invasion of Grenada. He portrays an aging United States Marine Gunnery Sergeant and Korean War veteran. The production and filming of Heartbreak Ridge were marred by internal disagreements, between Eastwood and long-time friend and producer Fritz Manes as well as between Eastwood and the United States Department of Defense who expressed contempt for the film. At the time the film was a commercial rather than a critical success, only becoming viewed more favorably in recent times. The film was released in 1,470 theaters and grossed $70 million (US$140 million) domestically.
Eastwood starred in The Dead Pool (1988), the fifth and final Dirty Harry film in the series. It co-starred Liam Neeson, Patricia Clarkson, and a young Jim Carrey who plays Johnny Squares, a drug-addled rock star and the first of the victims on a list of celebrities drawn up by horror film director Peter Swan (Neeson) who are deemed most likely to die, the so-called "Dead Pool". The list is stolen by an obsessed fan, who in mimicking his favorite director, systematically makes his way through the list killing off celebrities, of which Dirty Harry is also included. The Dead Pool grossed nearly $38 million (US$70.6 million), relatively low receipts for a Dirty Harry film and it is generally viewed as the weakest film of the series, although Roger Ebert perceived it to be as good as the original.
Eastwood began working on smaller, more personal projects, and experienced a lull in his career between 1988 and 1992. Always interested in jazz he directed Bird (1988), a biopic starring Forest Whitaker as jazz musician Charlie "Bird" Parker. Alto saxophonist Jackie McLean and Spike Lee, son of jazz bassist Bill Lee and a long term critic of Eastwood, criticized the characterization of Charlie Parker remarking that it did not capture his true essence and sense of humor. Eastwood received two Golden Globes for the film, the Cecil B. DeMille Award for his lifelong contribution, and the Best Director award. However, Bird was a commercial disaster earning just $11 million, which Eastwood attributed to the declining interest in jazz among black people.
Carrey would again appear with Eastwood in the poorly received comedy Pink Cadillac (1989) alongside Bernadette Peters. The film is about a bounty hunter and a group of white supremacists chasing an innocent woman who tries to outrun everyone in her husband's prized pink Cadillac. The film was a disaster, both critically and commercially, earning barely more than Bird and marking the lowest point in Eastwood's career in years.
1990s
Eastwood directed and starred in White Hunter Black Heart (1990), an adaptation of Peter Viertel's roman à clef, about John Huston and the making of the classic film The African Queen. Shot on location in Zimbabwe in the summer of 1989, the film received some critical attention but with only a limited release earned just $8.4 million (US$14.1 million in 2011 dollars). Later the same year Eastwood directed and co-starred with Charlie Sheen in The Rookie, a buddy cop action film. Critics found the macho jiving between Eastwood and Sheen unconvincing and passed the film off as "blatant racial Hispanic stereotyping". An ongoing lawsuit filed by Stacy McLaughlin resulted in no Eastwood films showing in cinemas in 1991—the third time in his career. The suit was in response to Eastwood allegedly ramming McLaughlin's car while backing out of his parking space at Malpaso. Eastwood won the suit and agreed to pay McLaughlin's court fees if she did not appeal.
In 1992 Eastwood revisited the western genre in the self-directed film Unforgiven, where he played an aging ex-gunfighter long past his prime opposite Gene Hackman, Morgan Freeman, Richard Harris, and his then girlfriend Frances Fisher. Scripts existed for the film as early as 1976 until titles such as The Cut-Whore Killings and The William Munny Killings but Eastwood delayed the project, partly because he wanted to wait until he was old enough to play his character and to savor it as the last of his western films. By re-envisioning established genre conventions in a more ambiguous and unromantic light the picture laid the groundwork for later westerns such as Deadwood. Unforgiven was a major commercial and critical success, with nominations for nine Academy Awards including Best Actor for Eastwood and Best Original Screenplay for David Webb Peoples. It won four, including Best Picture and Best Director for Eastwood. Jack Methews of the Los Angeles Times described it as "the finest classical western to come along since perhaps John Ford's 1956 The Searchers. In June 2008 Unforgiven was acknowledged as the fourth best American film in the western genre, behind Shane, High Noon, and The Searchers, in the American Film Institute's "AFI's 10 Top 10" list.
Eastwood played Frank Horrigan in the CIA thriller In the Line of Fire (1993) directed by Wolfgang Petersen and co-starring John Malkovich and Rene Russo. Horrigan is a guilt-ridden Secret Service agent, haunted by his failure to react in time to save John F. Kennedy's life. As of 2011 it is the last time he acted in a film that he did not direct himself. The film was among the top 10 box office performers in that year, earning a reported $200 million (US$304 million in 2011 dollars) in the United States alone. Later in 1993 Eastwood directed and co-starred with Kevin Costner in A Perfect World. Set in the 1960s,Eastwood plays a Texas Ranger in pursuit of an escaped convict (Costner) who hits the road with a young boy (T.J. Lowther). Janet Maslin of The New York Times remarked that the film was the highest point of Eastwood's directing career and it has since been cited as one of his most underrated directorial achievements.
At the May 1994 Cannes Film Festival Eastwood received France's Ordre des Arts et des Lettres medal then on March 27, 1995, he was awarded the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award at the 67th Academy Awards. His next appearance was in a cameo role as himself in the 1995 children's film Casper and continued to expand his repertoire by playing opposite Meryl Streep in the romantic picture The Bridges of Madison County in the same year. Based on a best-selling novel by Robert James Waller and set in Iowa,The Bridges of Madison County relates the story of Robert Kincaid (Eastwood), a photographer working for National Geographic, who has a love affair with middle-aged Italian farm wife Francesca (Streep). The film was a hit at the box office and highly acclaimed by critics, despite unfavorable views of the novel and a subject deemed potentially disastrous for film. Roger Ebert remarked that "Streep and Eastwood weave a spell, and it is based on that particular knowledge of love and self that comes with middle age."The Bridges of Madison County was nominated for a Golden Globe for Best Picture and won a César Award in France for Best Foreign Film. Streep was also nominated for an Academy Award and a Golden Globe.
As well as directing the 1997 political thriller Absolute Power, Eastwood once again appeared alongside co-star Gene Hackman. Eastwood played the role of a veteran thief who witnesses the Secret Service cover up of a murder. The film received a mixed reception from critics and was generally viewed as one of his weaker efforts.Maitland McDonagh of TV Guide remarked, "The plot turns are no more ludicrous than those of the average political thriller, but the slow pace makes their preposterousness all the more obvious. Eastwood's acting limitations are also sorely evident, since Luther is the kind of thoughtful thief who has to talk, rather than maintaining the enigmatic fortitude that is Eastwood's forte. Disappointing." Later in 1997 Eastwood directed Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil, based on the novel by John Berendt and starring John Cusack, Kevin Spacey, and Jude Law, a film which received a mixed response from critics.
Eastwood directed and starred in True Crime (1999), which also featured his young daughter Francesca Fisher-Eastwood. He plays Steve Everett, a journalist recovering from alcoholism given the task of covering the execution of murderer Frank Beechum (Isaiah Washington). The film received a mixed reception with Janet Maslin of The New York Times writing, "True Crime is directed by Mr. Eastwood with righteous indignation and increasingly strong momentum. As in A Perfect World, his direction is galvanized by a sense of second chances and tragic misunderstandings, and by contrasting a larger sense of justice with the peculiar minutiae of crime. Perhaps he goes a shade too far in the latter direction, though." If some reviews for True Crime were positive, commercially it was a box office bomb—earning less than half its $55 million (US$72.5 million in 2011 dollars) budget—and easily became Eastwood's worst performing film of the 1990s aside from White Hunter Black Heart, which only had limited release.
2000s
In 2000 Eastwood directed and starred in Space Cowboys alongside Tommy Lee Jones, Donald Sutherland, and James Garner as one of a group of veteran "ex-test pilots" who are sent into space to repair an old Soviet satellite. The original music score was composed by Eastwood and Lennie Niehaus. Space Cowboys was well-received and holds a 79% rating at Rotten Tomatoes. The film received a moderately favorable review from Roger Ebert, "it's too secure within its traditional story structure to make much seem at risk — but with the structure come the traditional pleasures as well." The film grossed over $90 million in its United States release, more than Eastwood's two previous films combined.The following year he played an ex-FBI agent on the track of a sadistic killer (Jeff Daniels) in the thriller Blood Work, loosely based on the 1998 novel of the same name by Michael Connelly. The film was a failure, grossing just $26.2 million (US$32 million in 2011 dollars) on an estimated budget of $50 million (US$61 million in 2011 dollars), and received mixed reviews with a consensus at Rotten Tomatoes calling it "well-made but marred by lethargic pacing".Eastwood did, however, win the Future Film Festival Digital Award at the Venice Film Festival.
Eastwood directed and scored the crime drama Mystic River (2003), a film about murder, vigilantism, and sexual abuse, set in Boston. Starring Sean Penn, Kevin Bacon, and Tim Robbins, Mystic River was lauded by critics and viewers alike. The film won two Academy Awards, Best Actor for Penn and Best Supporting Actor for Robbins, with Eastwood garnering nominations for Best Director and Best Picture. Eastwood was named Best Director of the Year by the London Film Critics Circle and the National Society of Film Critics. The film grossed $90 million (US$107 million in 2011 dollars) domestically on a budget of $30 million (US$35.8 million in 2011 dollars).
The following year Eastwood found further critical and commercial success when he directed, produced, scored, and starred in the boxing drama Million Dollar Baby, playing a cantankerous trainer who forms a bond with female boxer (Hilary Swank) who he is persuaded to train by his lifelong friend (Morgan Freeman). The film won four Academy Awards: Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actress (Swank), and Best Supporting Actor (Freeman). At age 74 Eastwood became the oldest of eighteen directors to have directed two or more Best Picture winners. He also received a nomination for Best Actor and a Grammy nomination for his score.A. O. Scott of The New York Times lauded the film as a "masterpiece" and the best film of the year.
In 2006 Eastwood directed two films about World War II's Battle of Iwo Jima. The first, Flags of Our Fathers, focused on the men who raised the American flag on top of Mount Suribachi and was followed by Letters from Iwo Jima, which dealt with the tactics of the Japanese soldiers on the island and the letters they wrote home to family members. Letters from Iwo Jima was the first American film to depict a war issue completely from the view of an American enemy. Both films received praise from critics and garnered several nominations at the 79th Academy Awards, including Best Director, Best Picture, and Best Original Screenplay for Letters from Iwo Jima. At the 64th Golden Globe Awards Eastwood received nominations for Best Director in both films. Letters from Iwo Jima won the award for Best Foreign Language Film.
Eastwood next directed Changeling (2008), based on a true story set in the late 1920s. Angelina Jolie stars as a woman who is reunited with her missing son only to realize that he is an impostor. After its release at several film festivals the film grossed over $110 million (US$112 million in 2011 dollars), the majority of which came from foreign markets. The film was highly acclaimed, with Damon Wise of Empire describing Changeling as "flawless". Todd McCarthy of Variety described it as "emotionally powerful and stylistically sure-handed" and stated that Changeling was a more complex and wide-ranging work than Eastwood's Mystic River, saying the characters and social commentary were brought into the story with an "almost breathtaking deliberation". Film critic Prairie Miller said that, in its portrayal of female courage, the film was "about as feminist as Hollywood can get" whilst David Denby argued that, like Eastwood's Million Dollar Baby, the film was "less an expression of feminist awareness than a case of awed respect for a woman who was strong and enduring." Eastwood received nominations for Best Original Score at the 66th Golden Globe Awards, Best Direction at the 62nd British Academy Film Awards and director of the year from the London Film Critics' Circle.
After four years away from acting Eastwood ended his "self-imposed acting hiatus" with Gran Torino, which he also directed, produced, and partly scored with his son Kyle and Jamie Cullum. Biographer Marc Eliot called Eastwood's role "an amalgam of the Man with No Name, Dirty Harry, and William Munny, here aged and cynical but willing and able to fight on whenever the need arose." Eastwood has said that the role will most likely be the last time he acts in a film. It grossed close to $30 million (US$30.6 million in 2011 dollars) during its wide release opening weekend in January 2009, the highest of his career as an actor or director.Gran Torino eventually grossed over $268 million (US$274 million in 2011 dollars) in theaters worldwide becoming the highest-grossing film of Eastwood's career so far, without adjustment for inflation.
His 29th directorial outing came with Invictus, a film based on the story of the South African team at the 1995 Rugby World Cup, with Morgan Freeman as Nelson Mandela and Matt Damon as rugby team captain François Pienaar. Freeman had bought the film rights to John Carlin's book on which the film is based. The film met with generally positive reviews; Roger Ebert gave it three and a half stars and described it as a "very good film... with moments evoking great emotion", while Variety's Todd McCarthy wrote, "Inspirational on the face of it, Clint Eastwood's film has a predictable trajectory, but every scene brims with surprising details that accumulate into a rich fabric of history, cultural impressions and emotion." Eastwood was nominated for Best Director at the 67th Golden Globe Awards.
2010s
In 2010, Eastwood directed the drama Hereafter, again working with Damon, who portrayed a psychic. The film had its world premiere on September 12, 2010 at the 2010 Toronto International Film Festival and was given a limited release on October 15, 2010.Hereafter received mixed reviews from critics, with the consensus at Rotten Tomatoes being, "Despite a thought-provoking premise and Clint Eastwood's typical flair as director, Hereafter fails to generate much compelling drama, straddling the line between poignant sentimentality and hokey tedium." In the same year, Eastwood served as executive producer for a Turner Classic Movies (TCM) documentary about jazz pianist Dave Brubeck, Dave Brubeck: In His Own Sweet Way, to commemorate Brubeck's 90th birthday.
Eastwood's current project is a 2012 biopic of J. Edgar Hoover, entitled J. Edgar, focusing on the former FBI director's scandalous career and controversial private life. It will star Leonardo DiCaprio as Hoover,Armie Hammer as Clyde Tolson, and Damon Herriman as Bruno Hauptmann. In January 2011, it was announced that Eastwood is in talks to direct Beyoncé Knowles in a third remake of the 1937 film A Star Is Born, with a 2012 release likely.
Directing style
Beginning with the thriller Play Misty for Me, Eastwood has directed over 30 films in his career; including westerns, action films, and dramas. From the very early days of his career, Eastwood had been frustrated by directors insisting that scenes be re-shot multiple times and perfected and when he began as a director in 1971 he made a conscious attempt to avoid any aspects of directing he had been indifferent to as an actor. As a result, Eastwood is renowned for his efficient film directing and to reduce filming time and to keep budgets under control. Eastwood usually avoids actors rehearsing and prefers most scenes to be completed on the first take. In preparation for filming Eastwood rarely uses storyboards for developing the layout of a shooting schedule. He also attempts to reduce script background details on characters to allow the audience to become more involved in the film, considering their imagination a requirement for a film that connects with viewers. Eastwood has indicated that he lays out a film's plot to provide the audience with necessary details, but not "so much that it insults their intelligence."According to Life magazine, "Eastwood's style is to shoot first and act afterward. He etches his characters virtually without words. He has developed the art of underplaying to the point that anyone around him who so much as flinches looks hammily histrionic."
Interviewers Richard Thompson and Tim Hunter note that Eastwood's films are "superbly paced: unhurried; cool; and [give] a strong sense of real time, regardless of the speed of the narrative" while Ric Gentry considers Eastwood's pacing to be "unrushed and relaxed". Many of Eastwood's films rely on low lighting to give his films a "noir-ish" feel. Reviewers have pointed out that the majority of his films are based on the male point-of-view, although female characters typically have strong roles as both heroes and villains.
Politics
Edit Block
Eastwood outdoors at a Take Pride in America event.
Eastwood registered as a Republican to vote for Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1952 and later supported Richard Nixon's 1968 and 1972 presidential campaigns. However, he later criticized Nixon's handling of the Vietnam War and his morality during Watergate. He expressed his disapproval of America's wars in Korea (1950–1953), Vietnam (1964–1973), and Iraq (2003–2010), believing that the United States should not be overly militaristic or play the role of global policeman. He considers himself too individualistic to be either right-wing or left-wing, describing himself as a "political nothing" and a "moderate" in 1974 and a libertarian in 1997. Eastwood has stated that while he does not see himself as conservative, he is not an "ultra-leftist" either. At times he has supported Democrats in California, including Representative Sam Farr in 2002 and Governor Gray Davis in 2003. A longtime liberal on civil rights Eastwood has stated that he is pro-choice on abortion. He has endorsed the notion of allowing gays to marry and contributed to groups supporting the Equal Rights Amendment for women.
As a politician Eastwood has made successful forays into both local and state government. In April 1986 he was elected mayor for one term in his home town of Carmel-by-the-Sea, California – a small, wealthy town and artist community on the Monterey Peninsula. During his term he tended towards supporting small business interests and advocating environmental protection. In 2001 Eastwood was appointed to the California State Park and Recreation Commission by Governor Davis, then reappointed in 2004 by Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger. As the vice chairman of the commission, in 2005 along with chairman Bobby Shriver, he led the movement opposed to a six-lane 16-mile (26 km) extension of California State Route 241, a toll road that would cut through San Onofre State Beach. Eastwood and Shriver supported a 2006 lawsuit to block the toll road and urged the California Coastal Commission to reject the project, which it duly did in February 2008. In March 2008 Eastwood and Shriver's non-reappointment to the commission on the expiry of their terms prompted the Natural Resources Defense Council (NDRC) to request a legislative investigation into the decision. Governor Schwarzenegger appointed Eastwood to the California Film Commission in April 2004. He has also acted as a spokesman for Take Pride in America, an agency of the United States Department of the Interior which advocates taking responsibility for natural, cultural, and historic resources.
During the 2008 United States Presidential Election Eastwood endorsed John McCain, who he has known since 1973, but nevertheless wished Barack Obama well upon his subsequent victory. In August 2010 Eastwood wrote to the British Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne to protest the decision to close the UK Film Council, warning that the closure could result in fewer foreign production companies choosing to work in the UK.
Personal life
The Hog's Breath Inn in Carmel, once owned by Eastwood
Relationships
Eastwood has fathered at least seven children by five different women and has been described as a "serial womanizer". According to biographers Eastwood has always had a strong sexual appetite and particularly so during the 1970s. He has had affairs with many women including actresses Catherine Deneuve, Peggy Lipton, Jean Seberg, Kay Lenz, Jamie Rose, Inger Stevens, Jo Ann Harris, Jill Banner, casting director Jane Brolin, script analyst Megan Rose, and swimming champion Anita Lhoest.
On December 19, 1953, Eastwood married model Maggie Johnson, six months after they had met on a blind date. The couple had two children: Kyle Eastwood (born May 19, 1968) and Alison Eastwood (born May 22, 1972). Eastwood filed for divorce in 1979 after a long separation, but the $25 million (US$52.9 million in 2011 dollars) divorce settlement was not finalized until May 1984.
During an earlier separation from Johnson he fathered a daughter, Kimber (born June 17, 1964), with dancer Roxanne Tunis. Eastwood did not publicly acknowledge her until 1996. Kimber is the mother of Eastwood's oldest grandchild, Clinton, born on February 21, 1984.
He began a fourteen-year relationship with actress Sondra Locke in 1975. They co-starred in six films together: The Outlaw Josey Wales, The Gauntlet, Every Which Way but Loose, Bronco Billy, Any Which Way You Can, and Sudden Impact. During the relationship Locke had two abortions and a subsequent tubal ligation at his request. The couple separated acrimoniously in 1989; Locke filed a palimony suit against Eastwood after being evicted from the home which they shared. She sued him a second time, for fraud, regarding an alleged phony directing deal he gave her in settlement of the first lawsuit. Locke and Eastwood went on to resolve the dispute with a non-public settlement in 1999. Her memoir The Good, the Bad, and the Very Ugly includes a harrowing account of their years together.
During his cohabitation with Locke, Eastwood had an affair with flight attendant Jacelyn Reeves. According to biographers they met at the premiere of Pale Rider where they conceived a son, Scott Reeves (born March 21, 1986). They also had a daughter, Kathryn Reeves (born February 2, 1988), although neither of them were publicly acknowledged until years later. Kathryn served as Miss Golden Globe at the 2005 ceremony where she presented Eastwood with an award for Million Dollar Baby.
In 1990 Eastwood began living with actress Frances Fisher, whom he had met on the set of Pink Cadillac (1989). They co-starred in Unforgiven and had a daughter, Francesca Fisher-Eastwood (born August 7, 1993). The couple ended their relationship in early 1995, but remain friends and later appeared together in True Crime.
Eastwood met anchorwoman Dina Ruiz when she interviewed him in 1993 and they married on March 31, 1996, when Eastwood surprised her with a private ceremony at his home on the Shadow Creek Golf Course in Las Vegas. She is 35 years his junior and the couple's daughter, Morgan Eastwood, was born on December 12, 1996.
Leisure
Despite appearing to smoke in many of his films Eastwood is a life-long non-smoker, has been conscious of his health and fitness since he was a teenager, and practices healthy eating and daily Transcendental Meditation. On July 21, 1970, Eastwood's father died unexpectedly of a heart attack at the age of 64. This profoundly altered Eastwood's lifestyle, encouraging him to adopt a vigorous health and exercise regime to ensure his longevity. He abstained from hard liquor, although he still favored cold beer, and opened an old English-inspired pub called the Hog's Breath Inn in Carmel-by-the-Sea in 1971. Eastwood eventually sold the pub and now owns the Mission Ranch Hotel and Restaurant, also located in Carmel-by-the-Sea.
Eastwood is a keen golfer and owns the Tehàma Golf Club. He is also an investor in the world-renowned Pebble Beach Golf Links and donates his time every year to charitable causes at major tournaments. Eastwood was formerly a licensed pilot and often flew his helicopter to the studios to avoid traffic.
Music
Eastwood is an audiophile and has had a strong passion for music all his life. He particularly favors jazz and country and western music and is a pianist and composer. Jazz has played an important role in Eastwood's life from a young age and, although he never made it as a professional musician, he passed on the influence to his son Kyle Eastwood, a successful jazz bassist and composer. Eastwood developed as a ragtime pianist early on and had originally intended to pursue a career in music by studying for a music theory degree after graduating from high school. In late 1959 he produced the album Cowboy Favorites, released on the Cameo label.
Eastwood has his own Warner Bros. Records-distributed imprint Malpaso Records, as part of his deal with Warner Brothers, which has released all of the scores of Eastwood's films from The Bridges of Madison County onward. Eastwood co-wrote "Why Should I Care" with Linda Thompson and Carole Bayer Sager, which was recorded by Diana Krall. Eastwood composed the film scores of Mystic River, Grace Is Gone (2007), and Changeling, and the original piano compositions for In the Line of Fire. He also wrote and performed the song heard over the credits of Gran Torino. The music in Grace Is Gone received two Golden Globe nominations by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association for the 65th Golden Globe Awards. Eastwood was nominated for Best Original Score, while the song "Grace is Gone" with music by Eastwood and lyrics by Carole Bayer Sager was nominated for Best Original Song. It won the Satellite Award for Best Song at the 12th Satellite Awards. Changeling was nominated for Best Score at the 14th Critics' Choice Awards, Best Original Score at the 66th Golden Globe Awards, and Best Music at the 35th Saturn Awards. On September 22, 2007, Eastwood was awarded an honorary Doctor of Music degree from the Berklee College of Music at the Monterey Jazz Festival, on which he serves as an active board member. Upon receiving the award he gave a speech claiming, "It's one of the great honors I'll cherish in this lifetime."
Awards and honors
Clint Eastwood display in the entrance to the California Hall of Fame
Academy Awards
Letters from Iwo Jima
Nominated
Eastwood has been recognized with multiple awards and nominations for his work in film, television, and music. His widest reception has been in film work, for which he has received Academy Awards, Directors Guild of America Awards, Golden Globe Awards, and People's Choice Awards, among others. Eastwood is one of only two people to have been twice nominated for Best Actor and Best Director for the same film (Unforgiven and Million Dollar Baby) the other being Warren Beatty (Heaven Can Wait and Reds). Along with Beatty, Robert Redford, Richard Attenborough, Kevin Costner, and Mel Gibson, he is one of the few directors best known as an actor to win an Academy Award for directing. On February 27, 2005, he became one of only three living directors (along with Miloš Forman and Francis Ford Coppola) to have directed two Best Picture winners. At age 74, he was also the oldest recipient of the Academy Award for Best Director. Eastwood has directed five actors in Academy Award–winning performances: Gene Hackman in Unforgiven, Tim Robbins and Sean Penn in Mystic River, and Morgan Freeman and Hilary Swank in Million Dollar Baby.
On August 22, 1984, Eastwood was honored at a ceremony at Grauman's Chinese theater to record his hand and footprints in cement. Eastwood received the AFI Life Achievement Award in 1996 and received an honorary degree from AFI in 2009. On December 6, 2006, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver inducted Eastwood into the California Hall of Fame located at The California Museum for History, Women, and the Arts. In early 2007, Eastwood was presented with the highest civilian distinction in France, Légion d'honneur, at a ceremony in Paris. French President Jacques Chirac told Eastwood that he embodied "the best of Hollywood". In October 2009, he was honored by the Lumière Award (in honor of the Lumière Brothers, inventors of the Cinematograph) during the first edition of the Lumière Film Festival in Lyon, France. This award honors his entire career and his major contribution to the 7th Art. In February 2010, Eastwood was recognized by President Barack Obama with an arts and humanities award. Obama described Eastwood's films as "essays in individuality, hard truths and the essence of what it means to be American."
Eastwood has also been awarded at least three honorary degrees from universities and colleges, including an honorary degree from University of the Pacific in 2006, an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from the University of Southern California on May 27, 2007, and an honorary Doctor of Music degree from the Berklee College of Music at the Monterey Jazz Festival on September 22, 2007.
Filmography
Edit Block
Eastwood has contributed to over 50 films over his career as actor, director, producer, and composer. He has acted in several television series, most notably starring in Rawhide. He started directing in 1971 and made his debut as a producer in 1982 with Firefox and Honkytonk Man. Eastwood also has contributed music to his films, either through performing, writing, or composing. He has mainly starred in western, action, and drama films. According to the box office-revenue tracking website, Box Office Mojo, films featuring Eastwood have grossed a total of more than US$1.68 billion domestically, with an average of $37 million per film.
Notes
Baker, Brian (2006). Masculinity in Fiction and Film: Representing Men in Popular Genres, 1945–2000. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 9780826486523.
Baldwin, Louis (1999). Turning Points: Pivotal Moments in the Careers of 83 Famous Figures. McFarland. ISBN 9780786406265.
Canby, Vincent; Maslin, Janet; Nichols, Peter (1999). The New York Times Guide to the Best 1000 Movies Ever Made. New York: Times Books. ISBN 0812930010.
Cardullo, Bert (2010). Screen Writings: Genres, Classics, and Aesthetics. Anthem Press. ISBN 9781843318378.
Eliot, Marc (2009). American Rebel: The Life of Clint Eastwood. New York: Harmony Books. ISBN 9780307336880.
Emery, Robert J. (2003). The Directors: Take 3. Allworth Press. ISBN 1581152450.
Fischer, Lucy; Landy, Marcia; Smith, Paul (2004). Stars: The Film Reader: Action Movie Hysteria of Eastwood Bound. London: Routledge. ISBN 0415278937.
Fitzgerald, Michael G.; Magers, Boyd (2002). Ladies of the Western: Interviews With Fifty-One More Actresses from the Silent Era to the Television Westerns of the 1950s and 1960s. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. ISBN 0786411406.
Frank, Alan (1982). Clint Eastwood: Screen Greats. New York: Exeter. ISBN 0896731359.
Frayling, Christopher (1992). Clint Eastwood. London: Virgin. ISBN 0863693075.
Gallafent, Edward (1994). Clint Eastwood. New York: Continuum. ISBN 0826406653.
Hughes, Howard (2009). Aim for the Heart. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 9781845119027.
Johnston, Robert K. (2007). Reframing Theology and Film: New Focus for an Emerging Discipline. Baker Academic. ISBN 9780801032400.
Kapsis, Robert E.; Coblentz, Kathie, ed (1999). Clint Eastwood: Interviews. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 1578060702.
Kitses, Jim (2004). Horizons West. British Film Institute. ISBN 1844570509.
Lichtenfeld, Eric (2007). Action Speaks Louder. Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 0819568015.
Lloyd, Ann; Robinson, David (1987). The Illustrated History of the Cinema. New York: Macmillan. ISBN 0029192412.
Mathijs, Ernest; Mendik, Xavier (July 7, 2004). Alternative Europe: Eurotrash and Exploitation Cinema Since 1945. Wallflower Press. ISBN 9781903364932.
McGilligan, Patrick (1999). Clint: The Life and Legend. London: Harper Collins. ISBN 0006383548.
Mercer, Jane (1975). Great Lovers of the Movies. New York: Crescent Books. ISBN 0517131269.
Munn, Michael (1992). Clint Eastwood: Hollywood's Loner. London: Robson. ISBN 9780860517900.
Oates, Bob (1976). Celebrating the Dawn: Maharishi Mahesh Yogi and the TM Technique. New York: Putnam. ISBN 0399118152.
O'Brien, Daniel (1996). Clint Eastwood: Film-Maker. London: B. T. Batsford. ISBN 071347839X.
Ivy Press (November 1, 2005). Heritage Vintage Movie Poster Signature Auction 2005 Catalog #624. Heritage Capital Corporation. ISBN 9781599670041.
Roberts, James B.; Skutt, Alexander (2006). The Boxing Register: International Boxing Hall of Fame Official Record Book. Ithaca, N.Y.: McBooks Press. ISBN 1590131215.
Rogin, Michael Paul (1988). Ronald Reagan, the Movie and Other Episodes in Political Demonology. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520064690.
Schickel, Richard (1996). Clint Eastwood: A Biography. New York: Knopf. ISBN 9780679429746.
Slocum, J. David (2001). Violence and American Cinema. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0415928109.
Smith, Paul (1993). Clint Eastwood: A Cultural Production: Volume 8 of American Culture. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0816619603.
Stillman, Deanne (1981). Getting Back at Dad. Wideview Books. ISBN 9780872237254.
Sweeney, Patrick (December 13, 2004). The Gun Digest Book of Smith & Wesson. Gun Digest Books. ISBN 9780873497923.
Verlhac, Pierre-Henri; Bogdanovich, Peter (September 1, 2008). Clint Eastwood: A Life in Pictures. Chronicle Books. ISBN 9780811861540.
Zmijewsky, Boris; Lee Pfeiffer (1982). The Films of Clint Eastwood. Secaucus, New Jersey: Citadel Press. ISBN 0806508639.
Further reading
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Can you name the tallest grass which can grow to around 25m? | What is the tallest type of grass in the world? | Reference.com
What is the tallest type of grass in the world?
A:
Quick Answer
Woody bamboo, or Bambuseae poaceae, falls within the family of grasses and represents the tallest variety, with some species typically reaching more than 100 feet in height. Bamboo is found largely in warmer or tropical climates and can grow an astonishing 100 feet tall in just three months.
Full Answer
Because of bamboo's remarkable rate of growth and also its high tensile strength, close to that of steel in some species, it is used in a variety of human applications. These include everything from food and drink to construction, as reinforcement for concrete.
The next tallest form of grass is miscanthus, also called elephant grass or Ugandan grass. It is native to the grasslands of East Africa. It typically grows up to 10 feet in height and can reach up to 22 feet. It resembles bamboo in many respects and is a perennial plant. Miscanthus is most often used for animal fodder, but is also being developed as an alternative to corn in biofuel production.
Both bamboo and miscanthus are native to tropical regions. In North America are only used in gardening, landscaping or agriculture in the southernmost regions. In many parts of the world; however, bamboo in particular is an integral part of the lifestyle and it is estimated that more than half the world's population uses bamboo in one form or another every day.
| Bamboo |
What is the world's biggest fish? | How to Grow Perennials : Gardener's Supply
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Growing Perennials
Perennial plants are the backbone of nearly every flower garden. Unlike annual plants, which must be replanted each spring, herbaceous perennials die to the ground at the end of the season, and then regrow from the same roots the following year. People grow perennial flowers because they are such easy-care, dependable performers, and because they offer an enormous variety of color, texture and form. Here are the basics of garden design, plant selection and care.
The lifespan, bloom time, culture and form of perennial plants varies greatly. Some species, such as lupines and delphinium, are so called "short-lived" perennials, with a lifespan of just three or four years. Others may live as long as fifteen years, or even, in the case of peonies, a lifetime. Bloom time may last for only two weeks each year, or may extend over two or three months.
Some perennials, such as primroses, require deep humusy soil and plenty of shade, while others such as threadleaf coreopsis and cushion spurge wither away unless they grow in well-drained soil and full sun. Some perennials contain themselves in a nice, neat mound, while others, such as gooseneck loosestrife, will take over your entire garden. Some species should be cut back in midsummer, while others, such as hybrid lilies, may die if you remove their foliage.
There are so many different species and cultivars of perennial flowers to choose from that few people ever become completely familiar with all the options. For the perennial gardener, books are an invaluable resource. They provide photographs for identification (and inspiration!), cultural information, a description of growth habits, bloom time, color and characteristics of special cultivars. Invest in a good how-to book that has cultural information, and a color encyclopedia to help you identify plants and plan your selections.
What's in a Name?
It may be hard to believe, but scientific plant names are used to avoid confusion, not create it. They are developed by taxonomists to ensure that the same plant is called the same name throughout the world, regardless of language. Scientific plant names are usually a combination of Latin and Greek.
Common names, such as "bleeding heart," are often used to refer to all the plants in a genus and are useful unless you want to ensure you are purchasing a 24-inch high, spring-blooming bleeding heart (Dicentra spectabilis) rather than the ever-blooming species known as the fringed bleeding heart, which is only 12 inches high (Dicentra eximia). To learn more about botanical names, look for a copy of Gardener's Latin by Bill Neal (Algonquin Books, 1992).
Dicentra spectabilis 'Alba': (old-fashioned white bleeding heart)
Dicentra: The first name is the genus. It is always capitalized.
spectabilis: The second name is the species. It is not capitalized.
'Alba': The third name, which appears in single quotes, is the cultivar (cultivated variety).
Fellow gardeners are another great source of information about perennials. They can give you firsthand details about bloom time, height, hardiness and cultural requirements, and, if you visit their gardens, you can also see for yourself what the plants really look like up close. Nothing beats seeing a plant in a garden setting, where you can observe how it is being used. You may even go home with some pass-along plants for your own garden.
There's just no way to know how a plant will do for you unless you give it a try. If it turns out to be too tall, the color is wrong, or the plant doesn't thrive, you can always move it and try something different.
Perennial Planting Styles Few if any "perennial gardens" contain only herbaceous perennials. Woody plants, such as shrubs, roses, and trees, are often incorporated to provide a backdrop for the perennial plants, or are used to fill in and give mass to the bed or border. Many gardeners include annuals or biennials in their perennial gardens to provide splashes of dependable color throughout the season. Bulbs are added for early spring color and ornamental grasses for their interesting textures and late-season beauty.
Traditionally, perennial gardens have been laid out in one of two ways: a border or an island bed. A border is typically a long, rectangular flower bed that is about two to four feet deep. The classic English perennial border, which was so popular in the first half of the 20th century, was often as much as eight feet deep and 200-feet long. But for most home gardeners, a better size is about three feet deep and about 12 to 15 feet long.
Borders are usually viewed from only one side, and are located in front of a backdrop. This backdrop may be created with shrubs, a hedge, a fence or a stone wall. A well-defined front edge is important. You may design a solo border, or a matched pair. When selecting plants, keep in mind that borders usually look best when there is a repeating theme of plants and colors.
An island bed is a garden that floats in a "sea" of lawn. The shape is irregular, with gentle curves and no sharp corners. It is usually designed to be viewed from all sides, with the tallest plants positioned along the center line of the bed, and the shortest plants around the edges. Island beds look best when they are generous in size. A good size for an island bed is 8-by-15 feet, with the tallest plants reaching a height of about five feet.
Of course perennial flower gardens sometimes look nothing like a traditional border or island bed. Rock gardens break all the rules, for the objective is usually to create an irregular, natural-looking rock outcropping where tiny alpine plants can be featured.
Shade gardens are often irregularly-shaped, because they follow the natural shade patterns of the trees above. Another emerging style for perennial gardens is the large, free-form garden. In this case, the garden is defined by a series of meandering paths that lead the viewer right into and then through the plantings. Perennial flowers can also be mixed in among shrubs, planted around your mailbox, used in woodland or streamside plantings, or even planted in containers.
Arranging Your Plants
The appearance of a perennial garden depends as much upon the shapes of your plants and how they are arranged, as upon their colors.
Height: You'll want to place the tallest plants in the back of the border, or in the center of an island bed, then work down in height, ending with the shortest plants around the edges of an island bed or the front of a border. Books and labels usually list the average mature height for a plant in bloom. Remember that many plants hold their flowers well above the foliage. This means that when the plant is out of bloom, it may be much shorter than the specified height.
Heights are also an average. When grown in poor, dry soil, a plant may be only half as tall as the same plant grown in rich, moist soil. Be prepared to move your plants around once you see how tall (or short) they really grow. Even the most experienced gardeners rearrange their plants (usually more than once!).
Width: A plant's width, or spread, is just as important as its height. Width figures given in books or on labels are also an average. The actual width of a plant will vary depending on soils, geographical location and the age of the plant. Be careful about locating slow-growers very close to rapid spreaders. The former may all but disappear by the end of the first growing season.
Spacing: Patience is a virtue, but when most people plant a perennial garden, their goal is to create a full effect as soon as possible. The challenge is to plant thickly, but not break the bank, or create a crowded, unhealthy situation two or three years down the line. When planting a grouping or "drift" of the same kind of plants, you can put them closer together to create a massed look more quickly.
Another trick is to place short-lived plants between slower-growing, long-lived plants. Most peonies, for example, have an ultimate spread of three feet, but it may take seven years for them to reach this size. While you're waiting, you could interplant with Shasta daisies, a fast-growing, short-lived plant that will provide a full look and plenty of flowers while the peonies get themselves established.
Drifts versus specimens: A garden planted with groupings of five or more plants of the same variety will display drifts of repeating colors and textures. In this type of garden, plants are used primarily as design elements that add up to a pleasing and integrated visual effect.
At the opposite end of the spectrum is the collector's garden, filled with onezies and twozies of all different kinds of plants. These are the gardens of people who simply love plants and want to have one of everything. The look of this type of garden may be a jumble of colors and textures, and maintenance is usually more challenging, but these gardens are about plants first, and design second.
How to Select Plants
When it comes to deciding which perennials to plant, most of us are not very deliberate about our choices. We succumb to a luscious photo in a catalog, stumble upon an irresistible beauty at the nursery, or a neighbor sends us home with a bag full of cast-offs. If you ever do set out to make an informed and deliberate choice, here are some of the things that you should think about.
Your site: Perennials, like all plants, will live longer and be healthier and more floriferous if they are planted in a location that suits them. Does your garden have sandy soil or is it heavy clay? Is it in the sun or shade? Is the soil moist or droughty? Is the pH high, low, or neutral? Is the site flat, gently sloped, or steep? A good reference book can help you figure out which plants will probably be happy in the growing conditions that you can provide.
Hardiness: If a plant is not hardy in your growing zone, it will not survive the winter. If you don't know which zone you live in, check a USDA Hardiness Zone Map. Though knowing your zone is very important, altitude, wind exposure, soils and snow cover can have a dramatic impact on plant hardiness, effectively shifting the hardiness rating for your garden by as much as a full zone.
For best results, choose plants that are well within your zone. You will probably be tempted by those that are at or even just beyond your growing zone. If you can afford to take the gamble (financially and emotionally), it can be very rewarding to discover that you can grow a couple of Zone 5 plants in your Zone 4 garden. Where snow cover is not dependable, a winter mulch of leaves or straw can help marginally hardy plants survive a cold winter. Well-drained soil is also a benefit. Heavy, wet soils will often heave and damage plant roots.
Northern gardeners concern themselves with the minimum temperatures that a plant will tolerate, but Southern gardeners must also pay attention to zone ratings. Many popular perennials, including lupines, peonies, and garden phlox, must be exposed to a period of subfreezing temperatures to produce a good display of flowers. Other perennials will simply not tolerate long periods of heat and humidity.
Color: In working with color, aim for a balance of integration and contrast. Too much of the same color can be monotonous, yet a cacophony of different colors can be jarring rather than pleasing to the eye. You may want to organize your garden around one color; or choose a theme such as pastels, cool colors, or hot colors. You can also experiment with different color themes in different parts of your garden—hot colors by the front door and cool colors in a quieter part of the yard.
Remember that few perennials are in bloom for more than a couple of weeks each year. Most of the time, plants are green, and it is their leaf form and foliage texture that are the "color" in your garden.
Bloom time: A perennial may be in bloom for two weeks a year or for as long as three months. If your objective is all-season color, choose several plants from each bloom season. When selecting plants for a spring garden, concentrate on those that bloom during April and May. After that peak, the garden may lack color for the rest of the season, but you will have achieved a spectacular spring display. For best effect, group at least two or three different varieties of plants together that will bloom at the same time.
Remember that specified bloom time is only an average. In California, April may be the peak bloom time for bearded iris, yet in Vermont, the same plant will not bloom until early June. Recording the bloom times of various perennials in your garden will become an invaluable reference. No book, no matter how good, will be as accurate as your own observations about when plants bloom and how they perform in your own garden.
Seedling, potted or field-grown: When purchasing perennials, try to get the largest, most mature plant that you can afford. The bigger the plant, the more quickly it will fill out and the sooner it will begin blooming. Typically plants are available in pot sizes ranging from 3-inch diameter to 12-inch diameter. Pot-grown perennials can be planted from spring through fall, and will suffer minimal transplant shock.
Some mail-order companies ship their plants bareroot (without soil). Bareroot perennials are usually available only in early spring when the plants are still dormant. The roots must be kept moist, and the plant should be put into the garden as soon as possible (within a couple of days). Once the plant is in the ground and has emerged from its dormant state, it will take hold relatively fast.
A few local nurseries still offer field-grown perennials. These plants are dug up when you come for them and they need to be transplanted immediately (within a few hours) to minimize transplant shock. Field-grown perennials are usually the largest and most mature plants around, but today most nurseries only offer container-grown perennials.
Vigor: Vigor can be good, but it can also create problems. Plants that are too vigorous can invade neighboring plants and gradually take over your entire garden. Determining a plant's propensity for invasiveness can be difficult, because poor growing conditions can render a normally invasive plant relatively tame, whereas in fertile soil, a normally restrained plant may exhibit invasive tendencies.
Look closely at plant descriptions and be wary of those described as "vigorous." This may be a euphemism for an invasive plant that you'll wish you never set eyes on. Perennials with a reputation for invasiveness include: bamboo, Macleaya cordata (plume poppy), Physostegia virginiana (obedient plant), Monarda (bee balm), Artemisia ludoviciana (Silver King artemisia), Lysimachia clethroides (gooseneck loosestrife), Tanacetum vulgare (tansy), Aegopodium (goutweed), and Boltonia asteroides.
Maintaining a Perennial Garden
Though most flowering perennials are dependable, easy-care performers, all perennial gardens require some maintenance. Here are the eight most important steps to ensure a healthy and floriferous garden:
1. Fertilizing
Most perennials are not heavy feeders and they will be happy with one spring application of a low-nitrogen, high-phosphorus fertilizer (5-10-5). For established plantings, scratch in a good handful of fertilizer around each plant. Annual or biennial applications of aged manure or finished compost will restore trace elements and improve soil texture and water retention.
2. Watering
A perennial garden does not require as much water as a vegetable garden. Depending on where you live, if you select plants suited to your site, and mulch them well, you may not need to water at all. If you live where summers are very dry and you do need to water, try to water deeply and avoid getting water on the foliage (soaker hoses and drip irrigation systems are great for perennial gardens).
3. Mulching
By early summer, a densely planted perennial garden will shade out most weeds. But a new garden, a spring garden or a garden that is more sparsely planted, will benefit from some kind of mulch. The mulch will keep weeds to a minimum and help retain moisture in the soil.
The aesthetics of the mulch are as important as the function. Your garden will look best with a finely textured material such as shredded leaves, dry grass clippings, peanut shells, cocoa hulls or shredded bark. Big chunks of bark, newspaper or straw will overpower your plants.
4. Neat Edges
A neat, cleanly defined edge between your lawn and flower bed will give your garden a professional look. You can achieve this in one of two ways: get a nice sharp edging tool and recut the edge several times during the growing season; or install some permanent edging. A defined edge will also help keep grass and weeds from growing into the bed.
5. Pinching
Some kinds of perennials, including asters, chrysanthemums, phlox and salvias, benefit from being pinched back. Pinching creates a bushier plant that produces more blooms and is less likely to flop over. Pinch back the growing tips--using thumb and forefinger--once or twice during late spring. Not all kinds of perennials should be pinched. If in doubt, pinch a little here and there, and see what happens.
6. Deadheading
Some plants drop their spent flowers and seed heads. Others hold onto them for months, or even right through the winter. Removing spent flowers will keep your plants looking their best, and it often stimulates reblooming. It also prevents plants from expending their energy on seed production. After bloom, some plants should be shorn rather than deadheaded. This is true for creeping phlox, nepeta, hardy geraniums, daisies, pinks and lavender.
7. Staking
Many tall or weak-stemmed plants need support when they reach blooming size. Delphiniums and hybrid lilies are two prime candidates. But other, shorter plants can also benefit from some kind of support. Supports should be as invisible as possible. For individual stems, you can use bamboo canes. For entire plants you can use wire support rings. For loose and airy plants, try using a few thin branches. For best results, put the supports into position in early spring. That way the plants will hide the supports as they grow.
8. Dividing
If your perennials are happy, most of them will need to be divided every few years. They may become too large for the space; the center or oldest part of the plant may die out leaving a bare middle; or the growth may become so dense that the plant is no longer blooming well.
Use a shovel to remove the entire plant from the garden and place the root ball on a tarp. Then you can either pry the plant into pieces using two forks, tease the pieces of the plant apart into different sections, or use a shovel or knife to cut the plant into several pieces. Plants should not be divided when they are in bloom or in full growth. In all but a few cases, this is a job for early spring or late fall.
Perennial Tips for the Ages
When planting a new perennial garden, prepare the soil well at the outset. That may be your only opportunity to loosen the soil, remove rocks, and add organic matter.
If you start plants by seed, put your first-year seedlings in a "nursery bed" rather than directly into your flower garden. They will not bloom or have much of a presence until their second year anyway, and a nursery bed will allow you to keep a better eye on their performance.
Most perennials should be divided in early spring when new growth is only a few inches high. If you miss your chance in the spring, wait until fall. Irises are the one major exception to this rule: they should be transplanted in early summer, right after they have bloomed.
Keep newly transplanted perennials well watered for the first few weeks. Water deeply to saturate the entire root ball and establish good contact between the roots and the surrounding soil.
Most perennials prefer a pH of about 6.5, although, some prefer more alkaline or acidic soil. If you have trouble with a particular plant, check its pH requirements and the pH level of the soil in your flower garden.
If your plants look stressed during the growing season, or if you see disease or insect damage, feed your plants with a quick-release organic fertilizer (try a blend of seaweed and fish emulsion).
All plants die eventually, and some will die sooner than others, no matter what you do about it. If a plant performs poorly, try moving it to a different location. If it still is not happy, give it away or send it to the compost pile.
When designing a perennial garden, think about how you'll get access to your plants to stake, deadhead, or divide them. Flat rocks can be used as stepping stones within the garden. A walkway created at the back of a border will be hidden during the growing season, but will make the bed accessible for spring and fall chores.
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The 'Battle of Waterloo' was fought in which country? | The Battle of Waterloo 18th June 1815
War: Napoleonic Wars
Date: 18th June 1815
"Scotland for ever!" Lady Butler's iconic picture of the Charge of the Royal Scots Greys, 2nd Dragoons, as part of the Union Brigade at the Battle of Waterloo.
Place: South of Brussels in Belgium
Combatants: British, Germans, Belgians, Dutch and Prussians against the French Grande Armée
Generals: The Duke of Wellington, Marshal Blucher and the Prince of Orange against the Emperor Napoleon
Size of the armies: 23,000 British troops with 44,000 allied troops and 160 guns against 74,000 French troops and 250 guns.
Winner: The British, Germans, Belgians, Dutch and Prussians
The Duke of Wellington and officers and soldiers of the Allied army at the end of the Battle of Waterloo. Prince William of Orange lies wounded on the stretcher: picture by Jan Willem Pieneman in the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam
British Regiments present at the battle:
1st Life Guards now the Life Guards
2nd Life Guards now the Life Guards
Royal Horse Guards now the Blues and Royals
King’s Dragoon Guards now the Queen’s Dragoon Guards
Royal Dragoons now the Blues and Royals
Royal Scots Greys now the Royal Scots Dragoon Guards
6th Inniskilling Dragoons later the 5th Inniskilling Dragoon Guards and now the Royal Dragoon Guards
7th Hussars later the Queen’s Own Hussars and now the Queen’s Royal Hussars
10th Hussars later the Royal Hussars and now the King’s Royal Hussars
11th Hussars later the Royal Hussars and now the King’s Royal Hussars
12th Light Dragoons now the 9th/12th Lancers
13th Light Dragoons later the 13th/18th King’s Royal Hussars and now the Light Dragoons 15th Light Dragoons later the 15th/19th Hussars and now the Light Dragoons
16th Light Dragoons later the 16th/5th Lancers and now the Queen’s Royal Lancers
18th Light Dragoons later the 13th/18th King’s Royal Hussars and now the Light Dragoons
Royal Artillery
1st Foot Guards now the Grenadier Guards
2nd Coldstream Guards
3rd Foot Guards now the Scots Guards
1st Foot now the Royal Scots
4th King’s Own Regiment of Foot now the King’s Own Royal Border Regiment
14th Foot later the West Yorkshire Regiment and now the Prince of Wales’s Own Regiment of Yorkshire
23rd Royal Welch Fusiliers
27th Foot, the Inniskilling Fusiliers and now the Royal Irish Regiment
28th Foot later the Gloucestershire Regiment and now the Royal Gloucestershire, Berkshire and Wiltshire Regiment
30th Foot later the East Lancashire Regiment and now the Queen’s Lancashire Regiment
32nd Foot later the Duke of Cornwall’s Light Infantry and now the Light Infantry
33rd Foot the Duke of Wellington’s Regiment
40th Foot later the South Lancashire Regiment and now the Queen’s Lancashire Regiment
42nd Highlanders now the Black Watch (the Royal Highland Regiment)
44th Foot later the Essex Regiment and now the Royal Anglian Regiment
51st Light Infantry later the King’s Own Yorkshire Light Infantry and now the Light Infantry
52nd Light Infantry later the Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry and now the Royal Green Jackets
69th Foot later the Welsh Regiment and now the Royal Regiment of Wales
71st Highland Light Infantry now the Royal Highland Fusiliers
73rd Highlanders the Black Watch
79th Highlanders later the Queen’s Own Cameron Highlanders, then the Queen’s Own Highlanders and now the Highlanders
92nd Highlanders the Gordon Highlanders and now the Highlanders
95th Rifles later the Rifle Brigade and now the Royal Green Jackets
British Cavalry Charge Background to the battle:
In 1814, twenty five years of war finally came to an end with the surrender of the Emperor Napoleon and his banishment to the Mediterranean island of Elba. The European powers began the task of restoring their continent to normality and peace.
The Emperor Napoleon at Waterloo
On 1st March 1815 Napoleon escaped from Elba and landed in France. Nineteen days later he was in Paris and resumed his title as Emperor. His army rallied to him. The soldiers who had been captured during the years of fighting had been released enabling Napoleon to reform his Grande Armée.
The European allies reassembled their armies and prepared to resume the war to overthrow the Emperor yet again.
The Emperor Napoleon addresses his Guard during the Battle of Waterloo
Napoleon resolved to attack the British, Prussian, Belgian and Dutch armies before the other powers could come to their assistance. He marched into Belgium.
Vivien Hussey’s British Hussar Brigade attacking French infantry at the Battle of Waterloo
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The Prussians under Marshall Blucher were defeated at Ligny and driven away to the East. Napoleon sent Marshall Grouchy in pursuit while he advanced on Wellington’s army. The first battle was at the cross roads called Quatre Bras. The British and their allies were forced to withdraw towards Brussels.
Assured by Blucher that he would join him for the conclusive battle, Wellington on the afternoon of 17th June 1815 halted on the ridge athwart the Brussels road south of Soignies where he resolved to give battle to the French.
Battle of Waterloo 18th June 1815 : Order of Battle at the Outset of the Battle
Map 1 of 3 by John Fawkes.
The Battle of Waterloo : The positions of the armies
The Duke of Wellington took up a position on the Brussels road where it emerges from the woods of Soignies south of the village of Waterloo. The road crosses a low ridge and descends into a valley before rising on the other side to a further ridge. In the valley, below the first crest, lay La Haye Sante Farm and on the road at the southern side of the valley, below the second crest, stood La Belle Alliance Farm.
During most of the battle the Germans occupied La Haye Sante and the French used La Belle Alliance as a headquarters.
French Cuirassiers attacking a Highland square
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To the North of the first crest the Namur road crossed the Brussels road. The main British, German, Belgian and Dutch positions lay along the Namur road, behind the first crest. The French approach to the battle was up from the country to the South of La Belle Alliance.
King's Dragoon Guards attacking French Dragoons
In the valley to the front of the right wing of the British line stood Hougoumont Farm, the key to Wellington’s right flank. Held by the light companies of the Coldstream and Third Guards, there would be fighting around Hougoumont all day.
"The Battle of Waterloo at 2pm : D'Erlon's infantry attack past La Haye Sainte"
(this map appears in the best selling book, The Dangerous Book for Boys
by
Gonn Iggulden and Hal Iggulden, in the section Famous Battles-Part Two)
Lying by the road leading to the centre of Wellington’s position the capture of La Haye Sante was a crucial goal for the French army.
To the East of the Duke’s army lay Papelotte, another farm that would be the centre of a ferocious struggle, particularly as the Prussian Army appeared on the field at the end of the afternoon.
In the Duke’s centre stood the farm of Mont St Jean, used as a headquarters and hospital.
It rained heavily during the night of 17th June 1815. The French artillery commanders insisted that the attack did not begin until the ground had dried out sufficiently for the guns to manoeuvre without sticking in the mud.
The French attack began at 11am.
The Charge of Ponsonby's Union Brigade
The Battle of Waterloo: The morning and afternoon of the 18th June 1815:
At 11am the French bombardment of Hougoumont Farm, on the extreme right of the Allied line, began the battle. The British artillery on the ridge behind the farm replied, cannonading the French infantry massed for the attack on the far side of the valley.
At midday Prince Jerome ordered the assault on Hougoumont and the French infantry columns of his division moved forward to begin the day long struggle around the farm buildings.
At about 1.30pm Marshal Ney brought forward 74 French guns over the ridge opposite La Haye Sante followed by the 17,000 infantry of D’Erlon’s corps to begin the attack on the Duke of Wellington’s centre and left.
Marshall Ney's massed cavalry attack on the Allied line during the Battle of Waterloo
French Cuirassiers fight it out with a Highland Regiment by John Atkinson
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The French cannonade began and was later described by veterans as the heaviest they had experienced. The Duke ordered his infantry battalions to move behind the ridge and to lie down. This had the effect of shielding them from the worst of the cannonade. Only Bilandt’s Belgian-Dutch Brigade was left on the exposed slope and suffered heavily.
Above and Below : Ney's massed cavalry attack on the Allied line at the Battle of Waterloo
After half an hour the barrage stopped, giving way to the roar of drums as Ney’s columns advanced to the attack. The French infantry passed La Haye Sante and marched up to the crest of the ridge, where Picton’s 5th division was positioned. As part of the advance a furious assault began on La Haye Sante, held by the King’s German Legion, which was to continue intermittently for the rest of the day until the German troops ran out of ammunition and were finally overwhelmed.
As the French infantry approached the hedge at the top of the ridge the line of British infantry stood, fired a volley and charged, driving back the massed French columns.
The Duke of Wellington watches the French advance during the Battle of Waterloo
Cavalry formations were ordered to charge in support of the infantry attack; the Household Brigade (1st and 2nd Life Guards and Royal Horse Guards), the Union Brigade (Royals, Scots Greys and Inniskillings) and Vivian’s Hussar Brigade (10th and 18th Hussars and 1st Hussars, King’s German Legion).
It is notoriously difficult to pull up cavalry committed to an attack and the British regiments did not readily respond to the recall orders. In particular the Union Brigade continued to attack across the valley. These regiments charged up to the French gun line on the far ridge where they were in turn overwhelmed by French cavalry. General Ponsonby, commanding the Union Brigade was killed. It is of note that of the three regiments in the Union Brigade two, the Greys and Inniskillings, had not served in the Peninsula and lacked battle experience.
King's German Legion in action at the Battle of Waterloo
The time was 3pm and there was a lull in the battle, the only active fighting being the continuing attack on Hougoument at the western end of the line which had been sucking in more and more of Reille’s corps.
The battle began slowly swinging in the Allies favour as Blucher’s Prussian Army arrived on the field in the South-East.
Napoleon ordered Ney to capture La Haye Sante, considering the farm to be the key to the Allied position. Ney launched this assault with two battalions he found to hand and during the operation formed the view that the Allied army was withdrawing. It is likely that the movements he saw were casualties or prisoners moving to the rear.
French Cuirassiers, during Ney's cavalry attack, tumbling
into the sunken road that ran along the allied position
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It was on this impetuous assumption that Ney launched the massive cavalry attack on the Allied line. Initially the attacking force was to be Milhaud’s Cavalry Corps of Cuirassiers.
Before the French could reach the Allied line the infantry formed squares interlaced with artillery batteries. The French cuirassiers flowed around the squares but were unable to penetrate them.
During the next three hours some twelve cavalry attacks were made up to the ridge and back. Napoleon while deprecating the initial attack as premature felt bound the commit increasing numbers of cavalry to support the assault.
Battle of Waterloo 18th June 1815 : 4pm Ney's Great Cavalry Attack
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Within fifteen minutes Wellington appeared on the skyline and waved his hat to give the signal for a general attack in pursuit of the French troops. The British, Belgian, Dutch and German troops poured forward and the French retreat became a route. Three battalions of the Old Guard fought to the end to enable the Emperor to escape from the battlefield as the Allied troops including the Prussians closed in. General Cambronne is reputed to have answered a call to surrender with the words “The Guard dies but does not surrender”.
The Line Will Advance
The Battle of Waterloo : Hougoumont Chateau
The small chateau of Hougoumont stood before the extreme right of the Allied position. The Duke of Wellington formed the view that the chateau was the key to his flank and garrisoned it with the light companies of the Coldstream and 3rd Foot Guards under Lieutenant Colonel James MacDonnell of the Coldstream Guards. Nassauers and guardsmen held the woods to the front of the building.
The British guards defending Hougoumont
The British troops took over the range of buildings on 17th June and spent the night fortifying them, building fire steps and loop holing the walls. All the gates were blocked other than the main gate on the northern side to provide access.
At 11am on 18th June Prince Jerome’s division began the battle with his attack on Hougoumont, the French driving the Nassauers out of the woods and attacking the chateau.
After the battle : Burying the Casualties
The French surged around the buildings and rushed the main gate in the face of a rush of British guardsmen headed by Colonel MacDonnell to keep them out. The gate was damaged and there ensued a struggle by the British to shut the gate and by the French to force it open. MacDonnell and his party of officers and sergeants forced the gate shut and Sergeant Graham of the Coldstream put the bar in place. The few French who had penetrated the farm were hunted through the farm buildings.
The Château of Hougoumont
During the rest of the day Hougoumont was subjected to a sustained attack by Jerome’s troops with assistance from a further division. The garrison was reinforced with more companies from the two Foot Guards battalions of Byng’s Guards Brigade, 2nd/2nd and 2nd/3rd Guards.
Closing the gates of Hougoumont
When, during the afternoon the supply of ammunition in the chateau became critically low, Sergeant Fraser of the 3rd Guards returned to the main line and returned with a wagon of cartridges, thereby enabling the defence to continue.
By the end of the battle the chateau had been set ablaze by howitzer fire and the buildings were heaped with British casualties. The French were unable to capture Hougoumont and their casualties filled the woods and fields.
The Light Companies of the 2nd and 3rd foot
guards hold the Chateau of Hougoumont
The two battalions that defended Hougoumont suffered 500 dead and wounded out of strengths of 2,000.
Some years later an English clergyman bequeathed £500 to be given to the bravest Briton from the battle. The selection was referred to the Duke of Wellington who nominated Lieutenant Colonel McDonnell of the Coldstream Guards for his defence of Hougoumont. Colonel McDonnell gave half the sum to Sergeant Graham.
Annually the Coldstream Guards celebrate the defence of Hougoumont with the ceremony of the hanging of the brick.
52nd Attack a French Battery
La Haye Sante Farm
The farm of La Haye Sante stood on the west side of the main Brussels road beneath the ridge, two hundred metres in front of the centre of the Allied position. As the Emperor Napoleon urged on Marshal Ney, La Haye Sante was the key to the Allied line and had to be taken at all costs.
The King's German Legion under Major Baring fighting to defend La Haye Sante
The garrison to whom it fell to resist the French attack that began soon after D’Erlon’s assault was found from the Major Baring’s 2nd Light Battalion of Colonel Baron Ompteda’s 2nd King’s German Legion Brigade.
The farm of La Haye Sante
The King’s German Legion had expected only to spend the night in the farm and did not discover until the morning that they were to hold it for the battle. By then the main gates had been used on the camp fires and few preparations could be made to put the farm in a state of defence in the time left.
The garrison were largely spectators as D’Erlon’s attack swept past and up the ridge to the main Allied position to be pursued back to their lines by the British cavalry counter-attack.
La Haye Sante from the Waterloo cross roads
It was then that Ney’s attack on the farm was launched on the direction of the Emperor. From that moment the King’s German Legion troops fought for their lives until late in the afternoon, when with ammunition finished and the farm in flames, the garrison was annihilated or driven out. 39 of some 360 survived.
La Haye Sante after the Battle of Waterloo
Casualties:
The British, Belgians, Dutch and Germans lost 15,000 casualties or 1 in 4 engaged. The Prussians lost 7,000. The casualties of the French army are estimated at 25,000 dead and wounded, 8,000 prisoners and 220 guns lost.
The Prussian Army fights through the village of Plancenoit
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Follow-up:
Waterloo decisively saw the end of 26 years of fighting between the European powers and France. The French star was eclipsed and the German began its ascendancy. For Britain, Waterloo is not just a battle. It is an institution.
Regimental anecdotes and traditions:
The Royal Dragoons captured the eagle of the French 105th of the Line in the charge of the Union Brigade and subsequently adopted the eagle as its badge. It is now worn as an arm badge by the Blues and Royals, the successor regiment. As with the Greys the regiment was given the nickname of the “Bird catchers”.
Wellington and Blucher meet after the Battle of Waterloo
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The Battle of Waterloo and The Royal Scots Greys and Sergeant Charles Ewart:
After the battle the 1st Foot Guards were given the title “the Grenadier Guards” to commemorate the regiment’s role in overthrowing the French Grenadiers of the Old Guard. All ranks were given the bearskin cap to wear.
14th Foot: The 3rd Battalion of the regiment fought at Waterloo. The battalion had been newly raised and was awaiting disbandment, having seen no service, when Napoleon escaped from Elba. The battalion crossed to Belgium and won the battle honour for the regiment. Most of the soldiers were under 20 years of age.
The Emperor Napoleon, some years before Waterloo, presented to each of his marshals a silver snuff box. Marshal Ney’s snuffbox was looted from his carriage after the battle by a British officer. Some years later the snuffbox was presented to the officers of the 19th Foot, the Green Howards, who used it in their mess for formal occasions.
The 27th Inniskilling Fusiliers, in the course of Ney’s cavalry attacks was bombarded by a French horse battery. By the end of the battle the battalion had suffered 478 casualties from a pre-battle strength of 750. An officer from a nearby battalion, Captain Kincaid, commented that the 27th seemed to be lying dead in its square. Kincaid, a veteran of the Peninsular War, said “I had never thought there would be a battle where everyone was killed. This seemed to be it.”
The Duke of Wellington spent his early army service as the lieutenant colonel of the 33rd Foot. After the Duke’s death Queen Victoria permitted the 33rd to adopt the title “the Duke of Wellington’s”, a fitting attribution for one of the army’s most persistently successful regiments of foot.
79th Cameron Highlanders: As the French cavalry approached for the attack the regiment formed square. Piper Mackay marched around the square playing the pibroch “Peace or War”. The King subsequently presented Mackay with silver mounted pipes.
In spite of their presence in the film “Waterloo”, the 88th Foot, Connaught Rangers, were not present at Waterloo. They were on the far side of the Atlantic fighting the Americans.
The 95th had three battalions at Waterloo. After the battle the regiment was given the title of the “Rifle Brigade” in place of its number, which was reallocated to a newly raised infantry regiment.
In the closing moments of the battle a cannon ball struck the Earl of Uxbridge as he rode with the Duke of Wellington. The Duke said “By God you’ve lost your leg.” The Earl said “By God, so I have.” The remains of the leg were amputated in a house nearby and the owner buried the leg in his garden where it was a place of interest for some years.
Every year after 1815 the Duke of Wellington held a “Waterloo” banquet for his officers. The banquet is still held.
The Waterloo medal issued to British troops at the battle.
Thanks to Historik Orders of Greenwich, Conn, USA.
Umbrellas at Waterloo:
Captain Mercer of the British Horse Artillery described the miserable night he and his troop spent on the field of Waterloo before the battle: “My companion (the troop’s second captain) had an umbrella, which by the way afforded some merriment to our people on the march, this we planted against the sloping bank of the hedge, and seating ourselves under it, he on the one side of the stick, me on the other side, we lighted cigars and became-comfortable”.
The Duke, who was indifferent to the way his officers chose to dress, drew the line at umbrellas. “At Bayonne, in December 1814,” writes Captain Gronow of the First Foot Guards, “His Grace, on looking round, saw, to his surprise, a great many umbrellas, with which the officers protected themselves from the rain that was then falling. Arthur Hill came galloping up to us saying, Lord Wellington does not approve of the use of umbrellas during the enemy’s firing, and will not allow the “gentlemen’s sons” to make themselves ridiculous in the eyes of the army.”
Colonel Tynling, a few days afterwards, received a wigging from Lord Wellington for suffering his officers to carry umbrellas in the face of the enemy; His Lordship observing, “The Guards may in uniform, when on duty at St. James’, carry umbrellas if they please, but in the field it is not only ridiculous but unmilitary.”
Standing orders for the army in the Peninsula and in the Waterloo campaign stated categorically “Umbrellas will not be opened in the presence of the enemy.”
However the surgeon of Captain Mercer’s troop of Horse Artillery was seen to be sheltering under the forbidden item during the early part of the Battle of Waterloo.
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In what year was Sir Cliff Richard born? | The Battle Of Waterloo
The Battle of Waterloo
The Battle of Waterloo
The Battle of Waterloo takes place near the Waterloo, Belgium on June 18, 1815. In this battle, the forces of the French Empire under the leadership of Michael Ney and Napoleon Bonaparte were defeated by the Seventh Coalition and a Prussian Army, which was commanded by Gebhard Von Blucher. The forces were also defeated by an Anglo-Allied Army commanded by the Duke of Wellington.
The Battle of Waterloo puts an end to the tyrant rule of Napoleon as the emperor of France. It had also marked the end of the hundred days of Napoleon from exile return. The battle was regarded as an influential battle of all time marking the Bonaparte’s last and Waterloo Campaign.
When Napoleon was returned to power in 1815, plenty of states had opposed his comeback. Since then, the Seventh Coalition was formed and armies began to mobilize. There are two huge forces assembled near the northeast border of France. These forces were under the command of Blucher and Wellington. Napoleon had planned to attack the said forces before they can unite with the other members of the Coalition in coordination of France invasion. The three-day engagement of the Waterloo Campaign happened in the Battle of Waterloo on June 16-19, 1815. The Battle of Waterloo was quoted by Wellingtons as the “nearest run thing you ever saw in your life”.
Until noon of June 18, 1815, Napoleon delayed granting of the battle to let the ground get dry. The army of Wellington had positioned across the Brussels Road along the Mont St Jean escarpment. Repeated attacks by French take place along the road until evening but the army remained standing. The army of Prussians arrived in full force and eventually broke through the right border of Napoleon. During the breakage of the Prussians army towards Napoleon’s border, the British made a counter-attacked, which drove the French army in chaos from the field. The forces of the Seventh Coalition have successfully entered France and reinstate Louis XVIII to the French throne. Napoleon resigned from the throne and surrender to the British government. In 1821, he was exiled to die at Saint Helena.
The battlefield where the Battle of Waterloo takes place is located in the present-day Belgium. It is about 8 miles or 12 kilometers SSE of Brussels and about one mile or 1.6 kilometers from the Waterloo town. Today, the exact location of the battlefield is dominated by a huge bundle of earth called the Lion’s Hillcock. Apparently, the original scenery of the battlefield has not been preserved.
Prelude
Six days (March 13, 1815) prior Napoleon had reached Paris, the authority of the Congress of Vienna had declared him an outlaw. Four days, after the declaration, the mobilized armies of Prussia, Austria, Russia, and United Kingdom had planned an attack to defeat Napoleon. Napoleon was aware that once his attempts to attack one or more of the allies of the Seventh Coalition in France invasion, his only chance of retaining his power is to attack first before the mobilization of all the armies of the Coalition happened. His goal is to destroy the existing forces of the Coalition that are in the south of Brussels before they are commanded. Once this happened, Napoleon might be able to drive back the British army to the sea and defeat the Prussians army in the battle.
The initial disposition of Wellington was to deal with the threat of Napoleon’s attack of gathering all armies of the Coalition. Part of his disposition is to transfer to the southwest of Brussels through Mons. With this transfer, the communications of Wellington with his base at Ostend have been cut. However, the transfer had made his army closer to the army of Blucher. On the contrary, Napoleon took advantage of the fear of Wellington in losing his supply chain with false intelligence from the channel ports. He divided his army into two wings, the right wing under the command of Marshal Grouchy and the left wing under the command of Marshal Ney. He also had his own reserved army that falls under his commands. Before dawn on June 15, the armies of Napoleon have crossed the frontier near the Charleroi and they rapidly overran the outposts of the Seventh Coalition. The crossing had garnered Napoleon a favorable central position between the armies of Blucher and Wellington.
It was already late night of June 15 when Wellington become certain that the attacks made at the Charleroi came from the main French thrust of Napoleon’s armies. On the morning of June 16 while Wellington was at the Duchess of Richmond’s ball, he received a notice from the Prince of Orange that Napoleon speedily attacked in advanced again. He hurriedly commanded his army to focus on the Quatre Bras wherein a vague position is being held against the soldiers of the left wing of Marshal Ney. Present at the position are the Prince of Orange together with the brigade of Prince Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar. The orders commanded by Marshal Ney were to secure the crossroads of Quatro Bras. In this way, he could later moved to east and strengthen the forces of Napoleon.
The next move of Napoleon focused more on the army of Prussian. He decided to prioritize the Prussians. On June 16, he succeeded to defeat the Prussian army of Blucher at the Battle of Ligny with the help from his reserved right wing. The heavy assaults of French troops gave way to the Prussian centre but the border held their ground. Meanwhile, Ney discovered that the crossroads of Quatre Bras were being managed by the Prince of Orange. At first, Quatre Bras was able to repel the initial attacks of Ney’s wing successful but gradually it was driven back due to vast numbers of French troops.
After the first strengthenments of Napoleon’s wings and the Prussian army of Blucher as well as the French troops and the Quatre Bras, Wellington personally arrived at the battlefield. He took the command of the armies of the Coalition and drove Ney back. However, Ney’s wing was able to secure the crossroads of Quatre Bras during the early evening and it is too late for the Coalition to send help to the Prussian’s army, thus resulting to defeat of the Prussian’s army at the Battler of Ligny. The defeat of the Prussian army made the position of Wellington at Quatre Bras unsustainable. Because of this, he withdrew towards north the very next day. Before Wellington had acquired his defensive position, he had personally scouted the low ridge of Mont St Jean the previous year. The mont was a south village of the Waterloo and Forest of Soignes.
The French seems unnoticed the uninterrupted refuge of the Prussian army. Again, the French had completely ignored the entire rearguard units of the Prussian, which had held their position until midnight. Some of element in the units even held their position until the next morning, which the French still ignored. Apparently, the Prussian army did not abandon to the east as well as their own communication lines. Instead, the army went back northwards, which is parallel to the march line of Wellington and still within the supporting distance. Thereinafter, the Prussian army had rallied towards the corps of Von Bulow’s IV, which is not connected at Ligny instead in a strong position in South Wavre.
Along with the reserves, Napoleon was able to join Ney in Quatre Bras on June 17 in attacking the army of Wellington. The attack started at 13:00 however the position was found empty. Wellington was pursued by French however the result was only a brief troop battle in Genappe.
Before Napoleon had left Ligny, he ordered for Grouchy who is the commander for the right wing, to follow up 33,000 men to the refugeing Prussian army. However, Napoleon was uncertain about the direction taken by the Prussian army as well as the vagueness of orders given to him by Grouchy. It was too late to prevent for Napoleon to prevent Prussian army from reaching Wavre as well as to support Wellington. Before the day ends on June 17, the army of Wellington had arrived at its Waterloo’s position along with the army of Napoleon. The army of Blucher began to gather as well around Wavre for about eight miles to the east.
Armies
There are three armies involved in the Battle of Waterloo namely the Prussian army under the command of Blucher, the multinational army under the command of Wellington, and the army of Napoleon known as Armee de Nord.
The French army consisted around 69,000 soldiers with 250 guns, 7,000 artilleries, 14,000 cavalries, and 48,000 infantries. To fill in the ranks of the French army throughout the rule, Napoleon had used conscription but he did not conscript men for the campaign in 1815. All of the troops in the French army were veterans and had been already involved in one or more campaign already. The cavalries of the French army were both formidable and numerous. It also include 7 highly versatile lancers and 14 regiments of heavy and armored cavalry. Meanwhile the armies under the Coalition only had armored troops and Wellington only had a handful of lancers.
Wellington admitted that he had inexperienced, ill-equipped, very weak, and infamous staffs in his army. His troops only consisted of 67,000 soldiers with 150 guns, 6,000 artilleries, 11,000 cavalries, and 50,000 infantries. 24,000 of the soldiers in the troop were British and another 6,000 were from the King’s German Legion. All of the British soldiers in the troops were regular soldiers wherein 7,000 of there where veterans of the Peninsular War. In addition to Wellington’s army there were 3,000 soldiers from Nassau, 6,000 from Brunswick, 11,000 from Hanover and 17,000 Dutch troops.
In 1815, the armies in the Coaltion were re-established after the defeat of Napoleon. Most of the professional soldiers in the armies have spent their careers in Napoleonic regimes and French armies except for some that came from the troops of Brunswick and Hanover, and those who fought with the army of British in Spain. Most of the troops that belonged to the continental armies were inexperienced soldiers. Wellington had experienced shortage of heavy cavalries since his army only had 3 Dutch and 7 British regiments. Because of this, the Duke of York had impose most of his staff officers to Wellington that also include the Earl of Uxbridge, the second in command of the Duke.
Uxbridge had commanded the cavalries from Wellington and had carte blanche as well. At Halle, Wellington stationed 17,000 troops further about 8 miles away to the west. The troops were not recalled to participate in the battle, they only served as a reserved position in case the battle is about to lose. The troops mostly composed of Dutch troops under the command of William, the Prince of Orange. William was a younger brother to Prince Frederick of Netherlands.
The Prussians were in the throes of re-organization. In 1815, the foremer volunteer formations of Freikorps, Legions, and Reserve regiments from the wars of 1813 to 14 were in the process of being absorbed in the line along with the other regiments of the Landwehr military. The soldiers of Landwehr military were mostly unequipped and untrained when they arrived in Belgium, which is same state with cavalries of the Prussian army. The artilleries of the Landwehr military was also re-organizing and was not giving its best performance. Despite this, war equipment and guns continue to arrive during and after the battle.
Apparently, the army of Prussian did not have its general staff organization, and professional and excellent leadership. The officers of the Prussian army came from four schools who were only developed and worked for a common standard of training. Obviously, the system of the Prussian army was contradicting to the vague orders of the French army. On the contrary, the staff system of the Prussian army was concentrated for battle within a notice of 24 hours. It had ensured the three-quarters of the army are ready before the Ligny. Although the Prussian army got defeated in the Ligny, it had able to realign its supply train and re-organize itself. The army had also intervene decisively on the Battle of Waterloo within 48 hours.
There were 48,000 men or two and half Prussian army corps engaged in the Battle of Waterloo. There are two brigades in the battle. The first one was under Friedrich von Bulow, commander of the IV Corps who attacked Lobau at 16:30. The second one was the combined corps of Zieten’s I and Georg von Pirch’s II, which both attacked at 18:00.
The battle position in the Waterloo was considered a strong one. It consisted of a long ridge running towards east, west perpendicular to, and bisected by the main road towards Brussels. Along the crest ridge is the Ohain road, a deep sunken lane. A large elm tree was rougly located in the center of Wellington’s position just near the crossroads in Brussels road. The tree served as the commmand post of Wellington during the battle.
Just behind the crest of the ridge, Wellington had deployed his infantry in a line towards the Ohain road. With the use of reverse slope, Wellington is nowhere to be seen by the French army except for his artilleries and skirmishers. The front length area of the battlefield was relatively short comprising of just 4 kilometers. Despite this length size, Wellington allowed his forces in depth to draw up both in the center and the right area towards the village of Braine-1’Alleud. With these styles, Wellington expected that the Prussian army would strengthen the battle during the day.
In the front are of the ridge, there were three positions that are prepared. The extreme right of the ridge, the orchard, garden, and chateu of Hougoumon are found. The Hougoumon was a huge and well-built country house that is initially hidden behind the trees. It is faced along the sunken and covered lane in the north. The extreme left of the ridge was the hamlet of Papelotte. Both the Papelotte and Hougoumon were garrisoned and fortified, thus anchoring the borders of Wellington securely.
Papelotte ordered the road towards Wavre that the Prussian army had used to send strengthenments to position Wellington. The west side of the main road where the rest of the line of Wellington is positioned, the orchard and farmhouse of La Haye Sainte is found. La Haye Sainte was garrisoned with 400 light infantries from the King’s German Legion. The opposite side of the road was a disused sand quarry where the 95th rifles were posted as sharpshooters were positioned. It presented the formidable challenge to an attacker. Any attempt to turn the right of Wellington would entail taking the entrenched position of Hougoumon. Any attack made on the right center of Wellington means that attackers have to march between the enfilading fire of La Haye Sainte and Hougoumon. Meanwhile, any attack made on the left center of Wellington would also have to march between the enfilading fire of La Haye Sainte and its adjoining sandpit. Laslty, any attempt made on the left border of Wellington would entail fighting through the hedgerows and streets of Papelotte or some wet grounds.
The French army had formed another ridge to the south on slopes. Since Napoleon could not see the positions of Wellington, he drew forces up symmetrically towards the Brussels road. On th right of his forces was I Corps, which is under the command of d’Erlon with a 4,700 cavalry reserves, 1,500 calvaries, and 16,000 infantries. On the left of his forces was II Corps, which is under the command of Reille with 4,600 cavalry reserves, 1,300 cavalry, and 13,000 infrantries.
In the center of the south road in the battlefield was the inn of La Belle Alliance, which was also a reserve included in the Lobau’s VI Corps with 2,000 cavalry reserves, 13,000 infantries of the Imperial Guard, and 6,000 men. The substantial village of Plancenoit was in the rear right of the French position while the Bois de Paris wood was at the extreme right. Early in the afternoon after moving to a position near La Belle Alliance, Napoleon initially commanded the battle from Rossomme farm where he could see the entire area of the battlefield. He then delegated the command on the battlefield to Ney.
Battle
In the morning of June 18, Wellington rose early and wrote lettters until dawn time. He wrote a letter to Blucher stating that he would give battle at Mont St. Jean if Blucher will provide him a corps otherwise he would surrender to Brussels instead. Blucher read Wellington’s letter during a late night council with his chief of staff named August Neidhardt von Gneisenau. Despite Gneisenau’s doubts on Wellington’s motives, Blucher still convinced him to join the march of Wellington’s army. The next morning after reading the letter, Blucher send three corps to Wellington’s army.
While Wellington was out supervising the deployment of his forces from Blucher, the Prusssian IV Corps, which is under the command of Bulow was ordered to lead the march towards the Waterloo. The Corps was at its best shape since they have not been involved in the Battle of Ligny. The Prussian IV Corps did not take any casualties but been marching for two days already just to cover the refuge of the other three corps of the Prussian army from the Ligny’s battlefield. They had been posted farther from the battlefield yet the progress is still very slow.
The roads of battlefield were in poor condition because of the heavy rain from the previous night. Because of this, the men of Bulow hve to pass through the congested streets of Wavre together with the 88 pieces of corps artilleries. Apparently, the fire that had broken out in the streets of Wavre is not helping instead it had blocked the streets of the intended route of Bulow. Because of this, the last batch of the corps left at 10:00, which is 6 hours after the leading elements have moved out to Waterloo. The men of Bulow were followed in Waterloo by II Corps and I Corps.
Napoleon have had his silver breakfast at Le Caillou, which is also the same place where he had spent his entire night. Soult suggested Napoleon that Grouch should be recalled to join the main force. With this suggest, Napoleon said the “Just because you have all been beaten by Wellington, you think he’s a good general. I tell you Wellington is a bad general, the English are bad troops and this affair is nothing more than just eating breakfast”.
Jerome told his brother Napoleon that the Prussian army was to march over from Wavre. This is the gossip between the officers of the British army that a waiter in Genappe overheard during a lunch time in King of Spain Inn. Because of this, Napoleon declared that the Prussian army will require two days to recover and deal with Grouchy.
The start of the battle was delayed by Napoleon because he was waiting for the sodden ground since manouvering the artilleries and cavalries would be difficult in the battle. In addition most of his forces have bivouacked well towards the south of the La Belle Alliance. At 10:00, Napoleon sent a dispatch to Grouchy ordering him to head towards the Wavre in order to draw near Napoleon’s army. This dispatch is a response to Grouchy’s dispatch of six hours earlier.
At 11:00, Napoleon had drafted his general order which is to attack the village of Mont Saint Jean by the d’Erlon’s Corps on the right and the Reille’s Corps on the left. He also ordered the corps to keep abreast of one another. This order of Napoleon had assumed that the battleline of Wellington was in the village and not in a more forward position along the ridge. To enable this order, the corps of Jerome would make an intial attack to Hougoumont, which Napoleon believed to withdraw from Wellington’s reservers. He also expected that Hougoumont to loss communication with the sea.
A grand batterie of the reserve artilleries of I, II, and VI Corps went to attack the cental Wellington’s position. D’Erlon’s Corps is target to attack the Wellington’s left and breakthrough from west to east. In his memorabilia, Napoleon had written that his intention for the attack was to separate the army of Wellington from the Prussian army and then drive it back to the sea.
Hougoumont
According to the recorded dispatches of Wellington, Napoleon commenced a furious attack at 10:00 upon the post at Hougoumont. Some sources say that the attack began around 11:30. According to the notes of the historian Andrew Roberts “It is a curious fact about the Battle of Waterloo that no one absolutely is certain when it actually began”.
The house of Hougoumont and its surrounding environment were defended by four light cmpanies of Guards and park and wood of Hanoverian Jager. The initial attack of the brigade of Bauduin had emptied the wood and park but it was driven back by heavy British artillery fire that cost the life of Bauduin.
The second attack was made by Soye’s brigade where the British guns were distracted by a duel with French artilleries. The attack had made the Bauduin’s success to reach the north gate of the house of Hougoumont. Apparently, some French troops have managed to enter the courtyard of the house of Hougoumont. There are also 2/3rd Foot Guards and 2nd Goldstream Guards that have arrived and repulsed the attack.
All afternoon, fighting round the house of Hougoumont continued. The surroundings of the house were heavily invested by the light infantry of the French troops. There are also coordinated attacks that take place against the troops behind the Hougoumont. The army of Wellingtong defended Hougoumont and continued north of it. In the afternoon, Napoleon had ordered the Hougoumont to be burned down on fire. But the fire resulted into the destruction of the entire surrounding areas of Hougoumont except for the chapel.
The brigade of Du Plat from King’s German Legion had brought forward to defend the hollow way but this time they need to do it without the senior officers. They were relieved by a Scottish infantry regiment, the 71st Foot. The brigade of Adam was further strengthend by the 3rd Hanoverian Brigade of Hugh Halkett. It was successfully repulsed further cavalry and infantry attacks sent by Reille. Eventually, Hougoumont was held out entil the battle ended.
This is what Wellington had to say after the battle ended: “I had occupied that post with a detachment from General Byng’s brigade of Guards, which was in position in its rear; and it was some time under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel MacDonald, and afterwards of Colonel Home; and I am happy to add that it was maintained, throughout the day, with the utmost gallantry by these brave troops, notwithstanding the repeated efforts of large bodies of the enemy to obtain possession of it”.
Meanwhile this what Major Macready, 30th British Regiment, Halkett’s Brigade had to say in his battle experience: “When I reached Lloyd’s abandoned guns, I stood near them for about a minute to contemplate the scene: it was grand beyond description. Hougoumont and its wood sent up a broad flame through the dark masses of smoke that overhung the field; beneath this cloud the French were indistinctly visible. Here a waving mass of long red feathers could be seen; there, gleams as from a sheet of steel showed that the cuirassiers were moving; 400 cannon were belching forth fire and death on every side; the roaring and shouting were indistinguishably commixed – together they gave me an idea of a labouring volcano. Bodies of infantry and cavalry were pouring down on us, and it was time to leave contemplation, so I moved towards our columns, which were standing up in square”.
The battle at Hougoumont had been characterized by historians as the diversionary attack to withdraw the reserves of Wellington but then continued to an all-day battle, which resulted to drawing back of French reserves instead. As a matter of fact, both Wellington and Napoleon had concluded that Hougoumont was the key to the battle. Hougoumont had been on the clear vision of Napoleon as part of the battlefield that is why he continued to send resources towards it as well as its surrounding areas all afternoon. He had sent 14,000 troops and 33 battalions in all.
Just the same over the course of the afternoon, Wellington also send 21 battalions which is equivalent to 12,000 troops towards the Hougoumont since it never contained a huge number of troops. This is to keep the hollow way open that will allow fresh ammunition and troops for the house of Hougoumont. Wellington even moved his several artillery batteries from his hard-pressed center to support Hougoumont. But then he stated that the success of the battle in Hougoumont turned up to be closing the gates of Hougoumont.
The First French Infantry Attack
Map of the Battle
The units of Napoleon are represented in blue color, the Wellington’s is in red, and Blucher’s is in grey. The 80 guns of the grande batterie of Napoleon drew up in the center. According to Lord Hill, commander of the Anglo-Allied II Corps, the fire opened at 11:50 while other sources the fire start between 12:00 and 13:30. It was to far too aim the grand batterie accurately and the only other troops that can be seen were those of the Dutch Division. Some of these troops even adopted the idea of Wellington on reverse slope defence.
Moreover, the soft ground of the battlefield prevented the cannon balls from bouncing so far and French gunners covered the entire deployment of Wellington therefore the density of hits was so low. Apparently, the idea was not to cause any huge amount of physical damage but in the words of Napoleon’s orders “to astonish the enemy and shake his morale”, it greatly shows for physical damage.
Napoleon saw the first columns of the Prussian army around the village of Chapelle St. Lambert for about 4-5 miles away from his right border. It was about 13:00 then. Immediately, Napoleon react to send message to Grouch ordering to come towards the battlefied and attack the arriving Prussian army with sword against his back towards Wavre. This order was too far in reaching Waterloo. Grouchy had been previously executing the orders of Napoleon but this time he listened to the advise of his subordinate, Gerard, to march towards the sound of guns. He got stuck in his own orders to engage the Prussian III Corps rear guard. The Corps was under the command of Lieutenant-General Baron Johann Von Thielmann from the Battle of Wavre.
Past 13:00, the I Corps began to attack. Just like Ney, D’Erlon had already encountered Wellington in Spain so he was aware of the favored tactics of the Brisith commanders in using massed short-range musketry in driving off infantry columns. Instead of using the usual nine-deep French columns, they had deployed abreast of each other wherein each division is advanced in closely spaced battalion lines behind one another. This formation had allowed them to focus on their fire but did not leave enough room for them to change formation.
At first the formation was effective. Apparently, the leftmost division, which is under the command of Donzelot had advanced towards the La Haye Sainte. The battalion engaged in the front defenders and the following battalions of either side along with the support of the two brigades of cuirassiers had succeeded in isolating the farmhouse. The La Haye Sainte had been cut offf and the Prince of Orange saw this and he tried to strengthen it by sending the Hanoverian Luneberg Battalion next in line. The Cuirassiers concealed and fold in the ground as they got caught and destroyed in mniutes. They rode on past La Haye Sainte up to the crest of the ridge where they covered the left border of d’Erlon. Through this, d’Erlon’s border attack developed.
In about 13:30, d’Erlon started to advance his three other divisons with 14,000 men on the front. The divisions were just about 1,000 meters from the weak left wing of Wellington. It had faced 6,000 men consisted of the Dutch 2nd Division, the British troops, and the Hanoverian troops that are under the command of Sir Thomas Picton. All troops have suffered badly at the Quatre Bras. The Dutch Brigade that is under the command of Bijlandt posted towards the center of the battlefield. It was ordered to deply on the forward slope and been exposed to the artillery battery. Without receiving any orders from their commander, the Dutch Brigade had remained to be in this dangerous position.
The brigade of Bijlandt had withdrawn to the sunken lane as the French army advanced. Most of the officers were dead and wounded, and the brigade left the battlefiled as the 7th Belgian batallion. The men of D’Erlon’s army began to move towards the slope as they did so, the men of Picton’s army stood up and opened the fire. Eventually, the French infantry returned the fire and successful pressured the troops of Wellington. The attack faltered at the center position of Wellington, thus the left wing started to crumble. In the attack, Picton was killed and Hanoverian and British troops began to give way under the pressure of numbers.
Changes of the British Heavy Cavalry
Wellington stated that: “Our officers of cavalry have acquired a trick of galloping at everything. They never consider the situation, never think of manoeuvring before an enemy, and never keep back or provide a reserve”.
During the crucial changes of the British heavy cavalry, Uxbridge ordered his two brigades to form the unseen behind the ridge and charge in support of the hard-pressed infantry. The First Brigade was known as the Household Brigade and commanded by Major-General Edward Somerset or Lord Somerset. It was consisted of guards regiments, the 1st and 2nd Life Guards, the Royal Horse Guards or the Blues, and the 1st King’s Dragoon Guards. The Second Brigade was called the Union Brigade and commanded by Major-General Sir William Ponsonby. It was consisted of regiments of heavy dragoons namely the English or the Royals, the Scottish or the Scots Greys, and the Irish or Inniskilling. The two brigades have more combined field strength of about 2,000 and charged with little reserves and a 47-year old leader named Uxbridge.
It was more than 20 years of warfare that had passed throughout different suitable mounts available within the continent of Europe. Because of this, the British heavy cavalry entered the 1815 campaign with the finest horses and contemporary cavalry arm. They have also received excellent mounted swormanship training. However, they were inferior to the French when in comes to maneouvering larger formations and cavalier attitude. Most likely, the French have more scant experience when it comes to ware compared to infantry. According to Wellington, the had little tactical abiliy or nous.
The Household Brigade was charged down the hill in the center of the battlefield. The French Brigade of Cuirassiers that guard the left border of d’Erlon was dispersed and swept away over the deeply sunken main road and eventually routed. The sunken lane acted as as trap that funnelled the flight of the French cavalry on their own right and away from the British cavalry. Some of the cuirassiers have found themselves hemmed in by the slope sides of the sunken lane. There were various troops pressing them from behind such as the Somerset’s heavy cavalry, the 95th Rifles firing at them from the north side of the lane, and a confused mass of their infantry in front. British cavalry men were impressed on the novelty of fighting with armored foes and this was recored by the commander of the Household Brigade. Lord Somerset stated that: ” The blows of the sabres on the cuirasses sounded like braziers at work”.
As the attack continued, the left squadrons of the Household Brigade had destroyed the Aulard’s Brigade. Despite the several attempts of recalling them, they still continued towards the La Haye Sainte and found themselves at the bottom of the hill with blow horses facing the squared form of Schmitz’s Brigade.
On their lef, the Union Brigade suddenly swept away through the infantry lines that give rise to the legend of the 92nd Gordon Highland Regiment. From the leftward center, the Royal Dragoons had destroyed the brigade of Bourgeois as it captured the eagle of the 105th Ligne. The Greys destroyed most of the Nogue’s Brigade as it captured the eagle of the 45th Ligne while the Inniskillings routed the other Brigade of the Quoit’s Division. On the extreme left of Wellington, which is the Durutte’s Division had time to fend off groups and formd squares of Grey.
At the Household Cavarly, the officers of the Inniskillings and Royals found it very difficult to rein back their troops that lost all cohesions. The commander of the Greys, James Hamiltion had ordered the continuation of the charge to the French grande batterie, which was originally to form a reserve. Though the Greys have the means of disabling the cannons and carry them off, they still implemented their tactics out of actions as they fled to the battlefield with gun crews.
Napoleon had promptly responded by ordering a counter-attack to the I Corps Light Cavalry Division. He had sent cuirassier brigades of the Travers and Farine along with two lander regiments of Jaquinot. This result to heavy losses for the British cavalry.
All quoted figures for the losses of the cavalry brigades from this charge are just estimates. The casualties were only noted down after the day of the battle and not from the entire battle event. Some historians belived that official rolls discovered from the sites tend to overestimate the quantiry of cavalrymen present in the squadrons on the actual battlefield. Proportionate losses were just results and believed to be considerably higher than the numbers reflected and suggested on the papers and books.
The Union Brigade had heavily lost since many officers and men are killed from them including its commander, William Ponsonby as well as Colonel Hamilton of the Scots Greys. Some of them were even seriously wounded. The King’s Dragoon Guards and 2nd Life Guards have also lost heavily wherein Colonel Fuller was also killed. Fuller was the commander of the King’s Dragoon Guards. Apparently, the Blues and the 1st Life Guards had only suffered with fewer casuatlies even if they had kept their cohesion and formed a reserve. A counter-charge was made by the Dutch and British light dragoons and hussars on the Dutch carabiniers in the center as well as the left wing whereas the French cavarly repelled back to their positions.
Plenty of popular histories suggested that the British heavy cavarly were destroyed as a viable force following the epic and first charge. Based on the examination of the eyewitnesses, they revealed that the cavalry had provided valuable services, which is far from being ineffective.
The British heavy cavalry counter-charged the French cavarly in encounted numerous times and halted combined infantry and cavalry attck at the Household Brigade only. The attacks used to bolster the morale of the units in the vicinity during times of crisis. It had also filled the gaps in the Anglo-Allied lines caused by high casualties from infantry formations. The service was rendered at very expensive cost, which is close combat with the French cavalry, infant musketry, and carbine fire. And more deadly of all these is the artillery fire that is steadily eroded the number of effecive within the two brigades.
At the end of the battle of the two brigades, it was concluded that both had only few composite squadrons. There were 20,000 French troops that committed to the attack. The attack gave way to failure cost for Napoleon not only for heavy casualties but also 3,000 prisoners were taken. Apparently, in less time, the Prussian army now began to appear on the battlefield at Napoleon’s right. Because of this Napoleon sent his reserve Lobau’s VI Corps along with other two cavalry divisions and 15,000 troops to hold them back. As the attack continues, and Napoleon committed all of his infantry reserves except for the Guards. With this, Napoleon was able to defeat Wellington very quickly and in inferior quantity.
The French Cavalry Attack
Before 16:00, Ney noticed an apparent exodus from the center of Wellington. He misunderstood the movement as casualties preparing to rear at the beginning of the refuge. He sought to exploit it.
The defeat of the d’Erlon’s Corps followed and Ney had few infantry reserves left since most of the reserves were committed to the futile Hougoumont attack to defend the French fright. Ney tried to break soley the center of Wellington with cavalry. Initially, the reserve cavalry corps of cuirassiers and the light cavarly division of the Imperial Guard, the Lefebvre-Desnoettes along with other 4,800 sabres were committed by Milhaud. When these were repulsed the heavy cavaly of the Guard and the heavy cavalry corps of Kellermann were added to the massed assault with a total of around 9,000 cavalry in 67 squadrons.
The army of Wellington responded by forming squares of hollow box formation in four ranks deep. The squares were much tinyer than the usual depicted in the battle paintings. Every square composed of 500-man battalion and more than 60 feet in side length. Since the formed squares were vulnerable to infantry and artillery, they appear deadly to the cavalry as they stood on the ground. They cannot outbordered since the hourses cannot charge into a hedge of bayonets. Wellington ordered his artillery crews to take shelter within the squares as the cavalry approached. He also ordered to return their guns and resume fire as they refugeed.
Witnesses of the British infantry recorded that there were 12 assaults that took place that include a number of general assaults and successive waves of the same general attack. Kellerman had recognized the futility of the attacks and tried to reserve the elite carabinier brigade from joining in. Eventually Ney had spotted them and insisted on their involvement.
According to a British eyewitness (Captain Rees Howell Gronow, Foot Guards) of the first French cavalry attack, he recorded his impressions very lucidly and somewhat poetically as: ” About four P.M. the enemy’s artillery in front of us ceased firing all of a sudden, and we saw large masses of cavalry advance: not a man present who survived could have forgotten in after life the awful grandeur of that charge. You discovered at a distance what appeared to be an overwhelming, long moving line, which, ever advancing, glittered like a stormy wave of the sea when it catches the sunlight. On they came until they got near enough, whilst the very earth seemed to vibrate beneath the thundering tramp of the mounted host. One might suppose that nothing could have resisted the shock of this terrible moving mass. They were the famous cuirassiers, almost all old soldiers, who had distinguished themselves on most of the battlefields of Europe. In an almost incredibly short period they were within twenty yards of us, shouting “Vive l’Empereur!” The word of command, “Prepare to receive cavalry”, had been given, every man in the front ranks knelt, and a wall bristling with steel, held together by steady hands, presented itself to the infuriated cuirassiers”.
This type of massed cavalry attack relied mostly on the psychological shock for effect. The close artillery support could not disrupt the infantry squares since it allowed the cavalry to penetrate. In Waterloo, the cooperation between the French artillery and cavaly was not impressive.
The French artillery did not get close enough to the Anglo-Allied infantry when it comes to decisive numbers. The artillery fire between the charges did not produce mounting casualties but instead most of this fire was relatively long range and was often indirect at targest beyond the ridge. The cavalry on their own could do very minimal damage especially if the infantry being attacked held firmed in their square defensive formations and does not panicked.
The French cavalry attacks were repeatedly repelled by the steadfast infantry squares. As the French cavalry recoiled down the slopes to regroup, the harrying fire of British artillery continues along with the decisive counter-charges of Wellington’s light cavalry regiments, the Dutch heavy cavalry brigade, and the remaining effectives of the Household Cavalry.
During the actual charges, Captain Cavalie Mercer had disobeyed the order of Wellington in seeking shelter at the adjacent squares of the formation. He was the artillery officer that command the G Troop and the Royal Horse Artillery. He concluded that the Brunswick troops on both sides are shaky that made him disobey Wellington’s order. All throughout against the cavalry, he kept his battery of 6 nine-pounders in action. He stated that: ” I thus allowed them to advance unmolested until the head of the column might have been about fifty or sixty yards from us, and then gave the word, “Fire!” The effect was terrible. Nearly the whole leading rank fell at once; and the round shot, penetrating the column carried confusion throughout its extent … the discharge of every gun was followed by a fall of men and horses like that of grass before the mower’s scythe”.
The French cavarly was spent after several useless attacks at Mont St Jean Ridge. Their casualties are can be hardly estimated. Most of the senior officers in French cavalry most particulary the generals have experienced heavy losses. There were four wounded divisional commanders, nine wounded brigadiers, and one killed. They were recognized for their courage and leadership as battle frontliners. Houssaye illustratively reports that there were 796 ranks numbered at Grenadiers a Cheval on June 15 but on June 19 there were only 462. Over the same period, the Empress Dragoons lost 416 out of 816. Overall, the Guyot’s Guard heavy cavalry division had lost 47 percent of its strength.
Eventually, with the French cavalry alone, it achieves little and this became very obvious event to Ney. Lately, he organized a combined-arms attack using the Tissot’s regiments of Foy’s Division from Reille’s II Corps and Bachelu’s division along with other French cavalry men that remained in a fit state to fight. The attack was directed along the same route used by other heavy cavalry attacks. It was halted by a charge of the Household Brigade cavalry commanded by Uxbridge.
The British cavalry were not able to destroy the French infantry therefore they fell back with losses from the musketry fire. Based on his reocords, Uxbridge tried to lead the Dutch Carabiniers under the command of Major-General Trip. Uxbridge tried renewing the attack but the Dutch Carabiniers had refused to follow him. Other members of the British cavalry commented on this occurrence. Apparently, there is no supporting evidents that this incident occurred either from Belgian or Dutch sources.
The men of Tissot and Bachelu as well as their cavalry supports were being hit hardly by the fire coming from the artillery of Adam’s infantry brigade but eventually fell back themselves. The French cavalry had caused few direct casualties to Wellington’s center and artillery fire towards his infantry squares casued plenty of casualties. The Anglo-Allied cavalry had been committed to fight and take significant losses except for brigades of Sir Hussey Vivian and Sir John Vandeleur. The situation reflects depression for the Cumberland Hussars, thus they fled out of the field all the way to Brussels with spreading alarm. The Cumberland Hussars was the only Hanoverian cavarly regiment present in the battlefield.
At approximately the same time, Ney assault with combined-arms the center right of Wellington’s line. He rallied with the elements of D’Erlon’s I Corps and spearheaded by the 13th Legere. He renewed the attack on La Haye Sainte that became successul during that time. The success was partly because the ammunition of the defenders ran out. Ney then moved to the horse artillery towards the center of Wellington. In there, he bgean to pulverize the infantry squares at a short range with canister. With this, the 27th Regiment or the Inniskilling was destroyed while the 30th and 73rd regiments suffered with heavy losses.
Edward Cotton of the 7th Hussars stated that: ” The banks on the road side, the garden wall, the knoll and sandpit swarmed with skirmishers, who seemed determined to keep down our fire in front; those behind the artificial bank seemed more intent upon destroying the 27th, who at this time, it may literally be said, were lying dead in square; their loss after La Haye Sainte had fallen was awful, without the satisfaction of having scarcely fired a shot, and many of our troops in rear of the ridge were similarly situated”.
A tiny detail in this unsuccessful cavalry unpleasant is that, contrary to their habit, the French Cavalry under Marshal Ney, did not bring headless nails with them. When the British guns were captured, the Cavalry did not find them usable even if inserted with tiny headless nail into the priming tube. If they had done so, the British could not have used them so devastatingly against the French Infantry after they recaptured them a short while later. If the French infantry had remained intact until they came into contact with British Forces they might have won, and the Imperial Guard would never have been deployed and, possibly, the outcome of the Battle would have been different.
Arrival of the Prussian IV Corps: Plancenoit
Bulow’s IV Corps was the first Prussian Corps to arrive at Plancenoit. His objective was Plancenoit, which the Prussians intended to use as a springboard into the rear of the French positions. With the use of the Bois de Paris Road, Blucher intended to secure his right army upon Frichermont. Since 10:00, Blucher and Wellington had been exchanging communcations and both agreed to advance in Frichermont once the Wellington’s cente got under attack.
General Bulow started his way to Plancenoit and about 16:30 he reached the place. Concurrently, the French cavalry attack in full force wherein the 15th Brigade IV Corps was sent to connect with the Nassauers of Wellington’s left border in Frichermont. Meawhile in La Haie area, the brigade’s artillery battery and additional brigade artillery were deployed to its left in support.
Napoleon sent Lobau’s corps to interrupt the rest of Bulow’s IV Corps before proceeding to Plancenoit. The 15th Brigade threw Lobau’s troops out of Frichermont with a resoluted bayonet accusation, then proceeded up the Frichermont heights, battering French Chasseurs with 12-pounder artillery fire, and pushed on to Plancenoit. This sent Lobau’s corps into refuge to the Plancenoit area, and in effect drove Lobau past the back of the Armee Du Nord’s right border and directly threatened its only line of refuge. Hiller’s 16th Brigade also pushed forward with six battalions against Plancenoit.
Napoleon had send off all eight battalions of the Young Guard to strengthen Lobau, who was now seriously pressed. The Young Guard counter-attacked and, after very hard battle, secured Plancenoit, but were themselves counter-attacked and driven out. Napoleon sent two battalions of the Middle/Old Guard into Plancenoit and after intense bayonet battle, they did not agree to fire their muskets instead the force recaptured the village. The dogged Prussians were still not defeated, and with approximately 30,000 troops of IV and II Corps, under the commands of Bulow and Pirch, they attacked Plancenoit again. It was defended by 20,000 Frenchmen in and around the village.
Zieten’s Border March
Throughout the late afternoon, Zieten’s I Corps had been arriving with full force in the area just north of La Haie. General Muffling, the Prussian army liaison to Wellington, journeyed to meet I Corps. Zieten had by this time brought up his 1st Brigade, but had become concerned at the sight of stragglers and casualties coming from the Nassau units on Wellington’s left and from the Prussian 15th Brigade as well. These troops appeared to be withdrawing, and Zieten, fearing that his own troops would be caught up in a general refuge, was starting to move away from Wellington’s border and towards the Prussian main body near Plancenoit area. Muffling saw this movement away and persuaded Zieten to support Wellington’s left border.
Zieten resumed his march to support Wellington directly, and the arrival of his troops allowed Wellington to strengthen his collapsing centre by moving cavalry from his left. The I Corps proceeded to attack the French flocks before Papelotte and by 19:30. Meanwhile, the French position was bent into a rough horseshoe shape. The ends of the line were now based on Hougoumont on the left, Plancenoit on the right, and the centre on La Haie.
Durutte had taken the positions of La Haie and Papelotte in a series of attacks, but now refugeed behind Smohain without opposing the Prussian 24th Regiment as it retook both. The 24th advanced against the new French position, was repelled, and returned to the attack supported by Silesian Schutzen or the riflemen and the F/1st Landwehr. The French initially fell back before the renewed attack, but now began seriously to dispute ground, attempting to regain Smohain and hold on to the ridgeline and the last few houses of Papelotte.
The 24th Regiment linked up with a Highlander battalion on its far right and along with the 13th Landwehr regiment and cavalry support threw the French out of these positions. Further attacks by the 13th Landwehr and the 15th Brigade drove the French from Frichermont. Durutte’s division, finding itself about to be accused by the massed squadrons of Zieten’s I Corps cavalry reserve that refuged from the battlefield. I Corps then advanced to the Brussels road, whichh is the only line of refuge available to the French.
Attack of the Imperial Guard
Meanwhile, with Wellington’s centre exposed by the fall of La Haye Sainte, and the Plancenoit front temporarily stabilized, Napoleon committed his last reserve, the undefeated Imperial Guard. This attack, started at around 19:30, was intended to break through Wellington’s centre and roll up his line away from the Prussian army. Although it is one of the most celebrated passages of arms in military history, it is unclear which units actually participated in the attack. It appears that it was mounted by five battalions of the Middle Guard, and not by the Grenadiers or Chasseurs of the Old Guard as other sources stated.
Marshal M. Ney Stated that: “… I saw four regiments of the middle guard, conducted by the Emperor, arriving. With these troops, he wished to renew the attack, and penetrate the centre of the enemy. He ordered me to lead them on; generals, officers and soldiers all displayed the greatest intrepidity; but this body of troops was too weak to resist, for a long time, the forces opposed to it by the enemy, and it was soon necessary to renounce the hope which this attack had, for a few moments, inspired.”
Three Old Guard battalions did move forward and formed the second line attack, though they remained in reserve and did not directly attack the Anglo-allied line. Marching through an acclaimed of flask and skirmisher fire, the 3,000 or so Middle Guardsmen advanced towards the west of La Haye Sainte, and in so doing, separated into three distinct attack forces. First, consisting of two battalions of Grenadiers, defeated Wellington’s first line of British, Brunswick and Nassau troops and marched on. Second is the Chasse’s relatively fresh Dutch division was sent against them and its artillery fired into the victorious Grenadiers’ border. This still could not stop the Guard’s advance, so Chassé ordered his first brigade as the third distinct attack forces to charge the outnumbered French army, who faltered and broke.
Extendedly to the west, there were 1,500 British Foot Guards under Maitland lying down to protect themselves from the French artillery. As two battalions of Chasseurs approached, the second spike of the Imperial Guard’s attack, Maitland’s guards emerge and overwhelmed them with point-blank volleys. The Chasseurs organized to answer the fire, but began to tremble. A bayonet charge by the Foot Guards then destroyed them. The third spike was a fresh Chasseur battalion, now came up in support. The British guardsmen left with these Chasseurs in search, but the latter were arrested as the 52nd Light Infantry controlled in line on their border and poured an overwhelming fire into them and then rushed. Under this assault they too broke.
The last of the Guard retreated headlong. A wave of panic passed through the French lines as the astounding news spread: “La Garde recule. Sauve qui peut!” which means “The Guard refuges. Save yourself if you can!”. Wellington now stood up in Copenhagen’s commotions, and waved his hat in the air to signal a general progress. His army rushed forward from the lines and threw themselves upon the retreating French army.
The surviving Imperial Guard rallied for the last stand on their three reserve battalions, however some sources say the battlions were four, just south of La Haye Sainte. A charge from the Adam’s Brigade and the Hanoverian Landwehr Osnabruck Battalion, including the Vivian’s and Vandeleur’s fresh cavalry brigades to their right, threw them into confusion. Those left in semi-cohesive units retreat towards the La Belle Alliance. It was during this refuge that some of the Guards were invited to encouragely surrender the famous retort “La Garde meurt, elle ne se rend pas!” which means “The Guard dies, it does not surrender!”
Capture of Plancenoit
At about the same time, the Prussian 5th, 14th, and 16th Brigades were starting to push through Plancenoit, in the third assault of the day. The church was by now on fire, while its graveyard – the French centre of resistance – had corpses strewn about “as if by a whirlwind” Five Guard battalions were deployed in support of the Young Guard, virtually all of which was now committed to the defence, along with remnants of Lobau’s corps The key to the Plancenoit position proved to be the Chantelet woods to the south. Pirch’s II Corps had arrived with two brigades and strengthend the attack of IV Corps, advancing through the woods.
The 25th Regiment’s musketeer battalions threw the 1/2e Grenadiers (Old Guard) out of the Chantelet woods, outbordering Plancenoit and forcing a refuge. The Old Guard refugeed in good order until they met the mass of troops refugeing in panic, and became part of that rout. The Prussian IV Corps advanced beyond Plancenoit to find masses of French refugeing from British pursuit in disorder. The Prussians were unable to fire for fear of hitting Anglo-allied units. This was the fifth and final time that Plancenoit changed hands. French forces not refugeing with the Guard were surrounded in their positions and eliminated, neither side asking for nor offering quarter. The French Young Guard Division would report 96 percent casualties, and two-thirds of Lobau’s Corps ceased to exist.
Despite their great courage and stamina, the French Guards fighting in the village began to show signs of wavering. The church was already on fire with columns of red flame coming out of the windows, aisles and doors. In the village itself, still the scene of bitter house-to-house fighting, everything was burning, adding to the confusion. However, once Major von Witzleben’s manoeuver was accomplished and the French Guards saw their border and rear threatened, they began to withdraw. The Guard Chasseurs under General Pelet formed the rearguard. The remnants of the Guard left in a great rush, leaving large masses of artillery, equipment and ammunition waggons in the wake of their refuge. The evacuation of Plancenoit led to the loss of the position that was to be used to cover the withdrawal of the French Army to Charleroi. The Guard fell back from Plancenoit in the direction of Maison du Roi and Caillou. Unlike other parts of the battlefield, there were no cries of “Sauve qui peut!” here. Instead the cry “Sauvons nos aigles!” (“Let’s save our eagles!”) could be heard – Official History of the 25th Regiment, 4 Corps
Disintegration
The French right, left, and centre had all now failed. The last cohesive French force consisted of two battalions of the Old Guard stationed around La Belle Alliance, the final reserve and personal bodyguard for Napoleon. Napoleon hoped to rally the French army behind them but as refuge turned into rout, they too were forced to withdraw, one on either side of La Belle Alliance, in square as protection against Coalition cavalry. Until persuaded that the battle was lost and he should leave, Napoleon commanded the square to the left of the inn. Adam’s Brigade charged and forced back this square, while the Prussians engaged the other.
As dusk fell, both squares withdrew in relatively good order, but the French artillery and everything else fell into the hands of the allies. The refugeing Guards were surrounded by thousands of fleeing, broken French troops. Coalition cavalry harried the fugitives until about 23:00, with Gneisenau pursuing them as far as Genappe before ordering a halt. There, Napoleon’s abandoned carriage was captured, still containing diamonds left in the rush. These became part of King Friedrich Wilhelm of Prussia’s crown jewels, one Major Keller of the F/15th receiving the with oak leaves for the feat. By this time 78 guns and 2,000 prisoners had also been taken, including more generals.
Marshal M. Ney stated that: “There remained to us still four squares of the Old Guard to protect the refuge. These brave grenadiers, the choice of the army, forced successively to retire, yielded ground foot by foot, till, overwhelmed by numbers, they were almost entirely annihilated. From that moment, a retrograde movement was declared, and the army formed nothing but a confused mass. There was not, however, a total rout, nor the cry of sauve qui peut, as has been calumniously stated in the bulletin”.
General Gneisenau recorded: “In the middle of the position occupied by the French army, and exactly upon the height, is a farm called La Belle Alliance. The march of all the Prussian columns was directed towards this farm, which was visible from every side. It was there that Napoleon was during the battle; it was thence that he gave his orders, that he flattered himself with the hopes of victory; and it was there that his ruin was decided. There, too, it was, that by happy chance, Field Marshal Blucher and Lord Wellington met in the dark, and mutually saluted each other as victors”.
Aftermath
Historian Peter Hofschroer had written that Wellington and Blucher meeting at Genappe around 22:00 signifying the end of the battle. Other sources have recorded that the meeting took place around 21:00 near Napoleon’s former headquarters at La Belle Alliance. Waterloo cost Wellington around 15,000 dead and wounded, and Blucher some 7,000 (810 of which were suffered by just one unit), the 18th Regiment, which served in Bulow’s 15th Brigade, fought at both Frichermont and Plancenoit, and won 33 Iron Crosses. Napoleon lost 25,000 dead or injured, with 8,000 taken prisoner.
This what the record of Major W. E Frye After Waterloo: Reminiscences of European Travel 1815-1819 states:
“June 22. This morning I went to visit the field of battle, which is a little beyond the village of Waterloo, on the plateau of Mont St Jean; but on arrival there the sight was too horrible to behold. I felt sick in the stomach and was obliged to return. The multitude of carcasses, the heaps of wounded men with mangled limbs unable to move, and perishing from not having their wounds dressed or from hunger, as the Allies were, of course, obliged to take their surgeons and waggons with them, formed a spectacle I shall never forget. The wounded, both of the Allies and the French, remain in an equally deplorable state”.
At 10:30 on 19 June General Grouchy, still following Napoleon’s orders, defeated General Thielemann at Wavre and withdrew in good order though at the cost of 33,000 French troops that never reached the Waterloo battlefield. Wellington, Blucher and other Coalition forces advanced upon Paris. Napoleon announced his second abdication on 24 June 1815. In the final skirmish of the Napoleonic Wars, Marshal Davout, Napoleon’s minister of war, was defeated by Blucher at Issy on 3 July 1815.
Allegedly, Napoleon tried to escape to North America, but the Royal Navy was blockading French ports to forestall such a move. He finally surrendered to Captain Frederick Maitland of HMS Bellerophon on 15 July. There was a campaign against French fortresses that still held out; Longwy capitulated on 13 September 1815, the last to do so. The Treaty of Paris was signed on 20 November 1815. Louis XVIII was restored to the throne of France, and Napoleon was exiled to Saint Helena, where he died in 1821.
According to the translated letter of surrender sent by Napoleon to the Prince of Regent, he stated that: “Royal Highness, – Exposed to the factions which divide my country, and to the enmity of the great Powers of Europe, I have terminated my political career; and I come, like Themistocles, to throw myself upon the hospitality (m’asseoir sur le foyer) of the British people. I claim from your Royal Highness the protections of the laws, and throw myself upon the most powerful, the most constant, and the most generous of my enemies”.
Maitland’s 1st Foot Guards, who had defeated the Chasseurs of the Guard, were thought to have defeated the Grenadiers; they were awarded the title of Grenadier Guards in recognition of their feat, and adopted bearskins in the style of the Grenadiers. Britain’s Household Cavalry likewise adopted the cuirass in 1821 in recognition of their success against their armoured French counterparts. The effectiveness of the lance was noted by all participants and this weapon subsequently became more widespread throughout Europe; the British converted their first light cavalry regiment to lancers in 1816.
Waterloo was a decisive battle in more than one sense. It definitively ended the series of wars that had convulsed Europe, and involved many other regions of the world, since the French Revolution of the early 1790s. It also ended the political and military career of Napoleon Bonaparte, one of the greatest commanders and statesmen in history. Finally, it ushered in almost half a century of international peace in Europe; no major conflict was to occur until the Crimean War.
A French View of the Reasons for Napoleon’s Defeat
General Baron Jomini, one of the leading military writers on the Napoleonic art of war had a number of very cogent explanations of the reasons behind Napoleon’s defeat at Waterloo.
In my opinion, four principal causes led to this disaster: The first, and most influential, was the arrival, skilfully combined, of Blucher, and the false movement that favored this arrival; the second, was the admirable firmness of the British infantry, joined to the sang-froid and aplomb of its chiefs; the third, was the horrible weather, that had softened the ground, and rendered the offensive movements so toilsome, and retarded till one o’clock the attack that should have been made in the morning; the fourth, was the inconceivable formation of the first corps, in masses very much too deep for the first grand attack.
The Battlefield Today
Some portions of the terrain on the battlefield have been altered from their 1815 appearance. Tourism began the day after the battle, with Captain Mercer noting that on 19 June “a carriage drove on the ground from Brussels, the inmates of which, alighting, proceeded to examine the field”.In 1820, the Netherlands’ King William I ordered the construction of a monument on the spot where it was believed his son, the Prince of Orange, had been wounded. The Lion’s Hillock, a giant mound, was constructed here, using 300,000 cubic metres (392,000 cubic yards) of earth taken from other parts of the battlefield, including Wellington’s sunken road.
Victor Hugo of Les Miserables stated that: “Every one is aware that the variously inclined undulations of the plains, where the engagement between Napoleon and Wellington took place, are no longer what they were on June 18, 1815. By taking from this mournful field the wherewithal to make a monument to it, its real relief has been taken away, and history, disconcerted, no longer finds her bearings there. It has been disfigured for the sake of glorifying it. Wellington, when he beheld Waterloo once more, two years later, exclaimed, “They have altered my field of battle!” Where the great pyramid of earth, surmounted by the lion, rises to-day, there was a hillock which descended in an easy slope towards the Nivelles road, but which was almost an escarpment on the side of the highway to Genappe. The elevation of this escarpment can still be measured by the height of the two knolls of the two great sepulchres which enclose the road from Genappe to Brussels: one, the English tomb, is on the left; the other, the German tomb, is on the right. There is no French tomb. The whole of that plain is a sepulchre for France”.
However, other terrain features and notable landmarks on the field have remained virtually unchanged since the battle. These include the rolling farmland to the east of the Brussels-Charleroi Road as well as the buildings at Hougoumont, La Haye Sainte, and La Belle Alliance.
Apart from the Lion Mound, there are several more conventional but noteworthy monuments scattered throughout the battlefield. A cluster of monuments at the Brussels-Charleroi and Braine L’Alleud-Ohain crossroads mark the mass graves of English, Dutch, Hanoverian and KGL troops. A monument to the French dead entitled The Wounded Eagle (L’aigle Blessé) marks the location where it is believed one of the French guard units formed square during the closing moments of the battle. A monument to the Prussian dead is located in the village of Placenoit on the site where one of their artillery batteries took position.
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What song did Cliff Richard sing in the 1973 Eurovision Song Contest in which he came third? | How General Franco cheated Cliff Richard out of Eurovision title - Telegraph
Agyness Deyn in demand
03 May 2008
At the time the winner of the competition was decided by a jury comprised of 10 members from each of the 17 countries participating. Each member awarded one point to their favourite song.
With the emerging tourist industry on the Spanish Costas, Franco's regime hoped that a Eurovision win would boost its popularity both at home and abroad.
”The regime was acutely aware of the need to improve their image,” Ms Fernandez Vila told Spanish daily newspaper 20 Minutos.
”Looking back at the parties that were organised and the way Massiel was turned into a national hero - it seems a bit excessive for a song festival but it all served to glorify the regime,” she said.
Massiel, now 60, whose real name is Maria Felix de los Angeles Santamaria Espinosa, went on to become one of Spain's best loved singers and re-released her Eurovision entry in 1997 with a hip hop beat.
The song La la la sparked controversy from the start. The original version penned by Duo Dinamico was in the Catalan language but the Franco regime insisted the words be sung in Spanish.
Sir Cliff, now 67, made a second attempt to win the Eurovision Song contest when in 1973 he represented the UK with Power To All Our Friends. But he only reached third place behind artists from Luxembourg and Spain.
In Britain he has sold more records than either Elvis or the Beatles - his worldwide sales total 250 million - and he was the first rock star to be honoured with a knighthood.
| Power to All Our Friends |
Whitney Houston reached No.1 in the UK charts in October 1988 with what song? | Cliff Richard go on tour with new Soulicious album - EuroVisionary - Eurovision news worth reading
Eurovision news worth reading
Charlotte Jensen / 30th September 2011 at 19:17 / Eurovision Song Contest , Releases / United Kingdom
A new album from Cliff Richard will hit the stores in October in two versions. The album that contains soul duets will be followed by a tour in United Kingdom where several guest stars will join him in singing songs from the new album as well as many of his previous hits.
Double Eurovision Song Contest participant Cliff Richard has for decades been such a well known international name that few of his fans think about that he represented United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest in 1968 with Congratulations that came second and later in 1973 with Power To All Our Friends, which gave him a third place.
Despite turning 70 last year and the fact that he has released so many albums that they almost are uncountable Cliff Richard is still going strong. He has sold more than 250 million records and more will undoubtedly be added when Soulicious – the soul album is being released on the 12th of October. The album contains 15 soul duets and will be released in two versions; as a regular album and as a box set containing a poster as well as a puzzle together with the album.
For Sir Cliff himself there is an extra bonus to be achieved if he manage to get just one of these songs on the British chart. Currently he shares a record with Elvis Presley as the only ones who have managed to get singles on the British chart in all their active years. As Elvis died in 1977 it is however significantly more decades for Cliff Richard who has been active since the 50’s. If he makes it to the chart again he will have had new singles on this chart in amazingly seven decades.
To accomplish this new album Cliff goes on tour. Eight concerts in England are scheduled so far. On this tour several of the ones he sings duet with on the album will join him. This involves Lamont Dozier, Freda Payne, Marilyn McCoo & Billy Davis, Jr. and Percy Sledge. Aside from those James Ingram and Jaki Graham will also appear as guest acts.
Tracklist:
01. Saving A Life – with Freda Payne
02. Go On & Tell Him – with Dennis Edwards and the Temptations Review
03. Do You Ever – with Brenda Holloway
04. Teardrops – with Candi Staton
05. When I Was Your Baby – with Roberta Flack
06. Are You Feeling Me – with Deniece Williams
07. Oh How Happy – with Marilyn McCoo and Billy Davis, Jr.
08. Every Piece Of My Broken Heart – with Valerie Simpson
09. How We Get Down – with Russell Thompkins, Jr. & The New Stylistics
10. This Time With You – with Candi Staton
11. Don’t Say You Love Me (It’ll Ruin My Day)
12. She Looked Good – with Dennis Edwards and the Temptations Review
13. I’m Your Puppet – with Percy Sledge
14. Always And Forever – featuring Billy Paul
15. Birds Of A Feather – with Peabo Bryson
For Cliff Richard duets is something he has been doing a lot before. At one of these occasions he recorded two songs together with the 2000 Eurovision Song Contest winners Olsen Brothers .
This new album with soul duets can already be pre-orded. You find links below to make sure you get it as soon as it is released.
Links
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Which 'Blue Peter' presenter was once a Dr. Who assistant? | BBC - Press Office - Network TV Programme Information Week 42 Blue Peter Feature
Programme copy (Blue Peter At 50)
The Beginning
1. Blue Peter first aired on 16 October 1958 and transmitted for 15 minutes.
2. The first presenters were Christopher Trace and Leila Williams. Christopher Trace was the stand-in for Charlton Heston in blockbuster Ben-Hur and Leila Williams had been crowned Miss Great Britain the previous year.
3. Blue Peter was created by John Hunter Blair. Throughout the programme's 50-year history, there have been just six editors: Biddy Baxter, Lewis Bronze, Oliver Macfarlane, Steve Hocking, Richard Marson and the current editor Tim Levell.
4. The 50th anniversary edition of the show on 16 October will be programme number 4,406.
Ships and Songs
5. Blue Peter is named after the blue and white flag hoisted when a ship is ready to set sail from port. The reasoning for the choice is that the programme is intended to be a voyage of adventure and discovery for the viewers, constantly covering new topics.
6. The ship's symbol, the Blue Peter Galleon, was designed by much-loved TV artist Tony Hart, who received just £100 for his work – which is worth an estimated £1,537 in today's money. Had he been paid royalties they would have made him a millionaire.
7. The theme tune is called Barnacle Bill. There have been nine versions of the theme tune, and the latest arrangement was introduced for this year's series.
The Faces
8. There have been 34 Blue Peter presenters, including this year's new recruits, Helen Skelton and Joel Defries.
9. The longest-serving presenter was John Noakes, who presented the series for 12 and a half years and was 45 when he left. On one famous occasion, John was asked to drop his trousers for the show to show the bruises he had sustained during a bobsleigh film. According to his recollection, he realised that he was wearing his wife's underwear which he had put on by accident in the dark! On 17 May 1976, John Noakes collapsed in the studio due to exhaustion and Lesley Judd had to take over.
10. John Noakes's famous catchphrase was "Get Down Shep". In 1978, pop group The Barron Knights released a single of the same name which reached No. 44 in the charts.
11. Peter Duncan is the only presenter to do two stints on the show. He became a gold badge holder after he was made Chief Scout in Feb 2007.
12. Yvette Fielding was the youngest-ever presenter. She was 18 when she joined the series.
13. Sarah Greene met her husband, former TV presenter Mike Smith, through Blue Peter whilst being filmed learning to dive on the Mary Rose wreck.
14. The shortest-serving listed presenter was Anita West, who lasted for just four months before returning to her acting career.
15. The following stars applied to be become presenters but didn't make it: Kevin Whately, Sally James, Howard Stableford, Gail Porter, Jake Humphrey, Todd Carty and Sidney Sloane.
16. The famous Blue Peter badge was launched on 17 June 1963.
17. There are six types of badges – Blue, Green, Silver, Gold, Purple and Orange. Blue can be won by viewers sending in an interesting letter, poem, picture or story, or by appearing on the programme. Silver is for viewers who already have a blue but have to do something different to win one. Green is the environmental award, for viewers who make contributions on "green" subjects. Orange is given to viewers who have been either a winner or runner-up in a Blue Peter competition. The Gold badge is Blue Peter's highest award and is only given to people who have shown outstanding bravery and courage, or have represented their country in an international event. Introduced in 2006, the Purple badge is awarded to "Team Player" children who take an active role in the show, either by reviewing it, suggesting ideas for items or helping with audience research.
18. Famous Gold badge winners include Her Majesty The Queen, who received one in 2001, David Beckham, JK Rowling, Torvill and Dean and Bonnie the Blue Peter dog, who was given one on her retirement in 1991. It has also become tradition to present a leaving presenter with a gold badge on their final show.
19. In 45 years of the badge scheme it is estimated that the programme has awarded half a million badges.
20. Every guest who comes on the show gets a badge. Celebrities with badges include: Madonna, Tony Blair, Mr Bean, Morph, Ewan McGregor, Dawn French, David Tennant, Catherine Tate, Gordon Brown, Uri Geller (who did his first fork-bending on Blue Peter), David Cassidy, ABBA, Elton John, Carrie Fisher and Pele. Bryony Stokes, 2008 Olympic medallist, wore her Blue Peter badge as she windsurfed to her Bronze medal victory.
21. A Blue Peter badge and certificate will get children of 15 years and under free admission into 200 venues up and down the country.
Blue Peter and the Doctor
22. Peter Purves was a Doctor Who assistant before he joined the children's series.
23. Sophie Aldred's Dr Who character, Ace, wore Blue Peter badges which were Sophie's own.
24. A competition to design a Blue Peter monster in 2005 generated 43,920 entries. The winning monster was the Abzorbaloff, which appeared in the story Love & Monsters.
Blue Peter pets
25. Blue Peter's pets are almost as well-known as its presenters. There have been eight dogs, five tortoises, nine cats and two parrots.
26. George the tortoise is the longest-serving pet. He made his first appearance in 1982. When he died in 2004 he was around 81 years old. He is the only pet buried in the Blue Peter garden. He once became amorous with a pair of Sarah Greene's shoes, thinking they were another tortoise…
27. Another tortoise, originally named Fred, had to be renamed Freda when it was discovered he was, in fact, a she.
The Trips
28. From Morocco to Mexico and Japan to Jamaica, there have been 43 Blue Peter summer expeditions covering every continent on the globe.
29. During a Blue Peter expedition to Egypt, presenter Tina Heath was caught short with a dodgy tummy and had to use her script as toilet paper!
Here's One I Made Earlier
30. In 1962, a housewife named Margaret Parnell sent in the idea for the first "make" and spent the best part of the next 40 years creating them, designing over 700.
31. Early makes included the classic Christmas Advent crown, doll's hammocks and bird-seed cakes. Recent makes include a Tardis pencil case.
32. The most popular make was Tracy Island, which received 100,000 requests for the Factsheet in 1993. Anthea Turner still has the Tracy Island she made on the show.
Helping Out
33. The Blue Peter Appeals started in 1962 when viewers were asked to collect postage stamps to raise money for homes for the homeless.
34. It's estimated that, across the 46 appeals, children have raised the equivalent of over £100m in today's money. The 14 Bring & Buy Sales have raised the equivalent of an estimated £57m. Other items collected by the appeal include over 948,025,000 stamps, 19m aluminium cans, 800 tons of wool and over 1,450,000 pairs of shoes, including David Beckham's boots.
35. Between 1962 and 2007 the appeals have raised money to buy, amongst others, the following: two guide dogs, 25 life boats, eight flats for homeless people, 32 ponies , 57 lorries, three caravans, two day centres, six bungalows, 12 houses in Romania, 8,350 lavatories and three schools.
36. The Blue Peter lifeboats can still be found at seven lifeboat stations around the country. They've been launched over 4,600 times and have saved, up to 20 March 2008, 1058 lives.
Blue Peter and Green Fingers
37. The Blue Peter Garden was launched on 21 March 1974. Percy Thrower was the first gardener and was awarded his gold badge in 1988. The second gardener was Chris Crowder, followed by Clare Bradley and, currently, Chris Collins.
38. The Blue Peter Garden was vandalised three times – in 1978, 1980 and 1983 – before security cameras were eventually fitted.
39. TV executive Edward Barnes "nicked" the idea for the garden from rival series Magpie.
Blue Peter babies
40. In 1968 it was decided that Blue Peter would feature a baby on the programme, to show viewers what it was like to have a little brother or sister. On 30 September of that year, baby Daniel made his first appearance at just 14 weeks old and made regular appearances over the next two years.
41. Presenters who had babies during the time they worked on the programme were Tina Heath, who had Jemma, and Liz Barker who had Dexter. In 1987, presenter Janet Ellis was the focus of national scrutiny when she had baby Jack out of wedlock.
Incontinent Elephants and Beautiful Knockers
42. Peter Purves attributes the blame for Lulu the incontinent elephant to editor Biddy Baxter, who allegedly asked Lulu's keeper to do without the stick he used to keep her under control. The ensuing chaos saw Lulu pee, poo and generally misbehave around the studio, dragging her gamekeeper through the mess.
43. Other memorable moments include Simon Groom's innuendo-laden: "What a beautiful pair of knockers", when commenting on a replacement for Durham Cathedral's historic door knocker; Mark Curry knocking the head off a LEGO model; and Diane-Louise Jordan falling flat on her face whilst covering John Leslie's run in the London Marathon.
The Competitions
44. A competition to design a frock for presenter Caron Keating solicited responses from 69,928 debut dressmakers. In 1981 a competition to design a Christmas stamp generated 74,000 responses, and a contest to design a character for Aardman Animations in 2006 attracted 47,268 budding Nick Parks.
Miscellaneous
45. Children who appeared on the show and have gone on to be famous include: Formula 1 ace Lewis Hamilton and popstar James Blunt (then James Blount). Konnie Huq also appeared in 1989 with the National Youth Theatre before she went on to become the programme's longest-serving presenter. Richard Deverell, the current Controller of BBC Children's, appeared on the show in 1976 as part of a troupe of knitting scouts.
46. Blue Peter has many Royal friends. A young Prince Edward visited Blue Peter in 1969 and, in 1970, Valerie Singleton and HRH Princess Anne filmed their Royal Safari in Kenya. Her Majesty The Queen visited the studio in 2001 and was given a gold badge. Blue Peter's current presenters and a specially selected number of former presenters and production staff have been invited to The Palace to meet Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II to celebrate the 50th anniversary.
47. There have been four Blue Peter time capsules. The first was buried at BBC Television Centre in 1971 and the second in 1984, when the first box had to be moved because of development at Television Centre. Another was buried in 2000, which will be opened in 2029. There is also one hidden under the Millennium Dome/02 Centre which will be opened in 2050.
48. Blue Peter is the longest-running children's TV series in the world and the programme and its presenters have earned themselves countless records. John Noakes's Long Fall gave him a place in the Guinness Book of Records for the longest delayed drop by a civilian; Janet Ellis jumped 20,000 feet – a European record for a civilian woman; and Matt Baker's tandem hang-gliding also made the record books.
49. Blue Peter has won 40 awards, including two Baftas, a National Television Award and an RTS Award.
50. If you sat down and watched every episode of Blue Peter ever made, back to back, it would take around two and a half months – about the same amount of time needed to drive four times round the world.
| Peter Purves |
Which English Palace was almost destroyed by fire in 1834? | BBC NEWS | Entertainment | Fifty facts about Blue Peter at 50
Fifty facts about Blue Peter at 50
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Watch some of the most memorable highlights from the past 50 years
As Blue Peter celebrates 50 years on air, we look back at some of the show's highlights and institutions.
IN THE BEGINNING
• Blue Peter, the longest-running children's programme in the world, was first broadcast - for 15 minutes - on 16 October 1958. It was originally supposed to fill a six-week gap in scheduling.
• The show is named after the blue-and-white flag flown on a ship's yard arm to show it is ready to go to sea - suggesting a voyage of discovery for viewers.
ADVENT CROWN COMPONENTS
Wire coat hangers
Four candles (not fork handles)
• Although Blue Peter was the brainchild of producer John Hunter Blair in 1958, it was only following the 1962 arrival of Biddy Baxter - together with new director Edward Barnes - that things like appeals, foreign trips, competition, pets and sticky-backed plastic began to appear.
• Housewife Margaret Parnell sent in the first idea for the "here's one I made earlier" section in 1963 - and ultimately spent nearly 40 years devising more than 700 "makes".
• The Thunderbirds Tracy Island model remains the show's most popular make with more than 100,000 viewers requesting a factsheet. Presenter Anthea Turner still owns the original she crafted on the show in 1993. Another favourite was the Christmas advent crown made from coat hangers and fireproof tinsel.
• On 30 July 1968, ITV launched Magpie - a rival show made by Thames Television which launched on the new licensee's first day of broadcast. The programme, which had a mascot called Murgatroyd the magpie, aimed to be hipper than its BBC counterpart. Blue Peter eventually saw it off in 1980.
Blue Peter has won 40 awards in its 50-year history
• There have been only six editors in the show's 50-year history. The first was Ms Baxter who stepped up from producer into the newly-created role in 1965. She was followed by Lewis Bronze, Oliver Macfarlane, Steve Hocking, Richard Marson and current editor Tim Levell.
• The programme blazed a trail for many subsequent BBC shows by breaking out of the studio and making full use of BBC Television Centre as a location. Initially, this prompted a memo from BBC management warning that "Television Centre is not a place of entertainment".
• Blue Peter has won 40 awards, including a special award at the TV Baftas in 1998 for "outstanding contribution to children's television".
PRESENTERS
• According to Biddy Baxter, Blue Peter creator John Hunter Blair had two passions - 00 gauge railways and attractive women. The first presenters of the show were 00 gauge railway enthusiast Christopher Trace and 21-year-old Leila Williams, crowned Miss Great Britain the previous year.
Daredevil Peter Duncan was a favourite with viewers
• Yorkshireman John Noakes presented the programme for 12 and a half years between 1965 and 1978. He left at the age of 45, making him the longest-serving of the 34 Blue Peter presenters.
• Anita West had the briefest stint, spending four months on the show - from 7 May to 3 September 1962 - before returning to her acting career.
• Yvette Fielding, who was 18 when she joined the show in 1987, was its youngest-ever presenter.
• The classic line-up of John Noakes, Valerie Singleton and Peter Purves presented the show for five years from 1967 to 1972.
• Peter Duncan, who wore trademark green-and-white checked outfits, is the only presenter to have had two stints on Blue Peter - between 1980 and 1984, and 1985 and 1986. He was awarded a gold Blue Peter badge in February 2007 in recognition of his work as Chief Scout.
Caron Keating presented between November 1986 and January 1990
• Like John Noakes, whose "long fall" earned him a place in the Guinness Book of Records for the longest freefall parachute jump by a civilian, Peter Duncan became associated with daredevil stunts. He went on to host Duncan Dares after quitting Blue Peter.
• In January 1990, Diane-Louise Jordan became Blue Peter's first black presenter. Louise-Jordan, who stayed in the show for six years, now hosts Songs of Praise.
• Presenters who became more well-known after leaving the show include John Leslie, who had a relationship with Catherine Zeta Jones while he was in Blue Peter, Sarah Greene and the late Caron Keating.
BLUE PETER ON iPLAYER
Blue Peter: Craziest Moments
• Greene, who fronted the show from 1980 to 1983, met her future husband, former TV presenter Mike Smith, while she was being filmed learning to dive at the wreck of sunken ship the Mary Rose.
• Keating, who hosted the show from 1986 to 1990, died tragically at the age of 41. The daughter of TV presenter Gloria Hunniford, she was diagnosed with breast cancer in 1997 and died at her mother's home in April 2004.
IN ANOTHER LIFE
• Prior to working on Blue Peter, Peter Duncan appeared nude in the British film The Lifetaker. He also briefly starred in the cult film, Flash Gordon, in which he was killed by a tree monster.
Peter Purves (right) previously starred as Doctor Who's assistant
• Singer James Blunt - then James Blount - appeared on the show as a child, as did Formula One champion Lewis Hamilton and presenter Konnie Huq.
• Household names who applied to become Blue Peter presenters before they found fame include Gail Porter, Morse star Kevin Whately, The Bill's Todd Carty and Tiswas presenter Sally James.
• Peter Purves, who appeared between 1967 and 1978, previously starred as the doctor's assistant in early episodes of hit BBC show Doctor Who.
GAFFES AND SCANDALS
• Host John Noakes was famously asked to drop his trousers after a bruising adventure on a bobsleigh. At which point, he realised he was wearing his wife's underwear which he had put on by accident in the dark.
Richard Bacon, pictured with Tim Henman and a fan, was sacked in 1998
• Simon Groom, who appeared on the show for eight years from 1978 to 1986, along with his dog Goldie, once said on the show: "What a beautiful pair of knockers." He was commenting on replacements for the historical door knocker at Durham Cathedral.
• In 1987, it was revealed that Janet Ellis was an unmarried mother. The presenter - who left the show following the birth of her second child, Jack - already had a daughter, the future pop star Sophie Ellis-Bextor.
• Richard Bacon became the first Blue Peter presenter to be sacked, in October 1998, after he admitted taking cocaine, following reports in a tabloid newspaper. Lorraine Heggessey, then head of BBC Children's programmes, apologised on air.
• In 2007, presenters were forced to apologise after faking the results of a phone-in competition. A technical problem led to a visiting child posing as a competition winner. "We let you down," Konnie Huq told viewers.
APPEALS
• In the programme's early years, Christopher Trace presented Christmas toy reviews. The first appeal began with the idea of giving, rather than receiving toys - with the audience asked to send in toys for members of the audience who would not be receiving any.
Totalisers, to tot up donations, are a mainstay of Blue Peter appeals
• It is estimated that, across 46 Blue Peter appeals, the equivalent of more than �100m in today's money has been raised, while 14 Bring and Buy Sale initiatives have netted the equivalent of about �57m.
• Blue Peter appeals have raised money to help buy: 8,350 lavatories, 57 lorries, 32 ponies, 25 lifeboats - some of which can still be found at seven lifeboat stations around the UK - 12 Romanian houses, eight flats for homeless people, six bungalows, three caravans, three schools, two guide dogs and two day centres.
THE BLUE PETER GARDEN
• Following the launch of the garden at BBC Television Centre in 1974, gardener Percy Thrower became a household name alongside the show's presenters. He retired in 1988, and was followed by Chris Crowder, Clare Bradley and Chris Collins.
Blue Peter gardener Percy Thrower became a household name
• In November 1983, the garden was devastated by vandals, leaving Thrower in tears.
• In 2000, footballer Les Ferdinand, who was brought up close to Television Centre, told reporters he had been involved in the raid on the Blue Peter garden. But last year, he told the Guardian newspaper that, under pressure from journalists, he had made the story up as a joke.
• George the tortoise, Blue Peter's longest-surviving pet who died at the age of 81, is the only animal to have been buried in the Blue Peter garden.
• Three time capsules have been buried around BBC Television Centre. The first, buried in 1971, had to be moved because of building development. A second was buried in 1984, and another in 2000 - scheduled to be opened in 2029.
• Another millennium time capsule was hidden under the building that is now the O2 arena in south-east London, as part of the build up to 2000, and will be opened in 2050.
BADGES
• Introduced in 1963, the Blue Peter badge was Biddy Baxter's idea. She wanted to generate fresh ideas for the programme and offered the badges as an incentive to eager young viewers to write in.
Lesley Judd, brought into the show in 1972, gives a badge to a viewer
• The badge allows free admission into 200 venues around the UK. However, in 2006, the scheme was briefly suspended when the badges were found to have been auctioned on the eBay website.
• There are six types of badges now in existence - blue, green, purple, orange, silver and gold.
• The Gold Blue Peter Badge is the show's highest honour and is awarded to those who have displayed, among other things, exceptional courage, or have represented their country in an international event.
• Famous gold badge winners include the Queen - who visited the studio in 2001 - author JK Rowling and footballer David Beckham.
• Olympic bronze medallist Bryony Stokes wore her Blue Peter badge as she windsurfed to victory at the Beijing Olympics 2008.
ANIMALS
• Among the Blue Peter pets there have been eight dogs, five tortoises, nine cats and two parrots.
Presenters Michael Sundin and Simon Groom with tortoise George in 1985
• Fred the tortoise, who first appeared on 21 October 1963, had to be renamed Freda, after it was discovered, four years later, that he was actually a girl.
• Bonnie, a much-loved golden retriever, was given a Gold Blue Peter badge on her retirement in 1991.
• John Noakes' catchphrase, "get down Shep", used to control his canine companion, was incorporated into a pop song of the same name by The Barron Knights in 1978, reaching number 44 in the charts.
• And finally, in 1969, Lulu the elephant famously defecated, urinated and dragged her keeper through the mess in the studio. During the chaotic scenes, the keeper could be heard shouting for someone to fetch "me stick".
Lulu the elephant is one of Blue Peter's most fondly-remembered guests
As Peter Purves explains: "During rehearsals, anytime he wanted the elephant to do anything, he had a chain around its neck and he'd pull it, the elephant wouldn't go and he'd bonk it on the head with a stick and Biddy thought it looked cruel.
"She said, 'Would you please do it without a stick,' - so he did. The elephant went wherever it liked - end of story."
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What is the title of the song that Nick Berry took to No. 1 in 1986? | Nick Berry : Wikis (The Full Wiki)
The Full Wiki
More info on Nick Berry
Wikis
Note: Many of our articles have direct quotes from sources you can cite, within the Wikipedia article! This article doesn't yet, but we're working on it! See more info or our list of citable articles .
For Australian sportsman, see Nic Berry .
For other persons of the same name, see Nicholas Berry .
Nick Berry
Nick Berry as Nick Rowan, at Cochrane, Alberta
Born
Nick Berry (born 16 April 1963 in Woodford , Essex ) is a British television actor and musician .
Contents
5 External links
Career
Berry started acting at the age of eight. After attending the Sylvia Young Theatre School in London he played minor parts on television, film, and stage before he got his big break playing Simon 'Wicksy' Wicks in the popular BBC soap opera EastEnders (1985–90). Berry's character was thought up overnight and was introduced to restore the cast balance distorted by the unexpected departure of actor David Scarboro who played the original Mark Fowler . Scarboro's departure meant many of his functions as the slightly eldest of the young characters would need to be taken over by another character and thus Wicksy was invented and Berry was cast with minimal delay. [1] He was quickly hailed as EastEnders' top pin-up and during this time was besieged by fanmail from female admirers. [2]
Berry took a break from EastEnders to tour and make an album from which the number one single ' Every Loser Wins ' came in 1986. The song was heavily featured within EastEnders in a plotline referred to as The Banned in which the youths of Walford all formed a pop group and performed the songs on screen. [1] It was the second biggest selling single in the UK that year, remaining at number one for three weeks. Its composer Simon May received an Ivor Novello Award .
Berry returned to EastEnders after his musical career stalled but left again in an 'open to return' storyline in 1990 for the role of Yorkshire policeman PC (later Sgt) Nick Rowan in ITV 's drama series Heartbeat (1992–98). Berry recorded the title song ' Heartbeat ' in 1992, a cover of the 1959 Buddy Holly hit, which reached number two in the UK singles chart and spawned a second album. [3] His son Louis and wife Rachel Robertson also appeared in the series in small one-off roles. Berry returned for a one-off twin episode special in 2002, the episodes based on his character's new career as a Royal Canadian Mounted Police Officer .
In 1998 Berry left Heartbeat for the BBC 1 self-written, produced, and directed series Harbour Lights. Shot around the area of Bridport he played a harbour master. Less successful than his two previous character-based programmes, it ran for two series.
Berry's other credits include The Mystery of Men with Neil Pearson and Warren Clarke , Paparazzo, The Black Velvet Band with Todd Carty , and playing the maverick cop Liam Ketman alongside Stephen Tompkinson in the BBC crime drama In Deep.
Berry also runs his own production company called Valentine Productions.
Personal life
Berry had a car crash when he was twenty-one: he fractured his skull when he was thrown through a windshield; he survived the experience unscarred. [2]
During his time in EastEnders Berry dated his co-star Gillian Taylforth who played Kathy Beale , although she was almost ten years his senior. [2]
Berry married actress Rachel A Robertson in 1994 and they have two boys, Louis and Finley.
He currently resides in Epping , Essex with his wife and two sons.
Popular culture references
In the song Random Celebrity Insult Generator which featured as a b-side to the song Alan Is A Cowboy killer and on their retrospective anthology Mcluskyism [4] , the main vocal line repeated many times throughout the song is "Nick Berry had talent in a previous life". Whether the lyric writer genuinely believed Nick Berry to be a talentless individual or not depends on whether you are to take the song title literally or not. [5]
References
| Every Loser Wins |
In what year was King George 1 Crowned? | Nick Berry-Every Loser Wins-1986-HQ Audio.wmv - Interactive Chords and Diagrams - Chordify
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Violet Carson OBE played which character in a famous British Soap Opera? | Hidden life of Ena Sharples | Express Yourself | Comment | Daily Express
VIDS
Hidden life of Ena Sharples
WHEN a new British soap opera – labelled “grim and depressing” by its early critics – was first aired on television on December 9, 1960, it changed the life of Violet Carson for ever.
00:00, Tue, Sep 8, 2009
Violet Carson was feared for her sharp tongue []
The programme was Coronation Street and Carson played the street’s busybody Ena Sharples, a flint-faced harridan in a hairnet with formidable moral scruples who liked nothing better than gossiping over her milk stout in the Rovers Return with her cronies Minnie Caldwell and Martha Longhurst.
“You owe me an egg,” she was adamantly demanding of the grocer in that very first episode, while already sniping about her long-standing bête noire, Elsie Tanner. Carson’s portrayal of the sharp-tongued Sharples was supposed to last for 13 weeks but continued for 20 years and will go down as legendary in soap history.
But over that entire period, Carson had severely mixed feelings about the role, believing Ena all but ruined her, throwing a shadow over the rest of her career and even causing her to lose her own identity.
“Violet Carson was destroyed the day Ena Sharples first appeared in Coronation Street,” declared Carson in the Seventies. It was a sentiment she was not shy of expressing and is addressed this week in a BBC Radio 4 programme that pays homage to the actress who died in 1983 aged 85.
The programme airs some revealing interviews. In one, Carson says: “Wherever I went somebody would stop and say, ‘Aren’t you the lady that’s on t’ telly?’ And I said, ‘Yes I am, as a matter of fact.’ ‘Put it there, marvellous, wouldn’t miss it for anything – very fine. Pity it’s come so late in life’.”
The last comment, she says, “cut me down to size beautifully”, the irony being that Carson already had an illustrious career when Coronation Street came calling. She was, in fact, a talented classical pianist and singer whose musical ability and voice had established her as an early radio star. Even the smallest snippet of one of her interviews reveals that her clear, cut-glass accent and perfect received pronunciation is a world away from the gruff, Northern vowels of Ena Sharples. It is not the only difference between Carson and her Wetherfield alter ego either. The real Carson was a neat, genteel woman who abhorred violence and preferred brandy champagne cocktails to stout and who even had a rose named after her in 1963.
Born in Ancoats, Manchester, to an aspiring lower-middle-class family in 1898, the young Carson was given music lessons from the age of three.
Soon she was providing piano accompaniment for the silent movies at her local picture house and married her husband, George Peplow, at Manchester Cathedral in 1926. “In 1929 fate took a hand and my husband George died,” she has explained. “By that time, I’d started doing songs at the piano at ladies’ evenings and everywhere I went people said, ‘You ought to be on the wireless.’”
She quickly took their advice and was snapped up by BBC North. By the Thirties, she even had personalised notepaper which billed her as “Radio’s North star.” Her refined, meticulously enunciated voice was considered perfect for children’s programmes and she became a regular on Children’s Hour and Nursery Sing Song. Even now, Geoffrey Wheeler, who went on to work with Carson at the BBC, remembers her voice with nostalgia.
“She obviously had tremendous appeal to children,” he says. “Listening to her, you’d feel so safe and secure – and that great gentleness and purity was so reassuring.”
L ATER, when she was invited to work with Wilfred Pickles on his upbeat radio show, Have A Go! (an early incarnation of Stars In Their Eyes) she reached a still wider audience. The show attracted 20million listeners, making it the most popular radio show ever.
In the Forties and Fifties, her career continued to thrive and she took both serious and comic roles in all manner of radio plays. Then, in 1951, while recording a drama serial for Children’s Hour, she worked with an inquisitive 14-year-old actor called Tony Warren, the future creator of Corrie.
On one level, the meeting was not auspicious. “I was a very enthusiastic child actor,” recalls Warren. “I asked endless questions. In the end, Vi said, ‘If that boy doesn’t belt up I will smack his bottom’.”
She didn’t but Carson certainly made an impact on Warren, who remembers her as a more imperious figure than she herself would have admitted (once, she reputedly addressed herself to a new director with the words: “My name is Violet Carson and my train leaves at five o’clock.”).
Warren even credits her with putting the whole idea for Coronation Street into his head when she decided to entertain everyone with a sing-song during a power failure. “She sat down at the piano and she played Bolton’s Yard. I was absolutely transfixed,” says Warren. It was the song’s lyrics – about a street where everyone knew everyone else – that sank in.
“Looking back, I thought “I wonder! I wonder if that was the inspiration for Coronation Street and it was Vi who had given it to me,” he says.
When he created Coronation Street 10 years later he didn’t call on Carson for the role of Sharples immediately. “She’d never made my life very easy” he laughs.
But after trundling “about 40 disgruntled old women before the camera”, he turned to Carson, who immediately had the measure of the character.
“I said, ‘She’s not difficult. She lives in any back street I know. I’ve known this woman all my life’,” said Carson, who thought the role would be an interesting diversion. What she failed to foresee was how entrenched Ena would become in the nation’s psyche. As Melvyn Bragg says, the soap was “working-class culture at its best and she was the rock on which Coronation Street was built”.
She just didn’t want to be that rock. Although the part led to honours and accolades – Carson was awarded an OBE in 1965 – she had been on the cusp of a theatrical career that was never realised. “Before I took on the part I was a pianist, a singer and an actress, I even played Shakespeare. Now I have become Ena Sharples for ever,” she moaned in 1980.
Indeed her later years were full of self-recriminations. “When I first took on the part, I thought it was a single play. I was horrified when I learned it was a run of 13 weeks I’d signed up for.”
Those 13 weeks turned into 20 years. But if Carson felt Sharples had typecast her and was a world away from her own personality she nevertheless saw some parallels. “I’m like her in that neither of us will suffer fools gladly,” she once remarked. “We both call a spade a spade and neither of us can stand devious people.”
She also confessed that her alter ego helped her to be more assertive in real life. “I can turn her on by metaphorically putting on a hair net and saying a lot of things that I would never dare to say as me... and it works,” she admitted.
Surely she would be cheered to learn that 25 years after her death, people are still extolling her portrayal of Ena, who became a prototype for all subsequent soap operas?
“I think she’s fortunate. How many actors or actresses get the chance to play such a great part over such a long time and become the figure she is in the public eye?” says Bragg.
“You look at those first early episodes and you think, ‘God they’re good. Isn’t she terrific? What a great actress.’ I didn’t know her but I guess she’d settle for that. Most people would.”
Ena is on Radio 4 on Thursday, at 11.30am.
| Ena Sharples |
What was the nationality of composer Franz Liszt? | List of deaths | Coronation Street Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
point of view .
During the life of Coronation Street , there have been a total of 171 deaths, ranging from natural causes to murder, disasters, accidents and suicide. Some deaths are minor characters, or characters that haven't been seen but mentioned by regular characters in the programme that maybe linked, for example, Minnie Caldwell 's mother Amy Carlton was mentioned but not seen, and died off-screen in 1962 .
Many regular characters are killed off-screen if the actor or actress portraying them have passed away in real life. For example, Bernard Youens , who played the role of Stan Ogden passed away in 1984 , and the character was killed off-screen a few months later. Some characters aren't killed off even when the actor dies in real life (it could be some years after they departed). However, some characters are still worded as dead even after the actor who played them has died. For example, Violet Carson who played the famous Ena Sharples passed away in 1983 , over three years after she left. The character hasn't been given a funeral on-screen, although references to the character intimate that she has died.
Historical deaths (eg. deaths of characters' parents which occurred years before the character appeared) are not included, except in cases where the deceased character had appeared in the programme and their cause of death and a rough timeframe are known, such as Elsie Tanner and Bill Gregory .
On-screen
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Which battle was the first battle of the English Civil Was in 1642? | The first Civil War, 1642-46
(There were 124 lay peers when the Long Parliament first sat).
The King dominated the North and West of England, Parliament the South and East.
(A number of towns in Royalist areas supported Parliament; and some gentlemen in Parliamentary areas - particularly Kent - sympathized with the King).
Throughout the country there were "neutralists" who wanted to prevent conflict in their own neighborhoods (NIMBY).
The King had a number of extremely wealthy supporters:
William Cavendish , Earl of Newcastle (who was rewarded by being made a Marquess in 1643 and a Duke in 1665) spent about �700,000 in the King's service. The army of "Whitecoats" he financed held the North for Charles.
Henry Somerset, 5th Earl and 1st Marquess of Worcester spent about �900,000 on the Royalist cause. (His home, Raglan Castle, one of the great medieval castles of Wales was finally taken after a Parliamentary siege in 1646 ).
Parliament's great advantage lay in its control of London and South-East England - by far the country's richest region.
Charles' forces were initially better led. His nephew, Prince Rupert of the Rhine brought the experience of soldiering in the Thirty Years war to the English theatre.
Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex, was the first leader of Parliament's army.
He had commanded a regiment in the Netherlands but he proved a lackluster commander.
Essex' cousin, Robert Rich, 2nd Earl of Warwick (another Providence Island Company shareholder) took decisive action to seize for Parliament control of the navy that Charles had so well-equipped on the proceeds from Ship Money.
Both sides included hardliners, who simply wanted to defeat their enemies, especially, George, Lord Digby on the Royalist side. Sir Henry Vane , Sir Henry Marten, Oliver Cromwell, and Lord Saye and Sele were the most outspoken on the parliamentarian side.
There were also many moderates, eager to reach some compromise: Lucius Cary, 2nd Viscount Falkland and Edward Hyde led the Royalist moderates. Denzil Holles, supported by Bulstrode Whitelock, John Maynard and John Glynne headed the "peace party" in the House of Commons.
In Parliament, a "middle group" under Oliver St. John and John Pym maintained a balance of sorts, but after Pym's death in December 1643, it became more difficult to paper over Parliament's internal divisions.
The indecisive Battle of Edgehill had left the road to London open, but Charles procrastinated and by the time he marched on the City, its defences had been completed.
Charles never had another opportunity to seize the capitol.
Sir Ralph Hopton (1598-1652) like Prince Rupert had military experience in the Thirty Years War. He commanded Charles' forces in the West of England, and in 1643 defeated the parliamentarians at Bradock Down (19 January) and Stratton (16 May), Cornwall.
In 1643, Prince Rupert gained two important victories in the Battle of Roundway Down (July 10-13) and in seizing Bristol (July 15-26).
Royalist Forces under the Earl of Newcastle defeated Thomas Fairfax's Parliamentarians at Adwalton Moor (30 June 1643) and so gained control of all the North of England except for Hull.
These victories in the North and West enabled Charles to plan for an attack on London, but before he could go ahead, the Royalists had to ensure the safety of Oxford by defeating the small Parliamentary force in Gloucester.
10 August 1643, Charles laid siege to Gloucester . Parliament decided that it could not afford to loose this town and sent an army from London to relieve the City.
The Royalist army intercepted the relievers under Essex at the First Battle of Newbury (20 September 1643) and forced them to fight.
The Parliamentarian forces inflicted heavy casualties on the Royalists, who ran out of ammunition, and Essex was able to retreat to London. Parliament saw this as their first real victory.
Charles might have taken advantage of his stronger position in 1643 to negotiate a favorable peace, but he still hoped to defeat the rebellion entirely.
2. The Solemn League and Covenant .
"That we shall sincerely, really and constantly, through the grace of God, endeavor in our several places and callings, the preservation of the reformed religion in the Church of Scotland, in doctrine, worship, discipline and government, against our common enemies; the reformation of religion in the kingdoms of England and Ireland, in doctrine, worship, discipline and government, according to the Word of God, and the example of the best reformed Churches; �"
The Solemn League and Covenant.
Scotland was deeply concerned by the Royalist victories of early 1643, since its Presbyterian leaders feared that if Charles subdued Parliament's opposition, he would then use his army to reduce the Scots to obedience.
Parliament was eager for help from a Scots army, so their commissioners agreed to the Solemn League and Covenant . The Scots believed that this bound the English to establish Presbyterian government in the English Church.
(The treaty actually stated that England would model its church on the "best-reformed" churches: - The Scots took for granted that this meant their church; the English did not. Sir Henry Vane also added the phrase "and according to the word of God" to give the English more wiggle room).
Parliament called the Westminster Assembly to advise it on the government and doctrine of the Church of England. It convened 1 July 1643 and was made up largely of ministers from Parliamentary-controlled areas, and a few laymen appointed by Parliament. A delegation of Scottish Commissioners also attended the proceedings.
The House of Commons and the Westminster Assembly took the Solemn League and Covenant, 25 September 1643. England then sent Scotland the money to raise and equip an army.
19 January 1644, a Scottish army of 20,000 commanded by Alexander Leslie, Earl of Leven (1580-1661) crossed the border.
Leslie had served for many years in the Thirty Years War as a commander in the Swedish army.
3. The Eastern Association
The counties of Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, Cambridgeshire and Hertfordshire joined their military resources together in the Eastern Association.
The commander of the Eastern Association army was Edward Montagu, Earl of Manchester (1602-71).
A friend of Charles in his youth, he was the only peer that Charles tried to arrest along with the Five Members .
Montagu had fought at Edgehill and was a competent organizer and leader.
The Eastern Association's most inspiring leader was Manchester's deputy, Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658). As Member of Parliament for Huntingdon, Cromwell firmly adhered to those who wanted to curb Charles I's powers strictly. He was a committed puritan in religion, and promoted men on the basis of their commitment to the cause of defeating King and Bishops.
Charles I attempted to counter Parliament's Scottish alliance, by himself making peace with Irish. This allowed him to transfer forces from Ireland to England, but it thoroughly alarmed the many moderates who feared the Irish Catholics.
The Scottish invasion forced Newcastle's army to halt at York, and protect its rear. Simultaneously, the Eastern Association army marched north in Yorkshire. They met at the Battle of Marston Moor (2 July 1644).
The Royalists under Prince Rupert and the Marquess of Newcastle were completely defeated by combined armies of Scotland and Parliament.
York surrendered, 16 July 1644, and all of the North fell under Parliament's control.
Decisive victory over the King was prevented by the Earl of Manchester's irresolute inactivity and by Royalist successes against Essex in the South-West.
"If we beat the king ninety-nine times he is king still, and so will his posterity be after him; but if the king beat us once, we shall be all hanged, and our posterity be made slaves."
Edward Montagu.
4. The Self-Denying Ordinance
Angered by the half-heartedness of the military command, Oliver Cromwell and other Members of Parliament passed the Self-Denying Ordinance (19 December 1644). This required all Members of Parliament to resign their commissions in the armed forces. A slightly revised version of the Self-Denying Ordinance (3 April 1645) allowed Members of Parliament to be re-appointed to military command.
Oliver Cromwell resigned his place as did Essex and Manchester, but he was re-appointed whereas they were not.
Parliament then reorganized the army under a single chain of command, 19 February 1645. This New Model Army was not only staffed by zealous officers, it was also regularly paid - an innovation that increased its fighting efficiency.
Sir Thomas Fairfax (1612-71) was a Yorkshireman, known as "Black Tom" on account of his swarthy complexion.
He fought with the Dutch in the Thirty Years War.
Parliament appointed him Lord General of the New Model Army, with Cromwell as his second-in-command.
Another key commander was Henry Ireton (1611-1651).
Ireton had married Oliver Cromwell's eldest daughter.
He commanded one wing of the Parliamentary army at the Battle of Naseby.
At the Battle of Naseby , 14 June 1645 , the New Model Army crushed the outnumbered and outmaneuvered Royalist army.
5. The defeat of Charles I
Even after the defeat at Naseby, Charles I hoped to recover his position.
The king placed his hopes in James Graham, 5th Earl of Montrose (1612-50). Montrose had first fought with the covenanters against Charles, but then changed sides and was created 1st Marquess of Montrose in 1644 and made lieutenant general of Charles' forces in Scotland - mostly highlanders, with some Irish auxiliaries.
Initially, Montrose was victorious in a series of battles against the covenanters. But when he marched on the Lowlands, hoping they would rise in favor of the king, most of the highlanders deserted him.
Montrose, with a small force of Irish at Philiphaugh (13 September 1645) was attacked by Leslie, whose forces outnumbered them three to one. Montrose fled and the Irish surrendered on promise of their lives. This promise Leslie (egged on by Presbyterian ministers) soon broke - killing not only most of the Irish soldiers, but many of their camp followers, women and children.
In England, Parliament's armies mopped up the remaining Royalist strongholds.
Sherborne Castle in Dorset was captured, 14 August 1645.
Prince Rupert surrendered Bristol, 10 September 1645.
Cromwell took Devizes ,Winchester, and finally Basing House , 14 October 1645.
Charles I marched his army North, but so many soldiers deserted that by the time he reached Newark, it was apparent that his cause was lost.
5 May 1646, Charles surrendered to the Scots, hoping that he could negotiate a better deal with them than with Parliament.
| Battle of Edgehill |
Who was the actor that played Dr. Who when Tom Baker stepped down in 1980? | Edgehill, 1642 : first battle of the English Civil War (Book, 2005) [WorldCat.org]
John Tincey & Keith Roberts.
Abstract:
"This title looks at the battle of Edgehill, the first major clash of the English Civil War. In 1642 both Royalists and Parliamentarians expected that one great contest of arms would see the crushing of their enemies. When their field armies blundered into contact on the evening of October 22, 1642, Prince Rupert urged King Charles to array his army on the great ridge of Edgehill and give battle. The next day, amidst abject cowardice and absolute courage, the tide of battle swept Rupert's cavalry to triumph, but saw victory snatched away as the Royalist infantry was hurled back by the defiant Parliamentarians. The chance for decisive victory was lost and the bloody civil war raged on."--Jacket.
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schema:itemReviewed < http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60557421 > ; # Edgehill, 1642 : first battle of the English Civil War
schema:reviewBody ""This title looks at the battle of Edgehill, the first major clash of the English Civil War. In 1642 both Royalists and Parliamentarians expected that one great contest of arms would see the crushing of their enemies. When their field armies blundered into contact on the evening of October 22, 1642, Prince Rupert urged King Charles to array his army on the great ridge of Edgehill and give battle. The next day, amidst abject cowardice and absolute courage, the tide of battle swept Rupert's cavalry to triumph, but saw victory snatched away as the Royalist infantry was hurled back by the defiant Parliamentarians. The chance for decisive victory was lost and the bloody civil war raged on."--Jacket." ;
.
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In the TV series 'Pennies From Heaven' who played the character Arthur Parker? | Amazon.com: Pennies from Heaven: Cheryl Campbell, Bob Hoskins, Gemma Craven, Kenneth Colley, Jenny Logan, Dave King, Freddie Jones, Sam Avent, Arnold Peters, Spencer Banks, Michael Bilton, Philip Jackson: Movies & TV
Pennies from Heaven
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Editorial Reviews
UK Released DVD/Blu-Ray item. It MAY NOT play on regular US DVD/Blu-Ray player. You may need a multi-region US DVD/Blu-Ray player to play this item. Bob Hoskins plays Arthur, a salesman dealing in sheet music who falls in love with a school teacher called Eileen (Cheryl Campbell). When Eileen discovers that she is pregnant and that Arthur is already married to Joan (Gemma Craven) she runs away. Arthur is determined to give up everything to find her again... he believes in happy endings, just like in the songs he loves so much.
Special Features
Subtitles for the Hearing Impaired: English
Region: Region 2 (Read more about DVD formats. )
Aspect Ratio: 1.33:1
By SomberMoose on March 1, 2016
Format: DVD Verified Purchase
This is probably not everyone's cup of tea, but if you enjoy moderately-paced, dry British humor, a quietly bizarre concept, and 78-RPM era music, you might just love it. This series was the basis for the Steve Martin movie of the same name, and because of a marketing agreement tied to that film, it did not see the light of day in the US for many years. It follows the exploits of an unhappily married sheet music salesman (played by the wonderful Bob Hoskins), his wife, and an otherworldly homeless accordion player. The scenes are frequently augmented by the musical daydreams of the characters, where they lip-synch to some wonderful old recordings that comment on the current action or situation. Some of the anachronistic music videos are hilarious, and some are quite touching. The program is subtle in ways that American TV series are afraid to be; it never hits you over the head, you actually have to think sometimes, and it's not afraid to be quiet at times. If all this sounds good to you, give it a shot. I haven't recommended it to all my friends, but to those whose tastes run to the subtle-yet-bizarre, I highly recommend it.
| Bob Hoskins |
Which group had a No. 1 hit in 1966 with 'Reach Out I'll Be There'? | Pennies from Heaven (TV Mini-Series 1978) - IMDb
Pennies from Heaven
Arthur, a sheet music salesman, has an ear for the hit tunes, but nobody will trust it. And his imagination often bursts into full song, building musical numbers around the greatest ... See full summary »
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2 wins & 9 nominations. See more awards »
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Tormented and bedridden by a debilitating disease, a mystery writer relives his detective stories through his imagination and hallucinations.
Stars: Michael Gambon, Patrick Malahide, Joanne Whalley
During the Great Depression, a sheet music salesman seeks to escape his dreary life through popular music and a love affair with an innocent school teacher.
Director: Herbert Ross
A strange young man has a sinister effect on the family of a middle-aged writer.
Director: Richard Loncraine
Cold Lazarus (TV Mini-Series 1996)
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The mysterious murder of an environmental activist leads her straight-laced father, an Inspector of the local police force, through a haunting revelation of the murkiness of the British ... See full summary »
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Brimstone and Treacle (TV Movie 1987)
Drama
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The Bates sadly care for their severely disabled daughter Pattie. Martin arrives at their door claiming to be her college friend. He charms them into accepting him as a lodger and carer for Pattie. But Martin is not all he seems.
Director: Barry Davis
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 6.7/10 X
Larry Poole, in prison on a false charge, promise an inmate that when he gets out he will look up and help out a family. The family turns out to be a young girl, Patsy Smith, and her ... See full summary »
Director: Norman Z. McLeod
Daniel Feeld is a screenwriter with pains in his gut and a new screenplay called "Karaoke", about a girl named Sandra who works in a seedy Karaoke bar and is murdered by a lowlife named ... See full summary »
Stars: Albert Finney, Roy Hudd, Richard E. Grant
Another of Dennis Potter's "visitation dramas": Adultery by John disturbs Janet, so she flirts with the simple, mistreated Billy during the middle of giving him a reading lesson. ... See full summary »
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A reclusive, elderly author is visited by a young admirer...but both men are more than they claim to be.
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A working-class Cockney bigot with a biased and expirienced opinion of everything shares them bluntly and almost carelessly.
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Stars: Michael Gough, Carol Royle, Nigel Planer
Edit
Storyline
Arthur, a sheet music salesman, has an ear for the hit tunes, but nobody will trust it. And his imagination often bursts into full song, building musical numbers around the greatest frustrations in his life. He meets an innocent young school teacher, Eileen, who seems to hear the same music, but when Eileen learns that he's married, and that she's pregnant with his child, she runs away. Arthur gives up everything to find and protect her, but fate and the music haven't finished with Arthur Parker. Written by Kathy Li
7 March 1978 (UK) See more »
Also Known As:
Did You Know?
Trivia
The BBC original was composed of six episodes, each a bit over an hour long. Their titles are: 1: Down Sunny Side Lane 2: Love Is The Sweetest Thing 3: Easy Come, Easy Go 4: Better Think Twice 5: Painting The Clouds 6: Says My Heart See more »
Quotes
Accordion man : We're all going to hell. We're all going to burn in hell. Thank you very, very much, sir. Thank you very, very much, madam. Thank you very, very much, sir.
Bob Hoskins Is Perfect in the Lead Role!
25 February 2002 | by james362001
(Lancaster, California) – See all my reviews
Thanks to the PBS Network, KCET 28 Los Angeles, I was able to see "Pennies From Heaven" years ago during a tribute to writer, Dennis Potter. I throughly enjoyed this tv mini-series. To be honest in this review, I did not get to see the last episodes of "Pennies From Heaven" because my VHS video tape cut off after six hours of recording. The last scene I saw was when Bob Hoskins and the blonde lady were eating at a ritzy restaurant and had just tasted the wine. But I throughly enjoyed all that I had seen. The drama, the comedy and the good ole music is fantastic. Bob Hoskins is a young 36 in this film. Handsome and dashing. He is perfect in the lead role. It is fun to watch him lip-syncing. Bob Hoskins acting is the best and the top. His clarity of emotions that he brings forth (to the camera, to the viewer) is impeccable. Oh, how I wish this fine production were available on VHS video or DVD. I guess the only chance of seeing this tv mini-series again is if the PBS network in Los Angeles broadcasts it again. The 25th Anniversary of this "Pennies From Heaven" tv-mini-series is on March 7, 2003.
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Born in 1945, who was the front man of the group 'The Mindbenders'? | Wayne Fontana & The Mindbenders Page
Wayne Fontana & The Mindbenders
Wayne Fontana & The Mindbenders comprised a 60's British Invasion group that, with or without Wayne Fontana, had two giant hits in the United States and a number of other hit records in the UK as well as other countries.
Wayne Fontana was born Glyn Geoffrey Ellis in 1945 in Manchester, England. Like others growing up in England in the late 50's and early 60's, he became interested in skiffle music, and joined a group of schoolmates as lead singer of their group, the Velfins. He changed his name professionally to Wayne Fontana and later sang with a more high-profile group called the Jets. According to some stories he showed up to audition at a recording session but for some reason his group did not, and another group that came to be known as the Mindbenders was formed on the spot. This beat group consisted of Eric Stewart (born 1945) on lead guitar and vocals, Bob Lang (born 1946) on bass, and Ric Rothwell (born 1944) on drums, all from Manchester. Wayne Fontana assumed the role of lead singer. The group took its name from the 1963 Dirk Bogarde film The Mind Benders.
They had some minor hits in 1963 and 1964 before gaining some notice with a cover of Major Lance's hit from early 1964 Um, Um, Um, Um, Um, Um, later in the same year, which went to #5 in the UK. Recording on the Fontana label, they made a record of a song written by American songwriter Clint Ballard, Jr., who had written songs recorded by the Kalin Twins, Jimmy Jones (Good Timin'), the Hollies, and many others. This one, Game Of Love, was released as by Wayne Fontana & The Mindbenders and in 1965 it went to #2 in the UK and #1 in the USA, Canada, and Australia. It was a rocker that suited the times well. Game Of Love was the first of two records to reach #1 in the USA for songwriter Ballard, who later achieved the same distinction with Linda Ronstadt's 1975 recording of You're No Good.
Wayne Fontana continued recording with the Mindbenders and the group released records on the Fontana label throughout 1965, but none went higher than #20 in the UK and none reached the top forty in the USA. Singer and band blamed each other for the lack of success since Game Of Love, and the lead singer left the group in October of that year. Fontana recorded as a solo artist and had a couple of hits in the UK with Come On Home and Pamela Pamela, as well as a 1966 album Wayne One. But without the Mindbenders his music seemed to lack something, and he retired from the music business for a time. In later years Fontana was active on the oldies circuit, particularly in the United States.
The Mindbenders remained together and in the spring of 1966 released the group's second and final giant hit, A Groovy Kind Of Love, also on the Fontana label, which went to #2 in both the USA and UK . The group by this time was known simply as The Mindbenders, and it was Eric Stewart who handled the lead vocals. A Groovy Kind Of Love was a cover of the Toni Wine/Carole Baer Sager song (and it would later resurface as a hit for Phil Collins in the 1980's). The Mindbenders put two other songs on the UK top forty chart that year. They appeared in the 1967 hit movie To Sir, with Love. Graham Gouldman joined the group and they recorded two more albums, mostly covers of R&B songs, before calling it quits in late 1968. Stewart and Gouldman later played with Hotlegs, and both were still on board when that group evolved into 10cc (which had hits with I'm Not In Love and The Things We Do For Love in the 70's).
The Mindbenders, with or without their fine lead singer Wayne Fontana, are primarily associated with their two enormous hits from the mid-60's, Game Of Love and A Groovy Kind Of Love.
Most Recent Update: November 1, 2010
| Wayne Fontana |
Richard Wagner was the father of which other famous composer? | 10cc's Eric Stewart - MTV
mtv
Singer/songwriter and guitarist/keyboardist Eric Stewart was a significant
member of the British art-pop band 10cc throughout all its permutations.
Eric Stewart was born Jan. 20, 1945, in Manchester, England. In the early
'60s he played in the British pop group Jerry Lee and the Staggerlees
before being recruited for the Jets, a Manchester pub band, in 1963.
Changing their name to Wayne Fontana's Mindbenders, the Jets began recording
R&B covers on the Fontana label. The following year, the Mindbenders had
a British hit with a cover of Major Lance's "Um, Um, Um, Um, Um, Um."
In 1965 the band was part of the British Invasion when its "Game of Love"
hit #1 on the Billboard Hot 100. Shortly thereafter, Fontana quit
to go solo, leaving Stewart as the frontman. In 1966 the Mindbenders,
without Fontana, had a #2 U.S. hit with "A Groovy Kind of Love." They
enjoyed another hit with "Ashes to Ashes" and appeared in the popular
coming-of-age film "To Sir With Love" (1967) before disbanding.
Stewart and fellow Mindbender Graham Gouldman formed Hotlegs, who issued
Thinks: School Stinks, featuring the UK hit "Neanderthal Man"
(1970), and toured with the Moody Blues. The band expanded to include
multi-instrumentalists and former art-school students Lol Crëme and
Kevin Godley, who brought in "Donna," a song they had composed. The foursome
made the composition into a spoof of late-'50s teen-idol hits and shopped
it to British entrepreneur Jonathan King.
King signed the band to his UK Records and renamed them 10cc, a reference
to the average metric volume of a male's ejaculate. Following the release
of the band's eponymous 1973 debut album, "Donna" reached #2 on the UK
chart, and "Rubber Bullets" topped it. "Dean and I" based on Jerry
Lee Lewis' "High School Confidential" also made the top 10 that
year.
In 1974 the group sprouted more British hits ("Wall Street Shuffle,"
"Silly Love," "Life Is a Minestrone"), from that year's Sheet Music,
and 10cc broke through to U.S. audiences with the #1 UK/#2 U.S.
hit "I'm Not in Love" ( RealAudio
excerpt).
Godley and Crëme quit in 1976 to concentrate on video production.
Stewart and Gouldman recorded as a duo, Deceptive Bends (1977),
which yielded a top-five U.S. hit with "The Things We Do for Love." The
pair then added guitarist Rick Fenn, keyboardist Tony O'Malley and drummer
Stuart Tosh for Bloody Tourists (1978), which spawned a #1 UK hit
in the reggae-inspired "Dreadlock Holiday."
Following tepid performances by LPs such as Look Hear? (1980), 10cc
folded in the mid-'80s. In 1980 Stewart issued Girls: A Film Soundtrack
by Eric Stewart, for a French movie. He worked with Alan Parsons and
Sad Café and became a member of Paul McCartney's band. He co-wrote
a number of songs on McCartney's Press to Play (1986). In 1985
Stewart produced Eyes of a Woman, a UK-only solo LP by ABBA's
Agnetha Föltskog.
In 1992 the original lineup of 10cc reunited for Meanwhile, but
the band was down to Stewart and Gouldman again for Mirror Mirror
(1995), their most recent studio LP. One year later, King Biscuit
Flower Hour Presents: In Concert, featuring a 1975 performance, was
released.
PolyGram released 10cc: The Singles in 1998.
Other birthdays Thursday: Ron Townson (Fifth Dimension), 59; Rick Evans
(Zager & Evans); 57; Ian Hill (Judas Priest), 48; Paul Stanley (Kiss),
48; Richard 23 (Front 242), 37; John Michael Montgomery, 35; Heather Small
(M People), 35; Gary Barlow (Take That), 29; and William Powell (O'Jays),
19421977.
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Who played Corporal Clinger in Mash? | Maxwell Q. Klinger | Monster M*A*S*H | Fandom powered by Wikia
Jamie Farr
Sergeant Maxwell Q. Klinger is a fictional character from the M*A*S*H television series played by American actor Jamie Farr . A Lebanese-American hailing from Toledo, Ohio, Klinger serves as an orderly/corpsman (and later company clerk) assigned to the 4077th Mobile Army Surgical Hospital unit during the Korean War. The character's original defining characteristic is his attempts to gain a discharge from the army, typically through being judged mentally unfit for service (under "Section 8") or for other reasons. To this end, he would habitually wear women's clothing and engage in other "crazy" stunts. He later gives up his discharge attempts and is promoted from the rank of corporal to sergeant during the course of the TV series.
Contents
Edit
Klinger was the first main character introduced on M*A*S*H not to have appeared in either Richard Hooker's original M*A*S*H novel or the subsequent film. Originally introduced as a bit character in the early first season episode " Chief Surgeon Who? " as a simple gag of a soldier who wanted out of the Army and was trying to fake his way to a "Section 8" medical discharge, he made such an impression on the producers and audience that he became a recurring character throughout the season, and by the second season was a regular member of the cast.
Klinger is proud of his family, and of his hometown of Toledo, Ohio, which he regularly mentions (including references to Tony Packo's Cafe , a real-life local attraction). The only time the series has a glimpse of Toledo is a dream sequence when Klinger finds himself in a deserted street. He is also an enthusiastic Toledo Mud Hens baseball fan (a real-life minor league baseball team) as he has been seen wearing a "Mud Hens" cap (Note that the cap worn by the actor is not a Mud Hens cap but actually a Texas Rangers cap as the costume dept couldn't find an authentic Mud Hens cap for the character). He also is fond of cuban cigars made in New Jersey by Puerto Ricans. His father and grandfather are olive pickers; likewise his father had a sharp temper; a left hook and is a bowling champ.
Klinger in the 4077th MASH
Edit
In the early episodes, a running gag was Klinger's endless efforts to get discharged from the Army either by cross-dressing or through other means. Viewers could always look forward to what new outfit he would wear or what other ploy he would attempt.
But despite all his efforts, his commanding officers are never fooled, and Klinger is continually frustrated. Perhaps they recognised, as B.J. Hunnicutt once remarked, that Klinger is actually the only sane one by always trying to get out, while the rest of the camp are crazy for accepting their situation and making the most of it, as Joseph Heller would also observe in "Catch 22". The commanders largely tolerate Klinger's antics because they are entertaining, and he is otherwise a conscientious and reliable orderly who makes a point of never letting his schemes interfere with his duties. For example, he volunteered to join the party to go beyond enemy lines to recover casualties in Season 3 "Rainbow Bridge" . In "Aid Station" he is sent with Margaret and Hawkeye to a Battalion aid station . There he performs duties which would normally be done by a surgical nurse, while remaining steady under artillery fire, earning praise from Margaret and Hawkeye. By Season 7 "They Call the Wind Korea" he is the one who cajoles Winchester into saving a Greek soldier when Winchester thought the conditions were too difficult and the equipment too primitive.
In Season 8, he takes over Radar O'Reilly's job of company clerk with reasonable seriousness, developing a reputation as a scrounger and eventually getting promoted to Sergeant. Klinger also performs a near pitch-perfect impression/impersonation of Colonel Potter, which he uses several times to manipulate others into giving the unit supplies or information that requires the Colonel's direct approval (which is often hard to obtain, since he is frequently in surgery when needed on the phone).
By the end of the Korean War, Klinger has fallen in love with and married a native Korean woman, Soon Lee (Rosalind Chao). In the final M*A*S*H episode, Klinger reverses his longtime goal to leave Korea, and decides to stay to help search for her relatives (inspired by real US troops choosing to stay in Korea after the war). In the short-lived spin-off, After M*A*S*H , we learn that soon after the end of the war, Klinger and his wife, having found her family, return to the United States. Klinger, though, has been disowned and ostracized by his own family for marrying a Korean and finds his hometown unwelcoming to a mixed-race couple. In desperation, Klinger resorts to petty crime to make ends meet, and is caught and put on trial. Klinger contacts Colonel Potter seeking help, and a deal is struck, whereby, in exchange for the charges' being dropped, Klinger and his wife will move to St. Louis, Missouri and work at the hospital that Colonel Potter now administrates. Klinger and Soon Lee make the move, and Klinger studies for a Civil Service Exam, while he and Soon Lee await their first child.
The Klinger Collection
Main article: The Klinger Collection
One of the main ways Klinger would try to prove himself mentally unfit for service was to habitually wear women's clothing. Although this was as a scam to get out of the army, he took the role seriously and developed a great deal of expertise in ladies fashion and became extremely proud of his "Klinger Collection". Besides buying outfits, he also made his own, investing money and effort buying the best materials from overseas. He had a sewing machine in his tent as well as tailor's mannequins. He was sometimes consulted by the nurses and even Margaret on fashion matters.
At least three times Klinger loses his entire "Klinger Collection" of dresses-once when he thought there was a ceasefire and thus he didn't need them for Section 8 anymore; once when he was sent to a Battalion Aid Station with Hawkeye and Houlihan, Radar sold them when he thought Klinger had been killed; another time when the 4077th had bugged out to a new location, he has to trade them to Korean prostitutes so the MASH can use a "school building" as a new operating room!
Eventually, Klinger gives up wearing women's clothing, a change demanded by Farr because he felt his children would be ashamed of his appearing in women's clothing week after week on national television, and the views of the Klinger Collection became more rare from Season 8 onwards. The "Klingerpatra" costume in Season 8 "April Fools" is one of more memorable late Season outfits, with his picnic suit in Season 9 "Taking the Fifth" probably his last.
Other ploys to gain a discharge
Main article: Klinger's ploys to get out of the army
Besides dressing as a woman, Klinger also tried a wide range of ploys to get out of the army. Not all of the ploys attempted to exploit a "Section 8" by proving that he is mentally unfit for service. Other ploys were aimed at getting a hardship discharge on compassionate grounds or were outright efforts of desertion.
These ploys invariably fell flat mostly because his commanders could see through Them or outwit him. Colonel Blake in particular (and later Colonel Potter) kept a thick file of bogus letters in which Klinger claimed numerous family catastrophes, culminating in one episode where one half of the family had died, while the other half was pregnant. Klinger makes so many attempts at being sick in order to get discharged that one time when he develops anemia due to a side effect of Primaquine the MASH staff refuses to believe he is really ill!
Some of his ploys came close to succeeding. One of the closest, he wears a body/water reducing suit during a heatwave. Colonel Potter had agreed to give Klinger a discharge if he could hold out for 24 hours in the suit. This fails because he can't stand the heat stress and gives up with only an hour to go! Klinger also nearly got a section 8 when Majors Burns and Houlihan are so tired of his acting up they do recommend his release; Klinger's chances are gone when Major Freedman will only recommend a discharge if Klinger acts like a transvestite for the rest of his life!
At one point, Klinger's hearing is damaged by an exploding land mine (caused by the ice contracting the ground and pressure setting the land mines off due to cold), but the injury isn't permanent and Klinger regains his hearing. When Col. Potter tells him deafness would have got him a medical discharge, he immediately tries to fake a relapse. But Col. Potter bellows in his ear that he doesn't buy it and Klinger responds "You don't have to yell! What do you think I am, deaf?"
In the Season 8 episode "Dear Uncle Abdul", Klinger, in writing a letter to his uncle, reflects on his failed attempts to get out on a Section 8 remarking on all the weird things going on in camp involving the officers. He ends the letter by saying "You see, Unc? It's no wonder I never got a Section Eight; there's nothing special about me. Everybody here is crazy!"
Get rich quick schemes
Main article: Klinger's get rich quick schemes
In between trying to get out of the army, Klinger also manages to indulge in various get rich quick schemes. Most of these came to nothing but some, like the one in "Too Many Cooks" brought great pleasure to the camp personnel and others, like the one in "A War for All Seasons" were indeed very profitable for everyone else but him (and Winchester).
Reputation as a scrounger
Another of the running gags from episode to episode was Klinger's many uncles. They would give him connections for many things or serve as a source of advise for many situations. One almost got him into West Point!
Other attributes
Edit
In one episode, Klinger is seen with a bandana around his neck. When Maj. Burns tells him to remove it as it is not military, Klinger refuses, as he said his Ma told him to never take it off. Unlike his other costume choices, this one is wholly sincere. Klinger's respect for his mother is established in several episodes. She does not speak or read English, only Arabic. Fearing she would worry herself sick if she knew he had been sent to Korea, he has told her he was stationed at Fort Dix, where he actually served his training. In the episode "The Party," Mrs. Klinger reveals that she knew he was in Korea all along.
Although Klinger does not seem to possess a great academic intelligence, he does possess what might be called very good practical intelligence. He doesn't know that a horse is a mammal, but he is able to trick Winchester, into helping him. This seems surprising, since Winchester is much more gifted than Klinger in book learning. But Klinger is able to manipulate Winchester, since he knows Winchester's weak spots. This is Klinger's practical intelligence at work. For example, when Klinger decides to produce a MASH newspaper, he needs to get people to write for it. He asks Winchester, who he knows has a sophisticated understanding of what constitutes good food, to write a food column for the paper. Winchester agrees, but only after Klinger tells him that Igor, who prepares the camp's meals, is writing a column on food. Since everyone knows that Igor can't cook well at all, Klinger knows that this will persuade Winchester to write a column. But then Klinger, in his greed, informs Winchester that he will need to pay to receive the newspaper. Winchester responds by saying: "if you think I'm going to pay you for the privilege of writing for your paper, you're dumber than you look, which boggles the mind." Klinger then tells him that Igor, has a plan to write a recipe for "Boston Clam Chowder." Since Winchester is from Boston, and understands what constitutes gourmet food, he's offended to hear that Igor, will be writing a recipe for it. Klinger adds that, according to Igor, "you take a bucket of canned clams, add powdered milk..." And Winchester, not wanting such a gourmet delicacy as Boston Clam Chowder made so crudely, relents, and decides to write for the paper. Klinger has made all of this up, about Igor writing a column on food. He knows that the idea of Igor, whose preparation of the camp's meals everyone hates, writing a column on food, will cause Winchester to give in and write. This displays real practical intelligence. Other examples of this practical intelligence, include him tricking Hawkeye and B.J. into giving him a three day pass, and his suggestion to Winchester, that he should treat Col. Baldwin with kindness, in order to get Baldwin to transfer Winchester. Klinger knows that Winchester, who hates Baldwin for sending him to the MASH unit, and who is planning on getting revenge against Baldwin, can manipulate Baldwin into transferring him, by being nice to him. Despite being a hustler at least twice the results come back on Klinger-in The Yalu Brick Road his deal for turkeys results in nearly everyone including himself getting food poisoning; in A War for All Seasons (TV series episode) his deal of betting on a baseball team with Major Winchester results in Winchester losing a lot of money !
Although these examples seem to indicate a devious side to Klinger, he also has a very good heart. He tries to do the right thing, when confronted with a moral problem. He tells Col. Potter about a nurse who was drinking too much, and who almost gave a person the wrong blood type. He shows generosity toward the Korean orphans at Christmas time.
Trivia
Edit
Once, in answer to Winchester's bigoted question, "How would you feel if your sister were marrying a swarthy, dark-haired olive-picker?" Klinger responds that he has a sister who did just that. She is only once mentioned again-when Klinger says "Hello" to his sister "Irene" on the Clete Roberts interview episode..Klinger's mother and grandmother also married olive pickers,
Klinger's first wife was Laverne Esposito from the Hungarian side of Toledo - He never sees Laverne while they are married since they marry over the radio (Henry wouldn't grant him leave because of his continual efforts to get out of his military service) - 3.6 "Springtime" - She asks him for a divorce - 6.20 "Mail Call Three" - Later, she moves on with his best friend - 9.7 "Your Retention Please"
Charles Winchester once confessed to being so bored he wanted to look at Klinger's cousin Hakim's wedding pictures
Both Klinger and Winchester have the same blood type. However, in another episode (4.3) Klinger is B positive while Winchester states he is AB negative (8.11).
It was never established what the "Q" stood for in Maxwell Q. Klinger.
Series writer Larry Gelbart stated during the M*A*S*H* 30th Anniversary Reunion special that Klinger's antics were inspired by stories of Lenny Bruce attempting to dodge his own military service by dressing himself as a WAVES member.
Farr noticed the women's wardrobe in his dressing area on his arrival, and thought at first he'd be sharing the space with a woman. Finding out the clothing was for his character, he was surprised, but took it in stride.
Early filmed scenes, with Farr performing in a sissy way, didn't work. Farr suggested his own vision of the character: Klinger was heterosexual, but crazy, thinking it was normal for him to dress like a woman, but behave like a man. This version of Klinger clicked on camera, and with the TV audience.
The dog tags Klinger wore on the show were Jamie Farr's own from when he served in Korea in the United States Army.
Besides wearing dresses for a Section 8, another running joke is Klinger's feud with his mortal enemy supply Sgt Zelmo Zale:
In 5.18, Klinger and Zale are manipulated into a boxing match by Frank Burns, but it's Burns who gets a K.O. from both Klinger and Zale.
In 5.20, when Zale makes a nasty remark about the Toledo Mudhens, Klinger loses his temper and hits Zale, for which he gets KP duty for a whole month.
In one episode (5.12), Klinger states why he has such a large nose: "I came from a long line of short nosed people. One day my grandfather's camel spit in the eye of the village witch. Ever since then we've been growing them like this" (points to his nose).
A fourth running joke is Klinger's get rich-quick schemes: only one (11.5) has a real chance to succeed, when Klinger tries to have Major Winchester invest in a hula hoop prototype; unfortunately for Klinger, Winchester's ego ruins any chance of success. Quote Major Winchester, "My God, Klinger! You've invented the circle!". {A goof is that the hula hoop didn't become popular until after the Korean War} In another scheme, (episode 9.11), Klinger tries to practice electronics on the camp's Public Address system by taking the PA system apart so as to make a fortune repairing broken T.V. sets.
In one episode Klinger and Winchester get lost-and find they are only 200 yards from MASH 4077. The goof is a scene which shows Klinger on a hill overlooking MASH-despite the fact MASH 4077 is surrounded by a minefield.
Klinger appears to be Catholic during the first few seasons (mentioning a family priest, as well as the practice of praying to St. Anthony, and observing Lent), then at least once being mentioned as an Atheist (when Father Mulcahy asks why Klinger is praying when he is an Atheist, Klinger replies that he gave it up for Lent). In the show Aftermash he remains Catholic; he said that his wife prayed to Buddha while he prayed to Allah, the Arabic for God, for Father Mulcahy's recovery.
The house that Klinger is born in is at 1215 N. Michigan St., Toledo, Ohio 43604.
Klinger knows how to mix concrete and basic rules for using it, as seen in (9.3).
Quotes
| Jamie Farr |
Who was first offered the role of Lt. Columbo before Peter Falk ? | M*A*S*H (an Episode Guide)
an Episode Guide
Thu, 21 Jan 2016 03:00
aired from: Sep 1972
Alan Alda as Captain 'Hawkeye' Benjamin Franklin Pierce
Loretta Swit as Major Margaret 'Hot Lips' Houlihan
Wayne Rogers as Captain 'Trapper' John Francis Xavier McIntyre [ season 1 - 3 ]
McLean Stevenson as Colonel Henry Blake [ seasons 1 - 3 ]
Larry Linville as Major Frank Burns [ seasons 1 - 5 ]
Gary Burghoff as Corporal 'Radar' O'Reilly [ seasons 1 - 7 ]
Jamie Farr as Corporal Maxwell Q. Klinger [ seasons 4-11, recurring previously ]
Mike Farrell as Captain B.J. Hunnicutt [ seasons 4 - 11 ]
Harry Morgan as Colonel Sherman T. Potter [ seasons 4 - 11 ]
William Christopher as Captain Father John Francis Patrick Mulcahy [ seasons 5 - 11, recurring previously ]
David Ogden Stiers as Major Charles Emerson Winchester III [ seasons 6 - 11 ]
recurring characters:
Patrick Adiarte as Ho-Jon [ season 1 ]
Timothy Jones as Lt. Oliver Harmon 'Spearchucker' Jones [ season 1 ]
Odessa Cleveland as Lt. Ginger Bayliss [ seasons 1 - 3 ]
Linda Meiklejohn as Lt. Leslie Scorch [ season 1 ]
Karen Philipp as Lt. Maggie Dish [ season 1 ]
Marcia Strassman as Lt. Margie Cutler [ season 1 ]
Herb Voland as General Brandon Clayton [ seasons 1 - 2 ]
Gene Wood as General Hamilton Hammond [ season 1 ]
John Orchard as 'Ugly' John [ season 1 ]
Kelly Jean Peters as Nurse Louise Anderson [ season 1 ]
Allan Arbus as Dr. Sidney Freedman [ seasons 2 - 11 ]
Johnny Haymer as Sergeant Zelmo Zale [ seasons 2 - 7 ]
Jeff Maxwell as Pt. Igor Straminsky [ seasons 2 - 11 ]
Robert F. Simon as General Maynard M. Mitchell [ season 2 ]
Roy Goldman as Corpsman/Roy Goldman [ seasons 3 - 11 ]
Kellye Nakahara as Nurse Kellye [ seasons 3 - 11 ]
Edward Winter as Colonel Sam Flagg [ seasons 3 - 7 ]
Enid Kent as Nurse Bigelow [ seasons 5 - 11 ]
Eileen Saki as Rosie [ seasons 7 - 10 ]
Jan Jorden as Nurse Baker [ season 7 - 11 ]
G.W. Bailey as Sergeant Luther Rizzo [ seasons 8 - 11 ]
M*A*S*H
was a true ensemble series. Whilst characters such as Kellye, Igor, Rizzo, Goldman and Ginger are listed where they appear as specific characters central to the plot, they also appeared regularly as non-speaking cast members. This is also true of many of the nurses, corpsman, orderlies and drivers listed as guest stars.
The show has received numerous nominations and awards, check out this listing from the Internet Movie Database (IMDb).
gs: B. Kirby Jr. [ Boone ], Laura Miller [ Knocko ], George Morgan [ Father John Mulcahy ]
rc: Dish, Ho-Jn, Hammond, Spearchucker, Scorch, Ginger
The Swamp is the tent where the doctors live. They have a Korean houseboy, Ho-Jon, who has been accepted into Hawkeye's alma mater. The camp raises funds to send Ho-Jon to Maine by raffling a weekend in Tokyo with Nurse Dish, much to the disgust of Hot Lips and Frank. The winner? Father Mulcahy!
b: 17 Sep 72 pc: J301 w: Larry Gelbart d: Gene Reynolds
NOTE: Larry Gelbart was the real creator of M*A*S*H. This was the first of 38 episodes, which he wrote or co-wrote. He provided two other storyline and directed 6 episodes. His last episode, both as writer and director was episode 97. Reynolds, too, was a major force behind the series. This was the first of 22 episodes which he directed, his last being episode 122. He also wrote or co-wrote 6 episodes and provided a further six storylines.
gs: Robert Ito [ Lin ], Jack Soo [ Charlie Lee ], John C. Johnson [ Truck Driver ]
rc: Hammond, Ginger
After black marketers hijack the 4077th's supply of hydrocortisone, Hawkeye and Trapper concoct a deal with a local black marketer, Charlie Lee, to get some more. The catch: Henry's antique oak desk, which is whisked away by chopper as Henry and Frank watches in disbelief.
b: 24 Sep 72 pc: J303 w: Burt Styler d: Michael O'Herlihey
gs: Sorrell Booke [ General Wilson Spaulding Barker ], Mike McGirr [ Unknown ]
rc: Margie, Mulcahy, Ugly John
Trapper and Hawkeye both have their eye on the same new nurse, but Margaret has her transferred. Henry agrees to overrule her if Trapper agrees to fight in the inter-camp boxing tournament. Hawkeye becomes his trainer, and they decide to cheat when they see the other boxer. They decide to coat a glove in ether.
b: 1 Oct 72 pc: J308 w: Bob Klane d: Hy Averback
NOTE: This was the first of 19 episodes directed by Hy Averback. His last was episode 238.
gs: Jack Riley [ Captain Kaplan ], Sorrell Booke [ General Wilson Spaulding Barker ], Bob Gooden [ Boone ]
rc: Scorch, Spearchucker, Ginger, Klinger, Ho-Jon, Dish, Ugly John
After Hawkeye and Frank argue, Frank decides to press charges, but Henry decides to make Hawkeye chief surgeon, because he is the better doctor. The camp throws him a party while Margaret and Frank complain to General Barker. But when Barker sees Hawkeye in action he is impressed. He declares the camp full of nuts, and Hawkeye a genius, and overrules the complaint.
b: 8 Oct 72 pc: J307 w: Larry Gelbart d: E.W. Swackhamer
NOTE: This is the first of three appearances by Bob Gooden as Boone. The last appearance is episode 11.
gs: Paul Jenkins [ Sergeant Baker ], Virginia Anne Lee [ Young HI, the Moose ], Craig Jue [ Benny ], Barbara Brownell [ Lt. Jones ]
rc: Ho-Jon, Spearchucker, Ugly John, Scorch
Sergeant Baker arrives at the camp with his Moose. Hawkeye decides to find a way of getting her away from Baker. He tries ordering him to release her, tries buying her, and then resorts to cheating at cards. He releases her but she won't go, so he tries to teach her how to be independent.
b: 15 Oct 72 pc: J305 w: Laurence Marks d: Hy Averback
NOTE: Neither Frank or Margaret appear in this episode. This was the first of 28 episodes written or co-written by Laurence Marks. His last was episode 145.
gs: Ed Flanders [ Lt. Duane William Bricker ], Bert Kramer [ Sergeant Martin ], Tom Sparks [ Corpsman ]
rc: Margie, Clayton
The army, at General Clayton's request, make a documentary about the 4077th. The camera gets in the way and the resulting film is just a fairy tale. Hawkeye decides to expose the film and reshoot it his way, starring himself as Yankee Doodle Doctor. Hawkeye: "Three hours ago, this man was in a battle. Two hours ago we operated on him. He's got a fifty-fifty chance. We win some, we lose some. That's what it's all about... no promises, no guaranteed survival... no 'saints in surgical garb.' Our willingness, our experience, our technique are not enough. Guns have more power to take life than we have to preserve it. Not a very happy ending. But then no war is a movie."
b: 22 Oct 72 pc: J310 w: Laurence Marks d: Lee Philips
gs: Stuart Margolin [ Captain Dr. Mandel Sherman ]
rc: Margie, Ginger
Hawkeye pretends to crack up to get some R&R in Tokyo, but his plan backfires when Frank calls in a psychiatrist. The psychiatrist wants to take him away for observation, rather than prescribing R&R, so he is set up to make him believe Margaret is interested in him, and is left in her tent.
b: 5 Nov 72 pc: J311 w: Burt Styler d: Bruce Bilson
NOTE: This is the first of two appearance by Stuart Margolin, in different roles. The other appearance is in episode 42.
gs: Billy Green Bush [ Cowboy ], Alicia Bond [ Unknown ], Rick Moses [ Unknown ], Joe Corey [ Goldstein ], Mike Robello [ Cook ], Jean Powell [ Nurse ]
rc: Mulcahy, Ugly John, Ho-Jon
A chopper pilot, who has been hit in the shoulder, arrives at the 4077th. Henry refuses to send him home, so the pilot, suffering from battle fatigue, decides he must kill Henry, and tries pushing him out of his chopper.
b: 12 Nov 72 pc: J309 w: Bob Klane d: Don Weis
NOTE: Margaret does not appear in this episode. This was the first of 16 episodes directed by Don Weis. His last was episode 140.
gs: Bob Gooden [ Boone ], Bill Svanoe [ Aide ], Noel Tey [ Mama San ], Jean Fleet [ Nurse ], Kasuko Kasuro [ Cho-Cho ]
rc: Hammond, Scorch, Spearchucker, Ho-Jon, Ugly John, Mulcahy, Ginger
Henry receives a citation for the camp achieving the best efficiency rating, and then General Hammond reassigns him to Tokyo. Frank then changes the camp to be more military, and he confiscates Hawkeye's and Trapper's still. They use forged passes to go to Tokyo to convince Henry to come back and end up pretending Radar is sick.
b: 19 Nov 72 pc: J302 w: Laurence Marks d: William Wiard
gs: Bonnie Jones [ Lt. Barbara Bannerman ]
rc: Ho-Jon, Scorch, Ugly John, Spearchucker, Mulcahy, Ginger
A rash of thefts breaks out in the camp. Missing pieces include Frank's silver picture frame, Margaret's hair brush, and Trapper's watch. The camp is searched and everything is found in Hawkeye's locker. Everyone thinks he did it. Hawkeye manages to announce to the camp that the items will be dusted for prints to identify the real thief, and catches Ho Jon. He needed money to bring his family from the North, and to bribe border guards.
b: 26 Nov 72 pc: J306 w: Hal Dressner d: Hy Averback
NOTE: This is the first of four appearances by Bonnie Jones, as Barbara Bannerman. The last is episode 23.
gs: Bob Gooden [ Boone ], Byron Chung [ P.O.W. ]
rc: Ho-Jon, Spearchucker, Dish, Ginger
Hawkeye moves a wounded North Korean soldier into The Swamp, rather than let him be shipped out before he's stable. During the night he and Trapper play Dracula, and siphon off a pint of Frank's blood. The soldier then contracts hepatitis, so they have to test Frank without him knowing, and have to keep him away from Margaret and the patients.
b: 10 Dec 72 pc: J304 w: Larry Gelbart d: Terry Becker
NOTE: This is the third and last appearance by Bob Gooden, as Boone, the first being episode 4. This is the first of 7 appearances by Byron Chung, as various characters. His last appearance is in episode 243.
gs: Bonnie Jones [ Lt. Barbara Bannerman ], Lizabeth Deen [ Becky ], Gary Van Orman [ Corporal ], Bill Katt [ P.F.C. ], Buck Young [ M.P. ]
rc: Mulcahy, Klinger, Ginger
Hawkeye writes home, describing Christmas in Korea: Radar ships a jeep home, a piece at a time; Henry gives the monthly lecture on sex, with the aid of figure A and figure B; Trapper helps deliver a calf; Klinger and Frank get into a fight, but Father Mulcahy smoothes things over; Hawkeye and Trapper sabotage Margaret's tent; Hawkeye flies to the front line dressed as Santa, to help a wounded soldier.
b: 17 Dec 72 pc: J313 w: Larry Gelbart d: Gene Reynolds
NOTE: This is the first of three appearances by Buck Young, as three different characters. The last is episode 80.
gs: Arlene Golonka [ Edwina ]
rc: Scorch, Margie
The nurses go to extremes lengths to find a date for Nurse Eddie - they won't go out with anyone until Eddie gets a date. The men draw straws, and Hawkeye is the big loser, especially after Eddie nearly kills him in a scene resembling teenage "mating" rituals.
b: 24 Dec 72 pc: J312 w: Hal Dressner d: James Sheldon
gs: Indira Danks [ Lt. O'Brien ], Barbara Brownell [ Lt. Jones ], Jerry Harper [ Sergeant ]
rc: Anderson, Margie
Radar gets a Dear John recording from home. Hawkeye and Trapper try to set him up with a date, but fail. Radar is taken by a new nurse at the camp and she is into poetry and music, so they coach him. Margaret wants to stop the relationship, so Hawkeye and Trapper get between her and Frank until she relents. Radar's "Ahhhh, Bach!" and "That's highly significant," quotes win him the girl.
b: 7 Jan 73 pc: J314 w: Laurence Marks d: Earl Bellamy
gs: Mary-Robin Redd [ Sister Theresa ], James Sikking [ Finance Officer ], Dennis Fimple [ Sergeant Pryor ]
rc: Clayton, Mulcahy
Hawkeye creates a fake doctor, Captain Jonathan S. Tuttle, to give supplies to the local orphans. Henry wants Tuttle to be officer of the day, so Hawkeye creates a fake personnel file, and all his back pay is given to the orphanage. When General Clayton wants to reward his generosity, Hawkeye is forced to invent a story about Tuttle jumping from a chopper without his parachute! Of course, Trapper's new friend, Captain Murdoch, obtained the fake dog tags and parachute...!
b: 14 Jan 73 pc: J315 w: Bruce Shelley & David Ketchum d: William Wiard
gs: Leslie Nielsen [ Colonel Buzz Maxwell ]
rc: Scorch
Hawkeye, Trapper and Radar try to keep a wounded Colonel at the camp for observation, since he has such a large casualty record. They make him think there is something more seriously wrong with him, and keep him away from Frank and Margaret. They get Henry drunk and have him send the Colonel back to the States.
b: 21 Jan 73 pc: J316 w: Jerry Mayer d: Jackie Cooper
NOTE: This was the first of 13 episodes directed by Jackie Cooper. He also made two appearances in the series.
gs: James Callahan [ Tommy Gillis ], Ron Howard [ Wendell Peterson ], Fred Lerner [ Patient #1 ], Chuck Hicks [ Patient #2 ], Lynnette Metttey [ Lt. Nancy Griffin ]
rc: Mulcahy
Frank throws his back out whilst spending the evening with Margaret, and ends up in traction. He promptly applies for the Purple Heart, having been 'technically' wounded at a frontline unit. Tommy Gillis, an old friend of Hawkeye's, is writing a book about the war, and pays him a visit. Later, Tommy is brought into the camp, seriously wounded, and Hawkeye can't save him. A 15-year-old kid is in the hospital to have his appendix out. He joined up to be a hero back home, but Hawkeye has him sent home, giving him Frank's purple heart.
b: 28 Jan 73 pc: J318 w: Carl Kleinschmitt d: William Wiard
NOTE: This is the first of six appearances by Lynnette Mettey, three as Nancy Griffin and three other Nurses. The last appearance is in episode 92.
gs: Alex Henteloff [ Captain Adam Casey ], Gail Bowman [ Nurse ]
rc: Ginger, Klinger, Mulcahy
Once again, Hawkeye writes home to his father, telling him of the latest gossip: the camp gets a new surgeon, who turns out to be a fake; Hawkeye bets he can walk into the mess tent naked for lunch, and no one will notice; Radar cheats on his final exam from the High School diploma company; Margaret rejects Franks advances and he gets drunk late into the night; the camp have a no talent night.
b: 4 Feb 73 pc: J317 w: Sheldon Keller & Larry Gelbart d: Jackie Cooper
gs: Kathleen King [ Nurse Beddoes ], Joseph Perry [ The Cook ]
rc: Klinger, Mulcahy
The camp suffers from the severe cold, except for Hawkeye who has received some long john's from his father. They get passed around from person to person, as a gift, a gambling stake, a trade, a bribe, stolen, given up to Father Mulcahy, who gives them to Henry, who returns them to Hawkeye as thanks for taking out his appendix.
b: 17 Feb 73 pc: J319 w: Alan Alda d: William Wiard
NOTE: This was the first of 19 episodes written or co-written by Alan Alda. His last was the final episode.
gs: Alan Manson [ Colonel Hersh ], David Doyle, Tom Richards, John A. Zee [ Sturner ], Sheila Lauritsen [ Nurse Hardy ]. Bobbie Mitchell [ Nurse Mason ]
rc: Klinger, Mulcahy, Ugly John
The camp tunes into the Army/Navy football game, only to be shelled and have an unexploded bomb land in the middle of the compound. They ring around trying to identify the bomb, and the camp prepares for the worst. Hawkeye and Trapper are left the task of following instructions to disarm the bomb, which turns out to be full of propaganda leaflets from the CIA.
b: 25 Feb 73 pc: J322 w: Sid Dorfman. s: McLean Stevenson d: Gene Reynolds
NOTE: In this episode Henry's wife is called Mildred, although at most times she is Lorraine, and Potter's wife will be called Mildred. This is the first of 4 appearances by Sheila Lauritsen as various Nurses. The last will be episode 41. This is the first of 15 appearances by Bobbie Mitchell, as various Nurses. The last will be episode 101.
gs: Wayne Bryan [ Pt. Thompson ], Bonnie Jones [ Lt. Barbara Bannerman ], Lynnette Mettey [ Lt. Nancy Griffin ]
rc: Ugly John
Hawkeye and Frank argue over Frank's surgical ability. Hawkeye performs a difficult operation and the patient does not recover, as he should. Hawkeye begins to doubt his ability and moves out of The Swamp. He decides to open up his patients again, and discovers a nick in the colon that even Frank admits anyone could have missed.
b: 4 Mar 73 pc: J321 w: Laurence Marks & Larry Gelbart s: Richard Baer d: Don Weis
NOTE: Henry's wife is still called Mildred.
gs: Harvey J. Goldenberg [ Captain George Kaplan ]
rc: Ginger
Frank upsets Ginger, so Hawkeye puts his arm in a cast while he is asleep. Frank puts in for a transfer, and after a broadcast goes out of Frank telling Margaret he's leaving, she decides to leave as well. That night, Hawkeye and Trapper pretend they have found gold, letting Frank overhear them. Frank then withdraws his request when he thinks he's found gold himself, although the joke is on him when he finds, amongst other things, a gilded jeep!
b: 11 Mar 73 pc: J320 w: Sid Dorfman d: Don Weis
gs: Bruce Kimmel [ Pt. Gilbert ], Bonnie Jones [ Lt. Barbara Bannerman ], Lynnette Mettey [ Lt. Nancy Griffin ]
rc: Clayton, Klinger, Mulcahy, Ho-Jon, Margie, Ginger
General Clayton calls so say that a ceasefire is to be declared. The camp celebrates, Klinger gives away his dresses and locals start to take pieces of the camp. But Trapper does not believe it. Hawkeye claims he is married to avoid promises he made to several nurses. The party to celebrate the cease-fire, which never really took place, is interrupted by incoming wounds.
b: 18 Mar 73 pc: J323 w: Laurence Marks s: Larry Gelbart d: Earl Bellamy
NOTE: This is the last of four appearances by Bonnie Jones, as Barbara Bannerman. The first was episode 10.
gs: Joey Forman [ Jackie Flash ], Harvey J. Goldenberg [ Captain George Kaplan ], Stanley Clay [ Driver ], Sheila Lauritson [ Nurse ], Oksun Kim [ Korean Woman ], The Miller Sisters (Marilyn King, Jean Turrell, Joan Lucksinger) [ Themselves ]
rc: Mulcahy, Ugly John
Captain Kaplan is to be shipped home, but becomes paranoid that something will happen to him before he leaves. He takes the wheel of the jeep to drive to Kimpo himself, but crashes and ends up in plaster. An entertainer, Jackie Flash, visits the camp to entertain the troops.
b: 25 Mar 73 pc: J324 w: Robert Klane & Larry Gelbart s: Larry Gelbart d: Jackie Cooper
NOTE: Again, in this episode Henry is calling his wife Mildred.
gs: Anthony Holland [ Captain Philip Hildebrand ], Leslie Evans [ Nurse Bryan ], Bobbie Mitchell [ Nurse Marshall ]
rc: Klinger, Clayton, Scorch, Ginger
General Clayton assigns a psychiatrist, Captain Hildebrand to examine the 4077th. Henry tells them to be on their best behavior, or else they will be split up. But the 4077th soon begins to act in their traditional, insane ways. Hildebrand: "In my short stay here, I've seen textbook examples of neuroses, psychoses, voyeurism, fetishism, and a few 'isms' I've never even heard of. The people here are mad, quite mad, all of them. They are impossible people in an impossible place doing impossible work. The only act I can think of that would be madder would be to break them up."
b: 15 Sep 73 pc: K401 w: Larry Gelbart d: Jackie Cooper
gs: Gail Bowman [ Nurse Powell ], Sarah Fankboner [ Nurse Klein ], Corey Fisher [ Captain Phil Cardozo ], Lloyd King [ Soldier ], Deborah Newman [ Nurse Richards ], Norman Tokar [ Unknown ]
rc: Clayton, Mulcahy, Ginger
An inept North Korean pilot, known as "5 O'Clock Charlie", makes his daily attempt to bomb the ammo dump. Frank puts in a request for an anti-aircraft gun, which is granted when Charlie hits General Clayton's jeep. Frank takes charge of the gun, while Hawkeye and Trapper are determined to prevent him using it, by getting rid of the ammo dump. Frank misses Charlie and destroys the dump.
b: 22 Sep 73 pc: K403 w: Larry Gelbart & Laurence Marks s: Keith Walker d: Norman Tokar
gs: Joan Van Ark [ Lt. Erika Johnson ], Tom Dever [ Unknown ], Derick Shimatsu [ Wounded Korean ]
rc: Sidney, Mulcahy, Klinger
Radar writes the weekly activity report. Hawkeye operates on a wounded prisoner who grabs a scalpel and attacks the doctors. Frank wants Klinger thrown out on a section 8,so Henry calls in a psychiatrist, Major Freedman. Hawkeye is attracted to a new nurse but thinks she is married. Trapper loses a patient who developed complications during the O.R. fracas with the wounded soldier.
b: 29 Sep 73 pc: K402 w: Laurence Marks s: Sheldon Keller d: Jackie Cooper
NOTE: This is the first of 12 appearance by Allan Arbus as the psychiatrist, Sidney Freedman, although in this first appearance he is called Milton. His final appearance is in the final episode. This is the first of 6 appearances by Tom Dever, in various roles. The last is episode 155.
gs: Frank Aletter [ Major Ralph Stoner ], Lesley Evans [ Nurse Mason ], Gwen Farrell [ Nurse Butler ]
rc: Clayton, Ginger
Hawkeye and Trapper want the army to admit responsibility for the accidental bombing of a local village. They fill out a report and Major Stoner arrives to investigate, and leaves with all the evidence. When the story is released it claims that the enemy bombed the village, and the army tries to gag the doctors. But, thinking there could be a medal in it for him, Frank has also put a report together, with copies of all the evidence, including shell fragments, so the army comes clean.
b: 6 Oct 73 pc: K404 w: Jarry Mayer d: Jackie Cooper
NOTE: This is the first of 11 appearances by Gwen Farrell, as various Nurses. The last appearance is in the final episode; however, she can often be seen in other episodes, in a non-speaking role.
gs: Buck Young [ O'Brien, the Chopper pilot ], Jackie Cooper [ Unknown ]
rc: Clayton
Hawkeye has been in non-stop surgery for 3 straight days without sleep, and the wounded keep coming. He decides to find out who started the war, and sends a telegram to Harry S Trueman. After listening to some of Frank's rubbish about the North Koreans wanting better plumbing, he tries to send the officers' latrine to the North Koreans with an offer of peace. Trapper finally manages to sedate him. Trapper (about Hawkeye): "I guess he's just unstable. You see, he took this weird oath as a young man, never to just stand by and watch people die."
b: 13 Oct 73 pc: K405 w: Alan Alda & Robert Klane d: Jackie Cooper
gs: Leslie Evans [ Nurse Mitchell ], Edgar Raymond Miller [ Kim ], Ray Poss [ Unknown ], Maggie Roswell [ Sister Theresa ], Momo Yashima [ Kim's Mother ]
rc: Klinger, Mulcahy
Hawkeye operates on a 5-year old Korean boy, and Radar can't find his family. Henry plans to send him to the orphanage, and the camp enjoys his company while they can. Trapper decides to adopt him after consulting his wife, and has to rescue him after he wanders into the minefield. Kim's mother turns up at the orphanage looking for him.
b: 20 Oct 73 pc: K407 w: Marc Mandel, Larry Gelbart & Laurence Marks d: William Wiard
NOTE: This is the first of three appearances by Momo Yashima, in various roles. The last is episode 186.
gs: Corinne Camacho [ Lt. Regina Hoffman ], Burt Young [ Lt. Willis ], Jerry Zaks [ Corporal Phil Walker ]
rc: Klinger, Mulcahy, Ginger
Corporal Walker is being sent home, and he wants to marry his Korean girl so she and their baby can return with him. CID sends Lt Willis to investigate, but when he refuses Hawkeye and Trapper frame him. Hawkeye is upset that a nurse he was pursuing does not approve of the marriage between "a gook" and "one of us".
b: 27 Oct 73 pc: K406 w: Carl Kleinschmitt d: William Wiard
gs: Hope Summers [ Nurse Meg Cratty ], Jack Aaron [ Major Murphy ], Roy Goldman [ M.P. ], Bobbie Mitchell [ Nurse Marshall ]
rc: Klinger, Mitchell
Majors Houlihan and Burns challenge Colonel Blake's fitness to command, and put Hawkeye and trapper under arrest so that they can't help him. Fortunately for Henry, they escape, and with the aid of Meg Cratty come to the rescue.
b: 3 Nov 73 pc: K408 w: McLean Stevenson, Larry Gelbart & Laurence Marks d: Don Weis
NOTE: Roy Goldman appears here as an M.P. From episode 53 he appears as a recurring character, not always called Roy, but ostensibly he is him, so he has been listed as such from there on.
gs: Mills Watson [ Pt. Condon ], Sivi Aberg [ Anna Lindstrom ], Arthur Abelson [ Milt Jaffe ], Kathleen Hughes [ Lorraine Blake ], Louise Vienne [ Sylvia Jaffe ], Bobbie Mitchell [ Nurse Gilbert ]
rc: Klinger, Ginger, Mulcahy
Once more Hawkeye writes home to his father: the doctors operate on a soldier with a grenade shot into his body; Hawkeye and Trapper colour the skin of a racist patient, who demanded the right colour blood, while he is asleep; Henry gets a movie of his daughters birthday from home; the officers hold the monthly staff meeting.
b: 10 Nov 73 pc: K409 w: Larry Gelbart &Laurence Marks d: Don Weis
"The Sniper"
gs: Teri Garr [ Lt. Suzanne Marquette ], Marcia Gelman [ Nurse ], Dennis Troy [ Ambulance Driver ]
A lone sniper has the 4077th pinned down - including Radar and Henry in the shower. The poor boy thinks he's firing on McArthur's headquarters, and a chopper finally comes by and wounds him with gunfire from above, ending the siege. Hawkeye walks out to into the bush to tend to the wounded soldier.
b: 17 Nov 73 pc: K410 w: Richard M. Powell d: Jackie Cooper
NOTE: This is the first of 15 appearances by Dennis Troy, in various roles. The last appearance is in episode 252. However, he can often be seen in other episodes, in a non-speaking role.
gs: Marcia Gelman [ Nurse Jacobs ], Lynette Mettey [ Nurse Sheila Anderson ], Gwen Farrell [ Nurse Wilson ]
rc: Mulcahy
The camp succumbs to the Asian flu, except for Hawkeye and Margaret, who have to do everything themselves. Then Margaret catches it. As the others start to recover, Hawkeye falls ill but is thanked with a commemorative roll of toilet paper.
b: 24 Nov 73 pc: K411 w: Bernard Dilbert, Larry Gelbart & Laurence Marks d: Jackie Cooper
gs: John Alvin [ Bowman ], Sarah Fankboner [ Nurse Owens ], Helen Funia [ Betty Lou ], Ted Gehring [ Major Morris ], Jerry Harper [ Phillips ], Eldon Quick [ Captain Sloan ], Logan Ramsey [ Colonel Ramsey ], Vic Tayback
rc: Mitchell
Hawkeye and Trapper recover from an all night party. Henry gets a barbecue, and Hawkeye puts in a request for an incubator. The Quartermaster turns him down. They locate a Major with 3 incubators, but he won't let them have one. A Colonel tries to sell them one, and then they get into trouble with a General at a press conference. Finally, Radar trades the barbecue for an incubator.
b: 1 Dec 73 pc: K412 w: Larry Gelbart & Laurence Marks d: Jackie Cooper
gs: Pat Morita [ Captain Sam Pak ], Tom Dever [ Lt. Rogers ], Jerry Fujikawa [ Hwang ], Edward Winter [ Captain Halloran ], John Ritter [ Pt. Carter ], Gwen Farrell [ Nurse ]
rc: Sidney, Klinger
Sidney Freedman comes to the camp, and joins in the poker game at The Swamp. Radar hits a local with a jeep, although the local is famous for jumping in front of vehicles for the compensation. Hawkeye and Trapper operate on an intelligence officer against regulations. Sidney helps talk around a soldier who wants to kill Frank.
b: 8 Dec 73 pc: K413 w: Larry Gelbart & Laurence Marks d: Gene Reynolds
NOTE: Edward Winter makes this one appearance as Captain Halloran, but later makes six appearances as the paranoid Colonel Sam Flagg. This is the first of 7 appearances by Jerry Fujikawa, in various roles. The last is in episode 230.
gs: Kellye Nakahara [ Nurse Yamato ], Sheila Lauritsen [ Nurse Watson ], Jackie Cooper [ Unknown ]
rc: Ginger
Margaret revaluates her life, and decides to leave Frank and ask for a transfer, which is granted. She gets drunk at her goodbye party, but is sobered up in the shower when wounded start arriving. She changes her mind when she realises how loyal her friends are.
b: 15 Dec 73 pc: K414 w: Linda Bloodworth & Mary Kay Place d: Jackie Cooper
NOTE: This was the first of 5 episodes written or co-written by Linda Bloodworth. Kellye Nakahara appeared as a recurring character, Nurse Kellye, in 50 episodes, between episodes 54 and the finale. However, she also appeared in 5 other episodes, as various nurses, this being the first. The other 4 episodes were numbers 44, 60, 64 and 77.
gs: Ralph Grosh [ Captain's Aide ], Robert Weaver [ Gary Mitchell ], Clyde Kusatsu [ Kwang Duk ], Sheila Lauritsen [ Nurse Watson ]
rc: Mitchell, Klinger, Ginger
Hawkeye and Trapper operate on General Mitchell's son, and the General gives them 3 days in Tokyo and an officers club for the camp. They plot to allow the enlisted men access to the club, and when the General opens it the rules are bent to give his son access, which Hawkeye exploits to give access to all. Klinger pretends to be pregnant.
b: 12 Dec 73 pc: K415 w: Ed Jurist d: Jackie Cooper
NOTE: This is the first of 4 appearances by Clyde Kusatsu, playing three different roles.
gs: Katherine Baumann [ Nancy Sue Parker ], Sheila Lauritson [ Sheila ], Clyde Kusatsu [ Kwang Duk ], Gwen Farrell [ Nurse ]
rc: Ginger
Henry returns from a week in Tokyo, to announce that he is in love with a 20-year old girl called Nancy Sue Parker. She arrives for the weekend, and Henry shows her off. Nancy comes on to Hawkeye while Henry is in surgery. Henry is reminded of his wife back home when Radar places a call for him, and he realises it's his wife he loves.
b: 5 Jan 74 pc: K416 w: Larry Gelbart & Laurence Marks d: Don Weis
gs: Michael Lerner [ Captain Futterman ], Suzanne Zenor [ Nurse Murphy ], Patricia Stevens [ Nurse Mitchell ], Sheila Lauritsen [ Sheila ]
rc: Klinger, Zale
A riotous episode in which Hawkeye will do anything to get a new pair of boots: In order to get Zale to get him some, he must get an appointment for Zale with Futterman, the camp dentist, who will only do it if Henry will give him a pass to Tokyo, and Henry will only grant the pass if Houlihan will get off his back, which she will do only if the guys throw a party for Frank's birthday, with a cake, and Radar will only help get the cake if he gets a date with Nurse Murphy, who will only date someone with a hair dryer, and Klinger won't give up the hair dryer unless he gets a section 8 (and Frank won't sign). Inevitably, the deal falls through, much to the Hawkeye's chagrin.
b: 12 Jan 74 pc: K417 w: Sheldon Keller d: Don Weis
NOTE: This is the last of 4 appearances by Sheila Lauritsen, as various Nurses. The first was episode 20. This is the first of 15 appearances by Patricia Stevens, as various nurses. The last appearance is in episode 156.
gs: Stuart Margolin [ Major Stanley Robbins, E.N.T. Surgeon ], Todd Susman [ Pt. Danny Baker ], Patricia Stevens [ Nurse Mitchell ], Lou Elias [ M.P. Sergeant ], Bobbie Mitchell [ Nurse Lyons ]
rc: Mulcahy
Private Baker, who is always going AWOL, is desperate for plastic surgery on his nose. Hawkeye gets an old friend, and plastic surgeon, to visit the camp, promising him a nurse called "The Barracuda". They put together an elaborate scheme to perform the operation without Frank or Margaret finding out.
b: 19 Jan 74 pc: K418 w: Erik Tarloff s: Paul Richards & Erik Tarloff d: Hy Averback
gs: Pat Morita [ Captain Sam Pak ], Clare Nono [ Choon Hi ], Dennis Robertson [ Lt. Michael Harper ], Jay Jay Jue [ Boy ], Jerry Fujikawa [ Father ], Bobbie Mitchell [ Nurse Lyons ]
rc: Mulcahy
A Korean family set up camp in the middle of the compound. A Korean woman with a baby comes looking for the father, and names Radar. Civilian affairs relocates the family and blood tests prove Radar is not the father.
b: 26 Jan 74 pc: K419 w: Laurence Marks, Sheldon Keller & Larry Gelbart s: Gerry Renert & Jeff Wilheim d: Jackie Cooper
NOTE: Margaret does not appear in this episode.
gs: Patricia Stevens [ Nurse Baker ], Bobbie Mitchell [ Nurse Murphy ], Kellye Nakahara [ Nurse Able ]
rc: Klinger, Mulcahy
While there are no casualties, Hawkeye & Trapper crate up Frank while he sleeps and receive gorilla suits through the mail. Henry gets a tan and gives another sex orientation lecture. When the wounded start pouring in again, their own side shells the camp, hitting the generator, and Radar tries to get through to someone to stop the shelling.
b: 2 Feb 74 pc: K420 w: Larry Gelbart & Laurence Marks s: Gene Reynolds d: Hy Averback
gs: Alberta Jay [ Nurse ]
rc: Klinger, Igor, Mulcahy
The supply lines to the camp are cut. Radar, the housing officer, starts doubling people up to save fuel and Klinger is thrown out of the nurse's tent. People start burning everything to stay warm while Frank wears his heated socks. The toilet paper supply is worst hit, and then wounded start arriving. Supplies are eventually restored.
b: 9 Feb 74 pc: K421 w: Larry Gelbart & Laurence Marks d: Don Weis
gs: Richard Ely [ Pt. George Weston ], George Simmons [ Simmons ], Patricia Stevens [ Nurse Stevens ], Bobbie Mitchell [ Nurse Mitchell ]
rc: Mulcahy
Burns tries to slap a dishonorable discharge on a decorated soldier who admits to being a homosexual, Private Weston. Weston: "Two guys got beaten up in my outfit. One colored, the other homosexual. As you can see, Doc., I'm not colored."
b: 16 Feb 74 pc: K422 w: John Regier & Gary Markowitz d: Gene Reynolds
gs: Dennis Troy [ Corpsman ], Sheila Lauritson [ Nurse ]
rc: Klinger, Mulcahy
The arrival of a new batch of mail leaves Trapper depressed, and thinking of desertion, despite Hawkeye's efforts to dissuade him. Meanwhile, Hawkeye learns that he has successfully tricked Frank into buying stocks in a fictitious company, Pioneer Aviation.
b: 23 Feb 74 pc: K423 w: Larry Gelbart & Laurence Marks d: Alan Alda
NOTE: This is the first of 32 episodes directed by Alan Alda. His last was the final episode.
gs: Bill Fletcher [ Winnie Pratt ]
rc: Flagg
A classic episode in which Colonel Flagg and another secret agent from another intelligence agency come to the 4077th to keep their eyes on one another and the camp. Hawkeye and Trapper trick them both into thinking that Burns is a traitor - one thinks he's a fascist, the other thinks he's a communist. Vinny Pratt, a friend of Trapper's turns up.
b: 2 Mar 74 pc: K424 w: Larry Gelbart & Laurece Marks d: Larry Gelbart
NOTE: This is the first of six appearances by Edward Winter as Colonel Sam Flagg. His last appearance is in episode 169.
gs: Harry Morgan [ General Bartford Hamilton Steele ], Teddy Wilson [ Marty Williams ], Brad Trumbull [ Colonel Atkins ], Dennis Erdman [ Harrison ], Lynnette Mettey [ Nurse Baker ]
rc: Klinger, Mulcahy
Even Klinger thinks General Steele is nuts when he mistakes Klinger for his wife, Marjorie. Morgan won an Emmy for his performance in this episode. Hawkeye: "That man's a nut. I've seen that look in the eyes in every Hitchcock movie."
b: 10 Sep 74 pc: B308 w: Jim Fritzell & Everett Greenbaum d: Larry Gelbart
NOTE: Harry Morgan made this one guest appearance in the series before returning to take on the role of Colonel Potter from the next season until the end of the series. He won an Emmy for this performance. This is the first of 24 episodes written by Fritzell and Greenbaum, the last being episode 143.
gs: Mako [ Captain Dr. Lin Tam ], Leland Sun [ Mr. Kwang ], Bobbie Mitchell [ Nurse ], Loudon Wainwright III [ Captain Calvin Spalding ]
rc: Klinger, Mulcahy
As Hawkeye and Trapper are planning to leave for Tokyo, an unusual offer to swap POW patients between the Chinese and the 4077th comes in. Henry, after much debate, agrees to send Hawkeye, Trapper, Frank, Radar, and Klinger into enemy territory. Frank almost botches the swap when he brings a squirt gun to the exchange. Fortunately, the Chinese Dr. Lin Tam has a sense of humor; he went to the University of Illinois, after all. Hawkeye: "You've started something really decent in the middle of an indecent war, Tam. Don't let nine men suffer because one idiot thinks he can play General Custer."
b: 17 Sep 74 pc: B301 w: Larry Gelbart & Laurence Marks d: Hy Averback
NOTE: This is the first of three appearances by Loudon Wainwright III as Captain Spalding. This is the first of 6 appearances by Leland Sun, in various roles, the last in episode 232. This is the first of 4 appearances by Mako, as various characters. The last appearance is in episode 199.
gs: Dennis Troy [ Carter ], Jerry Fujikawa [ Sang Ya ], Tad Horino [ 1st Korean ], Richard Lee Sung [ 2nd Korean ], Mitchell Sakamoto [ Unknown ], Norman Hamano [ Unknown ], Mary Katherine Peters [ Nurse ], Tom Lawrence [ Unknown ]
rc: Klinger, Mulcahy, Flagg, Igor
While Henry is away in Seoul, Burns and Houlihan are in charge, and Hawkeye is the officer of the day. His refusal to release a wounded Korean soldier, wanted by US Intelligence, leads to a confrontation with Colonel Flagg.
b: 24 Sep 74 pc: B307 w: Laurence Marks d: Hy Averback
NOTE: Henry does not appear in this episode. This is the first of 10 appearances by Richard Lee Sung, in various roles. The last appearance is in episode 240.
gs: James Gregory [ General 'Iron Guts' Kelly, Keene Curtis [ Colonel Wortman ], Bobbie Mitchell [ Nurse Able ], Byron Chung [ Mr. Kwok ], Alberta Jay [ Anesthetist ], Dennis Troy [ 2nd G.I. ]
rc: Igor
General 'Iron Guts' Kelly arrives for an inspection, and ends up dying in Margaret's tent. Hawkeye and Trapper help the General's aide smuggle him out of camp. The next day he is reported killed at the front, as that is where he would have wanted to die.
b: 1 Oct 74 pc: B304 w: Larry Gelbart & Sid Dorfman d: Don Weis
gs: Bobbie Mitchell [ Nurse Able ], Bobby Herbeck [ Patient ], Orlando Dole [ Ethiopean Soldier ], Jeanne Schuller [ Anaesthetist ], Leland Sun [ Mr. Kwang ]
rc: Klinger, Mulcahy, Sidney, Ginger, Goldman
The OR is filled with more wounded than the unit can handle. Hawkeye does heart massage on a soldier, which saves his life, but he dies four hours later. Sidney Freedman drops in during the deluge, and is dragged into the fray by Hawkeye.
b: 8 Oct 74 pc: B306 w: Larry Gelbart & Laurence Marks d: Gene Reynolds
gs: Alex Karras [ Lyle Wesson ], Mary Kay Place [ Louise ], Greg Mabrey [ Pascoe ], Gwen Farrell [ Nurse ], Patricia Stevens [ Nurse ]
rc: Klinger, Mulcahy, Kellye, Goldman, Igor
When spring arrives, Klinger gets word from home that his sweetheart back in Toledo wants to marry him. Father Mulcahy arranges to do this over short wave radio. Radar falls in love with a nurse, while a grateful patient won't leave Hawkeye alone, and even threatens Major Burns.
b: 15 Oct 74 pc: B303 w: Linda Bloodworth & Mary Kay Place d: Don Weis
gs: Patricia Stevens [ Nurse ]
rc: Klinger, Igor
Trapper gets an ulcer and a ticket home. Unfortunately, his going-away party is spoiled by a new Army regulation, which forces him to stay.
b: 22 Oct 74 pc: B312 w: Laurence Marks d: Don Weis
gs: Sachiko Penny Lee [ Chim Sa ], Patricia Stevens [ Nurse ]
rc: Mulcahy
Mail from home worries Henry that Lorraine may be seeing other men. Father Mulcahy presides over a Jewish circumcision ceremony for the Korean-born son of a US GI.
b: 29 Oct 74 pc: B302 w: Everett Greenbaum & Jim Fritzell d: Hy Averback
gs: Bobbie Mitchell [ Nurse ]
rc: Klinger, Mulcahy
Henry's departure to Tokyo leaves Major Burns in charge of the 4077th. He declares total prohibition of alcohol, which leads to a near riot amongst the camp, especially from Hawkeye and Trapper.
b: 12 Nov 74 pc: B314 w: Everett Greenbaum & Jim Fritzell d: Hy Averback
NOTE: Henry does not appear in this episode.
gs: Loudon Wainwright III [ Captain Calvin Spalding ], Bobbie Mitchell [ Nurse Able ], Molli Benson, Jeanne Schuller [ Frank's Bride ], Leland Sun [ Mr. Kwang ]
rc: Klinger, Mulcahy
The nurses are evacuated when the threat of an enemy parachute drop arises. Hawkeye and Trapper try to enliven everyone's spirits whilst they are gone. Hawkeye: "The plot thins. Watch the cake sue for malpractice when Frank cuts into it."
b: 19 Nov 74 pc: B309 w: Larry Gelbart d: Hy Averback
gs: Basil Hoffman [ Major Pfeiffer ], Joseph Stern [ Master Sergeant Tarola ]
rc: Klinger, Igor
A riotous episode, in which Hawkeye, driven near to insanity, starts a riot in the mess tent after several weeks of "a river of liver and an ocean of fish." To spice up their diets, Hawkeye, Trapper, and Radar scheme to get spare ribs sent to the 4077th from Chicago. The ribs arrive, just in time for the arrival of wounded.
b: 26 Nov 74 pc: B316 w: Laurence Marks d: Gene Reynolds
gs: William Watson [ Lt. Smith ], Sirri Murad [ Turkish Soldier ], Curt Lowens [ Colonel Blanche ], Michael Keller [ Lt. LeClerq ], Kellye Nakahara [ Nurse Able ]
rc: Klinger
Hawkeye records a letter to his dad, detailing the exploits of a mad Turkish soldier who calls Hawkeye a "damn good Joe," the unfortunate loss of the corpse of a Luxembourg soldier (who turns out not to be dead), Lt. Hanri-Batiste LeClerc, and of a gun-happy officer.
b: 3 Dec 74 pc: B311 w: John D. Hess d: Gene Reynolds
NOTE: Margaret does not appear in this episode.
gs: Michael O'Keefe [ Corporal Travis ], Shizuko Hoshi [ Rosie ], Arthur Song [ Korean Man ], Bobbie Mitchell [ Nurse Baker ]
rc: Igor
A local dog bites Radar, and the camp conducts a search to find the pooch, so that Radar doesn't have to undergo a series of painful rabies vaccinations. Hawkeye defies Frank, to take care of a GI who's suffering from a case of hysterical paralysis.
b: 10 Dec 74 pc: B317 w: Linda Bloodworth & Mary Kay Place d: Hy Averback
"Private Charles Lamb"
gs: Ted Eccles [ Chapman ], Titos Vandis [ Colonel Andropolis ], Gene Chronopoulos
A Greek Colonel thanks the 4077th by giving them food and drink for an Easter celebration. Bu the feast is foiled when softhearted Radar saves the main course from the spit - a lamb, which Radar tricks Henry into giving a medical discharge and sends home to Ottumwa, Iowa. Thus, Hawkeye and Trapper invent the famed Spam Lamb! Meanwhile, a soldier who had shot himself to get out of the army confesses to Frank, thinking he is Father Mulcahy.
b: 31 Dec 74 pc: B310 w: Larry Gelbart & Sid Dorfman d: Hy Averback
NOTE: Margaret does not appear in this episode.
gs: Louisa Moritz [ Nurse Sanchez ], Edward Marshall [ Delbass ]
rc: Klinger, Mulcahy, Goldman
The camp is under fire and is swamped with wounded. Franks jealousy of trapper drives him to propose to Margaret.
b: 7 Jan 75 pc: B320 w: Jim Fritzell & Everett Greenbaum d: Hy Averback
gs: Patricia Stevens [ Nurse Brown ], Kellye Nakahara [ Nurse Charlie ]
rc: Klinger, Mulcahy, Zale
Camp activities include Henry's nervous delivery of a sex lecture, with Hawkeye's and Trapper's heckling, a Shirley Temple movie, and a cookout.
b: 14 Jan 74 pc: B323 w: Larry Gelbart d: Alan Alda
gs: Robert Alda [ Dr. Anthony Borelli ], Joseph Maher [ Major Taylor ], Tad Horino [ Bartender ]
rc: Mulcahy
Dr. Borelli visits the 4077th to demonstrate his artery transplant technique. Unfortunately, being so close to the front at the 4077th causes Borelli's drinking problem to interfere at the worst time - when a patient needs the transplant. Borelli: "I didn't drink at all in the First World War. I never drank when I was working in the second war. This place just got to me. I'd forgotten how rough the game can be. You have many good gifts, Hawkeye. It's a pity you can't number compassion among them. I wish you better luck in your third war."
b: 21 Jan 75 pc: B318 w: Larry Gelbart & Robert Klane d: Gene Reynolds
NOTE: This is the first of two appearances by Alan Alda's father, Robert, as Dr. Borelli. The second appearance is in episode 193.
gs: Mary Wickes [ Colonel Rachel Reese ], Vincent Price [ Himself ], Gene Tierney [ Herself ], Bobbie Mitchell [ Nurse Baker ], Dennis Troy [ M.P. ]
rc: Klinger, Mulcahy, Igor, Kellye
Hawkeye hits Major Burns and Houlihan is a witness. Despite Hawkeye and Trapper's claims that it wasn't intentional Frank makes allegations against Hawkeye. A female colonel is sent to investigate Burns' allegations. When she cries "Rape!" when Burns visits her tent, Houlihan recants her story, and Burns, not Hawkeye, ends up under house arrest.
b: 4 Feb 75 pc: B315 w: Jim Fritzell & Everett Greenbaum d: Hy Averback
gs: Tom Dever [ Corpsman ]
rc: Klinger, Mulcahy
Hawkeye, Houlihan, and Klinger go to an aid station at the front. Working closely together under heavy fire and unsanitary medical conditions, the three return to camp with new found respect for one another.
b: 11 Feb 75 pc: B322 w: Larry Gelbart & Simon Muntner d: William Jurgensen
NOTE: This is the first of 10 episodes directed by William Jurgensen. The last is episode 185.
gs: Soon-Teck Oh [ Mr. Kwang ], Dennis Dugan [ Danny McShane ], Jerry Fujikawa [ Dr. Pak ], Pat Li [ Soong Hi ], Robert Gruber [ Sergeant ], Jeanne Joe [ Mrs. Kwang ]
rc: Mulcahy, Goldman
Hawkeye and Trapper prevent a GI from marrying a call girl who has TB, whilst trying to help a Korean soldier join his pregnant wife. Radar, of course, provides his usual invaluable help.
b: 18 Feb 75 pc: B321 w: Arthur Julian d: Lee Philips
NOTE: Margaret does not appear in this episode. This was the first of 4 appearances by Soon-Teck Oh, in various roles. The last appearance was in episode 243.
gs: Graham Jarvis [ Colonel Whiteman ], Loudon Wainwright III [ Captain Calvin Spalding ], Bob Courtleigh [ Unknown ], Jeanne Schullerr [ Nurse ]
rc: Klinger
The camp prepares for a visit from General MacArthur. Klinger dresses as the Statue of Liberty as the General's jeep drives through the camp. MacArthur is so impressed, he salutes!
b: 25 Feb 75 pc: B313 w: Laurence Marks d: Don Weis
gs: Jack Soo [ Quoc ], Eldon Quick [ Captain Sloan ], Mary Katherine Peters [ Nurse ], Bobbie Mitchell [ Nurse Baker ], Leland Sun [ Mr. Kwang ], George Holloway, George Simmons, Pat Marshall [ Lt. Nelson ]
rc: Klinger, Mulcahy, Zale
Frank buys two sets of Pearl's, one for Margaret and one for his wife. After some talk, Radar gets Hawkeye $3,000 in lost earnings, Hawkeye gives it to Mulcahy for the orphans, but then the army wants the money back. Trapper wins big at poker after using Hawkeye's watch as a stake, so Hawkeye takes his winnings to avoid going to the stockade.
b: 4 Mar 75 pc: B305 w: John Regier & Gary Markowitz d: Hy Averback
gs: Hilly Hicks [ Perkins ], Stafford Repp [ Sergeant Clay ], Michael A. Salcido [ Rodriquez ], Daniel Thorpe [ Morris ]
rc: Klinger, Mulcahy, Flagg
Colonel Flagg blows into camp trying to obtain penicillin to barter for information. But Flagg comes down with appendicitis, and the only penicillin he gets is in the keister.
b: 11 Mar 75 pc: B319 w: Larry Gelbart & Simon Muntner d: Hy Averback
gs: Kimiko Hiroshige [ Korean Woman ], Virginia Lee [ Unknown ], Cherylene Lee [ Unknown ], Ray Poss [ Unknown ]
rc: Klinger, Mulcahy
One of the classic M*A*S*H episodes. Henry finally gets his discharge. While he is tying things up, Burns prepares for his new command. Henry bids a tearful adieu, but not before Klinger turns up in an outrageous tropical outfit, and gets Henry to zip him up, and he gets a kiss Margaret. He gives Radar a hug and his last order: "You better be good now or I'm gonna come back and kick your butt!" In the traumatic and shocking last scene, Radar announces that Henry has been killed when his plane was shot down over the Sea of Japan. Hawkeye: "Henry, you're fired. Go home to your wife and kids."
b: 18 Mar 75 pc: B324 w: Everett Greenbaum & Jim Fritzell d: Larry Gelbart
NOTE: The writers and director kept the final scene from the cast, so that when they read the script, minutes before shooting the scene, they would show some real shock. It worked. From the following season on, Jamie Farr, as Klinger, was listed as a regular cast member, and so no longer appears as a recurring character. This was the last of his 30 appearances as a recurring character.
gs: Reid Cruickshanks [ Staff Sergeant ], Tom Dever [ M.P. Lieutenant ], Nat Jones [ G.I. ], Robert A. Kames [ Colonel ], Ted Zeigler [ Sergeant Dale ], Arthur Song [ Unknown ], Shirlee Kong [ Unknown ]
rc: Mulcahy
Things have changed at the 4077th: Henry went, and was killed on the way home, and Trapper has also been posted back to the States. So, Frank's dream is realized - he's in charge. But Hawkeye is unchanged. He skips camp, runs a blockade to find Trapper, and welcomes a new surgeon, B.J. Hunnicutt.
b: 12 Sep 75 pc: G504 w: Everett Greenbaum, Jim Fritzell & Larry Gelbart d: Gene Reynolds
NOTE: Harry Morgan does not appear in this episode.
Originally broadcast as part of a 60-minute episode.
gs: Reid Cruickshanks [ Staff Sergeant ], Tom Dever [ M.P. Lieutenant ], Nat Jones [ G.I. ], Robert A. Kames [ Colonel ], Ted Zeigler [ Sergeant Dale ], Arthur Song [ Unknown ], Shirlee Kong [ Unknown ]
rc: Mulcahy
Things have changed at the 4077th: Henry went, and was killed on the way home, and Trapper has also been posted back to the States. So, Frank's dream is realized - he's in charge. But Hawkeye is unchanged. He skips camp, runs a blockade to find Trapper, and welcomes a new surgeon, B.J. Hunnicutt.
b: 12 Sep 75 pc: G506 w: Everett Greenbaum, Jim Fritzell & Larry Gelbart d: Gene Reynolds
NOTE: Harry Morgan does not appear in this episode.
Originally broadcast as part of a 60-minute episode.
"Change of Command"
rc: Mulcahy
Frank settles in as commanding officer, only to have a new one appointed over his head, one that, to his chagrin, fits in very well.
b: 19 Sep 75 pc: G501 w: Jim Fritzell & Everett Greenbaum d: Gene Reynolds
"It Happened One Night"
gs: Christopher Allport [ Abbott ], Darren O'Connor [ Jenkins ]
A freezing night, an artillery barrage that's coming too close, a patient going downhill, and Frank's searching Hot Lips' tent for his letters.
b: 26 Sep 75 pc: G502 w: Larry Gelbart & Simon Muntner s: Gene Reynolds d: Gene Reynolds
"The Late Captain Pierce"
gs: Richard Masur [ Lt. 'Digger' Detmuller ], Eldon Quick [ Captain Pratt ], Sherry Steffens [ Nurse Able ], Kellye Nakahara [ Nurse Baker ]
When Hawkeye's father is notified that he's dead, he finds it's no easy matter either to get word to him or to establish that he's alive.
b: 3 Oct 75 pc: G507 w: Glen Charles & Les Charles d: Alan Alda
gs: Frank Marth [ Colonel Griswald ], Bruce Kirby [ Sergeant Kimble ], Ted Hamilton [ Lt. Chivers ]
rc: Mulcahy
Its quid pro quo at the 4077th: two bottles of Scotch for secret surgery, and a tank to scare off snipers for an unauthorized shot of penicillin.
b: 10 Oct 75 pc: G510 w: Rich Mittleman d: William Jurgensen
"The Bus"
gs: Soon-Teck Oh [ Korean Soldier ]
Radar, driving Hawkeye and others back from a medical meeting, gets lost and stalls the bus, but a surrendering Korean soldier saves all.
b: 17 Oct 75 pc: G512 w: John D. Hess d: Gene Reynolds
NOTE: Neither Margaret or Klinger appear in this episode.
gs: Richard Lee Sung [ Cho ], Patricia Stevens [ Nurse Able ], Buck Young [ Dan ], Barbara Christopher [ Nurse O'Connor ]
rc: Mulcahy
While Potter writes home, Frank and Hot Lips have a wood carving made for him, and Radar rescues a horse and makes him a present of it.
b: 24 Oct 75 pc: G505 w: Everett Greenbaum & Jim Fritzell d: Alan Alda
NOTE: This is the last of three appearances by Buck Young, as three different characters. The first was episode 12.
gs: Ann Doran [ Nurse Meg Cratty ], Mitchell Sakamoto [ Slicky Boy ], Huanani Minn [ Sung Lee ], Chrisleen Sun [ Korean Girl ], Darrin Lee [ Korean Boy ]
rc: Mulcahy, Kellye
The 4077th plays host to kids bombed out of their orphanage, and at the same time has to deliver a baby and care for battle casualties.
b: 31 Oct 75 pc: G511 w: Everett Greenbaum & Jim Fritzell d: Alan Alda
gs: Alan Fudge [ Captain Arnold Lawrence Chandler ]
rc: Sidney, Flagg, Mulcahy
Intelligence officer Colonel Flagg, and psychiatrist Sidney Freedman, grapples over the fate of a wounded officer, Captain Chandler, who claims to be Jesus Christ. Perhaps the most poignant scene is when Radar asks Chandler to bless his teddy bear.
b: 7 Nov 75 pc: G513 w: Burt Prelutsky d: Larry Gelbart
NOTE: This is the first of 8 episodes written by Burt Prelutsky. The last is episode 132.
gs: Ned Beatty [ Colonel Hollister ], Dennis Troy [ Corpsman ]
rc: Mulcahy
B.J. writes home to his wife, Peg, reporting Klinger's escape attempts, the visit of a formidable chaplain, and one of Frank's goof-ups.
b: 11 Nov 75 pc: G509 w: Jim Fritzell & Everett Greenbaum d: Burt Metcalfe
NOTE: This is the first of 30 episodes directed by Burt Metcalfe. His last was episode 255. He also co-wrote two episodes and appeared in one.
gs: Lois Foraker [ Nurse ], Tim O'Connor [ Colonel Spiker ]
rc: Zale, Igor
Hawkeye tangles with a tough Army colonel, Colonel Spiker, B.J. helps Zale, who's received a "Dear John" letter, and Frank looks endlessly for Korean saboteurs.
b: 21 Nov 75 pc: G503 w: Jay Folb d: John Erman
NOTE: This is the first of 4 appearances by Lois Foraker, as various Nurses. The last appearance is in episode 142.
"Soldier of the Month"
rc: Zale, Mulcahy
Frank has a fever and makes a will, leaving all his money to his wife and all his clothes to Hot Lips.
b: 28 Nov 75 pc: G514 w: Linda Bloodworth d: Gene Reynolds
gs: Warren Stevens [ Colonel Robert Joseph Chaffey ]
rc: Mulcahy
A wounded colonel's gun, a showpiece, disappears, and Hawkeye and B.J. play a hunch and bluff Frank, who has it, into returning it.
b: 2 Dec 75 pc: G517 w: Larry Gelbart & Gene Reynolds d: Burt Metcalfe
gs: Gary Burghoff [ Mrs. O'Reilly ]
rc: Mulcahy
Mail brings a letter to Frank saying his wife is divorcing him, and one to Potter telling him he's going to be a grandfather.
b: 9 Dec 75 pc: G518 w: Jim Fritzell & Everett Greenbaum d: George Tyne
NOTE: Gary Burghoff appears in this episode as both Radar and his mother.
gs: James Jeter [ Unknown ]
rc: Mulcahy
Radar gets the help of Hawkeye and B.J. to procure something Colonel Potter says he's fond of, but that's hard to come by - tomato juice.
b: 16 Dec 75 pc: G519 w: Larry Gelbart & Gene Reynolds d: Gene Reynolds
gs: Redmond Gleeson [ Sergeant Callan ], Byron Chung [ Korean Soldier ], John Fujioka [ Colonel Kim ], Rollin Moriyama [ Colonel Park ], Lynne Marie Stewart [ Nurse Fox ], Gwen Farrell [ Nurse Able ]
rc: Mulcahy
Radar writes home to his mother, as Hawkeye conducts the camp foot inspection, and Colonel Potter gets some shrapnel in his backside.
b: 23 Dec 75 pc: G515 w: Everett Greenbaum & Jim Fritzell d: Alan Alda
NOTE: This is the first of 4 appearances by Lynne Marie Stewart, as various Nurses. The last appearance is in episode 122.
gs: Joe Morton [ Captain Saunders ], John Volstad [ Unknown ], George Simmons [ Unknown ], William Grant [ Unknown ]
rc: Mulcahy
Potter decides Frank would be less of a pain if the others were friendlier to him; they oblige, with some startling results.
b: 6 Jan 75 pc: G522 w: Everett Greenbaum & Jim Fritzell d: Gene Reynolds
"Hawkeye"
gs: Phillip Ahn [ The Father ], Shizuko Hoshi [ The Mother ], Susan Sakimoto [ Unknown ], Jun Kim [ The Pregnant Woman ], Jayleen Sun [ Younger Son ], Jeff Osaka [ Young Son ]
Hawkeye is injured in a jeep accident and, aware he has a concussion, babbles to a Korean family to keep himself awake.
b: 13 Jan 76 pc: G520 w: Larry Gelbart & Simon Muntner d: Larry Gelbart
NOTE: Of the regular cast, only Hawkeye appears in this episode.
gs: George O'Hanlon Jr. [ Reald Phelan ], Kevin Hagen [ Colonel T.K. Coner ], Lynnette Mettey [ Nurse Able ], Richard Lee Sung [ Auction Bidder ], Ray Poss
rc: Mulcahy
Frank tries to distinguish himself by selling the camp garbage, but it's Hawkeye who finds a use for it: he dumps it on a troublesome Colonel Coner.
b: 20 Jan 76 pc: G521 w: John Regier & Gary Markowitz d: Burt Metcalfe
NOTE: This is the last of 6 appearances by Lynnette Mettey, as various Nurses. The first was episode 17.
gs: Ned Wilson [ Colonel Miles Carmichael ], Patricia Stevens [ Nurse ]
rc: Zale, Mulcahy
Frank has Hawkeye up on charges of mutiny, for various infractions when Potter was away on leave, and Frank was the C.O. The Judge Advocate, Colonel Carmichael, tries the case.
b: 27 Jan 76 pc: G523 w: Burt Prlutsky d: Harry Morgan
NOTE: Margaret does not appear in this episode. This is the first of 9 episodes directed by Harry Morgan. His last was episode 250.
"Smilin' Jack"
gs: Robert Hogan [ Firt Lt. 'Smilin' Jack Mitchell ], Dennis Kort [ Corporal Howard W. Owens ], Michael A. Salcido [ Unknown ], Alba Francesca [ Unknown ]
The 4077th turns up a sick helicopter pilot, 'Smilin' Jack, who doesn't want to quit, and a twice-wounded GI who does.
b: 3 Feb 76 pc: G508 w: Larry Gelbart & Simon Muntner d: Charles S. Dubin
NOTE: This is the first of 44 episodes directed by Charles S. Dubin. The last is episode 254.
gs: Blythe Danner [ Nurse Carlye Breslin ], Mary Jo Catlett [ Nurse Becky Walsh ]
rc: Mulcahy
Hawkeye is reunited with a woman he thought was out of his life forever, but who never altogether leaves.
b: 10 Feb 76 pc: G524 w: Larry Gelbart & Gene Reynolds
NOTE: Neither Frank or Margaret appear in this episode.
gs: Lois Foraker [ Nurse Able ], Albert Hall [ Corporal ], Anthony Palmer [ The Sergeant ], Tom Ruben [ P.F.C. ], Kario Salem [ The Youngster ], Lynne Marie Stewart [ Nurse Plummer ]
rc: Mulcahy
A sudden deluge of wounded at the 4077th is followed by a fire and a rainstorm which makes matters difficult for the staff.
b: 17 Feb 76 pc: G516 w: Larry Gelbart & Simon Muntner d: William Jurgensen
"Bug Out (1)"
gs: Richard Lee Sung [ Cho Man Chin ], Frances Fong [ Rosie ], Don Eitner [ Captain ], Barry Cahill [ Helicopter Pilot ], Peter Zapp [ Unknown ], James Lough [ Enlisted Man ], Eileen Saki [ Korean Woman ], Ko-Ko Tani [ Unknown ]
After a rumor grows out of proportion, the 4077th moves out, assured that the Chinese are about to attack. Hawkeye, B.J., and Hot Lips remain behind as they are in the middle of critical surgery. All is well when the Chinese are pushed back and the unit returns.
b: 21 Sep 76 pc: U801 w: Jim Fritzell & Everett Greenbaum d: Gene Reynolds
NOTE: This was the first of 7 appearances by James Lough, in various roles. The last appearance is in episode 242. Eileen Saki appears here as a Korean Woman, but between episodes 171 and 226 she appears 7 times as Rosie, the bar owner.
Originally broadcast as part of a 60-minute episode.
"Bug Out (2)"
gs: Richard Lee Sung [ Cho Man Chin ], Frances Fong [ Rosie ], Don Eitner [ Captain ], Barry Cahill [ Helicopter Pilot ], Peter Zapp [ Unknown ], James Lough [ Enlisted Man ], Eileen Saki [ Korean Woman ], Ko-Ko Tani [ Unknown ]
After a rumor grows out of proportion, the 4077th moves out, assured that the Chinese are about to attack. Hawkeye, B.J., and Hot Lips remain behind as they are in the middle of critical surgery. All is well when the Chinese are pushed back and the unit returns.
b: 21 Sep 76 pc: U802 w: Jim Fritzell & Everett Greenbaum d: Gene Reynolds
NOTE: Originally broadcast as part of a 60-minute episode.
Margaret, calling from Tokyo, holds the camp in suspense until she returns with the news of her engagement to Lieutenant Colonel Donald Penobscott. Frank Burns takes the news hard and arrests a Korean family as spies.
b: 28 Sep 76 pc: U803 w: Gary Markowitz d: Alan Alda
NOTE: Neither Klinger or Mulcahy appear in this episode.
gs: Tom Sullivan [ Tom Straw ], Judy Farrell [ Nurse Able ], Dudley Knight [ Major Overman ], Michael Cedar [ Unknown ], Bobbie Mitchell [ Lt. Gage ]
rc: Kellye, Bigelow
While fixing a stove that explodes, Hawkeye's face is badly burned. His eyes are bandaged, and it is not known if he will ever see again. Meanwhile Frank bets on the outcome of a baseball game, which he has already heard on the radio. After much tension in the camp the bandages come off, and happily, Hawkeye can see again. Hawkeye: "It was a lucky thing. First I got a chance to see without my eyes, and then I got them back."
b: 5 Oct 76 pc: U806 w: Ken Levine & David Isaacs d: Gene Reynolds
NOTE: This is the first of 17 episodes written by Levine and Isaacs, occasionally joined by other writers. The last were episodes 177 & 178. This is the last of 15 appearances by Bobbie Mitchell, as various Nurses. The first was episode 20. This is the first of 7 appearances by Judy Farrell, as Nurse Able. Her last appearance is in the final episode; however, she often appears in a non-speaking role in other episodes.
gs: Sandy Kenyon [ Master Sergeant Woodruff ], Raymond Chao [ Korean Boy ], Lynne Marie Stewart [ Nurse Baker ]
rc: Zale, Igor
Following an offer of promotion made by Master Sergeant Woodruff at a poker game, Radar is promoted to the rank of lieutenant. Finding this position awkward, Radar opts to return to his position as an enlisted man.
b: 12 Oct 76 pc: U805 w: Everett Greenbaum & Jim Fritzell d: Alan Rafkin
"The Nurses"
gs: Linda Kelsey [ Nurse Baker ], Gregory Harrison [ Lt. Tony Baker ], Mary Jo Catlett [ Nurse Mary Jo Walsh ], Carol Lawson Locatell [ Nurse Gaynor ], Patricia Sturges [ Nurse Preston ]
When Hot Lips confines Nurse Baker to her quarters, little does she know that Baker's husband has arrived in the camp. Hawkeye and B.J. put them together in Hot Lips' tent, telling everyone that a quarantined patient has been placed there. When Hot Lips discovers what has happened, she breaks down and refuses to press charges. Margaret (to the nurses): "Did you ever once show me any friendship? Ever ask my help in a personal problem? Include me in one of your little bull sessions? Can you imagine how it feels to walk by this tent, and hear your laughter, and know that I'm not welcome? When did one of you ever even offer me a lousy cup of coffee?"
b: 19 Oct 76 pc: U809 w: Linda Bloodworth d: Joan Darling
gs: Jay Fenichel [ Patient ], Jun Kim [ Korean Woman ], Le Quynh [ Korean Husband ], Jon Yune [ Korean Translator ], Susan Bredhoff [ Nurse Able ], Lynne Marie Stewart [ Nurse Baker ]
rc: Flagg
After hearing that North Korean prisoners have been released in the area, everyone is upset when Margaret disappears. Colonel Flagg is called in to investigate, and bungles things in his usual manner. Finally Hot Lips returns, after helping in the birth of a Korean baby.
b: 26 Oct 76 pc: U808 w: Allan Katz & Don Reo s: Gene Reynolds d: Gene Reynolds
gs: Charles Frank [ Captain Hathaway ], Bart Breverman [ Private Habib ], Sal Viscuso [ Patient John ], J. Andrew Kenny [ Patient ], Jennifer Davis [ Nurse ]
rc: Sidney
Sidney Freedman, feeling depressed, visits the 4077th to observe how they fare under the pressures of war. He begins a letter to Sigmund Freud as a form of self-therapy, and releases his tension in the form of a practical joke with B.J., aimed at Frank Burns. Freedman: "If there's a way to preserve your sanity in wartime, they've found it here. They slide their patched-up patients into the evac ambulance like loaves in a bread truck, and yet they never forget those packages are people."
b: 9 Nov 76 pc: U810 w: Alan Alda d: Alan Alda
NOTE: This is the first of 8 appearances by Jennifer Davis, as various Nurses. She also appeared in non-speaking roles in other episodes. Her last appearance was in the final episode.
Sal Viscuso who portrayed Patient John in this episode, actually appeared in this series quite a bit. He was the uncredited voice of the P.A. Announcer.
"Mulcahy's War"
gs: Brian Byers [ Pt. Fitzsimmons ], Ric Mancini [ Sergeant Hodkey ], Richard Foronjy [ Sergeant ], Ray Poss [ Unknown ]
After Frank discovers that Danny Fitzsimmons has shot himself to get out of combat, Father Mulcahy is called in. Realizing his lack of understanding of the fighting, Mulcahy accompanies Radar to an aid station, where they encounter the real war at first hand. Mulcahy performs an emergency tracheotomy, guided by Hawkeye over the radio.
b: 16 Nov 76 pc: U812 w: Richard Cogan d: George Tyne
"The Korean Surgeon"
gs: Soon-Teck Oh [ Dr. Syn Paik ], Robert Ito [ North Korean ], Larry Hama [ North Korean ], Richard Russell Ramos [ Unknown ], Dennis Troy [ Unknown ]
When Dr. Syn Paik, a North Korean surgeon, arrives with some wounded, he is passed off as a South Korean by Hawkeye and B.J., but to no avail. Hot Lips and Frank try to convince Potter that Paik is a spy. Paik, Hawkeye, and B.J. agree that it would be in the interest of all for Syn to leave. Hawkeye: "Maybe they'd be interested in an exchange. We could keep Paik and give them Frank..."
b: 23 Nov 76 pc: U814 w: Bill Idelson d: Gene Reynolds
"Hawkeye Get Your Gun"
gs: Mako [ Major Choi ], Richard Doyle [ M.P. ], Jae Woo Lee [ Korean Guard ], Thomas Botosan [ Sergeant ], Phyllis Katz [ Nurse Able ], Carmine Scelza [ Corpsman ]
After 24 hours of surgery, Hawkeye and Potter venture off to a Korean hospital to lend a hand. Hawkeye is appalled to learn that he must carry a gun. After helping the Koreans, they are shelled on the way back. They scramble from the jeep before it is shelled, and Potter urges Hawkeye to shoot in self-defense, against Hawkeye's will.
b: 30 Nov 76 pc: U813 w: Jay Folb s: Gene Reynolds & Jay Folb d: William Jurgensen
NOTE: This is the first of 4 appearances by Phyllis Katz, as various Nurses, here final appearance being in episode 164.
"The Colonel's Horse"
While Colonel Potter goes to Tokyo on R&R, his horse develops colic. Klinger becomes chronically depressed, and Hot Lips gets appendicitis. The horse is flushed out with a hose, Hawkeye and B.J. perform an appendectomy on Hot Lips, and all are well when Potter returns, except Klinger. Potter offers Klinger a discharge for severe depression, and Klinger gets very excited, which loses him the discharge.
b: 7 Dec 76 pc: U811 w: Jim Fritzell & Everett Greenbaum d: Burt Metcalfe
"Exorcism"
gs: Virginia Ann Lee [ Kyong Ja ], James Canning [ Corporal Marsh ], Phillip Ahn [ Korean Grandfather ]
After Potter orders Radar to move a Korean spirit post believed to ward off evil spirits, things mysteriously begin to go wrong. When an old Korean man is brought into camp for medical attention, he refuses surgery unless the spirits in the camp are exorcised. A priestess is brought in, who exhibits her dance and her bells and chants. All is well, and Radar returns the spirit post to its original position.
b: 14 Dec 76 pc: U815 w: Jay Folb s: Gene Reynolds & Jay Folb d: Alan Alda
gs: Patricia Stevens [ Nurse ], Sean Roche [ Pt. Burke ]
rc: Sidney
After Hawkeye bemoans the young age of the wounded, he appears to develop problems. Sleepwalking and bad dreams, according to Sidney Freedman, are taking Hawkeye back to a simple time, but the horrors of war continue to intrude. After Sidney's assurances that he is as sane as can be, Hawkeye's life once again seems to settle down.
b: 21 Dec 76 pc: U804 w: Burt Prelutsky d: Burt Metcalfe
"The Most Unforgettable Characters"
rc: Igor
Radar gets accepted into the "Famous Las Vegas Writers School", and begins to write his impressions of the camp. It happens to be Frank's birthday, so Hawkeye and B.J. stage a fight with each other to make Frank happy. Radar: "Dear Mum, I gave up the writing course on account I found out I can write better as myself than as Hemingway, O'Neill, or any of those other bums. Simplistically yours, Walter."
b: 4 Jan 77 pc: U818 w: Ken Levine & David Isaacs d: Burt Metcalfe
"38 Across"
gs: Dick O'Neill [ Admiral Prescott ], Oliver Clark [ Lt. Tippi Brooks ], Ron Kohlman [ Shapiro ], Momo Yashima [ Korean Mother ], Bill Shinkal [ Chinese Patient ], Rex Knowles [ American Patient ], Gwen Farrell [ Anaesthetist ]
Befuddled by a crossword puzzle, Hawkeye persuades Potter to get his old friend Tippy Brooks, a whiz at puzzles, brought to camp. Tippy arrives with his commanding officer, thinking it's a medical emergency. Having scrubbed up and helped out with the wounded they provided the needed solution to the puzzle.
b: 11 Jan 77 pc: U821 w: Jim Fritzell & Everett Greenbaum d: Burt Metcalfe
gs: Richard Narita [ Cho Lin ], Frank Maxwell ]Lt. Colonel Harold Becket ], Sachito Penny Lee [ Soony ], Robert Phalen [ Blanchard ]
rc: Goldman, Bigelow
Lieutenant Colonel Harold Beckett lies wounded in post-op waiting to get back to the front for thirty more days of combat duty to get his promotion. Meanwhile, Cho Lin, the Ping Pong champ, is engaged to Soony. He leaves to get her a ring, when the South Korean army conscripts him. He arrives at the 4077th as a wounded soldier, and after being patched up he is married at the camp.
b: 18 Jan 77 pc: U817 w: Sid Dorfman d: William Jurgensen
gs: Henry Brown [ Billy Tyler ], Peter D. Green [ Medic ], James Lough [ Felix Kornhaus ], Greg Mabrey [ Wounded Soldier ], Tom Tarpey [ Battalion Surgeon ]
rc: Zale
Billy Tyler, a young black sergeant, is brought into camp with a bullet wound in the leg. He is a football player, and when he discovers that his leg has been amputated, he wants to die. After talks with Radar, Billy agrees that he must live on.
b: 25 Jan 77 pc: U816 w: John D. Hess d: Harry Morgan
"Hanky Panky"
gs: Ann Sweeney [ Nurse Carrie Donovan ]
Nurse Carrie Donovan receives a "Dear Jane" letter from her husband, and practically falls apart. B.J. consoles her, and they spend the night together. Feelings of guilt come over B.J. until he discusses them with Donovan and the air is cleared.
b: 1 Feb 77 pc: U822 w: Gene Reynolds d: Gene Reynolds
NOTE: Mulcahy did not appear in this episode.
"Hepatitis"
gs: Barbara James [ Anaesthetist ]
Father Mulcahy comes down with infectious hepatitis, and Hawkeye has to give the whole camp antibiotics, whilst dealing with a psychosomatic back pain. Meanwhile, B.J. has to perform a very difficult operation.
b: 8 Feb 77 pc: U823 w: Alan Alda d: Alan Alda
"The General's Practitioner"
gs: Ed Binns [ General Korshack ], Leonard Stone [ Colonel Bidwell ], Susie Elene [ Mae Ping ], Larry Wilcox [ Mulligan
In the midst of Hawkeye being considered, much to his distaste, for the position of a general's personal physician, Radar becomes a surrogate father to a Korean woman and her baby, until the baby's GI father returns.
b: 15 Feb 77 pc: U807 w: Burt Prelutsky d: Alan Rafkin
gs: Judy Farrell [ Nurse Able ], Jeffrey Kramer [ I-Corps Driver ], Carmine Scelza [ Corpsman ]
rc: Kellye, Ginger, Bigelow
As a cure for the increased tension at the 4077th, Potter obtains a copy of his favorite film, " My Darling Clementine ", and makes a social event out of it. As the film continues to break, tensions rise, until Mulcahy plays the piano, Radar does his impersonations, and everyone acts out scenes from the film.
b: 22 Feb 74 pc: U824 w: Gene Reynolds, Don Reo, Allan Katz & Jay Folb d: Burt Metcalfe
"Souvenirs"
gs: Michael Bell [ Willie Stratton ], Brian Dennehy [ M.P. Ernie Connors ], Scott Mulhem [ Andy Cooper ], Jun Kim [ Korean Woman ], Crandal Jue [ Korean Boy ], Alvin Kim [ Korean Boy ]
Korean children and American soldiers are often badly wounded when they hunt for souvenirs which the enemy have booby-trapped. Potter asks for it to stop, and Hawkeye and B.J. put a local junk dealer out of business.
b: 1 Mar 77 pc: U819 w: Burt Prelutsky s: Burt Prelutsky & Reinhold Weege d: Joshua Shelley
"Post Op"
gs: Hilly Hicks [ Corporal Moody ], Andy Romano [ Sergeant Justiss ], Sal Viscuso [ Sergeant McGill ], Richard Beauchamp [ Corporal Robello ], Alan McRae [ Corporal Nessen ], Gary Springer [ Pt. Garvin ], Andrew Bloch [ Pt. Gordon ], John-Anthony Bailey [ Pt. Whitney ], Daniel Zippe [ Pt. Corey ], Zito Gazzan [ Sergeant Attias ], Judy Farrell [ Nurse Able ]
rc: Kellye
In the midst of a deluge of patients and their individual medical histories, the 4077th is out of blood. Everyone in camp is donating at 48-hour intervals when a truckload of Turkish soldiers arrives to offer their blood and save the day. Moody: "When I was a kid, I used to fight all the time when people put me down. I believed what they said about me. Not any more. I've been up on the line. I had the guts to go out there and drag 'em back to the aid station. No one's gonna get me again with any verbal abuse because I got something guys like that will never have - self-respect."
b: 8 Mar 77 pc: U825 w: Ken Levine & David Isaacs s: Gene Reynolds & Jay Folb d: Gene Reynolds
NOTE: Neither Radar or Mulcahy appear in this episode.
gs: Beeson Carroll [ Lt. Colonel Donald Penobscott ], Judy Farrell [ Nurse Able ], Patricia Stevens [ Nurse Baker ], Lynne Marie Stewart [ Nurse Clark ], Ray Poss
rc: Kelly, Ginger
Prompted by pressure from Frank, Hot Lips sets a date for her marriage to Donald Penobscott. When Donald arrives in camp, a bridal shower and bachelor party is given. When he has passed out drunk, Hawkeye and B.J. place Donald in a body cast and convince him that he has broken his leg. The ceremony is performed and Donald and Hot Lips leave for a week's honeymoon in Tokyo. Frank: "No ring. No wedding date. I think it's 'thanks for the buggy ride.'"
b: 15 Mar 77 pc: U820 w: Everett Greenbaum & Jim Fritzell d: Gene Reynolds
NOTE: This is the last of 4 appearances by Lynne Marie Stewart, as various Nurses. The first appearance was in episode 89.
"Fade Out, Fade In (1)"
gs: Kimiko Hiroshige [ Korean Woman ], James Lough [ Driver ], Raymond Singer [ Dr. Berman ], Tom Stovall [ The Sergeant ], Rick Hurst [ Schaeffer ], Robert Symonds [ Colonel Horace Baldwin ], William Flatley [ M.P. Sergeant ], Joseph Burns [ Joseph Burns ], Barbara James [ Nurse ]
After Margaret leaves for her honeymoon, Frank becomes very distraught, so Potter sends him on R&R. All throughout a deluge of casualties, the 4077th receives reports of a Frank Burns gone berserk. Potter calls Tokyo and requests a replacement surgeon. Major Charles Emerson Winchester III is assigned to the 4077th. Frank Burns is apprehended, promoted, and transferred to a VA hospital in Indiana. Winchester is made a permanent part of the 4077th staff, much to his chagrin.
b: 20 Sep 77 pc: Y101 w: Jim Fritzell & Everett Greenbaum d: Hy Averback
NOTE: Robert Symonds will reprise the role of Colonel Baldwin, Winchester's tormentor, in episode 211.
Originally broadcast as part of a 60-minute episode.
"Fade Out, Fade In (2)"
gs: Kimiko Hiroshige [ Korean Woman ], James Lough [ Driver ], Raymond Singer [ Dr. Berman ], Tom Stovall [ The Sergeant ], Rick Hurst [ Schaeffer ], Robert Symonds [ Colonel Horace Baldwin ], William Flatley [ M.P. Sergeant ], Joseph Burns [ Joseph Burns ], Barbara James [ Nurse ]
After Margaret leaves for her honeymoon, Frank becomes very distraught, so Potter sends him on R&R. All throughout a deluge of casualties, the 4077th receives reports of a Frank Burns gone berserk. Potter calls Tokyo and requests a replacement surgeon. Major Charles Emerson Winchester III is assigned to the 4077th. Frank Burns is apprehended, promoted, and transferred to a VA hospital in Indiana. Winchester is made a permanent part of the 4077th staff, much to his chagrin.
b: 20 Sep 77 pc: Y102 w: Jim Fritzell & Everett Greenbaum d: Hy Averback
NOTE: Originally broadcast as part of a 60-minute episode.
gs: Frances Fong [ Rosie ], Robin Riker [ Nurse Perry ], Larry Gilman [ G.I. #1 ], Patricia Stevens [ Nurse Baker ], Michael Talbott [ G.I. #2 ]
rc: Goldman
At Hawkeye's suggestion, Radar goes to Seoul to find a woman at the Pink Pagoda. He never gets there because of shelling along the way, when he is injured, and is flown to the 4077th. Hawkeye, feeling tremendous guilt, is unable to perform an operation to save Radar, and is replaced by Potter. Hawkeye and Radar have a falling out as they lose respect for each other's actions. All is well in the end as Hawkeye pins a Purple Heart on Radar after he has recuperated.
b: 27 Sep 77 pc: Y104 w: Alan Alda d: Alan Alda
"Last Laugh"
gs: James Cromwell [ Leo Bardonaro ], Robert Kames [ General Fox ], John Ashton [ M.P. ]
Madness strikes as B.J. and his old friend Bardonaro play a series of practical jokes on each other, just as Bardonaro is about to leave Korea. Hawkeye gets the last laugh. He sends Bardonaro off without his traveling papers, and in a jeep with too little gas.
b: 4 Oct 77 pc: Y103 w: Everett Greenbaum & Jim Fritzell d: Don Weis
NOTE: Winchester does not appear in this episode.
gs: Michael O'Keefe [ Tom ], Peter Riegert [ Igor ]
rc: Sidney, Zale
The 4077th, caught up in tension and nerves, creates a bonfire to release their pressure. Meanwhile, Sidney Freedman is depressed over a young soldier who blames him for his injuries, because Freedman had sent him back into combat. Tom (to Sidney): "I'll never forget what it felt like being put back in that foxhole, when you knew what I'd been through. I'll never forget having my leg shot off, and I'll never forget how much I hate you. Goodbye, Doctor!" Sidney (to Klinger): "You're a tribute to man's endurance. A monument to hope in size 12 pumps. I hope you do get out someday. There would be a battalion of men in hoop skirts right behind you."
b: 11 Oct 77 pc: Y106 w: Alan Alda d: Alan Alda
"The Winchester Tapes"
gs: Thomas Carter [ Patient ], Kimiko Hiroshige [ Korean Woman ]
Hawkeye tries unsuccessfully to get to Seoul, to see Nurse Gilmore for the weekend. Meanwhile, Winchester has taped a letter home, asking for his influential parents to help get him back to the States. To get even, Hawkeye and B.J. switch Winchester's clothes, causing Winchester to alter his eating patterns.
b: 18 Oct 77 pc: Y107 w: Everett Greenbaum & Jim Fritzell d: Burt Metcalfe
gs: Gary Erwin [ Corporal Dobson ], Philip Baker Hall [ Sergeant Hacker ]
rc: Bigelow
With supplies low, the 4077th gets a truckload of ice cream churns and salt tablets. B.J. receives a mystery novel that everyone in camp reads in turn. The last page is missing and the solution to the mystery is undiscovered until B.J. calls the author by long distance. Winchester: "I'll admit that what I did was inexcusable, maybe not totally. I've gone fourteen hours straight in the OR. And it was dark. But is that any excuse for misreading a label? Not really. If that man had died, his blood would have been on these hands. You could at least acknowledge, Pierce and Hunnicutt, that it takes a courageous man to admit when he's wrong."
b: 25 Oct 77 pc: Y108 w: Burt Prelutsky d: Charles S. Dubin
NOTE: Radar does not appear in this episode.
gs: Kieu Chinh [ Kyung Soon ], Susan Krebs [ Nurse Cleason ], Soorah Ahn [ Korean Man ]
rc: Bigelow
Hawkeye falls in love with Kyong Soon, a Korean woman who is caring for her sick mother and orphaned children. But all hope is lost as Kyong takes her possessions and the children to the south after her mother has died.
b: 1 Nov 77 pc: Y112 w: Alan Alda d: Alan Alda
NOTE: Radar does not appear in this episode.
gs: Philip Ahn [ Mr. Kim ], Noel Toy [ Unknown ], Glen Ash [ Sergeant Maxwell ], Richard Lee Sung [ Unknown ], Tom Dever [ Corporal Boone ], Peter Riegert [ Igor ]
rc: Zale
Charles plans a scheme to get rich when he discovers that blue scrip is going to be exchanged for red. Hawkeye and B.J. outsmart him, and he is left holding the worthless scrip.
b: 8 Nov 77 pc: Y113 w: Laurence Marks d: Don Weis
NOTE: Radar does not appear in this episode.
gs: Susan Blanchard [ Nurse Cooper ], Larry Block [ Eddie Hendrix ], John Durren [ Sergeant Rimmerman ], Joseph Hardin [ Patient ]. Judy Farrell [ Nurse Able ], Rebecca Taylor [ Nurse Campbell ], Carmine Scelza [ G.I. ]
rc: Bigelow
Radar notices a number of tattoos on one of the wounded, and convinces himself that with a tattoo he will be irresistible to women. Everyone tries to discourage him, and he admits to having received a tattoo that will wash off.
b: 15 Nov 77 pc: Y105 w: Burt Prelutsky d: Burt Metcalfe
"The M*A*S*H Olympics"
gs: Mike Henry [ Lt. Colonel Donald Penobscott ], Michael McManus [ Sergeant Ames ]
Realizing how out of shape the 4077th is, Potter decides to hold a camp Olympic competition. The winning team gets a three-day pass, so everyone is excited. Donald Penobscot arrives to see Margaret, and is allowed to substitute for an ailing Klinger. Hawkeye's team wins when Donald runs into a tree, and B.J. must then chauffeur Hawkeye around in a wheelchair for a week.
b: 22 Nov 77 pc: Y111 w: Ken Levine & David Isaacs d: Don Weis
NOTE: Radar does not appear in this episode.
gs: Charles Aidman [ Colonel Victor Bloodworth ], Jerry Hauser [ Danker ]
rc: Kellye
Colonel Victor Bloodworth predicts that 280 wounded will arrive at the 4077th. Hawkeye is antagonized by Bloodworth and shoves him against a wall. Bloodworth presses for a court martial until he becomes one of the wounded and watches Hawkeye saving a soldier's life. Realizing Hawkeye's value as a doctor, Bloodworth drops all charges.
b: 29 Nov 77 pc: Y110 w: Burt Prelutsky d: George Tyne
NOTE: Radar does not appear in this episode.
"Comrades in Arms (1)"
gs: Jon Yune [ North Korean ], James Saito [ South Korean ]
Lost behind enemy lines, Hawkeye and Margaret form a personal truce and seek shelter in a roadside hut.
b: 6 Dec 77 pc: Y116 w: Alan Alda d: Burt Metcalfe
NOTE: Radar does not appear in this episode. This was the first of 4 appearances by James Saito, in various roles. The last appearance was in episode 225.
"Comrades in Arms (2)"
gs: Douglas Rowe [ Aylesworth ], Jon Yune [ North Korean ], James Saito [ South Korean ], Leland Sun [ Korean Squad Leader ]
Margaret and Hawkeye seek solace from enemy fire in each other's arms and end up, briefly, as lovers.
b: 13 Dec 77 pc: Y117 w: Alan Alda d: Alan Alda
NOTE: Radar does not appear in this episode. It is slightly unusual for a two-part episode, as this and the previous episode are, to be directed by two separate people. Normally they are filmed as one episode but edited into two.
"The Merchant of Korea"
rc: Zale
After Charles hands B.J. two hundred dollars, he begins to take advantage. Everyone gets together and persuades Charles to play poker. He has incredible beginner's luck until Radar discovers that Charles whistles loudly when he bluffs. They all win back their money and then some.
b: 20 Dec 77 pc: Y118 w: Ken Levine & David Isaacs d: William Jurgensen
"The Smell of Music"
gs: Jordan Clarke [ Saunders ], Nancy Steen [ Nurse ], Lois Foraker [ Nurse Denver ], Richard Lee Sung [ Sang Nu ]
Charles plays a French horn and drives Hawkeye and B.J. crazy. They refuse to bathe until the French horn playing is stopped. Meanwhile Potter saves the life of a suicidal patient (Clarke). The camp collectively hoses down Hawkeye and B.J. while Margaret has a soldier run over the French horn with a jeep.
b: 3 Jan 78 pc: Y115 w: Jim Fritzell & Everett Greenbaum d: Stuart Miller
NOTE: Radar does not appear in this episode.
gs: Keye Luke [ Mr. Shin ], Brenda Thomson [ Nurse Campbell ], Harry Gold [ Cohen ], Patricia Stevens [ Nurse Baker ]
rc: Zale
In need of a special surgical clamp, Hawkeye and B.J. hire Mr. Shin, a local jewelry dealer, to make it. Days later the clamp is used to save the leg of a wounded soldier. Mr. Shin goes into the surgical supply business.
b: 10 Jan 78 pc: Y114 w: Ken Levine & David Isaacs d: Harry Morgan
NOTE: Radar does not appear in this episode.
"Tea and Empathy"
gs: Bernard Fox [ Major Ross ], Neil Thompson [ Johnson ], Sal Viscuso [ Corporal Benny Bryant ], Neil Hunt [ Enright ], Chris Mulkey [ Soldier ], Chris Winfield [ Whitefield ], Jay Pirelli [ Michaels ]
With British and American casualties heavy, the 4077th's supply of penicillin has been stolen. Father Mulcahy discovers, from Corporal Bryant, the location of some penicillin, and he and Klinger go out in search of it. They are shot at, but safely return with the drug and save the day.
b: 17 Jan 78 pc: Y109 w: Bill Idelson d: Don Weis
gs: Ronny Graham [ Sergeant Gribble ], William Kux [ Patient ], Ken Michelman [ Harker ], Patricia Stevens [ Nurse Baker ]
rc: Zale
With the arrival of a shipment of records, Radar plays the part of a disc jockey and helps to get everyone through the incredibly long deluge of wounded.
b: 24 Jan 78 pc: Y124 w: Ronny Graham d: George Tyne
NOTE: This is the first of 7 episodes written by Ronny Graham, the last being episode 182. Here, he also appears as a drunken blood donor.
"What's Up, Doc?"
gs: Charles Frank [ Lt. Martinson ], Lois Foraker [ Nurse Bell ], Kurt Andon [ Sergeant Whitkow ], Phyllis Katz [ Nurse ]
Hot Lips, believing herself to be pregnant, asks Hawkeye to test her. The only rabbit available is Radar's pet, Fluffy. Hawkeye promises not to kill the rabbit while performing the test. Meanwhile, Greenleigh, a patient, holds Charles and B.J. at gunpoint, demanding he be sent back to Ohio. Greenleigh collapses from loss of blood, and Hot Lips isn't pregnant.
b: 30 Jan 78 pc: Y119 w: Larry Balmagia d: George Tyne
NOTE: This is the last of 4 appearances by Lois Foraker, as various Nurses. The first appearance was in episode 84.
"Mail Call Three"
gs: Oliver Clark [ Captain Ben Pierce ], Jack Grapes [ Kelsey ], Carmine Scelza [ Unknown ], Terri Paul [ Unknown ]
After a delay of three weeks, five sacks of mail arrive, and everyone in camp reacts to good and bad news from home. Hawkeye receives love letters addressed to another Benjamin Pierce, another man has approached B.J.'s wife, and Radar's mom has found a boyfriend. Klinger: "I may not have a family in Toledo, but I got one here."
b: 6 Feb 78 pc: Y121 w: Everett Greenbaum & Jim Fritzell d: Charles S. Dubin
gs: George Lindsey [ Captain Rou Dupree ], Marcia Rodd [ Nurse Lorraine Anderson ]
rc: Bigelow
With a temporary transfer of personnel between the 4077th and the 8063rd, Captain Roy Dupree replaces Hawkeye, whilst Lorraine Anderson makes eyes at Charles. Fearing this to be permanent, Charles and B.J. successfully conspire to have Dupree permanently removed from the 4077th. Charles (to Hawkeye): "God, I'm so glad you're back."
b: 13 Feb 78 pc: Y125 w: Larry Balmagia d: Burt Metcalfe
gs: George Wyner [ Corporal Joe Benson ], Peter Hobbs [ General Waldo Kent ], Ken White [ Corporal Denning ]
rc: Zale
Potter is upset when General Waldo Kent informs him that people in the 4077th are complaining about his leadership. Potter returns to camp and discovers that the complaints are coming from a Corporal Benson, who had been sent by a disturbed Colonel Frank Webster, who had been wounded some months earlier.
b: 20 Feb 78 pc: Y120 w: Laurence Marks d: William Jurgensen
"Dr. Winchester and Mr. Hyde"
gs: Chris Murney [ Remy ], Joe Tornatore [ Sergeant Solita ], Ron Max [ Grich ], Rod Gist [ Chalk ]
Charles takes amphetamines to keep up his energy level, and even drugs Radar's mouse, "Daisy", so that it will win a race against a Marine's mouse, "Sluggo".
b: 27 Feb 78 pc: Y122 w: Ken Levine, David Isaacs & Ronny Graham d: Charles S. Dubin
gs: Hamilton Camp [ Corporal 'Boots' Miller ], Andrew Blach [ Saxton ], Donald Blackwell [ Graham ], Peter Zapp [ Rifkin ], Paul Linke [ Collins ], John Kirby [ Duncan ], Michael Mann [ Sergeant Glassberg ]
rc: Kellye
With the possibility of contaminated morphine, the doctors at the 4077th administer placebos to the patients, which seems to work. Meanwhile, a new soldier, "Boots" Miller, is released on a Section Eight.
b: 27 Mar 78 pc: Y123 w: Allyn Freeman d: Charles S. Dubin
gs: James Lough [ Webster ], Andrew Massett [ Hough ]
rc: Kellye, Bigelow, Baker
Hawkeye undergoes a drastic change when he becomes temporary commander of the 4077th, and learns about the tedious bureaucracy and accompanying headaches that Colonel Potter deals with daily.
b: 18 Sep 78 pc: T404 w: Ronny Graham d: Burt Metcalfe
"Peace On Us"
gs: Don Cummins [ M.P. Guard ], Kevin Hagen [ Major Dean Goss ], Hugh Gillan [ General Tomlin ], Michael LaGuadia [ M.P. Guard ], Rollin Moriyama [ Korean Delegate ], Perren Page [ Driver ], Michael Payne [ M.P. Guard ]
Hawkeye becomes so disgusted with the stalled Panmunjon peace talks that he impulsively takes matters into his own hands, and goes to the meetings to lend a hand. Hawkeye: "Peace talks! I love it! They talk, and we get blown to pieces. The four or five eternities I've spent putting kids back together gives me the right to complain about this lousy, crummy, stinking war."
b: 25 Sep 78 pc: T401 w: Ken Levine & David Isaacs d: George Tyne
NOTE: This is the first of 5 appearances by Perren Page, in various roles. His last appearance is in episode 229.
"Lil"
gs: Carmen Matthews [ Colonel Lillian Rayburn ], Perren Page
Colonel Potter strikes up a warm friendship with a visiting Eighth Army head nurse, Lil Rayburn, a regular Army type of his own age and interests. But Radar reacts huffily, thinking his commanding officer has more than just friendship on his mind.
b: 2 Oct 78 pc: T406 w: Sheldon Bull d: Burt Metcalfe
"Our Finest Hour (1) b&w"
gs: Clete Roberts [ Himself ]
Newscaster Clete Roberts, reprising an earlier interview appearance, returns to update Korean War conditions, when he conducts a series of television talks with the leading characters of the 4077th. Roberts: "Captain Pierce, when you leave here, what memories will you take with you." Pierce: "That's easy. The face of every kid who comes through here."
b: 9 Oct 78 pc: T408 w: Ken Levine, David Isaacs, Larry Balmagia & Ronny Graham d: Burt Metcalfe
NOTE: This was the second appearance by Clete Roberts, as himself, interviewing the M*A*S*H personnel. The previous appearance was in episode 97.
Originally broadcast as part of a 60-minute episode.
"Our Finest Hour (2) b&w"
gs: Clete Roberts [ Himself ]
Newscaster Clete Roberts, reprising an earlier interview appearance, returns to update Korean War conditions, when he conducts a series of television talks with the leading characters of the 4077th. Roberts: "Captain Pierce, when you leave here, what memories will you take with you." Pierce: "That's easy. The face of every kid who comes through here."
b: 9 Oct 78 pc: T409 w: Ken Levine, David Isaacs, Larry Balmagia & Ronny Graham d: Burt Metcalfe
NOTE: Originally broadcast as part of a 60-minute episode.
gs: Kevin Geer [ Sergeant Jerry Nielsen ]
rc: Sidney
Charles becomes so irate, when he is turned down for a future medical position at home, that he refuses to talk to anyone in the unit, until Hawkeye and B.J. send him a false telegram from home. Meanwhile, a young soldier, Jerry Wilson, can't remember his own identity, so Sidney Freedman is called for help.
b: 16 Oct 78 pc: T405 w: Ken Levine & David Isaacs d: Alan Alda
gs: Ted Gehring [ Sergeant Clifford Rhoden ], Mic Rodgers [ Private ]
rc: Zale, Igor, Kellye, Baker
The oppressive Korean heat gets to everyone, especially Klinger, who responds to the conditions with an ingenious scheme to affect a discharge. Meanwhile, Hawkeye and B.J. are secretly gloating over their newly arrived remedy for the weather, a collapsible bathtub, until they realize that if word gets out it could spoil their fun. Radar has his tonsils removed.
b: 23 Oct 78 pc: T410 w: Ken Levine, David Isaacs & Jonny Bonaduce d: Tony Mordente
"They Call the Wind Korea"
gs: Tom Dever [ M.P. ], Paul Cavonis [ Sergeant Cutrifiosis ], Randy Stumpf [ Greek Soldier ], Enid Kent [ Nurse Bigelow ]
A strong windstorm affects the M*A*S*H personnel in varying ways: Hawkeye and most of the unit busy themselves securing items that could blow away; Radar prepares his animal hutch for the worst; a disgusted Charles switches his Tokyo-leave transportation from air to ground, and runs into a difficult medical situation en route to Seoul. Charles: "Be it ever so crumbling, there's no place like home."
b: 30 Oct 78 pc: T407 w: Ken Levine & David Isaacs d: Charles S. Dubin
NOTE: This is the last of 6 appearances by Tom Dever, in various roles. The first was episode 27.
gs: Greg Mullavey [ Captain Tom Greenleigh ], David Dean [ Pt. Sutton ], Patricia Stevens [ Duty Nurse ], Phyllis Katz [ Triage Nurse ], Frank Pettinger [ Anaesthetist ]
rc: Kellye, Goldman
Charles assumes heroic proportions after reviving a dying patient with heart massage, and he becomes more insufferable than ever when a photojournalist from Stars and Stripes, Tom Greenleigh, arrives to publicize his medical prowess. Hawkeye (to Charles): "You're pompous, arrogant, and a total bore. But you're all right!"
b: 6 Nov 78 pc: T412 w: Larry Balmagia d: Alan Alda
NOTE: Radar does not appear in this episode. This is the last of 15 appearances by Patricia Stevens, as various nurses. The first appearance was in episode 41.
gs: Terry Wills [ Driver ], Teck Murdoch [ Patient ], David Cramer [ Patient ]
rc: Baker
While everyone is complaining about the record cold snap, Charles becomes the most unpopular man in camp, when his parents send him a winter-ized polar suit that he insists on flaunting in front of everyone.
b: 13 Nov 78 pc: T403 w: Gary David Goldberg d: George Tyne
gs: Brad Gorman [ Russell ], Marc Baxley [ The Sergeant ], Edward Gallardo [ Medic 1 ], Hank Ross [ Ferguson ], David Stafford [ The Soldier ], Paul Tuerpe [ Medic II ]
rc: Baker
In this unique episode, the camera becomes the eyes of a young wounded soldier. It records his sensory responses to being wounded, flown by helicopter to the 4077th, examined, operated on, and treated in post-operation.
b: 20 Nov 78 pc: T415 w: Ken Levine & David Isaacs d: Charles S. Dubin
"Dear Comrade"
gs: Sab Shimono [ Kwang ], Larry Block [ Cimoli ], Robert Clotworthy [ Pt. Welch ], Todd Davis [ Latimer ], David Dozer [ Groves ], James Saito [ Korean Soldier ], Dennis Troy [ Corpsman #1 ], Laurie Bates [ Surgical Nurse ], Wayne Long [ Corpsman #2 ]
Hawkeye and B.J. discover that Charles is living the life of Riley, thanks to the attentions of his menially paid Korean servant, Comrade Park, a man of unusual skills. He has an important contribution to make - a native remedy for a seemingly insoluble medical problem.
b: 27 Nov 78 pc: T413 w: Tom Reeder d: Charles S. Dubin
NOTE: Radar does not appear in this episode.
gs: Justin Lord [ harkness ], Byron Chung [ Myung ], George Claiborne [ Phelan ]
rc: Zale
Heavy casualties are arriving, creating severe problems for the M*A*S*H unit because they are nearly out of Pentothal. Mulcahy takes up a collection from everyone - including a case of wine from Charles' private supply - and he and Charles take the jeep to make a trade with the black marketers for Pentothal.
b: 4 Dec 78 pc: T411 w: Tom Reeder d: Mel Damski
gs: Peter Palmer [ Captain Toby Hill ]
rc: Kellye
Father Mulcahy takes being passed over for promotion philosophically until he hears of the rapid advancement made by a heroic helicopter pilot. Then his uncharacteristically bold actions stun Colonel Potter and the entire company.
b: 11 Dec 78 pc: T414 w: Ronny Graham d: Charles S. Dubin
NOTE: Radar does not appear in this episode.
gs: Lawrason Driscoll [ Lt. Forrester ], Patrick Driscoll [ Patient ], W. Perron Page [ Driver ], Jo Ann Thompson [ Nurse ]
rc: Kellye, Igor
Father Mulcahy writes a pre-Christmas letter to his sister, who is a nun. He recounts his frustrations at not being more effective at the 4077th.
b: 18 Dec 78 pc: T417 w: Alan Alda d: Alan Alda
gs: Dick O'Neill [ General Marion Prescott ], Michael Aragon [ Kim ], Chao Li Chi [ Father ], Stephen Keep [ General's Aide ], Richard Forukawa [ Unknown ], Shizuko Hoshi [ Mother ]
rc: Zale
B.J. almost becomes the surrogate father to a Korean family. Finding them a substitute for his own absent family, B.J. spends so much time with them that his medical efficiency begins to suffer, and Hawkeye worries about his health. B.J.: "First they take me from my wife and kid, and just when I find something to help fill the gap, they take that away, too."
b: 1 Jan 79 pc: T402 w: Larry Balmagia d: James Sheldon
gs: Mariette Hartley [ Dr. Inga Helversen ], Phyllis Katz [ Nurse ], Mark Favara [ Patient ]
rc: Kellye
It's instant attraction for Hawkeye when a beautiful Swedish doctor, called Inga, arrives to observe combat surgery. That is, until she upstages him in the operating room with a superior technique, and his ego is bruised.
b: 8 Jan 79 pc: T420 w: Alan Alda d: Alan Alda
NOTE: Radar does not appear in this episode. This is the last of 4 appearances by Phyllis Katz, as various Nurses, her first appearance being in episode 108.
gs: Miko Mayama [ Sun ], Yuki Shimoda [ Cho Pak ], Ken Mochizuki [ Ham ], Dennis Sakamoto [ R.O.K. Officer ], Leich Kim [ R.O.K. Soldier ]
rc: Zale, Igor
The 4077th is confronted by two crises: Colonel Potter's mare, Sophie, mysteriously disappears from her corral, and Hawkeye and B.J. find themselves with a young Korean boy on their hands, who is trying to avoid conscription into the Army.
b: 15 Jan 79 pc: T418 w: Erik Tarloff d: Charles S. Dubin
gs: James Canning [ Captain Ralph Simmons ]
rc: Kellye
A lecture on the latest techniques by a young surgeon from Tokyo, and a later demonstration of his surgical skill, turns Winchester into a drunk and Potter into an invalid, whilst bringing home to Hawkeye and B.J. that they are out of touch with new medical practices.
b: 22 Jan 79 pc: T421 w: Mitch Markowitz d: William Jurgensen
gs: Walter Brooke [ General Lyle Weiskopf ], Peggy Lee Brennan [ Lt. Linda Nugent ]
rc: Kellye, Bigelow, Baker
Radar, who is smitten with the cute new nurse, Linda Nugent, relies on Hawkeye's expertise on how to cope with the situation. Hot Lips, meanwhile, celebrates her just-granted divorce by taking a step that arouses Colonel Potter's ire.
b: 29 Jan 79 pc: T419 w: Larry Balmagia & Bernard Dilbert d: Charles S. Dubin
gs: Basil Hoffman [ Bartruff ], Mark Taylor [ O'Malley ], Charles Jenkins [ Pt. Lovett ], Jennifer Davis [ Nurse ]
rc: Bigelow
The 4077th evacuation to a nearby cave to, avoid U.S. artillery fire on a Chinese target, poses problems for Hawkeye, who has a claustrophobia problem that Colonel Potter is unaware of. On the other hand, Margaret hates loud noises. And then there's the problem of a seriously wounded soldier...
b: 5 Feb 79 pc: T423 w: Larry balmagia & Ronny Graham d: William Jurgensen
NOTE: Radar does not appear in this episode.
gs: Jerry Fujikawa [ Hung Pak ], Neil Thompson [ Basgall ], Bob Okazaki [ Doo Pak ], James Lough [ M.P. ]
rc: Flagg, Goldman
The sinister Colonel Flagg pops up at the 4077th again, playing his usual spy games, convinced that Hawkeye is a communist sympathizer, after he saves the life of a North Korean soldier. Also, an American soldier is less than impressed.
b: 14 Feb 79 pc: T425 w: Mitch Markowitz d: Harry Morgan
NOTE: Margaret does not appear in this episode.
gs: James Wainwright [ Colonel Bingham Lacy ], Larry Flash Jenkins [ Pt. North ]
rc: Igor
The number of arriving wounded has increased because of a careless Colonel Lacy. Hawkeye slips Lacy something to make him ill and removes his appendix, despite the strong protests of B.J. Hawkeye (to B.J.): "I hate myself right now. I hate me, I hate you, I hate my whole life here. But if I can get this maniac off the line by a simple appendectomy, then at least I can hate myself with a clear conscience."
b: 19 Feb 79 pc: T416 w: Tom Reeder d: Tony Mordente
gs: Jim Burk [ M.P. ], Keye Luke [ Cho Kim ], Joshua Bryant [ Sergeant Jack Scully ], Joe Di Reda [ Major Frank Dorsett ], Richard Lee Sung [ Ham Kim ], Jennifer Davis [ Nurse ], Jo Ann Thompson [ Nurse ], UNKNOWN [ M.P. Jordan ]
rc: Kellye, Rosie
Hawkeye, B.J., and their medical cohorts find a new way to escape the depressing atmosphere of the war, remaining at Rosie's Bar, much to the displeasure of Colonel Potter.
b: 26 Feb 79 pc: T426 w: Ken Levine & David Isaacs d: Burt Metcalfe
NOTE: This is the first time Eileen Saki appears as Rosie. She appeared once before, as an unnamed Korean Woman, in episode 98. This is the first of 13 appearances by Jo Ann Thompson, as various Nurses. Her last appearance is in the final episode.
gs: Kit McDonough [ Lt. Debbie Clarke ], Sylvia Cjang [ Sooni ], Michael Williams [ Patient ], Judy Farrell [ Nurse Able ]
rc: Rosie
The impossible happens for the snobbish Charles when he shares an emotional experience with Klinger, who discovers a U.S. nurse, Debbie, finds him and his bizarre attire attractive, while Charles succumbs to the exotic charms of a Korean girl, called Sooni, who he meets at Rosie's Bar.
b: 5 Mar 79 pc: T422 w: Ken Levine & David Isaacs d: Mike Farrell
NOTE: Radar does not appear in this episode. This was the first of 4 episodes directed by Mike Farrell. He also wrote or co-wrote five episodes.
gs: Burt Metcalfe [ Driver ]
rc: Kellye
Talk of a post-war reunion suggests an idea to B.J.: planning a present-day stateside gathering of 4077th families, a scheme he continues to promote even under the duress of "bugging out" in the wake of a Chinese breakthrough.
b: 12 Mar 79 pc: T424 w: Burt Metcalfe & Alan Alda d: Burt Metcalfe
"Too Many Cooks"
gs: John Randolph [ Genral Bud Haggerty ], Ed Begley Jr. [ Pt. Paul Conway ], Gary Burghoff [ Corporal Walter 'Radar' O'Reilly ], UNKNOWN [ Nurse ]
A clumsy foot soldier, 'Look out below' Conway, finds the quickest way to the crew's heart, boosting morale at the 4077th by cooking gourmet delights. Only Colonel Potter, burdened with a personal crisis, is immune from the high spirits enveloping the hospital.
b: 17 Sep 79 pc: S601 w: Dennis Koenig d: Charlse S. Dubin
NOTE: Gary Burghoff makes a guest appearance in this episode, and in episodes 176, 178 & 179, before leaving the series.
gs: Lawrence Pressman [ R. Theodore Williamson ], Leland Sun [ Chinese Patient ], Jennifer Davis [ Nurse ]
rc: Igor
A Congressional aide, Williamson, visits the 4077th on a supposedly routine fact-finding tour, but it's discovered that his motives are far deeper - too uncover Margaret as a communist sympathizer. His case is full of innuendo, so the gang set out to help Margaret. Hawkeye: "Freedom! Disgusting! Next thing you know they'll be threatening us with liberty and justice for us all."
b: 24 Sep 79 pc: S602 w: Thad Mumford & Dan Wilcox d: Charles S. Dubin
NOTE: This is the first of 16 episodes written by Mumford and Wilcox, occasionally with other writers. The last is the final episode.
"Guerilla My Dreams"
gs: Gary Burghoff [ Corporal 'Radar' O'Reilly ], Mako [ Lt. Hung Lae Park ], Joshua Bryant [ Sergeant Jack Scully ], Huanani Minn [ Geurilla Woman ], George Kee Cheung [ 1st Korean Soldier ], Marcus K. Mukai [ 2nd Korean Soldier ], Connie Izay [ Nurse ]
The arrival of a wounded Korean woman sparks a conflict at the 4077th: Hawkeye wants to heal her, but a steely ROK officer, Lt. Park, is more anxious to "question" her about alleged guerilla activities.
b: 1 Oct 79 pc: S603 w: Bob Colleary d: Alan Alda
gs: Gary Burghoff [ Corporal 'Radar' O'Reilly ], Marilyn Jones [ Patty ], Michael O'Dwyer [ Olsen ], Tony Christino [ Sergeant LaGrow ], Arell Blanton [ Pt. Hough ], Sean Fallon Walsh [ Forster ], Jo St Elwood [ Pt. Reusse ], Richard Lee Sung [ Korean ]
rc: Zale
On leave in Tokyo, Radar is desperately needed back at the crisis-stricken 4077th, but his return is delayed by outside events. While casualties continue to pour in from the front, the 4077th's generator conks out, and the backup has been stolen, depriving the medical unit of all electrical power. But Klinger, filling in for the vacationing Radar, lacks the expertise and experience to wheel and deal for a new machine.
b: 8 Oct 79 pc: S610 w: Ken Levine & David Isaacs d: Charles S. Dubin
"Good-Bye Radar (2)"
gs: Gary Burghoff [ Corporal 'Radar' O'reilly ], Lee de Broux [ Major Van Kirk ], Whitney Rydbeck [ Hondo McKee ], David Dozer [ Dispatcher ], ? [ Driver ]
As company clerk Radar O'Reilly reluctantly prepares to depart the 4077th, the unit is still without electricity due to a broken generator, and the operating room continues to fill up with war wounded as night falls. The responsibility for procuring a new generator falls on Klinger, who lacks Radar's masterful knack of cutting through red tape in search of much-needed supplies.
b: 15 Oct 79 pc: S611 w: Ken Levine & David Isaacs d: Charles S. Dubin
NOTE: This is Radar's final appearance in the series, as he heads home to Iowa to take over thee running of the family farm. However, Burghoff reprised the role two episodes of
AfterM*A*S*H
and in the pilot episode of
W*A*L*T*E*R
.
gs: Gwen Farrell [ Nurse ]
rc: Igor, Rosie, Baker
Klinger, taking over as the 4077th's new clerk, wearies of complaints about his inefficiency, while B.J.'s homesickness is intensified by news of Radar's meeting his family.
b: 22 Oct 79 pc: S604 w: Jim Mulligan & John Rappaport d: Charles S. Dubin
NOTE: This is the first of 9 episodes written or co-written by John Rappaport. The last is the final episode.
gs: Alexandra Stoddart [ Lt. Gail Harris ]
rc: Igor, Kellye
A beautiful and ambitious young nurse, Harris, who plans to become a doctor when she leaves the Army, finds herself in a misunderstanding with Father Mulcahy. Meanwhile, the camp's water supply is depleted, and the rest of the 4077th is more concerned about where their next shower will come from.
b: 29 Oct 79 pc: S608 w: Sy Rosen, Thad Mumford & Dan Wilcox s: Sy Rosen d: Charles S. Dubin
"Private Finance"
gs: James Emery [ Soldier ], Mark Harrison [ Soldier ], Shizuko Hoshi [ Mrs. Li ], Denice Kumagi [ Oksun Li ], Mark Kologi [ Eddie Hastings ], Joey Pento [ Crosetti ], Philip Simma [ Vitello ], Art Evans [ Dolan ]
A South Korean Woman misinterprets Klinger's motives when he tries to aid her daughter financially. Meanwhile, Hawkeye wrestles with his conscience over a promise made to a dying soldier, Eddie Hastings.
b: 5 Nov 79 pc: S605 w: Dennis Koenig d: Charles S. Dubin
"Mr. and Mrs. Who?"
gs: Claudette Evans [ Donna Marie Parker ], James Keane [ Shaw ]
Charles returns to the 4077th after a trip to Tokyo with an uncharacteristic hangover and the uneasy feeling of a romantic entanglement. Meanwhile, the hospital struggles to find a cure for an outbreak of deadly hemorrhagic fever.
b: 12 Nov 79 pc: S606 w: Ronny Graham d: Burt Metcalfe
gs: Soon-Teck Oh [ 'Ralph' ], Byron Chung [ North Korean Patrol Leader ], Bob Okazaki [ Farmer ]
rc: Rizzo, Goldman, Igor, Kellye
Hawkeye and B.J. lose their way while rushing urgently needed antibiotics to the 4077th, which is wracked with food poisoning. Wandering back to M*A*S*H, the pair are found by a peculiar North Korean soldier.
b: 19 Nov 79 pc: S607 w: Mike Farrell d: Charles S. Dubin
gs: Kevin Brophy [ Roberts ], J.J. Johnstone [ Helicopter Pilot ], Jo Ann Thompson [ Jo Ann ], UNKNOWN [ George ]
rc: Kellye, Igor, Goldman
A severely wounded soldier, rushed to the poorly equipped 4077th by chopper, will die or be permanently paralyzed if he doesn't receive major surgery in 20 minutes. Another soldier is dying and could provide an aorta graft. Nearly all of the action in this innovative episode is compressed into the program's 25-minute running time.
b: 26 Nov 79 pc: S609 w: Alan Alda & Walter D. Dishell, MD d: Alan Alda
NOTE: Walter Dishell was the medical consultant on the series. He provided Alda with help in making sure that this episode was as medically correct as possible.
"Dear Uncle Abdul"
gs: Richard Lineback [ Eddie ], Alexander Petale [ Corporal Hank Fleming ], Kelly Ward [ Dave ]
Klinger discovers that his duties as company clerk include catering to the eccentric whims of the 4077th officers. Consequently, the unusual demands by Klinger's superiors leave little time to write a letter home to Toledo. Meanwhile, the Doctors are concerned about a young soldier who appears to be mentally deficient.
b: 3 Dec 79 pc: S613 w: John Rappaport & Jim Mulligan d: William Jurgensen
gs: G.W. Bailey [ The G.I. ], Paul Cavonis [ The Greek ], Sirri Murad [ The Turk ], John Orchard [ M.P. Muldoon ], Momo Yashima [ Suni ], Jo Ann Thompson [ Nurse ]
rc: Kellye, Rosie
A brawl at Rosie's Bar puts Rosie in the hospital, and the 4077th doctors are pressed into service as temporary saloon-keepers. Meanwhile, Father Mulcahy is apprehensive that his long-pending promotion to captain will again be denied. Potter: "The Pentagon. Weird looking building. Four walls and a spare. Monument to Murphy's Law."
b: 10 Dec 79 pc: S614 w: Thad Mumford & Dan Wilcox d: Burt Metcalfe
NOTE: In this episode Father Mulcahy is promoted from Lieutenant to Captain. John Orchard appears as Muldoon, having previously appeared in the first season as Ugly John. G.W. Bailey appears here as a drunken G.I. From episode 192 he makes regular appearances as Sergeant Luther Rizzo. This is the last of three appearances by Momo Yashima, in various roles. The first was episode 30.
gs: Joshua Bryant [ Pt. Jack Scully ]
rc: Igor
Friction arises between B.J. and Winchester when they are asked to write an article for a prestigious medical journal, on how they saved a soldier's life with a daring operation. Meanwhile, Hot Lips receives an eventful visit from Scully, her combat soldier beau.
b: 17 Dec 79 pc: S615 w: Dennis Koenig d: Harry Morgan
NOTE: Scully is now only a Private, having been demoted after punching a 2nd Lieutenant.
"Yessir, That's Our Baby"
gs: Howard Platt [ Major Ted Spector ], William Bogert [ Roger Prescott ], Yuki Shimoda [ Chung Ho Kim ], Elizabeth Farley [ Louise Harper ]
A baby born to a Korean woman and an American GI is abandoned at the 4077th. Knowing that Amer-Asian children are often mistreated in Korean society, the troop sets about the frustrating task of finding a new home for the infant.
b: 31 Dec 79 pc: S617 w: Jim Mulligan d: Alan Alda
NOTE: This is the first of two appearances by William Bogert. In episode 210 he appears as Captain Maurice Allen.
gs: Shelley Long [ Lt. Mendenhall ], David Hirokane [ Chinese Soldier ], Shari Saba [ Nurse ]
rc: Igor, Goldman
Horrified by the gigantic size of his monthly bar tab at the officer's club, Hawkeye vows to give up booze for a week. Meanwhile, Winchester desperately tries to halt his sister's impending marriage to a man he considers unworthy of the Winchester heritage.
b: 7 Jan 80 pc: S618 w: Thad Mumford & Dan Wilcox d: Burt Metcalfe
NOTE: This is the first of 10 appearances by Shari Saba, as various Nurses. Her last appearance is in the final episode.
"Heal Thyself"
gs: Edward Herrman [ Captain Dr. Steven J. Newsome ], UNKNOWN [ Nurse ], UNKNOWN [ Nurse ]
Colonel Potter turns crotchety when he catches the mumps, and his condition is worsened when Winchester gets the same disease and has to be quarantined with him. A temporary replacement surgeon, Newsome, is quickly brought into the 4077th and seems to be a gem in terms of both personality and ability.
b: 14 Jan 80 pc: S616 w: Dennis Koenig s: Dennis Koenig & Gene Reynolds d: Mike Farrell
"Old Soldiers"
gs: Jane Connell [ Betty Halpern ], Sally Imamura [ Korean Girl ], Jason Autajay [ Korean Boy ]
Hawkeye is appointed temporary commander of the 4077th when Colonel Potter rushes off to Tokyo on a mysterious mission. While in command, Hawkeye's main problem is housing a large group of Korean refugees comprised mainly of rambunctious children who need medical care.
b: 21 Jan 80 pc: S620 w: Dennis Koenig d: Charles S. Dubin
gs: James Stephens [ Pt. David Sheridan ], Connie Izay [ Nurse ]
rc: Rizzo, Igor
Tired of their constant complaints about the quality of recreational activities at the 4077th, Colonel Potter appoints Hawkeye and B.J. as the new morale officers. Winchester's morale has already reached a new peak: He's ecstatic about his operation on a wounded soldier, Sheridan, which saved the boy's leg, leaving only "negligible" side effects - less use of his right hand. However, the soldier was a concert pianist before the war, so Winchester obtains music written by Maurice Ravel for a pianist that had lost a hand in World War I.
b: 28 Jan 80 pc: S619 w: John Rappaport d: Charles S. Dubin
"Lend a Hand"
gs: Robert Alda [ Dr. Anthony Borelli ], Antony Alda [ Jarvis ], Darren Kelly [ Sergeant Herbert ], Shari Saba [ Nurse ]
Irritated that the 4077th is planning a "surprise" party for him, Hawkeye volunteers to go to the aid of a wounded surgeon at the front. An additional irritant to Hawkeye is the arrival of Dr. Borelli, a wisecracking medical advisor with whom he habitually disagrees.
b: 4 Feb 80 pc: S621 w: Alan Alda d: Alan Alda
NOTE: This is the second appearance by Robert Alda, as Dr. Borelli, the first appearance being in episode 65. The Alda connection continues with Alan's half-brother Antony appearing as a medic, Jarvis.
gs: Clyde Kusatsu [ Sergeant Michael Yee ], Philip Bruns [ Colonel Hedley ], James Lough [ Courier ], David Cramer [ Aide ]
rc: Sidney, Kellye
Klinger redecorates his quarters, but the resultant ridicule he receives drives him to new heights in his efforts to get out of the Army. Meanwhile, the doctors are perplexed by the reaction of an Asian-American war hero who tries to kill himself when he's told that he will be going home. Sidney Freedman is called in to assist.
b: 11 Feb 80 pc: S622 w: Thad Mumford & Dan Wilcox d: Charles S. Dubin
gs: Ford Rainey [ General Coogan ], Robin Haynes [ Taylor ], Fred Stuthman [ Professor ], Rcihard Waln [ Lt. Garvey ], Catherine Bergstrom [ Peg Hunnicutt ], Kurtis Sanders [ Young Sherman Potter ], Ray Lynch [ Bridegroom ], Connie Izay [ Nurse Connie ], Dennis Troy [ Orderley ]
rc: Kellye
The 4077th can't escape the Korean War, even in its dreams. Exhausted after two days without sleep, members of the 4077th steal away for catnaps and experience dreams that reveal their fears, yearnings and frustrations.
b: 18 Feb 80 pc: S612 w: Alan Alda s: Alan Alda & James Jay Rubinfier d: Alan Alda
NOTE: This is the first of two appearances by Catherine Bergstrom as Peg Hunnicutt. The second is in episode 212.
gs: Susan Saint James [ Aggie O'Shea ], Brad Wilkin [ Pt. Scott ], Calvin Levels [ Pt. Jackson ]
rc: Kellye
B.J. finds himself attracted to a famous war correspondent, Aggie O'Shea, who has fallen in love with him.
b: 3 Mar 80 pc: S624 w: Mike Farrell d: Mike Farrell
gs: Sab Shimono [ Jin ], Peter Kim [ Po ], Jerry Fujikawa [ Woo ], Richard Herd [ Captain Bill Snyder ]
rc: Rizzo, Goldman
Angered by the way civilian doctors in the States are profiting from the war, Hawkeye presents the Army with a bill for his medical services. Meanwhile, Charles reluctantly demonstrates American medical practices to three Korean medics, and is on the receiving end of their medical expertise.
b: 10 Mar 80 pc: S625 w: Thad Mumford, Dan Wilcox & Dennis Koenig d: Burt Metcalfe
gs: Pat Hingle [ Colonel Daniel Webster Tucker ], Jennifer Davis [ Nurse ]
rc: Rizzo, Goldman
A no-nonsense Colonel, who is notorious as a hard-nosed disciplinarian, visits the 4077th during an outbreak of April Fools' Day pranksterism. Colonel Potter tries in vain to halt the mayhem before Colonel Tucker arrives in camp.
b: 24 Mar 80 pc: S623 w: Dennis Koenig d: Charles S. Dubin
"The Best of Enemies"
gs: Mako [ North Korean Soldier ], Steven Lum [ Wounded Korean Soldier ]
On his way to some R&R in Tokyo, Hawkeye is forced by a North Korean soldier to perform an emergency roadside operation on his buddy.
b: 17 Nov 80 pc: Z404 w: Sheldon Bull d: Charles S. Dubin
NOTE: This is the last of 4 appearances by Mako, as various characters. The first appearance was in episode 50.
gs: Richard Paul [ Captain Bill Bainbridge, Attorney ], Larry Cedar [ The Soldier ], Michael Currie [ Dr. Brewer ], Shari Saba [ Nurse ]
rc: Rosie
Members of the 4077th share their impressions of war in response to letters from fourth graders in Hawkeye's hometown. Margaret writes about how there are some patients she will never forget, whilst the Colonel tells of his days as 'Hoops' Potter. Hawkeye: "Dear Ronnie, it's a shame to let the love you have for your brother turn to hate for others. Hate makes war, and war is what killed Keith. I understand how you feel. Sometimes I hate myself for being here. But sometimes in the midst of all this insanity, the smallest thing can make my being here seems worthwhile. Maybe the best answer I have for you is that you look for good wherever you can find it."
b: 24 Nov 80 pc: Z403 w: Dennis Koenig d: Charles S. Dubin
"Cementing Relationships"
gs: Joel Brooks [ Ignazio ], Alan Toy [ Cochran ], Mel Harris [ The Driver ]
A jilted Italian soldier, Corpsman Ignazio De Simone, is smitten by Margaret; and Klinger pours a cement floor in the operating room to fight the spread of germs. Charles: "My good man, I have better things to do than listen to someone make no sense in two languages."
b: 1 Dec 80 pc: Z401 w: David Pollock & Elias Davis d: Charles S. Dubin
NOTE: This is the first of 18 episodes written by Pollock and Davis. The last on is the final episode. Pollock also wrote one other episode.
"Father's Day"
gs: Andrew Duggan [ Alvin 'Howitzer' Houlihan ], Jeffrey Kramer [ Sergeant Morgrove ], Art LeFleur [ M.P. ], Roy Evans [ Unknown ]
Margaret has trouble pretending she's a chip off the old block when her dad, blood and guts "Howitzer" Al Houlihan, arrives for a visit.
b: 8 Dec 80 pc: Z405 w: Karen L. Hall d: Alan Alda
NOTE: This is the first of 7 episodes written by Karen Hall. The last is the final episode. She also directed one episode.
gs: Keye Luke [ Choi Sung Ho ], Perren Page [ Driver ], Sally Imamura [ Korean Girl ], Yoshiko Hoover [ Korean Boy ]
rc: Rizzo, Kellye, Igor
Christmas Day at the 4077th finds the surgeons struggling to keep a mortally wounded soldier alive, even if it's only through the holiday.
b: 15 Dec 80 pc: Z408 w: Mike Farrell d: Mike Farrell
gs: Carl Freed [ Patient ], Laurie Bates [ Nurse ]
rc: Igor
On New Year's Eve, the staff looks back on the highlights of 1951: The doctors invent an artificial kidney machine; Mulcahy plants a garden; and Margaret takes up knitting.
b: 29 Dec 80 pc: Z409 w: Dan Wilcox & Thad Mumford d: Burt Metcalfe
gs: Barry Corbin [ Sergeant Joe Vickers ], Sam Weisman [ Sergeant Barry Hutchinson ]
rc: Igor
Klinger is so depressed by news that his ex-wife plans to remarry, he reenlists for an additional six-year hitch. Meanwhile, a male nurse has a gripe against the army.
b: 5 Jan 81 pc: Z406 w: Erik Tarloff d: Charles S. Dubin
"Tell it To the Marines"
gs: Stan Wells [ M.P. ], Michael McGuirre [ Colonel Mulholland ], Denny Miller [ Jost Van Liter ], James Gallery [ Murray Thompson ]
Winchester takes command during Potter's absence; and B.J. and Hawkeye try to convince the Marines to grant a hardship discharge to an immigrant soldier, Private Jost Van Liter.
b: 12 Jan 81 pc: Z410 w: Hank Bradford d: Harry Morgan
gs: Charles Hallahan [ Colin Turnbull ], Judy Farrell [ Nurse Able ], Margie Impert [ Lt, Sandra Palmer ], Susan Berger [ Nurse ]
rc: Baker
Hawkeye uses a bottle of vintage wine to lure unsuspecting nurses into his den; and Potter tries to secure a different sort of anesthetic when the army threatens to ban a painkiller.
b: 19 Jan 81 pc: Z407 w: Elias Davis & David Pollock d: Charles S. Dubin
"Operation Friendship"
gs: Tim O'Connor [ Dr. Norman Traeger ], Gwen Farrell [ Nurse ]
Klinger saves Winchester's life when an explosion rocks the operating room; and B.J. is reluctant to reveal the extent of his injuries after the blast. Hawkeye: Charles is fine, but Klinger has damage to over fifty percent of his body. His nose is broken."
b: 26 Jan 81 pc: Z412 w: Dennis Koenig d: Rena Down
gs: Perren Page [ Driver ], Jo Ann Thompson [ Nurse ]
rc: Kellye, Igor
Margaret develops a case of prickly heat, Charles does his tax returns, and Klinger takes the P.A. apart - just some of the events, which occur during another unendurably, hot night at the 4077th.
b: 2 Feb 81 pc: Z402 w: John Rappaport d: Burt Metcalfe
"Depressing News"
gs: William Bogert [ Captain Maurice Allen ], David Dozar [ Delivery Man ], Albert Insinnia [ Photographer ], Rodney Saulsberry [ Oldham ]
Klinger's army newspaper reports on Hawkeye's monument to military stupidity; a giant tower made from a half million erroneously shipped tongue depressors.
b: 9 Feb 81 pc: Z411 w: Dan Wilcox & Thad Mumford d: Alan Alda
NOTE: This is the second of two appearances by William Bogert. In episode 188 he appeared as Roger Prescott.
gs: Robert Symonds [ Colonel Horace Baldwin ], Mae Hi [ Korean Woman ], Nathan Jung [ Korean Thug ]
rc: Igor, Kellye, Rosie
Hawkeye wagers that he can go a full day without a wisecrack, and Winchester finally confronts the major who exiled him to the 4077th. Charles: "I will not, even for a return to that pearl of the Orient, Tokyo, lie to protect you while destroying a friend's career."
b: 16 Feb 81 pc: Z413 w: Elias Davis & David Pollock d: Burt Metcalfe
NOTE: Robert Symonds reprises the role of Horace Baldwin, having previously appeared as Winchester's tormentor in episode 124.
"Oh, How We Danced"
gs: Yuki Shimoda [ Key Lung Yu ], Arlen Dean Snyder [ Major Finch ], Catherine Bergstrom [ Peg Hunnicutt ], Michael Choe [ Soon Chi Lu ], Jennifer Davis [ Nurse ], Shari Saba [ Nurse ]
Winchester is sent to inspect sanitary conditions on the frontlines, while the rest of the camp plans a surprise anniversary party for B.J.
b: 23 Feb 81 pc: Z414 w: John Rappaport d: Burt Metcalfe
NOTE: This is the second appearance by Catherine Bergstorm as Peg Hunnicutt. The first was in episode 195.
gs: Gail Strickland [ Captain Helen Whitfield ], Sahria Saba [ Nurse ], Laurie Vates [ Nurse ], Jimmy Barron [ Patient ], Bill Snider [ Corpsman ]
rc: Kellye, Igor
One of Margaret's nurses tries to hide her severe drinking problem, and Hawkeye is scorned after a practical joke he plays on Winchester backfires.
b: 2 Mar 81 pc: Z415 w: Dennis Koenig d: Alan Alda
NOTE: This is the first of 10 appearances by Bill Snider, in various roles. His last appearance is in the final episode.
gs: Frank Pettinger [ Corpsman ], Jo Ann Thompson [ Nurse ]
rc: Goldman, Igor, Kellye
Colonel Potter nearly blows his stack when his well-intentioned colleagues mollycoddle him in order to lower his blood pressure.
b: 9 Mar 81 pc: Z416 w: David Pollock & Elias Davis d: Gabriel Beaumont
gs: Barry Schwartz [ Pt. Joe Caputo ], Dennis Troy [ Driver ], Pamela Coleman [ Nurse ]
rc: Sidney
When Hawkeye can't stop a sneezing fit that has no apparent cause, psychiatrist Sidney Freedman digs into the surgeon's past for a clue to this unusual malady.
b: 16 Mar 81 pc: Z417 w: Dan Wilcox & Thad Mumford d: Nell Cox
gs: Patrick Swayze [ Pt. Gary Sturges ], Tom Kindle [ G.I. ], Ray Middleton [ Cardinal Reardon ], Robert Balderson [ Captain Bratton ], Dennis Troy [ Dennis ]
rc: Rizzo, Igor, Goldman
Hawkeye is overcome by the devotion of a terminally ill G.I., who has leukemia, for his critically wounded buddy, but he has trouble coming to terms with the fact that he can't cure the man. Meanwhile, Father Mulcahy is worried about the impending visit of a Cardinal.
b: 6 Apr 81 pc: Z421 w: Elias Davis & David Pollock d: Harry Morgan
gs: Rummel Mor [ Park Sung ], Philip Sterling [ Dr. Bud Herzog ]
rc: Igor
The 4077th is given a gift of fresh-grown vegetables by a grateful Korean; and Potter questions the veracity of an upbeat letter from Radar.
b: 13 Apr 81 pc: Z422 w: David Pollock & Elias Davis d: Charles S. Dubin
"The Life You Save"
gs: Val Bisoglio [ The Cook ], Jin Boeke [ Sergeant Chiaverini ], Jack Kearney [ Soldier ], Jim Knaub [ Pt. Markham ], Andrew Parks [ Dying Soldier ], Arthur Taxier [ Surgeon ], Meshach Taylor [ Orderly ], Dennis Troy [ Dennis ], Paul Ventura [ Soldier ], Wayne Morton [ Enlisted Man ], Shari Saba [ Shari ], Gwen Farrell [ Gwen ]
rc: Rizzo
After Charles is nearly felled by a sniper's bullet, he develops a philosophical obsession with death. Meanwhile, the officers have all been assigned new responsibilities.
b: 4 May 81 pc: Z418 w: John Rappaport & Alan Alda d: Alan Alda
"That's Show Biz (1)"
gs: Brian Byers [ Patient ], Freddie Dawson [ Patient ], Gwen Verdon [ Brandy Doyle ], Gail Edwards [ Marina Ryan ], Danny Dayton [ 'Fast' Freddie Nichos ], Karen landry [ Sarah Miller ], Amanda McBroom [ Ellie Carlyle ], Richard Molmar [ Michael Nowiki ], Joshua Greenrock [ 1st Wounded G.I. ], Martin Ferrero [ 2nd Wounded G.I. ], Paul Tuerpe [ Corpsman ]
rc: Kellye
A touring USO show brings an unexpected touch of vaudeville to the 4077th when the star showgirl requires an emergency operation. And wouldn't you know, the comedian is Klinger's hero!
b: 26 Oct 81 pc: Z419 w: Elias Davis & David Pollock d: Charles S. Dubin
NOTE: Originally broadcast as part of a 60-minute episode.
"That's Show Biz (2)"
gs: Brian Byers [ Patient ], Freddie Dawson [ Patient ], Gwen Verdon [ Brandy Doyle ], Gail Edwards [ Marina Ryan ], Danny Dayton [ 'Fast' Freddie Nichos ], Karen landry [ Sarah Miller ], Amanda McBroom [ Ellie Carlyle ], Richard Molmar [ Michael Nowiki ], Joshua Greenrock [ 1st Wounded G.I. ], Martin Ferrero [ 2nd Wounded G.I. ], Paul Tuerpe [ Corpsman ]
rc: Kellye
A touring USO show brings an unexpected touch of vaudeville to the 4077th when the star showgirl requires an emergency operation. And wouldn't you know, the comedian is Klinger's hero!
b: 26 Oct 81 pc: Z420 w: Elias Davis & David Pollock d: Charles S. Dubin
NOTE: Originally broadcast as part of a 60-minute episode.
gs: Dirk Blocker [ James Mathes ], Squire Fridell [ Corporal Alvin Rice ], Joe Pantoliano [ Gerald Mullen ], Bill Snider [ Driver ], Jo Ann Thompson [ Nurse ], Shari Saba [ Nurse ]
rc: Igor, Kellye
Father Mulcahy counsels a GI who is plagued by guilt because he has swapped tags with a dead colleague. Meanwhile, B.J. and Charles consider ways of keeping a soldier-salesman quiet.
b: 2 Nov 81 pc: Z423 w: Dan Wilcox & Thad Mumford d: David Ogden Stiers
NOTE: This was the first of two episodes directed by David Ogden Stiers.
gs: Nicholas Pryor [ Major Nathanial Burnham ]
rc: Igor, Goldman
The latest scuttlebutt affects everyone's behavior when a visiting is rumored to be recruiting for a new M*A*S*H unit. The gang fears that the 4077th will be split up.
b: 9 Nov 81 pc: Z424 w: David Pollock & Elias Davis d: Charles S. Dubin
gs: Stefan Gierasch [ Colonel Ditka ], Ed Vasgersian [ Captain Bros ], Lance Toyoshima [ Kim Han ], Tom Kindle [ Murphy ], Xander Berkeley [ Marine ], John Lavachielli [ Young Turk ], Mae Hi [ Korean Woman ]
rc: Kellye
Hawkeye writes a heartfelt letter to President Harry Truman to protest at the continued fighting in Korea. Meanwhile, Colonel Ditka has promised a much-needed water-heater if the 4077th beautifies the camp. Hawkeye: "If you end this fiasco right now, I pledge to purchase all your daughter's inimitable records. Don't bother to deliver them. I'll pick them up on my way home."
b: 16 Nov 81 pc: 1G01 w: Dennis Koenig d: Charles S. Dubin
gs: Anthony Charnota [ Verbanic ], Tony Becker [ Pt. Brown ], Chris Petersen [ Second Recruit ], Shari Saba [ Nurse ]
rc: Rizzo, Igor
On the eve of a big poker game, B.J.'s pride is bruised when he finds out his wife is working as a waitress. And Potter takes driving lessons from Klinger.
b: 23 Nov 81 pc: 1G02 w: Dan Wilcox & Thad Mumford d: Charles S. Dubin
gs: James Saito [ Park ], Byron Chung [ Lt. Yook ], Kwang Ho Baek [ Kim ], Abigail Nelson [ Nurse ], Jo Ann Thompson [ Nurse ]
rc: Igor, Kellye, Goldman
Winchester infuriates the camp when he hoards his stateside newspapers, and Hawkeye reunites two Korean brothers who have been fighting on opposite sides of the war.
b: 30 Nov 81 pc: 1G03 w: Karen L. Hall d: Alan Alda
NOTE: This is the last of 4 appearances by James Saito, in various roles. The first appearance was in episode 135.
gs: Peter Jurasik [ Captain Triplett ], Richard Winters [ M.P. #1 ], Mickey Jones [ M.P. #2 ], George Chung [ Peddler #1 ], Richard Lee Sung [ Peddler #2 ], Monty Bane [ M.P. #3 ]
rc: Igor, Rosie
The military police think they've solved a rash of thefts at the 4077th when they apprehend Klinger with Hawkeye's stolen camera.
b: 7 Dec 81 pc: 1G04 w: Paul Perlove d: Hy Averback
"Snappier Judgment (2)"
gs: Peter Hobbs [ Colonel Drake ], Monty Bane [ Crooked M.P. ], Jack Blessing [ Lt. Rollins ], Jim Boeke [ M.P. ]
B.J. and Hawkeye resolve to clear Klinger's name after he chooses Winchester to defend him at his military court-martial.
b: 14 Dec 81 pc: 1G05 w: Paul Perlove d: Hy Averback
gs: Michael Ensign [ Major Cass ], Leo Lewis [ Segeant Barnstable ], Val Bisoglio [ Sergeant Pernelli, the cook ], Bill Snider [ Enlisted Man ]
rc: Igor, Kellye, Goldman
To boost post-yuletide morale on Dec 26, Potter has the officers and enlisted men change places for the day.
b: 28 Dec 81 pc: 1G06 w: David Pollock & Elias Davis d: Burt Metcalfe
"Follies of the Living - Concerns of the Dead"
gs: Kario Salem [ Pt. James Weston ], Randall Patrick [ Hicks ], Jeff Tyler [ Soldier ], Perren Page [ Driver ]
Whilst suffering a fever, Klinger communicates with the spirit of a dead soldier, Private Weston, who stays on to witness his own last rites.
b: 4 Jan 82 pc: 1G07 w: Alan Alda d: Alan Alda
NOTE: This is the last of 5 appearances by Perren Page, in various roles. His first appearance was in episode 149.
gs: Jerry Fujikawa [ Farmer ]
rc: Kellye
Margaret's birthday plans are spoiled when she and Klinger get stranded on a desolate roadside. Meanwhile, Charles gives a lecture for Margaret, and the surgeons assist in the delivery of a calf.
b: 11 Jan 82 pc: 1G08 w: Karen L. Hall d: Charles S. Dubin
NOTE: This is the last of 7 appearances by Jerry Fujikawa, in various roles. The first was in episode 37.
"Blood and Guts"
gs: Gene Evans [ Clayton Kibbee ], Brett Cullen [ Pt. Anthony McKegney ], Rita Wilson [ Nurse Lacey ], Stoney Jackson [ Soldier ]
Hawkeye is outraged when a sensationalistic war correspondent, Clayton Kibbee, reports irresponsible G.I. stunts as tales of military valor. Kibbee: "As for the last two pints of blood, there's no big finale, no heroes. They helped an old soldier, who'd had visions of glory but finally got it through his thick head how tragic and inhumane war can be. Maybe he'll know better next time."
b: 18 Jan 82 pc: 1G09 w: Lee H. Grant d: Charles S. Dubin
gs: Cyril O'Reilly [ Pt. Nick Gillis ], David Graf [ Lt. Spears ], Val Bisoglio [ Sal, the cook ], Ed Ramirez [ Wounded G.I. ], Leland Sun [ G.I. ], Bill Snider [ G.I. ], Dennis Troy [ G.I. ], Kip Curtis [ G.I. ]
rc: Goldman
An AWOL soldier, Nick Gillis, seeks sanctuary in the mess tent, after Father Mulcahy's service. At the same time, a special Sunday brunch is due to be served, following the donation of some eggs to the camp by a grateful farmer.
b: 1 Feb 82 pc: 1G10 w: Elias Davis & David Pollock d: Burt Metcalfe
NOTE: This is the last of 6 appearances by Leland Sun, in various roles. The first was in episode 50.
gs: Tom Atkins [ Major Lawrence Weems ], Jason Bernard [ Major Rockingham ], John Fujioka [ Duc Phong Yong ], Larry Fishburne [ Corporal Dorsey ], Bill Snider [ Corpsman ]
rc: Kellye
Charles has a serious toothache, but he hates the thought of having an extraction. The doctors suspect prejudice when an inordinate number of black casualties are brought in from a single unit, led by Major Weems.
b: 8 Feb 82 pc: 1G11 w: Elias Davis & David Pollock d: Charles S. Dubin
gs: John O'Connell [ Captain Schnelker ], Gene Pietragallo [ Corporal Fisher ], William Rogers [ Corporal Logan ]
rc: Sidney, Goldman
Potter sends for Sidney Freedman when he loses confidence in his surgical abilities, and Winchester loses patience with his bunkmates' sloppiness.
b: 15 Feb 82 pc: 1G12 w: David Pollock d: Charles S. Dubin
gs: Ned Bellamy [ Driver ], Jim Borelli [ G.I. ], James Emery [ Corpsman ], Corkey Ford [ G.I. ], Dennis Howard [ Captain rackley ], Larry ward [ General Kratzer ], Brian Fuldy [ G.I. ], Dennis Flood [ G.I. ], Tom Valentino [ G.I. ]
rc: Igor, Kellye
Hawkeye goes to help at an aid station, and under heavy shelling he draws up a will, leaving various items to his friends at the 4077th. Hawkeye: "To Erin Hunnicutt. I leave a list of all the young men your daddy took care of while he was in Korea. Many of them have him to thank for being alive today. I want you to understand why he had to be away from you those first years of your life. I hope I have the chance to give you this list in person, but around here you never know."
b: 22 Mar 82 pc: 1G13 w: Elias Davis & David Pollock d: Alan Alda
gs: John Matusak [ Corporal Hitalski ], James Reid Boyce [ Danielson ], Deborah Harmon [ Nurse Webster ], Cameron Dye [ Soldier ], Richard Fullerton [ Soldier ], Bill Snider [ Corpsman ]
rc: Kellye, Igor, Rizzo, Goldman
Winchester, Pierce, and Hunnicutt find themselves in the sticky position of having to decide which enlisted men to recommend for promotion. For Winchester it could be a matter of life and death.
b: 1 Mar 82 pc: 1G14 w: Dennis Koenig d: Charles S. Dubin
"Heroes"
gs: Pat McNamara [ 'Gentleman' Joe Cavanaugh ], Earl Boen [ Major Hatch ], Britt Leach [ Dan Blevik ], Matthew Faison [ Bill Stitzel ], Eddie Frescas [ Patient ], Jay Gerber [ Reporter ], Al Rossi [ Reporter ], Tierre Turner [ Patient ], Gerard Castillo [ Reporter ], Hennen Chambers [ Patient ], David Orr [ Patient ], Richard Cummings [ Soldier ], Jo Ann Thompson [ Jo Ann ]
Hawkeye is the golden boy of the world press when he treats a celebrity prizefighter, 'Gentleman' Joe Cavanaugh, who has a stroke at the 4077th. Father Mulcahy finds the news hard to take, as Cavanaugh was a hero of his.
b: 15 Mar 82 pc: 1G15 w: Thad Mumford & Dan Wilcox d: Nell Cox
gs: Dick O'Neill [ Colonel Pitts ], William Lucking [ Marty Ubanic ], Roger Hampton [ Second Marine ]
rc: Kellye
Hawkeye anxiously awaits word on his father's stateside operation as his cohorts engage the Marines in a bowling tournament. Unfortunately, the marines have brought in a 'ringer'.
b: 22 Mar 82 pc: 1G16 w: Elias Davis & David Pollock d: Hy Averback
gs: John Fujioka [ Peasant ]
rc: Igor
Potter's attempts to assemble the crew for a family portrait are thwarted by a feud between bunkmates Pierce, Hunnicutt, and Winchester. Things are not helped by the efforts of Margaret, Klinger and Mulcahy to bring the Swampmen back together. Mulcahy: "I'm sure the Last Supper wasn't this difficult to paint. But then, the apostles were more civilized."
b: 5 Apr 82 pc: 1G17 w: Karen L. Hall d: Burt Metcalfe
gs: John P. Ryan [ Major Van Zandt ], Tom Kindle [ G.I. ], Richard Lee Sung [ Farmer ], George Pressnell [ Unknown ]
rc: Rizzo, Igor, Kellye
Klinger buys a goat, with the intention of getting rich by selling it's milk. Then the goat eats the 4077th's $22,340 payroll, leaving paymaster Hawkeye holding the bag. Meanwhile, Ch arles also thinks he can make a killing when he sees an ancient vase.
b: 12 Apr 82 pc: 1G19 w: Karen L. Hall d: David Ogden Stiers
NOTE: This is the last of 10 appearances by Richard Lee Sung, in various roles. The first was in episode 51.
gs: Peggy Feury [ Colonel Bucholtz ], Perry Lang [ Sandler ], Deborah Harmon [ Nurse Webster ], Gary Grubbs [ Lt. Geyer ], Rita Wilson [ Nurse Lacey ], Shari Saba [ Shari ]
rc: Igor, Kellye
Hawkeye watched Nurse Kellye brighten a wounded GI's final moments, and comes to appreciate the nurses' vital contribution to the healing process. Colonel Bucholtz inspects the nursing staff, which turns Margaret into a tyrant.
b: 25 Oct 82 pc: 1G21 w: Alan Alda d: Susan Oliver
"Trick or Treatment"
gs: George Wendt [ Pt. La Roche ], Richard Lineback [ Pt. Scala ], Andrew Clay [ Corporal Hrabosky ], James Lough [ Pt. Crotty ], Herman Poppe [ M.P. ], R.J. Miller [ Graves Registration Driver ], Arnold Turner [ Graves Registration Assistant ], Arlee Reed [ Soldier ], Terry Brannon [ Marine ], John Otrin [ Ambulance Attendant ]
The 4077th Halloween party hosts an unexpected guest after Father Mulcahy works an apparent miracle during the reading of a soldier's last rites. Potter: "It's just the first time being dead wasn't terminal. Padre, welcome to the club. You saved a life."
b: 1 Nov 82 pc: 9B01 w: Dennis Koenig d: Charles S. Dubin
NOTE: This was the last of 7 appearances by James Lough, in various roles. The first appearance was in episode 98.
"Foreign Affairs"
gs: Melinda Mullins [ Martine ], Jeffrey Tambor [ Major Reddish ], Soon-Teck Oh [ Joon-Sung ], Byron Chung [ Chong-Wa ], Buddy Farmer [ M.P. ], Dennis Troy [ Corpsman ], Patrick Romano [ French Soldier ], Jo Ann Thompson [ Nurse ]
The Army tries to get a North Korean pilot to defect, and Charles gets a rude shock when he falls for a French nurse with a bohemian past. Potter: "He doesn't understand loud English anymore than he understands quiet English."
b: 8 Nov 82 pc: 1G22 w: David Pollock & Elias Davis d: Charles S. Dubin
NOTE: This is the last of 7 appearances by Byron Chung, as different characters. The first appearance was in episode 11. This is the last of 4 appearances by Soon-Teck Oh, in various roles. The first was in episode 68.
gs: Clyde Kusatsu [ Captain Paul Yamato ], David Haid [ Pt. Leightman ], Jin-Taek Yi [ Korean Soldier ], Terry Moyer [ Nurse ]
rc: Igor
Hawkeye is on his guard when B.J. threatens to pull off the most elaborate practical joke in the compound's history. So when unusual events start to occur, he assumes they are for his benefit.
b: 15 Nov 82 pc: 1G24 w: John Rappaport & Dennis Koenig d: Burt Metcalfe
gs: Shari Saba [ Shari ], Jo Ann Thompson [ Jo Ann ]
rc: Kellye, Bigelow
Hawkeye volunteers to deliver the eulogy for a dead nurse that he briefly dated, and belatedly discovers her deep feelings for him. Hawkeye: "We thought she was kind of distant, unfriendly. In fact, she had a kind of awe for us, for having done our jobs so well for so long. She would have told us that, but she couldn't. She was too shy to express her deepest feelings, so she wrote them in her diary... It's too late for Milly to change, and that's sad. Maybe we can all take a page from her diary to remind us of what we all need to learn... To all the people here I have sweated and endured with, ... you're very important to me. I hope in the future I do a better job of letting you know it. I love every one of you."
b: 22 Nov 82 pc: 1G18 w: David Pollock & Elias Davis d: Harry Morgan
"Bombshells"
gs: Michael Bond [ Captain Hobart ], Michael Carmine [ Patient ], Gerald S. O'Laughlin [ General Sscwerin ], Allen Williams [ Lt. Priore ], Stuart Charno [ Corporal Sonnerborn ], Frank Slaten [ Corpsman Frank ], Bill Snider [ Corpsman ], Paul Tuerpe [ I-Corps Courier ], Natalie Bauman [ Nurse ]
Posing the theory that people will believe in anything, Charles and Hawkeye start a rumor that Marilyn Monroe plans to visit the 4077th, which gets everyone excited. Meanwhile, B.J. feels responsible when he's unable to rescue a wounded soldier, and is less than impressed when he is presented with a Purple Heart.
b: 28 Nov 82 pc: 9B02 w: Dan Wilcox & Thad Mumford d: Charlse S. Dubin
"Settling Debts"
gs: Guy Boyd [ Sergeant Lally ], Jeff East [ Lt. Pavelich ], Michael Lamont [ Corporal ], Jack McCulloch [ Soldier ], Jennifer Davis [ Nurse ]
Hawkeye and the crew surprise Colonel Potter with a party to commemorate Mildred's final payment on the couple's mortgage.
b: 6 Dec 82 pc: 1G23 w: Dan Wilcox & Thad Mumford d: Mike Switzer
gs: Hamilton Cape [ Major Frankenheimer ], Sandy Helberg [ Bannister ], Frank Slaten [ Corpsman Frank ], Larry Ward [ General Rothaker ]
rc: Igor, Baker
With the camp facing prohibition, and a severe medical supply shortage, during another heat wave, Hawkeye resolves to lift morale by importing a racy new movie. Hunnicutt: "It's a good job we're Doctors, 'cos your movies are making us sick".
b: 13 Dec 82 pc: 1G20 w: Larry Balmagia d: Charles S. Dubin
"Run For the Money"
gs: Thomas Calloway [ Captain Sweeney ], Mark Anderson [ Earl 'Jackrabbit' LeMasters ], Phil Brock [ Pt. Palmer ], William G. Schilling [ Sergeant McFarland ], Robert Alan Browne [ Colonel Crocker ], Michael Conn [ G.I. ], Juney Smith [ G.I. ], Barbara Tarbuck [ Major Judy Parker ], Ken Wright [ G.I. ], Ron Kapra [ Driver ]
rc: Kellye
When an Olympic runner assigned to the 4077th fails to materialize, Father Mulcahy must save the camp's honor in a high-stakes footrace against the 8063rd.
b: 20 Dec 82 pc: 9B03 w: Mike Farrell, David Pollock & Elias Davis d: Nell Cox
gs: George Innes [ Dr. Randolph Kent ], Kavi Raz [ Ramurti Lal ], Dennis Holahan [ Per Johannsen ], David Packer [ Pt. Lumley ], Bill Snider [ Bartender ], Shari Saba [ Shari ], Brigitte Chandler [ Nurse ]
rc: Kellye
A United Nations delegation tours the 4077th - a Swede, a Hindu, and a British officer - and each leaves a lasting effect on the men and women of the camp.
b: 3 Mar 82 pc: 9B06 w: David Pollock & Elias Davis d: Harry Morgan
"Strange Bedfellows"
gs: Dennis Dugan [ Bob Wilson ], Benjamin F. Wilson
The 4077th faces a sleepless night as Charles's snoring keeps B.J. and Hawkeye from counting sheep. Meanwhile, Colonel Potter discovers that his son-in-law, Bob Wilson, has had an affair.
b: 10 Jan 83 pc: 9B07 w: Mike Farrell d: Karen L. Hall
gs: John Anderson [ General Collins ], Michael Horton [ Lt. Curtis Collins ], Chip Johnson [ Captain Sterne ], James Karen [ Dr. Steven Chesler ], Jeff Chapman [ Maloney ], Norman Garrett [ Patient ], Dennis Troy [ Corpsman ]
rc: Igor, Kellye
A military strategist refuses to accept responsibility for the war games that have mortally wounded his own son. And Margaret develops laryngitis, as she is about to meet her hero, Dr. Chesler.
b: 24 Jan 83 pc: 9B08 w: John Rappaport d: Charles S. Dubin
gs: Jim Lefebvre [ Sergeant Zurilli ], John McLiam [ Colonel Woody Cooke ], Bill Snider [ Snider ], Matthew Price [ Corporal Marsh ], Jack Yates [ Large Enlisted Man ], Jo Ann Thompson [ Nurse ], Jennifer Davis [ Nurse ]
rc: Kellye, Igor, Goldman
Colonel Potter must decide whether to blow the whistle on an old army chum, Woody Cooke, whose military follies are costing boys their lives.
b: 7 Feb 83 pc: 9B05 w: Karen L. Hall d: Jamie Farr
NOTE: This was the one instance of Jamie Farr directing an episode.
gs: Sagan Lewis [ Nurse Armstrong ], Craig Wasson [ Pt. Kurland ], Derek Wong [ Korean Soldier ], Alberta Jay [ Nurse ]
rc: Rizzo, Igor, Kellye
A wounded GI learns a painful lesson when he forms a recovery room friendship with the enemy soldier he's critically wounded. Soldier: "My boots. All he wanted was my lousy boots. His feet were freezing. I'd have done the same thing. He was just a guy like me, and I shot him. I killed him, for a pair of boots. How can I ever look at a pair of shoes again without thinking of him?"
b: 14 Feb 83 pc: 9B09 w: Dennis Koenig d: Charles S. Dubin
gs: Rosalind Chao [ Soon-Li Hahn ], Michael Swan [ Lt. Brannum ], Mark Herrier [ Sergeant Stoddard ], Wesley Thompson [ Corpsman ], Chao Li Chi [ Korean Husband ], Oksum Kim [ Korean Wife ], Jo Ann Thompson [ Nurse #1 ], Brigitte Chandler [ Nurse #2 ]
rc: Rizzo, Igor, Kellye
Hawkeye and Margaret encapsulate the breadth of their wartime experience when they bury souvenirs as a reminder for future generations. Mulcahy: "In the future, if countries feel the need to go to war, they can use these (boxing gloves) to settle it."
b: 21 Feb 83 pc: 9B10 w: Dan Wilcox & Thad Mumford d: Burt Metcalfe
"Goodbye, Farewell and Amen" (150 min)
gs: Rosalind Chao [ Soon-Lee Hahn ], Mark Casella [ Jeep driver ], Herb Mitchell [ 1st M.P. ], Blake Clark [ 2nd M.P. ], Jun Kim [ Woman with Shawl ], Jim Lau [ Chinese Musician ], Laurence Soong [ Chinese Musician ], Byron Jeong [ Chinese Musician ], Jen-Chia Chang [ Chinese Musician ], Frank Zi-Li Peng [ Chinese Musician ], Scott Lincoln [ G.I. ], David Orr [ Soldier ], John Otrin [ Ambulance Driver ], Kevin Scannell [ "MacArthur" ], John Shearn [ Chopper Pilot ], Bill Snider [ Corpsman ], Arthur Song [ Korean Man ], Jon Van Ness [ "Trueman" ], Lang Yun [ Woman on Bus ], Shari Saba [ Nurse ], Gwen Farrell [ Nurse ], Dennis Flood [ Corpsman ], Jo Ann Thompson [ Nurse ], Brigitte Chandler [ Nurse ], Natasha Bauman [ Nurse ], Judy Farrell [ Nurse Able ], Jennifer Davis [ Nurse ], Dennis Troy [ Corpsman ]
rc: Sidney, Rizzo, Igor, Kellye, Goldman, Bigelow, Baker
Although reports that the war is almost over reach the camp with increasing frequency, the 4077th is still full with refugees and prisoners of war. Fresh casualties pour in as both sides try to gain ground before the armistice. A deeply troubled Hawkeye has been sent away to the psychiatric hospital where Dr. Sidney Freedman tries to help him find the cause of his breakdown, which is associated with a tragic incident on a trip back from R&R at the beach.
Other members of the unit are coping with the final days of war, and making plans to get out: Hot Lips's father is trying to find her a glamorous Army post; B.J. is determined to make it back for his daughter's birthday; Charles wants a plum appointment at a Boston hospital; Klinger worries about Soon-Lee's attempts to find her parents. A runaway Army tank that crashes into the compound and destroys the half-built latrine interrupts the normal business of the camp.
This has two results. First, Charles wanders off to relieve himself and stumbles on a group of Chinese musicians. They surrender and come back with him to the camp. Second, the enemy spots the tank and begins to shell the base. Father Mulcahy bravely ventures out under fire to release the POWs, a shell explodes near him, and he suffers a mild concussion. When B.J. examines him, he detects a hearing loss that Father Mulcahy begs him to keep from the rest of the company.
The barrage continues as the unit fails to move the tank out. Hawkeye returns to the 4077th and is called straight into the O.R. He is urgently needed because B.J. has received orders permitting him to go home, much to Hawkeye's chagrin.
Charles learns that he has been appointed to Boston hospital but quarrels violently with Hot Lips on discovering that she has pulled strings for him. He consoles himself by teaching the Chinese musicians a little touch of Mozart. Klinger, meanwhile, has brought back a reluctant Soon-Lee to the safety of the camp, although she is still determined to find her parents. He is obviously in love.
The pressure on the company is temporarily relieved when Hawkeye, who has coped successfully with his return to surgery, drives the tank into the 4077th's trash dump, but only temporarily. Fires started by incendiary bombs in the surrounding woods are visible from the camp and Colonel Potter orders evacuation proceedings: "Bug out!!"
The Colonel's desperate plea for a relief surgeon is answered unexpectedly by the return of B.J., who was already one-third of the way home when the Army recalled him to fulfill the Colonel's staff request. He misses his daughter's birthday, but the company hosts a birthday party for an orphan with B.J. as the guest of honor. Klinger proposes marriage and is accepted by Soon-Lee. He is overjoyed. Charles, however, is not so happy when he loses his "orchestra" to a relocation center.
The end of the war is only hours away, but the casualties keep coming in - among them Charles' flautist. Finally, the surgical teams learn of the immediate ceasefire as they operate on a group of desperately wounded soldiers and civilians. The war is over.
At the noisy, joyful camp party that night, members of the company talk about their lives after the war: Colonel Potter looks forward to becoming a semi-retired country doctor; Hot Lips declares she has opted for the States and a big city hospital; Klinger announces his engagement and says that he is staying in Korea to help find Soon-Lee's parents - to everyone's amusement; Charles is still going to Boston, despite Hot Lips' "meddling"; B.J., of course, wants to go home, yet refuses to actually say "goodbye" to the others; And Hawkeye? Perhaps, after all, he will not be going to the big city surgical post that he always dreamed of... .
After Klinger and Soon-Lee marry and leave the camp in traditional Korean style, the other members of the company depart one by one. By now, the camp is a ghost town. Father Mulcahy leaves to start a new life ministering to the deaf. Hot Lips is kissed and hugged. Even her disagreement with Charles is reconciled. Charles himself exits with Rizzo in a garbage truck. Colonel Potter takes Sophie for one last ride before the orphanage adopts her. Finally, B.J. and Hawkeye go together on B.J.'s motorbike to meet Hawkeye's chopper. As Hawkeye looks down over the desolate camp, he sees a message B.J. has left on the pad: a GOODBYE marked out in stone.
b: 28 Feb 83 pc: 9B04 w: Alan Alda, Burt Metcalfe, John Rappaport, Thad Mumford, Dan Wilcox, David Pollock, Elias Davis & Karen L. Hall d: Alan Alda
NOTE: To date, this is still one of the most watched television events ever on U.S. network television.
Benjamin Franklin Pierce, MD:
"Nice war we had. Of course every war has its cute things. World War II had nice songs. The War of the Roses had nice flowers. We've got booms, they had blooms. Actually, every war has its 'ooms. You've got doom, gloom, everybody ends in a tomb, the planes go zoom, and they bomb your room."
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Comedian Arthur Jefferson is better known as who? | Just Rambling Along-1918-Stan Laurel-An early great silent comedy film-Full movie - YouTube
Just Rambling Along-1918-Stan Laurel-An early great silent comedy film-Full movie
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Published on Sep 9, 2013
Just Rambling Along is a 1918 American silent comedy film featuring Stan Laurel. Stanley "Stan" Laurel (born Arthur Stanley Jefferson, 16 June 1890 -- 23 February 1965), was an English comic actor, writer and film director, famous as one half of the comedy team Laurel and Hardy. Laurel began his career in the British music hall where he took a number of his standard comic devices: the bowler hat, the deep comic gravity, and the nonsensical understatement. He was a member of "Fred Karno's Army" where he was Charlie Chaplin's understudy. The two arrived in the US on the same boat from Britain with the Karno troupe. His film acting career stretched between 1917 and 1951 and included a starring role in the Academy Award winning film The Music Box (1932).
In 1961, Laurel was given a Lifetime Achievement Academy Award for his pioneering work in comedy. He has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 7021 Hollywood Blvd. In a 2005 UK poll to find The Comedians' Comedian, Laurel and Hardy ranked top among best double acts and seventh overall. In 2009, a bronze statue of the duo was unveiled in Laurel's hometown of Ulverston, Cumbria.
In this film as in the later A Man About Town, some of the humor comes from Stan's efforts to chase after the girl and the girl's efforts to rid herself of him. On this occasion they wind up in a cafeteria, which provides Stan with opportunities for comic business using food, table implements, etc. The gags seem random, as if improvised while the cameras were grinding. Stan borrows Chaplin's bit from the restaurant scene in The Immigrant, using salt & pepper shakers as binoculars, but when Charlie performed the gag it felt appropriate (he was making fun of Henry Bergman's florid gestures) whereas here it just feels forced; Stan's doing it because he needs to do something funny. Somewhat better is the routine where Stan samples almost all the food on offer, but then orders only a cup of coffee. Just Rambling Along is of moderate interest for silent comedy buffs, but serves primarily as evidence that Stan needed the partnership with Oliver Hardy to fully come into his own.
Casting notes: according to one reference source the cook behind the counter is Charley Chase, but may be Charley's look-alike brother James Parrott, sometimes known as Paul Parrott, who later starred in his own solo series of short comedies and eventually directed some of Laurel & Hardy's best films. The big cop who chases after Stan is Noah Young, who was featured in a number of Harold Lloyd shorts and features, while the chef is played by Bud Jamison, a rotund character actor who played in support of every major comedian of the era: everyone from Chaplin, Langdon and Keaton to the Three Stooges. Stan and Bud have a nice scene together in this film, and at one point Stan appears to break character and laugh at something Bud has said.
Stan Laurel - Nervy Young Man
Clarine Seymour - Pretty Lady
| Stan Laurel |
What is the Roman Numeral for 1000? | Arthur Stanley Jefferson Journal Of Life Memorial Website, Biography, Photos, Facts, Life Story
Arthur Stanley Jefferson http://arthur-stanley-jefferson.journal-of-life.com/users/getuseravatar/310/image.jpg Arthur Stanley Jefferson (16 June 1890 – 23 February 1965), better known as Stan Laurel, was an English comic actor, writer and film director, famous as the first half of the comedy double-act Laurel and Hardy.
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Famous composer Handel originally studied which profession? | Famous Composers - The Method Behind the Music
The Method Behind The Music
Baroque
George Fredric Handel b.1685, d.1759
Born the son of a barber, Handel ditched a career in law to pursue his love of music. Skilled at the organ, he wrote several church pieces before being picked up by Prince Ernst of Hanover as a court musician. Later Handel went to London, where his Italian-style operas were all the rage. But soon after, the fires for opera died down and Handel was looking like a has-been. To redeem himself he wrote the religious classic "Messiah" in 1741.
Antonio Vivaldi b. 1676 d.1741
Vivaldi's history is not well known. He was ordained as a priest and wrote many, many, many pieces for the Church (about 640 pieces all together). He taught music at several schools at the time. But as his popularity declined, he lost contacts and support, and at the time of his death he was a poor man.
Johann Sebastian Bach b.1685 d.1750
Bach came from a long line of musicians, although he was the first to become famous outside of his hometown of Eisenach. An incredibly gifted organist, Bach got a job as a cantor in 1722. He wrote new pieces for the organ for each service, destroying the used ones. Countless Bach compositions have been lost because he saw them as nothing but scrap. His work was very unique, and his use of intertwining melodies and the fugue are trademarks of his genius.
Classical
Joseph Haydn b.1732 d. 1809
Haydn was the hub of the Classical style. He entered the world of music through his wonderful singing voice as a child. His voice was so good that he was almost castrated to maintain his young voice. But his voice did break and his singing career ended. Haydn moved then into composing music. When Haydn moved to Vienna in 1790 he effectively made Vienna the nexus of the Classical music style. There he taught and mentored young composers such as Mozart and Beethoven.
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart b.1756 d. 1791
Mozart was the prince of Classical music. Movies, plays, musicals, and countless books have been written in honor of him. He was the prodigy to end all prodigies. He wrote his first symphony when he was 5. He toured Europe as a novelty act with his father and sister. But when he grew up that novelty was gone. Luckily his natural skill with music carried him. A student of Haydn, Mozart blossomed into a top notch opera writer, which was his bread and butter for many years. But a man doesn't live by bread and butter alone: his later teaching carrier was not sufficient to support him, and he died a poor man.
Ludwig Von Beethoven b. 1770 d.1827
He was another child prodigy, but not nearly as talented as Mozart as a child. At the age of 14 he was appointed as an assistant teacher and the organist at Hanover. He received tutoring from both Haydn and Mozart. When he was 19 he was faced with supporting his entire family after his mother's death. A disturbed, angry person himself, Beethoven's music was fiery, and emotional. He is credited with bridging the gap between Classical and Romantic style music.
Franz Schubert b. 1797 d.1828
Born into a family of strong musical leanings, Franz was keen to pick up music as a profession. He was proficient with the keyboard and violin. Primarily a teacher, Schubert was a lifelong resident of Vienna, the hotbed of Classical style music. Schubert's music is especially notable for it's infectious melodies which rival Mozart for their Classical beauty.
Felix Mendelssohn b.1809 d.1847
Coming from a rich and musically talented family, Mendelssohn started his music career very early. His pieces were very popular at the time of their writing. His Piano Concerto in G minor was its day's "And My Heart Will Go On;" it is considered the most played concerto ever written. In addition to his popularity during his time, his music for the play "A Midsummer Night's Dream" is still played today in weddings after the bride and groom kiss. Finally, Mendelssohn is credited with bringing back Bach. His performances of Bach's pieces restarted interest in the Baroque composer's work.
Johannes Brahms b. 1833 d. 1897
Brahms started his career in the oddest of places: bars and brothels. These jobs fueled him with a knowledge of dance tunes and party music. When he outgrew the bar circuits and began serious composing he was heralded as a genius. He was different in that he lived during the Romantic age, but wrote obviously Classical music.
Romantic
Carl Maria von Weber b.1786 d. 1826
Although his works are in many cases operas, von Weber wrote some of the most romantic music ever written. Again, he came from a musical family and started his career at a very early age. His greatest contribution to music was the standard arrangement of an orchestra. His grouping of similar instruments at different locations is a method still used today in our modern orchestras.
Frederic Chopin b.1810 d.1849
Chopin was another artist that knew from the get-go that he would be a composer. From the age of 13 Chopin studied music abroad. His greatest talent was with the piano, which he excelled at. His pieces for the piano were groundbreaking, pushing the limits of what a piano was thought to be capable of. He completely changed how the piano was treated in music.
Franz Lizt b. 1811 d. 1886
Franz Liszt was undoubtedly one of the most talented pianists the world has ever seen. He had been playing in concerts since the age of nine. When his family moved to Vienna, Liszt had an opportunity to meet Beethoven and Schubert; this undoubtedly altered his style of composing. In his time Liszt was a master showman. His shows were almost always sold out. He was so grandiose with his concerts that he ordered a second piano be on stage in case he were to break the first one while playing.
Richard Wagner b.1813 d.1883
Wagner, the man, was not a desirable person. Racist, sexist, and violently anti-Semitic (even though Wagner himself was born into a Jewish family), he was not a very nice guy. But his music was inspired. His opera music is some of the most beautiful ever written.
Richard Strauss b. 1864 d. 1949
Richard was born the son of a horn player in Munich. He was trained at the piano and began writing pieces of music called "programs" which were pieces that told stories. His most famous work is probably "Also Sprach Zarathustra" used in the movie "2001: A Space Odyssey."
Nationalistic
Antonin Dvorak b.1841 d.1904
Son of a zither-playing butcher, Antonin supported his education in Prague by playing the organ at a mental hospital. He played a violin for the National Theater of Prague from 1862 to 1872, then he left to take more time to compose. Later, he became the head of the National Conservatory in New York. His music is heavily influenced by the folk songs of his Bavarian youth.
Jan Sibelius b.1865 d. 1957
Jan was born in Finland during the Russian occupation. He wrote stunning, beautiful music in honor of his homeland. His piece "Finlandia" was the anthem for the Finnish revolution. When the Russians withdrew from Finland in 1918 Jan was made a national hero.
Mikhail Glinka b.1804 d. 1857
Glinka, son of an upper-middle class family in Russia earned the title "Father of Russian Music." With little formal training, Glinka wrote many pieces that absolutely drip the essence of folk songs of the Russian peasants. His music served as an example for most every Russian composer that came after him.
Peter Tchaikovsky b.1840 d. 1893
Tchaikovsky was born the son of a mining engineer and learned the piano at an early age. But he did not choose music as his vocation. He studied and became a lawyer. But, shortly thereafter, he quit the practice and went to write music. His music was powerful and infused with folk elements much in the same way Glinka's pieces were. A troubled person, Tchaikovsky tried to commit suicide in 1877. It was 11 years later that Tchaikovsky wrote his finest pieces before dying of cholera in 1893.
Sergei Rachmaninoff b. 1873 d. 1943
Sergei was the epitome of the Russian patriotic composer. Coming from a well-off family, "Rocky" studied at the St. Petersburg conservatory, and his instructor, Tchaikovsky, gave him the highest grade possible. Sergei battled lifelong depression, made worse by his bouts of writer's block. He alleviated his block with hypnotism and dedicated his 2nd Piano Concerto to his hypnotist. In the movie "Shine" it is Rachmaninoff's Piano Concerto #3 that makes David Helfgott wig out.
And One American
Aaron Copland b.1900 d. 1990
Born in Brooklyn, to Russian immigrant parents, Aaron brought Russian ultra-patriotism to American music. Infusing western and jazz elements Copland wrote pieces that tell of American folklore. He was immensely popular, even when it was found that he had ties to the Communists. His "Appalachian Spring" won a Pulitzer Prize.
| The Law |
Hey Big Spender is a song from which musical? | Handel
Handel
George Frideric Handel was born in Halle, Germany, on February 23, 1685. He died in London on April 14,1759 and was buried in Westminister Abbey. Handel was one of the famous composers of the Baroque Period. This great composer was mostly known very well for his English Oratorio, particularly the Messiah. His trouble in his operas that he made lied within his uncertain temper and uncertain lack of tact.
Handel first learned how to play from an instrument called a clavichord. This was like a forerunner of the piano. With the help of one of Handel's friend, they smuggled the instrument up to his attic in his house. Every night he would sneak up to the attic after everyone was asleep and he'd play it until he finally mastered it. The instrument could not be heard through the closed doors. When he was about twelve, he went to Berlin to study and while there he became well-known for playing the Harpsichord. Handel's parents wanted Handel to grow up in the profession of law, but music was in Handel's blood. When Handel's father soon realized this, he sent Handel away to study in Berlin. In Berlin, Handel was taught under the great composer Frideric Wilhelm Zachau.
One of the great influences on Handle was while he was writing the Messiah in three weeks. Handle, before writing the Messiah, had rented a theatre for his own use, and though he had some successes, he had more failures. He was bankrupt twice through his opera business. If Handel had been more successful with his with his operas, we would never have had the grand oratorios for which his name is most famous for now. This is because when he had exhausted himself with the operas, he started to make the oratorios. He was the director of music in Italy for several years and he was a composer of the Italian style music in England and even absorbed the characteristics of English music especially English Choral Music.
Like was said before, Handel wrote many oratorios and operas. He didn't have many famous operas, but he had some. Some of his operas are: Giulio Casare, Tamerlano, Orlando, Alcina, and Serse. He had many different oratorios though. Of the many, his one that he is most famous for is the Messiah for it is not so much dramatic as Meditative. I have included a few pages from his play Israel in Egypt. The most famous instrument of his time was a mixture of things, but he preferred the Violin while making the operas and oratorios.
My impression on Handel is that he was a very creative person always thinking up new and recent ideas for his time. I would have liked to live his life because he was able to sneak up to his attic late at night and because he made some very famous plays which are being revived and the oratorios like Messiah which are being said every Christmas by some family. Handel was probably inspired to write that wonderful music was heroic historical figures for the plays and the Bible for the oratorios. I admired Handel for his will to keep on making music after so many people made fun of him with this song:
" Some say, compared to Buononcini "
" That Mynheer Handel's but a ninny; "
" Others aver that he to Handel "
" Is scarcely fit to hold a candle. "
" Strange all this difference should be "
" 'Twixt tweedle-dum and tweedle-dee. "
1) The Book Of Knowledge - The Grolier Society Published by: The Amalgamated Press Copyright: 1926-35
2) The Prodigy Service - Interactive Personal Service Made By: Grolier Electronic Publishing, Inc. Copyright: 1990
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What place is called Rapa-nui by its native inhabitants? | Why is Easter Island named "Easter?" | Dictionary.com Blog
April 17, 2014 by: Dictionary.com 29 Comments
The instantly recognizable statues on Easter Island (887 of them), called moai, have perplexed and fascinated explorers, experts and average folks since the Dutch explorer Jacob Roggeveen came across it in 1722. And Mr. Roggeveen is the reason it’s called Easter Island. He and his crew dropped anchor on Easter Sunday.
The current inhabitants of Isla de Pascua (Spanish for “Easter Island”) call it Rapa Nui , a phrase whose origin points to the sad history of the place. Apparently Rapa Nui derives from slavers who abducted island dwellers and somehow confused it with another island named Rapa.
For all the magnificence of the moai, the human story of life on Rapa Nui has been bleak for centuries. Famine, warfare, disease from visiting ships, and ecological changes seem to unceasingly pummel the native people. Of course, these conditions only make the existence of the statues all the more of an enigma.
Research suggests two possible names that the island was called prior to contact with Europeans. Te pito o te henua translates roughly as “navel of the world.” Mata-ki-Te-rangi is approximately “eyes looking to the sky.” Both come from conjecture and the lack of a definite answer again highlights the tragic and chaotic past of one of the world’s most remarkable locations.
On a related note, check out the surprisingly pagan origin of the word Easter.
| Easter Island |
New Zealand hosted the 'Commonwealth Games' in which city in 1974? | Easter Island
Easter Island
The Moai statues of Easter Island (Rapa Nui)
One of the world's most famous yet least visited archaeological sites, Easter Island is a small, hilly, now treeless island of volcanic origin. Located in the Pacific Ocean at 27 degrees south of the equator and some 2200 miles (3600 kilometers) off the coast of Chile, it is considered to be the world’s most remote inhabited island. Sixty-three square miles in size and with three extinct volcanoes (the tallest rising to 1674 feet), the island is, technically speaking, a single massive volcano rising over ten thousand feet from the Pacific Ocean floor. The oldest known traditional name of the island is Te Pito o Te Henua, meaning ‘The Center (or Navel) of the World.’ In the 1860’s Tahitian sailors gave the island the name Rapa Nui, meaning ‘Great Rapa,’ due to its resemblance to another island in Polynesia called Rapa Iti, meaning ‘Little Rapa’. The island received its most well known current name, Easter Island, from the Dutch sea captain Jacob Roggeveen who became the first European to visit Easter Sunday, April 5, 1722.
In the early 1950s, the Norwegian explorer Thor Heyerdahl (famous for his Kon-Tiki and Ra raft voyages across the oceans) popularized the idea that the island had been originally settled by advanced societies of Indians from the coast of South America. Extensive archaeological, ethnographic and linguistic research has conclusively shown this hypothesis to be inaccurate. It is now considered likely that the original inhabitants of Easter Island are of Polynesian stock (DNA extracts from skeletons have confirmed this), that they most probably came from the Marquesas or Society islands, and that they arrived as early as 318 AD (carbon dating of reeds from a grave confirms this). It is estimated that the original colonists, who may have been lost at sea, arrived in only a few canoes and numbered fewer than 100. At the time of their arrival, much of the island was forested, was teeming with land birds, and was perhaps the most productive breeding site for seabirds in the Polynesia region. Because of the plentiful bird, fish and plant food sources, the human population grew and gave rise to a rich religious and artistic culture.
That culture's most famous features are its enormous stone statues called moai, at least 288 of which once stood upon massive stone platforms called ahu. There are some 250 of these ahu platforms spaced approximately one half mile apart and creating an almost unbroken line around the perimeter of the island. Another 600 moai statues, in various stages of completion, are scattered around the island, either in quarries or along ancient roads between the quarries and the coastal areas where the statues were most often erected. Nearly all the moai are carved from the tough stone of the Rano Raraku volcano. The average statue is 14 feet, 6 inches tall and weighs 14 tons. Some moai were as large as 33 feet and weighed more than 80 tons (one statue only partially quarried from the bedrock was 65 feet long and would have weighed an estimated 270 tons). Depending upon the size of the statues, it has been estimated that between 50 and 150 people were needed to drag them across the countryside on sleds and rollers made from the island's trees.
Moai statues, Easter Island
The Paschalococos disperta and the Saphora toromiro were once the island’s most bountiful trees and sediment samples dating from 200 AD indicate an abundance of pollen from both trees in the island biota at that time. The Paschalococos disperta bear a striking resemblance to the still-surviving Jubaea chilensis, the Chilean wine palm, which grows up eighty feet tall and six feet in diameter. Thus the Paschalococos disperta palm tree trunks are the most probable candidates for the solution to the transportation of the enormous moai from their carving location at the Rano Raraku volcano to the many locations where they were erected around the island. These trees were also important to the islanders for fuel and for the construction of houses and ocean-fishing canoes.
The moai and ahu were in use as early as AD 500, the majority were carved and erected between AD 1000 and 1650, and they were still standing when Jacob Roggeveen visited the island in 1722. Recent research has shown that certain statue sites, particularly the most important ones with great ahu platforms, were periodically ritually dismantled and reassembled with ever-larger statues. A small number of the moai were once capped with ‘crowns’ or ‘hats’ of red volcanic stone. The meaning and purpose of these capstones is not known, but archaeologists have suggested that the moai thus marked were of pan-island ritual significance or perhaps sacred to a particular clan.
Scholars are unable to definitively explain the function and use of the moai statues. It is assumed that their carving and erection derived from an idea rooted in similar practices found elsewhere in Polynesia but which evolved in a unique way on Easter Island. Archaeological and iconographic analysis indicates that the statue cult was based on an ideology of male, lineage-based authority incorporating anthropomorphic symbolism. The statues were thus symbols of authority and power, both religious and political. But they were not only symbols. To the people who erected and used them, they were actual repositories of sacred spirit. Carved stone and wooden objects in ancient Polynesian religions, when properly fashioned and ritually prepared, were believed to be charged by a magical spiritual essence called mana. The ahu platforms of Easter Island were the sanctuaries of the people of Rapa Nui, and the moai statues were the ritually charged sacred objects of those sanctuaries. While the statues have been toppled and re-erected over the centuries, the mana or spiritual presence of Rapa Nui is still strongly present at the ahu sites and atop the sacred volcanoes.
Mystery surrounds the purpose of the ahu platforms and moai statues but even more perplexing mysteries have begun to surface from the research of scholars outside the boundaries of conventional archaeology. As previously mentioned, orthodox archaeologists hypothesize that Easter Island was initially settled sometime around 320 AD by a small group of Polynesians lost on the open sea. Other scholars, however, have suggested that the tiny island may once have been part of a larger island whose original discovery and use may be several thousands of years earlier in time (it is known, for example, that Melanesians were journeying around the Pacific in boats as early as 5500 BC).
Three researchers in particular, Graham Hancock, Colin Wilson and Rand Flem-Ath, believe that Easter Island was an important node in a global grid of sacred geography that predates the great floods of archaic times. Easter Island, writes Graham Hancock, is “part of a massive subterranean escarpment called the East Pacific Rise, which reaches almost to the surface at several points. Twelve thousand years ago, when the great ice cap of the last glaciation was still largely unmelted, and sea-level was 100 meters lower than it is today, the Rise would have formed a chain of steep and narrow antediluvian islands, as long as the Andes mountain range.” At that time, the land we now call Easter Island would simply have been the highest peak of a much larger island. Humans were traveling in these areas at that time and so might have settled at various places, including what is now the island of Easter Island.
Besides its more well known name of Rapa Nui, Easter Island is also known as Te-Pito-O-Te-Henua, meaning ‘The Navel of the World’, and as Mata-Ki-Te-Rani, meaning ‘Eyes Looking at Heaven’. These ancient names, and a host of mythological details ignored by mainstream archaeologists, point to the possibility that the remote island may once have been a geodetic marker and the site of an astronomical observatory of a long forgotten civilization. Speculations about this shadowy antediluvian culture include the notion that its mariners had charted the world’s oceans, that its astronomers had sophisticated knowledge of long-term astronomical cycles such as precession and cometary orbits, and that its historians had records of previous global cataclysms and the destruction they caused of even more ancient civilizations.
In his book, Heaven’s Mirror, Hancock suggests that Easter Island may once have been a significant scientific outpost of this antediluvian civilization and that its location had extreme importance in a planet-spanning, mathematically precise grid of sacred sites. He writes, “The very existence of such an ancient world grid has been staunchly resisted by mainstream archaeologists and historians – as, of course, have all attempts to relate known sites to it. Nevertheless, the definite traces of lost astronomical knowledge that are to be seen on Easter Island, and the recurrent echoes of ancient Egyptian spiritual and cosmological themes, cast doubt on the scholarly explanation that the odd name ‘Navel of the World’ was adopted for purely ‘poetic and descriptive’ reasons. We suspect that Te-Pito-O-Te-Henua may originally have been selected for settlement, and given its name, entirely because of its geodetic location.” “What we are suggesting therefore is that Easter Island might have originally have been settled in order to serve as a sort of geodetic beacon, or marker – fulfilling some as yet unguessed at function in an ancient global system of sky-ground co-ordinates that linked many so-called ‘world navels’”.
Two other alternative scholars, Christopher Knight and Robert Lomas, have extensively studied the location and possible function of these geodetic markers. In their fascinating book, Uriel’s Machine, they suggest that one purpose of the geodetic markers was as part of a global network of sophisticated astronomical observatories dedicated to predicting and preparing for future cometary impacts and crustal displacement cataclysms. The great floods of archaic myths did not result from the melting of the ice caps between 13,000 and 8000 BC but rather from two great cataclysms that were caused by cosmic and cometary objects affecting the entire planet. These cataclysms were 1) the pass-by of an enormous, perhaps moon-sized cosmic object and an ensuing planet-wide crustal displacement in 9600 BC, and 2) the seven cometary impacts of 7640 BC which resulted in the massive waves (3-5 miles high, traveling at over 400 miles per hour for distances of more than 2000 miles), volcanic activity and other terrestrial and climatological events recorded in myths all across the planet. Prior to these cataclysmic events however, in what is commonly called the late Paleolithic era, a maritime civilization may have existed with cities situated along coastlines that are now submerged beneath the seas.
Moai statues, Easter Island
The decline of culture on Easter Island
In the past few decades various theories have been suggested for the rapid decline of Easter Island’s remarkable culture. Jared Diamond in his excellent book Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Survive explains that a few centuries after Easter Island’s initial colonization the resource needs of the growing population had begun to outpace the island's capacity to renew itself ecologically. By the 1400s, the forests had been entirely cut, the rich ground cover had eroded away, the springs had dried up, and the vast flocks of birds coming to roost on the island had disappeared. With no logs to build the canoes necessary for offshore fishing, with depleted bird and wildlife food sources, and with declining crop yields because of the erosion of good soil, the nutritional intake of the people plummeted. First famine, then cannibalism, set in. Because the island could no longer feed the chiefs, bureaucrats and priests who kept the complex society running, the resulting chaos triggered a social and cultural collapse. By 1700 the population dropped to between one-quarter and one-tenth of its former number, and many of the statues were toppled during supposed “clan wars” of the 1600 and 1700’s. This all happened before the Europeans came.
After they came, things got even worse. To fully understand the tremendous social devastation that occurred on Easter Island it is vital to recognize that it was a consequence of two separate matters: the pre-European environmental degradation and ensuing cultural collapse and the inhumane behavior of many of the first European visitors, particularly the slavers who raped and murdered the islanders, introduced small pox and other diseases, and brutally removed the natives to mainland South America. Readers interested in more detailed information concerning the causes of Easter Island’s ecological devastation, its so-called civil war, and the genocide caused by European slavers will appreciate the article, From Genocide to Ecocide: The Rape of Rapa Nui , written by Benny Peiser.
Recent research:
New findings indicate that Native Americans had visited Easter Island before Columbus sailed to the Americas. The study, Genome-wide Ancestry Patterns in Rapanui Suggest Pre-European Admixture with Native Americans, was conducted by a team of geneticists from the Natural History Museum of Denmark and published in the journal Current Biology on November 3, 2014. The scientists analyzed genetic markers for 27 native Rapanui (Easter Islanders) and determined that 10 percent of their genetic admixture came from American Indians, while 75 percent was Polynesian and 15 percent was European. The study’s co-authors, Eske Willerslev and Anna-Sapfo Malaspina, argue that this evidence supports the possibility of Native American contact prior to the European ‘discovery’ of the island in AD 1722, in particular that interbreeding between the Rapa Nui and native people in South America occurred roughly between 1300 and 1500, or 19 to 23 generations ago.
Another interesting matter is that recent studies of the DNA of sweet potatoes appear to confirm that the Polynesians had cultivated it before contact with Europeans, strong evidence of American Indian-Polynesian contact. A 2013 study by a French team, led by Caroline Roullier and Vincent Lebot, in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, analyzed the DNA of sweet potatoes collected during the voyages of James Cook (who sailed the Pacific in the years 1768-1779). Using these early and thus uncontaminated specimens, the researchers argued that their “results provide strong support for prehistoric transfer(s) of sweet potato from South America (Peru-Ecuador region) into Polynesia.”
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Amerigo Vespucci airport is in which city? | Florence Airport (FLR) Information: FLR Airport in Florence Area, Italy
Airport Information
(Florence, Italy)
Known as both the Amerigo Vespucci Airport and also the Peretola Airport, the city's airport can be found around 4 km / 3 miles to the north-west of Florence (Firenze). Close to Campi Bisenzio, San Mauro and Sesto Fiorentino, Florence Airport lies within Italy's acclaimed Tuscany region.
Peretola has recently undergone considerable improvements, increasing capacity to some 2.2 million annual passengers at a cost of more than 11 million. Buses at Florence Peretola Airport are operated by ATAF ad SITA, and link the city centre and both the Florence SMN Railway Station (Firenze Stazione SMN) and the Prato Railway Station (Prato Stazione FS).
Passengers will find the airport's taxi rank directly outside of the arrivals terminal, where taxis travel into the historic city centre of Florence (centrol storico) in around 15 minutes. Other notable districts connected by taxis include Campo di Marte, San Giovanni, Santa Maria Novella and Santo Spirito Oltrarno, which is centred around the Piazza Santo Spirito.
About Florence Tourism
The city of Florence lies within Italy's beautiful region of Tuscany and is known in Italian as 'Firenze'. Florence's skyline is dominated by the stunning 13th-century Duomo, which is actually the world's fourth biggest cathedral and a truly magnificent sight, with a hard-to-miss brown-tiled dome.
Extremely close to Amerigo Vespucci Airport (FLR), many of the attractions in Florence grace the banks of the meandering River Arno and attract literally millions of tourists every year. The sights of Florence can be overwhelming and are often based around the Piazza del Duomo and the Piazza della Repubblica.
Contact Florence Airport (FLR):
| Florence |
Where do the Sami people live? | Hotel Albani Florence: 4 star hotel category in Florence City Center
Full Day Best of Florence
Uffizi Gallery, Statue of David and Florence Cathedral
..read more
Albani Firenze, 4 star hotel, Santa Maria Novella
The Hotel Albani Firenze is located in a quiet residential street, a few steps from Santa Maria Novella train station, from Fortezza da Basso and the Business Center.
Duomo, Church of Santa Maria Novella and treasures of Florentine Renaissance make the hotel incomparable.
“Among all foreign cities, Florence has certainly become my favourite one. The more you live there, the more you realize you love her. There is something cozy that makes me feel at home.“
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
Composer
Housed in a building of the early '900, the Hotel is a gem of sober architecture and refined environments. The attentive guest will notice the gracious details that characterize the hotel with Italian style and sophistication.
Hotel Albani Firenze, enhanced by the warmth of the wood furniture, valuable fabrics and local Italian marble, is expressed in the attention to guest comfort; traits that rises to the ideal for a pleasure trip and a reference point for a business meeting.
Hotel Albani Florence Details
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If you see the letters UHT on a food or milk carton, what does it mean? | Just Say No To UHT Milk | Food Renegade
Just Say No To UHT Milk
by Kristen Michaelis 203 Comments | Affiliate Disclosure
I’d been a raw milk drinker for years. Yet I hadn’t expected to respond so negatively to the glass of Horizon organic milk my friend poured for me. After all, that’s what I’d drunk for years before making the switch to raw milk from grass-fed cows.
“Yuck. This tastes burnt!” I said.
That’s when I saw it. The milk had been ultra-high temperature pasteurized. In fact, more than 80% of the organic milk sold in the U.S. is UHT pasteurized. It’s why I don’t drink organic milk.
What is UHT Milk?
The official U.S. government definition of an ultra-pasteurized dairy product stipulates “such product shall have been thermally processed at or above 280° F for at least 2 seconds, either before or after packaging, so as to produce a product which has an extended shelf life.”
Get this. According to Wikipedia , UHT milk has a shelf life of 6 to 9 months (until opened). When the world’s foremost UHT milk processor, Parmalat, first introduced UHT milk to the U.S. market back in 1993, they hit a snag. Americans distrust milk that hasn’t been refrigerated. We like our milk cold, and UHT milk doesn’t need to be refrigerated.
So, milk producers got creative. They could extend the shelf life of their product and not advertise that they were doing it. They’d sell the milk in normal packaging, in the refrigerator aisle, and none of us would be the wiser.
Now, almost all of the organic milk and the majority of conventional milk available in U.S. supermarkets is UHT processed.
What’s wrong with UHT processing?
The introduction to a 2005 study published in the Journal of Dairy Science highlighted the current problems with UHT processing from an industry point of view:
Often, heat treatment causes milkfat globule membrane proteins and whey proteins to unfold such that buried sulfhydryl (-SH-) groups, normally masked in the native protein, are exposed to the outer surfaces ( Hoffmann and van Mill, 1997 ). In turn, these processes produce extreme cooked flavors, often attributed to changes in the sulfhydryl and disulfide content of the protein fraction ( Swaisgood et al., 1987 ). Conventional pasteurization methods have long been in place and with the advent of UHT technology, the sterilization of fluid milk was achieved using higher temperature treatments for shorter periods. However, shelf-stable milk has met with limited acceptability by the consumer, especially in the United States, due in part to a high cooked flavor. Several attempts to improve the quality of UHT-treated milk products proved successful to varying degrees. Previously, Swaisgood and coworkers used immobilized sulfhydryl oxidase to reduce the thiol content of UHT-heated skim milk and described an improved flavor after enzymatic oxidation to form protein disulfide bonds ( Swaisgood et al., 1987 ). Other studies have showed that altering UHT processing parameters, such as indirect vs. direct steam injection systems, cooling rates, and long-term storage conditions have a significant impact on sensory attributes ( Browning et al., 2001 ). Most recently, epicatechin, a flavonoid compound, was added to UHT milk prior to heating, and the results revealed partial inhibition of thermally generated cooked aroma ( Colahan-Sederstrom and Peterson, 2005 ).
So for decades, UHT processors have known that UHT processed milks results in a “high cooked flavor,” and they’ve done all kinds of experimenting to get rid of the nasty taste and smell (even resorting to adding flavonoid compounds to the milk to try to negate the off-flavor).
Okay, so it tastes funny compared to raw milk. And maybe it smells funny too. But what makes UHT processing any worse than regular old pasteurization?
According to Lee Dexter, microbiologist and owner of White Egret Farm goat dairy in Austin, Texas, ultra-pasteurization is an extremely harmful process to inflict on the fragile components of milk. Dexter explains that milk proteins are complex, three-dimensional molecules, like tinker toys. They are broken down and digested when special enzymes fit into the parts that stick out. Rapid heat treatments like pasteurization, and especially ultra-pasteurization, actually flatten the molecules so the enzymes cannot do their work. If such proteins pass into the bloodstream (a frequent occurrence in those suffering from “leaky gut,” a condition that can be brought on by drinking processed commercial milk), the body perceives them as foreign proteins and mounts an immune response. That means a chronically overstressed immune system and much less energy available for growth and repair. ( source )
Now, that’s scary. No wonder more and more people are starting to think of themselves as intolerant to casein (the protein found in milk). Not only do pasteurization and UHT processing kill off the enzymes present in milk needed to digest the casein, the casein itself is altered to the point of being indigestible!
So now you know why I don’t buy organic milk at the store — even when I run out of raw milk. If you want more help deciding how to prioritize your milk purchases, check out this post on Healthy Milk: What To Buy .
Edited on 6/4/2013: Thanks to many reader comments, I’ve removed one erroneous paragraph in the original post! In it, I quoted a prominent leader in the real food movement about using UHT milk in ferments like yogurt or kefir. I no longer agree with the quotation, so I’ve simply deleted it. Thank you all for being such a thought-provoking and challenging community! All the best, ~Kristen
Related
| Ultra-high-temperature processing |
In which book of the Bible did David kill Goliath? | Pasteurization Means DEAD Food… : Lee Kemp | Motivational Speaker, Entrepreneur, Olympic Wrestling Coach, Olympian, America’s First Three-Time World Champion, Nutrition Consultant
Pasteurization Means DEAD Food…
When you read that something is pasteurized... what does that mean?
Pasteurization is a process of heating a food (usually a liquid), to a minimum of 145 degrees F (up to over 200 degrees F)
for a definite length of time, and then cooling it immediately, to slow the microbial growth. Pasteurization can be done by: Flash Pasteurization (high-temperature, short-time treatment); Slow Pasteurization (low-temperature, longer-time treatment); Steam Pasteurization and Irradiation Pasteurization (exposing food to gamma radiation which can be referred to as Cold Pasteurization). Pasteurization of foods does only one thing, really... and that's to increase the foods shelf life. INCREASING SHELF LIFE.. INCREASES PROFITS OF FOOD PRODUCERS. All Pasteurization is BAD because it kills ALL the Living Enzymes in the FOOD and severely diminishes the nutritive value of the food.
What's so important about Living Enzymes in our Food?
In Nature, Enzymes are present in all raw (unheated, unprocessed) foods, including milk. Certain enzymes are responsible for causing foods to naturally spoil or go bad. This is why fruit naturally falls from a tree in Nature when unpicked. The fruit will automatically spoil, shrivel up, and fall to the Earth and biodegrade. Raw milk will naturally spoil after a few days. So will orange juice. So how do companies get milk and orange juice and other beverages to remain unspoiled in their packaging (cans, jars, boxes, etc.) for periods of weeks and months at a time?....The answer is pasteurization! Pasteurizing the food (or beverage) kills the enzymes, including those that cause spoiling. This is Natures way of letting us know when food is bad (usually a short window of time). Then, food producers, for the sake of profits, insures that the food won’t spoil by adding preservatives to further lengthen the shelf life of the so-called dead food. Now the food or beverage can sit on a supermarket shelf for a few weeks if necessary and not spoil. The simple fact is that when preservatives are added to foods and beverages it means that the food or beverage is DEAD, and what we are about to eat or drink is DEAD! Think about it... we only preserve that which is dead, right? We don’t have to preserve that which is alive. Dead human bodies are preserved with embalming fluid (formaldehyde) to keep them from spoiling (rotting, decaying) before the funeral. Well, when you add preservatives to food and beverages, you’re basically embalming the food or beverage because it is dead too. Only dead things are embalmed (preserved). Anytime you see the word ‘preservative’ on something you are about to consume, it is a sign that the product is DEAD! For more detail about preservatives, see the article “Half Dead” by clicking the link http://dherbs.com/articles/half-dead-16.html Now you know that that pasteurized milk and fruit juice (i.e. orange juice, apple juice) in your fridge is not pasteurized to kill bacteria, but to keep it in a its packaging (carton, bottle etc.) for a few weeks for purposes of profit.
Truth About Pasteurization including Flash Pasteurized
That ‘flash pasteurized’ orange juice or apple juice is flash pasteurized to keep the dead juice in the packaging (jar or carton), or I'll now call casket for a few weeks as well. Flash pasteurized is nothing but a fancy name that still implies the thing has been heated up to kill enzymes or enzymatic activity in it. Pasteurization has to be at least 145 degrees to be effective but living foods are killed at temperatures beyond 118 degrees, so 145 degrees clearly kills all life in a natural food, be it fruit, vegetables, or animal milk (which humans really should not be drinking by the way).
Truth About UHT – Ultra High Temperature Milk
And what about UHT (ultra-high-temperature) milk? This stuff is completely DEAD! Why would you need to heat anything you're going to eat or drink to over 280 degrees? UHT milk is sold off the shelf at room temperature. However, UHT milk is ultra-pasteurized at 280 degrees. Now you know anything processed with this much heat is really dead. This is why UHT milk will keep up to six months unrefrigerated. I believe the consumption of processed foods will most certainly "process "the person that continually consumes it. In other words I believe it will make you sick over time. To process means ‘to change’ and you will most certainly change (for the worse) from consuming all this processed so-called food (and beverage) out here today.
Pasteurization Equals Dead Products
Pasteurization is a code word for ‘dead products.’ Don’t be fooled by such terms (usually serving as suffixes) such as ‘ultra’ and ‘flash.’ If the word ‘pasteurization’ follows these terms, it still denotes pasteurization has taken place, and thus the killing of the food or beverage has also taken place. Ultra simply means ‘extreme high’ and ‘flash’ means ‘quickly' heated and cold pasteurized means 'nuked'.
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N2O or Nitrous Oxide is more commonly known as what? | Nitrous Oxide - Community DentalCommunity Dental
Nitrous Oxide
Nitrous Oxide
Nitrous Oxide - For a More Relaxing Dental Visit
Imagine going to the dentist and feeling safe, warm and comfortable receiving dental care—without fear. It is possible, and for some it may be accomplished with nitrous oxide. Nitrous oxide is also known as inhalation sedation, laughing gas, nitrous, happy gas, and N2O-O2.
Nitrous oxide is a colorless, odorless and tasteless gas which serves as a relaxant and is most commonly used in addition to local anesthesia (numbing medicine). It is administered via a mask placed directly over the nose while the patient breathes normally. It does not put the patient to sleep—you will still be able to hear and respond to your dentist. The gas is completely broken down by the body before the patient is discharged. With very few side effects, nitrous oxide gas is considered to be extremely safe to use in the amounts administered by dentists. While the experience will vary, most patients will enjoy a more relaxing dental visit—dental care without much of the anxiety often associated with procedures in the mouth.
What is dental anxiety?
Dental anxiety is a real condition that can range from mild to severe, affecting women and men, young and mature individuals alike. It is fear of going to the dentist, receiving dental care, and dentistry in general. The fears may be of pain, helplessness, or loss of control. It may be due to a previous personal experience, knowledge of someone else’s unpleasant experience, or the negative portrayal of dentists in mass media.
Fortunately, it does not have to prevent one from obtaining dental care. Nitrous oxide is one of several approaches specifically designed to help make the dental appointment more pleasant.
Community Dental—Gentle, Safe, Comprehensive Dental Care
Our approach is to work with you to develop a comprehensive treatment plan designed to improve and maintain your good dental health through preventive and restorative services. We participate with Mainecare as well as many dental insurance plans, and offer a sliding fee for eligible patients. We offer walk-in appointments during business hours for dental emergencies. We treat all ages, so your whole family can become established patients with us. Good oral health care is an important aspect of your overall health. Contact us today or give us a call—we have several locations throughout the state and look forward to your visit!
| Nitrous oxide |
In which Musical would you find the song 'There is Nothing Like a Dame'? | Nitrous Oxide and Nitrite Inhalants: Just Say N2O
To some people, nitrite inhalants and nitrous oxide are a lot of laughs.
That's one reason the chemicals are popular among people looking for quick, cheap thrills.
And nitrous oxide (commonly known as "laughing gas") and the nitrites mostly seem to fit the bill: They're cheap and easy to get (sometimes legally) in clubs and boutiques and through mail-order magazine ads.
Still, that doesn't make them harmless. According to the best available data, nitrous oxide and other inhalants figure into at least 100 deaths a year in the U.S. alone.
That's why we put together this pamphlet. Because once you start digging, you realize that nitrites aren't harmless, and some of the problems they cause aren't that funny, either.
And the deeper you dig, the more dirt you discover.
..Amyl Nitrite & the High-Strung Heart
More than 130 years ago, a chemical was developed to treat angina pectoris, a painful heart condition. Until then, physicians had often treated heart disease with phlebotomy, a scientific name for the unscientific technique of bleeding a patient with leeches to rid the body of disease-causing "impurities."
That's why angina sufferers were probably pretty pleased in 1867, when a British physician tried treating the condition with the new chemical, amyl nitrite.
It worked -- in more ways than one. Because in addition to dilating the blood vessels of the heart (which eases angina pain), amyl nitrite also triggers a short, dizzying burst of euphoria.
And it didn't take long for that fact to get noted by euphoria seekers, English and otherwise.
..Fast Forward: How Now
Although it's still not clearly understood how, exactly, amyl works, what happens when it does sure is.
Once inhaled, it triggers a quick jump in heart rate and drop in blood pressure and relaxes smooth muscle tissue. At the same time, it shuts off oxygen to the inner brain, producing a sudden, intense weakness and dizziness lasting 2-3 minutes. Sweating and flushing may also occur.
Still, if you need it, amyl nitrite is good medicine -- or was, before it was replaced by newer drugs. In fact, the drug was so effective -- and so relatively safe -- that it was sold over the counter for years, packaged in small mesh-covered vials.
As time passed, though, amyl eventually found a larger market, one with healthy hearts -- particularly once word spread that the drug seemed to intensify sexual orgasm. Users dubbed the vials "poppers" and "snappers," due to the sound they made when crushed, and snapped up what they could from pharmacies.
And even though amyl nitrite isn't an aphrodisiac and doesn't help in treating sexual problems, it quickly gained a reputation as a "love drug," especially among gay men.
To counter exploding recreational use, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration reclassified amyl nitrite as a prescription-only drug in 1968.
..Butyl & Beyond: Pursuing Hex-Tasy
When amyl passed into prescription-only status, a small swarm of little-known chemical cousins crept out of the closet and into the noses and lungs of a new generation of users.
The most popular early stand-in was butyl nitrite, a chemical that differs only slightly from amyl, but packs plenty of the same punch.
Sold as a "room odorizer" or "liquid incense," to sidestep the U.S. Food & Drug Administration's regulatory authority, butyl was hawked under such trade names as "Locker Room" and "Jac-Aroma" -- which successfully conveyed the awful smell of the chemical: a scent hovering somewhere between month-old mildew and sweaty workout gear.
That didn't stop the curious, though, from trying them and may even have added to butyl's cachet in the '80s, as use quickly spread from gay bars to dance clubs to the general public.
Still, what happened to amyl eventually happened to butyl, too, as the U.S. Consumer Products Safety Commission stepped in where the FDA couldn't to ban the chemical in 1988.
That only made the problem morph into something else. New act-alike chemicals appeared in almost-Biblical fashion (Amyl begat Butyl which begat Isobutyl which begat Isoamyl which begat Isopropyl) as each in turn was removed from the market by federal agencies.
Today, the newest nitrite is cyclohexyl nitrite, commonly sold as a "head cleaner" for VCR's, in a new effort to bypass controls. (For details, see the box below.)
The chemicals remain popular due to their reputation as romance-enhancers and because they're a cheap, readily-available alternative to other drugs.
Although butyl and the newer nitrites differ from amyl chemically, effects are roughly the same: a brief surge of dizziness and fluttering heart rate followed by sweating and flushing.
Nitrites are known for the speed and intensity of their effects: A nitrite rush is near-instantaneous, but fades almost as quickly, leading most users to inhale more -- and often, more and more.
And that's where the thrills can turn to chills, spills, and physical ills.
..Pressure Problems
Short-term problems linked to use of nitrites are relatively minor, but can be painful nonetheless.
Probably the best-known adverse effect is a feeling of pressure behind the eyes and a multi-megawatt headache.
Other side effects include nausea, vomiting, faintness, and even blackout, particularly if the user is drinking or taking other drugs.
And given that many users sniff at crowded parties or in noisy bars or the middle of throbbing dance floors, nitrite blackouts carry special problems of their own.
But those are just short-term effects. Frequent or long-term use of nitrites can pose additional risks, including:
Glaucoma. Nitrites increase pressure in the nerves and blood vessels in the eyes, which may contribute to this blinding eye disorder.
Blood Cell Damage. Nitrites damage red blood cells and may cause an often-fatal anemia in which blood can no longer transport oxygen. This type of poisoning happens most often to users who swallow (rather than sniff) the chemical and requires immediate medical treatment.
HIV/AIDS. Researchers believe that nitrites may impair immune response and contribute to the onset of secondary infections often seen in people with AIDS.
While excessive use of nitrites can be dangerous for anyone, some individuals are particularly sensitive to the chemicals' stimulant action.
People suffering from anemia or high blood pressure or those who've experienced a recent head injury are particularly at risk. And pregnant women, of course, should avoid use of all inhalants (and all other unnecessary chemicals) to protect their unborn children.
..N20: 'Giggle Gas'
Like amyl nitrite, nitrous oxide (N2O) is a medical drug with tons of history -- this time dating back to the 18th Century.
Commonly known as "laughing gas," nitrous is colorless and sweet-smelling, and produces giddiness, relaxation, floating sensations, and a mild anesthesia. Medically, it's used for minor oral surgery and dental work. But that's only its day job.
After hours, laughing gas moonlights as a recreational drug, particularly at concerts and clubs and alternative dance-culture events, or "raves."
One source of N2O is whipped-cream containers, where it's used as a propellant.
More commonly, though, the chemical is available in small canisters (known as "whip-its"), which are sold in head shops and through mail-order ads.
Bigger industrial-strength cannisters find their way out of supply houses and dentists' offices and into the hands and heads of users via burglaries and diversion onto the black market.
And despite its long history of use and its wide margin of safety in medical practice, dangers linked to nitrous have increased in recent years as unsupervised use has mounted.
..Last Laughs
Ready for another funny fact about N2O and the nitrites? Try this one:
Commercial sales total in the tens of millions of dollars each year -- and that doesn't include the uncounted underground trade in nitrous oxide at concerts and raves.
That's a lot of gas -- and a lot of dizziness, headaches, and other side effects.
And that's not even the least funny/incongruous/weird part of the whole nitrite/nitrous oxide sniffing scene.
Because some experts believe that nitrites produce only a physical reaction and that any psychoactive effect is, quite literally, all in the user's head -- it's just the brain trying to bounce back to normal and get a figurative grip on things.
Then, if you add in the risks we've already discussed, you may just come to the same conclusion that millions of other people have -- that nitrites and nitrous oxide don't exactly add up to tons of fun after all.
As conclusions go, you could do a lot worse.
..Sidebar 2 | Cyclohexyl: Nitrites 2000
The nitrites' most recent incarnation is cyclohexyl nitrate, commonly sold in head shops and adult book stores as a "head cleaner" for VCR's.
Chemically, cyclohexyl is similar to its predecessors, amyl and butyl nitrite, with an industrial-strength odor that probably helps keep overuse down. Packaging is similar, too, right down to the warning label on the bottle:
Caution: Flammable, harmful if swallowed, skin and eye irritant. If swallowed, drink two glasses milk or water, induce vomiting, call physician. For eye contact, flush with water. Avoid prolonged inhalation in confined areas. Keep out of reach of children.
Ironically, the warning is printed on a plastic sleeve that peels away when the bottle is opened.
And even though experts warn that such "cleaners" do more harm than good -- both to VCR heads and to users -- as long as there's a market for cheap thrills, there'll be cheap people thrilled to bring them to the market.
..Sidebar 2 | Nitrous Oxide: Clearing the Air
One of the biggest casualties in the recent upsurge in use of nitrous oxide has been its long-held reputation for safety. Because as use has ballooned throughout the United States, so have reports of serious, even life-threatening risks linked to misuse.
A main danger is the risk of suffocation. Users who sniff nitrous directly from a tank or a big enough balloon in a small enough space can pass out -- permanently, if nobody intervenes.
Using nitrous in a car can be particularly risky. A lot of users do nitrous there, often with the windows rolled tight, to keep the gas from escaping. It works -- too well. The result is even more suffocation deaths -- along with a growing number of fatal car wrecks linked to the "toxic behavior" of nitrous users.
There are other, less-lethal risks, too. Excessive use can cause nausea, vomiting, and disorientation, and since N2O impairs both motor control and coordination, it's a good idea to avoid inhaling it while standing.
Want to avoid problems altogether? Then avoid nitrous oxide -- in fact, stay away from inhalants altogether.
They might look like a gas (even if they're a liquid or a goo), but they can turn life into a serious pain.
This is one in a series of publications on drugs, behavior, and health by Do It Now Foundation.
Please call or write for a complete list of available titles, or check us out online at www.doitnow.org .
| i don't know |
Where would you find Narita airport? | Tokyo Consult: How to get from Narita Airport to Tokyo city.
How to get from Narita Airport to Tokyo city.
Bus and Train information counter at Narita airport
Narita airport is located approximately 50 miles (80 kilometers) from Tokyo city. Getting from Narita airport to the city might make first time travelers feel a bit uneasy. It is actually surprising easy to do in a area where the public transportation system is best established in the world.
-To read about how to plan your trip to Tokyo, visit Planning for your trip to Tokyo
-To read about where you can find the best Ramen in Tokyo, visit Best Ramen in Tokyo.
Rental Car
For most of the people from North America, rental cars might come into mind. However, dealing with international driver's license, rental car process, new driving rules (on the opposite side of the road) and lack of parking spaces in Tokyo city, are definitely complicated and intimidating in one of the busiest city in the world. Driving a rental car is definitely not recommended for first time travelers in Japan. I would reserve this option for more advanced travelers and will possible discuss about this topic in my future blog post.
-Advantage: Freedom.
-Disadvantage: Trouble; Cost; Parking issues; Traffic.
Taxi
It is perhaps the easiest method. All you need to do is to wave at one right after you get out of the airport terminal. Imagining paying for taxi for a 50 mile (80 kilometer) ride. The cost might be as high as 40,000 yen one way. That is close to 500 USD or 400 EURO. Traffic might also get in the way of the taxi ride and adds to the high cost of taxi fare. Traffic in Tokyo could add an additional hour to your total taxi ride. Sure it is convenient and easy, but I rather reserve this option for when someone else is paying for my ride or when I have won the lottery ticket.
-Advantage: Easy; No need to drag luggage on the streets.
-Disadvantage: COST!!! Traffic
Public Transportation
In my opinion, public transportations are the best ways to get from Narita airport to the city center. With the rising cost of travel expenses and exchange rate, the cost-performance value is high with public transportation. Most of the train stations access are located in the basement of Narita terminals. As soon as travelers go through the customs, look for signs directing to basement train ticket office/platform.
Train
JR Narita Express
Modern, fast , and simple choice for first time travelers. The cost is approximately 3,000 to 3,500 for one way trip. Round-trip ticket with SUICA card package offers lower rate and it is a great deal in my opinion. Narita Express train line stops at major stations in Tokyo, which include Tokyo, Shinagawa, Shibuya, Shinjuku, Ikebukuro. The travel time will be around 60 to 80 minutes depending on the destination.
-Advantage: Fast; Convenient; Covered by JR Pass; Smooth ride; Reserved seats; No traffic.
-Disadvantage: Only stops at major stations in the city; not the cheapest option.
JR Train (Sobu Line)
Local train that takes you from the airport terminal to Ueno. It is one of the cheapest options to get from the airport to the city. The train will stop at many local stations. There will be many budget travelers riding this train. The time it takes to get to the city will be approximately 90 minnutes. Costs around 1200 to 1500 yen for an one-way ride.
-Advantage: Inexpensive; Mostly commuter locals. No traffic.
-Disadvantage: Slower than other options; Not the most comfortable train ride. No reserved seats and seats are limited; Travelers might be standing during the entire train ride.
Fastest/Newest option Narita/Tokyo has to offer. It takes approximately 45 minutes to get from Narita to Ueno/Nippori station. Reserved seats. Cost is about 2,000 to 2,500 yen. Package deals with one/two-day Metro pass are also available.
-Advantage: Fast, bullet-train-like speed. Reserved seats. Slightly cheaper than Narita Express. No traffic.
-Disadvantage: Stops at Nippori and Ueno station only, it will require transfer on other train lines in order to get to your final destination. Not the cheapest option.
Keisei (Keisei Limited Express)
Similar to local JR train ride. Inexpensive option that costs around 1,000 to 1,200 yen. No reserved seats. It takes slightly over an hour to get from Narita to Ueno/Nippori area. It will usually require transfer of train if the final destination is not Ueno/Narita.
-Advantage: Inexpensive. No traffic.
-Disadvantage: Slower than other options; Not the most comfortable train ride. No reserved seats and seats are limited, one might be standing during the entire train ride.
Bus (Limousine Bus)
It is the most convenient option if you are carrying a big suitcase. Travelers would not have to drag their suitcases across the streets when taking the bus. The bus company staff will place your luggage in the bus storage and drop them when you get off at your destination. The bus stops usually include major hotels and major metropolitan bus stops. Due to traffic, the bus might take up to 90 to 120 minutes to get to the city. The cost of the bus ride is approximately 3000 yen. Package deals are also available for the Limousine bus and Metro pass. The bus company counter is located right on the first floor of the Narita airport, signs of the counter are visible right after going through the custom; Bus company staff will be standing near the counter and answer questions for travelers.
-Advantage: Convenient; Comfortable; Better sightseeing of the streets; Reserved seats.
-Disadvantage: Stops only at major hotels and metropolitan train stops.
There might be other options of getting from Narita to Tokyo, but the options I listed are the most practical ones for first time travelers.
ADVANTAGE of Narita airport vs. Haneda airport
- More options on mode of transportation that takes you into the city.
- Airport transportation give you more options on your destination in the city.
- Chances to ride Nartia Express train and Skyliner train.
- Possible more flight options into Narita airport.
What would you take to get from the airport into Tokyo city?
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In what year did Elvis and Priscilla marry? | Narita Airport - Narita Forum - TripAdvisor
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Which Narita hotels are on sale?
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Aug 18, 2009, 10:29 PM
Will be flying from Austrlaia to Europe via Narita Tokyo
I will be staying over night in an airport hotel my question is am I able to do anything of interst in this area near airport .will be arriving at 5pm and departing again at 10am on way to europe.
On return I will have a 5 hour lay over any hint to make the time fly at the airport.
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Aug 19, 2009, 4:19 AM
Hi Frankie,
At the best it will be about 6PM before you arrive at your hotel so that doesn't really leave time to do anything other than relax and settle in for the evening. Getting a good nights rest wil help alleviate some of the jet lag to come.
On return flight, even if on time, after getting through customs you won't have enough time to do much other than ride into Narita Town and Back. Remember if you go through Immigration / Customs and and go landside, you will have to allow at least an hour getting back through emigration to the gate lounge. Yes I know it may often be quicker than that but it pays to allow for Murphy's Law.
Cheers.
3. Re: Narita Airport
Oct 12, 2009, 12:11 PM
I will be arriving at Narita airport this Sat 10/17 300pm and I hope someone can answer some of my questions. I stopped at Narita before but I always just follow the crowd to go to my next check in and wait there till I fly out this time I want to go outside even if its just outside the airport to kill my 4 hour layover. Last time we were grouped and there was board that had stickers with our name we get our name and show it to them and then they ushered us to where the shuttle do I still do this and go to the shuttle and then look for customs & immigration just want to get an idea so I know what to expect when going out. What is the process when trying to leave with a US passport. Thanks
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8. Re: Narita Airport
Oct 14, 2009, 1:55 AM
They are separate and distinct. You will have no choice in this matter. You will have to exit Terminal 1.
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Apr 13, 2010, 1:20 AM
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Why will you never open an ashtray in a modern Rolls-Royce and find a cigarette end? | Some Interesting Facts about Rolls-Royce and Bentley Motor Cars
"From Albion's shore shall come a marvelous conveyance, a
carriage silincieux bearing the arms of Rolles De Roi."
The first 10 hp Rolls-Royce was sold for £395...Today it is worth over £250,000
More than six out of ten of all Rolls-Royce Motor cars built are still roadworthy
At the Rolls-Royce factories in Crewe and London the cars are always referred to as Royces.
They are
never
called Rollers
The Rolls-Royce radiator grille is made entirely by hand and eye - no measuring instruments are used
It takes one man one day to make a Rolls-Royce radiator, and then five hours are spent polishing it
The Rolls -Royce radiator was not registered as a trademark until 1974
It takes over 800 man-hours to make the body of a Phantom VI
During the First World War Rolls-Royce made rifles
You will never open an ashtray in a modern Rolls-Royce and find a cigarette end.
It empties automatically
A Rolls-Royce does not break down. It
'fails to proceed.'
Notices have been hung around the factory bearing the legend:
'Beware silent cars.'
Even today every Rolls-Royce engine is completely hand built
The cooling capacity of the air-conditioning system in the Silver Spirit is equivalent to that of
30 domestic refrigerators
No one is certain who designed the Rolls-Royce radiator grille or the interlinked RR badge
The hydraulic tappets on Rolls-Royce and Bentley motor cars are given a natural finish
of a 16-millionth of an inch
The oldest known Rolls-Royce still on the road is the 1904 10hp owned by Mr Thomas Love Jr of
Scotland
Rolls-Royce did not make a complete car until after the Second World War. Before that they made only
chassis, the bodies being added by outside coachbuilders
Sir Henry Royce's first job was a newspaper delivery boy for W H Smith & Son Ltd
Sir Henry Royce was always known as 'R' at the factory. The practice of addressing people by their initials,
especially on written memorandums, is still continued at the factory
In 1949 an Italian owner, seeking permission to modify his Rolls-Royce, commissioned a seance to
call up Henry Royce's spirit. Rolls-Royce legend has it that the advice from beyond the veil was:
"Consult your authorised distributor"
Examine the coachline that extends the full length of the Silver Spirit, you may be surprised to learn that it is
applied by hand. This unerring line is 15' 6" long.
At one time, Rolls-Royce engines held World Speed Records in the Air, on Land and on Water,
simultaneously.
It is possible that Rolls-Royce Motors is the best known British company name in the World. Letters have
been received from remote corners of the globe addressed to the Royal Family, care of Rolls-Royce, England.
There are 27 Electric Motors in every Silver Spirit.
The Vicar of St Marys, Nantwich, took a Rolls-Royce into his church and blessed it, along with fruit &
vegetables at the Harvest Festival service. A member of the congregation remarked "It's going in for it's first service".
The badge on the Rolls-Royce was changed from Red to Black not, as popularly
believed to commemorate Henry Royce's death, but because Royce himself decided
Black was aesthetically more appropriate. Some customers complained that the red badge often clashed with the
colour of the car. The Prince of Wales was particularly outspoken on the subject.
Every piece of glass in a Silver Spirit is given a final polish with powdered pumice of a fineness normally used for polishing optical lenses
Just inside the main entrance to the offices at the Roll-Royce factory in Crewe, there is a bust of Henry Royce facing one of Charles Rolls. For many years the bust of Royce stood in No 1 shop at the Derby factory and contained his ashes, until they were sent to Alwalton church were Royce had been christened.
The 4 final polishings on some gearbox components was not done with jewellers rouge (which is too coarse) but fine ground oat husks
Although he designed some of the great aero engines of all time, Royce never travelled in an aircraft.
'I have only one regret' said Royce as he lay dying, 'that I have not worked harder.'
After singing the praises of Rolls-Royce Cars over tea with Henry Royce, an aristocratic lady asked,
as an afterthought, 'but Sir Henry, what would happen if the factory at Derby produced a bad car?'
Sir Henry answered,
| it empties automatically |
How many man-hours does it take to make the body of a Phantom VI? | What are the less known fact about the Rolls-Royce cars? - Quora
What are the less known fact about the Rolls-Royce cars?
1) The first 10 hp Rolls-Royce was sold for £395...Today it is worth over £250,000
2) More than six out of ten of all Rolls-Royce Motor cars built are still roadworthy
3) At the Rolls-Royce factories in Crewe and London the cars are always referred to as Royces. They are never called Rollers
4) The Rolls-Royce radiator grille is made entirely by hand and eye - no measuring instruments are used
5) It takes one man one day to make a Rolls-Royce radiator, and then five hours are spent polishing it
6) The Rolls -Royce radiator was not registered as a trademark until 1974
7) It takes over 800 man-hours to make the body of a Phantom VI
8) During the First World War Rolls-Royce made rifles
9) You will never open an ashtray in a modern Rolls-Royce and find a cigarette end.
It empties automatically!
10) A Rolls-Royce does not break down. It 'fails to proceed.'
11) Notices have been hung around the factory bearing the legend: 'Beware silent cars.'
12) Even today every Rolls-Royce engine is completely hand built
13) The cooling capacity of the air-conditioning system in the Silver Spirit is equivalent to that of 30 domestic refrigerators
14) No one is certain who designed the Rolls-Royce radiator grille or the interlinked RR badge
15) The hydraulic tappets on Rolls-Royce and Bentley motor cars are given a natural finish of a 16-millionth of an inch
16) The oldest known Rolls-Royce still on the road is the 1904 10hp owned by Mr Thomas Love Jr of Scotland
17) Rolls-Royce did not make a complete car until after the Second World War. Before that they made only chassis, the bodies being added by outside coach-builders
18) Sir Henry Royce's first job was a newspaper delivery boy for W H Smith & Son Ltd
19) Sir Henry Royce was always known as 'R' at the factory. The practice of addressing people by their initials, especially on written memorandums, is still continued at the factory
20) In 1949 an Italian owner, seeking permission to modify his Rolls-Royce, commissioned a seance to call up Henry Royce's spirit. Rolls-Royce legend has it that the advice from beyond the veil was:
"Consult your authorized distributor"
21) Examine the coachline that extends the full length of the Silver Spirit, you may be surprised to learn that it is applied by hand. This unerring line is 15' 6" long.
22) At one time, Rolls-Royce engines held World Speed Records in the Air, on Land and on Water, simultaneously.
23) It is possible that Rolls-Royce Motors is the best known British company name in the World. Letters have been received from remote corners of the globe addressed to the Royal Family, care of Rolls-Royce, England.
24) There are 27 Electric Motors in every Silver Spirit.
25) The Vicar of St Marys, Nantwich, took a Rolls-Royce into his church and blessed it, along with fruit & vegetables at the Harvest Festival service. A member of the congregation remarked "It's going in for it's first service".
26) The badge on the Rolls-Royce was changed from Red to Black not, as popularly believed to commemorate Henry Royce's death, but because Royce himself decided
27) Black was aesthetically more appropriate. Some customers complained that the red badge often clashed with the color of the car. The Prince of Wales was particularly outspoken on the subject.
28) Every piece of glass in a Silver Spirit is given a final polish with powdered pumice of a fineness normally used for polishing optical lenses
29) Just inside the main entrance to the offices at the Roll-Royce factory in Crewe, there is a bust of Henry Royce facing one of Charles Rolls. For many years the bust of Royce stood in No 1 shop at the Derby factory and contained his ashes, until they were sent to Alwalton church were Royce had been christened.
30) The 4 final polishing on some gearbox components was not done with jewelers rouge (which is too coarse) but fine ground oat husks
31) Although he designed some of the great aero engines of all time, Royce never traveled in an aircraft.
32) 'I have only one regret' said Royce as he lay dying, 'that I have not worked harder.'
33) After singing the praises of Rolls-Royce Cars over tea with Henry Royce, an aristocratic lady asked,as an afterthought, 'but Sir Henry, what would happen if the factory at Derby produced a bad car?'
Sir Henry answered,
"Madam. the man on the gate would not let it out of the works."
34)Royce left £112,000 in his will, mostly to his faithful nurse, Ethel Aubin.
The Rolls-Royce brand has been known for bringing the most luxurious cars ever built.
Here are some interesting facts about RR's Wraith
1. It’s Being Billed As the Most Powerful and Dynamic Rolls-Royce in History
According to the company’s press release , the Rolls-Royce Wraith is expected to be the “most dynamic, powerful and beautiful Rolls-Royce in the company’s history. Wraith alludes to an almost imperceptible but powerful force, something rare, agile and potent, a spirit that will not be tethered to the earth. It is the perfect name for our new model.” says Rolls-Royce CEO Torsten Müller-Ötvös.
2. This Luxurious Car is Built for Speed
Rolls-Royce cars are known for their luxurious style for the rich and famous. With the times changing, the British manufacturer’s newest car will be built for speed as well. The Wraith’s 624 horsepower and 6.6-liter V-12 engine will make this car speed up to 60 mph in only about 4 seconds. But don’t worry, the eight-speed automatic transmission will make the drive real smooth for passengers having a drink at the back seats.
3. It Has a New Feature: Satellite Aided Transmission
One of the key features of the Wraith would be the Satellite Aided Transmission. What is does is by using data from the GPS, the SAT will map out the roads ahead and check for any cautions beyond the driver’s vision. The SAT also automatically selects the right gear for any terrain that comes in the vehicle’s way.
4. The Voice Command System is Your Own Personal Valet
To keep up with modern technology, the Wraith also includes a voice command system that allows the driver to activate the navigation and communications system purely by voice. What’s also interesting is that the voice interface also offers concierge service to its system. Think of this as your own personal valet.
5. The Wraith Will Take on the Bentley
With the Wraith being released in the market soon, expect it to be going head on with it’s rival, the Bentley. The two British manufacturers have always been trying to get one step ahead of each other in sales with the Bentley recently gaining the upper hand back in 2011 after two years of facing losses. Rolls-Royce hopes that this new car will be more of a challenge to the Bentley’s newest offering, the Continental GT Coupe.
6. The Car is Remodeled After the Ghost Sedan
The Rolls-Royce Wraith’s body was inspired in part by the company’s previous car, the Silver Ghost. The Wraith is simply the GT coupe version of the Ghost sedan with it’s two-door functionality and its re-invigoration of the founders’ vision of luxury and class.
7. The Headliner Has Fiber Optic Lighting
The vehicle’s roof has gone through a few changes, especially with the material. The Wraith’s headliner is now soft to the touch that is hand woven with 1,340 fiber optic lamps, making passengers feel like they are under the starry skies.
8. Rolls-Royce Is Backed By BMW
With BMW acquiring Rolls-Royce Motors in 1998, the German manufacturer had obtained Rolls-Royce’s trademark but attained the style of the Spirit of Ecstasy. With BMW’s ownership, Rolls-Royce’s sales went up by 31 percent in 2011 with purchases made mostly from the Ghost and Phantom models. Rolls-Royce plans to keep this trend going with the Wraith as soon as its up in the market.
9. The Wraith Will Be in the Market This Fall
At the Geneva Motor Show, Rolls-Royce announced that the expected market debut for the Wraith would be this fall.
10. The Cost Will Start at $300,000
In the European market, the public can expect the price for the Wraith to be at €245,000 ($319,284) when they arrive later this year. No announcements have been made on how much it will be in the india(expected INR 3.2 crore), but the company will report on a price for other regions during the show.
Here is the company's logo revolution
From the Rolls Royce first car(1904)
To the RR's latest 2016 Edition Ghost
PS - I will keep adding more of the RR's facts
Hope you have enjoyed.
| i don't know |
True or False. Toyota currently manufacture about the same number of cars in a week as Rolls-Royce have in their entire 104-year existence? | Wheels Asia May 2016 by Regent Media Pte Ltd - issuu
issuu
LEXUS RC F REVISITED ONE OF THE LAST BASTIONS OF NATURALLY-ASPIRATED VS
Win a Rudy Project
- Ê{ÊUÊ, Ê£ÓÊUÊ ÊxÊ ISSN O219-290X
9 770219 290011
DRIVING THE FUTURE P 60
TOYOTA PRIUS P 36
MCI (P) 073/ 10 /2015 PPS 1393/03/2013 (022937)
DRIVING DREAMS BRIDGESTONE 15 TH ANNIVERSARY NIGHT HT CELEBRATING THE PASSION AND JOURNEY
W I L I E R ZERO . 7
FIRST DRIVES LEXUS IS TURBO 2.0 (A) KIA K5 OPTIMA 2.0 (A) SUZUKI CIAZ 1.4 (A) VOLVO XC90 T5 2.0 (A)
BIKE OF THE MONTH H
*DR650GW-2CH
COVER CAR: TOYOTA PRIUS Still ever-fuel efficient, with a generous serving of driving fun
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FIRST DRIVE: LEXUS IS TURBO Combining speed, luxury and finesse in one fine package
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FIRST DRIVE: KIA OPTIMA K5 Like a scrumptious value meal without having to pay for an upsize
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FIRST DRIVE: SUZUKI CIAZ RS Space, fuel frugality and affordability all in an affordable package
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FIRST DRIVE: VOLVO XC90 T5 The same chassis as its T6 brethren, albeit with a smaller but capable heart
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V FORCE (LEXUS RC F REVISITED) Strap in, get acquainted with the purest V8 power on this planet
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BANGKOK MOTOR SHOW 2016 Snippets from the Bangkok Motor Show and what to look out for
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BMW FUTURE OF MOBILITY Over past, present and future, how far the Bavarian manufacturer has come
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LETS TALK: SAME OLD BRAND NEW DEBATE Two cars; one that tugs the heartstring and the other, a logical decision
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BLACKVUE: OVER THE HORIZON DEALERS’ APPRECIATION 2016 Celebrating another good year of success with the best in-car camera
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BRIDGESTONE 15TH ANNIVERSARY DINNER 2016 Ties, suits, glamour, celebrate Bridgestone’s 15 years of success
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MOD JOB: AUDI S3 Rarely seen levels of driving dedication in this Audi S3
PRODUCT FEATURES 66
PRODUCT FOCUS The juiciest automotive must-haves for every car owner
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LIFESTYLE Pairing the right lifestyle bits to your set of wheels
BICYCLE FEATURES 70
WISH LIST Wishing upon two wheels and the must-have accessories
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BIKE OF THE MONTH Our choice bike for the month and why it is so significant
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SPOTLIGHT Other bikes and accessories that also matter
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TEAM INTERVIEW: BMC Riding high cadence with the pros, the BMC Team
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BIKING TIPS What you should know and why it all matters for you and your two-wheeler
P 74 May 2016 //
03
WHEELS ASIA MAY 2016
EDITOR’S NOTE IF YOU BELIEVE Just a few weeks ago, I was granted a grateful opportunity which I gladly accepted; an invitation from Edutorque, to speak students of Mayflower Secondary School, about my occupation as an automotive magazine editor. Truth be told, I always had a little stage fright since young. Although I am often loud and brash with friends, I pipe down a fair bit when all ears are on me. Again, there is this particular feeling of apprehension; how seriously would they take me, the mad ramblings from thirty year-old man, more than half their age, blabbering incessantly, on and on about cars and there they would be, laughing inside or texting away on their mobile phone while hoping that time would pass quickly… That was not what happened however, when I started speaking in front of the class of thirty Secondary Four students. Not only were they all ears, they had also posed several questions with regards to how, with my credentials, did I managed to turn my passion into an occupation. Smiling, I answered them with every ounce of honesty; a lot of determination, boldness and a generous dash of luck. Today, Wheels Asia has taken on a new face, thanks to revised marketing strategies and a bold move forward, possibly one of the first to generate automotive and cycling content, bundled neatly for the reading pleasure of those who want to seek true mobility in this urban landscape,
04
// May 2016
while emphasising that cars and bicycles can truly be integrated to provide seamless access while supporting an outdoor lifestyle that is growing rapidly throughout the world. What better way to kick off May’s issue than the review of the outstanding Toyota Prius, a car that is still committed to doing what it was originally intended for, as its driving properties get a significant bump. Understanding that it takes time to convert one, why not a Suzuki Ciaz in the mean time? If driving frugally is still not in your genes, then you’ll appreciate the Kia K5 Optima and the Lexus IS Turbo, great sedans in their own right that appeal to their respective publics. Want something bigger for the outdoors? We have the Volvo XC90 in T5 form covered too. We also revisit one of the lasts, a naturallyaspirated V8 in the form of a coupe, the Lexus RC F in anticipation of what we can expect from its four-door sedan sibling, the mighty GS F in all its 2UR-GSE glory. Our writers debate, whether it is prudent to splash the cash on a brand new set of wheels, or one that you’ve always been dreaming of, albeit in second-hand condition. If that isn’t enough, how about some inspiration to mod your Audi (if you have one), with a hardcore example from ST Powered? On the cycling side, we duly cover the amazing Slovakian, Peter (Sagan) the Great,
who recently came on tops for the world’s tours in terms of points. Just how amazing this man’s talent is, we will never know. If talent isn’t your thing, not to worry, we’ve got all the accessories and bicycle mods neatly covered, so you’ll know how to spend the cash wisely to upgrade your ride to win your own race.
WHEELS ASIA MAY 2016
OUR TEAM EDITORIAL & CREATIVE: MANAGING EDITOR BEN POON EDITOR AARON HIA CONTRIBUTORS <,ĂŠ- ĂŠUĂŠ ĂŠ ĂŠUĂŠ" / ĂŠ/ CREATIVE DIRECTOR ERIC WONG GRAPHIC DESIGNER , 9ĂŠ
MARKETING & CIRCULATION: SENIOR MARKETING MANAGER /- ĂŠ 1 MARKETING EXECUTIVES , 9 ĂŠ"ĂŠUĂŠ, ĂŠ/ ĂŠUĂŠ-,9 ĂŠ9 "
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06
// May 2016
WHEELS ASIA MAGAZINE MCI (P) 073/10/2015, ISSN 0219-290X PPS 1393/03/2013 (022937) is published monthly by Regent Media Pte Ltd. No part of articles published here may be reproduced in any other publication, printed or published, without the prior permission of the publisher. The Publisher, however, accepts no responsibility whatsoever for unsolicited manuscripts and materials.
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LETTER OF THE MONTH
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MAILBAG Dear Editor, Lately, my eight year-old Toyota Altis broke down on me while I was on the highway. As said, I was driving as per normal, when suddenly I was alerted to this icon that had popped up on my dashboard, represented by a thermometer. I was then alerted to an acrid, burnt smell, which prompted me to quickly pull over to the side of the road. Upon popping the bonnet, I was attacked by strong fumes emitting from the engine bay. Not knowing exactly what the problem is, I subsequently called the tow truck and had my car towed to the nearest workshop. The workshop mechanic ran a diagnostic and informed me that the car had suffered a high-temperature burnout. While I am not entirely knowledgeable when it comes to cars, what exactly does it mean? The mechanic then informed me that he needs to perform a full engine inspection and check the radiator for signs of leakage. I am certain that my Toyota is capable of finishing its entire COE lifespan but this is a first for me. What exactly seems to be the problem? I am sure my car is more capable than this. Could it be just a one-time issue? – Edwin Chai
08
// May 2016
The trend of people looking to renew or extend their COE is on the rise, given that new vehicles are harder to purchase, thanks to stringent loan regulations and the stagnant (otherwise upward price trend) COE levels. With many cars heading for the 10year mark in recent times, given that the cheap COE bubble burst around this time, it isn’t uncommon to see cars, such as yours still in the hands of its first or second owner. This creates even more stress and pressure for the current owner, for the onus is on the individual to properly maintain the car till the day comes when the decision to renew or to scrap has to be made. Back to the topic, when you mentioned that your car was smoking on the side of the highway; that icon that lit on your dashboard means that your temperature levels are overheating. This could be due to several contributing factors, such as water pump failure, a leak in the hoses carrying coolant or a severely corroded radiator that is leaking coolant to critical levels.
POST YOUR QUESTIONS Send all letters as Word attachments to: [email protected] Subject line: Wheels Mailbag
When an engine overheats, basically the cooling capacity is insufficient to quell the searing temperatures generated from combustion. Prolonged exposure to high amounts of heat can melt pistons and damage critical engine components, often detrimental and catastrophic in nature. My advice is to let the mechanic open the lid of the engine and check for deformed or melted components. If stopped in time and allowed to cool, these might not suffer any major damage at all. Damaged engine parts should be replaced, regardless whether the car is about to reach its 10-year tenure, since these have a tendency to go at the wrong moment. Allow the mechanic to inspect your relevant pipings, as well as the radiator too for signs of corrosion that can cause trouble in the long term. Here’s to the wellbeing of your car, I certainly have faith that the trusty Toyota will last you for ten years and who knows, if you choose to renew it, for many more years to come! – Editor
10PM (HK/MY/SG) | 9PM (BKK/JKT/PH) SAME DAY TELECAST AS THE U.S.
IN THE SCENE
M2 TO NONE Launched late last month at the Old Kallang Airport, the BMW M2 made its official appearance, marking landfall here in Singapore. The M2 makes good reference to the 1M and the classic 2002 turbo, hence its compact coupe form, amidst bulging proportions. Powered by a newly-developed, twin-turbo 3.0 litre inline-six cylinder engine, the BMW M2 devel-ops 370bhp along with 465Nm of peak torque, making it zero-to-hundred dash in just 4.3 seconds. Along with an overboost function, peak torque can hit 500Nm in short bursts. Of course, this is made possible with the optional seven-speed M Double Clutch Transmission
(M DCT) and Launch Control. Combining expertise from other BMW M models, the M2 coupe comes equipped with forged 19” alloys, M Servotronic steering with two settings and suitably effective M compound brakes to haul its rampaging form. The new BMW M2 Coupe is not only the direct heir to the successful BMW 1 Series M Coupe, but also in its underlying philosophy, a descendant of the original E30 BMW M3 and the BMW 2002 turbo. The latter caused a sensation over 40 years ago, embodying the commitment of what is now BMW M GmbH to outstanding dynamics, unbeatable agility and optimal car control.
THE TURBOCHARGED
ERA OF 911S Held at the Marina Bay Sands Expo and Convention Centre on Tuesday, 12 Apr 2016, the spectacular launch event of the new generation Porsche 911 model range saw over 800 Porsche own-ers, enthusiasts, and special guests witness the unveiling of six high-performance variants, the 911 Carrera, 911 Carrera S, 911 Carrera S Cabriolet, 911 Carrera 4S, 911 Targa 4S and the top-of-the-line 911 Turbo. Guests were treated to a stunning multimedia launch sequence that truly exemplified the underly-ing spirit of performance and innovation that drives every new model Porsche release.
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// May 2016
As part of the launch sequence choreography, six distinguished Porsche owners had the privilege of being among the first in Singapore to drive the latest 911. This new unveiling captures the Porsche 911’s legendary status as Porsche’s flagship model, and is the result of decades of experience distilled into one compact and purebred sports car making one steady step forward into the future. The design, engine, chassis, interior, a considerable num-ber of components in the new 911 have been improved and enhanced to deliver an even better driving experience, more driving comfort and pleasure.
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IN THE SCENE
MORE EXCITEMENT AT THIS YEAR’S F1 SGP More racing is sure to rev-up petrolheads at the 2016 Formula 1 Singapore Airlines Singapore Grand Prix, held from September 16-18, with Ferrari Challenge Asia Ferrari Challenge Asia Pacific joining the TCR International Series and Porsche Carrera Cup Asia as the event’s official support races. The Ferrari Challenge Asia Pacific, part of the Prancing Horse’s one-make series, returns to the event for the first time since 2012. The entry list is sure to feature a number of top drivers from around the world – each of whom will race identical Ferrari 458 Challenge EVOs, complete with 4.5-litre V8 engines putting out 570bhp. Also returning to the Formula 1 Singapore Airlines Singapore Grand Prix official support race bill is touring car championship, the TCR International Series. The
global series made its Singapore de-but last year, and impressed trackside race fans with its field of 2.0-litre turbocharged production touring cars from major manufacturers Ford, Honda, Opel, SEAT and Volkswagen. Porsche Carrera Cup Asia completes the official support race line-up at the 2016 Formula 1 Singa-pore Airlines Singapore Grand Prix. Now in its 14th season, the Porsche Carrera Cup Asia is a blockbuster category – with some of the best sports car drivers in the business going wheel-to-wheel in identical Porsche 911 GT3 Cup cars. Based on the road-going 911 GT3 model, these single-seater, near standard race cars fea-ture 3.8-litre six-cylinder boxer engines and put out a maximum 460bhp at 7500rpm for serious performance.
THE NEW CAYMAN
HAS ARRIVED The fourth, redeveloped generation of the mid-engine sport coupé has a more striking, athletic and efficient appearance. Just a few weeks after the debut of the new 718 Boxster, the new 718 Cayman is extending the new model series. The same new four-cylinder flat engines with turbocharging as in the 718 Boxster are being de-ployed in the 718 Cayman. As a result, coupé and roadster have an identical engine output for the first time. The entry-level version starts with 300hp from two litres of displacement. The S model delivers 350hp with a displacement of 2.5 litres, 25hp more power compared to the predecessor models. Lateral rigidity and wheel tracking have been improved in the completely retuned chassis of the 718 Cayman; springs and
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// May 2016
stabilisers have been designed to be firmer and the tuning of the shock absorbers has been revised. The steering, which has been configured to be ten per cent more di-rect, enhances agility and driving fun. Inside, revisions are visible for both the 718 Cayman and the 718 Boxster, such as the upper part of the dash panel, the new sport steering wheel used on the 918 Spyder. The Connect module, for example, includes special extensions for smartphones, such as Apple CarPlay and the smartphone storage compartment. For the first time, the hard-top is priced below the roadster in a similar way to the 911 models. 718 Cayman pricing starts at SGD 253,988, and the 718 Cayman S costs SGD 311,788, excluding COE.
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COVER CAR
THE PRIUS
EFFECT
No longer a subject of laughter, the fourth coming Toyota Prius has a serious attitude towards driving dynamics and fuel efficiency TEXT AND PHOTOS AARON HIA
COVER CAR
arrying the founding principles of Akio Toyoda, Toyota is one of the exemplary role models in the automotive industry. In today’s extremely competitive environment where brands are fighting for every slice of the pie, Toyota’s gift of foresight and hard work has put it at the forefront of car brands, despite its massive model line-up for the masses. Undoubtedly, the company is best remembered for making a particular hybrid so popular that it sticks in your head like a song that you’ve been hearing on the radio for the past few weeks. As accurate as far-sightedness goes, the Toyota Prius is a spot-on product for the future. The oil crisis of the 1970s gave faint hints of what the future might behold and before most companies started taking notice, Toyota embarked on a project to develop a fuel efficient hybrid, a viable first for the world. Sure, while the first generation model was generally built for the purpose of conserving as much fuel as possible, the Prius of today has taken on its own identity, as we experienced before back in October 2015, when we were invited to test drive the Prius in its native country of Japan, on the roving circuit of Fuji Speedway. The design language of the Prius bears stark resemblance to its sister brand, beginning with sharp and bold lines located along the front and rear of the car. Interestingly, the car takes on an almost concept-like finish with
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// May 2016
Looking sleeker and smarter with every passing generation, while taking care of Mother Nature
its pointed headlights and trapezoidal rear tail lamps. Making a sharp detour away from its predecessor’s hatchline, the new Prius adopts a more coupe-like appearance, along with an identical disappearing roofline from its sister brand. Contours on the bonnet, front bumper, along the side panels are strategically positioned to amplify the strong stance of the body. As another first, the fourth generation Toyota Prius is the first amongst many to utilise Toyota’s new chassis architecture. Dubbed TNGA or Toyota New Global Architecture, the Prius’s existing capabilities have just been enhanced, while adding an enjoyable driving dimension to it. This is made possible due to an increase in body rigidity, the repositioning of the battery to reduce body roll. Other less noticeable aerodynamic points include sculpted side-mirrors and a flat floor that greatly improve the car’s slipperiness at high speeds, which then leads to a reduction on reliance on petrol consumption. Driver’s view forward is excellent with minimal distraction, with the centre-mounted display while necessary information is concentrated onto a heads-up display which displays battery power consumption, speed and engine revolution. Complementing this intelligent forward display is an energy efficient monitor that displays fuel consumption, battery usage and an analysis on driving habit, which comes in extremely handy in further improving fuel efficiency.
The TNGA platform has granted more living space in the Prius to sit four adults comfortably, with little leg accosting at the back. Thanks to the repositioning of the fuel tank, there is now additional boot space, 56 litres more of it, done without sacrificing space for passengers. The interior of the Prius has been dutifully updated to match its advanced capabilities. A few notable mentions include the electronic wire-shifting gear lever, which only requires a flick of the finger to operate the car’s transmission. With the finger shifter mounted on the lower region of the dash, space is freed up on the awkwardly coloured centre console, which allows for placement of personal items. Plastic is generally soft to touch, making it very acceptable, given its mass market stature. While the new Prius retains the 1.8 litre, naturally-aspirated inline four, it has been specifically upgraded internally with Toyota’s vortex tumble tech to deliver not just greater fuel efficiency, but smarter delivery too, along with a 23bhp bump. The Prius’s battery has been dutifully updated to deliver outstanding torque from standstill, working in unison with the 120bhp petrol motor and the silky-smooth CVT to quickly achieve a top speed of 180km/h. Although this isn’t “Tesla-fast” fast, the Prius had the basic attributes of an energetic car, which responded very willingly to the faintest of throttle inputs. The new Prius has three driving modes, namely Normal, EV and Sport Mode, all of which adjusts the valvetrain timing and power delivery of both engine and battery
Audi RS6 Avant 4.0 (A)
Arrowshaped headlights are a distinctive feature on the new Prius
Sharp trapezoidal LED tail lights that will surely catch the attention of many
COVER CAR
The heads-up display that provides only the necessary driving information without distracting the driver
The flat floor panel dramatically improves the Prius’s aerodynamic profile at higher speeds
to suit individual driving preferences. Engaging Sport Mode unleashes the full potential of the motor while working in harmony with the battery, while Normal Mode smartly utilises battery power to provide instantaneous acceleration from standstill and only allowing the petrol motor to kick in when heavy throttle input is applied. EV Mode works solely on battery power and is only usable if there is sufficient charge left to deliver absolute fuel economy. Battery power is not only regained through the sneaky Hybrid Synergy Drive, but also through regenerative braking action. The TNGA platform provides a wealth of other benefits; not only does the Prius and its occupants sit 24mm lower to achieve a better centre of gravity, the introduction of the double-wishbone suspension at the rear, providing optimum ride handling and supreme control at speeds, making the Prius impeccably smooth-sailing through the roads at any speed. While it isn’t up there with the sharp-handling characteristics of performance-oriented sedans, there is a significant improvement in cornering finesse as compared with its predecessor. The brakes feel more organic, coupled along with an au natural steering feel, the Prius feels firmly connected to the
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// May 2016
The electronic drivetrain shifter that only requires a flick of a finger to shift
It sounds so unearthly quiet, thanks to a specially designed frame, that makes you wonder if there is an engine beneath the bonnet at all
Toyota Prius 1.8 (A)
AT A GLANCE ENGINE
1,798cc, naturallyaspirated inline four POWER 120bhp TORQUE 124Nm TOP SPEED 180km/h TRANSMISSION CVT automatic TESTDRIVE & ENQUIRIES Borneo Motors
TEL 6631 1188
IN A NUTSHELL PLUS Improved driving dynamics, even better fuel efficiency
MINUS Its concept-like appearance might not appeal to everyone
VERDICT A worthy successor to the world’s best hybrid, upping the mass-selling hybrid benchmark once again
driver’s hand and feet inputs. As a bonus, the car is hushed at most speed ranges, thanks to a specially outfitted, reinforced frame, insulating materials and the use of eco-friendly tyres, so much so that one would probably question if there is an engine in the bonnet upfront. Our short stint with the Prius through the daily congestions of traffic in both urban and expressway environments netted us an incredible figure of 3.7 litres per 100km of fuel, which roughly translates to 27km per litre of fuel. To add to our amazement, 230km was travelled on before the fuel gauge showed any sign of depletion. Loving the earth is one thing, to enjoy the drive is another. Apart from the greatly-appreciated CEV rebate, we never expected “The Prius Effect” to actually affect us this much. With rising petrol prices and increase in indistinct offerings, the fourth generation Prius will no longer be the subject of laughter, having taken on its own identity and putting a clear message out there to both existing and new competitors, that it will stand out amongst the field and continue to be the world’s best-selling hybrid for many, many more years to come. May 2016 //
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Lexus IS 200t 2.0 (A)
NOW IS
THE TIME
Ditching its naturally-aspirated powerplant for a more efficient and exhilarating drive, the Lexus IS gets its first taste of turbocharged power TEXT AND PHOTOS AARON HIA
n today’s ever-stringent and increasingly complex regulations governing carbon emissions, vehicle manufacturers are taking all sorts of actions that stem from millions of dollars and the race against time to develop engines that not only emit less noxious fumes, but also give extra mileage before the inevitable visit to the petrol station. Lexus has been on our radar in recent years and needless to say, the brand has been performing remarkably well in many aspects of its realignment with the modern times. Well-known for its range of unbelievably smooth and plush, naturally-aspirated engines fit for the discerning individual, Lexus has taken up its next quest in its commitment to delivering engineering and craftsmanship excellence, and that is dabbling with turbochargers. Bold and decisive, Lexus has adopted a two-prong approach to its latest fleet representatives, in both aspects of styling and powerplant nature. Although
the face-lifted IS isn’t a stranger on our roads for slightly over a year, this latest variant that we tested, certainly feels almost quicker by standards; that’s because it has received the blessings from the force-induction realm. The IS is Lexus’s entry-level sedan that has been around for almost two decades. Produced as a sporty, sedan that isn’t cumbersome, reasonably luxurious and fun to drive, the IS has been the staple Lexus icon for years. Even till today, none of that original essence has been lost, only that its appeal has been greatly increased, thanks to the maker’s move up the ranks of luxury cars in terms of affordability, style and most importantly, reliability. The IS is one that strikes a very sporty pose, thanks to its athletic stance and relatively-optimum wheelbase. Lexus’s design language has bestowed the IS’s visuals with an eclectic mix of sharp angles with well-placed curves, making it look extremely sharp when viewed from multiple angles; from its arrowed headlights to its sleek tail lights, the Lexus IS simply turns May 2016 //
21
FIRST DRIVE AT A GLANCE ENGINE
1,998cc, turbocharged inline four POWER 241bhp TORQUE 350Nm 0-100KM/H 7secs TOP SPEED 230km/h TRANSMISSION 8-speed automatic TESTDRIVE & ENQUIRIES Borneo Motors
TEL 6631 1388
IN A NUTSHELL PLUS Crowd-inducing looks, packs a meaner punch thanks to its turbocharged nature
MINUS A slightly muted engine tone, as compared to its brawny V6 predecessor
VERDICT Fuel-efficient while packing great engine performance, the Lexus IS Turbo is an allrounder luxury sedan, hands-down
Sharp headlights accentuate the car’s sharp driving characteristics
Toggle between the main focus and driving information with the informative dashboard
heads wherever crowds are present. Expect nothing less from its interior, as your eyes meet stitched leather and soft plastic, making it an extremely hospitable place to climb into, even the standard floor mats feel like a welcome rug for the tired feet. Space is reasonable for a load of four adults, with little leg-accosting at the back. Ventilated seats up-front are also a much-appreciated feature in this typically humid climate. As with most sporty sedans, the driver’s position is not compromised in any way and offers a great view upfront, with the centre console’s bank of buttons neatly placed for easy operation without having to peel one’s eyes away to function the audio or climate controls.
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// May 2016
Plenty of space for two luggages or your bulky whatnots
Rear-wheel driven cars and their intrusive tunnel nature, still plenty of space for two adults behind
Lexus IS 200t 2.0 (A) While the older IS plays the visuals to the newer IS like the other half of a Siamese Twin, the similarities end here. Nestled longitudinally under the bonnet of the IS Turbo is a force-fed, 2.0-litre Atkinson-cycle engine that produces 241bhp and 350Nm to boot. Such figures are for real, since the eight-speed automatic gearbox helps launch IS Turbo from naught to a hundred in seven seconds flat; pretty impressive for a car that has been decked with swathes of leather and typical creature comforts. Although we didn’t break any records or laws, the stated top speed is 230km/h. Given its sporty stance and flaunty visuals, it would be a shame if the IS Turbo had no Sport Mode; but thankfully, it allows for two degrees of sporty driving; Sport Mode which unlocks higher engine revolutions for stronger per-gear pulls and Sport Plus mode that unleashes the full characteristics of the turbocharged inline engine. There is also an ECO mode that swaps gears earlier without over-reliance on higher engine revolutions. This allowed us to clock a fuel-sipping figure of 10.8km per litre, despite our driving antics. The handling is nonetheless a hallmark of Lexus’s commitment towards delivering an all-rounded package, and at most speeds is pretty pliant. Driven close at its limits, it still takes quite a bit of extremity to get its rear-wheel driven nature to reveal its character. Even so, the IS Turbo handles itself magnificently regardless of the attitude behind the wheel. Even though one could applaud the Takumi for creating such a hushed cabin atmosphere at typical expressway speeds, the gearhead within would probably wince at the muted tones of the inline motor, which becomes nothing more than a slight drawl when tapped upon for overtaking, unlike the outgoing V6 powerplant that it replaces. There isn’t really much you can fault the IS Turbo for. Even for the critics, it is hard to find a car that not only drives just as balanced as this, but moves just as fast as it looks without becoming overbearing or tiring to drive, after long days at the office, or even for a trip up-North to neighbouring Malaysia. The Lexus IS Turbo will surely cut it for millenials who hunker after a sporty, yet affluent set of continental wheels. May 2016 //
23
Kia Optima K5 2.0 (A)
NO
BANK-BREAKER Kia’s updated Optima K5 not only proves you don’t need a lot of money to get a lot out of a car, but also how satisfying the Korean can be when you’re behind its wheel TEXT AZFAR HASHIM PICTURES COURTESY OF KIA AND AARON HIA
adge-conscious drivers are usually at the losing end these days, as they usually put too much emphasis on brand rather than, well, value-for-money. While it’s true sticking to a familliar brand will usually give you great security and peace of mind, do you know that brands from Korea, once perceived as unreliable and undependable, have improved so much over the past two decades? And I dare say that simply because I have very good experiences with them. August 2002 was the year my family welcomed our first Korean car: A Kia Spectra. Mind you, that was a big gamble taken by my dad, at a time when reliability was still questionable. Perhaps the brand’s acquisition by a more trusted local dealer offered more confidence, which, along with thousands of other consumers, made Kia the best-selling car brand during that era. A decently styled, mid-size family sedan that was priced at less than $62k with COE and came along with a “long” list of accessories definitely made it value-for-money; 15-inch alloy rims, reverse sensors, tinted windows, foglamps, fully-leathered interior and a mid-range Pioneer audio head-unit paired to
a 12-disc CD-changer made it all the more attractive. Surprisingly, it was very reliable and it never once broke down on us. Then came November 2004 when we welcomed another Korean car into the family: A Kia Cerato. Dad went for the car’s preview, liked it, was offered a good price to trade-in the Spectra, then went ahead to place an order for one; and little did he know he was among the first 20 to take delivery. So for once, dad (and me) was driving a ‘rare’ car (in his words anyway). What made him so attracted to the Cerato? First, the design; secondly, the spacious and premium cabin. Thirdly, the standard accessories: 15-inch OZ alloys, foglamps, reverse sensors, fully leathered interior, Kenwood DVD player, window tints; all these for less than $68k, with COE. You should be able to see where I am going with this; Kia, through all these years, has been rather clever at catching the audience. Their cars are not bad lookers, come with a good list of accessories and, most importantly, are priced very affordably; both Kias in the family were priced almost $20k cheaper than a Toyota equivalent. This fact alone makes a whole lot of difference for the average family man. This plot is carried on to this latest Optima K5. At first glimpse, May 2016 //
25
FIRST DRIVE AT A GLANCE ENGINE
1,999cc, naturally aspirated inline four POWER 161bhp TORQUE 196Nm 0-100KM/H 10.5secs TOP SPEED 202km/h TRANSMISSION 6-speed automatic TESTDRIVE & ENQUIRIES Cycle & Carriage Kia
TEL 6427 8888
IN A NUTSHELL PLUS Handsome exterior, practical and comfortable interior, decent performance LED daytime running lights are a standard on the new Optima
Soft to touch, the leatherclad steering wheel is a pleasure to grip
it’s a handsome looking car; it looks proportionate, detailed and may even pass off as a European car. Although it looks largely unchanged, for 2016, it gets a new pair of headlamps (including newlydesigned LED daytime running lights), a slimmer but more pronounced grille, restyled bumper (which also meant the demise of the cob LED the pre-facelift model was renowned for) and inclusion of front sensors to aid parking. For the rear, the Optima now gets a pair of slimmer taillights and a longer chrome strip at the bottom part of the bumper; the latter to add a touch of class, perhaps. To further compliment its suave exterior, 17-inch alloys wrapped in 215/55/17 Continental ContiPremiumContact rubbers are a factory standard. Updates are not limited to the car’s exterior though. Inside, the dashboard seems less cluttered than before, with the air-con vents placed horizontally, the audio head-unit taking precedence on the top part of the central console with controls for the climate control located at the bottom of the stack. The steering wheel is different too, getting a matt chrome accent (instead of piano black inserts) on top of being chunkier than before. Rear seat passengers get to enjoy class-leading leg, head and shoulder room space and this is true, even with three seating abreast. With rear air-con blowers, you should be able to beat the
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// May 2016
Analog and digital working harmoniously to provide much-needed driving information
MINUS Rough-sounding engine higher up the rev range, boot space not the biggest in its class
VERDICT Overlook the minor shortfalls and the Optima is one of the best large sedan money can buy
Plenty of space for long journeys in the Optima
Kia Optima K5 2.0 (A) tropical heat; sometimes appreciated even more during longer drives. The 510-litre boot should be up to task for your daily needs, and with 60:40 split, it will come in handy for those IKEA shopping days. Powering the Optima K5 is a naturally aspirated 2.0-litre four cylinder inline engine, featuring Continuous Variable Valve Lift (CVVL). Paired to a 6-speed automatic, power output is a decent 161bhp while torque some 196Nm. Standstill to 100km/h is dispatched in 10.5 seconds, while top speed rated at 202km/h. For most, the numbers above may not seem that impressive but frankly speaking the Optima’s performance is respectable enough for our roads. It does not feel lethargic or underpowered, and the transmission is constantly intune with the correct gear. Overtaking is surprisingly a cinch too, draping the fact that it weighs in at more than 1.4 tons. Also standard here is the ‘Drive Mode’. You can leave it to run on its own, or swap between ‘Eco’ and ‘Sport’; what this does is adjust both the transmission and steering weight according to your mood. Honestly speaking, this compliments the electric power steering as you get to choose how you want the steering to feel as you drive along; but at low speed or during parking in any mode, the steering wheel turns feather-weight, making it oh-so-easy to manoeuvre, especially in tighter spots. Out on the expressway, the cabin is brilliantly insulated against wind, road and tyre noise, meaning you can hold decent conversations. However when you need more power to overtake and give the accelerator a hard stomp, the engine sounds a tad raucous, particularly beyond 4,500rpm. In terms of handling, the Optima K5 is highly capable, the chassis offering a high level of stability even along fast curves. The steering, although coming across as artificial most of the time, still manages to provide direct responses. In fact, the entire car does not understeer easily, choosing to break away progressively instead with only the screeching tyres warning you to not be overly enthusiastic. As a large sedan, the Kia Optima K5 is a decent buy that will not disappoint. It may not be big on power, but in terms of quality and price, this car scores very highly. May 2016 //
27
GRA-CIAZ,
SUZUKI!
In today’s complex world of forced induction, Suzuki hits the bread and butter populace with a thrifty offering of naturally aspirated goodness and affordability TEXT AND PHOTOS AARON HIA
t one point not too distant ago, smaller capacity engines were the norm, usually in the form of 1.2 to 1.5 litres in size, mostly naturally-aspirated. Today however, all that has changed slightly, albeit dramatically with regards to performance, with the addition of turbochargers to these engines, whose capacity figures have not been altered significantly. Fuel consumption has decreased too, thanks to massive improvements to increase the turbocharger’s reliability. With so much proven hype about turbochargers, why not just equip every car with one then? That may not necessarily hold true in every instance, especially if there are equal improvements in other aspects of building a fuel efficient car, such as lightweight manufacturing processes, intelligent engine electronics, etc. There are other tangible benefits as well, such as tolerable engine temperatures in constant start-stop traffic, lesser wear and tear parts to replace; some of the things that translate to low maintenance costs. Surely in today’s costly COE environment, high
car ownership costs are here to stay and the timely arrival of a certain Suzuki will offer potential car buyers a realistic buy. Catering to the South-East Asian populace, the Suzuki Ciaz is a compact sedan that ticks almost every single box for a hopeful individual, searching for his first set of wheels for the family, or for every other practical reason that could be cited. The Ciaz joins the present Suzuki line-up, largely dominated by hatchbacks and crossovers to provide a sedan option for the traditional who has not been swayed by the crossover trend. Although the Ciaz does not wear a crisp tuxedo with the looks to kill, it does give a warm and friendly vibe with its rather family-orientated appearance. To endow it with a slightly sportier finish, there is the RS bodykit that adds lower bumper lips, side skirts and a tail spoiler. Spanning 4,505mm with a wheelbase of 2,650mm, the Ciaz is undoubtedly longer than most of its rivals, Japanese and Korean alike. Needless to say, all this translates into generous cabin dimensions, typically unheard of in most compact sedans. Leg room is May 2016 //
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Great fuel frugality, almost 300km on half a tank of fuel
More storage options like the centre bin to tuck valuables out of sight
aplenty in the back row, with just about enough for two adults to even fold their legs. Boot space can be applauded as well, with 495 litres that allows for more than just a weekend’s worth of groceries. This also translates into two foldable bicycles, assuming if you’ve got the stowing positions right, because the rear seats are not collapsible. Although the interior is decked mostly in harder plastic, it does provide quite a fair bit of storage options, such as a small centre bin for hiding valuables, as well as bottle holders on every door panel, making this relatively suitable for long road trips, sans the portable lavatory. Even for its price-tag, the Ciaz still gets a fair degree of steering controls that manage the Clarion head unit that also incorporates GPS-based navigation and Bluetooth functionality. Despite its size, the Ciaz keeps its weight to a paltry 1025kg, thanks to the utilisation of clever metal sheeting and construction. This, along with a 91bhp, 130Nm, 1.4 litre K series motor mated to a four-speed automatic gearbox, the Ciaz gets it from sleeper to naughty in slightly over twelve seconds. Although nothing that sends the mind reeling and the eyes popping from their sockets, what truly impresses though, is the car’s capability to deliver its own kind of absolution; fuel efficiency.
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The RS kit includes a neat spoiler on the rear
Amazing seating space behind for two adults and a minor
Suzuki Ciaz 1.4 (A)
AT A GLANCE ENGINE
1,373cc, naturallyaspirated inline four POWER 91bhp TORQUE 130Nm 0-100KM/H 12.4secs TOP SPEED 180km/h TRANSMISSION 4-speed automatic TESTDRIVE & ENQUIRIES Champion Motors
TEL 6631 1118
IN A NUTSHELL PLUS Generous interior space, great fuel frugality
MINUS Hard plastic-clad interior, rear seats do not collapse
VERDICT A viable option from Suzuki if you’re looking for a sedan that helps deal with practical needs while saving the dollars for the long run
Into peak hour drawling and fast-paced highway mooting, the Ciaz managed to clock savvy 15.8km per litre figure, along with 293km on half a tank of fuel. We reckon that under the hands of a conservative driver, this S-badged Japanese sedan could clock slightly more than 600km on a full tank before throwing in the towel for visit to the petrol station. The figure derived from the three-day driving stint puts substantial proof into Suzuki’s stated figure of 18.5km per litre. Of course the Ciaz rides like how every practical car should be; relatively supple on most roads to keep passengers pleased but firm enough for scooting out or in of slip roads without losing precious speed. Cabin insulation is relatively decent, thanks to its choice OEM fitment of noise-insulating tyres, but wind noise does inevitably penetrate when you’re chuffing the Ciaz in high gear. All in all, the Suzuki Ciaz does offer a really solid proposition under a hundred thousand dollars, very much so if you are hunting for your first car, looking for loads of space for ferrying the family or the bicycle, planning for the long term with low monthly fuel costs, do keep this frugal Japanese sedan in your watch list. May 2016 //
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Volvo XC90 T5 2.0 (A)
FIVER
NINER
Volvo’s XC90 gets a new T5 engine, but will the turbocharged four-pot be enough to move this gentle giant of an SUV? TEXT AND PHOTOS BEN CHIA
he XC90 is Volvo’s latest and current greatest thing on the block, and it’s no surprise that the company is making much effort in pushing the model into the consciousness of the car buying public. Certainly, a car that’s this much of a breakthrough for the brand deserves as much success as its strong-selling predecessor, and Volvo is doing as much as it can to ensure that the new XC90 gets as much attention as possible. Right now, locally, you can have the XC90 in up to seven different variations, with a choice of trim levels and engine options. Sitting at the top is the flagship T6, with its storming 320bhp petrol engine guaranteeing you plenty of oomph, while there are also D4 and D5 diesel models for the environmentallyconscious. Sitting in the middle though is this, the XC90 T5, ostensibly the ‘base’ model of the range for those who insist on their XC90 being petrol-driven. While the XC90 T5 shares essentially the same engine as the other T5badged models in the Volvo line-up, in this particular instance the unit’s power
output has been increased, wisely given the bigger and heavier vehicle that it is now attached to. The engine now churns out 254bhp, 9 more horses than the other Volvo T5 cars, but torque remains unchanged, at 350Nm. The thing is, the XC90 is a fairly sizeable car, and its kerb weight slightly edges past two tonnes, which is pretty heavy indeed. As a result, the XC90 T5 doesn’t feel particularly urgent when pushed. Certainly, there is enough grunt for most driving situations, but there’s very little hint of boost from the turbocharged engine. Instead, it prefers to do things via the smooth route, delivering its power in an unfussy fashion. Compared to the more powerful T6 model which has a bit more pep, the T5 just feels like it doesn’t like to be rushed about unnecessarily. As you’d expect then, the XC90 isn’t exactly what you’d call exciting to drive. It corners neutrally, without drama, but you definitely can notice the size and weight, and it’s probably not advisable to behave like a hooligan in this car. The trade-off however is an excellent ride, with the XC90 May 2016 //
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About the only row of buttons you’ll ever see on the XC90
Digital climate control for the passengers seated behind
being an utterly comfortable car on the wide open highways, thanks to its well-damped suspension that soaks up bumps without a fuss. On the inside, there are some clear differences between this T5 and its more expensive siblings. The first one you’ll notice is the instrument panel, which is smaller and not the full digital set you’ll get on the T6 and D5. The sunroof is also absent on this car too, while a less noticeable change is the leather upholstery, which is of the regular variety rather than the more premium Nappa trim. But other than that, the XC90’s cabin remains a very classy place to be in. Volvo saw fit to give this particular car wood trim to adorn the dashboard and centre console, and it gives the car a very inviting feel, almost akin to being welcomed to a Scandinavian lodge. The Sensus multimedia infotainment system, consisting of a large iPad-esque screen in the middle of the dash, is also present here, and enables occupants to control almost all of the car functions through it. It’s something that should delight the smartphone generation. At the back, there is adequate room to accommodate five other passengers
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Nonetheless sophisticated, despite looking lesser than its T6 sibling’s offering
Still enough space for adults on the third row
Volvo XC90 T5 2.0 (A)
AT A GLANCE ENGINE
1969cc, turbocharged inline four POWER 254bhp TORQUE 350Nm 0-100KM/H 8.2secs TOP SPEED 215km/h TRANSMISSION 8-speed automatic TESTDRIVE & ENQUIRIES Wearnes Automotive
TEL 6473 1488
IN A NUTSHELL PLUS Comfortable ride, nice cabin ambience
MINUS Engine doesn’t feel urgent enough, feels heavy
VERDICT For the unfussy SUV driver who needs a comfortable and soothing ride, the XC90 T5 offers plenty to meet your needs
in relative comfort, and those sitting in the third row will be pleased to note that there are air con vents specifically catering to them, a boon in our hot weather. It’s not the roomiest third row by any means, but it should suffice for small kids or short journeys. Despite its ‘entry-level’ status, the XC90 T5 is still well-packed with features, and one which should be immensely useful to most drivers should be the adaptive cruise control system, which can adjust the following distance between you and the car in front by adapting the speed accordingly when cruise control is activated. Other nifty features include voice-activated controls for various vehicle functions, and a speed limit detection system which informs you of the current speed limit on the road you’re on, by reading the signs via a front-mounted camera. By all accounts, the T5 will probably appeal to the majority of XC90 buyers, given that it offers most of the car’s good points with minimal drawbacks. Indeed, unless you absolutely need the power of the T6, or the frugality of the diesels, chances are, the XC90 T5 should have more than enough for what you need. May 2016 //
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VFORCE In a world where turbocharged motors are gradually taking over their naturally-aspirated rivals, Lexus is a keeper of balance as it retains its artisanal V8 for its coveted F series TEXT AND PHOTOS AARON HIA
feature TEXT AND PHOTOS AARON HIA
I
t isn’t a surprise to hear the faint whisper of a blow-off valve on the streets these days. As force-fed motors gradually fill the caverns of common cars’ engine bays, their naturally-aspirated rivals, are slowly but surely, bidding adieu. Once fitted to game-changing sports cars of the past, many once naturally-aspirated sports cars are gradually making the change to incorporate turbocharged technology to make the same power, but in a more efficient manner. Only a handful of car makers today continue producing highly efficient, naturally-aspirated V engines. While it is necessary to recognise the good that turbocharged engines have given us today, there is still that old school charm that only naturally-aspirated engines can provide; that seemingly endless stream of power even till the higher, nether regions of the tachometer. “The pursuit of perfection” has led Lexus to the high perch today, amongst the established marquees, renowned for their distinct styling, exquisite finishing and driving excellence. From the birth of its first premium sedan, Lexus has come a long way with its comprehensive range of models to cater to the market’s
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ever-increasingly diverse expectations, placing emphasis on creating a holistic experience that would calm the mind, stir the soul and excite the senses. Tapping onto the invaluable lessons learnt from the first Lexus LS, the company then transferred its precious DNA nucleotide onto each successive model, resulting in cars that performed better than ever. Eventually, all this stemming resulted in the formation of Lexus F, a division that was solely incharge of developing high-performance variants of their standard counterparts. Easily recognisable for the signature Lexus F badge on the front fenders, these were often the “fastest of the fastest” amongst their peers, which was made possible with highly intricate and carefully crafted motors. The 2007 Lexus IS F for example, was christened with a high-revving V8 motor, while the highly-anticipated Lexus LF-A coupe, possessed a dynamic V10 motor that sounded absolutely amazing at the tethers of its engine revolution. Fast forward to 2014, Lexus launched the RC coupe, available in several engine trims, notably the 3.5 naturally-aspirated V6 and the 5 litre V8 behemoth, one that could only be
The adjustable boot spoiler neatly tucks out of sight for the clean look, and comes out to play when additional rear downforce is required
found in its mightiest form, the RC F. While both look almost identical, the RC F is ostensibly chunkier, deriving its masculine image from bulging fender arches and beefier tyres; all necessary to provide extensive grip under extreme duress. The front of the car is angulated and sharply cranked in Lexus’s new design language to provide a conceptlike, futuristic image of how forward they have become, making it extremely eye-catching and outstanding. The rear features a retractable boot spoiler that offers minimal drag resistance while attempting the quarter mile and much-needed downforce for attacking long, sloping corners.
Revisited: Lexus RCF
feature TEXT AND PHOTOS AARON HIA
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// May 2016
Revisited: Lexus RCF As the top-tier model in its class, the RC F receives the illustrious V8 motor, a painstakingly crafted mechanical work of art that combines the immense pride and extensive skills of the Takumi, along with state-of-the-art cylinder technology. This 5 litre, naturally-aspirated engine pulls no stops at making absolute power, producing 470bhp along with 530Nm of pure, concentrated torque, all available from a wide engine revolution band. Naturally, all that pent-up torque from the V8, along with its methodically sorted 8-speed automatic transmission, propels the 1.8 ton RC F from standstill to a hundred in a mere 4.5 seconds. While it is easy to blitz the sprint record like a walk in the park, the same cannot be said for a car that has no balance or finesse, hence Lexus’s approach to refining the RC F for tackling corners. To give the car the accuracy it needs to nail the apexes, Lexus gifted the RC F with a host of cutting edge cornering weaponry; properly-sorted Brembo brakes and the Torque Vectoring Differential (TVD) that operates accordingly to the three driving modes (Standard, Slalom and Track) to make short work of every environment that the RC F treads upon. The interior is everything you’ll ever expect in true Lexus tradition. Refined, opulent and classy, swathes of stitched, premium leather can be found on the dashboard, the hugging sports seats, only to be complemented by sections of carbon fibre bits to reiterate the car’s athletic character.
7,000rpm of naturallyaspirated goodness, so feel free to milk that mighty V8 motor
To distinguish itself from the common car, the tachometer sits squarely in the centre, alongside a speedometer that exceeds the 200km/h mark and an electronic multi-info panel that displays critical and essential information, such as engine temperatures, torque distribution, and G-force measurement. To drive the RC F on a daily basis is very imaginable and tempting, because it is virtually impossible to resist the hearty pull of its intricately-carved V8 heart that responds to every prod of the throttle with absolute eagerness. Never for once does the naturally-aspirated engine feel lethargic, complementing neatly with its eight-legged gearbox to make good of every bit of its 530Nm of torque, quickly pulling its mass out of the corners without hesitation. Every up-shift and down-shift from either the gear lever or paddle-shifters lets loose the snarling growl of the V8, allowing you to realise the motor’s gargantuan potential as the body fights to make sense of the astounding speed the car develops in each sprint. Cornering is almost a cinch in the car, despite its 1.8 ton form. The RC F handles tight corners and gets out of a fudge in quick succession, thanks to its TVD function that rapidly sorts the
massive torque going through its rear wheels. Little will you find yourself in a sticky situation, since the RC F stays relatively planted when driven eagerly, yet allows you to explore new horizons when driven enthusiastically. Body-roll is kept to a minimal in Sport Plus mode and the brakes feel incredibly firm when halting the beast from its bull-run. Arguably the most performanceoriented Lexus currently in its line-up, the RC F will soon have another sibling to stand proud together in the form of the GS F sedan, a symbol of the brand’s relentless chase for excellence. This will carry the same attributes as its coupe brethren, albeit the practical capability to haul four passengers along. To climb the lesser-travelled road to perfection requires even greater detail, an undying passion and a nocompromise attitude, to which not many manufacturers of today are willing to embark. As the world gradually succumbs to the side of force-induction, Lexus remains absolutely focused and committed to delivering its statement of craftsmanship, in the form of its highly-acclaimed naturally-aspirated engines that have and will continue to etch and invoke memories for driving enthusiasts all around the world. May 2016 //
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feature TEXT AND PICTURES COURTESY OF AUDI
SPYDER SENSE The ever-popular German sports car has arrived to shake the league of sports cars, even more so with the addition of its convertible variant
bhp, 0 to 100km/h in just 3.6 seconds, a top speed of 318km/h, the new Audi R8 Spyder with its V10 naturally-aspirated engine merges impressive performance with the allure of open-top driving. It’s striking design and high-end technologies demonstrate the concentrated expertise of the premium brand. Dry, the two-seater weighs just 1,612kg. Its strong backbone is the newly developed Audi Space Frame (ASF) using the multi-material construction principle, made from aluminium and carbon fibre. The aluminium components make up 79.6% of its weight. In a progression from the R8 Coupé, they form a lattice that Audi’s engineers have used to incorporate specific reinforcements especially into the sills, A-posts and windscreen frame. Innovative manufacturing methods lower the weight of individual components by up to ten percent. As a result, the highly rigid body weighs a mere 208kg, and its torsional rigidity has increased by over 50% compared with the previous model. The mighty mid-engine with dual injection system sets the tone in the new Audi R8 Spyder V10. The naturally-aspirated 5.2-litre engine has a dynamic throttle response. Its roar,
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Combining lifestyle and the fast life, the R8 Spyder has become even more desirable
which can be optionally amplified by a sport exhaust system with gloss black tailpipe trims is goosebump-inducing. 540hp of power and 540Nm of torque at 6,500rpm deliver phenomenal road performance: from 0 to 100km/h in 3.6 seconds and a top speed of 318km/h. Efficiency technologies such as the new freewheeling mode, where the R8 coasts with the engine decoupled, also promote fuel efficiency by ten percent compared with the predecessor model. The new R8 Spyder consumes 11.7 litres per 100km, corresponding to 277g of CO2 per km. Behind the V10 there is a sevenspeed S-tronic with lightning-fast action, which the driver controls electrically by a drive-by-wire system. The dualclutch transmission directs forces to a newly designed quattro drive system with an electro-hydraulically activated multi-plate clutch at the front axle. The all-wheel clutch, water-cooled for maximum performance, distributes the drive torques fully variably according to the driving situation – in extreme cases, up to 100% to the front or rear wheels. The intelligent control system is incorporated into the Audi drive select system, which offers four modes ranging from overtly dynamic to comfort-oriented. In conjunction with the optional R8 performance leather steering wheel, three more driving
programs are available: dry, wet and snow. They make handling even more precise and stable, to match the specific conditions of the road being travelled. The R8 Spyder has a lightweight cloth hood tapering into two fins. These stretch the cloth so that it, along with the large hood compartment cover, harmonizes perfectly with the athletic design of this high-performance sports car. An electro-hydraulic drive opens and closes the hood in 20 seconds up to a speed of 50km/h. The rear window, sunk into the bulkhead, can be retracted and extended. With all windows up, the air stream strokes the body with a minimum of turbulence. The build quality of the new R8 Spyder, which is extensively hand-built at a manufactory near Neckarsulm, is of the highest standard. The driver and passenger sit on sport seats or bucket seats with a more highly contoured seat shape, for superior lateral support. Over and above the extensive standard equipment, customers have almost unlimited scope to tailor both the interior and exterior to their individual preferences. Add-on body components such as the front spoiler, the diffuser and the new sideblades are also available in carbon. LED headlights with newly developed laser technology maximize visibility and range for the driver, bringing increased safety at night.
Audi R8 V10 Spyder
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feature TEXT BEN CHIA PICTURES BEN CHIA AND MANUFACTURERS
BANGKOK EXTRAVAGANZA Bangkok has not one, but two motor shows annually. We head back to the Land of Smiles to bring you some highlights from the 2016 Bangkok Motor Show
I
f you’re wondering why we’re bringing you another motor show feature from Bangkok, here’s the thing: Thailand has a large enough car market that it has the capacity to hold two motor shows annually. There’s the Motor Expo, usually held around November or December each year, and the Bangkok Motor Show, usually taking place in April. According to an industry insider familiar with the Thai market, the Motor Expo is typically targeted at people from the motor trade, while the Motor Show is a more ‘legit’ event for customers and enthusiasts. Here are some of the cars that caught our eye at the 2016 Bangkok Motor Show.
completely revised, with the use of better quality materials clearly noticeable to give the Forester a more upmarket feel. Engine options remain unchanged, with the choice of a naturally-aspirated 2.0-litre with 150bhp, and the turbocharged 2.0-litre XT model with 240bhp both available. The facelifted Forester is now available on sale in Singapore.
Honda Civic
Subaru Forester More of a facelift than a full model change, the ‘new’ Subaru Forester was unveiled at the Bangkok Motor Show amid much fanfare, complete with a media test drive event organised outside the exhibition halls. The key changes to the updated Forester include a redesigned front end, with a new grille and lights, while the rear has also been slightly retouched. Inside, the cabin has been
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One could expect to see these offerings in Singapore some time in the near future, with the exception of the Rolls-Royce, of course
Probably the most highly anticipated new car among many buyers and enthusiasts alike, the all-new Honda Civic made its South East Asian debut at the 2016 Bangkok Motor Show. Featuring a new sleek and stylish look, the tenth-generation Civic looks set to recapture the magic from years past, and reverse the lacklustre sales of the ninth-generation model. Engine line-ups are yet to be confirmed for our market, but in Thailand the new Civic is available with a 1.8-litre naturally-aspirated petrol with 141bhp, and a new 1.5-litre turbocharged four-pot that produces 173bhp, and it is most likely the latter engine that will debut first when the car arrives here in the next few months.
Mercedes-Benz C-Class Coupe Sitting stealthily on the Mercedes-Benz stand is the all-new C-Class Coupe, and the Bangkok show car was nicely finished in a matte black paintwork complemented by yellow strips and highlights, and a sporty AMG kit. Engine options are expected to mirror that of the C-Class sedan, and expect to see the new C-Class Coupe arrive here before the end of the year.
Rolls-Royce KoChaMongKol Extended Wheelbase Ghost A long name for a unique car, the Rolls-Royce KoChaMongKol Extended Wheelbase Ghost was created especially for Thailand. Finished in English White paintwork, the KoChaMongKol Ghost features hand-drawn motifs of the elephant, a highly revered animal in the Kingdom for centuries. The interior is finished with special natural grain leather in Smoke Grey and Dark Spice mix, with Mandarin stitching and seat piping for contrast. The Mandarin RR monogram is embroidered into the headrests, while the elephant motifs can also be seen on the veneers of the interior.
feature TEXT BEN CHIA PICTURES COURTESY OF BMW
START
1916
Bayerische Flugzeugwerke AG was established as a successor to the aircraft manufacturer Gustav-OttoFlugmaschinenfabrik. This company would eventually evolve to become Ba yerische Motoren Werke, or BMW, and thus its founding date is regarded as the establishment of the BMW Group that we know today.
The round logo, with the letters BMW, and the stylised propeller, designed with the Bavarian national col-ours of blue and white, is first registered as a patented trademark. By the end of the 1920s the logo is being used in advertising for the company.
1917
1923
The first motorbike produced by the company, the BMW R 32, is presented at the German Motor Show in Berlin. The R 32 features a horizontally opposed twin-cylinder fourstroke Boxer engine.
A100 YEARS OF INNOVATION We look back at some of the key milestones in the history of BMW, from its humble beginnings to the automotive leader it has become today
2014
The first units of the BMW i8 plug-in sports car hybrid are handed over to customers at BMW Welt in Mu-nich.
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// May 2016
2016
The sixth-generation BMW 7 Series is launched, and BMW’s flagship luxury sedan continues a long tradition of leading the way in automotive innovation, with the new model introducing breakthrough features such as gesture control, remotely controlled parking, and a body structure with carbon core.
BMW celebrates its 100th anniversary with a gala event at Munich’s Olympiahalle multi-purpose arena.
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13
The BMW i3 enters production in Leipzig, marking a new era in sustainability motoring for the company. The i3 is the first car from the company that was designed from the ground up to be powered by an all-electric drivetrain.
TheFutureofMobility
1928
BMW enters automobile production by manufacturing the 3/15 PS, a licensed version of the Austin Seven from Britain. Within four years BMW would go on to build its own in-house designed car, the 3/20 PS.
1933
The first BMW to sport a six-cylinder engine, the BMW 303, is unveiled at the International Motor Show in Berlin. It is also the first car to feature the signature kidney-shaped grille that has since adorned all BMW cars even up till today.
1936
BMW premieres the 1500 at the Frankfurt International Motor Show, which heralds the start of the ‘New Class’ which was to prove to be a pivotal point in BMW’s success.
BMW M GmbH is established, and the company is put in charge of BMW’s motorsport activities, developing race cars, as well as producing sporty models for road use. 1972
1961
1972 1999
At the Olympic Games in Munich, a BMW 1602 Elektro is used as a support vehicle for the marathon race. This is the first pure electrically powered automobile under the BMW brand.
BMW presents the vehicle concept of the Sports Activity Vehicle at the Detroit Auto Show. The BMW X5 combines sportiness typical of the brand with the versatile qualities of an all-wheel vehicle and thereby es-tablishes a new market segment with this concept.
BMW presents its first ever all-wheel-drive model, the 325i all-wheel-drive. 1985 also marks the debut of the BMW M3, a car that would capture the imagination of driving enthusiasts for many years to come. 1985 2011
2001 2003
BMW i is established, a new sub-brand dedicated to innovative automobile technology developments, such as mobility services and electrically powered automobiles. Sustainability will be a core philosophy driving the BMW i brand.
BMW marks its racing debut with the 2.0-litre BMW 328 sports car. With Ernst Jakob Henne at the helm, the car wins the Eiffel Race at the Nurburgring with a start-tofinish victory.
Rolls-Royce Motor Cars Limited comes under the auspices of the BMW Group, and the first car to be pro-duced from the company in the new era at Goodwood is the Rolls-Royce Phantom.
The first of the new MINI rolls off the assembly line at the comprehensively modernised production plant in Oxford, United Kingdom, the original home of the classic Mini.
May 2016 //
EDITOR’S
COLUMN PADDLES, USE THEM TEXT AND PHOTOS AARON HIA
Our man says that the flappy paddles should be used, even for the normalcy that is street driving
P
addle shifters have come a long way, since their induction into the Formula 1’s seemingly non-exhaustive list of driving tech wizardry. These seemingly, non-disruptive, steering mounted switches are possibly one of the biggest game-changers to the course of automotive history and are possibly the culprits behind the extinction of the stick-shifting. The inevitable outcome of rapidly advancing technology and the means to manufacture automatic transmissions and their related gadgetry on a massive scale have led to paddleshifters finding homes in typical cars that ply the road on the daily basis. Paddle-shifters, once thought as equipment only available on race-bred cars, are a reality in passenger cars. If you must know, paddle-shifters provide automatic transmission users with the capability to select individual gears when the need arises. This is especially important in hilly terrain, of which Singapore is
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devoid of. This situation then created a rift of neglect, with the paddleshifter function sitting all forlorn, as the automatic transmission’s synapse and response time improved tremendously, so much so that it does not warrant the paddle-shifters’ use. I have to argue to disagree with the notion that using the paddle-shifters signifies an aggressive driving mood. Driving with paddle-shifters is possibly the closest you can get to manually switching the cogs in a world riddled with automatic gearboxes. In fact, swapping each gear individually will allow you to experience a part of the engine and gearbox that you’ve never felt before, the peak torque as the revolutions rise, how each gear swaps to the next ever-so harmoniously... Maybe I sound like I am speaking in riddles, or dreaming of utopia, but truth of the fact is, driving doesn’t get more exciting than being in full control of your car. Paddle-shifters allow for a quick overtaking move at your absolute convenience; tap the left paddle just once, watch the revs climb, hit the
signal indicator and give the throttle a boot full and complete it by shifting up once again to quell the revs, before signalling back into the middle lane. Now, apart from piling on the revs and working the fuel injectors, paddle-shifting also helps to save a little brake pad skin. This technique is commonly known as engine-braking, something that manual car drivers perform in their hey days to help the car decelerate naturally and is still utilised in motorsports. Downshifting engages the lower cog, which runs smaller than the higher cog, effectively using the engine’s retarding forces to slow the car’s speed. In today’s automatic cars however, the trouble of clutching in to swap gears is negated, making it a lot easier to perform engine braking, allow you to relief the brake pads of the hard stomping action that so many of us are accustomed to. If you are just as motor-headed as me, paddle-shifting is almost an absolute on the race circuit, allowing you to perform engine-braking and selecting the right gear for the right
corner, rather than relying on the car’s natural instinct to upshift whenever the right opportunity comes along. This would roughly put you on par with the manual-totting cars. Afterall, driving is an experience, not a chore. The whole idea of Formula 1 bringing technology down to the masses is true after all. Don’t get me wrong, paddleshifters don’t make your car any faster or racier, but they serve a purpose far greater than looking just fancy on your steering wheel. For fellow readers who have no paddle-shifters, the step-tronic gear shifting technique is just as equally exciting. Meanwhile for me, I will just envy modern day cars with built-in paddle-shifters while dreaming of such technology on my gated transmission hatchback…
May 2016 //
AZFAR’S
COLUMN PEDESTRIANS,PLAY YOUR PART! TEXT AND PHOTOS AZFAR HASHIM
While frustration with other road users seem already mind-numbing, the issue with deer-like pedestrians are of another concern
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on-drivers seem to think driving is like a walk through a secret garden; they have this warped impression that everything is simple and dandy as “you just sit, steer, accelerate and brake”. Yeah right. As somebody who spends half of his day behind the wheel on the road (testing cars, attending one press event to another, heading to photo-shoot locations), I can tell you that driving is more than meets the eye; and I’m sure the majority of readers are nodding your head in agreement right now. Besides sitting on the driver’s seat to control the steering wheel, accelerator, brake and for cars with manual transmission, clutching in and out, changing gears, you also have to concentrate on the road ahead and even your surroundings. As you can see, that’s a lot of physical coordination at play, which should also explain how driving does tire you at times. For parents driving their children around, it takes even extra effort having to constantly check
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on the kids and entertain them. Then there will be occasions when the whole world decides to go against you, ending up with you having to race- I mean rush, from one place to the other; I’ve been through such situations before hence whenever I notice a car being driven as though from a scene of Fast & Furious, I would try my best to give them the right of way. Why so? Firstly, you wouldn’t know what sort of emergency they’re in. Secondly, I don’t need to be involved in an accident with such said car(s) in case the driver loses self-control in their haste. Sometimes, being tailgated and/ or at the receiving end of a series of flashing headlamps is highly irritating; however with my capability of being Zen these days, I could actually remain calm and give them the right of way. (If I were younger, a flying finger or fist of fury would ensue…) But of course, how could you miss the sort of driver who hogs the fastest lane at crawling speed, those who stick to the speed limit, or go even slower, without a care in the world. Again, at this age I would simply practice some
patience and find a way to pass them, no point getting all worked up because no matter what you do, there will always be more of them. Hence, move along and don’t waste your energy. What I’m trying to get at here is the fact that I am more patient and understanding towards other road users. However, the growing frustration now is towards pedestrians. Yes, you’re reading that right, pedestrians. The ones who do not take caution at zebra crossing and always assume vehicles would stop to let them pass. Them who dash across the road without thinking twice, most times coming eerily close to being another statistic. They who still insist on crossing the road dandily despite the red man already coming on. The sort who walk on the road (instead of pavement) looking at their phones and not paying attention to their surrounding. Last but not least the nonchalant ones who, despite knowing that a car is reversing in or out of a parking lot, will walk directly behind/in front of the said car. This particular type poses the
biggest danger to drivers; uncountable times, I’ve faced them. Even after making sure it is all safe and clear, like haunting spirits, they would appear out of nowhere! If not for (a) a good set of reverse sensors, (b) eyes that rove for moving objects and (c) reflexes, the inevitable would’ve happened for sure. And here’s the worst thing: If a driver hits a pedestrian, even if it’s not the driver’s fault or fully the driver’s fault, the arms of the law will still reach for the driver. Google search such cases in the past and you’d be surprised how the driver either gets the full liability or the bigger accountability.
I don’t know about you, but this particular bit of the law can come across as unfair for drivers. It’s just unfortunate the law constantly thinks that the person behind the wheel should always be extra careful and responsible; so when coming into contact with a ‘defenseless’ pedestrian, the driver will be blamed. Because of that, I urge you dear pedestrians to please be careful and spare a thought for us drivers. While we constantly have to keep a look out for you, as it is our responsibility and also because the law requires us to, please do your part to make the roads even safer. Be more alert, be less selfish.
May 2016 //
BEN’S
COLUMN GOING BLUE OVER GOING GREEN TEXT BEN CHIA PHOTOS MANUFACTURERS
For all the talk about Singapore going green, the notable lack of action in this area has been especially disappointing
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utside of Wheels Asia, I do write about motoring stuff elsewhere as well. Some of it are similarly to the content here, namely automotive news and reviews and such, but increasingly, I’ve also been asked to contribute opinion pieces about various hot button topics pertaining to transport issues in Singapore. Sort of like a slightly more serious version of this column, with a bit of in-depth analysis, you might say. Like anything in Singapore, there’s always plenty to talk about when it comes to transport. In fact, I’ll probably argue, especially transport, because it’s one of the things which I daresay the majority of the population are unsatisfied with. Almost every aspect of our transport system has grounds for criticism, and it seems that we have a long way to go before we can call our transport system world-class. Some of these problems stem from operational issues, but a lot of them are actually results of flawed policies, some of which can come across as quite bizarre to anyone who’s not familiar
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with the workings of our country. For us residents, knowing how this place is run, we can only really shrug our shoulders and hope that things change for the better (which they often do not), in the meanwhile trying our best to raise the issue in a bid to influence the authorities to see some sense. Take the topic of green motoring for example, a relevant issue given the recent hoopla over Tesla here in Singapore. For the uninitiated, here’s a quick rundown: someone here decided to self-import a Tesla Model S into Singapore. Like with all cars here, the Model S was subject to homologation tests to ensure that it was compliant for our roads. After many months of delays, mainly because this ‘new-age’ Model S electric car bamboozled all the authorities and sent them into a confused tizzy, the car was certified as ‘polluting’ and slapped with a surcharge, because of the unusual way the authorities measured the electric car’s emissions. There’s a lot written about this saga elsewhere already, inciting plenty of debate and talking points, so I shall
not go into them further. But for me, such an incident clearly illustrates how outdated our authorities are when it comes to transport matters, and how stubborn they can be when they come across something which goes against the grain. Anything that is out-of-theordinary from their narrowly-defined scope of regulations is viewed with disdain and suspicion, somehow. Electric cars are not new. They’ve been in existence for the better part of a decade now. To say that there is no system to regulate them here speaks poorly of a supposedly forward-thinking first-world country. And it’s such a shame, because if anything, Singapore is clearly the most ideal place for electric cars to flourish. It’s a small country, and therefore the majority of drivers cover relatively short distances on their journeys, perfectly within range of most electric cars. Charging shouldn’t be a problem too, given that most folks merely drive to and from work and home, and leave their cars parked for hours on end, so with well-located charging points, nobody has to worry about recharging their electric vehicles here.
But with every new breakthrough technology, there always has to be some form of assistance to get it off the ground. Electric cars need the obvious infrastructure set up, in the form of charging points and such. Basically they need somewhere to ‘fuel up’, like petrol stations for normal cars. And yet EV charging points have been slow to proliferate here, with only a handful of them located in some shopping malls and office buildings, set up by private entities. The authorities thus far have been reluctant to commit to public charging points, and no wonder, with the Ministry of Transport’s stance being that when it comes to cars, they want to remain ‘technology neutral’, not favouring any form of technology over another, hence their reluctance to provide support. It results in a ridiculous chicken-andegg situation, especially given that the
majority of people here live in public housing. Car buyers are unwilling to opt for electric cars, with the lack of charging points a genuine worry. The dearth of electric cars meanwhile makes it financially unviable for any private company to step in and set up an entire electric car charging infrastructure around the island. Something has got to give in order to break out of this ridiculous state of flux. There are more silly policies regarding the regulation of electric cars here too, but let’s reserve that discussion for another day. Meanwhile, let’s just hope that the automotive industry is able to exert enough pressure onto the authorities to make them see the light with regards to electric vehicles. Otherwise I’ll just be talking about the same old thing again and again for years to come.
May 2016 //
feature TEXT BEN CHIA AND JONATHAN TAN PHOTOS JONATHAN TAN
Le t Ta ’s lk! BEN CHIA
JONATHAN TAN
SAME OLD BRAND NEW DEBATE The boys question the cents and sensibility of buying a car brand-new or pre-loved.
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y and large, prospective car owners are either going to be eye-balling COE (Certificate of Entitlement) prices in the hope of getting a new car at the lowest possible price, or trawling the classifieds for a great deal on a car that’s pre-owned. The idea here, is that if you have $50,000 to stump up for a ride; would it make better sense (or cents) to go for a car that’s fresh off the factory line, or is it an opportunity to make a move for a fancier car that you’ve always wanted, albeit a little matured in age and condition. With some three years left on the clock, Ben’s old Mitsubishi Lancer is running onto the tail end of its lifetime and he’s on the passive lookout for his next ride. With COE prices likely
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to inch downwards following recent announcements of an increased quota, the money could go a long way towards sorting out the downpayment for a brand new ride. By contrast, Jonathan and his dad have recently used that same amount of money to pay for a new family car in full. And the W211 Mercedes-Benz E200 Kompressor that recently joined the family checked one off the bucket list for his dad, who’s always wanted a car with the three-pointed star. BC Hey man, nice car you got there! JT Thanks. It’s a 2008 MercedesBenz E200 Kompressor, and I got it for just $50,000! It helped that we knew the seller and was able to get a ‘friendship’ price! BC Cool. Any problems with it so far? JT Well, there are a couple of things… scratches on the front fender,
side skirt, a broken side signal cover, peeling upholstery and even a weird dangly bit of cable at the rear bumper. Don’t even get me started on the other scratches on the windows… BC Ah, you see, this is why I’m always wary about getting a secondhand car. There’s always bound to be problems that you’ll have to fix. I should know. When I got my own car I spent quite a big chunk of money afterwards doing it up, just to get it up to decent condition. Thankfully I had the spare funds then to mend it, but it was more the inconvenience, the fact that the car had to spend time in the shop, that annoyed me. Whereas for a brand new car, everything is, well, brand new. It’s in perfect condition, fresh from the factory and ready to go. You don’t have to worry
Let’sTalk:NewCar vs OldCar
What it be then, a brand new car without the hassle and fuss of having to worry about repairs, or a second hand car that you’ve been so long to own on the bucket list? Our writers debate this out with the Suzuki Ciaz RS and the W211 E-Class from Mercedes-Benz
much about it for the next few years, except for regular routine servicing. Especially a simple Japanese car like this Suzuki Ciaz here, designed to be at your service for your daily driving duties, nothing more nothing less. Besides, collecting a brand new car from the dealership is always an experience to savour, and you’ll feel assured, knowing that you’re the first owner to be enjoying your sweet, sweet ride. JT You’re absolutely right to say that nothing beats the feeling you get when you collect the keys to a spanking new ride, complete with the smell of freshly tanned leather. But on my end, it pains me to know that after emptying out my savings, I’ve still got to deal with financing the car for a couple more years. I do hear your point that whenever we buy an older car, there’s a huge degree of uncertainty because we never know exactly what’s going to happen to it, or if there are any maintenance issues to deal with. That’s where research comes in to know a little bit more about the model and ownership history. In this case, the W211 was manufactured in 2008, and is the facelifted version of this third-generation
E-Class as we know it had sorted out all the major faults with the electronics. The really sweet deal here is that because we’re acquainted with the previous owner, we know that the car has been very under-utilised. How has it clocked just 46,000km after all this time? The car though, could have been kept in better condition. BC I can see how some can be tempted to go for a car like yours. A lot of people justify it with “For less than the price of a new car, look at what you can get!” But like I mentioned earlier, a used car often comes with baggage, and it’s often not so simple financially than simply paying the sticker price. The price you paid for the Merc is only about enough to make the downpayment for the Ciaz here, and you’ll have probably have to finance the rest of it if you want to drive away with the brand new car. But think of the other costs. Like you detailed earlier, there’s a number of things to fix with the Mercedes, and by the time you’re done with it, and having to account for larger servicing costs, the final amount you’ll end up paying could be much more than you’ve expected. Whereas for a new car, you more or less already May 2016 //
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feature TEXT BEN CHIA AND JONATHAN TAN PHOTOS JONATHAN TAN
know what you’re getting, since the payments are pretty much already set in stone for the next couple of years. There’s a less likely chance of nasty surprises, and you can keep motoring on with fewer issues to worry about. Also, with Singapore’s COE system as it is, a brand new car gives you a fresh 10 year COE to drive on, whereas for a used car, you have to make do with the remaining tenure, in your case a mere 30 months, I know these two cars are not really an apple-to-apple comparison, but this does impact on a hidden cost of motoring: depreciation, i.e. how much money you lose over the years. Right now, the Ciaz will shed about $9,000 a year, but your E-Class loses a whopping $25,000 a year or so if driven to the end. Of course this is just a simple calculation, not accounting for other factors like PARF and scrap value (which complicates things and may result in a lower figure), but you broadly get the picture. JT It is definitely a gamble that we’ve made with an old car. But at least for the money we’ve paid, my dad’s got to finally own a car with the threepointed star on the bonnet. It’s a bit of a life-long aim for him and it does make sense. After all, the W211 E-Class is a very reliable car that’s very comfortable
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on the inside, rear-wheel driven and with a capable-enough performance from that 1.8-litre supercharged engine putting out some 181bhp. Of course, we won’t know exactly how well it still holds its power, but everything still works fine, and I do hope it continues to do so. Aside from the obvious aesthetic maintenance that’s wanting, the drivetrain, suspension, brakes and other bits that are essential to operating the car safely still check out. And with an appointment already made at the body shop, the car’s going to get a makeover which will see it look as good as new. Should the car continue to drive well without any major problems, renewing its COE is definitely on the cards. And for the price we’ve paid, it’s a really good deal given that we’ve got the prestige factor, the emotional factor, performance and comfort factor all checked off. The downside, as you’ve rightly pointed out is its age. BC Fair enough, I can see that the car is still in decent nick, and mostly runs well still. But you can’t deny that it does feel its age a little bit. I mean, it does lack a fair bit of amenities that newer cars these days get. Even a supposedly basic car like the Ciaz here comes with modern stuff such as a reverse camera,
Let’sTalk:NewCar vs OldCar
satellite navigation and Bluetooth connectivity, all items your E-Class lacks. Indeed, you only need to look at the generation of E-Class that came after yours to see how fast automotive technology has moved on in recent years. That particular model has stuff such as radar-guided cruise control, engine startstop, and lane departure warning systems. And if you wait for the brand new model coming soon, you’ll even get things like semi-autonomous driving and selfparking. In no time yours will look like an antiquated showpiece from another era. JT Think of it as an arms race, where there will always be newer, better, bigger, cooler gadgetry. Does it matter, sure it does, but what’s important is really how the car drives. And I’m sure that a purist like you will appreciate the honesty of a good drive first, before being swayed by amenities that come with new cars these days. While my Mercedes is a lot more basic that the Ciaz here, it’s got an aftermarket reverse camera and a sturdy on-board computer to track essentials like speed, frugality and range right on
the dashboard. Plus, this is a car that’s actually desirable and not an option we’re going for because of price. The little niggles definitely exist, but with an older car, I can definitely drive with a little less anxiety. Scratches won’t weigh on my conscience as much as it will if it happened to a new car, and if anything untoward does happen, I can still scrap the car without any big losses. *touch wood* Ultimately, while there’s nothing wrong with buying a car for practical reasons, there are choices that can be made. Do we go for something new for practical reasons, or because we actually desire the machine? Or could we instead make a move for something older but one that’s going to hit the spot where satisfaction is concerned. With some effort, it can be a rewarding experience that could perhaps be more rewarding. Not to mention, it could be possible for us to be able to own several different cars in our lifetime. It’s a balance to be found, but I think we’re definitely in agreement that as long as that car can drive well, it’s one that will do well for the driver.
New or Old? Our writers debate between getting a car of your dreams, albeit second-hand or a brand new car, with only the down payment settled. May 2016 //
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feature TEXT AND PHOTOS AARON HIA
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BlackVue: AboveTheHorizon Dealers’Appreciation 2016
BLACKVUE: ABOVE THE HORIZON DEALERS’APPRECIATION 2016 BlackVue Singapore celebrates yet another successful year with its dealers as it looks to continue leading the in-car DVR race
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oud cheers and fanfare erupt from a ballroom, perched on a high balcony from the classy beach, overlooking the Southern coast of Singapore, as attendees clinked wine glasses, beating the tropical heat and relished in the moment of success, joy, celebrating yet another good year with BlackVue Singapore. As the leading in-car DVR (digital video recorder) brand here in Singapore, BlackVue Singapore was extremely pleased to host this celebratory lunch for its muchappreciated and valued dealers here in Singapore on the 20th of March 2016 at the up-class resort hotel of
Shangri-La Rasa Sentosa. Breaking the session proper, Mr Gary Chia, Product Manager for Wow! Gadgets Pte Ltd, took to the stage and thanked everyone for their presence and continuous support for the brand, reinforcing its strong standing in the market with multiple video recordings showing instances where the brand’s DVRs faithfully safeguarded the individuals that had purchased them, through instances that were by no means, faulted by themselves. Mr Chia then took the opportunity to introduce a suite of exciting products for the year ahead, which included the BlackVue Fleet
Management systems that allow managers a more holistic control over their fleet of commercial vehicles. Enhancements include the release of the DR650GW-2CH IR cameras that promise even greater clarity in dark environments, which doubles as a great parking camera with compatible accessories, such as the screen display. Thanks to BlackVue’s savvy “Over the Cloud” function, managers can now monitor their commercial fleet live, which seamlessly and instantaneously tap onto the online storage function available, saving critical files that cannot be tampered or deleted by accident. Mr John Lee, Deputy Head of Pittasoft’s overseas sales was
the special guest for the day, as he gave dealers a further insight into the Korean company’s values, reinstated the company’s utter commitment to its products and happily announced its newlyfound partnership with the worldrenowned Formula Drift competition. Apart from an afternoon of tucking in, partying and exciting magic shows, Mr John Lee took to the stage once again to present awards to fellow dealers as a token of heartfelt appreciation for their unwavering support. Later, a Bingo draw that was conducted before the end of the lunch saw fellow dealers walking away with prizes that many could only envy. May 2016 //
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feature TEXT AARON HIA PHOTOS BRIDGESTONE TYRE SALES SINGAPORE
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BRIDGESTONE 15 ANNIVERSARY DINNER 2016 Just as glitzy as it gets, the glamour at Bridgestone’s 15th Anniversary Dinner reaches an allnew high as the world-renowned tyre manufacturer celebrates yet another successful year
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lack suits, sharp ties, flowing gowns and the clinking of cocktail glasses are just accessories to the resounding celebration that happened on the 13th of March at the Shangri-La Hotel Orchard’s Tower Ball Room. Celebrating its 15th anniversary here in Singapore, Bridgestone Tyre Sales Singapore had cordially invited its fellow dealers and media for a night of celebration with the stars. Mr Michael Tan, Managing Director of Bridgestone Tyre Sales Singapore Pte Ltd taking to the stage and warmly thanked everyone for their kind attendance. It has been a good 15 years since Bridgestone Tyre Sales Singapore Pte Ltd opened their
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doors, back in 2001. To celebrate such a significant milestone for the company, the order for this year’s celebration was a little more special; a black tie event to commemorate 15 good years of overwhelming sales and support for the world-renowned tyre manufacturer. To add verve to such a momentous occasion, an LED dragon dance troupe was invited to perform the opening ceremony, as well as local celebrity, Ms Liu Ling Ling, who performed for the audience of the night, who tucked into a hearty full course of delectable dishes that tickled every heart and belly. What would a night of celebrate be without the people that helped
write the success for Bridgestone Tyre Sales Singapore Pte Ltd, than the staff and its treasured dealers? Awards were presented to the Top Achievers, while a lucky draw was conducted to bated breaths, as the bonus lucky draw prize, two Bridgestone incentive trip tickets worth $12,000 was given out to the lucky ones. Amidst the cheerful vocals, the joyful banter and clinking of glasses, many dealers doused in the joyous spirit as they look forward to the year ahead with Bridgestone, the one trusted tyre manufacturer who puts immense passion into making journeys great and memorable.
Bridgestone15th Anniversary Dinner 2016 BRIDGESTONE 2015 TOP ACHIEVERS (IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER)
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
AIK KOON TYRE & BATTERY CO PTE LTD AUTO-PIT (S) PTE LTD BENG HENG TYRES BATTERIES PRIVATE LIMITED C-H-NEO TRADING CLH TYRES TRADING EVERFIT MOTOR PTE LTD FREEWE PTE LTD GATEWAY-RIKEN TIRES PTE LTD H TYRE PTE LTD HOCK THYE SENG CO PTE LTD HWA KONG TRADING CO PTE LTD JURONG TYRE SERVICE PTE LTD KHAI WAH BATTERY & TYRE PTE LTD L S TYRES & AUTOMOTIVE PTE LTD LEE BENG TYRE & BATTERY CO SOUTH EAST TYRE CO SUM SOON TYRES & BATTERY SERVICE TOM’S TYRE PTE LTD TONG HIN & CO TS AUTO ACCESSORIES & TRADING
May 2016 //
R E V E F W O L YEL
Text and photos
AARON HIA
a dose of tuning s t e g 3 S i d u A s s ium compact cla m e r p g in o g t u o e Quattro system Th t n ia ill r b yd a e lr plement its a goodness to com
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ention ‘quattro’ to any car-speaking individual and there is instant recognition. Audi has been touting its permanent, intelligent all-wheel drive system since the days of Group B long-gone and that has paid off handsomely. Today, all that supreme rallying technology from the German automotive giant has now been commercialised for the public roads, increasing the thrill and exhilaration that one can surely derive from driving an Audi. Seated as one of the top tier sport models in Audi’s line-up, the S3 inherits much of Audi’s sporty DNA, accumulated from its entries into multiple motorsport disciplines. Take its 2 litre TFSI engine for example, its capabilities are almost surreal, churning 350Nm of usable torque from just 2,500rpm, all thanks to a methodicallysorted array of technology, ranging from turbocharger to reinforced cylinder block technology. All this comes inline with Audi’s quattro tech to provide maximum performance and pleasure in any environment imaginable. In today’s relatively high COE (Certificate of Entitlement) environment,
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The outgoing S3 remains a fun car to drive, especially after extensive tuning and customisation by its owner
it isn’t hard to find cars that are reaching the twilight of their lifespan. As long as they’re properly taken care of, any car can outlast its 10-year tenure and this yellow Audi S3 is one that has been left in the possession of Chee Chong, who is by no means any lesser of an automotive enthusiast. Previously the owner of a Suzuki Swift Sport, Chee Chong carried the passion and enthusiasm of automotive tuning over to his new continental machine. Although parts and means of tuning were slightly different, these were easily negated by the fact that Chee Chong did extensive reading-up while leaving the tuning to the expert hands over at ST Powered, a renowned car tuning specialist workshop here in Singapore. Wanting to build something feisty, yet casual enough for street driving, Chee Chong set out to further strengthen the engine’s integrity by fitting proven aftermarket parts, such as strengthened engine and transmission mounts. A set of valve springs from Ferrea replaced the stock set of springs, due to their improved heat-resistant properties that ensures stability in high engine revolution situations. Retaining the stock turbocharger, power is simply upped
by the fitment of a Blitz open-pod air intake filter, fitted to a Password JDM reducer connected by an ITG piping kit. An Audi RS4 fuel return valve is installed to provide stable fuel pressure as the final piece of the air-fuel mixture puzzle, while a custom tune from the genius at ST Powered harmonises both parts. With power taken care of, the stock clutch was replaced with a reliable piece from DXD, a Stage 3 Endurance pack that could easily take the highrevving punishment from the TFSI engine, alongside a BSH Bulletproof PCV Revamp that takes care of common issues such as boost and oil leaks. As most gearheads would say, “Power is nothing without control” and Chee Chong knows dearly, since he went through the period with the Swift Sport, which relied mostly on cornering abilities to keep up with the folks with larger capacity engines. To keep the car propped up against lateral G forces, a set of premium KW Clubsport coilover was installed. Citing reasons that the car would be on the public roads more than the track, the Clubsport variant is the best choice he could settle for without rattling each and every bone in his body. Complementing the coilover was a set of thick, H&R
Audi S3 2.0 (A)
anti-roll bars in the front and rear and SuperPro’s lower control arms upfront. To add an even greater dimension of control, a Haldex controller and a Peloqin ATB differential was installed to provide the desired amount of traction as Chee Chong wished for. Like adding the final dash of salt and pepper, a set of Spoon’s rigid collars was installed to properly align the subframe’s geometry with the chassis. To keep braking practical, a set of Hawk HP Plus brake pads was installed, since these provided more than sufficient braking power with good anti-fade properties. The exterior of the S3 has been left relatively unscathed, save for a few cosmetic touch-ups and decals all around the car. What sticks out the most, is the set of pristine Enkei RS05RR multispoked wheels that neatly complement the stocky outlook of the car. These are dutifully shod in Michelin rubber.
Inside the S3 is where signs of track fever is clearly present; with the rear of the car almost stripped clean, save for the set of Bose speakers that survived the lightening process. The stock leather seats have since been replaced with a set of hugging full bucket seats, a Recaro for the driver and a limited edition Bride Japan Zeta III for the passenger. To allow Chee Chong to view the full engine vital stats of the car, the Ultra gauge provides a telling list of critical engine information, while the 52mm Defi boost gauge displays boost pressure. Citing a possible COE renewal scenario, Chee Chong has further plans to keep his S3 in-check with the latest developments from Audi, as the newer S3 gradually becomes a common sight on the roads. With that in mind, you can be pretty sure that this particular 2007 Audi sportback will continue to roam the roads for quite a while!
May 2016 //
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To celebrate the milestone that is the brand’s 20th year, Advanti Racing is releasing this milestone edition rim to commemorate the brand’s coming. Influenced by the powers of success, strength and swift decisiveness, this multi-spoked rim, crafted with DST technology possesses the right characteristics of a sporty rim. Available in 17” and 18” dimensions in various offsets and specifications. www.facebook.com/yhisingapore
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Ducatus 5W50 Engine Oil Packed with lubricating goodness for your car’s engine, the Ducatus 5W50 promises ultimate euro specifications. Made with PAO, Ester and other premium additives, the engine oil possesses excellent oil temperature regulation as well as viscosity to reduce fluidity and lack of pressure. UTS Tel: 6844 2806 or 6844 2860
// May 2016
Combat Ant Killing Bait Strips Ants are a common issue, especially if you park in woody and shady areas. Not that they want to, but cars provide a liveable and conducive environment to build their colonies, which can lead to a bigger problem. Combat Ant Killing Bait Strips is specially designed for use in hardto-reach places and formulated to eliminate the ant colonies in just hours. Sensatec (Asia) Pte Ltd www.facebook.com/armorallsingapore
Unicla International
YHI Singapore
Advanti Racing 20th Anniversary Rim
Ducatus 5W40 Engine Oil This fully-synthetic petrol engine oil is formulated with superior additivies. The 5W40 variant provides excellent engine performance and is highly suitable for engines equipped with emission controlling devices. Good to know that it also meets the latest API standard EU specifications such as the EURO 4 engine emissions requirement. UTS Tel: 6844 2806 or 6844 2860
DL330A Driver State Monitor The Vuemate DL330A comes with high performance camera, SOC and an image processor, intelligently detecting a driver’s state like drowsiness, negligence in keeping eyes forward, and face departure by monitoring the driver’s face, eyes and pupils in real-time while driving. It cognitively alerts the driver to the danger of each state by both the indication LEDs and various warning sounds from a built-in loudspeaker. Wow! Gadgets Pte Ltd Tel: 6100 9691
BlackVue
Vuemate
Consuming food in the car can lead to bigger problems, especially if they are not properly taken care of afterwards. Hidden scraps will attract roaches, while can pose a hygiene issue and are hard to eliminate afterwards. Combat Roach Killing Bait Strips is perfect for placing in hard-to-reach places in the cabin, while working quickly to eliminate the source of the problem with its fast working and effective formula. Sensatec (Asia) Pte Ltd www.facebook.com/ armorallsingapore
Unicla International
Sensatec
Combat Roach Killing Bait Strips
Delphi Battery Car batteries are probably one of the most hard-worked components, yet overlooked and stretched for long periods of time. Delphi batteries are one of the best in the business, providing much needed electrical-juice to your car. Patented technologies and features ensure that Delphi batteries do not lose their stored voltage through extended periods of time. These are maintenance-free and sealed for an ease of mind as well. UTS Tel: 6844 2806 or 6844 2860
DR650GW-2CH The BlackVue DR650GW-2CH is a sleeker, more compact option of its predecessor. Not only is it all-black and more stealthy, it sports improvements, such as a clearer video and improved recording bit rate. As usual, it possesses a forward facing camera with a 2.4MP Sony EXMOR CMOS Sensor that records away in intense 1920 x 1080 Full High Definition quality. Aside from the usual parking and event modes, the camera allows one to connect via WIFI for the ultimate convenience of playing live or recorded videos, as well as seamless transferring of video files without the removal of the micro SD card. Wow! Gadgets Pte Ltd Tel: 6100 9691
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Samsung TUMI
Alpha Bravo Dover Backpack Designed so well it’s practically a work of art, TUMI’s Alpha Bravo Dover will certainly up the cool factor. A new addition to TUMI’s bestselling Alpha Bravo collection, the slim backpack sets a new sophistication for day bags with its distinctly stylish detailing. The well-organized interior is just big enough to store everything you will need, with dedicated spaces for a laptop, gadgets and other essentials.
myMeiryo The new Nakamichi myMeiryo is a rounded Bluetooth speaker that is only the size of the palm of your hand. At 260g, the portable speaker is lightweight and compact, allowing it to be carried around with you easily in your bag. With a wireless transmission working up to 10 meters, myMeiryo is an ideal home audio speaker for your apartment, where it can be moved easily from room to room with 3 hours of non-stop music enjoyment. The speaker also supports MP3 music playback, and micro SD/TF cards of up to 16GB.
// May 2016
Olympus
Nakamichi 68
Galaxy J1 4G The new Galaxy J1 (2016) 4G boasts a 4.5-inch SUPER AMOLED Display, assuring users of a greater viewing experience. With Dual SIM with MicroSD Slot capabilities, the new Galaxy J1 (2016) 4G offers added versatility. Simply double-tapping the home button enables the quick capture of a selfie or wefie.
TG-870 Designed for the adrenaline junkie, the TG-870 offers the ultimate rugged compact camera for the active, the new TG-870 features the widest lens of any compact digital camera with a 21mm 5x zoom. Its standout features include a 180 degree flip-up screen, Wi-Fi compatibility, GPS, and a new 920k dot LCD screen with a 2.6x brightness-boost function that enhances outdoor visibility.
Sony
Red Bull
Samsung
Galaxy TabPro S Powered by Windows 10 to support LTE Category 6 capabilities for the fastest network speeds, the Galaxy TabPro S comes with enhanced features and long-lasting battery life, ideal for millenials seeking convenience and performance. Its first 2-in-1 premium tablet featuring a seamless integration of laptop and tablet capabilities and is available in colour options of black and white.
Racing DISC Primed to provide a premium and contemporary feel, The Red Bull Racing DISC features a grey perforated leather upper and a full bootie construction for ultimate fit and comfort. Equipped with the new lighter and smaller Disc system that only consist of five parts, the new mechanic is much quicker and smoother to secure and fasten. Additional design features include the must-have PUMA’s iconic Formstripe on the outer side of the shoe and subtle Red Bull Racing branding on the heel.
a6300 Featuring a newly developed 24 Megapixel APS-C sensor and a completely revamped ‘4D’ AF system, the a6300 sits at the top of Sony’s APS-C mirrorless lineup. It is equipped with the world’s fastest (0.05-s) autofocus with the world’s most (425) phase-detecti on AF points, exemplary image quality and the ultimate in 4K recording.
May 2016 //
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Met Rivale and Manta The Manta and Rivale were developed together and share the same profile. MET describe the Rivale as an ‘open aero’ helmet, combining an aero shape with full venting, and the Manta as ‘closed aero’ for maximum drag reduction. The 254g Rivale is said to save 3W at 50kph; the 243g Manta is claimed to save a significant 10W at 50kph over all of its rival aero road helmets. MET employed a NACA vent (seen on the roof of the Bugatti Veyron supercar among many other motorsport and aerospace uses) at the top to achieve cooling airflow without adding drag. We’ve been wearing the Manta and found it very light, comfortable and noticeably fast. www.met-helmets.com
Scicon AeroComfort 2.0, World Champion edition This is the most limited of editions – Scicon made just this one and they kindly let us photograph it before presenting it to Peter Sagan, whose entire life must now be rainbow striped. The AeroComfort 2.0 has an internal stability system, exterior protectors and robust wheels. It’s used by seven top teams. If a world title is out of your reach. www.sciconbags.com
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Trek Émonda SLR 9 Two important things have changed about this bike since we tested the 2015 version in issue 208: it now comes in this very cool matt powder blue colour instead of the boring black-on-black. Given the high spec – 6.1kg, Dura-Ace Di2, Bontrager Aeolus 3 carbon clinchers, sub-700g frame in 700 OCLV carbon fibre, along with great ride quality. Even more dramatic is the price reduction to the rangetopping, sub-5kg SLR 10 halo model which is now more attainable and still lavished with ultra-light parts from Tune. www.trekbikes.com
Sram Red eTap Sram’s first electronic groupset one-ups rivals with wireless shifting – a godsend to mechanics and frame designers. Each derailleur has its own quickrelease battery; they’re interchangeable and last some 60hrs. The levers use coin batteries which last years. The shifting system is genius: press the right lever to go down the block, the left to go back up, both together to shift the front derailleur. It should be impossible to mis-shift. Auxiliary ‘Blip’ shift buttons can be added wherever you like. The weight penalty versus mechanical Red 22 is just 77g. www.sram.com
Selle Italia Net Okay, so at 361g this isn’t one for your best race bike but it’s an interesting innovation that’s deserving of some attention. Selle Italia conceived their new concept Net saddle to be more comfortable and durable, and have greater design possibilities along with a lower CO2 footprint, achieved by keeping all of the production in Italy. The Net is completely recyclable and no toxic bonding agents are used. The mesh surface is easy to print on, enabling some wild designs, and it’s so cheap you can buy one for a stocking filler. www.selleitalia.com May 2016 //
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WILIER ZERO.7 Lightweight Latin master available in numerous builds
I
taly’s Wilier-Triestina has more than a century of distinguished bike-making history in its palmares, but has garnered all sorts of unexpected publicity in recent months. Wilier bikes featured in a cycling-themed episode of ITV’s quirky Midsomer Murders, and a Wilier was also chosen by a young Belgian rider for her unauthorised experiment in motorised cyclo-cross. Perhaps more pertinently, Wilier makes some cuttingedge pro-level road bikes such as this Zero.7, with its sub-800g frame. In creating the Zero.7, Wilier’s designers took the integrated cabling (1), integrated fork and improved aerodynamics they had developed for the company’s Cento bikes, this time using smaller diameter – and thus lighter – carbon fibre tubing, which is allowed
1
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by the use of a ‘special thermoplastic material’ during the manufacturing stage. This ‘helps to create a uniform pressure along the inner carbon walls of the frame’, which Wilier says combines sufficient stiffness in crucial areas with that low frame weight. This stiffness is reinforced by the oversized BB386Evo bottom bracket, a standard that Wilier developed along with FSA, while another less obvious design feature is the lowered down-tube. This segues into a lengthened head-tube (a claimed 14 per cent torsionally stiffer, of course) and blends into the fork in a manner that reduces aerodynamic drag. Stiffness can translate to an uncomfortable ride, and where Italian competitor Bianchi has its ‘Countervail’ technology, Wilier uses its own comfort-increasing SEI – ‘Special
2
Elastic Infiltrated’ – film, a viscoelastic film that sits between the layers of carbon and is claimed to increase the material’s shock resistance and its ability to bend without breaking, while reducing the risk of delamination. Our Zero.7 is built up with Campagnolo’s Record groupset (2) and Shamal Mille wheels with ceramic bearings – ‘Ultra Smooth Bearings’, no less – that Campag says are 50 per cent smoother than standard bearings. But it’s available in more than 20 configurations from Wilier’s UK distributor ATB Sales. If you fancy yourself a bit of an artist – and can bear the three-month lead time – you could go for Wilier’s nifty custom configurator, which allows you to colour just about every part of the frameset independently (3), though we’d recommend doing this sober…
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SPECIFICATION Weight 6.7kg (L) Frame 60-ton carbon, SEI film Fork HM Carbon Wheels Campagnolo Shamal Mille Gears Campagnolo Record Brakes Campagnolo Record Finishing kit FSA Energy bar and stem, Custom Superlogic Carbon seatpost, Selle Italia SLR saddle
Wilier says its manufacturing combines stiffness in key areas with low frame weight
May 2016 //
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Specialized S-Works Venge Vias www.specialized.com
The new Specialized Venge Vias is claimed to be a minute faster than the old bike over 40km and two minutes up on a Tarmac. It features dramatic aero features such as an integrated stem, aero brakes, dropped seatstays and internal cabling. Between their new bike, wheels, tyres, helmet, shoes and road skinsuit, Specialized say they can save you a huge five minutes in 40km. To launch the Vias, Specialized invited us to their California HQ and ‘Win Tunnel’, followed by a day of highly measured F1-level McLaren modelling validation testing, and then a big day of charging around the mountain roads of Santa Cruz. We first measured in the wind tunnel our total drag on a Vias with aero-road clothing, then our drag
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on a Tarmac in regular kit. McLaren engineers took this data and plugged it into their model. The next day we rode two 20km time trials on the same course. McLaren and Specialized boffins drove the course, recording air density, wind direction and wind speed to add to their model. I diligently rode in the same position and kept the power smooth. McLaren’s data model calculated a corrected difference of 2m24s for my rides, and an average 2m00s across the 12 riders tested. It also told us that I’d have needed to average 35W more on the Tarmac to equal my time on the Venge. Remember that this is complete set-ups (helmet, clothing, bike, wheels); the bike is worth around half the difference – that’s still huge in 20km. Best of all, this fast bike rides brilliantly. The geometry
The unusual bar allows the stem to be flat but makes position changes trickier
Specialized say that the Venge Vias is very nearly as fast as their Shiv TT bike
carries over from the Tarmac and the headtube and BB rigidity are near and above the Tarmac, respectively. This means nimble handling and excellent power transfer. And the wheels, as deep as they are with 525g rims, accelerate surprisingly easily. Once up to speed, they fly. Contrary to most, the aero V-brakes are surprisingly good, with plenty of power and easy modulation. On a long and twisting descent the Venge Vias was a revelation, combining a TT bike’s speed with the Tarmac’s handling to yield a Strava KOM on a 10km descent. The build kit is very impressive, even at this price: the brilliant Dura-Ace Di2, superb new S-Works Power saddle, carbon S-Works cranks and, best of all, a Quarq power meter. That’s awesome. The S-Works Venge Vias isn’t super-light but it is almost certainly the fastest road bike I have ever ridden, and a lot of fun too.
PROS
Incredibly aero; superb handling; comes with a Quarq power meter
Price; small weight penalty
Raises the bar for aero road bikes in terms of speed and ride quality
Northwave Galaxy kit www.northwave.com
The gripper-less bibshort hasn’t even started riding up in this photo. It got awkward
The pattern on the back is where the Burnout perforation treatment is applied
This is Italianissima kit, very Italian. It’s snazzy-looking, highly technical and has a few ‘just because’ flourishes, such as the raised lettering and patterns on the chest. The full-zip jersey is made from very thin Skinlight fabric with mesh inserts under the arms and Northwave’s Burnout perforation treatment on the back. The latter significantly boosts ventilation without the need for extra panels and seams, keeping the weight and complexity down and avoiding potential chafing points. It really works and felt good on some of the warmest days the mild UK weather could muster. The Galaxy jersey is race fit rather than full-on aero. It’s comfortable and sits well when riding, though the Air Grip sleeve ends are a bit fussy and don’t lie as lightly or as close as a raw cut sleeve. Two addi-
tions we always appreciate are the reflective details and a zipped pocket for keys. The short is made from PowerPlus fabric, ergonomically shaped with Northwave’s Biomap tech and supported by wide and soft bib straps; it feels good as soon as you pull it on. Thanks to the Carbon Tech pad, it gets better when you’re riding and impresses more as the hours pass. The pad has a maximum thickness of 13mm where needed and drops to 4mm elsewhere to reduce bulk. This, and the very high 120kg/m3 density, makes it very comfortable on long rides. The short is let down by the absence of leg grippers. There are wide elastic sections but they have no silicone, so they ride up. If you have short legs it’s probably less of an issue.
PROS
Looks sharp; handles heat well
Legs ride up
Fancy but slightly flawed kit for hot days
Cannondale Performance 1 jersey and bibshort www.cannondale.com
This jersey fastens to the bibshort with poppers on the rear hem. It’s brilliant (and something we’ve been suggesting for years); the only question is why it took so long for anyone to put it in production. It figures that serial innovators Cannondale got here first and that they nailed it in one. This isn’t about aero; it’s for comfort. Every jersey rides up, regardless of cut or silicon grippers. Cannondale’s haughtily titled ‘System Integration’ poppers simply keep the jersey where you want it to be. It can’t ride up or rotate, and heavily laden pockets bounce less. There are two sets of snaps on the short so you can choose
the height to suit you and your riding position. The poppers are very light and in no way intrusive so you don’t have to use them. You get most of the comfort (if not aero) benefits of a Castelli Sanremo Speedsuit while retaining the practicality of separate items. Cannondale have applied it to all of their Elite and Performance kit. Joining your jersey and bibshort is so effective that we expect to see it widely copied very soon, especially on aero race jerseys where it will have the added benefit of holding the fabric flat. The Performance 1 jersey is race fit, so it’s snug but not skin-tight aero. It comes up
quite big and I had to drop to a small to get the same fit as most brands in medium. There’s a zipped key pocket in addition to the usual three, which are slightly shallow. It also comes in blue and white as main colours. The bibshort is excellent. The straps and leg grippers are both wide so they spread their pressure and stay put and don’t cut in. The pad is Cannondale’s new Speed Save Chamois – it’s dense, well shaped and comfortable for hours.
PROS
Stabbing yourself with safety pins to make all your other kit feel this good
Good kit that’s elevated to greatness by two little poppers
‘System Integration’ poppers keep the jersey in place. This is a bigger innovation than disc brakes for the road May 2016 //
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DM: Chapt lll by Castelli www.chpt3.com
Chapter Three is the style-driven result of a collaboration between David Millar and Castelli. “I spent my entire career dressed as a human billboard,” quips Millar on the brand’s website. “From now on I want to wear something subtle and understated.” Millar also says that he was keen to continue working with Castelli, following seven seasons of contributing to race kit R&D, and to develop product using the best materials but with a focus on riding, not racing. The name of the collection refers to this new phase of Millar’s career, the previous two being as a professional before and after his ban. ChptIII launches with seven pieces, all known by codes: Rocka bad weather jersey (1.61), summer jersey (1.22), bibshort (1.11), base layer (1.81), arm (1.91) and knee (1.92) warmers, and socks (1.93). Everything has received meticulous attention to detail and is exactly to Millar’s specification, even the socks. Millar recalled a favourite race sock from some years ago and Castelli tracked down the Italian manufacturer and asked them to resume production of the discontinued line. For us, the highlight is the 1.61 Rocka jersey (the only item given a name). It’s a windproof and water repellent jersey,
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similar to Castelli’s famous Gabba but reinterpreted by Millar. The fabric is thinner and lighter, the shoulders are fully articulated for freedom of movement and there’s a large storm flap that fixes to the same button either around the front or behind the neck when not required. We had perfect weather to test the Rocka – 10ºC with showers – and it’s brilliant: windproof, breathable and it repels rain sufficiently to stop you getting soaked through. From cooler summer days to milder winter ones and everything in between, the Rocka is as useful as it is stylish. The bibshort uses your waist size and is very slim fitting, to the extent that you have to be careful pulling it past your hips. Once on, it’s fantastic. It’s made from a single piece of top-grade Lycra. It’s slightly thicker than most race shorts, precisely because it isn’t intended for racing on hot days in Spain, but riding hard on a UK summer’s day it’s very comfortable, helped by the wide and soft bib straps. The pad is Castelli’s Progetto X2 Air and it’s superb. We do praise a lot of inserts, including the two others on these pages, but what I especially like about Castelli’s pad is how it feels equally good on a range of saddles (so it’s likely to also suit more
The base layer’s graphic is derived from Millar’s ride data from the 2014 Vuelta
Both jerseys have small front pockets suitable for keys or a bank card
people) and that it lasts really well. My oldest short by far is Castelli and it’s still going strong. When a bibshort costs as much as the 1.11 is expected to, it’s good to know it will last. Our only niggle is the grippers, which are effective but thin. They don’t cut in, as such, but you can always feel them. Wider grippers sit more lightly. The 1.22 summer jersey is astonishingly thin, light and slender. It has a button-over collar than can also fasten to the chest to stop it flapping when not needed. There’s a small front pocket and two inside pockets for storing the arm and leg warmers. It’s cut slightly squarer in the shoulders for a ‘shirt-like’ look and achieves this without compromising ride comfort. Surprisingly, the coordinating arm and knee warmers are made from Castelli’s Thermoflex fabric, not the water resistant Nanoflex which might have combined more logically with the Rocka jersey. They’re warm and windproof, of course. The base layer is unbelievably light and very effective. As we go to press, the full price list is still to be announced, with the exception of the 1.22 jersey. As for the rest, if you have to ask…
PROS
Highly evolved style, construction and performance
It won’t be cheap, or even just slightly expensive; thin grippers
Takes riding kit to new heights of style and price, and you’ll love riding in it
The heat is on.
Morvelo Unity Evo Jersey SGD189 | Armsleeves SGD48
Vent it out with some the Morvelo Unity Evo kit, the latest superlight edition handmade in Europe. Look out for thoughtful details like the unique slit ventilation that opens when stretching your arms. Or the mesh side and rear panels which increase the ventilation and comfort during your ride. For your one stop cycling apparels shop, visit Velo Velo Singapore at Blk 18 #04-05 Midview City, 18 Sin Ming Lane Singapore. We carry a comprehensive collection of European, Australian, American and local Singapore labels like Morvelo, Babici, Biciclista, Defeet Socks, Machines for Freedom and RedWhite. For every SGD200 spent, enjoy free global shipping!
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FIVE R EASON S PETER SAGAN LOS ES R AC ES, AN D
WHY HE WON THE WORLDS Did Peter Sagan finally crack the secret of how to win big at the World Road Race Championships? Procycling looks back over the career of the Slovak, analysing the reasons he has often come up short when it counts but showing how he learned from past experiences to win the rainbow jersey
Sagan’s Worlds win was a dramatic way to break his major one-day race duck
Stage 6 of the Tour was a classic example of the field racing against Sagan
ANATOMY OF A PALMARÈS We’ve broken down Peter Sagan’s results in a slightly different way, to illustrate how consistent his placings are and also to ask if they cost him wins. The results are taken from the last two years. For comparison, we’ve shown Alexander Kristoff’s results over the same time frame. Results in GCs and TTs have been stripped out – we’re only comparing road racing tactics. There are a few conclusions we can draw from these numbers. First, Kristoff wins more bunch sprints than Sagan. Second, they contest around the same number of finishes at the front of races as each other. Third, Sagan gets considerably more top placings (2nd-7th, where he has been in the mix for the win) than Kristoff: 53 placings against 25). Would Sagan win more races if only he tried to win less often?
SAGAN
Peter Sagan ///// Why he won the Worlds
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HE GETS TRAPPED TACTICALLY
The Liquigas team went into the 2012 Milano-Sanremo with a very strong but fatally flawed double team leadership strategy. Their two main riders, Sagan and Vincenzo Nibali, didn’t quite have the standing and reputation that they do now (Sagan was still young, and Nibali two years away from his biggest triumph at the Tour de France), so the management were possibly justified in thinking that the best plan would be to allow Nibali to use his climbing and descending strength to follow the attacks over the Poggio, and save Sagan for the sprint. The problem was that Nibali was so strong on the Poggio that he launched what turned out to be the race-winning attack. Nibali was followed by Simon Gerrans, then Fabian Cancellara, but he’d sealed his fate, and that of Sagan. In that company the Italian had no chance of finishing higher than third of three in the sprint to the line. Sagan was indeed strong enough to win the sprint but it was only for fourth place, two seconds behind winner Gerrans. Sagan couldn’t chase into the finish, because Nibali was ahead. Nibali couldn’t work in the break, because Sagan was behind. In hindsight, Liquigas’s best chance of winning the race would have
defeats in sprints in the same period. Sagan usually finds a way not to win a sprint, whether he’s in a full peloton or a small group. There just always seems to be one rider who’s faster. In the 2013 Milano-Sanremo, he was one of six riders in the final breakaway. He’d diligently tracked his Classics nemesis, Fabian Cancellara, all the way over the Poggio into San Remo. And then Gerald Ciolek, hiding at the back of the group, outsprinted him. The 2013 Tour de France was a similar story, almost every day: for four of the first five road stages he finished second or third each time, only taking his first stage win of the race into Albi on stage seven after his Cannondale team put the bunch sprinters out of the race over a series of mid-stage hills. And then in subsequent Tours, he simply never got his stage win, despite an almost unprecedented run of top-five placings. In the last two Tours, he’s been in the top five 20 times and won no stages. Over these 20 stages, 13 different riders have beaten him for the win. It’s not as if he has a particular nemesis who is a bit better than him – it’s more that Sagan’s rivals often gang up on him. Of course, there is a side benefit to being a consistent sprinter – he’s been unassailable in the Tour’s green jersey competition for four years.
been for Nibali to have stayed with the bunch and helped pace Sagan back. A similar thing happened to Sagan in the 2013 Strade Bianche, with better results for the team, although similar frustration for Sagan. His team-mate Moreno Moser attacked from a lead group which also contained Sagan. Nobody wanted to chase, because it would have handed victory to Sagan, so Moser stayed away to win. Sagan demonstrated who the strongest rider in the race was by attacking up the final climb to Siena to finish second, not at all far behind Moser.
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3
HE’S OFTEN THE SECOND-FASTEST SPRINTER…
The biggest misconception about Peter Sagan, one that might even be shared by the rider himself, is that he is a sprinter. Of course he’s a fast finisher, and he has won some bunch kicks, but he gets a relatively low return from his sprints. In the last two seasons, he’s won five bona fide bunch sprints and six sprints from small groups. Against this, on a further 53 occasions, he’s sprinted for first, not won, and finished in the top seven. His 11 sprint wins against 43 defeats compares unfavourably with Mark Cavendish who, even as a less dominant sprinter than he used to be, has 24 wins against 16
Team tactics have hindered Sagan, such as at Strade Bianche in 2013
…OR HE’S THE SECOND STRONGEST RIDER
Sometimes there’s not much you can do about coming up against a stronger rider (although paradoxically, Sagan’s rivals have won plenty of races when faced with that scenario). The 2013 Tour of Flanders was the best illustration of how Sagan’s tactical failings in the past have left him exposed. In the run-up to the race, Sagan had looked strong and confident, and he was a genuine favourite for the win. He’d been fifth the previous year and a week before he’d broken his Classics duck in Gent-Wevelgem with a solo win, two days after coming second behind Fabian Cancellara at E3. But the warning signs were there – while Sagan looked strong, Cancellara had been imperious at E3, winning by a minute. At Flanders, Sagan marked Cancellara. This showed he was the best of the rest, and the pair hit the May 2016 //
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Peter Sagan ///// Why he won the Worlds
last climb, the Paterberg, together. But Cancellara was stronger. All Sagan’s tactics (or lack thereof) guaranteed was that he had an excellent view of Cancellara’s race-winning attack. Sometimes Sagan has given as good as he has got, however. At the 2012 Tour of California, he won four consecutive stages. Each time, Heinrich Haussler was second. It’s easy to criticise riders for not managing to crack stronger or better individuals but sporting logic often wins out.
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HIS TIMING IS OUT
Peter Sagan is one of the best uphill sprinters in the peloton. And there was a period, which reached its zenith in the 2012 Tour de France, where he was the best. A combination of brute strength and fearlessness gave him two stage wins in three days at the start of the race. However, that fearlessness has sometimes translated into overconfidence. In the 2012 Amstel Gold Race, which had its finishing line at the top of the Cauberg, not further along the road as it does now. Sagan led out the final dash for the line but couldn’t hold his speed, while Enrico Gasparotto and Jelle Vanendert rushed past. His body language betrayed him – instead of standing and sprinting, with the aim of holding maximum speed to the line, he
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stood up, then had to sit down again as his deceleration took hold.
// May 2016
Consistent placings may not be great for his palmarès but mean he owns four green jerseys
OTHERS RIDE AGAINST HIM
One of the surest ways of winning a bike race is to have Peter Sagan in the next group down the road. Zdenek Štybar and Rubén Plaza both won Tour stages this year by attacking, while everybody else behind looked at Sagan. In the past, Sagan has not done a very good job of hiding the fact that he is extremely strong and this knowledge changes the way his rivals race. Though a significant number of Sagan’s high finishes come when he’s beaten in a sprint (see graphic), he’s also vulnerable in small groups, when chasing attacks is often left to him. Other riders realised this as early as the 2012 Tour de France. Sagan had already won three stages – two uphill finishes and a reduced bunch sprint – when he managed to haul himself over some hard Pyrenean climbs on stage 14 to Foix, in the company of an escape with Luis León Sánchez, Philippe Gilbert, Sandy Casar and Gorka Izagirre. The sprint would have been a formality but when Sánchez attacked, they all looked at Sagan, just as Sánchez had anticipated, and that was that. It was a sneak preview of countless subsequent defeats.
SO HOW DID SAGAN WIN THE WORLDS? If the Worlds had come down to a bunch sprint, Sagan would likely have added another top five to his huge collection. There are two reasons Sagan wins less often than he used to. First, there’s a combination of the above reasons – he’s a great all-rounder who’s not quite the fastest sprinter. Second, his rivals ride to make him lose, even when it guarantees defeat for themselves. And third, his rivals have, to a certain extent, caught up. In 2012, with Philippe Gilbert showing less good form than he had the previous year, Sagan had a monopoly on uphill finishes and small group sprints. But now there are others who can survive as well as Sagan on difficult terrain and then out-sprint him; in John Degenkolb, Alexander Kristoff and Michael Matthews, Sagan faces a golden generation of tough rivals with similar skills. Sagan’s solution at the Worlds was to win solo, something he has occasionally done in the past but never to such devastating effect. His sprinting ability means that he is happy to finish in a group but in Richmond his only chance was to harness that uphill explosiveness on the 23rd Street climb. Add to that his characteristically headlong descent down the other side and, for once, Sagan didn’t have to worry about which of his rivals would outsprint him. There’s one more thing, which we found when searching for a dynamic image of Sagan for the cover of our October issue. During races, he is often invisible – difficult to pick out. He can’t hide his strength but he can save it. According to his coach at Cannondale, Sebastian Weber, Sagan is very efficient at hiding away in the bunch. With a small and underpowered team at the Worlds, Sagan had to use his resources efficiently – for all that he’s developed a reputation as tactically vulnerable, he has a strong understanding of peloton dynamics. Will we see more solo attacks from Sagan in the future and less contesting of sprints he’s probably going to lose? Perhaps. But in a demonstration that maybe Peter Sagan just can’t help himself, in his next race, the Abu Dhabi Tour, he sprinted for the win twice. Both times, he was second.
INNOVATION THROUGH EXPERIENCE JR CYCLE SERVICES PTE LTD +65 8126 7148 18 Sing Ming Lane #04-05 S573960
PERFORMANCE WITHOUT BARRIERS
GET BACK ON THE BIKE Dealing with the impact of a major crash isn’t just about physical recovery, as Dani King, Olympic gold medallist and Wiggle High5 pro, reveals... The Sooner The Better
Find Your Feet
“I got back on a bike as soon as I
“It was 10 weeks before
You may still feel vulnerable for
As you begin to regain your
could after a training accident that
I was training properly again. At
some time after an accident,
fitness, you’ll be able to increase
punctured my lung,” explains King
first I took my bike in the car to a
so it may be wise to not go out
your workload steadily, but you
of a horror crash in late 2014 that
quiet stretch of road where I knew
alone at first. “Recovery rides
should take care not to overdo
nearly ended her career. “I was
I wouldn’t be worried about cars
following an injury or after a crash
things. “I took the advice of the
back on my bike while still actually
flying by. I took a wide position away
require a step-by-step approach
medical team, who stressed it
in the hospital a couple of days
from the kerb so that any vehicles
and some riders find it more
was important that I built up my
after the crash. It was good for the
that wanted to pass me had to
comforting to go out with a team-
distances and intensity gradually,
lung to do some exercise to reduce
wait. It was all about restoring my
mate or fellow cyclist at first
taking care not to push myself too
the risk of a chest infection.”
confidence in the saddle again.”
for the peace of mind.”
hard, too soon,” confirms King.
Dani King after a less dramatic fall during a track event in 2014
Or alternatively, you could train with your brake jammed on like a young Chris Froome!
BOOST YOUR CLIMBING WITHOUT HILLS If you’ve got a hilly ride lined up for the summer, but live where molehills are the closest you can get to cols, there is plenty you can still do to simulate the suffering... Mimic Your Climbing Style
Lower Your Cadence
“Because your speed is lower when
“The challenge on longer climbs is
“I’d recommend combining short and
“If you don’t climb regularly or
climbing, a low and aerodynamic riding
keeping a strong pace, even when you’re
long intervals,” says Ric Stern of RST
haven’t done it for a while, your arms
position is not as important as on the
running out of gears and the gradient
Sport (rstsport.com). “The short ones
can get sore very quickly during
flat,” says Peter Giddings of Honed
is still biting,” says Giddings. “To build
would be five or six four- or five-minute
extended stints out of the saddle,
Coaching (honed-coaching.com). “To
the fatigue resistance and endurance
efforts, ridden as hard as possible,
and can struggle to support you,”
help build strength and coordination in
needed, train at least once per week
with a minute off between each. The
says Stern. “One really cold winter
your pedalling muscles as you would
at a lower cadence of 65-75rpm in a
long ones would be 12 to 20 minutes
I didn’t fancy going out in the snow
use them on a climb, aim to ride your
higher gear. If you are new to riding,
as hard as you can, two or three times
and ice so I just stuck to the turbo for
efforts or intervals with your hands
make it a normal endurance ride, but
so you do 40-50 minutes in all, with a
three months. When I got back on
on the tops of the bar to mimic a
experienced riders should try low
couple of minutes rest between each
the road my fitness was okay but at
more upright climbing style. Don’t be
cadence threshold intervals for bigger
effort. A third option would be three or
the first hill I came to I had massive
tempted to move your hands, as riding
gains. Don’t aim to repeat this low
four 30-second sprints as hard as you
pains across my arms and back. The
on the tops also bumps up the wind
cadence when you get to an actual climb,
can. This interval training mix is good
following winter I did press ups and
resistance, which you want.”
as it will more rapidly fatigue muscles.”
for both hills and the flat.”
tricep dips and it helped a lot.” May 2016 //
85
Team Wiggins pro Andy Tennant
FIT CLEATS TO YOUR SHOES If you want to go clipless, you’re going to need cleats
REDUCE DRAG
A Perfect Match
There’s a knack to getting truly aero – Team Wiggins rider Andy Tennant shares some pro tips on cheating the wind Vary The Aero
tucked arms and low body are
says Tennant. Cover your
the same on track and road for
brakes with your gloved hands,
regulations mean pros
especially have to know
to the ground, switch to the
If you’re turning to clipless pedals for the first time, you need to make sure your shoes will take the cleats required. Shimano SPD-SL, Look and Time pedals are the most common systems and all require a three-bolt cleat on the shoe, while Speedplay cleats require a four-bolt fixing. Not many shoes are made that way, so Speedplays come with an adapter that can be fitted to three-hole fixings. Shimano’s SPD commuter/off-road system, meanwhile, uses just two holes and a smaller cleat. Cleats will also be colour-coded to show if they allow ‘float’ and if so how much. Float allows your feet to move around a little, while zero-float cleats lock you into position.
how to adjust their best
Try The Track
drops and back again to avoid
aero position from race to
“Riding on a track is a great
cramping or muscle ache,
race,” says Tennant. “I have
way of perfecting your position,
push your chin down towards
a checklist for whatever bike
as it allows you to develop your
the stem while trying to keep
Turn The Screw
I’m riding, which involves
understanding of aerodynamics
looking ahead to shrink your
whatever I need to adopt
and body shape,” says
the head and neck down and
the surface lets you steadily
Dress The Part
work on a time-trial posture
You can reduce drag by opting
where your back is flat and
for a narrower bar, wearing an
Picture The Pro
your shoulder and head area
aero helmet and going for tight
“Look at [Olympic team
is narrowed. “Track times can
but comfortable clothing. “Look
also highlight how effective
to reduce any ‘snags’ in your
Before attaching the cleat to the shoe, grease the threads of the bolts to prevent seizing. Now loosely attach the cleats to the soles and position them roughly before tightening the screws as a trio, moving between them until all bolts are tight. The angle of the cleat should match the natural standing position of your foot, so if your feet point in or out set the cleat position to match. Don’t go too extreme in your positioning – you can always make fine adjustments later.
Clancy, who has a great aero
any changes you make to your
clothing from loose pockets
position on the bike despite
position are.”
and even thick seams. The
having pretty broad shoulders.
He gets close to the top-
Assume the position
when pedalling makes it hard to
tube and stays there,” says
“Go through a checklist in
be ‘more aero’ in this area, but
Tennant. “You need to find
your head once you find a
you can tuck in on descents, for
the position that works best
position you’re able to ride in
example, and keep the cranks
for you, but the principles of
for a decent amount of time,”
level to cut drag.”
86
// May 2016
Into Position Pop your shoes on and swing your leg over your bike. Stick the bike in a turbo if you have one, or lean against a wall, and start pedalling (backwards if you aren’t fixed into a turbo) to see how things feel. Are you comfortable? Are your shoes rubbing against the frame or the cranks? If you decide to adjust the cleat position, do so incrementally and keep trying them out.
Helping you be the rider you want to be by leading the way in bike fitting.
AL COAC HI ON TI
Services range from cleat adjustments to full custom frame builds. Contact us today to see what we can do for you. Our prices start from just S$150.
TM
ACC
NC A P D
We want to help fellow cyclists enjoy every moment on their bicycles, and be able to “Smile on the Miles”.
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LOUE Bicycles Fit Lab is dedicated to providing professional bike fitting services for cyclists. We seek to provide the highest standards of bike fitting services for all our clients. Our bike fitting protocol is based on a combination of cycling experience, knowledge and technology, to provide the best bike fit for their needs.
IT AT I OG ON PR
serotta international cycling institute
18 Sin Ming Lane #04-05 MIDVIEW CITY Singapore 573960
www.louebicycles.com
[email protected] +65 9234 0342
HOW TO MAXIMISE EVERY RIDE... Focused drills can help you make the most of your time. Coach Rob Wakefield [propello.bike] reveals the best Find That Sweet Spot
30-Minute Hill Repeat
recoveries10 min Z3 107rpm, 3
Warm up: 10 mins Z2 100rpm
Low-cadence sessions will
Drills: 5 minutes Z4 102rpm,
work fast-twitch muscle
Cool Down: 10 minutes Z1
5 min recovery 5 x 5 minutes
fibres; higher cadence
sweet spot Z3/4 with 3-minute recoveries 100rpm
In the Zone...
Zone 3 – The effort ramps
Cool Down: 5 minutes Z1
Zone 1 – Energy output with
up to what you’d probably perceive
Total Time: 62 minutes
an estimated 4 out of 10 rate of
to be around 7 out of 10 or 75-82%
perceived exertion (RPE) or 60-65%
of MHR. The target zone for
of your maximum heart rate (MHR).
developing aerobic capacity.
Zone 2 – A more challenging
Zone 4 – This is the one your body
hill climb sessions into your
65-75% MHR are that’s a good
will know as the ‘burning zone’ as
training. “You needn’t spend a
base training zone with a middle
you reach a hearty race pace of a
great deal of time on these in
amount of stress – 5-6/10 (RPE).
lung-busting 9 out of 10 perceived
one go, but they’ll improve
You should still be able
exertion – or for those of you
your climbing and recovery
to hold something akin to
donning a monitor that’s 92-98%
ability. Gradually increase the
a conversation in this zone.
of your MHR.
Hill Starts In the build-up to a sportive,
duration of the efforts.”
88
// May 2016
FLIGHT ACHILLES TENDINOPATHY How pedalling can cause Achilles problems in cyclists What Is It? The Achilles tendon joins the heel bone to the calf muscle, and its function is to bend the foot downwards at the ankle. Achilles tendinopathy is common in runners, but pedalling can cause pain and swelling in cyclists. Symptoms usually come on gradually. The pain can make it difficult to walk and the tendon may feel tender. Tendon rupture presents as severe pain around the heel that comes on suddenly and needs immediate medical treatment.
What Causes It? Achilles tendinopathy is believed to be the result of numerous tiny injuries to the tendon that haven’t completely healed. The Achilles tendon also weakens with age, making it more susceptible to injury. This is more likely to happen if you only ride at weekends or if you suddenly increase the intensity of training. Weak or tight calf muscles, a saddle that is too high, or cleats too far forward can contribute to the problem. Some antibiotics are known to increase the risk of Achilles tendinopathy.
How Can I Treat It? Initial treatment involves rest, painkillers and applying ice packs. It is essential to correct any errors in bike setup – it may be worth getting a professional fitting. An exercise programme to stretch the tendon can help recovery and prevent recurrence. Suitable exercises are available here: bit.ly/10wRdlW. Medical interventions include shockwave therapy, shoe inserts and GTN patches (a drug normally used for the heart). Most cases will settle in three to six months.
Complete Solution for Your Sporting Nutrition
www.enervit-sg.com [email protected] facebook.com/EnervitSG
feature TEXT AARON HIA PHOTOS RUDY PROJECT
LASER-SHARP FOCUS Great vision produces great results and Rudy Project knows exactly what cyclists need to keep absolute focus on the roads
W
ith the tropical sun torching and scorching everything in its path the moment it rises above the horizon, the onus is on the cyclist to find a pair of sunglasses that can effective reduce unwanted glare, while staying fit and firm for the ride, regardless of the terrain or discipline. Most people would care less to invest in a good pair of sunglasses, since the mentality is that any pair of tinted sunglasses is good enough. Little consideration is taken into account, the invisible enemy that is ultra violet rays, otherwise known as UVB. While strong light is blocked by the darkness of tint, the fact remains that it does not help in effectively reducing these strong UVB rays. In fact, darker doesn’t necessarily mean better. The darker the sunglasses, the more your pupil will dilate to compensate for the lack of light, greatly increasing the risk of UVB entering.
90
// May 2016
Rudy Project has been in the business of providing the lovers of outdoor sports with absolute protection for many years now. Since its founding back in 1985, Rudy Project has committed itself to the highest levels of research and development, creating eyewear and helmet products for the masses; from athletes to the casual and leisurely folk who want to enjoy the outdoors without compromise or discomfort. As with cyclists attempting to ride the sunny outdoors, we faithfully test one of Rudy Project’s popular cycling sunglasses, the Tralyx, a sunglass that looks just as fast as how your riding speed should be. In fact, looks can be deceiving, since there is more technology packed into the Tralyx than meets the eye. At first glance, the Tralyx possesses a relatively sweptback frame, obviously for aerodynamic reasons. Dubbed the PowerFlow System, its swept design serves two other purposes; one of
The Tralyx combines ultimate face fitment, while offering great protection for the eyes against the harsh outdoors without feeling like you’re wearing it
which is to provide a clear depth of peripheral vision for the wear, while the multiple vents positioned on the frame help dissipate excess heat around the eyes. In Rudy Project’s terms, looking suave does play a practical role, especially when every ounce of concentration is required to win the race. What makes it exceptionally comfortable to wear is its Adaptive Tips, which allows one to flex the ends of the Tralyx to fit any face shape. Along with the adjustable ErgoNose nosepiece that caters to different nose shapes, the Tralyx is possible the most customisable pair of sunglasses that sits securely on the wearer’s face without the need for constant readjustment, something that will be duly treasured when having both hands on the handlebar is an absolute. The Tralyx offers a higher level of customisation, with the ability to interchange lenses quickly. For rides that last during the day, the nonpolarised contrast lenses will suffice, with its light transmitting figure of 22% to keep out harmful UVB rays that accompany the intense daylight. On long rides, the Tralyx simply fades away on the face. Not only is it remarkably light, its RP-D centred optics ensures that there is minimal chromatic distortion, something commonly found on cheap lenses, allowing you to properly judge the distance ahead to the next junction or apex. Personally, I had the impression that I had left the sunglasses at the previous rest point, before realising that the Tralyx was securely fastened to my face, thanks to its lightweight and full-peripheral vision qualities. Sudden spike in temperatures and the intense heat generated from workout (40km on average), it is sometimes unavoidable that the lenses mist slightly. These are not an issue however, the moment you hit the pedals, as the vents demist the lenses almost instantly. If you’re thinking of investing on a pair of sunglasses for that impromptu Gran Fondo in a few weeks time, the Rudy Project Tralyx might yet be the best investment you’ve made for your eyes, as sworn by riders from Bora-Argon and Astana.
WIN
a pair of Rudy Project Tralyx Sunglasses The TralyxTM redefines the pinnacle of eyewear bike technology. Outstanding lightweight styling and phenomenal comfort are combined with unobstructed wide peripheral field of vision and unparalleled heat dissipation solutions thanks to the innovative Power Flow system: vents have been scientifically incorporated through gh the entire chassis to enhance air circulation while ensuring maximum aerodynamic rodynamic efficiency and without disturbing vision.
worth
Prize sponsored by:
S$399 HOW TO WIN Simply answer the following question, fill in your details and mail the coupon to:
QUESTION The Tralyx has vents incorporated through the entire chassis to enhance air circulation while ensuring maximum aerodynamic efficiency and without disturbing vision.
True
*Closing date: 31st May 2016. Winners will be notified by post.
PERSONAL PARTICULARS
WHEELS ASIA / RUDY PROJECT PROMOTION Regent Media Pte Ltd 20 Bedok South Road, Singapore 469277
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TERMS & CONDITIONS: t5IJTQSPNPUJPOJTPQFOUPBMMFYDFQU staff of Regent Media and sponsor t1SJ[FNVTUCFUBLFOBTQSPWJEFEBOE is not transferable or exchangeable for cash t8JOOFSXJMMCFOPUJmFECZ QPTU FNBJMPSQIPOFBOEQSJ[FJT to be collected at address stated on notification letter t5IFNBOBHFNFOUSFTFSWFTUIF right to replace items with those of similar value t5IFNBOBHFNFOUTEFDJTJPOJT final and no further queries will be entertained t&OUSZJOGPSNBUJPONBZCFVTFE GPSGVUVSFNBSLFUJOHBOE promotional purposes
Postal Code
May 2016 //
91
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In what year did Rolls-Royce acquire Bentley? | Sustainability: Carrying Capacity & Ecological Footprints of WOA!! - World Population Awareness and World Overpopulation Awareness
US California: Slumburbia. February 10, 2010 New York Times*
By TIMOTHY EGAN
In Lathrop, Manteca and Tracy, California, among some of the world's most productive farmland, you can find streets of foreclosed home, looking like a 21st century ghost town, with rock-bottom discounts on empty starter mansions.
Here population nearly doubled in 10 years, and home prices tripled and urban planning circles hailed the boom as the new America at the far exurban fringe. But others saw it as the residential embodiment of the Edward Abbey line that "growth for the sake of growth is the ideology of the cancer cell."
Now median home prices have fallen from $500,000 to $150,000, one in eight houses are in some stage of foreclosure and the crime rate has spiked well above the national average, and unemployment hovers around 1%.
Nationwide, foreclosure increase 119% from two years ago. Owners of 1 in 10 mortgages owe more than their houses are worth, and many just walk away. Without vested owners, vandalism runs rampant and the place becomes a slum. Only 11% of the people in this valley could afford the median home price.
Through immigration and high birth rates, the United States is expected to add another 100 million people by 2050. We've already added 105 million people since 1970; we have a net gain of one person every 13 seconds.
This housing boom was spurred by the state's broken tax system where cities were hampered by by property tax limitations and increased revenue by the easiest route: expanding urban boundaries. Developers plowed up walnut groves and vineyards to pay for services demanded by new school parents and park users.
A lesson can be learned from cities like San Francisco, Portland, Seattle and San Diego, which have stable and recovering home markets, have fairly strict development codes, trying to hem in their excess sprawl. Developers said these cities would eventually price the middle class out, and start to empty, but this hasn't happened. Instead, the free-for-all cities like Las Vegas, the Phoenix metro area, South Florida, this valley - are the most troubled, the suburban slums.
Karen Gaia says: Population growth feeds these 'booms'. Build it and they will come, say the developers, confident that growth is always the answer. They have no idea about carrying capacity. And most people still do not realize that economic hard times are related to carrying capacity.
U.S.: Hold Steady. June 09, 2009 Earth Island Journal
If we don't stabilize population growth, life as we know it is unlikely to continue. With so many of us burning fossil fuels, gobbling up renewable resources, and generating toxic trash, our life support ecosystems are threatened.
In the central North Pacific Ocean gyre, swirling plastic fragments now outweigh plankton 46 to one. CO2 in the atmosphere is higher today than anytime in the past 650,000 years. Nearly one in four mammals is threatened with extinction, and worse - one in three amphibians and a quarter of all conifers. In many parts of the world, including the High Plains of North America, human water use exceeds annual average water replenishment; by 2025 1.8 billion people will be living in regions with absolute water scarcity, according to the UN. Unsustainable farming practices cause the destruction and abandonment of almost 30 million acres of arable land each year.
The number of humans is still increasing by 1.18% per year, or 80 million annually, the equivalent of nearly two Sudans, or three and a half Taiwans. Even though China is only growing by 0.5% annually, it is still growing by eight million people each year. The US, with a 1% population grow rate, increases by more than 2.9 million people annually,
the equivalent of almost four new San Franciscos.
Many argue that a decrease in human numbers would lead to a fiscal catastrophe, seeing that, in the last 200 years,
unprecedented economic growth has been accompanied by an equally unprecedented increase in world population. During the 1800s and 1900s, up to half of world economic growth was likely due to population growth; Georgetown University environmental historian John McNeill explains: "A big part of economic growth to date consists of population growth.
More hands, more work, more things produced."
Gross Domestic Product (GDP), a measure of economic success or failure, is the number of people multiplied by per capita income. Slow population growth, and economic growth will likely slow as well unless advances in productivity and spending increase at rates high enough to make up the difference. This perhaps explains why population policy is not a popular issue.
Instead We should be looking at per capita GDP, which corrects for population growth. While Japan's economy has been touted as 'bad', based on its national GDP it has actually enjoyed the biggest gain in average income among the big three rich economies. GDP is 'bad' only because its population is shrinking. Population decline may slow economic growth on a nationwide basis, "but it would not necessarily reduce per capita wealth or, indeed, per capita growth."
Nicholas Eberstadt, a political economist at the American Enterprise Institute, suggests "an orderly and relatively slow reduction in population, and not a chaotic plunge in our numbers as a result of war, disease, a breakdown in healthcare systems, or natural catastrophe." What is necessary is to match low death rates with low birthrates.
Daniel O'Neill of the Center for the Advancement of a Steady State Economy says: "t this point in history, having too many people, or too high a level of consumption, is much more likely to result in the end of economic progress, via ecological collapse, than having too few." The costs of economic growth in the U.S. began to exceed the benefits sometime in the late 1970s.
An economic "slowdown" that results from slowing and eliminating population growth is distinctly different from that caused by a credit crunch or the messy bursting of a speculative bubble. While it's true there will be fewer mouths to feed, there will also be fewer pairs of hands needing employment. In many poorer nations, having more children means increasing the supply of labor, and lowering wages.
Unfortunately,'GDP' does not differentiate between costs and benefits and we end up spending more money to fix the problems caused by population growth. The costs of mitigating the stress imposed by a ballooning population on roads, schools, parks, agricultural land, air and water quality, government services, and ecosystems add to the total pool of a country's economic transactions.
“Sure, population decline will slow down aggregate demand. On the other hand, it's going to increase the amount of resources per capita," Daly says.
While reducing population growth in an orderly fashion promises more economic good than ill, it will bring about social and economic challenges that even proponents of shrinking the population do not dismiss lightly. Of particular concern are the challenges associated with reducing the number of working age people relative to retirees.
If we have fewer people, we will be spared the problems caused by overpopulation, save on natural resources, and in the long run be more able to provide for the social security of our aging population.
New York Times Population Debate. March 17, 2009 Bill Ryerson
The New York Times is publishing a series of articles on the impact immigrants are having on American institutions, with the first article focusing on educating new immigrants.
It appears The New York Times is attempting to separate the population issue from US immigration and make them into two unrelated issues.
Any discussion of immigration into the US already the world's third most populous nation, is incomplete without addressing its impact on domestic population growth and sustainability.
On average, over 1 million foreign born people are granted permanent residence status each year. By adding 133 million people, the US is set to add into its borders the equivalent of all the current citizens of Mexico and Canada combined by 2050. This will result in:
US population sky-rocketing by over 130 million people.
Demand for the ground-water, open-space and farm-land dramatically surging.
Wages for lower-skilled, less-educated Americans plummeting as excess service labor swamps the market.
Roads, schools, subways and grocery stores becoming even more crowded.
Representative democracy weakening as each elected official serves a drastically inflated constituency.
If Congress were to set immigration policy to allow for 300,000 people to be invited into the nation per year US population would be 80 million less than is it currently projected to be at mid-century.
rw Karen Gaia says: just as every family should be able to set its size according to its social and economic limitations, so should a nation be able to limit its size by governing its borders. Up to now the US has been a rich nation, but the strain on its resources (and that on other countries it takes from) is beginning to show. Its footprint is far larger than the country's size itself.
Australia: A Climate of Change at Lake Macquarie. December 26, 2008 Newcastle Herald
Lake Macquarie residents are becoming aware of climate change issues and the underlying causes. The council was "taking a lead role in planning for sea-level rise due to climate change" and had committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. There were signs of people changing their behaviour to help the environment.
People were buying smaller cars. 161,535 vehicles were registered in Lake Macquarie, a 2.25% increase on the previous year.
The rate of native vegetation clearing had been "substantially reduced" to 58 hectares.
But Lake Macquarie's population is expected to grow by 60,000 to 70,000 people in the next 25 years and will create demand for 36,500 new dwellings.
An expanding population means an increase in the consumption of resources. Residential electricity use in the city had decreased by 3.9% in 2007-08 compared with the previous year, but business electricity use had increased by 1.8%.
rw
Peak Population. August 12, 2008 Utne Reader
Liberals are less-than-fond of Big Oil's profit margins, so we point out the need for alternative energy. Then we frame it as an environmental problem. But it is also an economic, a social, and a foreign policy problem. Our energy crisis is being talked about by both presidential candidates. Which is a lot more time than they're giving to the population crisis.
Global population could increase to 12 billion by 2050. Most growth is in developing countries. The closest thing to population reform coming from the right is, "If the world's brown people would stop having so many babies, there'd be no crisis." On the left, if we ease poverty and increase education in developing countries, the global population will even itself out.
The growing number of people inhabiting the Earth is everybody's problem. Based on solid evidence, there is a direct relationship between lower standards of living and larger family size. Yet there is no guarantee that addressing quality-of-living issues will solve the population problem.
We are faced with a crisis because we are using up more resources than the planet can produce. The most basic resources are growing scarce, food, potable water, wood. A population that keeps growing will eventually overwhelm the planet. As impoverished nations achieve prosperity, their consumption grows. A two-pronged solution is needed: reduced consumption and staved population growth.
Once again, the birth-to-death ratio in this country has reached replacement level. A child born in a first-world country uses more resources and emits more carbon than a child born in a developing country.
One of the obstacles to enacting international policies to curtail the population explosion is that, until recently, there is no consensus that the present global population is a problem. Many countries encourage family growth through tax incentives and other policies. Population control is met with vehement opposition. They are the human desire to live the way we wish, consequences be damned. The only way to counteract this desire is to make it less profitable to have children.
If food, healthcare, and education are provided, subsidizing procreation won't be necessary. This will increase the quality of life for families without punishing parents or promoting family growth.
We need to make birth control more widely available worldwide.
The association between the tyrannical and the humanitarian motivations of limiting population bolsters the need for transparent and public worldwide policies. We may still be allowed a weaning period. Energy costs will rise. The poor will bear the burden, But innovation will balloon, and the dividends of increased innovation will grow.
A lack of forethought in energy policy almost destroyed the planet, and still might. How much more difficult will it be, to make the argument that the choice to have a child is no longer a decision that can be made freely?
rw Karen Gaia says: the author does not seem to understand the value of voluntary family planning. U.S. women voluntarily limited their family size to replacement level, from 4 to 2 children in 20 years. With reproductive health care, women's education and self esteem, and available contraception, it can easily be done.
Did You Know?. June 14, 2008 Earth Policy Institute, Plan B 3.0
*The 8 warmest years have occurred in the last decade.
*For seven of the last eight years, the world has consumed more grain than it produced. One fifth of the U.S. grain is being turned into fuel ethanol.
*One third of reptile, amphibian, and fish species are threatened with extinction.
*Grain yields increased half as fast in the 1990s as in the 1960s.
*Life expectancy in sub-Saharan Africa today is lower than in the late 1980s.
*Today's reserves of lead, tin, and copper could be depleted within the next 25 years if their extraction expands at current rates.
*Nearly half of the global military budget of $1.2 trillion is spent by the US.
*South Korea recycles 77% of its paper products.
*Conservation agriculture is practiced on more than 100 million hectares around the world
*Four years after London introduced a fee on motor vehicles entering the city center, car traffic had fallen by 36% while bicycle trips increased by 49%.
*The world produces 110 million bicycles a year, but an annual production of 49 million cars.
*Fish farming is the fastest growing source of animal protein worldwide, increasing 7% each year since 1995.
*World soybean production has quadrupled since 1977.
*Coal use in Germany has dropped 37% since 1990; in the UK it has fallen by 43%.
*Solar cell production is doubling every two years.
*Electricity used for lighting can be cut by 65% through switching to compact fluorescents.
Follow the link to more fascinating data and charts on global trends.
rw
US Wisconsin: A Shift to a New Ethics?. June 08, 2008 Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
Wisconsin legislators embraced an ethics built on preserving and sustaining the earth's system of living things.
We thought we had the right to use all the resources of the earth to serve our human growth. We possessed the right to equality, free speech, to work for pay and so on. We believed we had the right to expand our material possessions, our property and the number of children we brought into the world.
Our ethics held that the earth's resources were infinite and our ability to grow and increase was also infinite. But now we see a shift. Environmental ethics moves us away from the human-centered ethics of limitlessness and realizes that, in fact, our planet is finite. This scarcity of the earth's resources limits the rights and privileges of its human inhabitants. Protecting the environment must come before the limitless rights and needs of the human population. When humans act to protect and renew the resources of the Earth, they act in the most morally and ethically responsible way possible. When they act for their own growth and expansion, they tend to deplete and destroy the environment. The victims of planetary degradation will be our species - or at least the major civilizations, which will collapse from the loss of clean water, air and fertile land.
The environment has veto power over a human-centered ethics of expansion, growth and consumption. Making the environmental principle the centerpiece of our cultural ethics will face resistance from the human rights-and-freedom ethics we have embraced for so long. We cannot expand and grow forever. And a scarce Earth will place limits on our freedom, rights and needs.
Our civic leaders must assess the benefits and costs to humans and to the environment when they consider expanding freeways, public transportation systems, building coal-burning power plants, putting wind turbines on farm land. The environmental principle must be considered first.
rw
Sustainability of the World�s Outputs of Food, Wood and Freshwater for Human Consumption. May 08, 2008 Bruce Sundquist's webpage
This article discusses in great detail the sustainabilities of the world's outputs of food, wood and freshwater. It also considers that sustainability is mainly culture-dependent. The article divides the world into 3 sections, the developing world, the older portions of the developed world, and the newer portions of the developed world. These three regions view sustainability issues in far different ways and for far different reasons. It also ddiscusses in great detail the developments that are responsible for the rapid increase in global food production over the past 4-5 decades. It reviews the need for and the actual reductions in population growth and some of the modern contraceptive methods.
Anyone interested in any of these subjects should click on the headline link and read the full article.
rw
Return of the Population Timebomb. May 05, 2008 Guardian - comment by John Feeney
Only since 1800 has the human population shot into the billions. Now at nearly 6.7 billion, with 9 billion looming 40 years away, few environmentalists seem to care.
Our environmental impact is the product of population size and the average person's consumption.
Today's climate change, mass extinction, deforestation, collapsing fisheries and more is evidence our total consumption has gone too far. We are destroying our life-support system. To avert catastrophe, we need to reduce our numbers and per person consumption.
An common assertion: If everyone on Earth consumed less, we wouldn't have exceeded carrying capacity. It's a simple notion: reduce per person consumption and end our environmental problems. And it sidesteps population size and growth, a subject of much concern in the 1960s and 1970s but taboo today.
Why taboo? Pressure from social justice activists who insist in recent decades that any focus on numbers violates the right of women to manage their fertility.
Humane, successful population programmes in countries as varied as Thailand, Iran, and Mexico contradict that assumption.
Nevertheless, the criticism has cowed environmentalists and NGOs which once championed the population cause, influencing policy, pushing the subject off the agenda, or shifting the emphasis solely to "reproductive health" without the numbers.
Most environmentalists now suggest a reduction in individual consumption is all we need to solve our ecological problems.
Measuring consumption as the use of biologically productive land and sea, data shows a global maximum sustainable footprint, at today's population, of just under 1.8 global hectares per person. Currently, we're a bit over 2.2gha, overshooting Earth's limits by about 25%.
What if we converged on Mexico's level of per capita consumption? Resource use would plummet in developed countries while rising in many of the poorest. But it wouldn't get us to 1.8gha. At 2.6gha, Mexico's footprint is 32% too high. A drop to the level of Botswana or Uzbekistan would put us in the right range.
But that's not low enough. We'd next have to compensate for UN projections of 40% more humans by the middle of the century. That would mean shrinking the global footprint to under 1.3gha, roughly the level of Guatemala or Nigeria.
The GFN authors point out their data is conservative, underestimating problems such as aquifer depletion and our impacts on other species. In response, the Redefining Progress group publishes an alternative footprint measure which has humanity not at 25%, but at 39% overshoot. But that too, the authors concede, is an underestimate.
While in overshoot, moreover, we erode carrying capacity. There are limits to how much we can reduce per-person use of land, water, and other resources. A purposeful drop on the part of industrialised countries to consumption levels comparable to those of the poorest areas in the world is not only wholly unrealistic but, at today's population size, would not end our environmental woes. Our sheer numbers prevent it.
We have no alternative but to return our attention to population, the other factor in the equation. We must aim for population stabilisation followed by a decline in human numbers worldwide.
We have to provide easy access to family planning options while educating parents in the benefits of smaller families and family planning. We should educate and empower girls and women to give them options and help free them to make decisions concerning family size. And we should end government incentives for larger families. We must do these things internationally and vigorously, with a keen eye toward numbers, monitoring results and making adjustments accordingly.
The stakes are too high to waste time evading the issue. Doing so is intellectually dishonest and a setup for global tragedy. It's time environmentalists ended the silence on population.
rw Ralph says: At last someone has the courage to say what should be on every politician's blotter tomorrow morning.
US California: More Mouths to Feed Means Less Land to Feed Them On. April 2008 Leon Kolankiewicz - CAPS
Agricultural experts have warned that California's farmland is threatened by population growth. Farmers and ranchers have expressed the concern for decades.
Unfortunately, warnings have not slowed the pace at which croplands and soils are being eaten up by development. The state's farmlands are shrinking because the millions added to our population are competing with farmers for water and for the land that is best at producing food. California has long been America's leading agricultural state, generating over $30 billion a year in revenues. California cultivates more than 350 crops. The cash value of crops grown in the great Central Valley is probably unrivalled by any other comparably-sized area on earth. Unfortunately, the urbanization is accelerating. In California, productive farmlands are succumbing and are being split up into unproductive rural ranchettes or hobby farms.
Between 1990 and 2004, rapid population growth has been driving this trend.
More than 60% of the 538,000 acres developed in California was agricultural land. In the most important agricultural areas like the Central Valley, a higher portion, nearly three-quarters of the area, developed was farmland. By 2050, if the state's population projections come to pass, and if current trends continue, an additional 2.1 million acres would be urbanized. These are the lands that with the proper stewardship could produce food virtually in perpetuity. Like the non-renewable energy resources we have squandered in recent decades, this loss will come back to haunt us in a future.
Food prices are mounting globally with the addition of 70-80 million more mouths to feed every year, diversion of food crops into biofuels production, increasing consumption of meat (which uses far more land to grow the crops fed to livestock), and rising energy prices.
If California is to be part of the solution, unsustainable population growth must be checked. Since virtually all present and projected growth is from immigration and higher average immigrant fertility, these must be reduced.
If we don't, then one day California will struggle just to feed its own citizens, no less the nation and the world.
rw
Could Resources Become a Limit to Global Growth?. March 24, 2008 Wall Street Journal
Surging food and energy prices are new reasons to re-think the relationship between resources and growth. There is a real wolf nearby, in the form of resource degradation and rapidly growing population.
When oil prices rose in the 1970s, this created incentives to develop more fuel-efficient vehicles, for most of the 1980s and 1990s, energy and food became more abundant. Technological progress stayed ahead of population growth and resource depletion. However, economic incentives cannot keep the wolf at bay indefinitely.
Resource prices have surpassed record levels and per-capita food availability has started to decline. Despite demographic transition to low fertility in East Asia, Europe, and North America, current population growth rates would still triple world population to over 20 billion in about 90 years. The question is whether population growth will fall due to declines in fertility or whether epidemics, malnutrition, and violent conflict will carry out the adjustment, aided by global warming.
Residents of China and India are unlikely to buy many SUVs, and economic incentives will push them in more environmentally friendly directions. If China were the model, I would be optimistic about the future. Fertility there has declined to about replacement level. China is poised to move where people demand better environmental quality as incomes rise.
The dismal picture is in Africa. Per capita income in sub-Saharan Africa fell between 1980 and 2005, despite improvements in technology made available in that period. Population growth remains very high and infectious disease, malnutrition, and violent conflict have become more entrenched and could spill over into other regions. Water provides an important example of resource scarcity. If the people of Los Angeles faced higher water prices, we would see households switch away from green grass.
A second set of issues concerns population growth in poor nations. Population growth helps to create new markets. Unfortunately, population growth in the developing world is unlikely to trigger such an innovation.
Market-based prices cannot do everything, largely because of non-priced third party effects. An electric utility using coal to produce electricity contributes to global warming and other pollution problems. This effect is not priced.
Decisions to have large numbers of children may also impose negative externalities on others. Some would like to limit growth in order to mitigate the production of greenhouse gases. But they are vague about the details. Which people should not be born? Whose income should decline in order to achieve their noble goal?
California is likely to implement a cap and trade program which will effectively create a new market in the "right to pollute." Effective regulation has helped to offset the quantity of economic activity. But in general, I wonder whether government is up to the task of limiting the costs of growth on a global scale.
Major resources such as forests and agricultural land are under threat, as are the air and water. Possibly the biggest threat is a catastrophic rise in sea level caused by global warming.
Fertility reduction is the biggest challenge. Chinese-style state-imposed fertility control will not be acceptable elsewhere, but female education and female control over reproductive decisions are very positive forces.
If natural resources grow scarce, we will adjust and in the long run, new substitutes will be introduced.
rw Karen Gaia says: Instead of a population of 20 billion in 90 years, the U.N. predicts a leveling-off of 9-11 billion in 50 years. As for sufficient, timely substitutes for natural resources, that takes a lot of faith. Take water or soil for example.
Australia: The S Word is Sustainability. March 12, 2008 Sunshine Coast Daily
Rapid population growth means, the future of our society, our economy and our environment; the structure of our cities, their energy and water sources the imminent peaking of world oil supplies; our use of finite resources like gas and coal; and the way we dispose of those resources.
Today, global demands on natural systems exceed their sustainable yield by an estimated 25%. We are setting the stage for decline and collapse.
With some exceptions, policy makers have been guilty of allowing sustainability to be cast as a peculiarly environmental issue. Sustainability is the ultimate whole of government - indeed, whole of society - issue.
Sustainability must be the foundation upon which we build economic strength and natural resilience.
It must be central to our planning, thinking and acting as we seek to live in harmony with the planet.
Global warming is a symptom of the problem of living unsustainably. Consuming fossil fuels without considering the waste is a sustainability issue.
The rate of increase in greenhouse concentrations is unprecedented in the 10,000 years since the end of the last ice age. Human induced global catastrophe as it should be known, might be the clarion call that heralds another threat caused by our careless consumption of fossil fuels.
A growing group of voices predict that between 2006 and 2020 the world will pass a point after which we will never have as much oil at our disposal as we did the day before.
November 2006 is the possible peak of production, with the world's daily average in that month of 85.5 million barrels per day (mbpd) of oil and condensates not having been exceeded in the 14 months since.
Crude has been consistently trading between US$100 and US$102 a barrel and we now stand on the threshold of an upswing in global oil prices that will have a significant impact on the economy of the world and for which we are seriously unprepared.
What both peak oil and climate change will impose upon us is a requirement to use less energy. We will need to live closer to work, schools and shops and public transport.
We have the capacity with existing technology and intellect to adopt more sustainable policies and practices to bring greenhouse gas emissions under control through greater use of renewable energy sources and to reduce our reliance on oil.
The challenge is to build a new economy, one that is powered largely by renewable sources of energy, that has a highly diversified transport system, and that reuses and recycles everything. And to do it with unprecedented speed.
In an energy-constrained world dedicated to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, it's time we spoke of population.
The rampaging monster is over-population. In its presence, sustainability is a fragile theoretical thing.
People are ready to grasp the argument that the unsustainable growth in population numbers is degrading our planet. Population maldistribution increases the stress on available resources and heightens the need for more stringent sustainable living practices, such as water restrictions.
Developed countries have the double whammy of increasing populations and rampant consumerism.
It's one thing to provide the necessities of life� quite another to provide the trimmings demanded by affluence.
In the 21st century, the human race must confront the reality that in the closed system that is planet earth, there are limits to growth.
No matter how clever we are, there is no escaping the physical limits of the world's resources.
What we need above all is smart growth. .. Growth that is low carbon. .. Growth that is low pollution. .. Growth that is resource neutral.
We need growth that adds to the natural capital, instead of destroying it.
rw
Global Inaction: We�d better get motivated now to confront climate change; our leaders are not going to do it for us. March 09, 2008 The Register-Guard
The global response to global warming has been inaction. And while a poll shows that 71% of Americans think warming is a problem, most of us continue with our lives as usual.
Why are we so passive in the face of such profound changes for the worse in our environment?
By the year 2100, those changes will include a sea level rise of 5 to 10 feet; a 30% drop in crop yields; hundreds of millions of climate refugees; erratic and more severe weather; frequent forest fires; potable water shortages; a roughly 30% rate of global species extinction, and a hostile world.
With a better understanding of our reluctance to act, we'll be motivated to undertake the changes required for sustainability.
Global warming's harm is in the future, and we tend to ignore future harm. Warming is in evidence today, but so far only amounts to one degree C. Now we must insure ourselves against the very high likelihood that human-caused carbon dioxide emissions will be massively disruptive.
We have to stop polluting. Dilution is not the solution, because it fails when the volume or toxicity of pollutants increase.
The huge volume of carbon dioxide is a pollutant, but it's ignored because it's invisible and odorless. Now, it is our single most serious problem.
Rising carbon dioxide correlates with rising temperature, and rising temperatures will cause a multitude of problems. The science has some uncertainty, but so does all science.
By the time we have precise knowledge of the rate and consequences of warming, it will be too late. If we wait, significant warming will be inevitable and irreversible.
So far, if drought reduces some food we want, we simply pay more to bring some in from elsewhere. But more than 1 billion people in the world live on $2 a day or less, and have no cushion against the ill effects of warming. Soon, even our wealth will prove inadequate. A 2003 Pentagon study predicted widespread chaos based on just one of the global warming consequences.
Our wealth temporarily insulates us from an urgent and chaotic reality.
We have to save ourselves � we have no effective leaders.
We have no assurance that alternative, non-polluting energy sources can replace our current energy use, or even large parts of it. It seems unlikely that we can reduce carbon dioxide emissions as much as needed.
No one knows how much non-emitting energy we can develop, because that depends mostly on new or improved technologies. But the reduction will change our lives, because we are highly dependent on cheap and plentiful fossil fuel energy.
At some point quite a while ago, growth became unsustainable. But our cultural worship of growth irrationally persisted.
rw
Humanity is Consuming Over 20 Per Cent More Natural Resources Each Year Than the Earth Can Produce. March 08, 2008 The News
The report in the WWF's (World Wide Fund for Nature) periodic update on the state of the world's ecosystems said humanity is now consuming over 20% more natural resources each year than the earth can produce. This leads to the destruction of ecological assets, on which the world's economy depends. The report shows that humanity's Ecological Footprint grew by 150% between 1961 and 2000.
During the same period, the report shows a 40% decline in terrestrial, freshwater, and marine species population. Ten years after the UN Rio conference in 1992, the Footprint in the 27 wealthiest countries increased by 8% per person, while in the middle and low income countries, it shrank by 8% per person.
Consumption of fossil fuels increased by almost 700% between 1961 and 2001. But the planet is unable to absorb the resulting carbon-dioxide emissions that degrade the earth's ozone layer.
We are spending nature's capital faster than it can regenerate.
The biggest culprit is the US. Although it has only 4.5% of the world's population, it consumes more than 29% of the world's annual output of renewable resources. The US has been urging developing countries to adopt sustainable development, but there is no sign of the US adopting such policies.
With more than 120 million vehicles on its roads the US is also the biggest culprit when it comes to generating carbon-dioxide emissions.
The global community has set targets for sustainability and biodiversity conservation. At the 2004 meeting of the UN Convention on Biological Diversity, governments agreed to set targets for creating networks of protected areas.
All 191 member states of the UN have signed up to support the MDGs, which not only address the root causes of environmental degradation but include a specific goal on environmental sustainability.
Some might argue that governments are wasting their time talking. The fact is that governments today are no further to achieving the MDGs than they were seven years ago.
Populations of terrestrial, freshwater and marine species fell on an average by 40% between 1970 and 2000. Destruction of natural habitats, pollution, overfishing and the introduction of non-native animals, often drive out indigenous species.
Trawlers and dredgers wreak destruction across the seabed, crushing entire ecosystems of corals, algae and crustaceans as they go. But will governments take heed? Or will they continue to look the other way? The forest species declined by about 15%, the marine species 35%, while the freshwater species dropped 55% over the 30-year period.
The earth has about 11.4 billion hectares of productive land and sea space, after all unproductive areas are discounted. Divided between the current estimated global population of 6.4 billion, this total equates to 1.78 hectares per person.
When the world's population was slightly less than 6 billion, the Ecological Footprint of the world's average consumer was 2.3 hectares, or 20% above the earth's capacity of 1.90 hectares per person versus 1.78 hectares per person today. In other words, humanity now exceeds the planet's capacity to sustain its consumption of renewable resources.
rw
We must change our basic way of living; it will either be made on our own initiative in a planned way, or forced on us with chaos and suffering by the laws of nature.
First, we must accept the idea that sustainable means for a long time.
The Government of the UK defines it as: �Sustainable communities are places where people want to live and work, now and in the future. They meet the diverse needs of existing and future residents, are sensitive to their environment, and contribute to a high quality of life. They are safe and inclusive, well planned, built and run, and offer equality of opportunity and good services for all.'
This means that the resources have to be renewable through natural processes and entirely recycled if they are not renewable. If the population exceeds the carrying capacity, the death rate will increase until the population numbers are stable. Using these criteria it is obvious that the current human population is not sustainable.
In the discussions taking place, population is a word we dare not speak. Population is the elephant in the room.
It is obvious that something has increased the world's carrying capacity in the last 150 years. That something is oil.
Oil is a finite, non-renewable resource and not sustainable. If oil is not sustainable, then the added carrying capacity the oil has provided is unsustainable. Carrying capacity has been added to the world in direct proportion to the use of oil, and if our oil supply declines, the carrying capacity of the world will automatically fall with it.
Our population today is at least five times what it was before oil came on the scene. Each of the global problems we face today is the result of too many people using too much of our planet's finite, non-renewable resources and filling its waste repositories of land, water and air to overflowing. We are in fantasy land if we think that we can continue to support the number of people that we do now without the full input of oil and its related products.
We have become so dependent on those fuels, that there is no way we can sustain ourselves at this population density and level of technology without them. Population redistribution provides no long-term solution to environmental sustainability, total population numbers need to decrease worldwide.
Extremes of temperature and climate, combined with weather-related disruptions, would severely reduce the size of the country's population carrying capacity.
With population continuing to grow, urbanisation eating up farmland, and more of our remaining agricultural land likely to be used for energy crops, food production will be squeezed.
The systems that produce the world's food supply are heavily dependent on fossil fuels. In addition, fossil fuels are essential in the construction and the repair of equipment and infrastructure needed to facilitate this industry. Almost every human endeavour from transportation, to manufacturing, to electricity to plastics, and especially food production is intertwined with oil and natural gas supplies. As each individual recycles more of his or her own waste, success is undermined by the constantly increasing numbers of people who create waste.
But how much land would be needed to provide all our electricity. It depends how much wind power can be constructed offshore. For wind power to supply all-electric homes at today's rates of consumption, for today's 60 million people, several counties would need to be covered with wind turbines.
The total amount of water used in UK is modest because agriculture can be carried on mostly without irrigation.
The UK Government attaches importance to lowering water use because of increasing water constraints: rivers reduced to a trickle for several months, reservoir levels dropping, water tables continuing to drop. The large increases in the UK population experienced during the last five years makes it even more important to try to push per person consumption downwards.
Half a million new homes are planned in the South East alone.
The UK is one of the most densely populated and built up countries in the EU and some English regions are already close to reaching the limits of their capacity to take further development without serious damage to the environment or quality of life.
Along with every measure for reducing per person use of water, we should address the problem of population.
All these problems are symptoms of the growth in the human population, currently surging through 6.6 billion people worldwide. The consequences are already clear without policies to reduce world population, efforts to save our environment cannot succeed.
The uncomfortable truth is that the impact on Earth's biosphere of a projected 9 billion people living at a desired higher standard of living in 2050 would be fatal for the planet in terms of greenhouse gas emissions alone.
Given the fact that our world's carrying capacity is supported by oil, and that the oil is about to start going away, it seems that a population decline is inevitable. Populations in serious overshoot always decline, though actually, it's a bit worse than that. The population may actually fall to a lower level than was sustainable before the overshoot.
We are getting obvious signals from our environment that all is not well. Because we are now a global species with a global civilization, continuing growth of our numbers depends on the continuing growth of our civilization. There must be a sufficient level of food, shelter, energy and medical care available. All these factors will be put at risk globally within the next two decades due to the loss of oil. Food production and distribution will be hampered or impossible, and local agriculture will prove very difficult in some places. Other countries like those at the bottom of the list of developing nations will simply be too poor to compete against the developed world for the resources needed for survival. Populations will fall as a result.
The facts remain: there aren't enough resources to bring the whole world up to the industrial level of the developed world and the developed world is unlikely to consent to their own voluntary impoverishment in favour of industrializing the less developed world, and attempting such an approach would increase rather than reduce global ecological devastation.
The human race has only one or perhaps two generations to rescue itself. Faith in technology as the ultimate solution can divert our attention. If the present growth in world population continues, the limits to growth will be reached within the next one hundred years. The most probable result will be a sudden and uncontrollable decline in both population and industrial capacity.
As for man, there is little reason to think that he can, in the long run, escape the fate of other creatures.
rw
UK Unable to Sustain Population, Says Study. February 18, 2008 Telegraph
The UK is over-populated and could support only 17 million people if it had to provide for the current 60 million from its own resources. If global population growth continues the world could be at war over resources in less than 50 years and calls on governments to advocate smaller families and increased use of contraception.
Government targets to cut carbon emissions by 60% by 2050 will have little impact on the UK's sustainability because of the rate of population growth.
The number of people living in the UK is expected to hit 65 million within 10 years, and top 70 million by 2031.
Even if Britain was carbon neutral, it could only sustainably support 40 million people. To live sustainably, British people would have to lead simpler lives, similar to people in China, Paraguay, Algeria and Botswana.
The world was living within its ecological means until the 1980s when populations began to grow rapidly.
By 2050, it will be using up the equivalent of nearly two Earths each year and the UK's overpopulation threatens the environment and people's quality of life.
We need a national population policy.
rw
U.S.: Envisioning a Sustainable Chesapeake. February 17, 2008 Annapolis Capital
It's been most inspiring to see discussions begin to address the future of Maryland and the Chesapeake Bay.
They prompt us to ask: "What does a sustainable Chesapeake really mean?"
My vision is built upon a balanced, vibrant ecosystem teeming with fish, shellfish, underwater grasses and clear, healthy waters. But to be truly sustainable, the Chesapeake ecosystem needs to exist while also supporting the region's human population.
Creating a sustainable Chesapeake will not be easy. But as we look around the state, we're seeing more and more positive steps being taken.
Recently, the Maryland Commission on Climate Change made recommendations aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions and conserving energy throughout the state. These actions will require that we reduce our greenhouse gas emissions by more than 25% within the next 12 years.
An initiative was introduced that will seek to instill a sense of environmental stewardship among the 28,000 students graduating each year. It will also foster research and prepare the new "green" workforce.
By changing our own actions, each of us has the ability to reduce our impact on the bay and the planet.
As long as the region's population continues to grow, and we develop lands faster than needed to accommodate that growth, we make it more difficult to maintain the sustainability equation.
We have struggled more than 20 years to reduce the amount of pollution flowing into the bay and we are still far from where we need to be. Another 10, 20 or 30 years of pollution-fighting efforts will still not be enough. Bay restoration efforts will be needed in perpetuity.
We need to manage for sustainability by remaining aware of what will cross our path in the future.
rw Karen Gaia says: The way things are going, we will be forced to reduce our greenhouse gases because we have passed peak oil, meaning our consumption of oil will be reduced.
The Hidden Holocaust -- Our Civilizational Crisis, Part 3. January 06, 2008 Online Journal
This global system is driven purely by profit, efficiency, growth, and monopoly. It is destructive of all life, nature, and even itself.
It is now generating multiple crises across the world that threaten to converge unless we take drastic action now.
These crises have four key themes: Climate catastrophe, peak oil, food scarcity, and economic instability.
The C02 emissions from the industries are the main engine of global warming. Scientists have found no evidence that solar energy is correlated with rising temperatures. According to the IPCC's first report, by 2100 the average global temperature could rise by 6.4C, leading to ecological alterations that would make life throughout most of the Earth impossible.
Another crisis emerging is the energy crisis, primarily oil. The basic rules for the discovery, estimation and production of petroleum reserves were laid down by Dr. M. King Hubbert who pointed out that as petroleum is a finite resource, its production must inevitably pass through three key stages. Production reaches a peak which cannot be surpassed which occurs at the point when 50% of total reserves are depleted.
Production declines at an increasing rate, until the resource is completely depleted.
Rising oil prices and reports of declining oil production corroborate the conclusion that the peak has occurred, or will do, within the start of the 21st century. The convergence of climate change and peak oil threaten to undermine global food security over the next few years. The effects of this are already being felt.
A study predicted that if global warming continues, drought that already threatens the lives of millions will spread across half the land surface of the Earth before 2100, and extreme drought will affect a third of the planet. The world-scale drought would undermine the ability to grow food, have a safe sanitation system, and the availability of water, pushing millions of people over the precipice.
We are already pushing the limits on world food production. The Earth is running out of fertile land, and food production will soon be unable to keep up with population growth.
Every year in the US, more than 2 million acres of cropland are lost to erosion, salinization and water logging.
Without oil, modern agriculture dies, and so then will our ability to mass-produce food.
Economic meltdown, the gap between rich and poor nations doubled between 1960 and 1989.
Of the 4 billion people who live in developing countries, about 1.3 billion have no access to clean drinking water. A fifth of all children receive an insufficient intake of calories and proteins. Around 2 billion people suffer from anaemia, 2.4 billion lack access to adequate sanitation. The CEPR conducted a study of economic growth for 1980 to 2005. The results are shocking. The majority of the world's economies have been retarded. These 25 years have exhibited a decline in progress as compared with the previous two decades in growth, life expectancy, infant mortality and education.
The global economic system is inherently unstable, and tends toward the generation of periodic crises. It is vulnerable to collapse.
In mid-2006, Roach, chief economist for Morgan Stanley, warned that the world "has done little to prepare itself for what could well be the next crisis." A key trigger could be the housing market, the use of home loans to squeeze cash out of equity, permitting consumers to spend beyond their means.
This spending spree has to come to an end. If it comes to an end suddenly, then we have our recession. The US economy is close to the edge. We need a civilizational paradigm shift. A whole new vision of life itself to replace the dead, broken materialistic vision associated with the concurrent global imperial system. The good news is that the civilizational paradigm shift is not only happening its seeds have already been planted.
This system is now generating multiple crises across the world that over the next 20 years threaten to converge in an unprecedented and unimaginable way, unless we take drastic action now.
These crises can be categorized broadly into four key themes:
1. Climate Catastrophe
Industrial civilization derives all its energy from the burning of fossil fuels, pumping carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. The C02 emissions from the industries that drive our economies, our societies, that sustain our infrastructures, are the main engine of global warming in the last few decades. This doesn't mean that all climate change ever is due to human-induced C02. Scientists know that there are many other factors involved in climate change, such as solar activity, as well as periodic changes in the Earth's orbit. But they have overwhelmingly confirmed that these are not the primary factors currently driving global warming. The primary factor is C02 emissions induced by human activities.
The origins of climate change are no longer a matter of serious scientific debate. Early in 2007, the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported the findings of a three-year study projecting the rise in temperatures due to global warming, by 600 scientists from 40 countries, peer-reviewed by 600 more meteorologists. The report confirmed that human-induced global warming is "unequivocally" happening, and that the probability that climate change was due to human C02 emissions is over 90%.
The London Times reported on a study from Nature as follows:
"Scientists have examined various proxies of solar energy output over the past 1,000 years and have found no evidence that they are correlated with today's rising temperatures. Satellite observations over the past 30 years have also turned up nothing. �The solar contribution to warming . . . is negligible,' the researchers wrote in the journal Nature."
At 6c : "Life on Earth ends with apocalyptic storms, flash floods, hydrogen sulphide gas and methane fireballs racing across the globe with the power of atomic bombs; only fungi survive."
Growing evidence suggests that the IPCC projections are extremely conservative, and that the climate crisis is rapidly growing out of control. According to Dr David Wasdell, a climate expert and an accredited reviewer of the IPCC report, the final report was watered down by Western government officials before release to make its findings appear less catastrophic. Dr Wasdell told the New Scientist (8 March 2007) that early drafts of the report prepared by scientists in April 2006 contained "many references to the potential for climate to change faster than expected because of �positive feedbacks' in the climate system. Most of these references were absent from the final version."
The following IPCC report, however, distilling the research of 2,500 climate scientists, released in November 2007 only confirms that the original projection was too optimistic. To avoid heating the globe by the minimum possible, an average of 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit, the world's spiraling growth in greenhouse gas emissions must end no later than 2015, and must start to drop quickly after that peak. By 2050, carbon dioxide and other atmospheric polluting gases must be reduced by 50 to 85%, according to the estimates. But even this is already too late. "We may have already overshot that target," said David Karoly, one member of the core team that wrote the report. Current emissions already are nearing the limit required in 2015 to limit the warming to 2 degrees Celsius, he added in a media interview from Valencia.
But Western governments have known about this danger for years. At the June 2005 UK government conference on "Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change" at the Met Office in Exeter, scientists reported an emerging consensus that global warming must remain "below an average increase of two degrees centigrade if catastrophe is to be avoided," which means ensuring that carbon dioxide in the atmosphere stays below 400 parts per million. Beyond this level, dangerous and runaway climate change is likely to be irreversible.
About two weeks after the government conference warned of this minimum threshold, the Independent commissioned an investigation by Keith Shine, head of the meteorology department at the University of Reading. Using the latest available figures (for 2004), Professor Shine calculated that "the C02 equivalent concentration, largely unnoticed by the scientific and political communities, has now risen beyond this threshold." Accounting for the effects of methane and nitrous oxide, he found that the equivalent concentration of C02 is now 425ppm and fast rising, guaranteeing that the global mean temperature will rise by 2 degrees. Consequently, some of the worst predicted effects of global warming, such as the destruction of ecosystems and increased hunger and water shortages for billions of people in the South, may well be unavoidable.
When asked about the implications, Tom Burke, a former government environment adviser, told the Independent: "The passing of this threshold is of the most enormous significance. It means we have actually entered a new era -- the era of dangerous climate change. We have passed the point where we can be confident of staying below the 2 degree rise set as the threshold for danger. What this tells us is that we have already reached the point where our children can no longer count on a safe climate."
According to the US National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) the percentage of Earth's land area stricken by serious drought more than doubled from the 1970s to the early 2000s, from about 10-15% to 30%, largely due to rising temperatures. Widespread drying occurred over much of Europe and Asia, Canada, western and southern Africa, and eastern Australia. Global warming is not only melting the Arctic, it is melting the glaciers that feed Asia's largest rivers -- the Ganges, Indus, Mekong, Yangtze and Yellow. Because glaciers are a natural storage system, releasing water during hot arid periods, the shrinking ice sheets could aggravate water imbalances, causing flooding as the melting accelerates, followed by a reduction in river flows. This problem is only decades, possibly even years away, resulting in hundreds of millions of Africans and tens of millions of Latin Americans who have water, being short of it, most likely in less than 20 years. By 2050, more than 1 billion people in Asia could face water shortages, and by 2080, water shortages could threaten 1.1 billion to 3.2 billion people. Some climate models show sub-saharan Africa drying out by 2050.
2. Peak oil
There is yet another crisis emerging, which is also linked to our addiction to burning fossil fuels. That is the energy crisis. Today, the most prominent energy source is, of course, conventional oil. Here in the UK, from where I'm now writing, 90% of our energy comes from conventional oil, gas and coal, but primarily oil. Without these energy supplies, civilized life in the UK would simply collapse. Transportation, agriculture, modern medicine, national defence, water distribution, and the production of even basic technologies would be impossible. This formula applies across the board, throughout western industrial civilization.
One of the most authoritative studies so far on peak oil and its timing was conducted by Dr. Colin Campbell and Jean Laherrere, leading oil industry experts concluded in a report for the government that "the mid-point of ultimate conventional oil production would be reached by year 2000 and that decline would soon begin." They also projected that "production post-peak would halve about every 25 years, an exponential decline of 2.5 to 2.9% per annum."
This conclusion is based as it is on performance data from thousands of oil fields in 65 countries, including data on "virtually all discoveries, on production history by country, field, and company as well as key details of geology and geophysical surveys." A review of the research by senior industry geologists in Petroleum Review indicated, apart from minor disagreement over the scope of remaining reserves, "general acceptance of the substance of their arguments; that the bulk of remaining discovery will be in ever smaller fields within established provinces."
Rapidly rising oil prices and growing reports of declining oil production corroborate the conclusion that the peak has already occurred, or will do, well within the dawn of the 21st century. London's Petroleum Review published a study toward the end of 2004 concluding that in Indonesia, Gabon, and fifteen other oil-rich nations supplying about 30% of the world's daily crude, oil production is declining by 5% a year -- double the rate of decline a year prior to the report. Chris Skrebowski reported in early 2005 that production in conventional oil reserves are already declining at about 4-6% a year worldwide, including 18 large oil-producing countries, and 32 smaller ones. Denmark, Malaysia, Brunei, China, Mexico and India are due to peak in the next few years.
According to an official report published by British Petroleum late last year, we have about 30 years before we peak. This is supposed to be an �optimistic' assessment. Apart from the fact that this is hardly good news, it is a clearly politicized claim from an oil industry fighting to sustain its credibility as the Oil Age nears its demise. Colin Campbell, himself a former senior BP geologist, argues that the data shows we have less than 4 years; and in the meantime, former US government energy adviser Matt Simmons argues that we have most likely peaked years ago, but won't know for sure until we start feeling the crunch within a few years.
3. Food scarcity
The convergence of these two global crises, climate change and peak oil, threaten to undermine global food security over the next few years. The effects of this are already being felt.
At the British Association's Festival of Science in Dublin in September 2005, US and UK scientists working at the Hadley Centre described how shifts in rain patterns and temperatures due to global warming could lead to a further 50 million people going hungry by conservative estimates. "If we accept that broadly 500 million people are at risk today, we expect that to increase by about 10 percent by the middle part of this century."
Then toward the end of 2006, a study by Met Office's Hadley Centre funded by the UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, predicted that if global warming continues, drought that already threatens the lives of millions will spread across half the land surface of the Earth before 2100, and extreme drought making agriculture impossible will affect a third of the planet. The world-scale drought would undermine the ability to grow food, the ability to have a safe sanitation system, and the availability of water, pushing millions of people already struggling in conditions of dire deprivation over the precipice.
The grim truth is that we are already pushing the limits on world food production within the existing structure of modern corporate agriculture. According to new maps released in December 2005 by scientists at the Centre for Sustainability and the Global Environment (SAGE) at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Dr. Navin Ramankutty, "Except for Latin America and Africa, all the places in the world where we could grow crops are already being cultivated. The remaining places are either too cold or too dry to grow crops." The maps thus show that the Earth is "rapidly running out of fertile land" and that "food production will soon be unable to keep up with global population growth."
World food prediction probably peaked shortly before the new millennium. Lester Brown, a former international agricultural policy advisor for the US government who went on to found the World Watch Institute and Earth Policy Institute, reports that since world grain consumption has exceeded production since 2000, such that 2003 saw a deficit of 105 million tones. On that basis, Brown predicts a global grain deficit within the next few years. In 2003 he noted that "World grain harvests have fallen for four consecutive years and world grain stocks are at the lowest level in 30 years." This is partly why world grain prices are steadily rising.
This is not centrally about population, but about modern intensive agricultural methods as practiced by the globalized corporate food industry, which are simply unsustainable. US structural geologist Dave Allen Pfeiffer points out that while it takes 500 years to replace 1 inch of topsoil, in soil made susceptible by modern agriculture, erosion is reducing productivity up to 65% each year. Former prairie lands, which constitute the bread basket of the United States, have lost one half of their topsoil after farming for about 100 years. This soil is eroding 30 times faster than the natural formation rate. Soil erosion and mineral depletion removes about $20 billion worth of plant nutrients from US agricultural soils every year. Every year in the US, more than 2 million acres of cropland are lost to erosion, salinization and water logging.
Already, populations in the South are suffering from the grim reality of these crises. Near the end of last year, The Guardian reported:
"Empty shelves in Caracas. Food riots in West Bengal and Mexico. Warnings of hunger in Jamaica, Nepal, the Philippines and sub-Saharan Africa. Soaring prices for basic foods are beginning to lead to political instability, with governments being forced to step in to artificially control the cost of bread, maize, rice and dairy products. Record world prices for most staple foods have led to 18% food price inflation in China, 13% in Indonesia and Pakistan, and 10% or more in Latin America, Russia and India, according to the UN Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO). Wheat has doubled in price, maize is nearly 50% higher than a year ago and rice is 20% more expensive, says the UN. Next week the FAO is expected to say that global food reserves are at their lowest in 25 years and that prices will remain high for years."
Peak food will be exacerbated beyond all proportion in the context of peak oil. Modern intensive agriculture that produces most of our food, is industrialized, mechanized. It needs oil. Without oil, modern agriculture dies, and so then will our ability to mass-produce food.
4. Economic meltdown
According to the United Nations Development Programme, the gap between rich and poor nations doubled between 1960 and 1989. The rewards of globalization are increasingly "spread unequally and inequitably -- concentrating power and wealth in a select group of people, nations and corporations, marginalizing the others."
Successive UN Human Development reports give us the broad contours of the manner in which this system inflicts protracted death-by-deprivation on the majority of the world's population. Of the 4 billion people who live in developing countries, almost a third -- about 1.3 billion people -- have no access to clean drinking water. A fifth of all children in the world receive an insufficient intake of calories and proteins. Around 2 billion people -- a third of the human race -- suffer from anaemia. 2.4 billion lack access to adequate sanitation. Thirty million people die of hunger every year, half of whom, UNICEF estimates, are children. Over 840 million suffer from chronic malnutrition, almost a sixth of the population. Three billion people -- that is half the world population -- are forced to survive on less than two dollars a day. Of the 6 billion people in the world, only 500 million live in comfort -- that is approximately one-twelfth of the world population. This leaves a massive 5.5 billion people living in need -- over five-sixth of the population.
The Center for Economic and Policy Research (CEPR) in Washington, DC found, in a comprehensive study of economic growth and other indicators for the period between 1980 and 2005, that the vast majority of the world's economies have been systematically retarded, exhibiting an empirically incontrovertible decline in progress as compared with the previous two decades in growth, life expectancy, infant mortality and education.
But the global economic system is not merely inherently unjust and unequal but also inherently unstable, and tends toward the generation of periodic crises, and as events of the last few months have shown, it is increasingly vulnerable to collapse. Financial institutions, corporate investors and even mainstream economists have been aware of the dangers for several years before the recent crisis that erupted from the depths of fault lines in the housing market. In March 2006, an unprecedented IMF report Safeguarding Financial Stability criticized the twin strategies of deregulation and liberalization, the staple policies of the global economy, as "the potential for fragility, instability, systemic risk, and adverse economic consequences." Deregulation has caused "national financial systems become increasingly vulnerable to increased systemic risk and to a growing number of financial crises."
In mid-2006, Stephen Roach, chief economist for Morgan Stanley, warned that the world "has done little to prepare itself for what could well be the next crisis." UC Berkeley economist professor Brad DeLong in March 2007 argued that a global economic recession was in motion, principally due to three factors:
"1) A Federal Reserve that finds itself with less inflation-fighting credibility than it thought it had; 2) upward pressure on inflation from rising energy and, perhaps, import prices; and 3) millions of middle-class homeowners who for too long have treated their houses as gigantic ATMs, using home equity loans and refinancing to generate extra spending money."
A key trigger could be the housing market -- the unprecedented use of home loans to squeeze cash out of equity, permitting middle-class consumers to spend well beyond their means. "Someday this spending spree has to come to an end. If it comes to an end suddenly, at a time when the Federal Reserve has raised interest rates a little too much, then we have our recession . . . Make no mistake about it: The US economy is close to the edge . . . What can be done to head off the danger? Unfortunately, very little. The bag of macroeconomic tricks is empty." [
In July 2006 Dr. David Martin, in a speech at the Arlington Institute, warned his listeners that a collapse of the global banking system could be imminent as of January 2008, and that it would start with the housing crisis.
The war forward . . . ?
What we need now is a civilizational paradigm shift. Not just a new economics, or new politics, or new social vision. We need a whole new vision of life itself to replace the dead, broken materialistic vision associated with the concurrent global imperial system. The good news is that the civilizational paradigm shift is not only happening now as I write -- its seeds have already been planted.
rw
Niger: Population Explosion Threatens Development Gains. December 11, 2007 UN Integrated Regional Information Network
If Nigeriens remain uninformed about family planning and keep reproducing at the current rate the population will more than quadruple by 2050, imposing unmanageable demands on the economy, social services and the environment. The current rate of population growth is 3.3% every year. If that growth continues, there will be 56 million people in Niger by 2050, compared to 13.5 million today. In 1960, it was just 1.7 million.
The average number of children per mother is 7.1. Women said they would like nine and men said 12, but some families said 40 or 50 children. It a society that encourages procreation.
Just 5% of Nigeriens use family planning and contraception. People aren't informed about the negative consequences of having so many children.
The 85% of Nigeriens who rely on rain-fed, subsistence agriculture to feed themselves are going to be hardest hit as millions more people compete for the same amount of farmland to grow food.
The Sahel has recently been identified as one of the regions most likely to be adversely affected by climate change.
The increase in the population will continue to accentuate the cereal production and wood-for-fuel deficits which started in the 1980s. Niger's population will quickly overtake the government's ability to provide health, education, jobs and even water points, tasks that it is already failing at today.
94% of Nigeriens live on 35% of the land. The most populated areas are along the southern border with Burkina Faso and Mali.
The Maradi region holds 20% of the population, 2,235,748 people, living on 3.3% of the country's land.
Niger's desert and mountain north accounts for 53% of Niger's territory but only 3 percent of the population, 321,639 people.
Niger plans this year to curb population growth which the INS says would reduce the population in 2050 to 33.3 million, still almost three times its current level.
The government wants the number practising family planning to increase from to 15% or 20% by 2015. The INS says 20% of women claim to want it.
The plan calls for information campaigns to educate religious leaders and women about the availability and importance of family planning.
Currently, every second girl is married and likely to be procreating before the age of 15. Raising the marriage age to 18 would take up to four years off a woman's reproductive life.
By 2015 population growth should have slowed to 2.5% and the average number of children per woman should be five.
Diadi Boureima, deputy representative of the UN Fund for Population Affairs (UNFPA) in Niger, said the task was a critical one.
If the demographics continue, Niger cannot develop. All the resources the country has will be going into social services and nothing will be left for investing in the economy. The government is acting accordingly.
rw
Sustainable Development is Need of the Time. December 08, 2007 The Daily Star
The idea of sustainable development grew from environmental movements in earlier decades and was defined in 1987 as: "Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."
When you think of the world as a system, you understand that air pollution from North America affects air quality in Asia, and that pesticides sprayed in Argentina could harm fish stocks off the coast of Australia.
You start to realise that the decisions our grandparents made about how to farm the land continue to affect agricultural practice today.
We understand that quality of life is a system, too. What if you are poor and don't have access to education? It's good to have a secure income, but what if the air in your part of the world is unclean? And it's good to have freedom of religious expression, but what if you can't feed your family?
The concept of sustainable development helps us understand ourselves and our world. The problems we face are complex and serious, and we can't address them in the same way we created them.
Sustainable development highlights sustainability as the idea of environmental, economic and social progress and equity, all within the limits of the world's natural resources.
Sustainable development calls for improving the quality of life for all of the world's people without increasing the use of our natural resources beyond the Earth's carrying capacity. The efforts to build a truly sustainable way of life require the integration of action in three key areas:
Interlinked, global economic systems demand an integrated approach to foster responsible long-term growth while ensuring that no nation or community is left behind.
To conserve our environment and natural resources for future generations, economically viable solutions must be developed to reduce resource consumption, stop pollution and conserve natural habitats.
Throughout the world, people require jobs, food, education, energy, health care, water, and sanitation. The world community must ensure that the cultural and social diversity, and the rights of workers, are respected, and that all members of society are empowered to play a role in determining their futures.
The record on sustainability so far appears to have been quite poor. Sustainable development is an urgent issue, though political will has been slow-paced. There are 1.3 billion without access to clean water. About half of humanity lack access to adequate sanitation and living on less than 2 dollars a day.
In practicing sustainable development over the long-term one will:
-- Not diminish the quality of the present environment.
-- Not reduce the availability of renewable resources.
-- Take into consideration the value of non-renewable resources to future generations.
-- Not compromise the ability of other species or future generations to meet their needs.
rw
World Atlas of Sustainable Development- Feed Your Head. December 06, 2007 Gather.com
So far, we have only one usable planet. The "science dudes" are trying to discover if there are any planets out there that are suitable for humans to live on. This has not produced results. In our solar system everything appears to be too hot, too cold, or have no atmosphere. This leaves us to face the fact that the 6.5 billion humans on this rocky sphere are dependent on the natural resources that exist on our planet. Unfortunately, we are using those resources in an unsustainable way right now. Within 100 years, we will have to feed, clothe, and provide electricity and transportation and water to, around 10 billion humans.
* The worldwide catch of fish is now 6 times what it was 50 years ago. Catches are beginning to decline as fish populations sink.
* 850 million humans go hungry; 220 million are children.
* 1 in 5 humans have no access to clean drinking water.
* By 2050, 85% of all humans will live in developing countries.
* One third of the world's visible land is affected by desertification, the degradation of productive but fragile lands which have insufficient rainfall and has been damaged by unsustainable development.
* During the next 100 years that global temperature averages will rise from 2 to 6 degrees C, resulting in coastal flooding and an increase in droughts. We are using resources 30% faster than the ability of those resources to renew themselves. Many people whose knowledge of the environmental challenges seems to date from 1960.
rw
Is the Planet Full Yet?. November 26, 2007 The Argus website
Of the top 50 things to save the planet, to have fewer people is only Number 18. The current population of 6.6 billion people is predicted to rocket to 9.7 billion in the next 40 years. Yet there is a conspicuous silence about the topic of sustainable family planning.
Population growth is one of the factors which determines our impact on the Earth's ecosystem and therefore we should talk frankly about it. Population growth could wipe out any gains we make reducing the amount we consume. It has to be a part of the discussion and not ignored as some form of sacred taboo.
Friends of the Earth do not campaign on the matter of population, claiming the big issue is resource use. But Green Party Caroline Lucas MEP disagrees. "There's a direct relation between the emissions we produce and how many of us there are."
The idea of controlling the population may be distasteful but on a planet with finite resources and an exponentially growing number of people something, has to give. At present we are not able to feed the world's population adequately, yet we produce enough food to do so. That is a failure of our current structures. With the world's population set to rise significantly over the next century, if we can't cope now, how are we going to cope then?
By encouraging high levels of immigration we are fuelling the problem because when people come here they are, going to start living our unsustainable lifestyle, too."
The South East Plan proposes a further 11,000 homes should be built in Brighton and Hove by 2026, the result is likely to be severe pressure on our natural resources, such as water. Can a city hemmed in by the sea and South Downs accommodate any more without compromising quality of life and the future of the South Downs National Park?
According to the UN, there are 78 million people added to the world every year, yet there are 200 million women who want to control their fertility but have no safe and effective access to contraceptive services.
We need a major investment in family planning so women can choose their family size.
In the Sixties and Seventies, population was a key issue for all the major campaign groups. Oxfam published a paper entitled World Population: The Biggest Problem Of All. But in 2007, to call for such frank discussion runs too great a risk of upsetting the other values environmentalists identify with: human rights, gender equality, race, immigration and, above all, individual choice.
We've got to stop being paralysed by the sensitivities the population question naturally taps into and recognise there are actually valid ways to address it which could bring great benefits.
The decisions we make relating to family issues, must be left up to individuals, but devoting resources to reproductive health and family planning services brings genuine win-wins in terms of community development and women's rights, as well as smaller populations.
Scratch the surface of any environmental problem and it reveals population growth, and the way we live our lives, as the root cause. The need for a population policy has never been more urgent. While governments see big populations as an indicator of economic strength, the population problem will lead to environmental catastrophe.
rw
Wake Up About Overpopulation. November 13, 2007 College of New Jersey Signal
Any individual will encounter terms such as carrying capacity, limiting factors and exponential growth. Yet few implement the concept of sustainability.
Until people question the existence, of the global environmental crisis, the population stabilization and reduction initiative will remain little more than a lobby largely ignored by politicians.
The US has been unable to serve as an example. Any way of life that is unlike our own, is a threat and must promptly be democratized, modernized and westernized.
The symptoms of a society that is straining under its own weight are all there, yet we've successfully managed to evade the issue by misdiagnosing, and offering temporary solutions to the problem. While the United States birth rate has decreased, our lenient immigration policies continue to increase our population. Experts predict that the United States population, if left unchecked, is expected to double in 70 years to a total of 540 million people.
We must begin our public discourse when consensus is met; sacrifices will have to be made, for democracy can only deal with the ever-changing present while relegating responsibility for the future to the few who care to take it upon themselves.
An average U.S. citizen consumes 50 times more goods and services than a Chinese citizen and approximately twice as many as a Western European.
Only recently, during spikes in gas prices, has the engineers' task turned to designing automobiles and engines which reduce consumption and emissions.
Our challenge is to stir the minds and hearts of our fellow Americans so that they may awaken to this reality, directing this change for the better before it is snatched from us.
rw
City Planning Will Determine Pace of Global Warming: UN-Habitat Chief. October 31, 2007 Media Newswire
The way in which the world's growing cities were planned and managed would largely determine the pace of global warming. The urbanization of poverty was now the biggest development challenge. With half the world's population residing in cities, and one billion slum dwellers living in life-threatening conditions, 2007 marked a turning point in history. Cities were responsible for 75% of energy consumption and 80% of greenhouse gas emissions.
The opportunity to reduce the vulnerability of cities to the effects of climate change should be a priority alongside improving the living conditions of the most vulnerable populations. Policymakers, planners, must place cities and urban issues at the forefront of sustainable development.
Several speakers indicated that climate change had devastated the lives of millions and natural disasters had set back development efforts. There was need for the international community to support developing countries by providing them with the tools to cope with global warming effects and also to bolster their economies to build a sustainable future.
The Kyoto Protocol must be carried out to the needs of developing countries. Just as important was disaster preparedness and response. The 2004 Asian tsunami had proved that early warning systems were vital and in order to boost those efforts, Thailand had contributed $10 million to the Fund for Tsunami Early Warning Arrangements in the Indian Ocean and South-east Asia.
Thailand had taken steps towards sustainability, and the philosophy of a “sufficiency economy” had been integrated into its policies. That had already promoted sustainable agricultural practices to ensure food security for farmers, persuade locals to conserve forests, and promote sustainable energy development.
Ethiopia's delegate said a more concerted effort was needed in Africa to push developing countries towards sustainable development and to avert climate-change crises. Too many obstacles stood in the way of sustainability, including conflict, insufficient investment, limited market access opportunities, supply- side constraints and unsustainable debt burdens. Ecuador's representative pointed to the Hyogo Framework for Action and the work of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction as tools that could translate words into action.
Japan's representative stressed the importance of concerted action in support of vulnerable countries, particularly small island developing States and least developed countries.
rw Karen Gaia says: Thailand has a good chance at sustainability because it did something about it's population growth many years ago. Africa has a long way to go before catching up with Thailand.
U.S.;: Honey, We Shrunk the Planet. October 19, 2007 Huffington Post
The physical Earth is increasingly becoming what the human species makes of it.
Environmental disasters are almost always human disasters. Satellite pictures of Burma over the past three years have recorded the extermination of over 3,000 villages displacing half a million people. The main culprit is the hunger for oil and gas, backed by the murderous local military junta.
The bottom line, is we're living beyond our means. Nearly two thirds of the services provided by nature are in decline worldwide. We can't count on the ability of the planet's ecosystems to sustain future generations.
Change is not linear, and sudden shifts sometimes remake the world in the blink of an eye. We know we're approaching mysterious thresholds that mark the tipping points of ecological regime change, and we may have already crossed some. The closer we get to each threshold, the less it takes to push the system over the edge. Resilience does not mean just bouncing back to business-as-usual. It means assuring the very ability to get back.
Taking care of nature means taking care of people, and taking care of people means taking care of nature.
Think decentralized power grids, more localized food systems, and the Internet.
The heart of resilience is diversity. Damaged ecosystems rebound to health when they have sufficient diversity.
Resilience resides in enduring relationships and networks that hold cultural memory the same way seeds regenerate a forest after a fire. Empower local communities to solve their own problems.
The Dutch mobilized around total environmental quality recovery in 25 years. But the process kicked in only after business took the lead. They had a surprising proposal: Have government set the standards, and let business figure out how to achieve them. Together they developed a twenty-five-year plan, as well as annual plans that report on progress and challenges. If business fails to meet the specific voluntary goals, government will intervene with mandatory controls. To guarantee transparency and accountability, the government funded environmental NGOs as watchdogs to transmit their findings to the media and the public.
We have a golden opportunity to regenerate our waning economy and correct environmental degradation and rampant social injustices. Our declining public health and educational systems rank among the lowest in developed countries. The reinvention of a green economy can begin to solve our economic and social ills simultaneously. We can create abundant jobs, prosperity, equity and hope. Our new declaration of independence is from fossil fuels and imperial entanglements. In the absence of federal leadership, large numbers of cities and states are banding together to lead these kinds of changes. Political boundaries are also morphing. A historic convergence of the environmental and social justice movements is crystallizing in the shared recognition that taking care of nature means taking care of people, and taking care of people means taking care of nature.
Meanwhile, there are mounting numbers of conservatives, stepping up under the banner of conserving the Earth for their grandchildren.
We need to reclaim our government from the corporate shadow government. It will keep trying to hijack systemic changes that threaten its short-term profits, vested interests and power. We need the separation of corporations and the state.
A successful U.S. Green Plan depends on our doing all this--together, with respect, justice and dignity for all people and the circle of life.
rw
The Nature of the New World. October 02, 2007 Earth Policy Institute
We are entering a new world where the collisions between our demands and the earth's capacity to satisfy them are becoming daily events. If we do not act quickly to reverse the trends, the seemingly isolated events will determine our future.
Resources that accumulated over eons of geological time are being consumed in a single human lifespan. We are violating deadlines that we do not recognize. These deadlines are not politically negotiable.
Nature has many thresholds that we discover only when it is too late. In our fast-forward world we learn that we have crossed them only after the fact, leaving little time to adjust. We know from earlier civilizations that the lead indicators of economic decline were environmental, not economic.
Our situation today is more challenging because we must deal with falling water tables, more frequent crop-withering heat waves, collapsing fisheries, expanding deserts, deteriorating rangelands, dying coral reefs, melting glaciers, rising seas, more-powerful storms, disappearing species, and, shrinking oil supplies. Although these destructive trends have been evident for some time, not one has been reversed at the global level.
The world is in what ecologists call an "overshoot-and-collapse" mode. Demand has exceeded the sustainable yield of natural systems at the local level countless times in the past. Now, for the first time, it is doing so at the global level. Humanity's collective demands first surpassed the earth's regenerative capacity around 1980. Demands in 1999 exceeded that capacity by 20%. The gap, growing by 1% or so a year, is now much wider. We are setting the stage for decline and collapse.
When agriculture began, humans, their livestock, and pets together accounted for less than 0.1% of the total. Today, this group accounts for 98% of the earth's total vertebrate biomass, leaving only 2% for the wild portion, including all the deer, wild beasts, elephants, birds, and so forth.
For example, as the environmental resources of Easter Island in the South Pacific deteriorated, its population declined from a peak of 20,000 several centuries ago to today's population of fewer than 4,000.
Even as the global population is climbing and the economy's environmental support systems are deteriorating, farmers will want to clear more and more of the remaining tropical forests to produce high-yielding biofuel crops. Countries heavily dependent on imported grain for food are beginning to worry that buyers for fuel distilleries may outbid them for supplies. As oil security deteriorates, so, too, will food security.
Now as the world turns to wind, solar cells, and geothermal energy, we are witnessing the localization of the world energy economy.
If recent environmental trends continue, the global economy eventually will come crashing down. At issue is whether national governments can stabilize population and restructure the economy before time runs out.
rw
Green Family Values: Sex and the Environment-World Population Day. July 11, 2007 Green Options blog
World Population Day was established by the UN in 1989 when the Earth's population reached five billion. Almost 20 years later, we have reached over 6.6 billion with approximately 77 million people added each year. When will we not be able to support our population or have we reached this point?
As the century begins, natural resources are under increasing pressure, water shortages, soil exhaustion, loss of forests, air and water pollution, and degradation of coastlines afflict many areas. Developed economies consume resources faster than they can regenerate. Developing countries with rapid population growth face the need to improve living standards. As we exploit nature to meet present needs, are we destroying resources for the future?
There are so many issues involving global population growth. We may not feel the effects in the US yet, but if we look to developing countries and the natural resources available, it is easy to become alarmed. If we want a livable future, we must increase our sustainabilty, as well as stabilize the human population. We must slow this growth to enable us to address sustainability and preserve a high standard of living for all people. Voluntary family planning should be supported, including eliminating the Global Gag Rule. Even though the US population grows mostly due to immigration, there are families in this country with eight or nine children. However, 99% of population growth does occurs in developing countries. Family planning education that targets both men and women, as well as aid should be a priority as we look to stabilize population growth.
rw Karen Gaia says: with the human population at 6.6 billion, it will be impossible to attain a high standard of living for all people. Let us settle for a standard of living more like that of Cuba, which is the most sustainable counry in the world. Cuba has free health care, free education, adequately feeds its people, and even sends doctors and nurses to help people in developing countries.
The Utah Population and Environment Coalition calculated that it takes about 9.9 global hectares to support each Utahn, while Utah lands provide 8.9 global hectares.
"It's important to start this discussion about choices for our future," said one of the researchers.
"We hope this will be a community discussion and that Utah will take a leadership role. The average Utahn's share of that consumption has grown along with the state's population. In 1990, the population was 1.7 million and the state's overall footprint was 15.2 million global hectares, compared with 23.8 in 2003, when the population had reached 2.4 million.
The population growth put such a great demand on resources that now we consume more than the land can supply on a sustainable basis. The state now has a deficit of about 2.4 million hectares.
Americans are resource hogs compared to the rest of the world. It would take five earths to sustain everyone if people worldwide had the same eco-footprint as Utahns.
rw
When is Hawaii's 'Carrying Capacity' Maxed Out?. June 25, 2007 Hawaii Reporter
It would seem logical to determine what is the carrying capacity of our Hawaiian islands. There are water conservation advisories on a regular basis. Our sewer system is in need of constant repair. Flooding is common. Road rage is rampant. All boats have a finite carrying capacity. I submit so do islands and what is the carrying capacity of Hawaii?
The criterion for determining whether a region is overpopulated is not land area, but carrying capacity.
That refers to the number of individuals who can be supported in a given area within natural resource limits, and without degrading the natural social, cultural and economic environment for present and future generations.
The carrying capacity is not fixed. It can be altered by improved technology, but mostly it is changed for the worse by population increase.
As the environment is degraded, carrying capacity shrinks, leaving the environment unable to support even the number of people who could formerly have lived in the area.
The average "ecological footprint" on the mainland is about 12 acres, an area far greater than that taken up by one's residence and place of school or work and the Hawaiian footprint is larger.
rw
Research reveals that the degradation of agricultural soils, forests and Savannah woodlands, coastal fisheries, wildlife resources, and Lake Volta's environment are estimated to cost Ghana at least $520 million annually.
The majority of the estimated costs of environmental degradation comes from forests, to represent 5% of GDP.
Ghana's natural resources are being depleted at an alarming rate. More than 50% of the original forest has been converted to agricultural land by slash- and-burn. Despite cocoa land expansion, productivity has declined because of soil erosion.
Fish, timber, and non- timber forest product stocks are decreasing. As a result, coastal towns have begun to experience severe water shortages. Hydropower is dropping, and bilharzia has spread around the Volta Lake region.
Wildlife populations and biodiversity are in serous decline and many species face extinction. These depletions might lower Ghana's GDP growth in the near future.
Poor forest management and soil degradation result in huge economic losses. The degradation of Lake Volta increases the costs and reduces the quality of both water and power.
The prospects for economic development and poverty reduction in Ghana are dependent on natural resources.
Rural households rely on natural resources for their livelihoods, fisheries, and wildlife provide protein in Ghanaian diets. Urban economic activities depend on reliable hydroelectric power.
About half of Ghana's GDP derived from agriculture and livestock, forestry and wood processing and were related to the natural resources.
Ghana's natural resources are over exploited and continue to decline. Inappropriate crop production, mining and the wood industry are adversely affecting forests and savannah. Ongoing soil erosion and a decline in fertility undermine food and agricultural production.
A stronger policy dialogue must etablish a framework to provide sustainable management practices for Ghana's natural resources.
The government must improve local community involvement in natural resource and environmental management.
Also stimulate investments in wildlife, farming, ecotourism, tree plantations, and sustainable land management.
rw Karen Gaia says: Another article that misses the link to overpopulation. Again, here is the unwritten assumption that women want to have a lot of children and risk dying in childbirth. Ralph says: Why not reduce the population? Oh!! Sorry, must not talk about that.
US Arizona;: Technology Can Help Sustain Desert Living. June 09, 2007 Arizona Republic
The decade long drought in Arizona may turn into a 1930s-style Dust Bowl. Night-time temperatures may keep on rising. Freeway construction may never relieve the traffic.
More frequent hurricanes traumatize the Gulf Coast. Climbing gas prices threaten our nation's mobility. Conversion of corn into ethanol causes the cost of foodstuffs to skyrocket. New diseases like bird flu spread across the globe.
The sustainability of our lifestyle suddenly seems at risk. Societies are confronted by limits that they did not worry about before.
In the spirit of optimism, Arizona organizations are working together to understand the challenges of sustainability and possible remedies.
The Global Institute of Sustainability, or GIOS, researches rapid urbanization, which uses Greater Phoenix as its main laboratory.
ASU receives millions of federal, state and industry dollars to study how cities grow. Among the major questions being addressed are:
How does the expansion of metro Phoenix affect the Sonoran Desert ecosystem?
How do commercial and government managers make decisions about water allocation?
How can changes in construction materials reduce the urban heat island effect?
How might information-sharing technology allow the police departments to more quickly identify criminals?
How can "green" energy technologies reduce a city's reliance on vulnerable, distant fuel sources?
Where does the Valley's air pollution come from?
These questions may seem diverse, but can be solved only through an interdisciplinary approach. Their solutions offer new business opportunities by creating "sustainable technologies."
rw
Toward a Green Economy. May 31, 2007 IPS News
The 2005 Millennium Assessment (MA) found that 83% of the planet's natural systems are in serious decline. Adding to this are the pressures of population growth and increasing consumption.
Global population is expected to soar 9 billion by 2050. Even though we crossed the point of sustainable use of natural resources in the mid-1980s, many of the 2.4 billion people living in China and India are striving to approach the materialistic lifestyle of the average North American.
Humanity needs a new approach to managing the assets upon which we all depend. Farming and forestry is about maximizing production, but has to start maximizing the ecological goods and service those ecosystems offer. Funds to pay for such services should come from taxes on polluters, including a carbon tax, cap and trade. In Ecuador, a Water Conservation Fund (FONAG) collects user fees from those who benefit from the water in the Condor Bioreserves and uses these funds to support watershed management projects. In Brazil, states allocate some revenues help support protected areas for forests and other resources. With deforestation threatening the Panama Canal, insurance and shipping companies are helping finance a major reforestation effort.
There is a vital need to create new institutions to protect natural capital at the local level.
On a larger scale Biomes are ecosystems with similar climate, soils, plants, and animals. The MA identifies 15 biomes and a stewardship council for each would maximize ecosystem protection and human welfare within a biome.
There is also a need to create a Commission that would communicate the fact that healthy ecosystem services are fundamental to reducing poverty and achieving economic development. A new forum has been recommended by the U.N. that would include heads of state from countries at different levels of economic development and cultures and deal with environmental and social as well as economic issues.
There are likely one to two million grassroots organizations around the world working toward ecological sustainability. It's unknown if people will rise to this enormous challenge. Voting and choosing environmentally-friendly products is not nearly enough. Only collective action will produce the substantial changes that are needed.
rw
Plan B Budget for Restoring the Earth - Part Three. April 17, 2007 Earth Policy Institute
To save civilization means restructuring the economy, restoring natural support systems, eradicating poverty, and stabilizing population. We have the resources to do this and the US has the resources to lead this effort. Rich countries are so rich - and the poor so poor - that a few tenths of 1% of GNP from the rich ones over the coming decades could ensure that the basic needs of health and education are met for all impoverished children. It is not possible to put a price tag on the changes needed to move our civilization onto a path that will sustain economic progress. We need to restructure the energy economy to renewable sources of energy. The funding to achieve universal primary education in the developing countries is estimated at $12 billion per year. Funding an adult literacy program based on volunteers will take $4 billion annually. Providing for basic health care in developing countries is estimated at $33 billion. The funding to provide reproductive health care and family planning services to all women in developing countries is less than $7 billion a year.
Providing the 9.5 billion condoms needed to control the spread of HIV in the developing world and Eastern Europe requires $2 billion for condoms and $1.7 billion for AIDS prevention education and condom distribution. School lunch programs to the 44 poorest countries is $6 billion. $4 billion per year would cover the cost of assistance to preschool children and pregnant women. The cost of reaching basic goals comes to $68 billion a year.
A poverty eradication effort that is not accompanied by an earth restoration effort is doomed to fail. Reforesting the earth will cost $6 billion annually. Protecting and restoring rangeland will require $9 billion, restoring fisheries will cost $13 billion, and stabilizing water tables will require $10 billion annually. Protecting biological diversity and conserving soil on cropland, account for over half of the earth restoration annual outlay, $93 billion of additional expenditures per year.
We can decide to stay with business as usual and watch our modern economy collapse, or we can move onto a path, that will sustain economic progress.
It is hard to find the words to convey the gravity of our situation and the momentous nature of the decision we are about to make. No one can argue that we do not have the resources to eradicate poverty, stabilize population, and protect the earth's natural resource base. Shifting one sixth of the world military budget to the budget would be more than adequate to move the world onto a path that would sustain progress.
This economic restructuring depends on tax restructuring, on getting the market to be ecologically honest. The benchmark of political leadership will be whether or not leaders succeed in restructuring the tax system. This is the key to stabilize climate and to make the transition to the post-petroleum world.
The challenge is to build a global society that is environmentally sustainable.
rw Karen Gaia says: I respect the Earth Policy institute, but do not share their confidence that there will be enough food to go around after all the restoration and stabilization of water tables. What is to prevent the continuous draw upon the world's resources from again depleting them? And how can this restoration be accomplished while we still rely on fossil fuels which are depleting?
The Next Added 100 Million Americans, Part 28. April 06, 2007 NewsByUs.com
In the days of sailing ships, sailors used to leave goats on islands to ensure fresh meat on return trips. But the animals bred faster than the sailors could eat them, and goats ate the vegetation and starved. They also screwed up the environment so that native species couldn't survive. A report blames humans for increased temperatures, melting glaciers and rising seas, they burn fossil fuels at 82 million barrels daily which does no include millions of tons of coal, natural gas and wood being burned every day by 6.6 billion humans.
We've had virtually free energy in the form of fossil fuels. Climate change is a sign that we are exceeding the number of people Earth can sustain. Some, however, point to increased agricultural production and medical advances that fend off disease.
Earth's carrying capacity is thought to be four to five billion people. We have 6.6 billion today and grow by 240,000 every 24 hours. Half of the world's population has little access to medicine, electricity, safe water and reliable food supplies.
You might have 50 billion, but the quality of life might not be pleasing. The US possesses resources to sustain less than half of its current population of 300 million. Americans who make up 5% of the world's population, use 25% of its resources and cast a large footprint.
If all 6 billion people were to share the world's resources equally, Americans would have to reduce consumption by 80% for each of us. Carrying capacity and footprint are tied to the global economy, which has quadrupled since the world's population doubled.
That leads to a fear that slowing population growth might not ultimately curb greenhouse gas production if more people achieve Western lifestyles. China is opening an average of one coal-fired power plant a week to meet electricity demand. Everyone in China wants their own apartment and their own car. People ask how many people the Earth can sustain. That depends on whether you want to live like an Indian or an American.
Farmers worldwide grow about two billion tons of grain a year. Each American consumes 1,760 pounds annually, mainly because of the grains used to feed farm animals. If everyone on the planet consumed that much grain, earth would support about 2.5 billion people. But in India, people consume about 440 pounds each. If everyone else in the world did likewise, the world's grain would support about 10 billion people.
Growing one ton of grain requires 1,000 tons of water which is short in Africa, Asia and the Middle East. As water flows from agriculture to support growing urban populations, more grain must be imported.
Soybeans are increasingly in demand for biodiesel. And ethanol production now vies with food for corn. By 2008, half of the U.S. corn crop will go to ethanol.
70% of all corn comes from the U.S. If we grow fuel plants that would require setting aside lots of land to produce ethanol. We don't have enough land worldwide to meet those demands. Humans are drawing on capital rather than interest, and once that is exhausted, they will find Mother Nature reluctant to make a loan.
We must take action and prevent a horrible overpopulation future for our children by taking action today. We can bring about population stabilization gracefully or nature will do it brutally.
rw
Capitalism and the Consequences of Biofuels. March 30, 2007 Revolution Newspaper - East Bay
Biofuel refers to fuels derived from recently living organisms, today mostly in the form of ethanol from plants such as sugar cane, soybeans, and oil palm. Biofuels often use more energy to produce than they contribute. Scientists hope that biofuels can replace much gasoline used today. Because the carbon in biofuels comes from CO2 that is taken out of the atmosphere by the living plants, some scientists argue that biofuels could contribute less to global warming than fossil fuels. And, biofuels could be grown year after year.
Others are saying that they require the use of fertilizers, which increase CO2, replace other plant life, deplete the soil, and are water intensive.
The use of biofuels has led to horrific consequences for the people of the world and the environment.
89% of the world's resources are absorbed by the advanced countries. Imperialism has produced a wasteful and destructive pattern of economic activity and industrial development.
This will continue to mean that the growing of crops for fuel, mostly for export to Europe, Japan and the US, is being done on large-scale plantations in the third world. Ancient forests are being cut down, threatening extinction for many species. Reduction of greenhouse gases is lost when carbon-capturing forests are cut down. In Malaysia, the production of palm oil for biodiesel is a major industry. The development of oil-palm plantations was responsible for an estimated 87% of deforestation. In Sumatra and Borneo, 4 million hectares of forest have been converted to palm farms. Now a further 6 million hectares are scheduled for clearance in Malaysia, and 16.5 million in Indonesia.
Thousands of indigenous people have been evicted from their lands, and some 500 Indonesians have been tortured when they tried to resist. The forest fires which every so often smother the region in smog are mostly started by the palm growers.
Hundreds of thousands of small-scale peasant farmers are being displaced by soybeans expansion. Many more stand to lose their land under the biofuels stampede. The expanding cropland planted to yellow corn for ethanol has reduced the supply of white corn for tortillas in Mexico, sending prices up 400%.
For investors in alternatives to oil and gas, the driving force has been the belief that whoever develops the next great energy sources will enjoy the spoils that will make the gains from creating the next Amazon.com or Google seem puny.
In the development of biofuels this means that they do not pay attention to long-term effects. The economy is broken up into competing units of capitalist control and ownership over the means of production. And each unit is fundamentally concerned with itself and its expansion and its profit. The economy, the constructed and natural environment, and society cannot be dealt with as a social whole under capitalism.
rw Ralph says: From practical experience in several countries including the old Soviet Union, I can assure our readers that socialism does not work either. Perhaps a benevolent universal dictatorsip is the only solution. In WW2 when food became scarce, rationing was willingly accepted. But will the citizens of the more advanced countries accept ethanol rationing so that more food can be sent to the poorer countries with continuing population growth??
Massive Diversion of U.S. Grain to Fuel Cars. March 21, 2007 Earth Policy News
Corn prices have doubled over the last year, wheat futures are at their highest level in 10 years, and rice prices are rising. The use of corn as the feedstock for fuel ethanol is creating consequences throughout the global food chain.
In Mexico, the price of tortillas is up by 60% percent. Angry Mexicans have forced the government to institute price controls on tortillas.
Food prices are also rising in China, India, and the US, 40% of the world's people. Vast quantities of corn are consumed indirectly in meat, milk, and eggs in both China and the US.
In China, pork prices were up 20% above a year earlier, eggs were up 16%. In India, the food price index in 2007 was 10% higher than a year earlier. The price of wheat has jumped 11%.
The U.S. Department of Agriculture projects that the wholesale price of chicken in 2007 will be 10% higher than in 2006, the price of eggs will be up 21%, and milk 14%, and this is only the beginning.
As more and more fuel ethanol distilleries are built, world grain prices are starting to move up toward their oil-equivalent value. In this new economy, if the fuel value of grain exceeds its food value, the market will move it into the energy economy. Some 16 of the 2006 U.S. harvest was used to produce ethanol. With 80 or so ethanol distilleries under construction, nearly a third of the 2008 grain harvest will be going to ethanol.
Since the United States is the leading exporter of grain, what happens to the U.S. grain crop affects the entire world. The world's breadbasket is fast becoming the U.S. fuel tank.
The UN lists 34 countries as needing emergency food assistance. Food aid programs have fixed budgets.
Protests in response to rising food prices could lead to political instability that would add to the list of failed and failing states. President Bush set a production goal for 2017 of 35 billion gallons of alternative fuels. Given the difficulties in producing cellulosic ethanol at a competitive cost and the mounting public opposition to liquefied coal, most of the fuel to meet this goal might have to come from grain. This could leave little grain to meet U.S. needs, much less those of the countries that import grain.
The risk is that millions of those on the lower rungs of the global economic ladder will start falling off as higher food prices drop their consumption below the survival level.
In 2007, 18,000 children are dying every day from hunger and malnutrition. There are alternatives. A rise in fuel efficiency standards of 20% over the next decade would save as much oil as converting the entire U.S. grain harvest into ethanol.
One option is plug-in hybrids. Adding a second storage battery to a gas-electric hybrid car along with a plug-in capacity allows most short-distance driving to be done with electricity. If this was accompanied by thousands of wind farms that could feed cheap electricity into the grid, then cars could run largely on electricity for the equivalent cost of $1 per gallon gasoline.
Toyota, Nissan, and GM, have announced plans to bring plug-in hybrid cars to market. It is time to decide whether to continue with subsidizing more grain-based distilleries or to encourage a shift to more fuel-efficient cars. The choice is between a future of rising world food prices, spreading hunger, and growing political instability, or one of stable food prices, sharply reduced dependence on oil, and much lower carbon emissions.
rw Karen Gaia says: No mention of there being too many people and too many people with large appetites for energy. Time to conserve energy. Move closer to your work and shopping. Move where you can walk or bicycle to whereever you need to go. Go from a multi-car family to a one car family and save money on gas, car insurance, and the car itself. And let's get away from globalization and back to bioregionlism. Take the farms away from the corporations and let the local people go back to farming. And give women access to ways to keep their family size small.
Are Politicians Avoiding the Real Reasons for Climate Change?. March 14, 2007 World Land Trust
According to the World Land Trust, politicians and environmentalists are not confronting the real reasons for climate change. "It is only when we confront the real issue that is driving the whole energy issue that we can hope to prevent the total chaos that is likely to result over the next few decades. And that is far too many people exist on this planet."
The population, with its ever increasing demands on the world's resources, is totally unsustainable. The developed world is only able to sustain its own use of resources by exploiting the less developed parts of the world, such as China, India and other parts of Asia. As they catch up, more and more resources will be consumed, particularly energy and water. Intensification of farming in the developed world has temporarily alleviated food shortages, but devastated wildlife, with millions of acres now barren of wild animals and plants, even migrant birds suffer.
Since the World Land Trust was created in 1989, more organizations are seeing the importance of preserving what little is left. It's not a huge amount, but by targeting key areas, perhaps something will survive for future generation when human populations are brought under control."
Meanwhile politicians try to convince us that a bit of recycling, and a more energy efficient light bulb will save the planet. They ignore the fact that every extra million human beings means huge amounts of oil, food and other resources are needed. Every Briton consumes more than a peasant farmer in Central Africa. In addition to wrecking the British countryside, Britons are also responsible for depleting the resources of many other parts of the world. In the past the problem has been resolved by war, famine and disease. All three loom close, and we are, still re-arranging the deck chairs on the Titanic, with the iceberg in full view.
rw
Too Many People, Not Enough Earth; Scientists Debate How Much Population the World Can Sustain . February 13, 2007 Columbus Dispatch
In the days of sailing ships, sailors left goats on islands to ensure fresh meat on return trips. It worked. The animals bred fast and ate all the vegetation and began to starve. The goats also screwed up the environment so that native species couldn't survive. The lesson of the goats applies to humans and this is how how our "island" has suffered.
There is air and water pollution, falling water tables, climate change and rampant extinction of wild plants and animals. Climate change is a sign that we are exceeding the number of people Earth can sustain.
Every year, 91 million humans are born in excess of those who die. That's 1 billion people every 11 years.
Right now, Earth's carrying capacity is in the range of 4 to 5 billion people. There are 6.5 billion of us.
Half of the world's population has little access to medicine, electricity, safe water and reliable food supplies.
If the 1.3 million residents of Franklin County had to live on the resources the county could provide, only about 100,000 would live here.
We're oblivious to that because we import the vast majority of our needs.
The US has the resources to sustain less than half of its current population of 300 million. Americans, who make up 5% of the world's population and use 25% of its resources. If all 6 billion people were to share the world's resources equally, Americans would have to reduce consumption by 80%.
There is a fear that slowing population growth might not curb greenhouse gas production if more people achieve Western lifestyles. China is opening one coal-fired power plant a week to meet electricity demand. Everyone in China wants their own apartment and their own car. People ask how many people the Earth can sustain. It depends on whether you want to live like an Indian or an American.
Each American consumes an average of 1,760 pounds annually, mainly because of the grains used to feed farm animals. If everyone on the planet consumed that much grain, Earth would support about 2.5 billion people.
In India, people consume about 440 pounds each. If everyone else in the world did likewise, the world's grain would support about 10 billion people.
Growing 1 ton of grain requires 1,000 tons of water.
There already are water shortages and, as water is diverted from agriculture to support growing urban populations, more grain must be imported.
Soybeans are increasingly in demand for biodiesel and ethanol now vies with food for corn. By 2008, half of the U.S. corn crop will go to ethanol. What happens to U.S. corn crops affects a lot of countries. This competition for energy and food will change the landscape.
If we replace our reliance on fossil fuels and instead grow fuel plants, that would require setting aside lots of land to produce ethanol and we don't have enough land worldwide to meet those demands.
Demand for food, fuel and materials already consumes more trees and crops than are being grown worldwide.
rw
Too Many People, Not Enough Earth. February 13, 2007 The Columbus Dispatch
In the days of sailing ships, sailors used to leave goats on islands for fresh meat on return trips. The animals bred fast, ate all the vegetation and began to starve. They also screwed up the environment so that native species couldn't survive. The lesson of the goats applies to humans and point out how our "island" has suffered.
There is pollution, falling water tables, climate change and extinction of wild plants and animals. We've created this problem because we've had virtually free energy in the form of fossil fuels.
Climate change is a sign that we are exceeding the number of people Earth can sustain.
Every year, at least 91 million humans are born in excess of those who die.
Earth's carrying capacity is thought to be somewhere in the range of 4 billion to 5 billion people.
There are 6.5 billion of us. No one is sure what the magic number is. You might have 50 billion, but the quality of life might not be pleasing.
If the 1.3 million residents of Franklin County had to live on the resources the county could provide, only about 100,000 would live here.
We happily import the vast majority of our needs.
The US has the resources to sustain less than half of its current population of 300 million. Americans, who make up 5% of the world's population, use 25% of its resources.
If all 6 billion people were to share the world's resources equally, Americans would have to reduce consumption by 80% for each of us. Carrying capacity is tied to the global economy, which has quadrupled since the world's population doubled.
That leads to a fear that slowing population growth might not curb greenhouse gas production if more people achieve Western lifestyles. People ask how many people the Earth can sustain. It depends on whether you want to live like an Indian or an American.
For example, farmers worldwide grow about 2 billion tons of grain every year. Each American consumes an average of 1,760 pounds annually, mainly because of the grains used to feed farm animals. If everyone on the planet consumed that much grain, Brown said, Earth would support about 2.5 billion people.
In India, people consume about 440 pounds each. If everyone else in the world did likewise, the world's grain would support about 10 billion people.
Growing 1 ton of grain requires 1,000 tons of water.
There are water shortages in Africa, Asia and the Middle East. As water is diverted from agriculture to support growing urban populations.
Soybeans are in demand for biodiesel and ethanol production vies with food for corn. By 2008, half of the U.S. corn crop may go to ethanol.
70% of all corn imports in the world come from the U.S. This competition for energy and food will change the landscape.
We don't have enough land worldwide to meet those demands for food, fuel and materials that already consumes more trees and crops than are being grown worldwide.
Humans are drawing on capital rather than interest, and once that is exhausted, they will find Mother Nature reluctant to make a loan.
rw
Human Ecological Footprint to Grow 34% by 2015, Finds Study. February 09, 2007 Mongabay.com
A modeling program known as STIRPAT empirically assessed factors that drive adverse environmental impacts and projected the 'ecological footprint' for 2015 for all countries with at least one million people. This a measurement of the stress placed on the environment by demands for resources to meet the need for food, housing, transportation, consumer goods and services. Ecological intensity is an impact multiplier, with a value of 1 indicating average intensity, less than one below average and greater than one greater than average.
Increases in population and affluence will expand human impact on the environment by over one-third. To mitigate this impact, countries would need to increase their efficiency of use of about 2% per year. Most of the impact will result from growth of consumption in China and India.
China would need to improve its efficiency by about 2.9% per year, and India by about 2.2% to offset the projected growth. The projected increases for China and India are 37% of the total global increase in footprint. In contrast, Russia is expected to see a 25% drop by 2015. "The impact of the US alone constitutes 17.5% of global environmental impact in 2015, as opposed to just over 20% at present.
The US has an ecological footprint 1.4 times as large as would be expected, based on its population size, level of affluence, land area, and latitude alone.
It is estimated that Earth has some 11.4 billion productive hectares, the human footprint of 2015 will increase to 1.6 planets. It is unlikely that technological advancements will be able to offset this growth rate, though the authors concede that concerted international effort could make it possible; "energy efficiencies of national economies have improved by as much as 5% per year in some cases."
rw
India Aims to End Poverty by 2040. February 06, 2007 BBC News
India's Finance Minister said poverty could be wiped out by 2040, due to India's economic growth.
But he said that 25% of all Indians, or more than 250 million people, were living in poverty, on less than $1 a day.
The rapid economic growth in India could have widened the gap between the richest and the poorest.
But those at the bottom of the pyramid have seen improvement in their lives. More should be done to combat low life expectancy and high mortality rates.
India has become a world economic power, with growth over the past three years averaging 8%. Based on purchasing power, it is now the world's fourth largest economy.
However, income per head in India is $720 a year.
rw Karen Gaia says: oil-based economies are not sustainable. Over-pumping of water from aquifers to grow crops for an ever-growing population is not sustainable.
UA Researcher Argues Sustainability is Sound, Smart Business Practice.. January 30, 2007 NewsWise.com
When corporations serve the world's 4 billion poor with affordable products that have low environmental impact, those businesses achieve sustainability. Sustainability is about reducing costs and developing new markets.
Many people think sustainability means only environmental regulation, but some leaders understand that sustainability increases efficiency and reduces waste and costs. It includes attention to product and package development, material sourcing, product formulation, material reuse, and efficient transportation networks. Multinational corporations must adopt sustainable practices to serve the 4 billion people worldwide who have per capita annual incomes of less than $1,500. This population has great needs and demand for products and services, but cannot afford expensive products. By participating in sustainability, corporations will be able to tap into this market with simple and affordable products. By using old methods, there are not enough materials in the world to serve everyone. This demand will be captured by companies that create innovative and efficient products. The green slogan 'reduce, reuse, recycle' is one method to stretch resources and reduce costs."
Sustainability includes financial, environmental and cultural components. The cultural component to sustainability is often overlooked. Technologically superior products may be rejected because they are too expensive or not packaged in a manner that is culturally sensitive.
The Indian subsidiary of Unilever developed an affordable detergent packaged in individual sachets that were less expensive and easier to use based on how Indian villagers wash clothes, resulting in a dramatic increase in revenues and profits. The villagers found value in the new packages.
A critical part of the sustainability means changing or improving products to reduce costs, increase safety or limit their effect on the environment. S.C. Johnson removed more than 1.8 million pounds of volatile compounds from Windex glass cleaner. The change gave the product 30%t more cleaning power and lowered its environmental impact.
rw Karen Gaia says: consumers can help by exercising purchasing power: stay informed and make wise, sustainable choices when buying.
Scotland;: North-east Global Footprint Project Leads to Action on Environmental Impact. January 29, 2007 Aberdeen City Council website (Scotland)
The North-east Scotland Global Footprint Reduction Report will be unveiled to mark the completion of research into the region's effect on the environment.
Data on energy use, transport, buildings, food habits, waste management and water use have been sent to the Stockholm Environment Institute's centre in York, which has provided a detailed picture of the North-east's environmental “footprint”.
Scientists have calculated that if everyone in the world were to live the North-east lifestyle, we would need three Planet Earths. People in Aberdeen and Aberdeenshire are consuming more resources than the Scottish average.
The average Scot would need 5.37 hectares of land and sea but the average shire resident would need 5.64 hectares and the average Aberdonian 5.8 hectares.
If the Earth's resources were spread evenly each person would have just 1.8 hectares.
Ecological footprinting is an important tool that will allow us to measure our policies and plans against their potential environmental impact. Aberdeenshire Council made a commitment last year and a variety of work is being done which supports its aims. The results of the Global Footprint Project allow us to assess the region's effect.
The research data is now being developed into a computer software programme, which will be used to influence the decision-making of Aberdeen City and Aberdeenshire Councils. Items include: energy efficiency for existing homes and buildings; new construction to be the highest environmental standards; alternative, sustainable energy sources; provide affordable, accessible public transport; create communities where workplaces and shopping are nearby.
Aberdeen will ensure that building refurbishment and new development will be energy efficient and sustainable communities will be created.
Aberdeenshire is working on a carbon management programme to cut carbon emissions. Pupils and teachers at nine schools in the region have also been calculating how their activities affect the environment. This is a precursor to an overall Scotland Global Footprint Project, which will be launched by the rest of the country's 32 local authorities.
rw
Book Review: Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail Or Succeed. January 24, 2007 Robson Valley Times
A book "How Societies choose to fail or succeed" by
Jared Diamond scrutinizes a large number of societies--past and present--to assess their sustainability. Examples of societies that have failed include Easter Island, the Anasazi, Societies facing environmental, population, and political problems are Rwanda, Australia, and China. Diamond makes controlled comparisons: contrasting two or more societies while holding constant as many variables as possible.
For example, the island of Hispaniola is composed of two societies: Haiti and the Dominican Republic. Haiti is one of the poorest countries in the world, while the Dominican Republic has a booming economy. Only 1% of Haiti is forested, in contrast to 28% of the Dominican Republic. Because its trees are gone, Haiti lacks building materials and has suffered extensive soil erosion, loss of soil fertility, sediment loads in rivers, loss of watershed protection, and decreased rainfall.
Factors contributing to societal collapse include deforestation and habitat destruction, soil erosion, salinization, soil fertility loss, poor water management, overhunting, overfishing, introduction of non-indigenous animal species, and human population growth. In addition we face world-wide pollution and global warming. Even though the US is successful, we are engaged in the same destructive processes that have contributed to the collapse of numerous societies in the past.
Diamond believes that these problems must be reversed in the next 50 years if our civilization is to survive. It will depend on governments moving beyond short-term political gains to successful long-term planning. It will also depend on people and businesses to to force responsible political action.
rw
Cuba Leads in Sustainable Development. January 07, 2007 Canadian Dimension
Cuba is the only country in the world with sustainable development, and registered a 12.5% increase in its GDP during the last 12 months. In 2007, Cuba will assign 22.6% of its GDP for public health and education. Spending for health, education, culture, sports, security and social assistance represent 69% of the 2007 budget.
The progress of countries toward sustainable development can be assessed using the UN Human Development Index (HDI) as an indicator of well-being, and the ecological footprint as a measure of demand on the biosphere. As world population grows, less biocapacity is available per person. In 2003, Asia-Pacific and Africa regions were using less than world average per person, while the European Union countries and North America had crossed the threshold for high human development. Only Cuba qualified for sustainable development.
The Havana government has organized a socialist society with a high level of literacy, education, long life expectancy, low infant mortality and low energy consumption.
It is the world's leader in organic agriculture, and is making contributions to medical research, not to mention that Cuban doctors are serving the people in poor developing countries. Cuba has developed a considerable research capability.
Castro declared: Humanity is going through difficult times, plus a non-stop consumption process typical of the globalized imperialist system.
rw
Asia-Pacific Environment At Boiling Point. December 23, 2006 Scoop Independent News
Asian and Pacific societies are living beyond their ecological means, and if they are to continue expansion, will have to shift towards 'green growth' patterns. Problems include a population density 1.5 times the global average, the lowest freshwater per capita, a biologically productive area per capita that is less than 60% of the global average, and arable and crop land per capita less than 80% the global average.
Meanwhile polluting industries are growing more rapidly in developing countries, agro-industry is chemical, energy, and water-intensive and lifestyles are becoming increasingly waste and energy intensive.
Natural forests are retreating, water extraction rates are unsustainable in 16 countries and irrigation systems are inefficient and poorly maintained. The long term sustainability of the water supply is threatened by climate change, which may cause long-term reductions in water flows from glacier melt.
More economic growth is inevitable, and countries must meet the development challenges.
Countries in South Asia will face the toughest issues in coming decades as population growth, changing water regimes and climates, and rising demand for energy, water and other necessities all come to a head.
Pollution control is becoming more effective and market forces are pushing firms towards greater resource efficiency. As incomes increase consumption patterns become less environmentally sustainable.
rw
Switzerland;: Natural Resources Still Being Wasted. December 16, 2006 Swissinfo/Swiss Radio International
A report shows that Switzerland's ecological footprint is equivalent to 4.7 hectares per person.
Worldwide there are only 1.8 hectares available per person, meaning the Swiss are using other people's resources. The current global average is 2.2 hectares.
Industrialised nations use on average three times more resources than they should be allowed to.
If you look at figures, there is no way you can say the Swiss are contributing to sustainable development.
The Swiss public and the authorities are slowly accepting the idea of sustainable development.
The problem is that they do not worry about the global environment and problems like CO2 levels or global warming.
While environmental conditions are no longer worsening in Switzerland, the Swiss are contributing to problems abroad when they travel or through investments in the global economy.
Energy efficiency has improved in the production of goods and services, but failed to slow increased consumption as workers become more mobile.
One of the biggest concerns is land use and the current construction boom.
We should freeze building zones at current levels and increase construction density to halt urban sprawl and reduce energy consumption for transport.
The state may have to intervene, balancing individual rights with the need to ensure the long-term viability of resources.
rw
China is Reaching Its Environmental Limits. November 15, 2006 New York Times*
For the first time,it seems that China is reaching its environmental limits. If it doesn't radically change to greener, more sustainable modes, the Chinese miracle is going to turn into an eco-nightmare.
For three decades China's economy has grown at 10% per year, based on low-cost labor and little regard for waste. China may be approaching a sudden stop: When you stress a system to a certain point, it just stops working.
China's leaders understand the crisis, but their response is complicated by so many Chinese flooding from the countryside to cities. Political stability depends on finding those people jobs, and jobs depend on growth.
But China can't grow now and clean up later. The China Daily reported that at least 24 million acres of cultivated land - one-tenth of the country's total arable land - is polluted, posing a "grave threat" to China's food safety. More than half its rivers are polluted, which is why less than 9% of "drinkable water" meets government standards. Many wells have excessive nitrates that can cause diabetes or kidney damage.
Chinese officials fear that if they move to environmental cleanup, "China will not be such a low-cost producer and that will affect jobs." But green companies are always more efficient, and China has a chance to become a major innovator of low-cost green solutions. Shanghai is trying to expand by building the first eco-metropolis in China, based on eco-tourism, farming, wind and solar power. But you see this massive bridge that is about to connect Chongming to central Shanghai, and one wonders what will happen to all the green plans when all the trucks and consumers start rushing in.
rw
Canadians No. 4 in Using Up Earth. October 25, 2006 The Star
Canada ranks fourth when it comes to gobbling up resources, according to the Living Planet Report, released in Beijing by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF). The United Arab Emirates, the United States and Finland are ahead of Canada. People are turning resources into waste faster than nature can turn waste back into resources.
Humans are consuming resources far beyond Earth's capacity to support them. If this continues, humanity will be using two planets' worth of natural resources by 2050. One impact is evident: Total global populations of mammals, reptiles, fish and birds have dropped by nearly a third since 1970.
The footprint of a country includes cropland, grazing land, forest and fishing grounds to produce food, fibre and timber this consumes, to absorb the wastes emitted in generating the energy it uses, and to provide space for its infrastructure. On average, every person on Earth needs 2.2 hectares, but the planet has only 1.8 hectares of capacity per person. The American lifestyle requires 9.6 hectares and combined with its 294 million population it is the biggest drain on Earth's resources.
China's 1.3 billion people give it a massive total impact, and rapid economic development is swelling its footprint.
The average Canadian's lifestyle requires 7.6 hectares. Afghanistan, just 0.1 of a hectare. Blessed with a small population, and a wealth of resources, Canadians still consume less than their environment offers.
Canada has been headed in the wrong direction for quite a while. For example, over-fishing has decimated Atlantic cod. In southern Alberta, development is fueling demand for water while climate change shrinks the supply. The mountain pine beetle is destroying much of treed B.C. and threatens to invade central Canada's boreal forest.
Nearly half the human footprint globally, and even more in Canada, comes from burning coal, oil and natural gas.
Most wildlife population losses have been in the tropical and subtropical forests, grasslands and oceans.
The Earth has enough resources to sustain all species only if humans reduce their average footprint to one hectare.
Sustainability depends on action now, when even strong measures to curb emissions and slow population growth would take decades.
rw
Ecological Footprints: Enormous Challenges. June 26, 2006 Gorkhapatra (Nepal)
An individual, a community, or a nation needs a precise area of land to provide resources and absorb the wastes generated. The available productive area is 1.9 hectares per person but the average requirement has crossed 2.3 hectares and we would need 1.5 Earths to live sustainably.
All human activity has an impact on the planet. Ecological Footprint (EF) is one of the effective tools for measuring our impact on the resources of the Earth. It is the amount of productive land area required to sustain the human being. It is the bio-productive area required to produce the resources we consume and assimilate the wastes we generate. So, EF is a measure of the 'load' imposed by a given population. The value for this measure for London City is 120 times more than the area of the city. The largest EF belongs to the citizens of the US, at approximately 10 hectares. This means that 5 Earths are required if the consumption rate globally is that of the Americans. Currently, humanity's EF is more than the Earth's capacity. We are using about a third more than nature can regenerate. The challenge of sustainability is to find ways to create fulfilling lives while reducing our impact on the Earth. Dramatically more efficient use of resources and cyclical systems are necessary. EF is is useful for evaluating and comparing the total environmental impact of activities and can be calculated for countries, businesses, households, individuals, and most recently, educational institutions. The indicators for calculating EF include nature of food consumption and diet, expenses for transport, household goods, household energy, household services, and some other general issues. There are different equations and models developed to calculate the EF. Contributing to lessening the EF is the need of today's time. It is established that a person who walks or takes public transportation has a smaller EF than someone who commutes fifty miles in a sport utility vehicle that gets 15 miles to the gallon. A vegetarian has a smaller EF than someone who has steak every night. A family of 4 living in a 3000 square foot energy efficient house has a smaller EF than a family of two living in a 4000 square foot, poorly insulated house. Locally-grown food has a much smaller EF. EF can be reduced if someone becomes vegetarian, uses public transportation or cycles and walks, reduces air travel, lessens the consumptions of clothes and footwear, stationeries, computers, reduces the electricity and cooking gas expenses, reduces firewood use at home and replaces it with alternative and renewable energy sources.
rw
U.S.: Senate Immigration Bill Would Allow 100 Million New Legal Immigrants Over the Next Twenty Years. May 15, 2006 Heritage Foundation
If enacted, the Comprehensive Immigration Act would be the most dramatic change in immigration law in 80 years, allowing an estimated 103 million to legally immigrate to the U.S. over the next 20 years. The bill grants amnesty to some 10 million illegal immigrants but no attention has been given to the fact that the bill would quintuple the rate of legal immigration into the US, raising the inflow of legal immigrants from around one million per year to over five million per year. The law would add an extra 84 million legal immigrants to the population.
The maximum number that could legally enter would be almost 200 million over twenty years, over 180 million more than current law permits.
The three legal statuses that a legal immigrant might hold:
1. Temporary Status: Persons enter the U.S. temporarily and are required to leave after a period of time.
2. Near-Permanent, Convertible Status: Persons enter the U.S. are given the opportunity to convert to legal permanent residence after a few years.
3. Legal Permanent Residence (LPR): Persons have the right to remain in the United States for their entire lives. After five years, they have the right to become citizens. Immigrants in convertible or LPR status have the right to bring spouses and minor children into the country. They will be granted permanent residence with the primary immigrant and may become citizens. After naturalizing, an immigrant has the right to bring his parents into the U.S. as permanent residents. There are no limits on the number of spouses, dependent children, and parents of naturalized citizens that may be brought into the country. The siblings and adult children with their families of legal permanent residents are given preference in future admission. Four provisions would result in an explosive increase in legal immigration:
1) Amnesty and citizenship to 85% of the current 11.9 million illegal immigrants, 2) The New 'Temporary Guest Worker' Program, 3)Additional Permanent Visas for Siblings, Adult Children, and their Families, and 4) Additional Permanent Employment Visas.
Those in the U.S. for five years or more would be granted immediate amnesty. Those in the country between two and five years could travel to one of 16 ports of entry, where they would receive amnesty and lawful work permits. In total, the bill would grant amnesty to 85% of the illegal immigrant population, 10 million individuals.
After amnesty, illegal immigrants would spend six years before attaining LPR status. After five years in LPR status, they would have the opportunity to become naturalized citizens. There would be no numeric limit on the number of illegal immigrants, spouses, and dependents receiving LPR status. Under the New Temporary Guest Worker Program: nearly all guest workers would have the right to become permanent residents and citizens.
Foreign workers could enter the U.S. as guest workers if they have a job offer from a U.S. employer. Guest workers would be allowed to remain in the U.S. for six years. However, in the fourth year, the guest worker could ask for LPR status and would receive it if he or she has learned English or is enrolled in an English class. There are no numeric limits on the number of guest workers who could receive LPR status. Then the guest worker could remain in the country permanently and could become a U.S. citizen and vote in U.S. elections after just five years.
The spouses and minor children of guest workers would also be permitted to immigrate to the U.S. Five years after obtaining LPR status, these spouses could become naturalized citizens with no limit on the number of spouses and children who could immigrate under the guest worker program. In the first year, 325,000 visas would be given out, but if employer demand for guest workers is high, that number could be boosted by an extra 65,000 in the next year. If employer demand continues to be high, the number of visas could be raised by up to 20% in each year.
This allows the number of immigrants to climb steeply. If the H-2C cap were increased by 20% each year, within twenty years the annual inflow of workers would reach 12 million and 70 million guest workers would enter the U.S. over the next two decades and none would be required to leave. The guest worker program is an open door based on the demands of U.S. business. It is an open border provision.
The permanent entry of non-immediate relatives such as brothers, sisters, and adult children is currently subject to a cap of 480,000 per year minus the number of immediate relatives admitted in the prior year. This bill eliminates the deduction for immediate relatives from the cap and increases the number of non-immediate relatives who could attain LPR status by 254,000 per year.
The U.S. currently issues around 140,000 employment-based visas each year. Now the U.S. would issue 450,000 employment-based green cards per year between 2007 and 2016. After 2016, the number would fall to 290,000 per year. This means that some 990,000 persons per year would be granted LPR status until 2016 and, after that, 638,000 per year.
Assumptions made for the estimates in this paper include: *In the current employment-based visa program, 1.2 dependents enter for each incoming worker. The ratio of incoming spouses and children to amnesty recipients is assumed to be only 0.6.
* Parents of naturalized citizens make up 8% of all new legal immigrants. This paper assumes that half of all adult immigrants will naturalize after five years and 30% of the parents of these naturalized citizens will immigrate in the three years after their childrens naturalization.
* This paper assumes that the number of immigrants in the guest worker program would increase at a more moderate rate of 10% per year. Alternative estimates for 20% and 0% growth are also presented.
Today roughly 950,000 persons receive permanent residence visas each year. Over 20 years, the inflow of immigrants through this channel would be 19 million under existing law. The bill would grant amnesty to roughly 10 million illegal immigrants. The number of family-sponsored visas for secondary family members, such as adult brothers and sisters, is currently limited to 480,000 per year minus the number of visas given to immediate family members (spouses, minor children, and parents of U.S. citizens). The bill allows the total quota on secondary family members to be 480,000 without deductions for immediate family members. The net increase would be around 254,000 per year, or 5.1 million over 20 years. Total annual immigration under this provision is likely to be 450,000 workers plus 540,000 family members annually. The net increase above current law over 20 years would be around 13.5 million persons. The guest worker would allow 325,000 persons to participate in the first year. This number could rise by 65,000 in the next year and then by 20% per year. The total inflow of workers under this program would be 20 million over 20 years. Guest workers could bring their spouses and children to the U.S. as permanent residents; the added number would be 24 million over 20 years. Illegal immigrants who received amnesty could bring their spouses and children into the U.S. with the opportunity for full citizenship. The number would be at least six million. Naturalized citizens would have an unlimited right to bring their parents into the U.S. as legal permanent residents. Over twenty years, the number of parents would be around five million. Overall, the bill would allow some 103 million persons to legally immigrate over the next twenty years. The net inflow of illegal immigrants into the U.S. population is around 700,000 per year. Legal immigration would exceed five million per year, seven times the rate of the current illegal immigration flow.
The figure of 103 million new legal immigrants is based on the assumption that immigration under the guest worker program would grow at 10% per year. If guest-worker immigration grows at the maximum rate, 20% per year, the total number of new immigrants coming to the U.S. over the next twenty years would be 193 million. If immigration under the program did not increase at all for two decades but remained fixed at the initial level of 325,000 per year, total legal immigration under CIRA would be 72 million over twenty years, or more than three times the level that would occur under current law.
Between 1870 and 1920, the U.S. experienced a massive flow of immigration. During this period, foreign born persons hovered between 13% and 15% of the population. In 1924, Congress reduced future immigration. By 1970, foreign born persons had fallen to 5%.
The foreign born now comprise around 12% of the population. However, if this bill was enacted, and 100 million new immigrants entered the country over the next twenty years, foreign born persons would rise to over one quarter of the U.S. population. If enacted, this would be the most dramatic change in immigration law in 80 years. The bill would give amnesty to 10 million illegal immigrants and quintuple the rate of legal immigration into the U.S. Under the bill, the annual inflow of immigrants with the option of becoming legal permanent residents would rise from the current level of one million per year to more than five million per year. Within a few years, the annual inflow of new immigrants would exceed one percent of the current U.S. population. This would be the highest immigration rate in U.S. history.
Within 20 years, some 103 million new immigrants would enter the U.S. This number is about one-third of the current U.S. population. All of these immigrants would be permanent residents with the right to become citizens and vote in U.S. elections. CIRA would transform the United States socially, economically, and politically. Within two decades, the character of the nation would differ dramatically from what exists today.
rw Karen Gaia says: The article does not even mention the impacts to the environment and what about the impact of a doubling of the U.S. population upon the carrying capacity of this planet? Ralph says: It is time that we arrived at a sensible limit to the number of people our country can support. Then limit the population to that figure.
Africa: Battle to Save Earth Will Be Fought in the Cities. February 28, 2006 Cape Times
The battle to save the environment will be won or lost in its cities, calims Klaus Töpfer, executive director of the UN Environment Programme, who sketched a picture of a world population living way beyond the ability of the planet to sustain its consumption of resources and generation of waste. We are overusing our natural capital and the solutions must be linked to our cities. "Energy use has increased 16 times, water use has increased nine times, fish catches have increased 40 times, all in the space of one lifetime," Töpfer said. It is in cities that there is a high consumption of resources and generation of pollution. The presence of slums were indicative of cities that were dysfunctional. It had been shown that the world's people were consuming natural resources at a faster rate than the planet could sustain. Cities have to accept that biodiversity must be conserved alongside urban expansion. rw
Is it Ethical to Have Children?. January 22, 2006 The Observer
Increasingly, having kids throws up sustainability angst in the developed world. While 'mother earth' moniker might give the impression that she is waiting with open arms to welcome our offspring, we know we're pushing it. Europeans use three times their fair share of land and resources to sustain their lifestyles, while Americans push this up to five times. We are duty bound to weigh up the biological clocks against increasing environmental degradation and over-population. The global population is predicted to expand to 9bn by 2050 yet the answer to combating global poverty lies in having fewer children. Eminent scientists have called for urgent discussion on population management. The world cannot sustain a burgeoning global population, even with lifestyle alterations which mitigate pressure on shelter, food and water. However, you can take heart from new calculations from the University of Bucharest, which suggest that the earth could sustain 200,000 times the amount of people housed already. However, it would be very unpleasant, due to an almighty fight over essential life-sustaining resources. New parents would seem to have a vested interest in supporting renewable energy, local food and water and energy conservation. rw
Flunks Traffic Test. January 22, 2006 California Association of Governments
Southern California residents are experiencing increased delays in traffic and a decline in their quality of life. For the first time, traffic mobility in Southern California earned a flunking grade. Travelers in Riverside and San Bernardino counties are spending about 55 hours a year stuck in traffic. Commuters in Los Angeles and Orange counties topped the nation's urban areas with an average delay of 93 hours during peak periods. Congestion on the region's roads and highways costs about $12 billion annually. Traffic mobility earned a failing grade because of planning inadequately for population growth and new-home construction. Regional leaders took advantage of the failing grade to pitch support for Gov. Schwarzenegger's proposed multibillion-dollar state infrastructure bond. The regional planning council is made up of six counties that collectively have 187 cities and a population of 18 million. Southern California has the highest housing-cost burdens for owners and renters and the highest poverty rates in the country. rw
China Pays Huge Price for Its Peaceful Rising. January 15, 2006 China Post
China's peaceful rise is phenomenal and the envy of many in the world. The country's economy in 2005 could become the fourth largest in the world. But the achievement is costly, in social and environmental terms. The gap between rich and poor is widening and the deterioration of the environment is threatening the country's economic development. China's measurement of a country's income inequality has doubled in the past 20 years. Mainland China's increased GDP in 2005 will make the inequality worse. The mainland's city vs countryside income ratio could be as high as 6:1. Mainland China ranks 90th in the UNDP's 131-nation human-development index and leads the world in creating one of the most unequal societies in history. The cost to the environment is even greater. Public accidents have caused more than one million casualties each year, and economic losses of 650 billion yuan (US$80 billion). In 2004, these accidents killed 210,000 people and injured another 1.75 million. In the mining sector, mainland China has the world's worst record. In the past month, accidents claimed more than 300 lives. From 2001 to 2004, accidents in China's coal mines claimed 6,282 lives a year. Chemical spills and toxic emissions keep contaminating the water and air. Last month a metal factory near Hong Kong leaked cancer-causing cadmium into the Bei River. This month, a fertilizer plant in Sichuan dumped 600 tons of sulfuric acid into the Qijiang River. These problems, plus income inequalities, could trigger social unrest. rw
Can Our Planet Support the Rise of China and India?. January 14, 2006 Taipei Times
Two of Washington's environmental think tanks warn that the economic boom in China and India could present one of the world's gravest threats to the environment. The two countries have 2.5 billion people, or nearly 40% of the world's population. China eats up one-third of the world's rice, over one-quarter of the world's steel and nearly half of its cement. The Earth cannot supply these countries' rising demands for energy, food, and raw materials. The use of oil has doubled in India since 1992, while China has becoming the world's second largest importer in 2004. Prices worldwide have soared as India and China scooped up shares in oil companies. The US is still the greatest burner of oil, using 25% of global annual supplies and producing 25% of carbon. The average US citizen requires about 9.7 hectares to provide resources and space for waste, 205% of what the country can provide. That figure is only 1.6 hectares for the average Chinese, or 201% of the country's capacity, and 0.8 hectares for the average Indian, or 210% of the country's capacity. Both India and China have programs to use renewable energies. India now aims to raise its share of renewable energies to 20% to 25%. China and India are signatories of the Kyoto Protocol, but as developing nations they are exempted from cutting their emissions. China has taken voluntary measures which have had a very positive impact. rw
They Want to Make Children Extinct. December 06, 2005 Herald, The (UK)
Les Knight is the founder of the Voluntary Human Extinction Movement, a network of people dedicated to phasing out the human race in the interest of the planet. Whereever humans live, not much else lives and human activities are damaging the biosphere. More people means more damage. So no people at all be best for the planet, Knight claims. The UN estimates that the human population, currently at 6.5 billion, is well on its way to 9.1 billion in 2050. Estimates place a sustainable population in which most people are able to enjoy their lives at between one billion and two billion. The growing population is wreaking havoc on the Earth's systems and setting up civilisation for a hard fall. Regardless of the merits of reducing the population to nil - as Knight advocates - it's pretty clear that the world could do without any additional people. A single new American born in the 1990s will be responsible, over his or her life, for 22m lbs of liquid waste and 2.2m lbs each of solid waste and atmospheric waste. He or she will have a lifetime consumption of 4000 barrels of oil, 1.5m lbs of minerals and 62,000 lbs of animal products that will entail the slaughter of 2000 animals. In many ways, the idea of reducing the world's population is as much about human quality of life as it is about the health of the planet. Childbearing is irresponsible, is selfish, when so many aren't getting the love and attention they deserve. Knight says there's a taboo against talking about population control that has resulted in many environmental groups either not addressing population or doing so inadequately. In light of the number of species becoming extinct because of our increase, and the tens of thousands of children dying every day from preventable causes, there's just no good reason to have a child. Having a child is an endorsement of the idea that it's possible to have a sustainable ecosystem that includes humans - that it's possible to find a way out of the mess we've created. The reasons not to breed can only illuminate the gulf between reason and emotion. However, even Knight, in his oddly cheery brand of pessimism, thinks that the drive to breed may be insurmountable. Statistics for global warming, population growth, food production and pollution add up to a pretty gloomy picture for the future. rw
NGO Stresses Eco-friendly Lifestyle. December 2005 Korea Times
A survey indicates that the area of land and water required to support a population at its current standard of living for an average Korean, stood at 3.56 hectares this year. This is nearly double the globally available 1.8 hectares per person to supply all human resource consumption and waste production in the earth’s productive areas, meaning mankind would need at least one more planet to live on should everyone follow the lifestyle of Koreans. The concept of ecological footprints is a measurement of environmental stress, that estimates the area of the Earth’s productive land and water required to support a defined economy or human population at a specified standard of living. Industrialized economies require far more land than they have, which impacts the resources in other countries. The ecological footprint of the average Korean is at a lower level than most, but more than double the average of the rest of the world. However, the lifestyle of Koreans has become more environmentally sustainable as compared to 2003. An increased number of people are putting more effort into reducing waste and using more energy-efficient products. The increasing number of Koreans living in apartments and multi-household residences has reduced their environmental impact. To improve the sustainability Green Korean United recommended using public transport to work or carpooling, buying locally grown foods and goods to reduce transportation, reducing water consumption, reducing and recycling trash, and reducing packaging. rw
Opinion: a Growing Threat We Can't Ignore. November 08, 2005 Star Tribune (US)
by Ray Warner .. On Hwy. 169, the northbound lanes turn into parking lots that pollute the air and waste thousands of hours and gasoline. The problem is increasing population density. The carrying capacity of any region is the population it can sustain over the long haul without environmental degradation. Experts have agreed that Earth's carrying capacity is about 2.5 billion people, a point passed some 65 years ago. And we're rapidly closing in on a global-population three times that large. Some renewable resources have ceased to renew themselves, for example, most of the ocean's species have been overfished, to the point of collapsed breeding stocks. Growing population is the most dire threat to civilization. But it's too easy to ignore if one chooses to be in denial. In view of the devastating cost of exceeding carrying capacity, why do so many public figures advocate further population increases? Probably they believe that "economic growth follows population growth." The clich' "smart growth" is an oxymoron when the growth is beyond carrying capacity. Religious leaders are population boosters when they fight against the availability and use of contraception. We have politicians who declare that abortion is the most pernicious practice in the world today, and then by arbitrary decision guarantee a surge in abortions. For four years Congress has approved $34 million needed to pay UNFPA, and each year the administration has withdrawn the appropriation. The U.N. estimates that the result has been 800,000 additional abortions, 4,700 maternal deaths, 77,000 infant deaths, and some 2 million unwanted pregnancies. Contraception must be provided worldwide at low or no cost with comprehensive sex education. We must put an end to illegal immigration and stop importing large groups of people. We can stabilize population by methods that are straightforward and humane. Or we can let nature take over and use famine, pestilence and war, all already in vigorous action. The choice is ours. rw
Livability Isn't Sustainability. November 02, 2005 George Straight website
Rrural-urban migration has swelled the population of the world’s cities 50% to three billion and is expected to add another 2.2 billion by 2030. Most of this growth will take place in the poorest cities. How sustainable are the world’s cities, both rich and poor? Some argue that people come to cities to better themselves and slums are a transitional phase that will be eliminated by economic growth. Once people get rich enough to care about air and water quality, they’ll deal with it. Can economic growth and technological fill all the potholes on the road to sustainability? On the simplest level, something is sustainable if it can safely remain in its present state indefinitely. But how can we determine whether or not a society is overusing its critical ecosystems? By using ecological-footprint analysis (EFA) that estimates the area of average land and water ecosystems required, to supply the resources consumed, and assimilate the wastes produced, by any specified population. The residents of the world’s rich cities require five to 10 hectares of productive ecosystem per capita compared to half-hectare needed by the poorest. EFA shows that although modern urbanites may reside in cities, the ecosystems that support their lifestyles may be in other countries half a world away. Most of the pollution generated by China’s factory cities is attributable to consumption by people living in high-income cities. This is no small problem. The average human eco-footprint is 2.2 hectares, but there are only 1.8 hectares of productive land and water ecosystems remaining per person on Earth. North American standards would require four additional Earthlike planets! No lifestyle is sustainable if it could not safely be shared by all members of the human family. Until we have made progress toward reducing our average eco-footprint from almost 7 to 1.8 hectares, our “most livable” city will remain one of the least sustainable on Earth. rw
New Measure of Wealth Accounts for Resource Depletion, Environmental Damage. September 28, 2005 Mongabay.com
Accounting for resource depletion and population growth, shows that net savings per person are negative in the world's most impoverished countries. Current indicators used to guide development decisions such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP) ignore depletion of resources and damage to the environment. The World Bank offers new estimates including capital, natural resources, and the value of human skills, which show that many of the poorest countries are not on a sustainable path. Including the value of natural resources and our social capital in accounting is a vital step to achieve economic growth that is equitable and sustainable. The publication ranks countries according to total wealth, highlighting the 10 wealthiest and the 10 poorest countries. Switzerland heads the list of the top-ten performers, the other nine being European countries, the US and Japan. Sub-Saharan Africa dominates the bottom-10, with Ethiopia the lowest in total wealth. If their net saving rate is negative then this is a signal that the development path is not sustainable. There are exceptions, a new The World Bank has a new publication, Where is the Wealth of Nations? It says that, accounting for the actual value of natural resources, including resource depletion and population growth, net savings per person are negative in the world's most impoverished countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa.
Mauritania has improved its prospects through better management of fisheries, while Botswana has used diamond resources to finance schooling, health care, and infrastructure. In Botswana, the government makes provision to ensure that mineral revenues are invested rather than consumed through government expenditures. It maintains a mineral revenue fund which can finance future investments and buffer the government budget from swings in diamond prices. This has permitted Botswana to avoid the 'resource curse' that has afflicted many oil producers. Decision makers in developing countries are faced with difficult choices regarding the exploitation of natural resources and the environmental impacts of development, but they are leaving out the natural resources and intangible capital such as knowledge and skills. This publication challenges common assumptions about how nations generate their wealth. This snapshot of wealth for 120 countries aims to understand the links between the ability of a country to develop and the level and composition of wealth. The value of minerals, energy, forests, cropland, pastureland, and protected areas is a higher share of total wealth in low-income countries than produced capital, 26% to 16%. If we can't control the deconstruction of natural systems, then we will jeopardize our efforts to make lasting, progress on improving the standard of living of the world's poorest people. The indicators can guide countries toward a sustainable path.
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US Louisina: With Fishing Industry Wiped Out at Midseason, Forecast Is Bleak. September 11, 2005 Los Angeles Times
Hurricane Katrina crashed onto Louisiana's only populated barrier island. What the wind failed to destroy, the storm surge washed away. The extent of the damage on Louisiana's $2.7-billion fishing industry is becoming clearer. Officials say the long-term outlook is bleak. It is estimated that it will take 18 months to get commercial fishing running. But it may not be worth it for some fishermen who must invest as much as $1 million for a shrimp boat. "Before the storm, I'd barely make it," said Rene Vegas, who owns the Bridgeside Marina. "Now it will be so much worse." Normally shrimpers find other work after the season ends in December. This region supplies about 30% of this nation's seafood. Commercial fishing employs 27,000 people in Louisiana and supports a robust shipping and boat-making industry, which also has been destroyed. With many boats wrecked, fishermen won't be able to make their way to the Gulf Coast. Shrimpers lack ice and buyers to sell to. The freshwater and seawater areas are tainted with raw sewage, spilled chemicals and toxic substances. State law dictates that water quality standards be met before oysters are harvested. Because the industry relies on clean water and wetlands to maintain habitat, efforts to restore Louisiana's fisheries are likely to be problematic. Even offshore fish and crustaceans use coastal marshes as nurseries. Louisiana's coastal wetlands are the fastest-disappearing land mass on Earth and officials estimate entire barrier islands and much of the land in the marsh areas were lost. Grand Isle is accessible by four-wheel-drive vehicles, firetrucks are providing with water via hoses strung across the causeway. Boats are under homes, across roads, and upside-down on top of cars. rw
33 Years Later: the Limits to Growth . August 14, 2005 Business Standard (India)
Dennis Meadows, the co-author of “The Limits to Growth”, which the Club of Rome issued in 1972 to spark the sustainability debate, says the Club of Rome was right in saying what it did. And since we have done nothing to address the concerns raised in the 1972 report, we have less time than before to take corrective action.
The global population has grown from around 3.5 billion in 1972, to more than 6 billion today. Industrial production has gone from an index of about 180 in 1963 to more than 400. The index of world metals use has gone up more than 50%. The concentration of carbon dioxide has gone up increasing in 30 years by as much as in the previous 220. Mankind’s "global ecological footprint" has gone from a sustainability level of about 90% of the earth’s capacity, to 120%. We are beyond the sustainability point. We have not realised that we have crossed the sustainability limit because we are drawing down on nature’s bank balance and that cannot go on indefinitely. We have already used up half that grace period. The challenge now is the population must stop growing, and we must change our consumption, because we cannot continue to make today’s claims on the environment. India wants to get our income levels up from $600 per capita to at least $2,000, at which level there is no absolute poverty left. If you factor in what that will mean for energy and other non-renewable resources, it seems pretty obvious that what we have already seen in the markets for oil and iron ore are a foretaste of what is to come. Oil may already have reached the level of peak production, and what that means for the global economy is frightening. Does that mean that India and China should not aspire to what the developed economies have delivered by way of standards of living? It seems an unfair question when the west is unwilling to change its consumption habits. If neither happens, and even if some technological fixes can buy us some time, the message is straightforward. Things cannot go on as before.
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U.K.: Fears of Overdevelopment Explosion . July 27, 2005 Muswell Hill Journal
Haringey Council's high-density housing policy is unsustainable according to the secretary of the Haringey Federation of Residents Associations (HFRA). Documents reveal the Greater London Authority (GLA) has been pressuring the council to adopt a target of 19,370 new homes by 2016, an increase of 40,000. However, it has been revealed the GLA had concluded there was a "potential capacity" of only 8,640 homes. Haringey Council's executive member for housing, said they were concerned about overdevelopment, but must comply with the London Plan. The figure of 8,600 dwellings relates to a period of 10 years and the figure of 19,370 relates to the 20-year target. The executive decided to amend the draft to propose tripling Haringey's current maximum densities, set in 1998, to 1,100 habitable rooms per hectare. Islington has a maximum of 450 hrh and Camden of 617 hrh. Residents' organisations have been challenging many of the proposed policies and call on the council to abandon unsustainable policies which have been rejected by the surrounding boroughs. rw
Europe is Losing the Fight for Sustainability . June 21, 2005 EDIE
In a report from WWF, Europe 2005: The Ecological Footprint, the EU is using resources at twice the rate the world can renew them. Tony Long, director of policy for WWF Europe, said: "Over 30 years ago the report Limits to Growth created an international controversy suggesting that the human economy would soon exceed the Earth's carrying capacity, leading to a decrease in industrial output and a decline in well-being in the mid 21st century. In 2005 overshoot is no longer a hypothesis but a reality." While the continent's population makes up 7% of the world's total, Europeans use 17% of its capacity. Human demands on the Earth's resources began to outstrip the ability to meet them some time around 1986 and the situation has got gradually worse as populations and economies grow. Humanity's annual demand for resources is now exceeding Earth's capacity by more than 20%. The report measures the land area needed to produce food, fibre and energy, absorb waste and provide space for infrastructure. There is a trend for more affluent nations to make a larger footprint and consume more per head. Globally the United Arab Emirates, the United States and Kuwait top the chart, while Thailand, the Dominican Republic and Namibia make the smallest recorded footprints. The Scandinavians do not come out well, with Swedes having the largest footprint in Europe - followed by the Finnish, Danish and Norwegians. The Eastern European member states all perform well, with the exception of Estonia and the Czech Republic. Germany has the largest European footprint as a nation, followed by France and the UK - not with a big per capita footprint; their large populations hike up their impact. The report concludes by looking at ways of living more sustainably. It suggests protecting soils from erosion and researching more efficient agriculture, improving the efficiency of manufacturing, reducing the goods and services consumed per person and reducing the global population. All over Europe there was a need for political commitment, vision and leadership. Also the need for more coordination between different levels of government and more needed to be done to bring environmental policy into the mainstream. rw
Human Consumption Straining Earth's Resources. June 21, 2005 Jamaca Observer
The Director general of the International Centre for Environment at the University of the West Indies, says human demands are straining the earth's resources. Agriculture is a main driver of environmental damage and accounts for 70% of our fresh water use and nearly 40% of land uses are food demands. The worldwide cattle population generated 94 million tons of methane gas annually, 20% more damaging than carbon dioxide. The scientist said that while the world's poor sought the lifestyle of the US citizen, it is unknown if the earth could sustain the demands. If every resident of China were to acquire the average standard of living of the US, we would need another four earths. Jamaica contributes little to global degradation, but, there is much to do to correct environmental damage, the resuscitation of the dying corals, preservation of the biodiversity, reduction of smog, rehabilitation of mined out lands, halting the depletion of the soil's fertility and eliminating the threats to children exposed to lead batteries. A fundamental element of the sustainability of the environment is energy generation. It is unlikely that these alternative energies can be produced on a global scale. The supply situation with oil is fraught with problems, and fossil fuel combustion seems pretty certain to lead to global warming. Worldwide there will be increased usage of renewables, which generally, are more environmentally benign than the combustibles, but are unlikely to fill the global demand for energy. Such considerations are partly the reason for the resurgence of interest in nuclear power and several countries in Europe and Asia supplement energy needs with nuclear power. France generates 7% of its electricity with nuclear power; Belgium 60%; Sweden 42%; Switzerland 39%; Spain 37%, the United Kingston 21%; and the US 20%. Nuclear energy is the only global alternative to oil when you consider the increasing cost of oil. rw It takes energy to get the uranium out of the ground.
June 20, 2005 BBC Monitoring International Reports
Ethiopia's food security challenges are multi-faceted and require a multi-sectoral approach, but the root cause is the runaway population growth. Demographic pressure, aggravating environmental degradation and economic malaise, creates a dangerous situation to the country's citizens. Ethiopia's population is growing at 3% annually and expected to reach 100 million within 15 years. 44% is living under the poverty line while 44 million under the age of 24 are entering their reproductive ages. Population growth adds two million new mouths to feed every year. The agricultural sector is unable to carry the population growth, suffering from erosion, deforestation and loss of nutrients. At the current rate of deforestation of over 75,000 hectares per year, the country will be completely deforested in less than 20 years. Failure to implement the country's population policy is among the major problems. Had the policy been implemented, Ethiopia would have made progress in reducing the rate of population growth, increasing its chance to attain food self-sufficiency. rw
Europe Living Beyond Eocological Means. June 2005 Press Esc
Conservationists warn that the European Union and its Member States urgently need to put more emphasis on the planet's finite resources. World Wildlife Fund (WWF) has published a report showing that the twenty-five EU members have run up an environmental deficit of 220% of their biological capacity and now rely on the resources of the rest of the world. Reducing European pressure on nature is essential for Europe's prosperity and as a leader for sustainable development. The report compares people's use of nature with nature's ability to regenerate. With 7% of the world population, the EU uses 17% of the world resources. EU countries with the highest demand are Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Denmark, Ireland, and France, using three to four times the worldwide average per person. Hungary, Slovakia, and Poland have the lowest but use about twice the average amount. If the EU wants to be competitive it is time to build an economy that decouples economic growth from resource consumption. This could be done by giving higher priority to investments in ecosystems, developing systems to ensure the sustainability of product and resource use. The group recommends moving from fossil fuel to renewable energy. Other measures include eliminating subsidies that have adverse social, economic and environmental effects. The longer European leaders ignore the environmental deficit, the more expensive the investment required to correct it and the greater the risk that critical ecosystems will be eroded beyond the point at which they can easily recover. rw
California Looks Ahead, and Doesn't Like What It Sees. May 29, 2005 New York Times*
California gained 539,000 residents last year and is on track to reach 46 million residents by 2030, an increase of 13 million from 2000. Within the next 25 years, a quarter of all Americans will be residing in California, Texas and Florida. With the Department of Finance estimating that the state's population has reached 36.8 million, California is home to one of every eight Americans. Today, many politicians and scholars wonder whether California's population has become so huge and complex that it is beyond human manipulation. A statewide survey found that only 12% of respondents had confidence that the state government could plan effectively for the expected influx of newcomers. Complicating the planning for the new growth, is where it is occurring. The statistics show that the fastest-growing counties are away from the coast, as residents settle in places that are cheaper but also removed from many services. Leading is Riverside County, which reaches to the Arizona border, followed by Placer County, northeast of Sacramento, and Imperial County, along the Mexican and Arizona borders. The Central Valley agricultural counties of Madera, Tuolumne and Kern rank next. If the trends continue, studies suggest a quarter of the region's farmland could be lost to housing by the middle of this century. In his weekly radio address Mr. Schwarzenegger said that our cities are bursting at the seams, too many roads are congested and projects that should be in construction are still on the shelf and it's time for California to build again in the cities and the counties and everywhere across our state. Republicans want the state to grow and are often pro-development but oppose new taxes and government spending. Democrats support new taxes and government spending, but oppose bigger highways, for example, on the grounds that they encourage urban sprawl. Proposition 13 restricted property taxes, the state budget is in deficit, and Mr. Schwarzenegger has pledged not to raise income and other taxes. Planners say growth will occur no matter how hard some Democrats try to control it or some Republicans wait for market forces to accommodate it. Planning needs to take place recognizing that we're not going to see large projects, or large sums of money, from the federal government. An association of local governments recently completed a plan for the metropolitan region including situations for traffic, housing density and open space in 2050, when the region is projected to have added 1.7 million people. The plan emphasizes compact developments near mass transit and is projected to save $8 billion in costs for freeways, utilities and other infrastructure. This is entirely voluntary and some communities have already opted out. People just want better services. rw When is a public dialogue on "carrying capacity" going to begin?
China Overtakes US as Top Consumer. February 17, 2005 China Daily
Growing at a rapid rate, China has taken the lion's share in the consumption of grain, meat, coal and steel, and loses out to the U.S. only in oil. China's use of fertilizer is double that of the U.S. while with television sets, refrigerators and cellular phones - it is way ahead. China trails the U.S. in automobiles and will soon overtake the U.S. in the use of personal computers. China is an emerging economic superpower. China leads in the consumption of wheat and rice, and trails the U.S. only in corn use. China's 2004 intake of 64 million tonnes of meat is above the 38 million tonnes consumed in the United States. China's steel usage is now more than twice that of the U.S. 258 million tonnes to 104 million tonnes in 2003. U.S. oil consumption is triple that of China's but use in China has more than doubled. China's appetite for raw materials is driving up prices and shipping rates. The U.S. has a massive trade deficit with the China and is dependent on Chinese capital to underwrite its debt. If China decided to divert this capital elsewhere, the US economy will be in trouble. As Chinese incomes rise, use of foodstuffs, energy, raw materials, and sales of consumer goods are continuing to climb. China's per capita annual income of 5,300 dollars is one seventh the 38,000 dollars in the United States. One of the bigger concerns is that China's growth takes a toll on the environment. China's grain production has stagnated, due to expansion of deserts and the loss of irrigation water. China was putting enormous pressure on its own natural resource base. rw
Population and Sustainability. 2005 Population Council
Population change bears on sustainability and the possibilities of resource exhaustion are often exaggerated, but so too are the levels of substitutability between natural and other forms of capital. The degradation of environmental services is often exacerbated by population growth. The critical issue in is effective governing to restrain demand and safeguard supply. Uncertainties in environmental systems should give pause to expectations that a decline in human numbers will usher in ecological restoration. A series of population expansions since the industrial era is attributable to lowered mortality from nutritional improvements, the spread of medical and public health services, and advances in education and income. Population growth slows and eventually halts completing the pattern known as the demographic transition. Worldwide, UN projections foresee world population increasing from its 2005 level of 6.5 billion to a peak of about 9 billion. Very low fertility will lead to declines in population size. The lagged onset and uneven pace of the transitions across regions generate regional differences in population characteristics at any given time. Gains in well-being would come from halting of population growth, and lower population/resource ratios, and a continuing increase in productivity. With a focus on capital, labour, and technology, models yield steady-state growth paths in which output expands indefinitely along with capital and labour. Renewable resources would simply add another factor of production. Non-renewable resources would be inconsistent with any steady-state outcome that entailed positive population growth. While the actual role of population and resources in economic development is an empirical issue, a lot of the debate on the matter has been based on exercises little more complicated than these. Positive feedbacks from a larger population stimulate inventiveness, production, and investment and favor indefinite continuation of at least moderate population growth, leading both to economic prosperity and to expanded numbers of people. Past worries about population growth have been linked to the idea that the world is running out of some critical natural resource. Mostly, such claims have turned out to be overstated as they they neglect the scope for societal adaptation through technological and social change. As put in a 1986 report "even if slower population growth does delay the time at which a particular stage of resource depletion is reached,…it has no necessary or even probable effect on the number of people who will live under a particular stage of resource depletion. But that judgment is too dismissive of the supply problem. Depleting a resource such as a fishery or an aquifer, or degrading land through erosion or salination may be a population-related effect. Environmental services encompass climate regulation, pollination, soil formation and retention, nutrient cycling, and direct environmental effects on well-being through recreation and aesthetic enjoyment. People's numbers, but also their proclivities to consume and their exploitative abilities, can all be factors in degrading environmental services.
The full article defines these and other relevant factors in great detail.
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Yemen: First Census in 10 Years Under Way. December 22, 2004 IRIN News (UN)
More than 23,000 data-collectors have set out with data books to every household in the country to count the population, in Yemen's first census in 10 years. The results will be used as the basis for social policy, new schools, hospitals and other facilities. The country has been preparing for the last two and a half years, updating the 1994 census and developing an electronic network. A sample of households will partake in a detailed survey, providing economic status, car-ownership, literacy and other matters but religion or ethnicity cannot be solicited. The census should catch illegal immigrants and nomadic people. While the government is largely funding the census, there have been grants from foreign donors. The importance of the census is being promoted through a radio and TV campaign. Over half the population is illiterate, so the data-collectors are interviewing every household. The data will be processed using the latest technology. The population in 1994 was found to be 15,831,757, but is now thought to be more than 20 million. The census is expected to show an even higher population growth. Yemen's president stressed the urgency of bringing the population growth under control. He called to task conservatives calling them extremists who insist on labelling family planning as a taboo, and warned that the growing population is exhausting the country's meagre natural resources, especially water. rw
Pakistan: Population Growth Rate Still High at 1.9%. November 06, 2004 Daily Times (Pakistan)
Pakistan has a high population growth rate of 1.9% per annum and Pakistanis make up 2.5% of the world’s population. The total fertility rate has declined from 4.8 children per woman in 2000 to 4.1 in 2003-2004. This rate is well above 2.1, the long-term target of the population. Pakistan has to reduce its population growth to a sustainable level, while benefiting from its growing labour force by investing in capital development. The adverse impact of high population growth is compounded by the neglect of health and education, keeping the productivity low. While it appears to have made a breakthrough in declining fertility and population growth, these changes are modest and sustained efforts are required to further reduce population growth. The overall population policy is to achieve stabilization by 2020. This would be possible by creating awareness of the consequence of rapid population growth and reducing the fertility rate. It will take several decades stabilize the country’s population and Pakistan’s population will increase significantly in the coming decades rw
China Mulls Overhaul of Family Planning Policy; Anxious to Avoid Future Problems Arising From Its Strict One-child Policy, it is Studying Proposals to Scrap the Rule . October 05, 2004 Straits Times
China is worried that the limits on family size could generate social unrest and undermine economic development. One proposal recommends scrapping the rule restricting families to one child and instead implement a two-child policy. The proposal envisions launching the policy in the country's eastern provinces which have the lowest birth rates. The government appointed a task force that is tapping 250 experts to study the impact on economic development. Experts say that relaxing birth limits will not reignite a population explosion. Lower fertility rates are credited with raising living standards and economic overhauls. A Chinese woman today will have fewer than two children, compared with six in 1970. The UN estimates that by 2040, people 60 and over will make up 28% of the population, up from 11% now. Males are likely to face difficulties finding partners. China had 117 boys born for every 100 girls, above the normal worldwide ratio of about 105 to 100. rw China may be living on borrowed time. Both water and oil are becoming scarcer - per capita, and soil and deforestation may never be recoverable.
Jobs and People on the Move. September 27, 2004 Economist
Economists argue that migration and offshoring benefit economies, as efficiency is increased. Manufacturing industries in the rich countries have for decades been whittled away by low-cost foreign competition. More recently the offshoring of work has raised the possibility that new swathes of the economy will become internationally tradeable. This seems likely to supplant migration, taking work to the workers. There are jobs that cannot be done overseas, and many foreign-born workers in cities with large amounts of immigration, work in services where proximity to the customer is required. The information technology and business services sector have functions that can be performed miles away. Offshoring and migration soared during the technology boom and the US trebled its visa programme for skilled workers, while countries that lagged behind in attracting foreign IT workers, scrambled to catch up. Immigrants tend to be younger and have higher birth rates: the faster growth of the US population, which is a significant cause of its higher economic growth, is caused by higher immigration. For continental Europe, struggling with state pension and benefit systems, the attraction of youth into the workforce paying taxes is hard to overestimate. But expecting immigration to solve the pension systems problems is wishful thinking. In the US, migration would have to increase by 30% a year to stabilise the ratio of working-age to general population. In Japan, immigration would have to increase by 700% a year. The political backlash against large-scale immigration suggests that the trend of confining immigration to skilled workers will continue, supplanted by illegal immigrants for low-paid service jobs. The advantage of offshoring is that wages abroad can be lower and the division between offshoring and migration will depend on the technology of the jobs and the political constraints on governments. The US has seen a stronger backlash against offshoring than immigration, while European nations experienced the opposite. Restrictions on study and work visas since the attacks of September 11 have constricted skilled immigration in the US which may shift the balance. The onward march of integrated global economy and the shrinking cost of transport and communications will probably ensure that migration and offshoring continue apace. In the meantime, disgruntled workers and nativists complain that "foreigners are taking our jobs", facing competition from those who are prepared to accept lower wages and worse working conditions. rw Again, growing the economy is only a solution until limited resources run out. Creating more goods for more consumers is like a giant Ponzi scheme. In addition, many of the workers who are being displaced are the very Baby Boomers who will demand a pension when they retire.
A Voracious Earth - Some Regions - Especially in Asia - Are Overusing Their Renewable Resources . September 02, 2004 Christian Science Monitor
A swath of Asia from India to China leaves the biggest human footprint as it gobbles up 80% of the plant resources it produces, says Taylor Ricketts, director of the Conservation Science Program at the World Wildlife Fund. A recent study on ecological imbalances has drawn a map which shows mankind's ecological footprint for each square mile of Earth's inhabited zones, which defies conventional wisdom about consumption, and illustrates the effect of population density. The study adds up all the sun energy converted to organic carbon by plants each year and calls it "net primary production" or NPP - about 56 billion tons worth. Subtract the portion that human beings use in materials from cotton in clothes to wood in homes to in a bowl of cereal. The world's 6.3 billion people appropriate up to a third of the world's NPP. This sounds sustainable, but disguises geographical imbalances. For example, most of Siberia uses 0% of its local NPP. North America uses 23%, less than the world average. North Americans eat 5.4 tons of carbon per year compared with 1.2 tons for residents of south central Asia. But that part of Asia is more populous and more densely packed and consumes 1.6 billion tons of NPP per year or 80% of the carbon of that area. If developing nations boost consumption to match industrialized countries, overall appropriation of NPP would rise 75% and is already happening. More than 1 billion people in developing and transitional nations have become wealthy enough to consume like Americans. They own one-fifth of the world's automobiles and by 2010, could own a third and the environmental costs of automobiles are huge. Worldwide, the average human footprint is 2.28 hectares (5.4 acres), but Earth only has a biocapacity of 1.9 hectare per person that leaves a 0.38 hectare deficit per person. In China, it is 0.5 hectares. China's population is a major part of 1.1 billion new consumers with purchasing power of more than $6 trillion. They will buy 800 million cars by 2010 and use a quarter of all electricity. More efficient technologies could be adopted, electric-car technology for instance. A scholar acknowledges models of human consumption are useful, but they are often wrong in the long run. When you run a snapshot in a straight line way, it will present an unsustainable conclusion. A century ago New England had been denuded of trees, which were burned for heat. Today, New England has been reforested. By cutting its use of natural gas and diesel and increased recycling, Santa Monica in California US shrank its ecological footprint by 5.7% to 20.9 acres per person over 10 years but unless that happens more broadly, humanity's footfall will get heavier. In 2000, the US used about 23% of the world's energy. The US has one quarter of all the cars in the world. And much of its consumption affects other regions through imports cutting Indonesian forests, for instance. Humanity has a chance to save itself, because population growth has moderated. Economists and ecologists are working to gauge the costs of consumption accurately. A $2 gallon of gasoline is really $6 because it carries $4 of environmental costs. rw
N. Korea Killing Forests, Waterways, U.N. Finds. August 27, 2004 MSNBC.com
North Korea's forests are depleted, rivers and streams filled with runoff and coal energy has created urban air pollution. The evaluation by the U.N. last year was delayed until a delegation from the North signed an agreement to protect the environment. The UN acknowledged a paucity of data on which to base reliable assessments. The forests have fallen victim to its fast-growing population of more than 24 million and natural disasters and efforts to convert forests to farmland. A dozen factories discharge 39,200 cubic yards of waste each day into the Taedong River. Investment is needed in the country's water purification systems. The reliance on coal to general power and heat homes has created urban air pollution. The North has depended on outside help to feed its people since 1995 and is struggling to become self-sufficient with continuing poor crop yields due to natural disasters, the overuse of chemicals and shortages of fertilizer, farm machinery and oil. The collapse of North Korea's economy has caused food prices to skyrocket so that people can't afford what they need to survive. Farmers should expand restorative practices, including tree planting and use of organic fertilizers. rw
Ecological Footprint August 08, 2004 New Scientist
Click to this website to subscribe; then you can find out how much land is needed to support your lifestyle. Try the quick set of questions from New Scientist magazine to add up your points. For environmentally sound actions such as recycling, you get to subtract some points. Then because all the support systems such as roads, schools, and shops support your lifestyle, you are asked to double your points. Each point equals one-hundredth of a hectare so a score of 350 is equal to an ecological footprint of 3.5 hectares.
Look on Green GDP Objectively. June 30, 2004 China Economic Net
China's economy has been developing and problems of resources and environment have become obvious. China's per capita area of cultivated land is equal to about 40% of the world's average level. China's per capita water resources accounts for only 25% of the world's average. The per capita area and volume of forest amount to 20% and 12.5% respectively of the world's average. The per capita possession of mineral resources is lower than the world's average. China's economic growth is too extensive, manifested by high consumption and low efficiency. In 2003, China's GDP accounted for only 3.8% of the world's GDP, while its consumption of steel, coal, and cement amounted to 36%, 30%, and 55% of the world's output of 2001. Overgrazing causes desertification and the decrease of grassland. Deforestation results in soil erosion, and damage of the habitats of wild species. The overexploitation of water brings on the cut-off of rivers and ground settlement. The emission of pollutants reflects on the pollution of rivers, lakes and seas and the decreasing quality of the air. If no attention is paid, China will confront severe problems regarding its sustainable development. China has a large population, few resources, high environmental pressures. Conducting green GDP accounting provides references for economic development with sustainability. There is no country in the that has figured out the whole green GDP, in terms of resource depletion cost and environmental losses as these are difficult to estimate. For example, forest resources are renewable, but deforestation leads to the decrease of the area and volume of the forest. Besides cultivating trees, the forest functions in soil conservation, preservation of water resources, air purification, wind prevention, sand-fixation, and people's traveling and relaxation. Atmosphere and water have the capability to digest waste. Therefore, if the waste is within the range of the assimilation by atmosphere and water, the quality of the air and water will not decline. However, the waste in many areas has gone beyond the capability of the assimilation, which leads to the deterioration of the air and water and environmental losses. Green GDP reflects the interaction between economy and environment to a certain extent. GDP is a crucial index of macro-economy and plays an important role in establishing macro-economic policies. GDP is related with national disposable personal income, national savings, national wealth and other indexes. The accounting of green GDP reflects the economic development and mutual influences between economic development and the environment from different angles. rw
Report Urges Governance Reforms to Stop Environmental Decline. June 04, 2004 World Resources Institute
Statistics indicate rapidly deteriorating ecosystems. One of every six humans depends on fish for protein, yet 75% of the world's fisheries are over-fished. forty-one of every 100 people live in water-stressed river basins; 350 million are dependent on forests, with forest cover declining by 46% since pre-agricultural times. Half the population lives on less than $2 a day. The best way to force government action is to empower citizens through public access to information and participation in decision-making. Public access to information is necessary to improve the environment. Greater accountability can lead to more effective management of natural resources. rw
Booming China Devouring Raw Materials; Producers and Suppliers Struggle to Feed a Voracious Appetite. May 21, 2004 Washington Post
China's demand has driven the price of shipping freight through the roof, and because ports haven't expanded to keep pace with China's demands, one-fifth of the world's freighters are tied up waiting to load and unload cargo. China's demand for raw materials is straining the systems that move goods. The construction in China's cities has transformed it from a minor consumer into a country that absorbed half the world's cement production last year, one-third of its steel, one-fifth of its aluminum and nearly one-fourth of its copper. China has become the second-largest importer of oil. Shipyards in Japan and Korea have orders through 2007. China is building new shipyards, including the world's largest in Shanghai. Last year, global ship orders more than doubled. For the coal producers, each motionless day means paying ship owners as high as $20,000 per vessel. Once a major coal exporter, China is now consuming its production, putting pressure on the global supply. Around the world, stockpiles of everything from copper to coal have disappeared. The commodity and shipping trades are convinced that China's impact is here to stay, 1.3 billion people require a lot of electricity. Exacerbating the queue is the fact that coal is increasingly carried by smaller vessels as the bulk freighters that can carry 200,000 tons, have long-term contracts with steel mills and are going as far as Brazil for raw material. Between 1999 and 2003, China's annual exports of coal to produce electricity doubled to 80 million tons, pushing down global prices. But last year, energy shortages in China forced authorities to ration power and Beijing halted exports. Worldwide shortages resulted, and the price of coal roughly tripled. China's cravings have encouraged the mining giant Rio Tinto Group to pour $1.25 billion improvements to head off similar problems in its iron ore business. In 2003, China doubled its investment in new steel mills. Rio Tinto's wholly owned Hamersley Iron Pty Ltd last year sent more than a third of its product to China. At the center of Rio Tinto's expansion is the Eastern Range mine a joint venture with Shanghai Baosteel Group Corp., which will take all of its output. A Japanese yard takes eight or nine months to complete a large new ship but with the Ariake shipyard works at capacity, of the 10 vessels that will be completed this year, six are oil tankers, because of China's fuel demands and European rules mandating double-hulled vessels. Even the four Capesize vessels may be delayed, because shipbuilders are finding it difficult to get sufficient quantities of steel. The world needs more freighters because China's growth is tying up much of the fleet. The shipyards can't get the steel, because there aren't enough ships. rw What will drive all the ships when the oil supply becomes depleted?
Ecological Footprint. April 21, 2004
The ecological footprint is the acreage needed on earth to support our lifestyle. The average person in the U.S. uses about 24 acres, one of the largest Footprints in the world. Germans use 13 acres, inhabitants of countries like India use 2 acres. If you want to calculate what yours is, go to this website - www.myfootprint.org.
Biologist E.O. Wilson, "one of the twentieth century's greatest thinkers," considers the Footprint to be one of the most significant recent ecological inventions because of its ability to communicate complex scientific information in relatively simple terms to explain the relationship between human consumption and the natural environment. The late sustainability futurist Donella Meadows listed the Ecological Footprint at her top indicator for measuring sustainability. In a similar vein, Dr.Mathis Wackernagel, co-creator of the Ecological Footprint considers Sustainable Sonoma County to be one of the most advanced groups in the nation for using the Ecological Footprint to create social change at the community level.
More at: http://www.sustainablesonoma.org/projects/scefootprint.html
rw
Ecologist Says Humans Overdrawing Nature's Account. April 19, 2004 Chico Enterprise Record
Mathis Wackernagel, executive director of the Global Footprint Network of Oakland explained the "footprint' that is used to define how much impact people are having on nature. By 1980, the human population went past the point where consumption equaled the capacity of the planet. Now humans are consuming, 20% more than the world can sustain. The footprint is a picture of where the world is at present. The total population, rate of consumption of resources, and the efficiency of producing and using them establishes the footprint. There are 30 billion acres of productive land on planet with 6.3 billion people, that is about 4.5 acres for each human. The earth also houses 1 million other species, and what portion of the world is going to be reserved for them. Planning requires nature be more productive to meet the increasing demand or to slow population growth. Changes in technology could have a major impact, for example, nuclear fusion could change the world overnight. rw
Namibia: WFP and UNICEF Launch Emergency Appeals to Help Over 600,000 Women and Children. March 10, 2004 Associated Press
The U.N. has appealed for US $5.8 million to help 600,000 women and children in Namibia. The country suffers poverty and food deficits, compounded by three years of erratic weather in the north of the country and the AIDS pandemic. A U.N. mission found malnutrition in children under 5 is 15%. Local authorities plan to assist 530,000 from their meager resources. WFP will provide 8,000 tons of food to 111,000 rural children and their families in the worst-affected districts and is appealing for US $5.2 million to fund the operation for the next six months. The U.N. will help provide insecticide- treated bed nets to prevent malaria, expand immunization campaigns, undertake Vitamin A distribution and improve nutritional surveillance. UNICEF is appealing for US $616,000 to fund its operation over the same period. The Namibian government is usually able to assist communities but this crisis exceeds the government's capacity. HIV has soared from 4% in 1992 to 22%. At least 120,000 children have lost one or both parents from AIDS. Half the population lives below the poverty line, and an international drought appeal has not been fully funded. rw
Ethiopia: Spiraling Population Growth Contributing to Food Insecurity. September 08, 2003 IRIN News (UN)
Polygamy is fuelling a population explosion in southern Ethiopia, which compounds the food crisis and is one of the causes of a lack of food in Ethiopia. Five million people need food aid in the drought-prone country. Women and children in polygamous households are disfavored by the bread-winner husbands and are confined to their farms and disadvantaged in terms of health care, education and employment. Female headed households are more likely to be food insecure. Traditionally this has been a breadbasket region, but recently aid agencies have been confounded with malnutrition and large numbers of child deaths. The crisis in Ethiopia is not simply a lack of food but the population explosion, a decline in rainfall, a slump in coffee prices and reduced employment. Ethiopia will soon have the 10th largest population in the world, estimated at 71 million by 200. By 2050 173 million people will live in the impoverished nation. rw
David Attenborough on Population and Immigration. August 03, 2003 Sunday Times (South Africa)
Sir David Attenborough, the eminent naturalist, called for control of population growth and warned of global disaster. He is quoted as saying that "The human population can no longer be allowed to grow in the same old uncontrolled way. If we do not take charge of our population size, then nature will do it for us and it is the poor people of the world who will suffer most." An academic group Optimum Population Trust (OPT) wants to put population reduction at the heart of government policy.
believes that Britain should reduce its population from 59m to about 30m by 2130, the same as in 1870. It wants economic incentives for women to stay childless, free contraception, a balanced approach to immigration and a government population reduction policy. The campaign is supported by academics and environmentalists including the chairman of the government's Sustainable Development Commission. The National Statistics Office predicted the population would peak at 64m in 2040 and then fall. However the figures underestimated net immigration and the new figures mean Britain could have a population of 73m by 2050. British governments have reacted to growth by providing more homes, roads, schools and facilities but is commissioning studies to decide if it needs a population policy. Sir Crispin Tickell, who chairs the government panel on sustainable development said that population increase is one of the biggest global problems. Tickell and others believe countries such as Britain will make it tough for immigrants but this may not be enough and incentives for smaller families may be necessary. Native birth rates have fallen but immigration and the fact we are living longer means numbers will keep going up. Attenborough believes solving Britain's problems is trivial compared with reversing the global population boom. He said: "Instead of controlling the environment for the benefit of the population, maybe we should control the population to ensure the survival of our environment.
rw
What Limits Carrying Capacity - Oil orTopsoil?.
Bruce Sundquist, Carrying Capacity Committee,
Allegheny Group, Sierra Club
There is one exception to the picture outlined above--soil-based systems.
If one examines the global data on various soil related issues
(croplands, forest lands, grazing lands, irrigated lands, fisheries) one
is struck by the huge number of positive feedback phenomena
(instabilities) that have historically never allowed a steady state to be
reached, but instead have produced an endless series of collapses of
soil-based systems. A few examples:
When irrigation production falls short of desire, people attempt to get
along with less water per unit of output. The result is salination and
less--not more--crop production. When timber production falls short of
desire, people harvest trees at younger ages. The result is less
productivity--not more. When livestock production falls short of desire,
more grazing animals are put on the same pasture. The result is
overgrazing, soil erosion, less grass and less--not more--cattle. When
cropland production falls below demand, fallow periods are decreased, the
result is massive wind erosion, chemical degradation of the soil, and
less--not more--crop production. All of this idiocy has always been
defended by the economists of the day using a process called discount
economics. Take the extra profits from not conserving soil and soil
quality and put these profits in a bank. Then, by the time the earth is
converted to a barren wasteland, you simply live off the interest-income
from your bank account. Is this imbecilic? Before you decide, ask any
forester whether he uses present-net-value analyses, and ask any
agricultural expert whether soil-conservation makes economic sense.
Soil-based systems are clearly not stable, equilibrium-seeking systems.
They have always been subject to massive positive-feedback processes.
The worse things get, the faster they get worse. This is why all those
ancient civilizations (all agriculture-based) have collapsed rather than
seeking a more soil-conservative mode of operation. I have seen nothing
that would make me believe that discount economics will ever fall out of
favor. Take a look at all the economic analyses of soil conservation
that have appeared in the Journal of Soil and Water Conservation over the
past few decades. Virtually every such analysis will assure us that soil
conservation is simply not worth the effort, and anyone expressing doubts
about the discount economics involved is seen as a dunce, or worse.
Homo Rap/ens and Mass Extinction: An Era of Solitude?. July 22, 2002 John Gray - Professor London School of Economics.
We are on the brink of a great extinction, species are vanishing faster than they did before the arrival of humans. As humans exploit the last vestiges of wilderness, they destroy the habitat of tens of thousands of species of plants, insects and animals. The lush natural world is being rapidly transformed into a prosthetic environment. Given the magnitude of this change, one would expect it Yet there is evidence that human activity is altering the balance of the global climate. The long-term effects of global warming cannot be known with any certainty. But the greenhouse effect could wipe out densely populated coastal countries within the present century, while dislocating food production in the world. The result could be a disaster for billions of people. The world's rainforests are part of the earth's self-regulatory system.
Humankind cannot destroy its planetary host. The earth is stronger than humans will ever be. The advance of Homo rapiens has always gone with the destruction of other species and ecological devastation. Of the remaining outcomes, the second, in which over-numerous humans colonise the earth at the cost of weak-ening the biosphere, corresponds most closely to this bleak vision.
The increase in human population is unprecedented and unsustainable. More than likely, it will be cut short by the classical Malthusian forces, this may be a discomforting prospect; but it dispels the nightmare of an age of solitude.
rw
"In 1830, there were 32 acres of land per living human being. Today there
are fewer than 5 acres, including uninhabitable land."
Resources per person ...
1999 Paul Story
In India and China, there are a total of 2 billion people living on an area of only 31 meters by 31 meters
2 billion... Everyone at the current U.S. standard of living and with
all the health, nutrition, personal dignity and
freedom that most Americans currently enjoy
1/2 billion ... Everyone at the same affluence level as in 1, but
with few restrictions on commerce, pollution, land
use, personal behavior (within current law), etc.
Basically a libertarian, laissez faire economy, with
few or no environmental restrictions. This points out
that there is a population price to pay for the current
American way of Commerce.
...Increasing population density is inextricably linked to loss of freedom
and losses of choice. In the worst of the above scenarios,
we can forget the Bill of Rights.
Grain Production Dropping; Fuel Thefts Rising. July 5, 2006
The world’s grain harvest is expected to be 61 million tons short of consumption. Production has failed to meet demand in six of the last seven years. The world’s grain stocks will be enough for about 57 days. The amount in the bins when the next harvest begins are the measurement of food security. If stocks plunge lower than 60 days’ supply, prices begin to climb. The U.S. Department of Agriculture projects that wheat prices this year will be up 14%, and corn prices 22%.
If the weather is good this year, prices might not be as high as expected, but if the harvest is cut by heat or drought, increases could be above the projections.
With carryover stocks at the lowest level in 34 years, the world could soon be facing high grain and high oil prices at the same time. The USDA estimates this year’s global grain harvest at 1,984 million tons, down 24 million tons from last year. It is 3% below the high of 2,044 million tons in 2004.
World grain consumption has risen every year in the last 45 years, except for 1974, 1988 and 1995, when sharp price hikes and tight supplies pushed consumption down. Demand for grain is driven by population growth and rising income. Now it is being pushed by the growing demand for grain-based ethanol for cars and trucks. Food versus Fuel.
About 60% of grain is used as food, 36% as feed, and 3% as fuel. The latter, however, is growing by more than 20% each year.
While population growth is expected to slow, the annual amount of increase is projected to be above 70 million individuals until 2020. The world’s farmers must try to feed another 70 million people each year, regardless of weather. Population growth is centered on Indian and sub-Saharan Africa.
In low-income countries, the population mostly eats starchy food. In more affluent countries, people eat more grain-intensive foods such as meat, milk and eggs. Improving incomes are allowing 3 to 4 billion consumers to eat more poultry, pork, beef, milk, eggs and farmed fish. Global meat production leaped from 44 million tons in 1950 to 265 million tons in 2005 and keeps climbing.
The U.S. is expected to use 20% of the projected harvest to produce corn ethanol. That consumption will match our export and exceed Canada’s total harvest.
Farmers are facing record growth in demand when technology to boost grain yields is lagging, aquifers are being depleted and rising temperatures threaten to reduce future harvests. Water tables are falling, and wells are going dry in countries where half the world’s people live. While farmers battle water shortages and global warming, it has not been widely reported, but globally farms are being affected by skyrocketing diesel fuel prices.
Diesel and gasoline thefts are increasing. Bulk fuel often is stored in unsecured buildings. Fuel theft is on the increase everywhere.
Rising diesel prices are hard on farmers but a nightmare for truckers. They must buy at the pump and pay the price, which is much above bulk rate.
The rising cost of pesticides and fertilizers is causing farmers to make some adjustments. "From the Wilderness" reported that farmers are putting more reliance on jobs away from the land just to survive. The economics of modern agriculture necessitates taxpayer subsidies to offset the losses farmers suffer as their incomes continue to drop. Net farm income is expected to be down 22.3% from last year.
Ralph says: Many years ago while working in India, on one of our later trips, I was asked to meet with a senior government official in New Delhi. I had no idea what he wanted, in fact I had only briefly met him once before. "You have been coming to India for several years" He said, "I would like to hear your comments, as an impartial observer, on the changes you see in our country". I told him that when we first came to India we were horrified at the conditions we saw. With the years things had dramatically changed, and we no longer saw the signs of starvation that had concerned us in the past. It appeared that the standard of living for the whole country had improved dramatically. I told him that in my opinion they should be congratulated for all that had been done for the people.
I will never forget his response. He smiled and thanked me, but then he shook his head and said, "We have worked very hard to improve our agriculture and now we can feed all our people, and even export a small amount of food. But next year we will have a million more mouths to feed, and the year following a further million and the next year it will be five millions more. We cannot keep up with the population growth and if it continues we face the worst famine the world has ever seen".
rw
This site allows you to estimate the overall environmental impacts from
producing a certain dollar amount of any of 500 commodities or services in
the United States. It will provide rough guidance on the relative impacts of
different types of products, materials, services, or industries with respect
to resource use and emissions throughout the U.S.
Overconsumption
Unsustainable Consumption
Mahatma Gandhi argued that "the world has enough for everyone's need, but not for everyone's greed." In his lifetime, however, the world had less than half its current population, and population could double again as we struggle to turn around our wasteful and destructive consumption patterns.
Population Action International Vice Pres for Research
Grain vs. Meat. October 1999 Population Action International
Meat consumption is going up worldwide, and that demands correspondingly
higher per capita production of grain. It takes about 7 pounds of grain to
yield 1 pound of beef. Poultry takes 2.7 pounds of grain to produce 1 pound
of meat, while swine eat 6 pounds of grain for every pound of pork. In the
U.S. and Canada, each person eats about a ton of grain annually, mostly as
meat. People in Developing countries consume about 200 pounds of grain per
capita each year. Between now and 2030, grain consumption, primarily as
animal feed, is expected to grow by about 2.5% annually in the developing
countries. Those millions of tons of grain represent, in turn, great
quantities of expended natural resources -- from water for irrigation to the
natural gas used to produce fertilizers.
Then there is the associated environmental impact: rivers polluted with
pesticides and nitrates, exhausted aquifers, and eroded soil. Unfortunately,
the quantity of arable land is all too finite
The Most Harmful Consumer Activities
Cars and Light Trucks
The manufacture and, more important, the use of consumers' vehicles cause more environmental damage--especially air pollution and global warming --than any other single consumer spending category.
Meat and Poultry
Meat and poulter production requires large amounts of water and causes 20 percent of the common (as opposed to toxic) water pollution related to consumer expenditure. It also uses a significant share of the nation's land--800 million acres for grazing livestock and an additional 60 million acres to grow animal feed. Red meat causes especially hight amounts of environmental damage for the nutrition it delivers.
Fruit, Vegetables, and Grains
Irrigated crops grown to meet consumer demand use an enormous quantity of water (30 percent of consumer-related water use). pesticides and fertilizers cause 5 percent of consumer-related toxic water pollution. Food crops also use substantial amounts of land.
Household Appliances and Lighting
Electricity seems clean and nonpolluting when it's used in the home, but most of it is generated by burning polluting fossil fuels, especially coal. Appliances and lighting are responsible for 15 percent of the greenhouse-gas emissions related to consumer expenditures and 13 percent of consumer-related common air pollution.
Home Heating, Hot water, and Air Conditioning
Cooling and heating homes and water has an impact on global warming and air pollution similar to that of appliances and lighting. Systems that rely on electricity or oil contribute heavily to both problems. Most fireplaces and wood stoves are especially high air polluters.
Home Construction
The land and wood used for new home s are responsible for about a quarter of consumers' impact on wildlife and natural ecosystems. Six percent of consumer-related water pollution comes from manufacturing the materials for new homes and disturbing the soil during construction.
Household Water and Sewage
Despite advances in sewage treatment, municipal sewage remains a major source (around 11 percent) of water pollution, especially affecting coastal areas and estuaries. Interestingly, households' home water use is only 5 percent of the total compared with nearly 74 percent for food production and distribution.
from the Union of Concerned Scientists
'Greed Culture' Killing Planet. January 14, 2010 Guardian (London)
The average American consumes more than his or her weight in products each day, fuelling a global culture that is emerging as the biggest threat to the planet. In its annual report, Worldwatch Institute says the cult of consumption and greed could wipe out any gains from government action on climate change or a shift to a clean energy economy.
"Until we recognise that our environmental problems, from climate change to species loss, are driven by unsustainable habits, we will not be able to solve the ecological crises."
Humanity is burning through the planet's resources at a reckless rate. The world now digs up the equivalent of 112 Empire State buildings of material every day to meet surging global demand.
The consumer culture has spread from America across the globe, with excess now accepted as a symbol of success in developing countries.
China this week overtook the US as the world's top car market.
Such trend are the result of efforts by businesses to win over consumers.
The average Western family spends more on their pet than is spent by a human in Bangladesh.
Encouraging signs are that schools are trying to encourage healthier eating habits among children; a younger generation is also more aware of their environmental impact; and US corporations such as Wal-Mart were stocking organic produce and sustainably raised fish.
It said a wholesale transformation of values and attitudes was needed to end the world's obsession with conspicuous consumption.
rw Karen Gaia says: of course the deep economic recession will force us to curtail our overconsumption. This may help, unless population growth overtakes our efforts.
Sustainability in China. January 23, 2009 Guardian (London)
Dr. Lin said that China has made positive efforts to tackle Global Warming. Two years ago, the Energy Saving and Emission Reduction Leading Group and the Global Warming Countermeasures Leading Group were organized in the central government. These two groups set a goal of reducing energy consumption per unit of sales by 20% by 2010 and reducing major environmental indicators. There was an understanding that pursuing economic growth alone has led to "growth without development" in terms of social welfare. A new idea has emerged, with the focus shifting from "growth" to "development." It asks what is really necessary to make people happy.
The new concept sees the importance of public welfare, leading to happiness and well-being. It aims to enhance the quality of life by improving social security, housing, medical services, and pensions.
Market reform has gone too far. In the process toward a market economy, the government gave up its role, thus causing various problems in medical services,
housing, and education.
China has recognized the need to review the government's role and this has resulted in new policies focused on medical services, social welfare,
and housing.
In contrast, Beijing has progressed so much that China contains an advanced country as large as Japan. More people waste so many things, and a certain class is especially wasteful.
To change consumption behavior, we are considering a graduated system of utility rates for things such as electricity and water. We have not yet introduced inheritance and property taxes but are considering them. There are two challenges, create a transition in the public's awareness and promote environment and challenge how we can make innovations in the resource price mechanism. It is important to change the pricing mechanism to reduce resource consumption.
European countries and the US took 150 years to be industrialized, Japan half of that. China is expected to achieve the goal within half the years that Japan took. China is facing intensive and interrelated environmental problems, because of its unprecedented speed of industrialization.
rw
'One Planet' Pledge for Wales. November 19, 2008 BBC News
A plan to reduce the impact Wales has on the environment has been announced. Environment Minister committed Wales to use only its "fair share" of the world's resources. This includes an 80%-90% cut in carbon-based energy and a move to recycling waste.
The timescale envisaged is around "30 to 40 years".
The assembly government report said there was a need to "travel less by car, and live and work in ways which have a stronger connection with our local economies and communities".
The Environment Minister said ministers would use their powers to lessen Wales' environmental impact.
"Wales' ecological footprint is currently 5.16 global hectares per person, compared to a global availability of 1.88 global hectares.
Unchecked, this could rise by 20% by 2020. Environment spokesman said: "The minister has yet to fulfill her pledges on the devolution of building regulations and new powers over large energy developments, environmental protection, and waste management.
rw Karen Gaia says: why wait on technology, which will only go so far, and work on personal life styles, which has the capability to conserve so much more of the world's natural resources.
Changing the Object of Capitalism. June 30, 2008 Barron's
Capitalism has been successful as a growth machine. The world economy is on a path to quadruple in size by midcentury. But capitalism must be retooled or the world will be physically unfit to live in. The new capitalism should protect the environment and raise the quality of human life.
For those of us in the affluent societies, economic growth has now entered a period of diminishing returns.
This shift is most apparent on the environmental front. All we have to do to destroy the planet's climate and leave a ruined world to our children is to keep doing what we are doing today with no growth in the human population or the world economy. Just continue to impoverish ecosystems and release toxic chemicals at current rates, and the world in the latter part of this century won't be fit to live in.
But human activities are accelerating dramatically and constitute a severe indictment of the capitalism we have today.
The main features of today's capitalism include: an unquestioning commitment to economic growth at any cost; enormous investment in technologies with little or no regard for the environment; corporate interests whose objective is to grow by generating profit. Rampant consumerism spurred by sophisticated advertising and marketing on so large in scale that its impact alters the fundamental biophysical operations of the planet.
Capitalism as it operates today will grow in size and complexity and will generate ever-larger environmental consequences.
Market failure can be corrected by government, perverse subsidies can be eliminated, and environmentally honest prices can be forged. The affluent countries can shift to where jobs and economic security, the natural environment, our communities and the public sector are no longer sacrificed in order to sustain high rates of growth that is consuming natural and social capital.
There are many steps that can be taken, and include measures such as a shorter work week and longer vacations; greater labor protections, job security and benefits; restrictions on advertising; strong social and environmental provisions; rigorous environmental and consumer protection; greater economic and social equality, progressive taxation for the rich and greater income support for the poor; major spending on public-sector services and environmental amenities; a huge investment in education, skills and new technology; and programs to address population growth at home and abroad.
The economy might evolve to a steady state, where a declining labor force and shorter work hours are offset by rising productivity.
There would still be scope for all kinds of mental culture, and moral and social progress; as much room for improving the art of living, and more likelihood of it being improved.
rw Karen Gaia says: there are not enough resources to make everyone comfortable, we must start by redefining 'comfortable' and redistributing resources between rich and poor. We also must continue to practice voluntary family planning.
Healthy Body, Healthy Earth: More Canadians Expected to Prove .... May 27, 2008 Canada NewsWire
Thousands of Canadians will leave their cars at home for a week this June as the 18th annual National Commuter Challenge kicks off with more Canadians and companies expected to participate It is a workplace competition to promote environmentally sustainable transportation such as walking, jogging, biking, in line skating, transit, carpooling and telecommuting.
This year's competition is set to be its strongest in 18 years.
Corporations across the country will vie for the distinction of having the most sustainable commuter population while supporting their employees' healthier choices. Communities and companies with the highest participation rates in the
National Commuter Challenge win recognition. Individuals can win prizes donated by many sponsors.
rw
Can the World Afford a Middle Class?. April 2008 Foreign Policy
The middle class in poor countries is the fastest-growing segment of the world's population. Of these new members of the middle class, 600 million will be in China. By 2020 the world's middle class will grow to 52% percent of the global population, up from 30%.
Humanity will have to adjust to unprecedented pressures. In 2007, higher pasta prices sparked street protests in Milan. Mexicans marched against the price of tortillas. Senegalese protested the price of rice, and Indians took up banners against the price of onions. We are all paying more for bread, milk, and chocolate, to name just a few items. The new consumers of the emerging global middle class are driving up food prices everywhere.
Prices are soaring because some grains are now being used as fuel and more people can afford to eat more. The average consumption of meat in China, has more than doubled since the mid-1980s.
Members of the middle class not only consume more meat and grains, but they also buy more clothes, refrigerators, toys, medicines, and, eventually, cars and homes. China and India, with 40% of the world's population, consume more than half of the global supply of coal, iron ore, and steel. In the past two years, the world price of tin, nickel, and zinc have roughly doubled, while aluminum is up 39% and plywood 27%. A middle-class lifestyle in these developing countries is more energy intensive. China accounts for one third of the growth in the world's oil consumption. The lifestyle of the existing middle class will probably have to change as the new middle class emerges.
Changes in migration, urbanization, and income distribution will be widespread. And growing demands for better housing, healthcare, education, and, inevitably, political participation.
Higher prices and new technologies always came to the rescue, boosting supplies and allowing the world to continue to grow. But the adjustment to a middle class greater than what the world has ever known is just beginning. As the Indonesian and Mexican protesters can attest, it won't be cheap. And it won't be quiet.
rw
UAE Development - Skyscrapers Built on Sand. March 11, 2008 Ethical Corporation Magazine
Gulf leaders should wake up to the environmental costs of their rush to attract wealthy visitors. News about urban developments in the UAE has been greeted with a mixture of awe and uncertainty across the world. Growth rates of 16% in the resource-poor emirate of Dubai reinforce optimism, the question remains: who is taking ownership of the sustainability agenda in the UAE?
Demand for new developments is ever increasing. In Dubai, hotel occupancy levels are at over 80% and rates are at record highs. Dubai's population is a measly 1.4 million people. And the entire UAE is home to 4.1 million, 80% of whom are foreigners.
Are Dubai's plans for 15 million visitors to contribute 20% of GDP are realistic? The strategy of Dubai authorities is "build it and they will come". But with neighbouring emirates also planning expansion, what happens if demand wanes?
What is most troubling is the damage they are causing the environment. Palm Islands has clouded Gulf waters with silt. Construction has buried coral reefs, oyster beds and subterranean sea grass, while the disruption of natural currents is leading to the erosion of beaches.
rw
Scotland: Eat Local ... a Sunday Herald Campaign to Help Feed a Hungry World. March 09, 2008 Sunday Herald
As a relatively rich, developed country, Scotland is hardly likely to experience mass starvation, but the average price of all foods has increased by 6.6% over the past year. The biggest increases were for butter, eggs, milk, bread and potatoes.
The cost of a supermarket trolley containing 100 basic food items has risen by �13.63 to �183.28 over the past two years. The prices of chicken, fish, cheese, vegetables and fruit have also increased, along with sugar, coffee and wine. And the prices are forecast to keep on rising. The era of cheap food is coming to an end, and that has huge implications for those on fixed incomes. Global food production could be centred on the belt of fertile land that lies between Bordeaux and Caithness.
Land is going to have to be brought back into production to feed an ever-expanding world population. Scotland is well placed to play its part. Others point out that Scotland has its own problems. Meat is an inefficient way of delivering calories, with eight kilos of grain required for one kilo of beef. Much of the meat consumed in Scotland has been imported.
Eating more fresh and seasonal fruit and vegetables, and less processed and packaged food as well as less meat and dairy produce, will be as good for us as it is for the planet.
rw
Asia Faces Growing Rice Crisis - Real One. February 25, 2008 Asia Times Online
Leading rice-exporting nations are reducing sales overseas to check domestic price rises. Previously healthy buffer stocks in Thailand are shrinking.
The ban by India intensifies a worldwide rice shortage that drove up prices by nearly 40% last year. An additional 50 million tonnes of rice is needed each year up to 2015 to plug the demand-supply gap. Additional agricultural land for growing rice is extremely limited, while rice consumption is growing worldwide and wheat stocks are hitting record lows. Unregulated private cross-border trading makes exact figures hard to come by. India's rice export ban comes at a sensitive time ahead of the final annual budget. India's ban on rice exports follows a gradual limiting of exports over the past few months. The ban extends to all exports of rice except government-to-government trading, but excludes exports of basmati rice, a more fragrant, long-grained and expensive variety. Bangladesh, needs food grains after Cyclone Sidr in December destroyed $600 million worth of the country's rice crop. To cope with the crisis, the Bangladesh government floated global tender notices for 300,000 tonnes of various varieties of rice.
India's export ban caused 300 rice trucks to be stranded in India-Bangladesh border zones. A famine threatens remote areas of southeast Bangladesh after millions of rats devastated food crops. The animals turn to ravaging rice stalks and vegetables in the affected region. Higher incomes across Asia are leading to increased consumption of grains and vegetables and of meat, which leads to more grain being diverted for use as cattle fodder.
In the short term, prices can spike as natural disasters ranging from severe drought and floods cause havoc on agriculture. Vietnam suspended exports to protect domestic needs, while Thailand plans to auction an additional 500,000 tonnes of rice to cater to increasing international demand. Food scientists are developing sturdier varieties of rice that can withstand climate challenges as well as higher yielding seeds.
Microsoft chairman Bill Gates in January announced a grant of $19.9 million to help 400,000 small farmers in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa access to improved rice varieties and better growing technology.
rw
China: Saying Farewell to the GDP Growth Cult. February 04, 2008 China Daily
Two years after the western province Qinghai dropped GDP growth for evaluating the performance of government officials in two of its prefectures, the ecological deterioration of the source of China's three major rivers has begun to ebb.
Wetlands have reappeared, while water has returned to some of the dried-up lakes in the Sanjiangyuan, China's largest nature reserve that covers 318,000 sq km.
While desertification throughout Qinghai is still a problem, the annual rate at which the desert is spreading has dropped to 2,000 hectares from 13,000 hectares in the late 1990s.
It may take a while before the ecosystem is fully rehabilitated. The initial efforts in the two Tibetan autonomous prefectures, Yushu and Golok, is promising.
Qinghai's move signals a departure from the "GDP cult", which sees economic growth as the only yardstick for development. For years, this cult has dominated China's development. In the fervor to pursue GDP growth, we have seen mountains denuded, cropland devastated and air and water polluted.
We have double-digit growth in our GDP, which is envied by many. Yet the cost is dear.
Among the 20 most polluted cities in the world, 14 are in China. The worsening air quality has given rise to lung cancer, which has become a top killer in the country. Also on the rise are TB and other diseases.
Pollution has aggravated the country's water supply and caused the occasional drought. At 500 sections of China's nine major river systems that are monitored for water quality, only 28% have water suitable for drinking, 31% have water with no functional use. A sample survey of 118 cities revealed that 97% of their groundwater was polluted. Many polluters escape punishment because they are "local economic pillars". That is why Qinghai's decision to delete GDP growth when evaluating government accomplishments is admirable. The move compels local government to shift its outlook from a focus on GDP growth to one that is environmentally friendly and socially conscious.
Some might say it was not a big deal for Yushu and Golok to be exempted from GDP evaluations, since the secondary and tertiary industries are relatively small there. The two prefectures, are known as "China's water tower" and have traditionally been pastures for nomadic Tibetans.
The habits of the GDP cult have led to overgrazing and gold mining, which have damaged vegetation on the highlands, which sit at 4,000 m above sea level. If the livestock population and mining spree are not checked, ecological deterioration will choke further development.
GDP growth must be based on environmental sustainability and benefit people's welfare.
To sustain the vitality of China we need to continue to expand our GDP to meet the growing needs of the people. But if our rivers and lakes all run dry, the air and soil made toxic, then we will not be far from doom.
There have been warning signs. The water stopped flowing at the source area of the Yellow River, the sudden explosion that blanketed Taihu Lake in Jiangsu and cut the drinking water supply to more than 2 million people in Wuxi city.
Jiangsu has shut down more than 2,000 small chemical plants and built a 1 km wide green buffer zone around Taihu Lake. For the green belt, some 660 hectares of cropland will be returned to nature to reduce discharges of agricultural waste to the lake.
The move reflects Jiangsu's determination to repay its debt to nature.
We now have the Scientific Outlook on Development, which emphasizes putting people first and the pursuit of sustainable development. There is hope that old mindset will change.
rw
Report Calls for Everyone to Take Action. January 31, 2008 Scoop.co.nz
Achieving a sustainable New Zealand "is the responsibility of all New Zealanders," President Basil Morrison said today. Councils already have strategies to improve environmental indicators. However, reversing the downward trends cannot be solved by local government alone. Councils have to establish ongoing partnerships with central government, industry and community groups and take the lead in deciding how to balance community well-being with economic realities. The rate of consumption of goods and services by New Zealand households continues to grow as our population increases and our economy grows.
Households make a bigger impact than people realise but we can turn this around by making wise choices about what we consume, and in the case of waste, how we dispose of it.
Local Governments in New Zealand have been working to address household waste and consumption through recycling and the Packaging Accord, which aims to reduce the proportion of packaging in our total waste.
rw Karen Gaia says: no mention in the article of the need to slow down population growth.
US Colorado: Down-Sizing County's Dream Homes. January 27, 2008 Daily Camera
The largest home in Boulder County is 24,953 square feet, the median house was 6,290 square feet in 2006, up from 2,881 square feet in 1990.
County commissioners denied a request to raze the 962-square-foot house and replace it with a home 20 times the size. The technical reason was complex: The parcel of land is part of a wildlife migration corridor; the house would teeter on important riparian habitat; the land is designated of "statewide agricultural importance"; and the house would not exist "harmoniously" with its neighborhood, among other arguments.
But Commissioner Will Toor much summed it up: "I think it's just too big," he said.
rw
Are Americans the Pigs of the World - Or the Sheep?. January 03, 2008 OpEdNews
A NY Times article spotlights the imbalance in consumption between the developed and undeveloped world. There are one billion people in the developed world, with 5.5 billion still living within far less environmentally taxing means. Those of us in the advanced societies are using up the world's resources at 32 times the rate of a person living in a undeveloped area.
If we cannot contain our demand, we will face economic, political and environmental crises.
The Chinese see the high-tech lifestyle and want it for themselves. India, with a population of about 1 billion, is also expecting a place at the table.
Experts believe terrorism is a product of frustration with those that consume 32 times as much as they do.
With China's per capita consumption rates their rise to our rates of consumption would mean the world would double it's current consumption of oil and metal. If India followed as well, consumption rates would triple.
Recent efforts to unite the world's pollution standards failed when US leaders refused to cut greenhouse gas emissions. China backed out after Bush's filibuster. Australia threw their Bush-friendly President out and signed on to Kyoto, leaving the US as the biggest emitter, (although over 225 US cities including NY, LA and Chicago have voluntarily signed on anyway).
But present rates are unsustainable. China knows this, producing greener cars than us and forging alliances that acknowledge their consumption.
Much American consumption is the product of corporate consumerism. Office buildings burn their lights all night long because of their "architectural majesty".
Most SUV buyers prioritize their image, their safety, their comfort, their cargo room. This has proven fatal for the US auto industry. GM's workers union considered suing GM executives for making too many SUVs, resulting in years of losses, while Asian carmakers' profits soared.
SUVs are a metaphor for needless N. American waste, the least practical car design for the 21st Century. Low-mileage vehicles also helped replace the former glory of GM as the largest US employer.
The average American travels over 40 minutes one way to their place of work. Europeans have paid $7 per gallon gas for more then 12 years to diminish reliance on motor vehicles. Be green, work for solar and wind realities - there is enough wind and sun in just three states to power the whole country if only we build the collection apparatus.
Many fisheries have closed down and projections for over-fishing tuna may haunt us. During the McMansion boom, we built houses much larger then our practical needs.
We are swayed by TV ads more then any other form of information, and is proven true every time Super Bowl ad rates increase, and every time spending on political TV ads increases. China and India will be competing for our resources in a major way, with the rest of the world right behind them.
rw
U.S.;: Divorce Isn't Resource Efficient, Study Finds. December 04, 2007 Seattle Times
Divorce can be bad for the environment. Each time a family dissolves, the result is two new households.
Researchers concluded that in 2005, in the US alone, divorced households could have saved 38 million rooms, 73 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity and 627 billion gallons of water compared to that of married households.
11 other countries were examined, including Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Greece, Mexico and South Africa between 1998 and 2002. In these countries, if divorced households had combined to have the same average household size as married households, there could have been a million fewer households using energy and water. With the number of divorces rising, so is the number of households, outpacing population growth itself.
rw
New Zealand Battles Climate Change Threat to Trade, Tourism. November 07, 2007 AFP: Google
New Zealand ,with a population of only 4.1 million and few industrial smokestacks, is facing accusations that its food and tourism industries are helping destroy the environment.
Dragging our feet on climate change would pose an economic risk to New Zealand, devastating to our reputation.
The impact of greenhouse gases from transport, especially aviation, means New Zealand's environmental credentials are coming under new scrutiny.
Environmentally-conscious tourists are being asked if they can justify flying 20,000 kilometres for a holiday on the opposite side of the world.
They are also being asked why they are eating lamb, beef and butter from New Zealand when they could be buying from local farmers.
Tourism is New Zealand's single largest export, providing one in 10 jobs and 8.9% of GDP.
Of New Zealand's 2.42 million visitors last year, 54% were from Europe, the Americas and Asia. Aircraft emissions account for around 3% of global emissions, but have increased 87% since 1990.
Tourism New Zealand said there has been no impact on long haul visitor arrivals that we can attribute to concerns over sustainability. But it is a situation we are watching closely.
A former British cabinet minister claimed that a kilogram of kiwi fruit airfreighted from New Zealand to Europe caused five kilograms of carbon to be released. The New Zealand government said that kiwifruit is always transported by ship. Of New Zealand's exports in the year to June totalling 33.4 billion dollars, the US accounted for 4.5 billion and the EU 5.2 billion. Dairy products account for 21% of New Zealand's exports and meat 13.2%. Critics in Britain and Germany in particular have been saying it is irresponsible to import food and drinks from the other side of the world.
Trade minister Phil Goff said foreign consumers would realise the flaws of the argument and focus instead on the total carbon footprint of foods.
British dairy farmers produce 31% more greenhouse gases than their counterparts in New Zealand, including the impact of transport.
New Zealand's climate means cattle eat grass all year round. Those running the food miles campaigns often represent producers which have a far greater greenhouse gas footprint than do the products they are complaining about from New Zealand. New Zealand will gradually introduce an emissions trading scheme.
The tourism industry has a new strategy focussed on environmental sustainability. Air New Zealand announced it would trial bio-fuel in association with engine maker Rolls Royce and Boeing.
rw Karen Gaia says: One of the things that we must do to compensate from overpopulation is to produce nearly all of our food locally.
U.K.;: The Advantages of Having No Babies. November 07, 2007 New Scientist
Consider the example of a woman who has adopted an extremely frugal lifestyle, reducing her emissions by 60%, and who, at the age of 25, decides to have a baby. The reduction in her emissions during her life will be exactly offset by the increase in emissions caused by the child over its lifetime, and that is assuming that the child can be persuaded to adopt the same frugal lifestyle.
When one considers the difficulty of persuading children to accept one's own goals in life, and especially when it is borne in mind that even if successful the net gain to the planet is nil, the advantages of not having babies becomes readily apparent.
rw Karen Gaia says: I publish this example only to illustrate the relationship of population growth to consumption. Reducing consumption is NOT enough. We must address population!
Europeans More Likely to Buy Environmentally-friendly Products . October 29, 2007 European Research
A survey revealed that Europeans are 50% more likely to buy environmentally-friendly products than Americans. They are 25% more likely to recycle and to try to influence family and friends to buy green goods and be environmentally conscious.
The study divided the adult population of Europe according to people's buying patterns, product use and attitudes to sustainability, corporate responsibility and the use of environmentally friendly products and services.
The results showed that Europeans are 32% more likely to buy products that have organic or environmental stamps of authenticity on them, but 25% less likely than Americans to pay more for environmentally friendly products.
Environmental initiatives carried out by the European Union have played a large role in developing a "green consciousness" among European consumers. The rise in popularity of organic food and natural medicines and therapies, which are publicised frequently in the media, are also contributing to the growing green consciousness.
rw
U.K.;: Calls for 'Three Planets' Action. October 13, 2007 icWales
The report, says that if everyone on Earth consumed resources at the rate Wales does, the world's population would need three planets. It sets out a vision for a Wales, with a 75% cut in the nation's ecological footprint by 2050.
It identifies seven key areas.
Food: At present 75% of all food eaten in Wales comes through supermarkets. The agenda sees an agricultural-environmental agenda on the producer side, and a healthy diet on the consumer side;
Buildings: Many towns in Wales are composed of buildings which are inefficient. Policies for new buildings are needed, with a future of low carbon sustainable buildings responsive to the sun and the elements, surrounded by townscapes which are green, clean and human scale.
The vision sees a future of low-impact, high-quality, IT-enabled, responsive public transport; a car fleet which has raised its efficiency by several times; and on the demand side, a coordination of activities and locations to reduce travel needs.
In a new economy, the average product will last longer and be designed for re-use and reconditioning, built from lower-impact materials with higher efficiency, sourced locally or with low-impact distribution. Services the agenda needs to focus on public sector procurement and corporate social responsibility. Wales' energy demand is tapered down and local renewable energy sources are accelerated.
Resource economy is based on re-circulation: recycled, re-manufactured and re-used materials and products. Our very future depends on our ability to live within the limits of the Earth's natural resources, yet since the 1980s human demand has been exceeding the Earth's ability to replenish and absorb.
rw Ralph says: Easy to make words. now let us wee how easy it is to turn them into action. Karen Gaia says: no mention of stablizing population.
U.S.;: Why Working Less is Better for the Globe. May 22, 2007 AlterNet
Americans are working harder than ever before. We seem more determined to work harder and produce more. Choosing to work less is the biggest environmental issue no one's talking about.
The Work Less Party is a growing initiative aimed at cutting work hours while tackling unemployment, environment, and boosting leisure time. Working less would produce less, consume less, pollute less and live more.
We work 250 hours, or five weeks, more than the Brits, and a whopping 500 hours, or 12 and a half weeks, more than the Germans. Longer hours plus labor-saving technology equals ever-increasing productivity. Without high annual growth to match productivity, there's unemployment. Maintaining growth means using more energy and resources, which results in increased waste and pollution.
The US is the world's largest polluter. When people work longer hours, they rely increasingly on fast food, disposable diapers, or bottled water. Earning more means spending money in ways that are environmentally detrimental. When people are time-starved they don't have enough time to be conscious consumers. If Europe moved towards a U.S. based economic model, it would consume 15-30% more energy by 2050.
The problem is, France has already begun following America's lead by increasing the workload. France's increased productivity would create even larger problems. In both the US and Europe, work hours declined from the beginning of the industrial revolution until World War II. After the war, the 40-hour workweek was legally in place. Since the 1970s, most European governments have continued shortening work hours whereas the United States has opted instead to let wages fall. The USA has declined relative to all other industrial countries in health, equality, savings, sustainability. What's happened in Europe is people have discovered it's nice to have some time in their lives, and they've wanted more. Here, business has kept that door completely shut.
Take Back Your Time has launched a campaign in the US calling for legislation guaranteeing a minimum of three weeks of paid vacation.
The average vacation in the United States is now only a long weekend, and 25% percent of American workers have no paid vacation, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. But we continue to suffer from overload, debt, and anxiety, and are stuck in a fatalistic rat race generated by heightened consumerism. Our society is focused on work that makes stuff that goes directly into landfills. Essential work such as art, music, creativity, community, the kind necessary to create a healthy society and planet, is being negated in favor of that.
If you want to protect the environment, you have to consume less, which means you have to produce less, and you have to work less. Our standard of living will improve hugely.
rw
UK Consumers Place a Premium on Sustainability. May 16, 2007 The Global Network of Environment and Technology
Concern for the environment has prompted one of the most complete and speedy revolutions in consumer attitudes. A survey of more than 1,500 British adults found that 80% believe it's important for companies to be environmentally friendly.
A reversal from a year ago, when "the green agenda was out on the lunatic fringe for most people."
British consumers are concerned and pessimistic about the state of the environment but not quite sure what to do about it. Climate change is seen as the most important environmental issue and more than 70% rate society's performance in addressing the issue as neutral or worse.
But consumers focus primarily on reducing their waste rather than reducing consumption. Rounding out the list of common green behaviors is recycling plastic bags, followed by the use of products that do not deplete the ozone layer.
There is widespread belief that we are all part of the problem. But most are still thinking in terms of throwing away less, rather than consuming less.
More than 20% of the population could not identify steps a company should take to make itself green.
The research shows that companies seeking rewards in the marketplace can do so by marketing themselves as environmentally concerned. Green brands are perceived as having higher quality and consumers are prepared to pay a premium. Six in ten, for instance, said they will spend more on energy saving household appliances.
Consumers want to do the right thing but need help from companies to lead them into action. Brands which align themselves with environmental concerns can expect to secure a competitive advantage.
rw
It's Not the Number of Automobiles but the Number of People. May 2007 Paul Watson
by Capt. Paul Watson, co-founder of The Greenpeace Foundation, and president and founder of the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society .. The NO. 1 cause of global greenhouse gas emissions is over-population.
In 1950, the world population was 3 billion, now 6.5 billion people who produce an enormous output of waste and utilize an unbelievable amount of resources and energy. Most people having children have no idea why they are even having children other than that's what you do. Most don't really love their children because if they did they would be very much involved in trying to ensure that their children have a world to survive in.
Unless over-population is addressed, there is no way of slowing down greenhouse gas emissions. But corporations need workers, governments need taxpayers, bureaucrats and soldiers. More people means more money.
The solution to all of our problems is simple. We just need to live in accordance with the three basic laws of ecology.
Weaken diversity and the entire system will be weakened and will ultimately collapse. All of the species within an eco-system are interdependent. There is a limit to growth because there is a limit to carrying capacity.
Human populations are exceeding carrying capacity and diminishing resources and diversity of species.
Albert Einstein wrote that "if the bee disappeared off the surface of the globe, then man would have only four years of life left. No more bees, no more pollination, no more plants, no more animals, no more man."
And the honey bee is disappearing. Why? We don't know why. All around the world bees are disappearing and bees pollinate our plants. If the bees disappear, we will have only four years. We are cutting down the forest and plundering the oceans. We are polluting the soil, the air and the water and rapidly running out of fresh water to drink. Water is now being sold for more than the equivalent amount of gasoline.
Now for Al Gore's really inconvenient truth. In his film he does not mention once that the meat and dairy industry that produces the bacon, the steaks, the chicken wings and the milk is a larger contributor to greenhouse gas emissions than the automobile industry. Al may drive a Prius but he likes his burgers.
This is why the big organizations like Greenpeace and the Sierra Club will not say a thing about the meat industry. Last year I saw Greenpeacers sitting down for a fish meal while engaged in a campaign to oppose over-fishing.
When we pointed out that our Sea Shepherd ships serve only vegan meals, the Greenpeace cook replied, "that's just silly."
The oceans have been plundered to the point that 90% of the fish have been removed. This is ecological insanity.
The largest marine predator is the cow. More than half the fish is rendered into fish meal and fed to domestic livestock. We are extracting some 50 to 60 fish from the sea to raise one farm raised salmon.
rw
While Washington debates how to tackle climate change, Wal-Mart, DuPont and Honda are among a small but growing cadre that is taking action on its own.
Their size could lead to change in an area where Congress and the president, have mostly balked.
If these corporations use their power to go "green," the hope is that there will be a significant reduction in global warming.
If they can cut a deal now, they can get a better deal than they would get later. When Wal-Mart says 'Don't use excess packaging,' packing is reduced on products across the board. Such efforts were "both genuine and will make a difference."
Whether it is the world's growing population or global warming, we see the need for sustainable business practices" Wal-Mart chief executive said.
With 176 million weekly shoppers in 14 countries , Wal-Mart can have a major impact. If a supplier changes its packaging to comply with Wal-Mart's demand, other retailers will also see the effects.
Going green has expanded. Chairlifts at Vail, Heavenly and other Vail Resorts mountains are now powered by wind energy by purchasing 100% wind power offsets for all of its electric needs.
The U.S. Climate Action Partnership, a group of companies and environmental groups is pushing a cap-and-trade system where limits are set on greenhouse-gas emissions. These people want a seat while policy is being shaped. They'd rather be there and help and make sure their concerns and sector issues are considered.
A lot of the companies are going to be making capital investments and have an interest in what the regulations will be. .
"There are a certain number of CEOs who feel it's time to give something back, and they're looking at the world they're going to leave behind."
rw Karen Gaia says: I see two things wrong with this picture: 1) the major impact of big box stores is the large number of miles driven to get to the store, compared to the local neighborhood store. 2) Stores promote consumerism; much of it is stuff we don't need.
Another Way to Fight Global Warming. March 25, 2007 Fred Brown
Next to the burning of hydrocarbons, the principal source of greenhouse gases is that emitted by the digestive tracts of the cattle required to meet the demands of a horribly over-populated world. Can we justify the continued use of flesh foods and dairy products?
Vegetarians live longer than meat eaters.
The transition to a vegan diet can even be made without a change in daily menu since there are now so many vegetarian meat substitutes and soy milk products available.
The planet you save may be your own.
rw
Living with Water Scarcity -- World Must Act Now. March 21, 2007 Eureka Alert
A Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture - the first of its kind, brings together the work of over 700 specialists, examining policies and practices of water use and development in the agricultural sector over the last 50 years.
One-third of the world's population live in areas where water scarcity must be reckoned with. Much of this cannot be avoided, but can be averted through better water management. As a rule of thumb, about one litre of liquid water gets converted to water vapor to produce one calorie of food. A heavy meat diet requires much more water than a vegetarian diet.
The relation between water and food is a struggle for over two thirds of world's 850 million under-nourished people. There is water scarcity in India and China, because of rapid economic growth in both countries. Diets are more dependent on animal products. In China, meat demand has quadrupled over the last 30 years, and in India milk and egg products are increasingly popular. Growing cities take more water, and environmental concerns are rising.
Water use in agriculture is one of the major drivers of ecosystem degradation. Flows of rivers in important food producing areas dry up because of the water needed for irrigated agriculture. More people require more water for more food; more water is essential in the fight against poverty; yet we should limit the amount of water taken from ecosystems.
In the worst case scenario where practices don't change, water use will double. Agricultural practices are changing, but not fast enough.
With wise policies and investments it is possible over the next 50 years to limit future growth in water withdrawals to 13% and cultivated land expansion to 9%. But complicating the situation are climate change and the increased use of biofuels. Water scarcity is with us to stay, and we have to learn to live with it.
Consider agriculture as an ecosystem producing multiple services for people and sustain biodiversity. We need to place the means of getting out of poverty into the hands of poor people by focusing on water as a means to raise their own food and gain more income.
Growing more food with less water can reduce future demand for water, thus easing competition for water and environmental degradation. A 35% increase in water productivity could reduce additional crop water needs from 80% to 20% by 2050.
Improving access to water, and using it better are essential in the fight against poverty.
Poverty, hunger, gender inequality, and environmental degradation continue to afflict developing countries because of political and institutional failings. While water scarcity is here to stay, many of the problems associated with water scarcity can be avoided. This will require that we deal with difficult choices and tradeoffs.
rw Ralph says: Not a single suggestion that if we reduce the world population we cut the demand for water. I can remember only 70 or so years ago as a young boy walking through the British countryside and drinking from any stream Ii found. Water was universally available. It is the growth in population that is causing most of the problems we discuss in this web site, but no one wants to talk about it!!!! Karen Gaia says: the article ignores the problems of biofuels which will take over most of the water and the land used by poor people to grow food - just to keep the rich people of the planet in their cars and SUVs.
Australia;: Facing Up to the Challenges of Urban Sustainability. February 14, 2007 The Canberra Times
Australia's cities are at the centre of its economic, life and are crucial to the country's future. Yet our cities are struggling with problems. The demand for new infrastructure, the transport and traffic congestion, managing a sustainable water supply, creeping inequity and social division and global warming are just some of the many issues.
These issues have been repeatedly highlighted as major concerns with the state of our cities, and the need for action.
The common theme is the urgent need for a national approach. We can no longer consider our major population centres as isolated entities which do not impact on each other or the nation. Competing demands for natural and human resources, the impacts of growth and our reliance on the supply of goods and services between cities highlight this fact.
The Howard Government has remained mute on the issue. It has refused to discuss repeated calls for a coordinated approach to the challenges our cities face.
The Government has committed to a national agenda in other areas, water for example, yet does not see that sustainable growth of our major urban areas should compel as much attention.
All state and territory planning ministers are now proposing a way forward, currently being considered to establish a National Action Plan for Urban Australia.
The Plan would be established through an Australia-wide intergovernmental agreement, that would involve outlining measures to tackle the environmental, social or economic issues being faced.
States and territories would receive payments in accordance with their commitment to implement the plans and could be penalised for failure to implement the measures within agreed timeframes or outcomes by the cancellation of these payments.
An independent body would be created to recommend to the Commonwealth whether payments to the states and territories should be made. The Commonwealth would establish a fund to be used to leverage commitment to action plans. States and territories would be required to contribute.
An April 2005 report identified a $25 billion backlog in infrastructure investment. Failure to deal with traffic congestion in Sydney has a cost of $11 billion.
A report concluded that a "a substantial dividend" would result from improving sustainability in major urban areas".
It is time for consideration of a national agenda for our urban areas, with the Commonwealth taking a significant role.
rw
Turning Point in US as More Women Choose Not to Marry: Majority Live Without a Spouse, Census Shows Marriage No Longer the Norm. January 17, 2007 Guardian (London)
Some 51% (59.9 million) women were living without a spouse in 2005, a rise from 35% in 1950. Of the more than 117 million American women above the age of 15, 63 million are married, 3.1 million are legally separated and 2.4 million are married to husbands who are not living at home.
Some of the women have outlived their husbands. In 1960s and 1970s, the family was a focus of baby boomers' rebellion.
Forty years later, the growing independence of women has produced a generation of women who see choices other than marriage.
Men and women are waiting until they are well into their 30s to marry, or live together. In 1950, some 42% of women below the age of 24 were married; by 2000, the figure had fallen to 16%, the census data found.
The proportion of married women between 25 and 34 fell to 58% in 2000 from 82% in 1950.
Those women who do marry and go on to divorce take longer to remarry than men, or may choose to live with a partner without being legally married.
The declining incidence of marriage was pronounced among African-Americans, with only 30% of women living with a spouse.
About 60% of Asian woman are living in married households.
Social forces have created a society where women no longer need to rely on husbands for financial support. This has created a society where people spend half of their adult life alone. We will never go back to the 1950s. That dominant social norm is gone forever.
rw
U.S. Motorists Driving a Little Less. November 30, 2006 MarketWatch
A study by finds that the average American drove 13,657 miles in 2005, down from 13,711 in 2004. Last year also saw SUVs comprise a smaller part of new-vehicle sales. While gas consumption continues to rise, demand grew only 0.3% last year and 1% for the first 11 months of 2006. Gas costs about 3.8% of average household spending. The graying of the population has contributed, as older drivers tend to drive less. rw
Has the Earth Got a Prayer? Status Quo Really is Planet's Dead End. November 21, 2006 The Japan Times
It should be obvious that we are setting ourselves up for a crisis of global proportions.
We have been "fruitful and multiplied" to such an extent that Earth's human population, which was a mere 3 billion in 1959, will, by most estimates, top 9 billion by around 2042.
Our forests are being replaced with agriculture, our oceans are deserted, and deserts worldwide are spreading.
If you're among the majority of humans who care about the planet, then you probably sense that the status quo is a dead end. We cannot allow population to rise apace.
Increasingly the faithful are stepping into the arena of environmental activism. Only a fundamental change in how we view our planetary resources can prevent a global crisis.
Economics in the 20th century produced productive but also polluting and resource-intensive economies. That model is being pursued by developing economies seeking their shot at prosperity. But key elements of the approach cannot be sustained.
Adherents to the status quo still reassure us that new technologies, new resources, and human ingenuity will see us through. But scientists are not so optimistic. As long as you have exponential growth in population and industry, it doesn't make any difference what you assume about technology, resources, or productivity. Eventually you overshoot and collapse. We've got one planet, finite resources and more people consuming more resources, something has to give.
Ideally, development must meet the needs of the present without compromising the future generations.
This will require governments worldwide to recognize that all economic activity is dependent on the natural environment. Presently governments pursue rapid economic growth, then clean up the mess they've made.
Today's developed nations have used this approach, none has achieved sustainability. Other countries will have to get development right the first time. That's the case for China and India, with over a billion mouths to feed each and those people demanding clean water and shelter, as well as dishwashers, computers and cars. Over the next decades we have to move our environment from political and social concerns and restructure our economic system to reflect this priority.
We will have to adopt a new understanding of what "wealth" and "quality of life" mean. This is where faith-based communities can offer us guiding values.
A Buddhist movement in Sri Lanka embraces a vision of well-being based on 10 basic needs: A clean and beautiful environment; a clean and adequate supply of water; basic clothing; a balanced diet; a simple house to live in; basic health care; simple communications facilities; basic energy requirements; well-rounded education; and cultural and spiritual sustenance.
For the majority of our fellow human beings such a community would be a godsend.
It is critical, for the developed world to consume less so that the rest of the world can have a fairer share of the planet. No new doctrine is needed, every religion condemns the taking of life and stealing from future generations.
There is only one Earth, we are its custodians. Whatever our religion we share the same place of worship. Our neighbor's plight is our own, and their well-being is intertwined with ours.
rw
Unholy Trinity Set to Drag Us Into the Abyss. October 15, 2006 Sydney Morning Herald
Climate change, peaking of oil supply and water shortage will profoundly alter our way of life. In the 60 years since World War II, the world population has grown from 2.5 billion to 6.5 billion with 9 billion forecast by 2050. That growth has triggered insatiable demand for natural resources. Today, global limits emerge that are real and imminent. Evidence points to the fact the globe cannot support its present population, let alone an additional 2.5 billion, unless we embrace change.
Solutions require that we take a global view and place our society and economy on a genuinely sustainable footing. It requires moving away from the individualism which has created so many of the problems, to a co-operative individualism, where managing the global and local is paramount.
We have a unique opportunity to set humanity on a new course, built around an ethical renaissance and sustainable societies. The tools and technologies to solve these problems are available, the cost is less than we have been led to believe, and the benefits greater. The missing ingredients are acceptance of the problem, the collective will for action and genuine long-term vision and leadership. The pressure for change must come from the community at large. Our choice is either to seize the opportunity to build a sustainable future, or try to muddle through in the time-honoured manner and increasingly lose the ability to control our own affairs.
For Australia, along with many other countries, water is the priority. Resolving the water crisis will be the first test of whether we can combine long-term vision and principled leadership with the need to take the hard decisions quickly enough to stave off impending disaster.
rw
Earth's Ecological Debt Crisis; Today Mankind's 'Borrowing' From Nature Hits New Record. October 09, 2006 The Independent (London)
Evidence is mounting that rapid population growth and rising living standards are putting an intolerable strain on nature.
Just like a company bound for bankruptcy plunging into the red, the world starts falling into ecological debt on 9 October. Problems range from carbon dioxide emissions to the destruction of rainforests.
Catching too many fish has left once-common fish struggling to survive. And eventually only small and juvenile fish are left, and stocks become unviable.
Climate change threatens to plunge the world into conflict. British military planners are preparing for conflicts arising from the scramble for resources in 20 to 30 years' time.
Flooding, melting permafrost and desertification could lead to loss of agricultural land, poisoning of water supplies and destruction of economic infrastructure.
Each individual's share is the equivalent of 1.8 hectares of the Earth's surface, the area equivalent we use is 2.2 hectares per person. Humanity is living off its ecological credit card and is liquidating the planet's natural resources.
Globally we deny millions of people who lack access to land, food and clean water, and we put the planet's life support mechanisms in peril."
Humanity started living beyond its means in 1987. Consumption is profligate in the West, where individuals consume air-freighted food, buy hard-wood furniture, enjoy foreign holidays and own cars.
The world would need five planet Earth's to sustain a materialistic society such as the US. By contrast, developing countries use a fraction of the resources.
We are using resources faster than they can be replaced, we are drawing natural capital, we know that collapse is a real possibility.
Degradation of the marine ecosystem is one of the world's biggest problems after climate change.
Oil reserves are fast running out; some 13 million hectares of forest are lost every year. Population growth, pollution and climate change are making water a scarce resource. Overfarming drains the soil of nutrients, while the chemicals used in the process pollute waterways.
rw
Grass Created in Lab Is Found in the Wild. August 16, 2006 Washington Post
An unapproved type of genetically engineered grass has been found growing in the wild. Ecologists found a small number of the grass plants growing in central Oregon near the site of field tests but would probably not pose an ecological threat. We have to think about the possibility of plants escaping into populations where there are wild relatives present.
The genetically engineered grass is being developed by the Scotts Miracle-Gro Company and Monsanto for use on golf courses. It contains a gene that makes the grass resistant to the herbicide Roundup. The goal is to allow groundskeepers to spray the herbicide to kill weeds without hurting the grass.
The Department of Agriculture is evaluating whether to approve the grass.
One concern is that genes that make crops resistant to herbicides or pests may escape to wild relatives, that would be harder to eradicate.
That is hardly a risk for the main types of genetically engineered crops, soybeans, corn and cotton, because they do not have wild, weedy relatives.
Some scientists have expressed concern that if the gene escapes, weedy grasses could be harder to control with the widely used herbicide.
In a new study, scientists sampled 20,400 plants up to three miles from the edge of an 11,000-acre zone surrounding the test plots. They found 9, or 0.04%, that were genetically engineered, the farthest being 2.4 miles from the control zone border.
Some of the plants had been created by seeds that had blown off the test plot and others by hybridization of wild grass with pollen from the genetically engineered grass.
Scientists in Canada have reported an instance in which herbicide resistance appears to have spread by pollination from genetically engineered canola.
In Japan, transgenic canola was found growing near ports and roadsides. Scientists hypothesized that imported seeds had escaped during transportation to oil-processing facilities.
rw Karen Gaia says: As the population grows, so does the need to provide groomed outdoor recreation areas. People used to be able to go out into the woods or mountains or oceans to have a good time.
U.S.;: Study: Singles Need Treehugger Most. August 06, 2006 Treehugger
A new study suggests that singles could minimize environmental footprints if their awareness could be raised and sustainable lifestyle products targeted to their needs. One-person households are now wealthier than ever and may be willing to put money into more environmentally-friendly homes and products.
It was found that singles throw out 1600 kg of waste per head, compared with an average of 1000 kg waste per capita in a four-person household. They consume 38% more products, generate 42% more packaging waste, use 55% more electricity and guzzle 61% more gas than each member in the traditional family. In Germany single households hit 38% in 2005- up 4% from 1991.
Many living alone do so out of circumstances rather than choice. The study proposes expansion of living spaces designed for the single. The study encourages a little government sponsored education, because the single will dedicate extra money to the choice of sustainable products.
rw
U.K.;: Single Living 'Harming the Environment'. August 01, 2006 InTheNews.co.uk
The trend for Britons to spend long periods living by themselves is having a detrimental effect upon the environment. A study suggests that one-person households are not only the most wasteful users of land in England and Wales, but also proportionately use far more energy and household appliances compared to the rest of the country.
Unless current patterns are disrupted by collective housing schemes or single occupancy taxes, the UK could face a "consumption crisis".
Males between 35 and 44 were the worst offenders, using 55% more electricity per capita compared to a traditional four-person household.
In 1971 only 18% of the population lived by themselves, most aged over 60, but now 30% are single occupants, predicted to rise to 38% by 2001.
Suggestions include shared housing initiatives as part of their planned housing development programmes, housing this group in ecological new builds that are prestigious, well-designed, state-of-the-art and environmentally sound.
rw
U.S.: 9 Ways You Can Achieve Energy Independence!. July 09, 2006 The Independent Weekly
Utilities project a 50% increase in electricity generation from polluting sources, but we can dramatically reduce the amount of energy we use in our homes, workplaces and congregations. Nine small steps at home to reduce the demand for energy - some don't cost anything, some cost a little and some are expensive, but will save money in the long run. 1. Sign up for GreenPower to increase the production of energy from renewable sources. A residential N.C. GreenPower contribution of $4 per month adds one block of 100 kilowatt-hours of cleaner energy to the power supply, by means that vary from families with solar photovoltaic panels on to animal farms that generate power from methane. Energy conservation through simple, measures such as replacing light bulbs with compact fluorescents. 2. Get a home energy audit to find where energy loses occur. Replace light bulbs with compact fluorescents. Seal places where outside air was blowing into the house with insulation. Get a solar hot water heater and insulated hot water lines. These things may drop your energy bill by about 20%.
3. Design sustainable new homes. A growing number of architects and builders are taking steps to make our homes part of the energy solution.
4. Build smarter schools.
The debate over new schools has focused largely on how much to raise property taxes. Missing has been any consideration of the energy costs involved in powering conventional school buildings. A closer look reveals a roof-mounted solar hot water system supplying the cafeteria, photovoltaic panels that reduce the demand for outside power, and extensive classroom daylight.
5. Help transform energy policy.
We won't be free to choose clean energy if state rules drive the utilities to meet all future demand through more expensive and polluting coal and nuclear plants.
6. Drive cleaner.
We Need Regulation to Reduce This Waste of Energy. July 03, 2006 The Independent
If low-energy lighting were installed around the world, global energy could be cut by nearly a tenth. The technology is available, would curb light pollution, and could keep up to 16 billion tons of carbon out of the atmosphere over the next quarter century. Artificial lighting accounts for nearly 20 %of the world's electricity consumption, and will be 80% higher in 2030. The average American home uses 10 times the artificial light of the average Chinese home, and 30 times that of the average Indian home. Greenpeace U.K. is urging governments to mandate efficient lighting in building codes. rw
U.S.;: Made to Break Reveals the Roots of Our Throwaway Culture. July 02, 2006 Grist Magazine
The U.S. is a nation founded on the rejection of tradition and a profound belief in invention. This has given us more than two centuries of technology, but has also made Americans the world's most voracious consumers. We invented the concept of disposability.
In the late 1800s, manufacturers began to realize the commercial potential of short-lived products. In the 1920s, as society became more urban and more women entered the workforce, manufacturers understood the potential of selling products that could be promoted as both hygienic and convenient. Marketing campaigns encouraged rapid automobile replacement and resulted in products designed not to last. Then, in the 1950s and '60s, the media began touting products whose novelty outweighed their necessity.
In recent years, our embrace of technology and appetite for the new converged with planned obsolescence. Americans own more than 2 billion digital devices with short life spans dictated by rapidly evolving semiconductors. Some have simply been cast aside in favor of a new model.
The result is a growing stream of hazardous waste. Millions of tons of e-waste end up in U.S. landfills each year, and millions more are exported to developing countries. Some are simply dumped there, while others are recycled. How do we undo this cycle of consumption?
In the US we equate progress and prosperity with the ability to jettison things, the notions of reuse and recycle have been slow to take hold. During the next few years, the problem of waste will compel American manufacturers to modify industrial practices. The age of obsolescence will go the way of the buffalo.
rw
U.K.: Multicultural London Provides Food for Thought. June 17, 2006 Environmental Data Interactive
The fourth annual London Multicultural Environment Fair was held in Hackney. Speakers considered the dietary requirements and culinary preferences of the capital's population. The Young Indian Vegetarians described how the meat-free diet has now become an environmental issue.
They claimed the land used to raise and feed the world's 55 billion head of livestock could be put to better use supporting four billion humans. The waste of land and water used to raise animals was unacceptable.
The issues of food miles and the energy used to transport exotic crops to British markets were also touched upon.
The London Food Link encouraged people to buy locally-sourced food where possible. We should ask how is it grown, who is growing it and how is it transported."
Many crops for foreign cuisines could be grown in the UK and, as demand grows, agriculture will adapt. We must be aware that the everyday choices we make in the UK have an impact elsewhere in the world.
Those living in Africa, the Caribbean and other parts of the developing world, are paying the cost of the industrialised world's excesses, as climate change begins to hit them.
In London, and other urban centres, children don't understand agriculture and have little idea of where their food comes from.
We need to educate children about the environment, said and furnish them with practical skills such as farming.
The Muslim community also had its own particular concerns when it came to diet and the environment. The planet has always been important in Islam. But halal has its own environmental issues - you cannot get organic meat that is halal because the certification bodies do not approve of the way the animals are killed. it is difficult making inroads into the Muslim community and persuade people to make environmental concerns a priority.
Unfortunately there's a lot more to worry about as statistics show that London Muslims are disadvantaged in terms of education, unemployment, poor housing and poverty.
rw
Novy Knows When to Water: Fairfax Landscaper to Talk at Water-Wise. May 21, 2006 Marin Independant Journal
Linda Novy started into Marin's landscaping business with big lawns, lush ornamentals, native plants, and then the 1976 drought hit. Everything died; the lawns went brown. By the time the next drought hit in the '80s the county was more prepared.
When another drought visits the California water system will be stretched ever thinner by an unstoppable population swell.
The area is also infested with "non-natives, exotics, weeds.
Novy says it's very different now. Native plants have built a defense against invasive exotics. She's planting willows and California natives on the creek banks behind the house. The plants in the fenced nursery are either edible or native and she gathers many of the seeds on hikes in the hills. By the '90s, people were making the link between the environment at large and in their back yard. Novy now works as a consultant, focused on sustainability.
In the wilds, the landscape works as a "cradle to cradle" system, taking in only sunlight and water. The plants and insects process the waste, fertilize the ground and renew the cycle. No maintenance is required. Novy has worked with clients toward that end. She helped a Sonoma County company build a landscape plan that took the leaf blowers and herbicides out of the system. They reduced their waste, water and energy costs.
rw
Gas Prices Spur Americans to Change Behavior. May 20, 2006 Marion Daily Republican
A survey found that over a third of American drivers are pondering getting a more fuel-efficient vehicle; half are considering a hybrid, fewer than 5% want a luxury sedan or large SUV. Motorcycle sales jumped 16% compared to the same period in 2004, and scooter sales leaped 65%. Bike sales rose 7% and many more bikers are commuting instead of cycling just for recreation. Boat owners are taking shorter trips, going slower, and reducing their number of outings. People are talking about doing a lot more buddy boating. rw
India: Growth Should Not Lead to Ecosystem Degradation. April 27, 2006 Confederation of Indian Industry
There is continuous degradation of the ecosystem in India and other countries which is evident from the spread of diseases as well as storms like Katrina and Tsunami. This is expected to intensify with countries focussing only on economic growth and needs to be corrected, according to Prof Jeffrey Sachs who was speaking at the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII). He said that there are number of challenges that need to be met.
He said that while we attempt to remove poverty, we should pay attention to the sustainability of environment. Growth of population and per capita income has tendency to lead to degradation of every ecosystem.
Though the growth rate of population has declined, increasing population still poses major challenge to the environment. There is a need to encourage family planning, girls' education, empowering women etc.
Economic growth leads to concentration of carbon and nitrogen, extinction of various birds and trees, stress on water etc. He noted that by 2050 India's GDP could be at par with China and by the end of this century could well surpass both US and China. However this poses challenges to the ecosystem and India is required to play a central role in the world for this cause. Eco degradation lead to increasing temperature, which affects food supply, health condition, habitats, sea level, ocean chemistry extreme weather conditions and water stress.
He expressed dissatisfaction over the sustainability of ecosystem in India as well as abroad. Some of the warning signals are reflected in terms of increasing diseases like AIDS and avian flu, more frequent happenings of Katrina-like storms, transformation of diseases from animals to human beings etc. With GDP growth, the problem is going to intensify.
He predicted that while population by 2050 will increase by one and half, the use of energy will increase by three times. In view of pressure on existing oil, there is increasing pressure on the use of coal. There is a need for controlling the increase of carbon emission by developing an appropriate technology.
Prof Sach said that growth and devolvement are necessary to help the poorest of the poor but even if we spend less than 1% of GDP on maintaining the eco system, this should be sufficient. He said that India is required to play a leadership role in: (a) scientific and technical development (b) developing a sustainable energy system (c) helping the poorest of the poor, and (d) raising its voice.
rw
U.S.: Earth-Friendly Materials Go Mainstream. January 22, 2006 New York Times*
Growing consumer interest is encouraging green homebuilding retailers. These stores sell such items as eco-timber and insulation made of recycled jeans. Just a few years ago, green-minded homeowners had to buy supplies in small stores with a limited selection. But at Green Fusion, environmentally friendly wares like plant-based paints, organic bedding (an all-wool king-size mattress costs $2,000) and cork flooring from Portugal allow customers to experience healthy materials. The chief executive of the Environmental Home Center, a large green building supplier in Seattle, says his company has national ambitions. His company has grown to a multimillion dollar business and across the country, there are several established green retailers. Home Depot is testing a green theme in all of its Canadian stores and promotes environmentally friendly products. There is a growing sensitivity about taking care of ourselves, our homes, and our earth. Unfortunately for consumers, there is no regulatory system that oversees or establishes green standards for the industry. So green retailers select products based on their own criteria, often with the help of consultants. It is unclear how many are willing to pay extra for it. Green products generally command a higher price than their conventional counterparts. rw Maybe it would be more environmentally friendly to purchase a double bed instead of a king size one. Think of all those sheep and the water and soil it takes.
State of the Environment - North Carolina's Most Urgent Environmental Challenge. December 16, 2005 Charlotte Observer
If projections from scientific experts are remotely accurate, North Carolina is in for significant change within our lifetimes related to global climate change. One estimate says 770 square miles of the coast could submerge. Air quality may worsen as temperatures rise, and the health of citizens could decline. Some will die of heat stroke. Environmental Defense, among others, has suggested a series of strategies to limit the harmful impact and prepare its residents to make some money off the changes. This year, air quality drops out of the top 10 problems because there were fewer bad air days, because controls on smokestack pollution have begun to take effect. Each of these assessments is subjective, not scientific. Summers have been getting drier, while falls have been getting wetter. As a consequence, North Carolinians have less water available than they did 100 years ago and a future with insufficient water in some areas as the state continues its dramatic urbanization. Raleigh has problems with one of its key reservoirs. Falls Lake which has been below normal level, forcing Raleigh to think about asking for a transfer from Kerr Lake. Concord and Kannapolis have sought to drain 38 million gallons a day from the Catawba River. Storm runoff, nutrients and sediment remain a top concern. Development is overwhelming the ability to keep pollution out of water supplies but the state is losing the war to protect water quality and the environment in North Carolina and America. Rapid growth and inappropriate development has been near the top of the list for 10 years. Residential growth consumes farmland, green space and forests, putting new strains on air quality and water quality. But sprawling low-density development and quality-of-life concerns could interfere with future prosperity. Growth and development has threatened places where no one ever imagined. A growth surge in coastal counties has caused problems and the land use planning program for the coast is totally broken. The very people who depend on waterfront availability for their economic survival can no longer afford that access. How North Carolina will meet its energy needs at an affordable cost will dominate debate affecting the environment. Utilities are interested in building more nuclear plants and pressure grows for the state to rescind its opposition to offshore natural gas exploration. While some fish stocks have made recoveries in N.C. waters, others have declined in alarming ways. River herring have become so depleted that catches failed to reach a quota limit. Oysters, bay scallops and blue crabs are species of "concern" because of low catches. Population growth has increased the amount of garbage going into landfills while the state might begin importing garbage in landfills proposed for sparsely populated areas an environmental threat. The state continues to search for solutions to large-scale hog farm waste. Thousands bought up the shoreline and built out-of-scale mansions to replace the fish camps and clapboard cottages. The loss of natural areas to upscale residential developments has changed what North Carolinians see from our windows. Litter accumulates along our highways, costing the state millions in collection costs and providing volunteers with more work than they can keep up with. Utility poles and wires mar the viewscape. Environmental concerns fail to consider long-term implications and doesn't recognize the interdependence of conservation and development. North Carolina has more than 17 million acres of forests and large stands of trees in national and state forests, parks and wildlife reserves. But the huge stands of hardwoods and regal longleaf pines are now a small fraction of what they once were. In a state where development has gobbled up 100,000 acres of forested lands and natural areas per year, recent legislation may make it harder for local governments to preserve land at a time the state's population continues to grow and consume more natural areas. rw Sounds just like most of the states along the east coast. Most of these problems are population and consumption. Where it is a consumption problem, any population growth magnifies it. The problem with people being rich is that they are able to distract and insulate themselves from the problems, which puts them in a state of denial.
U.S.: SUV Sales Down Sharply. December 04, 2005 Washington Post
U.S. consumers are avoiding sport-utility vehicles in favor of passenger cars. Sales of new vehicles in the US were off 2.8% in November from a year ago. Sales of some SUVs were off more than 50%. At GM sales were down 7.6% and have lagged since it ended "employee pricing" discounts in September. Ford said sales fell 15%. GM and Ford announced that they will make fewer trucks while boosting car output. Ford said it will increase first-quarter car production by 21%. U.S. sales of DaimlerChrysler were down 2.7%. Toyota's U.S. sales rose 13% and Honda 8%. Nissan trailed as it's sales fell 4%. Analysts have blamed slumping SUV demand for the automakers' deteriorating financial condition. The automakers blame high labor costs, including health care costs and payments for pensions, and inflexible union rules. U.S. consumers remain skittish about buying sport-utility vehicles after the rising fuel-price during the hurricane season. The average price for unleaded gasoline is $2.14 a gallon, up from $1.94 a year ago. Sales executives at GM and Ford downplayed the impact of higher gas prices on the sales declines. GM expects sales in the large SUV category to remain stable. rw
India: Population Can Be An Asset Too. November 18, 2005 Business Line (India)
Mr Kalam sees India's population as an asset as its population creates demand for goods and is the basis of economic growth. He said that 20 million are rich fellows and can buy anything. The 250 million middle-class also have buying power. Our growing population is our strength provided we give dignity to everyone. Lack of education is the problem, not large population. On one hand, higher population negates the strides made. On the other higher population creates a large market, which is an asset if people are educated. The difficulties created by a large population include the use of oil and coal by an ever-increasing population is leading to global warming. But a large population may not consume much energy. Carbon emissions can be reduced if more people used fans instead of air-conditioners. It is not necessary to increase consumption of energy-intensive goods, instead, we should increase consumption of non-polluting goods such as music and books. It is said that people in poor countries are cutting down forests because of increasing pressure on land. But this pressure is due to the transfer of resources to richer countries. There are two claimants for the scarce resources of the developing countries the large population of the poor countries and the small population of the rich countries. Developing countries have attained high growth rates in periods when their population was declining. but they could not sustain the growth. High growth during a period of population decline is a short-term affair. The large numbers from earlier generations need to support few young ones in this short period which ends as soon as the next generation takes command. Then few persons have to support few children and, once again, the growth rate declines. The richness of the countries of the West arises from technological innovations; income transfers from the poor countries and a large labour force in the developing countries, which produces cheap goods. Their high incomes reflect the poor incomes elsewhere. The burden of health provision is upon the government. For learning also one has to knock at the door of the government. We need to adopt simple lifestyles rather than assume that a smaller population per se will solve our problems. rw The author must be blind, totally politically biased or has never walked the streets of India. Even simple lifestyles consume resources: the poor have to eat and use fuel (firewood). Their very numbers are a strain on the environment. And people with simple lifestyles buy very little consumer goods, meaning they contribute very little to economic growth. The growing of people to grow the economy is one of the most significant fallacies in the world.
U.S.: EPA Plans to Revamp Mileage Testing. September 28, 2005 Boston Globe
The EPA will propose changes to the way it estimates automobile fuel ratings now that consumers are paying more attention to fuel consumption. The EPA will alter testing to reflect today's driving habits, address congestion in cities and suburbs, account for vehicles in cold climates, and calculate the impact of accessories. The changes would put the EPA in line with testing by Consumers Union. A survey of 303 vehicles found that, in 90% of the cases, EPA estimates were inflated. The auto industry has opposed updating the mileage tests as they have benefited from fuel ratings often higher than those in real-world driving. The mileage estimates are used by the auto companies as they attempt to meet federal regulations and today's rules, require a company's fleet of cars to average 27.5 mpg and light trucks and SUVs, 21.0 mpg. Companies are having difficulty meeting efficiency goals even as they benefit from inflated numbers, and any change in EPA testing methods could have an adverse affect on compliance. But many executives acknowledge the flaws saying The EPA numbers mean nothing in the real world. Consumer Reports tests showed vehicles falling 40% and 50% below EPA estimates. The EPA test is based on 30-year-old standards: the city test requires a vehicle to run for 11 simulated miles with 23 stops, 5 minutes of idle time, an average speed of 21 mph; on the highway, a 10-mile drive, average speed of 48 mph on a smooth road. The tests do not account for temperature, the use of air conditioners, bad road conditions, or increased urban and suburban traffic jams. Eleven miles of city driving will mean more than five minutes idling at lights or in stalled traffic. No one averages 48 mph on highways where the speed limit has crept up from 55 to 65 as that would account for a 10% hike in fuel. The 2007 model year could be the first under the new rules. There is no perfect test, because driving habits differ, as does owners' care of their vehicles. rw
U.S.: Bush Calling for Private Fisheries. September 28, 2005 Portland Press Herald
The Bush administration proposed legislation to overhaul management of the nation's fisheries, by giving regulators greater flexibility and encouraging them to privatize fisheries. Some environmental groups applauded privatization, others said the bill would weaken conservation rules. Bush's legislation would amend the Fishery Conservation and Management Act, which was last updated in 1996. The Senate's Commerce Committee has been working on a draft of its own bill. The administration's plan would double by 2010 the fisheries that are privatized where access is limited to those who own allocated shares, that can be bought and sold, of the annual catch. Some environmental groups, support privatization because it gives fishermen a financial incentive to conserve fidh stocks. In fisheries where such programs have been implemented, fishermen have enjoyed higher profits, lower costs, longer fishing seasons and a more stable industry. The program has been popular in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska, but controversial in New England because of fears that it would allow corporations to take over the fisheries. The goal is to encourage eight new fisheries to use privatization programs. In New England, one could be on Cape Cod, where fishermen use hooks and gill nets to catch cod and haddock in near-shore waters. The Bush plan would revoke the requirement that all fisheries be restored to healthy levels in 10 years and limits the number of fishing days given to New England groundfish boats. The Bush plan would allow regional councils to address the needs of fishing communities when rebuilding stocks. The change would allow fishermen to catch more fish while stocks are rebuilding, and conservation groups worry that this would increase the chance that a species could collapse. Some species, such as Georges Bank cod, have not recovered since the mid-1990s. rw
States Sue US Over Energy Efficiency of Appliances. September 11, 2005 Reuters Alert Net
A coalition of 15 states led by New York Attorney General Eliot Spitzer sued the U.S. Energy Department of failing to set efficiency standards for household appliances that would save energy claiming the DOE violated mandates to adopt stronger standards within deadlines stated by law. The suit was filed after the DOE declined to respond to a letter asking it to take action. DOE declined immediate comment. Spitzer said that updating efficiency standards could reduce U.S. electricity use by 3% to 12% over 25 years. Eighteen years ago, Congress passed laws requiring higher efficiency for household appliances and charged the DOE with setting standards and, raising them. In July, the coalition told U.S. Energy Secretary Samuel Bodman that DOE must agree to meet a timetable for setting efficiency standards, and warned that it would sue the agency if it refused to make such a commitment. The suit seeks an injunction that would force the agency to enact these standards. rw
Americans Make More Than 14,000 Roundtrips to the Sun a Year. September 2005 World Watch Vital Signs
In 1950, Americans drove 588 billion kilometers (365 billion miles) in 40 million cars, almost 14,600 kilometers per car. By 2003, the average had grown to more than 19,000 kilometers. With more cars and more drivers, there has been a seven-fold increase over 1950; the total miles driven is the equivalent of 14,308 roundtrips to the sun. rw
Fuel Rule Change for Big S.U.V.'s Seen as Unlikely. August 16, 2005 New York Times*
The Bush administration is expected to abandon fuel economy regulations to to extend fuel economy regulations to include Hummer H2's and other huge sport utility vehicles. The impact would have been borne by the troubled domestic auto industry. Its plan to overhaul the light-truck mileage rules would change the system from using averaged mileage for an automaker's entire annual light-truck output to one that sets up five or six classes, determined by a vehicle's size. The rules will be released late this month and are sure to renew debate about the dependence on foreign oil. Revisions could extend the system to cover larger vehicles. The volatility of oil prices could push consumers toward buying more efficient vehicles. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, said. "We look forward to fuel savings without sacrificing safety or doing harm to the American economy." The Bush plan is certain to meet objections from environmentalists. But domestic automakers are likely to see it as a victory, since the new plan will decrease advantages that some foreign automakers, have in the current system because they do not make the heaviest trucks and S.U.V.'s. Corporate average fuel economy regulations C.A.F.E. standards- divide each automaker's annual new vehicle production into two categories: passenger cars and light-duty trucks. New cars must average 27.5 miles a gallon and light trucks 21.2 miles a gallon in 2005 models and 22.2 miles by 2007. Rules for cars are not being changed. Not only is the number of vehicles on the road increasing, but the average new vehicle is getting lower mileage than it did two decades ago because so many more new vehicles are trucks. Larger sport utility vehicles and pickup trucks weighing more than 8,500 pounds when loaded, have been exempt from the regulations as vehicles of that weight were generally used for commercial purposes. Such vehicles are exempt from fuel regulations, have rich profit margins, and many consumers can claim tax breaks. The plan's release will be followed by a public comment period and then a revised final rule. Gasoline prices have become a powerful counterweight. Many automakers, have recovered only after heavy discounting and are re-emphasizing plans for smaller, lighter S.U.V.'s. Under the Bush plan, size classes will be determined by the vehicle's length and width. Instead of overall mileage requirement for the total fleet of light trucks a manufacturer sells in a model year, makers will have to meet some kind of target or average within each size class. The administration has taken steps to increase fuel regulations for light trucks, raising the mileage standard for trucks to 22.2 miles a gallon for 2007 models, from 20.7 miles a gallon in 2004 models. Environmentalists argued that gains were offset by credits given to automakers for making vehicles that can use ethanol. Under the administration's plan, automakers will have a choice of complying with the new size-based system or the current system, though a further increase beyond 22.2 miles a gallon is expected in the current system. After 2010, the current system will be eliminated. rw Hello! Wake up! We are running out of recoverable oil.
U.S.: As TVs Grow, So Do Electric Bills. June 16, 2005 Christian Science Monitor
If current design standards hold, TVs and related accoutrements will account for about 10% of home electricity use by 2009, the NRDC estimates. Those 61-inch, flat-screen, hi-def, televisions are gonna cost you -- right in the utility bill. TVs will suck up about 50% more juice for a total of 70 billion kilowatt-hours per year in the U.S. and a lot more carbon will be pumped into the atmosphere. The EPA, Pacific Gas & Electric, the California Energy Commission, and NRDC will be deciding how best to measure a TV's energy use and get manufacturers to create more energy-efficient models. rw
U.S.: All for Want of a Few Veggies. June 09, 2005 Portland Tribune
A Bay Area-based group called SustainLane was set to rank Portland the No. 1 city in sustainability practices. But new information emerged, and San Francisco is 1st, and Portland is 2nd. Portland, San Francisco and other cities are achieving things that are incredible in environmental protection and renewable energy. Saltzman said that whether Portland is No. 1 or No. 2, he’s glad to see other cities follow Portland’s sustainability with economic development. SustainLane, a for-profit group that specializes in gathering information on sustainable practices, collected data from 20 public and private organizations for the survey. It ranked 25 cities in 12 of transportation, air quality, drinking water quality, food and agriculture, land use, zoning, planning, green building, energy, solid waste, city innovation and knowledge base. Berkeley took third place and Seattle fourth. Portland and San Francisco are in a class by themselves. SustainLane launched a Web site that targets Portland and other West Coast cities with resources and community discussions on things such as how to build a greenhouse and thoughts on owning a hybrid Toyota Prius. rw
Living Beyond Our Means: Natural Assets and Human Well-being. May 22, 2005
Everyone in the world depends on nature and ecosystem services to provide the conditions for a decent, healthy, and secure life. Humans have made changes in recent decades to meet growing demands for food, fresh water, fiber, and energy. They have helped improve the lives of billions, but weakened nature's ability to deliver other services such as purification of air and water, protection from disasters, and the provision of medicines. Among the problems are the dire state of the world's fish stocks; the vulnerability of the 2 billion people living in dry regions to the loss of water supply; and the growing threat from climate change and nutrient pollution. Human activities have taken the planet to the edge of species extinctions. The pressures on ecosystems will increase unless human attitudes and actions change. Measures to conserve resources are more likely to succeed if local communities are given ownership of them, share the benefits, and are involved in decisions. Better protection of natural assets require coordinated efforts of governments, businesses, and international institutions. The productivity of ecosystems depends on investment, trade, subsidy, taxation, and regulation, among others. rw
Wearing Eco-Politics on Your Sleeve. March 20, 2005 New York Times*
Models sauntered down a catwalk showing off the latest work of designers. Every garment was made with fibers spun from bamboo, corn, organic cotton and materials that promoters said were eco-friendly. The show, called FutureFashion and sponsored by Earth Pledge, challenged designers to create fashion using only fabrics that were renewable, reusable or generated less pollution. Eco-advocates and some apparel executives say they believe that goods made with environmentally friendly fabrics could follow the path of organic food and beauty products, which have become a $15 billion business. Organic cotton, accounted for $85 million of retail sales in the US in 2003, about 0.05% of the American apparel market. But new fabrics, designer interest, and a developing supply network make it easier for companies like to take the plunge. The designer Rogan Gregory, will introduce organic cotton denim clothing this month. Sam's Club will start selling 100% organic cotton wear with prices starting at $10. According to the Sustainable Cotton Project, a third of a pound of pesticides and other chemicals are used to produce the cotton for one simple T-shirt. Then ammonia, formaldehyde and other chemicals are used to process and finish it. The ecologically friendly fabrics are made with materials like cotton and wool produced without chemicals or pesticides, or plants like bamboo and hemp that are produced with little pesticides or fertilizers. Other new materials include biopolymers from corn and soy, including a corn-based fiber. Clothing makers are focusing first on cotton because it is the most widely used fiber and it accounts for 22% of all insecticides used worldwide. It assumed that oil-based synthetics like polyester and nylon would cause the most harm but it was found that cotton was worse. rw
Culture of 'More' Brings Less. December 30, 2004 San Francisco Chronicle
Americans are more hooked on shopping than ever before. The average credit card debt has risen from an average $2966 in 1990 to $9205 today. And the country's total unsecured debt now tops $2 trillion.
Researchers have found that spending on luxury goods- items that we do not need- is rising four times faster than overall spending. Those of us who watch a lot of TV, are overworked and isolated from our neighbors, tend to take our social cues from the TV programs we watch. Whereas we used to emulate the people in our own backyard, our friends and neighbors, we now tend to copy the people we see on TV and we base our ideal on the clothing, furniture and way of life of sitcom characters rather than real people. Watching an average of 15 hours of TV a week results in approximately $3000 in extra spending every year.
While we sink ever deeper in debt, buying the SUV, big screen TV, leather sofa and iPod we do not need, the poor around the world are doing without AIDS medication, school books, running water and other basics of daily life.
American Homes Are Growing and Consuming More Electricity . October 28, 2004 Monitor, The(Uganda)
In 1970, the average new home was 1,500 square feet; in 2003, it was 2,230, but for rich and upper-middle class, huge suburban mansions are the norm and these homes are using vast amounts of energy. Natural gas prices are up 11% from last year and are expected to keep rising; home heating oil is up 60%; propane is up 30%. This year's energy woes are hitting the American middle and upper class as well as the poor. In 2000, the average home budget for energy, including gasoline for the car, was about $6,000, now, that number is estimated to be between $8,000 and $9,000. Energy expenses are rising even though many houses have better insulation and efficient windows. Appliances are more efficient and that lowers the cost of heating on a per-square-foot basis. But homes are getting larger and more complicated. More people are seeing them as their sanctuary, and want every possible amenity and that often involves water. For example, multiple-head shower systems that could drain a 40-gallon tank in less than 3-1/2 minutes and boosting the hot-water supply means using more energy. Americans are adding more refrigerators and natural-gas fireplaces that are big energy consumers. So far we haven't seen any leadership on the state and national level saying we have to do something. rw
Group Warns on Consumption of Resources. October 22, 2004 Associated Press
Humanity's reliance on fossil fuels, the spread of cities, the destruction of natural habitats for farmland and over-exploitation of the oceans are destroying Earth's ability to sustain life. The biggest consumers of nonrenewable natural resources are the United Arab Emirates, the United States, Kuwait, Australia and Sweden, who leave the biggest "ecological footprint," the World Wildlife Fund said in its regular Living Planet Report. rw
The Earth Hates Your Lawn. August 10, 2004 The Knoxville News Sentinel
There are 30 million acres of lawn in the US and 54 million people mow their lawns each week, using 800 million gallons of gas a year. More than 5% of urban air pollution comes from gas-powered lawn widgets. Seventy million pounds of pesticide is put on home lawns, trees, and shrubs a year, polluting groundwater and sending phosphates and nitrates into lakes and streams, where they generate algae blooms that choke other plant life. Freshwater is being used by the millions of gallons, native plant species are being displaced, birds are being poisoned. rw
The European Dream. August 2004 NPR
Jeremy Rifkin's newest book is "The European Dream: How Europe's Vision of the Future is Quietly Eclipsing the American Dream." The American dream is that everyone can get an education and get ahead. Compared to Europeans, Americans seem to have more freedom and mobility, but with it comes the sink or swim mentality. In Europe, relationships, quality of life, sustainable development and sustainable communities are important. The American dream needs to be traded for a bigger European model. Rifkin argues that the American mentality doesn't compare with European universal health care and month-long vacations. And while America is determined to protect its national interests through military force, Europeans put cooperation ahead of conflict. Rifkin thinks the European life style has more quality, because Europeans have more days off and liveable communities. Europeans have 26% of their GDP devoted to social programs, while in the U.S. it is 11%. The European Union has 450 million people, and the world's largest economy. Americans tend to compare the U.S. to Germany or the U.S. to France, whereas they should compare Germany to California or France to Texas. rw Strange that with so many problems people still flock to live in the USA.
Growing Demand for Meat . June 25, 2004 World Watch magazine
Growing demand for meat is the driving force behind every major category of environmental damage. Meat consumption has increased five-fold in the past half century, putting pressure on water, land, feed, and fuel. rw
Bhutan's Gross National Happiness. June 24, 2004 Gallon newsletter
Bhutan, one of the world's least developed countries, is seeking to protect its cultural assets by using Gross National Happiness (GNH). Bhutan, population 800,000, has opened up to television and Internet and is considering an application to the World Trade Organization. GNH is a reflection of its culture to find the Buddhist Middle Path. Some have suggested that the GNH may be a Bhutanese approach but has application elsewhere. GNH measures human well-being beyond material wealth and emphasizes that development should be for the benefit of the people and allow for cultural differences. It also discusses management as related to human happiness. rw An important concept - the only way to go for the sustainability of the world! A better way to measure the quality of life
Darwinian Shift: Survival of the Smallest. May 20, 2004 Christian Science Monitor
Evidence suggests that harvesting the biggest fish or mammals is forcing species to evolve rapidly within a few decades. These changes can reduce a species' economic value or drive it to extinction. Contemporary evolution is an important factor in conservation biology. It is seen as widespread, affecting organisms ranging from bacteria to sheep. For example: The plunge in Atlantic cod populations around southern Labrador and Newfoundland's Grand Banks plummeted by 99.9% - one of the worst collapses of extant marine or land animals. The remaining cod were smaller, matured at a younger age, spawned much earlier and yielded weaker offspring. The Canadian government closed the fisheries expecting the stocks to rebound. Yet the populations remain at historic lows. After analyzing three decades' of data, scientists concluded that evolution was at work. This shift toward early maturation could slow the recovery of the population because the fish can't produce offspring as robustly as the older fish. The change showed up in the cod's statistics before the collapse and this approach could be used as an early warning system for evolutionary trouble. Such a finding implies big changes for the way fisheries managers operate. Managers will have to cut fishing of endangered populations when genetic changes are beginning to appear rather than when populations begin to collapse. A more rigorous process for preserving genetic diversity that would involve screening to identify individuals to reintroduce and more monitoring to find out how they're faring; and a focus on the genetic adaptability of distinct populations of a species, rather than on organisms thought to be most representative of a particular species. Researchers in Alberta tracked family histories within a group of mountain sheep and reported that over 30-years the rams matured to smaller sizes and sported ever-smaller horns. Trophy hunters had focused on taking rams with the largest horns that were shot before they reached their peak reproductive years. So the gene pool narrowed to favor the smaller rams. Several factors have led to an appreciation of contemporary evolution in the wild. An increasing number of researchers were finding examples of contemporary evolution - ranging from Darwin's finches in the Galapagos Islands and guppies in Trinidad to bacteria that quickly developed resistance to antibiotics. Wildlife people interested in ecology came from different schools from those who worked in evolutionary biology and an increased emphasis on interdisciplinary science has brought these groups together. In Europe, the size of the animals that hunters are allowed to bag depends on the experience level of the hunter. The biggest game are reserved for those who have been hunting the longest and human predation is spread more randomly throughout the game population, and hunters are allowed to take females. This more nearly mimics predation found in the wild, and doesn't put evolutionary pressure on the animals that can provide the most robust breeding stock. Historically, management regimes have protected smaller fish while allowing the largest to be caught. Fishing techniques such as trawling make it difficult to toss back the biggest. Yet gill-net and long-line fishing could be regulated to reduce their evolutionary effect on fisheries. Another approach is to establish areas where fishing is banned and stocks allowed to rebuild with as much of their natural genetic variation as possible. Selection pressures on a species can vary greatly along the length of a river and its tributaries. Each population adapts to its local conditions, so that when it comes to reintroducing species to portions of a river one can't always pluck salmon from one tributary and use them to populate another. rw
Sales of Fuel-Stingy Models in High Gear. May 14, 2004 Union-Tribune
Gas-guzzling cars are being overtaken by hybrids, the Toyota Prius leading. Sales of the Prius are up 80% percent from last year and April sales are 150% higher than a year ago. Many would-be owners are waiting a year. High gas prices have increased the hybrids' popularity. The Prius gets as up to 60 mpg, although the average is 45 mpg. Sales of low-mileage SUV's have dipped with sales of the Hummer down 21% from a year ago, Cadillac Escalade 17% and Ford Expedition 33%. General Motors and Ford Motor Co. are planning hybrid cars and trucks. Fuel efficiency is only part of story, car industry analysts say. The Prius, Honda Civic Hybrid and Honda Insight are popular because they appeal to affluent, educated, technology enthusiasts whose politics are left of center. Gas mileage is a small part of it. It's partly because its low emissions create no pollution. New Priuses sell for $20,000 to $25,000. California had 11,425 registered hybrid-car owners, the next closest state was Virginia, with 3,376. Local dealers get only a few Priuses a month and it'll be a while before they catch up. Large SUVs appeal to different audiences and even with rising gas prices, SUVs are going to be the car of choice because consumers have become accustomed to their convenience. Ford is planning a hybrid version of its smaller SUV, later this year. A Lexus SUV hybrid is one of Toyota's SUV models. rw
Fish Farming. October 2003 World Watch
The number of different algicides, herbicides, pesticides, and other chemical additives fed to farm-raised salmon in 1989 was 3. Today it is 26. In 1 year a catfish pond that produces 5,000 kilograms of fish drops 10 tons of waste into the water. Average period of before draining and refilling with fresh water 6 years. In wild salmon PCB concentrations are at 5,302 pg/g. In farmed salmon it is 51,216. Percentage of fish and seafood from aquaculture in 1970 3.9%, in 2002 the percentage was 27.3 In 2002 49,700,000 metric tons of beef was produced, compared to 52,700,000 metric tons of farmed fish. rw
Contrasts: Fat of the Land. March 2003 World Watch Mar/Apr
Fat in one foil-packaged serving of butter is 6 grams, in one Burger King "Whopper" it is 40 grams. The amount of carbon dioxide from a typical American car in one day is 3 kilograms, while the amount from burning enough Costa Rican rainforest to produce beef for one hamburger is 75 kilograms. The annual cost of McDonald's advertising is $800 million, compared to the National Cancer Institute promoting fruits and vegetables at $1 million. The average cholesterol level in the US is 210, but only 161 for US vegetarians. Oil spilled by the Exxon-Valdez was 12 million gallons, but hog urine and feces dumped into the New River in North Carolina is 25 million. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria in chickens in Denmark, prior to a banning the use, was 82%. After the ban the percentage dropped to 12%. rw
Psyching Up the Green Consumer: Everyone Wants Their Own Bit of Earth. February 04, 2003 BBC News
The UN Environment Programme (Unep) is working to understand what makes consumers tick. It wants to make sustainable living something consumers will desire. But only 5% of people in developed countries have chosen to live sustainably. Making people feel guilty about their lifestyles is achieving only limited success. We should try to prevent trouble, not just remedy it. Traditionally we've looked at the impact on the environment and tried to work from there to sustainability. Now we want to look at human needs and see how to meet those needs more sustainably. Examples of the positive ways to influence consumers include a car manufacturer which provides a bike with every car urging buyers to use the bike for short journeys. Or European detergent makers who tell consumers to switch to low-temperature washing liquids and powders, because it is good for their clothes. rw
Human Pressure on Earth's Carrying Capacity Rises. November 28, 2002 Environmental News Service
Consumption is exceeding the Earth's biological capacity by 20%, says Redefining Progress, a public policy organization. The biosphere needs fifteen months to renew what humanity consumes in a year. The U.S. deficit of 10.9 global acres (4.4 hectares) per capita is only exceeded by Belgium and Luxembourg. New Zealand has the largest surplus at 35 global acres (14 hectares) per capita, with Australia second at 17 global acres (7 hectares)per capita. rw
Sorry, Folks - We Can't Resolve the Problem by Simpler Living. Overpopulation is the Problem
So I didn't know I would grow up to be a curmudgeon, but there it is. I guess I have a simplistic view of the population/sustainability problem, but I see considerable flawed logic in some of the arguments in this conversation. I have found that the data seem clear, but the reactions seem to be uncomprehending or denying of the true import, or perhaps are simply so gentle as to fail to address the catastrophic magnitude of the message.
First of all, Tim Keating's plea for a return to nature, ignores the fact that humans have never had a conscience or much discrimination with regard to potential food items. No need to chastise the dodo eaters, ask the wooly mammoth, giant sloth, moa, or any of hundreds of game and plant (and possibly human), species wiped out by our hunter gatherer ancestors. Though many hunter gatherers had a much more inclusive spiritual attitude toward other species, when it came down to nut cutting, it was them or us.
So it is today, when investors say "we will hunt whales as long as we can get a 30% profit, when they are all gone, we'll find something else on which to make a 30% profit". Human restraint is a faint hope, at best. But take away our freedom? Our right to profit? Our god given right for each couple to decide how many children to have? Well, does each couple consider the cost to the environment of each child, the fact that the other species, are being asked to provide the supreme sacrifice for their right? Like the atmosphere and the oceans, the human population is a global commons. No one has the right to overgraze.
Carrying capacity isn't a matter of opinion, there are real limits. Pollution is bearing down on us now, one of the lightest touches limits will show us. Donella Meadows, in Beyond the Limits, suggested that the entire world (5 billion at the time), might live equitably with a standard of living similar to that of western Europe. Various carrying capacity and ecological footprint studies have indicated that the American lifestyle cannot be spread to all 6 billion unless we can obtain the resources of two more planets. Can the earth support 12 billion in 25 more years, 24 billion in 40 years? Nah!
My sustainability colleagues say "sustainability is inevitable". No doubt about it. So what are the scenarios for establishing equilibrium with the environment? Well, there are the four horsemen, they should be riding through here any time now, unless we can detour them to the south. But those who argue against "population control" are deluding themselves that, by evading hard choices, they aren't responsible for the more severe mechanisms that will inevitably step in to do the job.
If the population were to increase to 12 billion, perhaps there would be enough food, if distributed equitably, for a meager existence for all. But the toll on other species would be severe - omnivorous locusts come to mind. Beyond the Limits explores many ways that an overshoot and collapse scenario could play out. But there are worse scenarios. One is a state of global dynamic equilibrium, where a balance exists between the large number of poor and the few rich. Such a bipolar equilibrium system would see war, famine, disease only affecting the large pool of poor that supports the aristocracy, who would live as far from the rabble as they could get. In this sense we Americans are all rich, my dog's daily food would keep a third world child alive for weeks. Third world nations may hope for economic success and eventual triumph of capitalism, but the underlying dynamics are solidly against it. We have set up the world economy and the multinational consumer system so that the poor will be the first to starve, but in a real sense we are eating their children even now.
What this implies is that the whole world won't starve, but that the third world will take the brunt of the limits, sort of like the sequential collapse of the front of a Volvo in a crash. They will be the ones to suffer famine, disease, and war, in order to maintain the balance which allows the rich to stay comfortable. Theirs will be the sacrifice, and the less powerful, including other species, will be the first to go.
Dave Denber's contention that "the problem isn't overpopulation in the developing countries but overconsumption by the developed countries" is preposterous, not because we aren't overconsuming, but because it suggests that if we only reduced our consumption to that of the third world, we could go on increasing population indefinitely. But many poor countries cannot even maintain their meager standard of living, and this is only partially due to the extraction of means by the multinational consumer system. They have overreached their local carrying capacity, and must make adjustments or beg to receive a greater share of global wealth.
The hope that we can act locally as Julie Hudson suggests, to achieve regional sustainability, is a noble idea, but can only help assuage our guilt so long as our resource use exceeds our local carrying capacity. And even if we could achieve local equilibrium, it would require a significant reduction in population in most areas. Sub-Saharan Africa is doing its share to establish local equilibrium or perhaps maintain global equilibrium, our pity should be informed by our guilt. The densities achieved in China and India are certainly approaching the maximum, and balance is being imposed by resource shortages and mandates. Following that path leads to a world of wall to wall people and little else, an equilibrium where the limits are imposed more equitably, in your face, every day. A drab world vision, indeed. And to what purpose?
What possible value could filling the world with more people have? Is it the right of our species to wipe out all others? Are we to measure ourselves by the mass of souls or the soul of the masses?
I know I've been brutally frank in the discussion above, and perhaps just the teeniest bit pessimistic, but the time has come to discard the rationalizations that allow us to hide from the realities and stark limits. This is the big problem. The one we can't face. Social or economic equity won't solve it, reduced consumption won't solve it, sustainable living won't solve it, only population reduction will solve it. That solution is inevitable, but perhaps we can work to ease the pain of the transition.
Perhaps we humans can seek the path that maximizes kindness to all beings. If we can't bring ourselves to personally forsake our comfort, perhaps we can chose and promote, from the security of our place and time, the path that minimizes the pain to others.
Mark E. Kelley III, PE
[email protected]
Energy Efficiency. 2001 Sierra magazine
It is far faster, cheaper, and more cost effective to solve our energy needs
by working to increase our energy efficiency as quickly as possible. We gain
far greater energy independence, faster, cheaper and more cost effectively.
California could save enough electricity for one million homes -- 1000
megawatts of electricity -- just by replacing outmoded air conditioners with
modern, efficient ones.
North American overconsumption grossly magnifies human impact on the Earth,
with 5% of the world's population consuming about 30% of its natural resources.
And a mere 20% of the earth's population uses 80% of its natural resources. Our
overconsumption is killing the planet. Buy Nothing Day, falling on the
biggest shopping day of the year, is sponsored by Adbusters Media Foundation, is an excellent opportunity to formally recognize and reduce the impact of our
consumer culture. Can you refrain from buying anything for one whole day?
Organize a Buy Nothing Day in your area. Publicize American consumption
patterns and urge friends and co-workers to purchase nothing for one day. For more help and information, visit www.adbusters.org., http://www.newdream.org or
http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/1624/umvei.htm#Institute.
Couldn't we fix things if only Americans would stop overconsuming?
The Ecological footprint concept sheds some light on this question (www.rprogress.org). In Walkernagel et. al's conception, the ecological footprint is how much land would be required to support the lifestyle of each country. Converting consumption of food, oil, environment, etc. as burdens on the earth, allows us to see how we are doing relative to the carrying capacity, ie, the actual available land on earth. In their words:"The Ecological Footprint measures what we consume of nature. It shows how much productive land and water we occupy to produce all the resources we consume and to take in all the waste we make". Generously, the creators of the Footprint concept have allocated 12% of the available land for "biodiversity", or other creatures. However, on global average, we are now using about 120% of the available resources.
The average Ecological Footprint of those living in the United States is 27 acres per person. Looking at the ecological footprint of each country on a per capita basis, it appears that if the population of the US could simply reduce its consumption so as to attain an Ecological Footprint of one acre per person (equal to that of the lowest impact country, Bangladesh), we would almost exactly match the earth's carrying capacity today.
So in answer to the question: "Can we solve the global ecological crisis by reducing consumption?", the answer is yes! But only if all Americans agree to make catastrophic sacrifices, and only for about a week before population eats up the savings.
Equitable distribution of resources would allow us to attain a balance with available resources today if everyone could limit their impact to 5 acres per person.
The above are two ways that a balance could be achieved with the current population of earth. We can, of course add more people if we reduce the average footprint or eliminate the 12% set aside for other species. We have defaulted to the latter position, while avoiding either the path toward equity or the sacrifice for Americans of their consuming ways.
We're comfortable, and, despite many contributors concerns that it will all come to a catastrophic end, the bimodal equilibrium that we have instituted is probably very stable. This means that, barring any deliberate attempts at population control, the underdeveloped nations will be required to sacrifice their numbers, their quality of life, their children, for ours. This is already happening, as we all can see. Disease, food, and water shortages are showing up in many countries, and it is clear that rising death rates will be a significant part of the population solution. Sustainability is inevitable, but this cruel version of unsustainability could go on for a long time.
But, yikes! There is some hope that population can be brought under control. Yes, we know that affluence, education and equity, not to mention autonomy for women, can lead to dramatic reduction in birth rates. In 61 nations, the birth rate has dropped to sustainable levels (2.1 children per couple). And a concerted effort has been shown to make a real difference. Witness China, which reduced its birth rate from over 3 to 2.3 through laws and propaganda, and Kerela, which did even more (now at 1.8!) through equity, rational thinking and education. This took place over about 10 years. What it took was the realization that population control was the only solution. We haven't quite got it, yet.
There's a great deal of action along this front. The UN conference in Cairo, in 1994 came up with a workable plan of action, and many organizations are helping. Two that are very worthwhile are: www.populationaction.org and www.worldwatch.org . Worth seeing their perspective on the issue, since they are the experts. It only frustrates me that so little thought has been given to this issue in the US that our Congress could be allowed to deny funds for these vital programs. We are not at a sustainable level now, there is no possibility of stabilization without rising mortality and environmental destruction, the only eventual kind solution is population reduction. For the US to take a position that mandates global environmental destruction and increased mortality is unconscionable.
Mark E. Kelley III
Approximately 20% of the world's population in the late
1980s lived in industrialized countries. These countries consumed 85% of the
aluminum and synthetic chemicals used in the world; 80% of paper, iron, and
steel; 75% of timber and energy; 60% of meat, fertilizer, and cement; half
the world's fish and grain; and 40% of the fresh water. Varying by
commodity, this scale of consumption ranges from three to 19 times the
consumption levels of developing countries. Industrialized countries also
generate most of the world's hazardous chemical wastes, 96% of radioactive
wastes, and nearly 90% of all ozone- depleting chlorofluorocarbons.
The Post-Petroleum Paradigm -- and Population. March 1999 Population and Environment by Walter Youngquist
Global oil production is expected to "peak" in about five years, and
nothing can replace it. For example, domestic coal is expected to
become a "sink" -- not worth digging out of the ground -- in about 40
years.[p. 67, Gever, et al.]
by an equal amount, as well as 55 times greater impact on common water
pollution and 5 times greater impact on toxic air pollution.
Fresh Water Consumption . 1998 United Nations Development Program
Consumption of fresh water has doubled since 1960, (but
so has population, so per-person usage has not changed) and wood
consumption (for household and industry us) is 40% higher than 25 years ago.
Pet food. 1998
Americans and Europeans together spend $17 billion a year on
pet food, $4 billion more than the estimated yearly additional amount needed
to provide everyone in the world with basic health and nutrition. The
richest 20% of humanity consume 45% of all meat and fish, use 58% of all
energy produced and own 87% of the vehicles. Consumption of fossil fuels has
almost doubled since 1950 (and so has population)
.
"A child born today in the United
States for instance, will by the age of 75 years produce 52 tons of garbage,
consume 10 million gallons of water and use 5 times the energy of a child
born in the developing world."
"The United States uses approximately quarter of the world's fossil fuels
and is the largest contributor of carbon dioxide, undesirable combustion
products, and chlorofluorocarbons, chemicals that contribute to greenhouse
warming and attack the Earth's ozone shield."
"The world looks to the United States as a role model. It is hard to ask
developing nations to implement environment saving techniques and stabilize
their population growth when the U.S. is unwilling to do so."
An American born in the 1990s will produce in a lifetime
approximately one million kilograms (2.2 million lbs.) of atmospheric
wastes, 10 million kgs (22 million lbs.) of liquid wastes, and one million
kgs (2.2 million lbs.) of solid wastes. An American will consume 700,000 kgs
(1.54 million lbs.) of minerals, and 24 billion BTUs of energy -- equivalent
to 4000 barrels of oil. In a lifetime, an average
American will eat 25,000 kgs (55,000 lbs.) of animal products, provided in
part by slaughtering 2000 animals.
A Chicken in Every Pot. Dr. Norman Myers
If every person in China ate an extra chicken, the grain needed to rear the
birds would be equivalent to the entire grain exports of Canada. America's
annual consumption is 800 kgs per person, much of it in the form of feed for
cattle in a meat-based diet.
Hamburger. United Nations Population Fund
Producing a quarter pound of hamburger requires 100 gallons
of water, 1.2 lbs. of feed grain and energy equal to a cup of gasoline,
causes the loss of 1.25 lbs. of topsoil and causes greenhouse gas emissions
equivalent to a 6-mile drive in a typical U.S. car.
The average person in the United States consumes 260 lbs. of meat per year,
most of it hamburgers. In Bangladesh, the average is 6.5 lbs.
The Environmental Impast of U.S. Babies. Robert Engleman of Population Action International
An American born in the 1990s will produce in a lifetime approximately
one million kilograms (2.2 million lbs.) of atmospheric wastes, 10 million
kgs (22 million lbs.) of liquid wastes, and one million kgs (2.2 million
lbs.) of solid wastes. An American will consume 700,000 kgs (1.54 million
lbs.) of minerals, and 24 billion BTUs of energy -- equivalent to 4000
barrels of oil. In a lifetime, an average American will eat 25,000 kgs
(55,000 lbs.) of animal products, provided in part by slaughtering 2000
animals. The US per-capita consumption rate is ten to 100 times that of most
of the world's countries. Compared to Indians, Americans (on a per capita
basis) produce 27 times as much carbon dioxide, ... and consume 35 times as
much energy.
by Charles A. S. Hall, Ph.D., R. Gil Pontius Jr., Lisa Coleman and Jae-Young
Ko
Trying to Connect the Dinner Plate to Climate Change. New York Times*
The biggest animal rights groups have coalesced around a message that eating meat is worse for the environment than driving. The UN reported that the livestock business generates more greenhouse gas emissions than all forms of transport.
Environmentalists are pointing fingers at Hummers and S.U.V.'s when they should be pointing at the dinner plate. PETA is outfitting a Hummer with a driver in a chicken suit and a vinyl banner proclaiming meat as the top cause of global warming. PETA had written to more than 700 environmental groups, asking them to promote vegetarianism. The Humane Society has also highlighted that “switching to a plant-based diet does more to curb global warming than switching from an S.U.V. to a Camry. Vegan Outreach, a 14-year-old group in Tucson with just three full-time workers and a $500,000 annual budget, is spending about $800 this month to run ads to give more prominence to the global warming aspect of vegetarianism. Al Gore calls global warming a risk to humanity, yet hasn't changed or mentioned vegetarianism. Using global warming as a tactic for advancing the cause of vegetarianism feels a bit opportunistic. Environmental groups, concede that mobilizing against meat eaters is not their highest priority.
Lecturing people about personal consumption choices is not effective.
rw
Nigeria: Resource Utilisation and the 7-Point Agenda (3). July 09, 2008 Nigerian Tribune
In Nigeria there is a lack of understanding of the rights, responsibilities and limits of communities, companies, State and Federal Government.
In the 1960s, mining drove the infrastructure. The current administration has recognised the need to focus on coal, barytes, bitumen, gold, iron ore, lead/ zinc and limestone, as they are available in sufficient quantities and will contribute 5% to the GDP by 2015.
Sustainable development is a pattern of resource use that aims to meet human needs while preserving the natural environment, it is in the most common form of development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the future. Enviromental sustainability is the ability of the environment to continue to function properly indefinitely. The goal of environmental sustainability is to halt environmental degradation.
It is possible to consume less and have economic growth as is found in European economies. Between 2005 and 2006, the quantity of natural resources used by the UK economy, fell by 6 million tonnes 0.9%. Over the last decade, resource use remained unchanged, despite rising economic activity.
Th Malthus doctrine of resource scarcity and economic growth says that humanity is endowed with finite amount of material resources. If uncontrolled, the tendency of human population is to grow exponentially.
Technology should not be perceived as the ultimate escape from the problem of resource scarcity.
Economic activity cannot be expected to grow indefinitely unless the rates of population growth and resource utilisation are effectively controlled. Population + Resources = Scarcity.
In 1968, Paul R Ehrlich wrote The Population Bomb (1968) that predicted disaster for humanity due to overpopulation and the "population explosion".
Population growth will outpace agricultural growth unless controlled. The failure on a global scale has not happened because of the flow of ideas, knowledge and capital, but there are failures where inequalities have accelerated the breaching of the limits of growth. The dependence on natural resources has to be understood within the conditions arising when the actions of some individuals have direct effects on the welfare of others who have direct control over that actions.
rw
In Search of Common Sense. October 13, 2007 Yale Global Online
During the past century, globalization grew exponentially, paced by population, technological and economic hyper-growth. However, we find ourselves without mechanisms to create solutions for the whole. New problems do not recognize national boundaries, every nation has sovereign power over its own territory.
The Tällberg Foundation proposes new frameworks for international negotiations, and changed institutions for global governance.
The initial objective is to develop recommendations for humanity's relationship with nature. We will use well-tested methods to develop global operations. Planning is missing in the international negotiations that should guarantee welfare and security for all. Responses today are based upon the spontaneous crises that erupt from changes in the balance of power.
Environmental issues are systems problems. No one nation can solve the climate problem or control water problem.
The world now relies on economic growth. To question the idea of growth is taboo. That growth should have limits is not politically or economically acceptable, but environmental crises say otherwise. Current trends of growth destabilize our future.
The political rhetoric is that continued high global economic growth is compatible with avoiding the effects of climate change. All serious research demonstrates that our planet does not meet the growth ambitions of everyone in the current technological infrastructure.
The American invasion of Iraq demonstrated that the institution does not have the authority to limit a superpower's ambition to maximize its own interests.
But all parties must be part of the process toward political agreement. Yet today we lack political debate about how to organize our global society.
Distrust among nations has grown for many years within multilateral organizations, with conflicts between poor and rich nations, between various religions, ethnic and cultural spheres.
There is mistrust over the ever-increasing gap between promises, agreements and results delivered. In the meantime, the sustainability of Earth's ecosystems continues to be undermined.
The technological infrastructure is not compatible with the growth that 6.6 billion people see as their vision of the future. Too many in too short a time strive after too high a material standard of living. We are caught between our ambitions and the Earth's capacity.
Within 30 years the world's population will grow to 9 billion and will place the ecosystem under an enormous stress.
Water is one example of a resource with imbalances throughout the world. In large areas of Africa, the Middle East, Pakistan, India, China and western and southwestern US, water is approaching critical levels.
The shortages are greatest in the most densely populated areas. In many regions of the world groundwater levels are sinking and global warming will hasten this process.
The struggle for natural resources will harden geopolitical tensions, with resulting military conflicts and terror. There are no longer new worlds to which millions could emigrate. A fight for survival awaits us, as the international systems of economy, finances and logistics erode.
Management of global issues needs new principles and models to meet the fast-growing mutual dependencies.
The Tällberg Foundation will organize a series of workshops in seven national capitals in cooperation with diverse partners with a goal to develop global public opinion that does not stem from individual political, national or economic interests.
One Swedish tradition is a centuries-old practice protected by the Swedish Constitution: Everyone shall have the right of access to nature. You may go anywhere as long as you heed the common sense of freedom and responsibility concisely expressed in the phrase, "Do not disturb, do not destroy.”
rw
If We Want to Save the Planet, We Need a Five-year Freeze on Biofuels. March 27, 2007 BiofuelWatch.org.uk
The governments using biofuel to tackle global warming know that it causes more harm than good. From next year, all suppliers in the UK will have to ensure that 2.5% of the fuel they sell is made from plants. By 2050, the government hopes that 33% of our fuel will come from crops. By 2017 the USA should be supplying 24% of the nation's transport fuel.
Biofuels are a formula for environmental and humanitarian disaster. Those who can afford to drive are richer than those who are in danger of starvation and it will lead to the destruction of important habitats.
The price of maize has doubled. The price of wheat has reached a 10-year high, while global stockpiles of both grains have reached 25-year lows. There have been food riots in Mexico and the poor are feeling the strain all over the world. According to the UN the main reason is the demand for ethanol. Farmers will plant more, but it is not clear that they can overtake the booming demand. Biofuel is worse for the planet than petroleum. A UN report suggests that 98% of the natural rainforest in Indonesia will be gone by 2022 with the planting of palm oil to turn into biodiesel.
Biodiesel from palm oil eventually causes 10 times as much climate change as ordinary diesel.
Indigenous people in South America, Asia and Africa are starting to complain about incursions onto their land by fuel planters. The environment secretary noted that palm oil plantations "are destroying 0.7% of the Malaysian rainforest each year, reducing a vital natural resource (and in the process, destroying the natural habitat of the orang-utan). It is all connected."
The European commission was faced with a choice between fuel efficiency and biofuels. After heavy lobbying on behalf of car manufacturers, it caved in and raised the limit to 130 grams. It announced that it would make up the shortfall by increasing the contribution from biofuel.
The British government says it "will require transport fuel suppliers to report on the carbon saving and sustainability of the biofuels they supply". But it will not require them to do anything. Biofuels occupy the space that other crops now fill, displacing them into new habitats. It promises that one day there will be biofuels made from straw or grass or wood. But there are still major technical obstacles. The author suggests a five-year freeze.
Encouraged by government policy, vast investments are now being made by farmers and chemical companies.
rw
U.S.: Remake a Living: Sustainable Development in Today's Job Market. March 13, 2007 Grist Magazine
"Sustainable development" has the most commonly used definition : "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."
Suggesting the possibility of a "sustainable" economy has changed the primary goal of environmentalism away from "protecting the environment" and toward the creation of a society that will simultaneously provide economic and social well-being for over 6 billion human beings and guarantee healthy habitats for millions of species that share the Earth with us.
Transportation, agriculture, energy, forestry, architecture, construction, mining, urban planning, financial institutions, and manufacturing are a few industries that are toying with new approaches aimed at "sustainability."
Environmental professionals have taken to heart the idea that it is our responsibility to take the lead in defining what a sustainable society and economy might look like.
Before the idea of sustainability caught hold, it seemed fair for environmental professionals to protect Nature against the destructiveness of the human economy.
The idea that we could be seen as a privileged elite who "care more about birds and bears than about people" was hard to grasp.
And yet, years of environmental and conservation work had taught us that most of the exclusively "environmental" approaches were pushing the boundaries of political support. Putting environmental regulatory, technical, and managerial fingers in the dike would not ultimately hold back the rising waters of population growth, economic desires, and social injustice.
The ideal of a "sustainable economy," then, was a new statement of goals, a political strategy for winning over economic development champions and social justice advocates, and a practical recognition that the existing tools for improving the planet's ecological health were ultimately no match for the forces arrayed against it.
We must all be honestly engaged in the work of inventing a truly new synthesis that seeks to accommodate the economic and social justice desires of people with the habitat requirements of the widest possible spectrum of species on the planet.
It's not outlandish to ask if we are all willing to "care about birds and bears as well as about people." As we struggle to become environmental professionals who understand the legitimate human requirement for economic security and social justice, we are within our rights to require other professions to take on the quest for global ecological health and habitat protection.
If we do, then the vision of a sustainable economy suggested may become Our Common Future. If we don't, we may be engaging in unilateral disarmament,
brilliantly disguised as an attempt at social innovation.
rw Karen Gaia says: we should care about the birds and the bears - after they go, we are next. Those who attach little significance to the drowning of polar bears are extremely short-sighted.
One Last Thing - Would a Drop in Population Be a Positive Or a Negative?. November 26, 2006 Philadelphia Inquirer (US)
Fertility rates are dropping while population continues to increase. By 2080, world population will peak at approximately nine billion. There is a school of thought that argues that smaller populations are good. Decreased population will lead to higher wages and a better quality of life as supplies exceed demands.
These arguments do not withstand scrutiny.
Ehrlich wrote that, in the face of expanding populations, "the world will undergo famines - hundreds of millions of people are going to starve to death."
Instead, the availability of food has increased, even with growing population. Famine, has become a matter of fair distribution, not of inadequate supply.
Population increase fosters agricultural innovation, which, spurs leaps in production. Everywhere you go today, you find traffic jams and sprawl, but this is a problem of density, not population. There's plenty of land available out there.
Markets and human innovation stepped in to provide greater efficiency.
For instance, in 1850, you needed an average of 4.6 tons of petroleum equivalent to produce $1,000 of goods and services. By 1950, you needed only 1.8 tons, and, by 1978, 1.5 tons. More population means more creators and producers, both of goods along established production patterns and of new knowledge and inventions."
All things being equal, population increase leads to increased per capita production.
Between A.D. 200 and 600, population shrank from 257 million to 208 million. It took 400 more years for the population to recover. There is no precedent in human history for economic growth on declining human capital.
There is good reason to believe population decline will be bad for us. Innovation will suffer and economies contract.
The supposed benefits of population decline are a mirage. The real question is whether falling populations will lead Western civilization to something like the fall of Rome.
rw Ralph says: The author should open his eyes to the millions who are already dying for want of food. Karen Gaia says: The author seems totally unaware of the limits of the supply of resources, particularly water, soil, and oil.
US California;: Organic Farmers Hit by Worker Shortage . August 14, 2006 Seattle Post-Intelligencer
Increased patrolling along the border with Mexico, and easier, higher-paying jobs in the city have made farmworkers scarce. Farms are feeling the pinch, but organic farms that grow labor-intensive, hand-picked crops are especially suffering.
More than half the 1.8 million farmworkers are here illegally, though in California the percentage is probably much higher.
One farmer has been forced to tear out nearly 30 acres of vegetables, and estimated his loss so far to be about $200,000. Growers check documents of prospective workers, knowing that fakes are easy to find and the industry couldn't make it without the labor of undocumented workers.
This has turned farmers into strong advocates of immigration reform. They're pushing hard for a program for guest worker. One farmer hired 320 workers for the harvest at his raspberry and blackberry farm. He could have used an extra 30 to 50 workers, but made do by paying workers to put in 12- or 14-hour days and postponing trellising, weeding and covering the plants.
The labor shortage is a serious problem, and getting worse as the government adds more law enforcement to the border. Some growers are moving parts of their operations to Mexico; others, are having to tough it out, he said.
"We need the workers; they need the work," one farmer said. "We just need to figure out some way to make this happen".
rw Karen Gaia says: Hiring illegal aliens to keep food prices down is a false economy. The growing population of the U.S. puts a strain upon its resources, including water and soil; and a strain on the world's environment and resources, including oil and global warming. The whole world pays for this false economy. If we want to help poor foreigners, it is better to send our money to poor countries to improve health and education there and stop spending money on cars and big houses and airplane trips.
Lessons of the Ancients - Ephesians Provide a Cautionary Tale About Sustainability. June 17, 2006 Tallahassee Democrat
The residents of the ancient metropolis of Ephesus never considered the impermanence of their home.
They were part of the Roman Empire, the most powerful empire on earth, one of the most desirable cities in the civilized world, with a population of at least 250,000.
Ephesus today is an amazing testament to the engineering and of its Greek and Roman former residents.
And yet, for the past 1,500 years, after river silt destroyed its harbor, Ephesus has remained a dead city. The lessons of the Ephesians, are very practical.
Two thousand years ago, its residents assumed that Ephesus would be teeming with children, merchants and politicians as long as there was a sunrise.
We have to wonder whether in 2,000 years, Venice, Italy, or New Orleans will be like Ephesus today.
Just as the colonists of Ephesus never imagined that their access to the Aegean would go the way of the Hittites, New Orleans' founders never conceived that their descendants would permit the destruction of thousands of acres of wetlands that provided a buffer against nature's wrath.
In many cases, we allow things to happen because of our reluctance to alter course. We could be doing a lot of things to save us from ourselves.
We can't assume, that we can continue to do things as we've always done and still go on forever. That nature won't eventually have her way.
We must consider not only how a product is made but how it is to be used. If we don't start to think more sustainably future generations will see us the way we moderns see Ephesus.
rw Karen Gaia says - Ephesus was well-situated because it was both a port, close to the water, and had hills to protect it, but the city lost its vital access to the sea due to erosion from nearby farming that silted in the waterways. A growing population meant more food was needed, and therefore more farms, and thus the more the water channel was clogged.
Japanese Women Wage Fertility Strike. May 20, 2006 San Francisco Chronicle
A Japanese government survey rates that nation as a difficult place for childrearing. Japan has one of the lowest birth rates. On average, a Japanese woman is expected to have only 1.29 kids, in contrast, the fertility rate is 2.04 in the US. Korea has a birth rate of 1.08, the lowest worldwide.
Japanese cited the high cost of raising children and paying for their education as reasons not to have more kids. Japan and Korea have a cultural characteristic in common, they rely on the mother as the main caretaker, instead of viewing childrearing as a responsibility shared by both parents. About 68% of Japanese and Korean moms were the parent caring for a pre-K child, versus 36% of American moms.
In Japan, the practice of keeping workers late into the night is rampant. If you have a job that has limited responsibilities, you might get off at a reasonable hour. But if your career is going anywhere, you're stuck at the office.
Moms with careers keep their kids in day care for 12 hours at a stretch. Others let their careers take a back seat once they have kids. There's roughly 50% of mothers in Japan who are stay-at-home moms.
Japan expects its population to decline in the coming years. In turn, the high ratio of the elderly population is expected to rise.
If Japanese women stay on fertility strike, Japan won't have the workers to remain an economic powerhouse. Japanese companies need to wean themselves off their workaholic habits and create an atmosphere where it's not just acceptable but even macho for fathers to go home to their families at a reasonable hour.
rw Ralph says: Has anyone thought that eventually it might be better for all if the population declined and society prepared for that eventuality? Karen says: But also better to prepare for the time when a population has declined sufficiently and people need to learn to live a quality life without having to always grow the economy and without having to be workaholics - by getting away from the super consumer pattern.
EU's Population Grows by Half a Percent to 459.5 Million People. October 25, 2005 Associated Press
The EU's population grew last year by 0.5% to 459.5 million people, driven mainly by immigration. The 25-member bloc's population rose from 457.2 million people in 2003, legal immigration into the EU last year accounted for nearly 2 million. By comparison, the 2004 population growth rate stood at 0.9% in the United States, 0.1% in Japan, 0.6% in China and 1.4% in India. The European numbers add evidence to warnings by EU officials that the bloc needs to take in more migrants to keep its economies going and help pay for welfare systems. The issue of reforming EU social welfare systems and economies tops the agenda at an EU summit in Britain. Births within the EU counted for 400,000 of the total EU population increase. The statistics showed that almost one third of babies born in the EU last year were outside of marriage. The highest percentages of babies born out of wedlock were found in the Nordic countries, while the lowest rates were in Cyprus, Greece, Italy and Poland. Germany, the EU's largest country with 82.5 million people, saw a slight population decrease while the second-largest, France, slightly increased to an estimated 60.6 million. The smallest EU member, Malta, had an estimated 400,000 people. rw Those who claim it takes more people to improve the economic situation need to realize that the economy cannot continue to grow when the world's limited resources are strained. Population growth cannot continue for ever and now is the time to plan for the reduction that is esential human civilazation to continue.
Manchester United Boss in US Clash with Greenpeace. July 24, 2005 Richmond Times-Dispatch(US)
At risk is the future of the menhaden fish, which breeds in Chesapeake Bay and lives along America's eastern seaboard. Vast shoals are being vacuumed up at a time, threatening the ecosystem, and this has set Greenpeace against the American billionaire Malcolm Glazer whose family owns Omega Protein Corp, which fishes the bay. Mr Glazer's son is also a director of Manchester United. Greenpeace staged a protest demanding a moratorium for the fishery, and an end to the company taking menhaden out of the bay, claiming its 66 vessels and 30 spotter planes are threatening the entire stock. Sports fishermen claim that striped bass are starving because its principal food, menhaden, is disappearing. The menhaden also filters sea water for its food, cleaning up the pollution. The demonstration was the latest in a struggle to convince US Fisheries Commission (ASMFC) to control catches until the true position of this valuable fish can be assessed by scientists. 12 hearings are being held to gauge public opinion after which a decision will be taken. The commission rejected a proposal by Omega to cap its take at 135,000 tonnes annually for the next four years. Critics say the proposed cap was larger than the current catch. Against the company is a cooperative of conservation and recreation organisations. The commission is suggesting a cap of 110,400 tonnes until more research can be done. Scientists do not have a clear picture on what is happening. A former fishery biologist said a robust menhaden population would remove nutrients which avoids having to pay a tax to treat sewage going into the bay. Support for Omega came from the National Association for Colored People (NAACP). The Reedville plant employs about 250 people in the fishing season, making it the third largest fishing port in the US. Greenpeace said that at the rate Omega is going, these jobs won't be there in a couple of generations. The best type of omega-3 is found in fish, high in two fatty acids crucial to health and Western diets contain very little omega-3. Hydrogenation removes it. Omega-3 is said to benefit depression, chronic fatigue syndrome (ME), heart disease and period pain. rw
Japan: Role Model. June 06, 2005
The U.S. uses three times the energy as Japan to produce $1 in economic output. The Japanese government has made energy conservation a priority. It sets standards for a broad range of consumer products, and energy use in commercial and residential construction and factory operations. It equates energy conservation with patriotism. A recent initiative persuades people to trade old appliances for more efficient ones and replace current cars with hybris. Another persuades men to shed their jackets in summer to reduce air conditioner use. At the same time as Japan is pursuing energy security as well as reductions in greenhouse gas. Japan seems to be exploring every option. Despite stagnation during the 90s, the Japanese economy does not seem to have been harmed by its energy conservation measures. Japan has become a leader in cleaner technologies and stands to gain as the global economy shifts in that direction. rw
The Looming Disaster - Red Sky at Morning. September 08, 2004 American Scientist
In the book Red Sky at Morning, by James Gustave Speth, an environmental revolution would link local environmental issues with global ones and embed them into public policy. Our economic system should support social goals and human values, also reestablish the US as an environmental leader. The ultimate goal would be a world society that is environmentally sustainable, economically equitable and peaceful. We need citizens and scientists capable of advancing the actions needed. The 1980 Report of the Brandt Commission warned that mass hunger, economic disaster, environmental catastrophes, and terrorism could be as much of a threat as war. Fundamental changes are needed - we must realize that when basic needs have been met, human development is about being more, not having more. So far treaties, agreements and protocols are not preventing environmental deterioration. The failure is a tendency to address symptoms rather than causes; economic opposition and protection of sovereignty; weak multilateral institutions; the use of consensus based negotiating; and lack of strong leadership from wealthy countries. Increasing pollution and biological impoverishment have been triggered by expansion in human populations and their consumption. Global population increased fourfold during the 20th century, and the productivity of individuals grew fivefold; resulting in a 20 fold growth in the global economy, which is expected by 2050 to quadruple to $140 trillion. In the 1980s human demands began to exceed the regenerative capacity of the air, water, land, sunlight, and plant and animal life. 23 affluent nations today produce and consume more than 20 times the quantity of goods and services used by the 40 least developed countries. Annual gains in economic productivity powered by fossil fuels are 50% higher in affluent countries. By 2050 production and consumption will be more than 40 times greater in affluent countries than in less developed countries. In about a third of the countries surveyed (including Japan, the Nordic countries, and Eastern European countries), the richest 10% of the population enjoys 5 to 10 times as much income as the poorest 10%. The annual rate of population increase is six times greater in the least developed countries. Most of the growth in world population will take place among the five billion people in the developing world where three billion live on less than two dollars a day. Population growth in developing countries and production and consumption in industrialized countries are threatening environmental sustainability, and jeopardizing stability and peace in a world blessed with new technologies and cursed with terrorism and weapons of mass destruction. Transitions to progress require a stable or smaller world population, freedom from mass poverty, environmentally benign technologies, environmentally honest prices, sustainable consumption, an emphasis on knowledge and learning, good governance, and a culture that respects nature, human rights economic justice, and peace. These demand reduction of population growth in developing countries; restraint on economic production and consumption in the industrialized world; development of environmentally benign sources of energy; and education that will equip individuals to become creators of the human future. rw
Oxygen Depletion. June 2003 Patrick Burns
Are any studies showing projected O2 depletion as a result of fossil fuel burning coupled with diminished vegetation? It's hard to quantify as O2 levels fluctuate in the atmosphere, and records are not clear. There not much data to suggest it is occurring, but it may not matter if it does. The capacity of an animal to sieve oxygen out of the air is higher than you would imagine. We could probably have a decline in oxygen levels and we would not even notice. The body adapts to oxygen levels, the lung capacity of a sherpa is a fantastic thing, and it's acquired, not genetic. rw
U.S.: Parks at Risk. May 19, 2003 Arizona Republic
U.S national parks are underfunded, over-crowded, and in disrepair. Their budget has declined 20% in the last 25 years, while the park system has grown in size in the number of parks, and the number of visitors has climbed to 290 million a year. Yellowstone has had to turn away 60% percent of school tours because of lack of staff; the roof fell in at the visitor center at Death Valley and the roads in Glacier National Park need money for road repairs. Arizona's Grand Canyon has no geologist, no way to solve traffic problem, and not enough employees to protect the ecosystem. The Park Service's budget in 1977 was $2.7 billion, last year it was $2.2 billion. The adjusted construction budget in 1977 was $390 million. In fiscal 2003, Congress funded $325 million. The estimate for system-wide maintenance was $4.9 billion. Three years into the program only $363 million of maintenance and construction money has been released. rw
Only a Quarter of Americans Know That Oil, Coal, and Wood Generate 70% Of our Energy
May 1999 Sierra magazine/World Resources Institute
Since 1961, world wood consumption has increased by 64%, while demand
for industrial wood has risen by 50%. World demand for industrial wood fiber
is expected to increase by 20 to 40% by 2010. And though industrial wood
plantations account for about one-quarter of supply, additional consumption
needs are met by commercial logging of old-growth and secondary-growth
forests throughout the world. Logging is responsible for about one-third of
the 450 million hectares of tropical forest loss that occurred between 1960
and 1990, destroying one-fifth of the world's forest cover. The article
suggests that increasing consumption may threaten additional old-growth
forests, destroying ecosystems, depleting biodiversity, and failing to
provide sources of future production. �
World Resources Institute "Critical Consumption Trends and Implications: Degrading Earth's Ecosystems"
Critical Consumption Trends and Implications: Degrading Earth's Ecosystems. 1998 World Resources Institute
Since 1960, global demand for fish and fish products has increased by
240 percent, with fish harvests rising from 21 million tons in 1950 to 121
million in 1996. fisheries will not be able to meet the increasing demand
for fish products in the future. By the year 2010, demand for fish products
is expected to increase by between 34 and 50 percent. Over-fishing,
pollution, and habitat destruction have reduced the productivity of many
fishing areas and it is unlikely that development
of fish farming activities will be able to make up for this declining
productivity.
In a study published Population and Environment, March 1997, an
analysis was made of how newspaper journalists depicted causality in urban
sprawl, water shortage, and endangered species stories. Only about 10% of
the stories show population growth as the source. Only 1% suggested
population stability as a solution. An urban sprawl story or a story
describing impacts on wildlife habitat mentions only the land developer as
the cause of the problem, and ignores increased demand that population
growth provides to land development possible. A typical water shortage story
mentions drought or the inadequate water delivery as a cause, and doesn't
mention that many more people now want access to a water supply that is
limited. In an interview with 25 journalists from newspapers with
circulations ranging from less than 250,000 to more than 500,000, most felt
that population was a problem, but that the issue was too controversial, or
that because there was a limited space for the story, that population growth
was too broad and distant to figure in their stories. A May 1992 Gallup poll
showed that less than half of Americans polled felt that population would be
a problem by the year 2000. A second poll, done in 1993 for the Pew Global
Stewardship Initiative, showed similar results: less than half of a sample
of Americans agreed that lowering the U.S. birthrate was important for the environment.
Exploitation
Activists Detail Allegations of Illegal Indonesia Logging; Groups Track Shipments to China Over Recent Years. February 17, 2005 MSNBC.com
Environmental activists said they had uncovered the biggest smuggling racket with huge shipments of logs shipped from Papua New Guinea to China. They said the illegal trade was threatening the last intact tropical forests in the Asia-Pacific region. International criminal syndicates were behind looting merbau trees - a hardwood used mainly for flooring, that was being taken from Papua at a rate of 300,000 cubic meters of logs each month to feed China’s timber industry. This trade is controlled by a few people, so it’s the biggest smuggling racket. More than 70% of Indonesia’s forests have been lost. The government banned the export of logs in 2001, but that has not stopped the trade. Collusion with Indonesia’s military was apparent, activists said. The armed forces has denied the institution was engaged in the trade, but conceded rogue elements could take part. Indonesia’s new president has pledged to crack down on illegal logging. Local communities receive around $10 for each cubic meter felled on their land, they fetch $270 per cubic meter in China and up to $2,700 in North America. With forest cover at around 70% , New Guinea contains the last tracts of undisturbed forest in the Asia-Pacific region. A network of middlemen and Aokers arrange shipment of the logs to China. The syndicates paid $200,000 per shipment in bribes to ensure the logs were not intercepted. The majority of logs were destined for the Chinese port of Zhangjiagang. Indonesia and China signed an agreement over two years ago to cooperate in tackling the trade in illegal timber, but the words have not been matched by actions. rw
Nigerian Govt Moves to Settle Oil Delta Protest. December 09, 2004 Reuters
In Nigeria, Kula residents seized three oil platforms operated by Royal Dutch Shell and Chevron Texaco, cutting off oil flows and trapping more than 100 workers. They left the installations after assurances that they would not be restarted until their grievances were addressed. The protesters threatened to extend the closures to another 100,000 barrels unless the government and oil companies responded to their demands for talks on jobs and development. Disputes are common in the region that pumps all of Nigeria's 2.3 million barrels a day and have caused armed conflict, occupations, hostage-taking, extortion and sabotage. Kula people feel they have little to show for the wealth being pumped from their tribal lands. State and local governments receive a larger share of oil revenues than other regions in recognition of their large contribution to the nation's economy, but civil society groups accuse the region's leaders of looting the money instead of channelling it into services and infrastructure. In September an ethnic militia threatened to blow up oil facilities in Rivers state, helping drive prices above $50 per barrel, but the leader of that group, said he was not involved in the Kula occupation. rw
Afghan Poppy Farmers Say Mystery Spraying Killed Crops. December 05, 2004 New York Times*
Recently, planes have been spraying Afghan poppy fields orchards, and perhaps even families -- with toxic chemicals intended to kill poppy crops. Afghan President said his government has vowed never to support this, and called on U.S. and U.K. ambassadors to explain the abrogation of Afghan sovereignty. The U.S. announced that it will provide $780 million to battle illegal drug production in Afghanistan, and has control over Afghan airspace. Both the U.S. and the U.K. denied involvement and didn't know who was responsible. rw
473,500 Gallons of Oil Missing in River Spill; If it All Leaked, the Amount Could Be a Record for the Delaware. December 01, 2004 Philadelphia Inquirer
An estimated 473,500 gallons of crude is missing from a damaged oil tanker in the Delaware River; the spill could be worse than thought and 15 times greater than the 30,000 gallons that ship's engineers said had spewed from the Greek tanker. It is unclear whether all of the missing oil had spilled into the Delaware River. Some may have collected in an empty ballast tank. A leak of 473,500 gallons would be a worst-case scenario. The spill had spread, affecting patches of shoreline in a 44-mile stretch from the Salem nuclear power station to the Tacony-Palmyra Bridge. The hardest-hit sections remained along the 10 miles between the southern end of Little Tinicum Island and the Schuylkill. The oil reached within three miles of drinking-water intakes for South Jersey and Philadelphia and precautions are being taken. Investigators had yet to determine what ripped the hull open, but some speculated that the hull struck a propeller that fell off a dredge owned by the Army Corps of Engineers. The spill was discovered about 90 minutes after low tide in that section of the river. The number of cleanup workers has swelled from 557 to 730 who have recovered about 6,300 gallons of oil. Between 500 and 1,000 birds are have been "oiled," most are common birds, but two pairs of bald eagles are partly covered with oil. Rescue workers were trying to capture and clean them. Environmentalists feared that heavy rain could slow the cleanup, and strong wind from the north push the spill farther south. The company that manages the ship has agreed to pay for the multimillion-dollar cleanup, which is expected to take months. Nearly 100 claims have been filed including 75 owners of pleasure boats, four private owners with dock damage, and 10 commercial vessels that were delayed when the Coast Guard shut down marine traffic. A report said the tanker was detained in Korea in March after black oil that had filled the bottom of its engine room was pumped overboard. On this trip, the Athos I was loaded with 14 million gallons of heavy crude from Venezuela. Tugboat operators spotted the leak as they guided the 750-foot ship toward the Citgo dock. Divers found a six-foot-long gash and a nearly two-foot-wide puncture in the hull and the two holes jut inward, indicating the damage was caused by an object in the water. Citgo is responsible for keeping the waterway clear and deep enough for ships. Citgo said it had dredged the terminal area in 1992. But the Army Corps of Engineers said records indicate Citgo had not dredged the port since 1982. rw
When Ecotourism Kills; Watching Whales, Bears, and Turtles Can Harm Them, Sometimes Fatally. November 04, 2004 Monitor, The(Uganda)
Well-meaning tourists are putting increasing pressure on animals worldwide. In some cases, ecotourism appears to be killing the wildlife it seeks to protect. So far ecotourism has done more good than harm, but there are signs that this can become more about profit than penguins. With more than 60 "green certification" programs, the World Tourism Organization and the International Ecotourism Society announced a new program to harmonize standards. Tourism generates so much cash that is needed by preservation groups, even good companies face a dilemma in trying to balance to help a community without destroying the goose that laid the golden egg. Tourism, profit-driven, and ecotourism geared to helping nature, make up 20% of international tourist travel and has worked well in many cases. Each year, the Galápagos Islands receive tens of thousands of human visitors yet have managed to preserve animals and habitat with little damage. Indirectly, money may help marine tourism. A 2001 study found that whale-watching took place in 87 countries, generating $1 billion. But human visits to whales can be a serious threat. Nineteen of 292 reported whale-ship strikes between 1975 and 2002 involved whale-watching vessels. Some operators try to maximize revenue by taking as many people as possible and that means zooming in at maximum speed. In Puget Sound, the industry organization of about 30 US and Canadian whale-watch operators has set up guidelines, including reducing speeds to limit underwater sound pollution that might interfere with orca feeding. Researchers report that meerkats and mongoose have caught tourist-borne diseases in Africa. On the south shore of Hudson Bay entrepreneurs in the 1980s built school-bus-size vehicles on top of monster-truck tires to take people to view 12-foot-tall polar bears but the bears go "on alert" every time a tundra vehicle goes by, when they should be sleeping which diminishes the fat they will carry into the winter and need for hunting or defending themselves. Bottlenose dolphins in northeastern New Zealand are getting less rest because of tourists, who arrive in droves to try to swim with them. New Zealand announced restrictions that limit dolphin visits to certain areas and times of day. rw
Ghana: New study links low fish supply to increased bushmeat hunting. November 2004 The Daily
The declining fish supply in Ghana has led to increased illegal hunting of wild game. Dwindling marine resources have led to the extinction of almost half the species in some reserves. If people aren't able to get their protein from fish, they'll turn elsewhere for food and economic survival.
African leaders have blamed subsidized foreign fleets for helping to accelerate the downturn in the fish supply. EU subsidies artificially increase the profitability for EU ships to fish in African waters. Data was recorded by park rangers from 1970 to 1998 for 41 species of larger mammals at six savanna nature reserves in Ghana. The information was compared with the supply of fish in the region during the same time period. There was a 76% drop in the 41 species studied. At the same time, the supply of fish ranged from 230,000 to 480,000 tons in a year. Years with a lower-than-average supply of fish had higher-than-average declines in land-based wildlife.
Over the next four years they found that the monthly supply of fish was negatively linked to the price of fish and the volume of bushmeat sold. Estimates put the bushmeat trade at 400,000 tons per year but that the figure is almost certainly an underestimate.
Some of Ghana's problems date back to 1982, when the UN established Exclusion Zones that entitled countries to exclusive use of all marine resources 200 miles off their shorelines and Ghanaian fishing boats would have to pay other countries for access to fishing grounds while it is difficult to assess the level of illegal fishing by foreign fleets. Agreements are unusually generous to the foreign fleets. Ghana's fishing sector employs about 20% of the country's labor force, but is rapidly declining.
Ghanaian fishers are generally poorly educated and with few other options for income. Many unemployed fishers have been unable to improve their economic conditions.
Part of the decline could be attributed to overfishing to feed a growing population from 6 million in 1957 to nearly 18 million in 1996. Reforming EU policy will not resolve the problems of diminishing resources in West African nations, but is a solution that can be enacted quickly.
Without intervention, the collapse of resources would result in widespread human poverty and food insecurity.
rw Ralph says: No mention of action to slow or stop the population growth.
Yunnan Women Flock to Thai Sex Industry; Poverty Drives Members of Ethnic Minority Groups to Head Across the Border . August 09, 2004 South China Morning Post
Women from half the households in Yunnan counties on the west side of the Mekong River have worked in the sex industry in Thailand, according to Liu Meng , from the Chinese Women's University in Beijing, and a UN Inter -Agency Project consultant. These counties are home to more than a dozen different ethnic communities and have an annual per-capita income of 580 yuan, half the national average. More than half the families had a member who had worked as a prostitute in Thailand. Families with women who have been or are in Thailand live in cement houses, others live in crude shacks. The women became sex workers because they were poor and had limited economic opportunities at home. The public admires the women who have been to Thailand - they think it's a very good way to earn money. The women belonged to the Dai and Wa minorities and their physical appearance and language made the trip easier for them. In many communities there was a tradition of women supporting the family. When the women return, they are not used to the local conditions and some of the unmarried women cannot find a husband because they are wealthier and have a broader perspective. Officials cite the economic benefits of the migrant sex workers, not aware that the prosperity is at the cost of women's health, lives and youth. rw
Another Tiger Species Headed for Extinction? Poaching in Indonesia's Sumatra Widespread. March 17, 2004 MSNBC.com
Unless poaching is stopped, Indonesia's Sumatran tiger could be the first large predator to become extinct this century. Three of the world's eight tiger subspecies have already gone extinct and the remaining five are endangered. Despite an international ban, at least 50 Sumatran tigers were hunted each year between 1998 and 2002 while the total population is 4 to 500. Lack of political will and widespread corruption hinders enforcement. The tigers are hunted for skins and body parts such as bones, which are ground up and used as traditional medicine. Indonesia has lost two tiger subspecies: the Bali and Javan tigers that became extinct in the 1940s and 1980s. Undercover work found tiger products for sale in 17 of 24 Sumatran towns. A fifth of 453 shops offered teeth and claws as charms and trophies. Tigers are killed with simple wire cable snares and hunted deep within national parks. Action should be taken against the markets, trade hubs and retail outlets highlighted. Sumatran tigers have also faced widespread logging of their habitat by multinational paper companies which have eliminated more than 1.2 million acres of tiger habitat. rw
State of Denial: World's Other Forests Feed State's Appetite for Timber. October 06, 2003 Sacramento Bee
By consuming wood products and protecting their forests, Californians increase cutting elsewhere. The state's Fire and Resource Assessment Program will address this imbalance between consumption and conservation. Forest protection in California has focused on what happens in California, but the United States consumes more timber than it produces. In the next 50 years, imports will supply a third to half of our total softwood lumber. A conservation report on the 80 million acres of California's forests and rangelands includes soil erosion, water quality, forest fires, fish and wildlife and urban sprawl. The most striking figures show how California's lifestyle conflicts with conservation. California is the nation's largest user of wood and paper, 15% of the national total but is protecting the flow of logs from its own forests. Lumber production since 1988 has fallen 60%. As less timber is cut, more flows to California from Oregon, S.E. United States, Canada and even Europe. California imports about 75% of its wood and paper products. As fewer trees fall in California, jobs and sawmills disappear; in Siskiyou and Del Norte counties, a quarter of residents' income is public assistance. In Canada, 90% of timber is logged through clear-cutting; and that is expanding into the northern boreal forest which plays an important role in controlling global warming. rw
Coke Adds Life? In India, Impoverished Farmers are Fighting to Stop Drinks Giant 'Destroying Livelihoods'. July 27, 2003 London Independent
Before the Coca-Cola bottling company built a 40-acre bottling plant in Palakkad, Kerala, a farmers plot of land yielded 50 sacks of rice and 1,500 coconuts a year, providing work for dozens of labourers. After the plant was operation, only five sacks of rice could be extracted from the land, and only 200 coconuts. The Coca-Cola factory extracts up to 1.5 million litres of water (enough to meet the minimum requirements of about 20,000 people). Those worst
a day from the deep wells it has drilled into the aquifer to produce Coke, Fanta, Sprite and a drink called Thumbs-Up. The plant produces mineral water that the locals cannot afford - they have to walk up to six miles twice a day for water. Their wells now hold only turbid, brackish water too high in dissolved salts to be healthy to drink, cook with or even wash in. Most of the locals are classed by the Indian government as "primitive tribals". In addition to the farmers, 10,000 landless labourers are also affected, having lost their jobs. For over a year the factory has been picketed daily and there have been street demonstrations and rallies. The local council has revoked the factory's licence to operate, losing nearly half of its annual income from the decision, but the next level of government suspended the revocation. Coke denies the allegation, saying the local villages receive tankers of free water supplies each day from the plant and that the real culprit is a reduction in rainfall. A local human rights and development organisation says meteorological reports show rainfall rose between 2000 and 2001. Additionally, protesters say, chemical effluents produced by bottle-washing contaminate the groundwater; and the slurry from the effluents, when dried and marketed it as fertiliser, resulted in farmers developing sores on their skin the death of their coconut palms.
West's Love of Talc Threatens India's Tigers. June 23, 2003 London Observer
A wildlife sanctuary and tiger reserve in Rajasthan provides habitat for the endangered cats and are off-limits to development, but miners chop down trees, blast holes with dynamite, use mining techniques that lower water tables, and leave behind piles of waste. This mining poses the gravest threat to tigers, once about 20,000 but dwindled to 3,000. A supreme court ruling has temporarily stopped some, though not all, of the mining, but the mining industry is fighting that decision. rw
Belize: Dam Project in Macal River Valley. June 12, 2003 Animal Planet channel
The Canadian energy company Fortis Inc. broke ground on the Belize, Chalillo dam project that would destroy irreplaceable wildlife habitat. It is unlikely that Fortis will make much progress this year and public opposition to the dam is growing in Belize and around the world, and continuing to challenge the dam in court. rw
Indonesia: Legislators Ask Conoco To Stop Oil Exploration. June 12, 2000 Asia Pulse�
The legislative council of Indonesia's Irian Jaya province asked the
US-based Conoco to stop its oil exploration in a world heritage site, the
National Park. It is feared that Conoco's activities would harm flora
and fauna and melt the ice covering Mt. Cartenz. The national park is
located on nearly 1.5 million hectares of land owned by six districts in
Indonesia.
Shell Oil Company in Nigeria. November 1999 ZPG Campus Activist Newsletter
Nigeria's land and people have been devastated by the ruthless drilling
practices of the Shell Oil Company, a Dutch company. After nearly 4 decades
of oil extraction, the Niger river delta, a coastal rainforest and mangrove
habitat, is the most endangered river delta in the world. Most Nigerians
lack running water, electricity, adequate schools and healthcare, but Shell
has extracted $30 billion in oil from Nigeria since 1958.
Home Depot Decision Cheered. August 30, 1999 Rainforest Action Network
Home Depot plans to phase out
the sale of old-growth forest products by 2002. This includes lauan,
redwood and cedar products which are from environmentally sensitive areas.
Home Depot plans to use only wood that has been deemed okay by the Certified
Forest Products Council. Some of the giant trees are 2,000 years old. Less
than 20% of old growth forests remain on Earth and less than 4% in the U.S.
The old growth wood The Home Depot sells comes from the ancient temperate
rain forests of British Columbia, Southeast Asia and the Amazon.
U.S. Transnational Corporation Dumps Toxic Load of Chemically-Treated Seeds. 1999 Associated Press
660 tons of expired cotton seeds treated with five agrochemicals
and a genetically modified bacteria were dumped by the employees of a
company which dominates 50% of the seed market in the United States. One
local resident has died due to poisoning.
Environmentalists Blast World Trade OrganizationTimber Trade Plans. May 16, 1998 Inter Press Service
Liberalizing trade in timber products
would increase global devastation of forests. U.S. government
wants agreement to reduce global tariffs on wood products. The
agreement says nothing about forest protection or sustainable logging
practices. Proposed bans of the use of endangered tropical wood or on
wood products that are likely to carry destructive pests
could be found to be barriers to trade and in violation of WTO rules.
Average US Home Owner Guilty of Endangering Forests. March 16, 1998
Wooden doors, paneling, or wooden tool handles may be from endangered forests. Home Depot sells doors from endangered Amazon rainforest Mahogany, or plywood from Lauan wood from Southeast Asia forests where old growth forests (not including parks) are predicted to be gone by 2010.
Companies like Monsanto are producing genetically-engineered organisms that
can reproduce and cross breed, with the danger of uncontrolled proliferation
and health hazards to human beings. Insufficient testing can result in a
serious threat to the environment.
Report on Forests Suppressed. June 1, 2000 The Guardian (UK) �
A report from the World Resources Institute and the World Wide Fund for
Nature (WWF) warns of the destruction of tropical forests by multinational
companies, but has been suppressed for three years by the European
Commission and WWF. The report originally named companies who would bribe or
bully their way to lucrative logging concessions, but it has been watered
down because WWF feared that some of the governments concerned, particularly
Malaysia, would close down WWF offices. Many of the companies named were
Asian. Iinvestments are concentrated in countries with generally weak or
outdated environmental and social laws and little enforcement capacity.
Many of the countries suffer severe economic difficulties with large foreign
debts, high inflation and unemployment. Decisions are often made by a small
group of powerful people or clans within the government that look at the
forests as a source of personal revenue. The logging causes careless damage
to the surrounding forest. The roads built allow entry of commercial hunts,
farmers, miners and others who cause further environmental damage. The
companies frequently end up in violent clashes with local people and native
tribes. The main donors to these countries - the World Bank, the
International Monetary Fund, Japan, the EU, France, Germany, Britain and the
US, fail to enforce their own rules to promote forest conservation and
responsible management, then induce countries to sell their forests for a
quick cash return to pay off debts to Western countries.. Much of the
remaining virgin primary forests in the Caribbean rim, Central Africa and
Pacific will be lost within five to 10 years, due to the expansion of
unsustainable logging operations. . The authors of the report recommended an
an end to EU aid and a moratorium on all further logging in 11 countries -
Cameroon, Gabon, Congo-Brazzaville, the Central African Republic, Equatorial
Guinea and the Democratic Republic of Congo in central Africa; Belize,
Surinam and Guyana in the Caribbean rim; and Papua New Guinea and the
Solomon Islands in the South Pacific rim. The moratorium would last until
bribery scandals are investigated and proper environmental standards
enforced.
"I think the economic logic behind dumping a load of toxic waste in the lowest wage country is impeccable...because foregone earnings from increased morbidity" are low. He adds that "the underpopulated countries in Africa are vastly underpolluted; their air quality is probably vastly inefficiently low compared to Los Angeles.... " unknown executive. February 8, 1992 The Economist
World Population Awareness and
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And in what year did they part company? | Three's Company (TV Series 1976–1984) - IMDb
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The misadventures of two women and one man living in one apartment and their neighbors.
Creators:
Airs Wed. Jan. 18, 1:00 PM on LOGO
ON DISC
Jack escorts Janet to a dull private party but when Jack consumes a tranquilizer and alcohol he becomes the life of the party.
9.1
Jack appears on a local TV show to do a cooking demonstration.
8.4
The roommates clean up the Ropers' garden and give some weeds to Mrs. Roper to use in her flower arranging class. They later discover that the weeds are marijuana plants.
8.4
Famous Directors: From Sundance to Prominence
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Edit
Storyline
Janet and Chrissy get Jack as a roommate for their Santa Monica apartment. Jack can cook (he's studying to be a chef) and, when called to do so, pretends he's gay to legitimize the arrangement. Landlady Roper wishes husband Stanley showed more interest in her. Written by Ed Stephan <[email protected]>
15 March 1977 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
Herzbube mit zwei Damen See more »
Filming Locations:
Did You Know?
Trivia
The original unaired pilot was written by Larry Gelbart and directed by Burt Brinckerhoff . A second pilot was taped with Joyce DeWitt as Janet and Suze Lanier-Bramlett as Chrissy. 'Denise Galik-Furey' was originally cast as Chrissy but suddenly became unavailable shortly before taping. Bobbie Mitchell guest starred playing 'Patricia Crawford'. See more »
Quotes
Mrs. Roper : I need a new stove
Stanley Roper : There's nothing wrong with the stove you have, it works just fine.
Mrs. Roper : Well, I better not break up the set.
Stanley Roper : What set?
Mrs. Roper : An old stove, and old husband, and they both take too long to heat up!
See more (Spoiler Alert!) »
User Reviews
For those who remember the good ole 70's of sitcom comedies,this was the one that broke the mold
7 May 2002 | by raysond
(Chapel Hill,North Carolina) – See all my reviews
For those who don't remember when sitcoms were the ones that made you laugh out loud one minute and then laugh crying the next and to keep you guessing what Jack Tripper was up to next,then this was the show to watch.....During its run on ABC-TV from 1977-1984,Three's Company was the best American sitcom ever to grace the airwaves. Hands down. John Ritter to me was the all-time Macdaddy that kept it real. His portrayal of stumble-prone Jack was ingenious not to mention hilariously funny. Jack always knew what to do(or so it seems)when it came to the ladies especially dealing with his roommates Janet Wood and Chrissy Snow and even the upstairs neighbors The Ropers who was on Jack's every move.
Out of his other roommates only Joyce DeWitt's character Janet Wood,who was a stunning brunette beauty who was reasonable and sweet and reliable was Ritter's ONLY long-standing roommate throughout the shows' entire run. However,during and probably the best,and frankly the early years of the show(during the first four seasons),Suzanne Somers was the center of attention as ditzy,and sometimes not very bright Chrissy Snow,the lovable blonde. Somers became an overnight success during her four seasons on the show becoming a hottie for every junior high school boy in America who idolized her on their bedroom walls. Somers left the show in 1981 which was then in the top ten.
Also during the first four seasons of the show was the constant feuding and sometimes hilarious quarrels between the kids' landlord neighbors The Ropers. Actor Norman Fell was a comic genius(usually he'll played cops and detectives on other shows but here was a departure from that)here when he played Stanley Roper and Audra Lindley who was his wife Helen Roper who was bugged Stanley every time he did something. In 1981,The Ropers got their own sitcom show which didn't last very long.
During the shows' fourth season,Jenilee Harrison had a short stint as Chrissy's cousin Cindy Snow,who was another ditzy,not so bright,clumsy blonde. After Harrison's departure from the show,former "Dallas" star Priscilla Barnes tied things up as registered nurse Terri Alden,who was not like Chrissy or Cindy but this blonde had style and wasn't clumsy or ditzy and very bright. Also during that season,Don Knotts(aka Deputy Fife on Andy Griffith) filled in the gap as the "bachelor at large",Ralph Furley. Richard Kline starred as the lovable stud Larry who was a used car salesmen and swinger extraordinaire who was always getting Jack blind dates. In was here that Knotts and Ritter kept the show in the Top 10 for the next five seasons including Emmy nominations for Best Actor.
In all Three's Company was a laugh-a-minute riot and nothing more. The only element was the serious relationship of the roommates. They always had a understanding of each other and loved each other very much who would not let anyone get in the way of a friendship. However,it was always would not be that way.
The final episode of Three's Company in 1984,saw the departure of Jack Tripper as he finds that his bachelor days are finally over by finding the girl of his dreams,and eventually going down the aisle to get married on the show,leaving his two beautiful roommates behind. The show however,had a spin-off on this which featured Jack Tripper adjusting to the conditions of being married with his new wife and his new surroundings as a loyal and faithful husband.
However,this show is based on the 1960's British sitcom "A Man About The House".
Kudos to John Ritter,Joyce DeWitt,especially for their talents and bringing the laughs. You rock! Catch the re-runs on Nick at Nite.
24 of 31 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you?
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| 2002 |
Who now owns the Rolls-Royce name? | Three's Company (TV Series 1976–1984) - IMDb
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The misadventures of two women and one man living in one apartment and their neighbors.
Creators:
Airs Wed. Jan. 18, 1:00 PM on LOGO
ON DISC
Jack escorts Janet to a dull private party but when Jack consumes a tranquilizer and alcohol he becomes the life of the party.
9.1
Jack appears on a local TV show to do a cooking demonstration.
8.4
The roommates clean up the Ropers' garden and give some weeds to Mrs. Roper to use in her flower arranging class. They later discover that the weeds are marijuana plants.
8.4
Famous Directors: From Sundance to Prominence
From Christopher Nolan to Quentin Tarantino and every Coen brother in between, many of today's most popular directors got their start at the Sundance Film Festival . Here's a list of some of the biggest names to go from Sundance to Hollywood prominence.
a list of 22 titles
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a list of 29 titles
created 07 Dec 2014
a list of 40 titles
created 02 Jan 2015
a list of 27 titles
created 01 Nov 2015
a list of 44 titles
created 28 Nov 2015
Search for " Three's Company " on Amazon.com
Connect with IMDb
Title: Three's Company (1976–1984)
7.5/10
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You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin.
Won 2 Golden Globes. Another 4 wins & 15 nominations. See more awards »
Videos
A nouveau riche, African-American family who move into a luxury apartment building develop close, if occasionally fractious, relationships with other tenants.
Stars: Isabel Sanford, Sherman Hemsley, Marla Gibbs
A greasy-spoon diner in Phoenix, Arizona is the setting for this long-running series. The title character, Alice Hyatt, is an aspiring singer who arrives in Phoenix with her teenaged son, ... See full summary »
Stars: Linda Lavin, Beth Howland, Vic Tayback
An eccentric fun-loving judge presides over an urban night court and all the silliness going on there.
Stars: Harry Anderson, John Larroquette, Richard Moll
The misadventures of a cantankerous junk dealer and his frustrated son.
Stars: Redd Foxx, Demond Wilson, LaWanda Page
A poor Afro-American family make the best of things in the Chicago housing projects.
Stars: Ralph Carter, BernNadette Stanis, Jimmie Walker
The staff of a struggling radio station have a chance at success after the new programming director changes the format to rock music
Stars: Gary Sandy, Gordon Jump, Loni Anderson
A compassionate teacher returns to his inner city high school of his youth to teach a new generation of trouble making kids.
Stars: Gabe Kaplan, Ron Palillo, John Travolta
The misadventures of a divorced mother, her family, and their building superintendent in Indianapolis.
Stars: Bonnie Franklin, Valerie Bertinelli, Pat Harrington Jr.
A working class bigot constantly squabbles with his family over the important issues of the day.
Stars: Carroll O'Connor, Jean Stapleton, Rob Reiner
The staff of a New York City taxicab company go about their job while they dream of greater things.
Stars: Judd Hirsch, Jeff Conaway, Danny DeVito
The misadventures of an author turned innkeeper in rural Vermont and his friends.
Stars: Bob Newhart, Mary Frann, Tom Poston
A trio of black youths learn about life, love, friendship, credit cards, gambling, and a variety of other things while growing up in an inner city.
Stars: Ernest Thomas, Haywood Nelson, Danielle Spencer
Edit
Storyline
Janet and Chrissy get Jack as a roommate for their Santa Monica apartment. Jack can cook (he's studying to be a chef) and, when called to do so, pretends he's gay to legitimize the arrangement. Landlady Roper wishes husband Stanley showed more interest in her. Written by Ed Stephan <[email protected]>
15 March 1977 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
Herzbube mit zwei Damen See more »
Filming Locations:
Did You Know?
Trivia
The original unaired pilot was written by Larry Gelbart and directed by Burt Brinckerhoff . A second pilot was taped with Joyce DeWitt as Janet and Suze Lanier-Bramlett as Chrissy. 'Denise Galik-Furey' was originally cast as Chrissy but suddenly became unavailable shortly before taping. Bobbie Mitchell guest starred playing 'Patricia Crawford'. See more »
Quotes
Mrs. Roper : I need a new stove
Stanley Roper : There's nothing wrong with the stove you have, it works just fine.
Mrs. Roper : Well, I better not break up the set.
Stanley Roper : What set?
Mrs. Roper : An old stove, and old husband, and they both take too long to heat up!
See more (Spoiler Alert!) »
User Reviews
For those who remember the good ole 70's of sitcom comedies,this was the one that broke the mold
7 May 2002 | by raysond
(Chapel Hill,North Carolina) – See all my reviews
For those who don't remember when sitcoms were the ones that made you laugh out loud one minute and then laugh crying the next and to keep you guessing what Jack Tripper was up to next,then this was the show to watch.....During its run on ABC-TV from 1977-1984,Three's Company was the best American sitcom ever to grace the airwaves. Hands down. John Ritter to me was the all-time Macdaddy that kept it real. His portrayal of stumble-prone Jack was ingenious not to mention hilariously funny. Jack always knew what to do(or so it seems)when it came to the ladies especially dealing with his roommates Janet Wood and Chrissy Snow and even the upstairs neighbors The Ropers who was on Jack's every move.
Out of his other roommates only Joyce DeWitt's character Janet Wood,who was a stunning brunette beauty who was reasonable and sweet and reliable was Ritter's ONLY long-standing roommate throughout the shows' entire run. However,during and probably the best,and frankly the early years of the show(during the first four seasons),Suzanne Somers was the center of attention as ditzy,and sometimes not very bright Chrissy Snow,the lovable blonde. Somers became an overnight success during her four seasons on the show becoming a hottie for every junior high school boy in America who idolized her on their bedroom walls. Somers left the show in 1981 which was then in the top ten.
Also during the first four seasons of the show was the constant feuding and sometimes hilarious quarrels between the kids' landlord neighbors The Ropers. Actor Norman Fell was a comic genius(usually he'll played cops and detectives on other shows but here was a departure from that)here when he played Stanley Roper and Audra Lindley who was his wife Helen Roper who was bugged Stanley every time he did something. In 1981,The Ropers got their own sitcom show which didn't last very long.
During the shows' fourth season,Jenilee Harrison had a short stint as Chrissy's cousin Cindy Snow,who was another ditzy,not so bright,clumsy blonde. After Harrison's departure from the show,former "Dallas" star Priscilla Barnes tied things up as registered nurse Terri Alden,who was not like Chrissy or Cindy but this blonde had style and wasn't clumsy or ditzy and very bright. Also during that season,Don Knotts(aka Deputy Fife on Andy Griffith) filled in the gap as the "bachelor at large",Ralph Furley. Richard Kline starred as the lovable stud Larry who was a used car salesmen and swinger extraordinaire who was always getting Jack blind dates. In was here that Knotts and Ritter kept the show in the Top 10 for the next five seasons including Emmy nominations for Best Actor.
In all Three's Company was a laugh-a-minute riot and nothing more. The only element was the serious relationship of the roommates. They always had a understanding of each other and loved each other very much who would not let anyone get in the way of a friendship. However,it was always would not be that way.
The final episode of Three's Company in 1984,saw the departure of Jack Tripper as he finds that his bachelor days are finally over by finding the girl of his dreams,and eventually going down the aisle to get married on the show,leaving his two beautiful roommates behind. The show however,had a spin-off on this which featured Jack Tripper adjusting to the conditions of being married with his new wife and his new surroundings as a loyal and faithful husband.
However,this show is based on the 1960's British sitcom "A Man About The House".
Kudos to John Ritter,Joyce DeWitt,especially for their talents and bringing the laughs. You rock! Catch the re-runs on Nick at Nite.
24 of 31 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you?
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What name is given to the famous flying lady mascot adorning the radiator grill on a Rolls-Royce? | Auto123.com | Car News | Auto123
By Luc Gagné ,
2011-01-06
February 6, 2011, will go down in Rolls-Royce history. That day, the Spirit of Ecstasy , also known as the Flying Lady, will turn 100! To celebrate this milestone, one hundred old and new Rolls-Royce models will parade through the heart of London, the first in a series of events organized to commemorate the start of the second century of the brand’s most memorable symbol.
On February 6, 2011, the Rolls-Royce hood ornament Spirit of Ecstasy will turn 100! (Photo Rolls-Royce)
Spirit of Ecstasy is the name that was given to the Rolls-Royce hood ornament in 1911. The ornament that will adorn every Rolls-Royce Ghost and Phantom built in 2011 will bear the inscription “Spirit of Ecstasy Centenary – 2011” in ITC Willow font.
A disappearing trend
Hood ornaments are as old as the horseless carriage itself. In the beginning, they decorated the radiator cap, which was originally exposed to the elements.
The automakers quickly adopted these mascots to identify their particular brand of vehicle. Consumers could also buy them at the local hardware store or mechanic’s shop, just to personalize their own car, humble though it may have been. Around 1910, no self-respecting motorist would be caught dead driving a mascot-less car!
Today, these little statues have all but disappeared. Other than Rolls-Royce’s Flying Lady, the only ones we regularly see adorning standard models are the Mercedes Star and the “Leaper”, Jaguar’s famous pouncing feline.
Take it or leave it
Originally, some of these ornaments were true works of art, such as the elephant of the imposing Royales, sculpted by Rembrandt Bugatti for his brother, Ettore. There was also the “Tireur d’Arc” designed by American inventor William N. Schnell for the sumptuous Pierce-Arrow models, or the superb pieces created for the French glass-maker Lalique.
Eleanor Velasco Thornton was reportedly the inspiration for the elegant mascot created for Rolls-Royce by Charles Sykes. (Photo: Rolls-Royce)
Tags:
| Spirit of Ecstasy |
Can you name the first Pope? | Stories about: spirit of ecstasy - autoevolution
autoevolution
2015-07-29 / The Spirit of Ecstasy, also called "Emily", "Silver Lady" or "Flying Lady", was designed by English sculptor Charles Robinson Sykes
2014-12-08 / With the Paddington Bear movie having recently made its debut in Britain, Rolls-Royce recently spotted this furry fellow doing his impression of the Sprit of Ecstasy statue in front of one of their ...
2014-01-10 / For more than a century, Rolls-Royce has been adorning the radiator grilles of its cars with the Spirit of Ecstasy. Nowadays, you can have the elegant flying lady in three official finishes. The cla...
2013-12-30 / That lady on the zebra just threw a rather unpleasant look at the ornament on the hood of our Rolls-Royce tester. Dear pedestrians, there’s no need to fear the Spirit of Ecstasy - she wears a ...
1969-12-31 / Just when we thought there isn’t anything that Russian tuner Dartz can come up with and take us by surprise, we were slapped in the face by their latest controversial creation: Spirit of Xtasy...
1969-12-31 / Spirit of Ecstasy is a name that could give some people goosebumps, especially when thinking about the old models that established the foundation of the luxurious company that today bears the name o...
1969-12-31 / Celebrating one hundred years of Spirit of Ecstasy, the famous flying lady mascot, Rolls Royce has announced the launch of an exclusive Collection of bespoke Phantom models, which will be produced i...
1969-12-31 / Marking the centenary of the famous Rolls Royce lady mascot, the Spirit of Ecstasy Centenary Drive reunited no less than one hundred Rolls-Royce motor cars in London on February 6, 2011.The drive st...
1969-12-31 / The famous British luxury automaker Rolls Royce has announced that debut of the recruitment program for the company’s new apprentices. The applicants who are selected will join a training prog...
1969-12-31 / Continuing its Spirit of Ecstasy centenary celebrations, Rolls-Royce Motor Cars is readying for this year’s Salon Prive event, set to take place on June 22-24 at Syon Park, West London. The ve...
1969-12-31 / Marking the Spirit of Ecstasy, British automaker Rolls-Royce commissioned renowned photographer Rankin to capture 100 images inspired by the iconic figurine, which will be launched over the next mon...
1969-12-31 / Rolls-Royce Motor Cars announced today that the company has enjoyed a record half-year in 2011, as sales have increasing by 64 percent worldwide compared with the same period last year. In total, 15...
1969-12-31 / What could a gentleman ask more from a sunny afternoon than drinking a cup of tea while being surrounded by 100 British cars. Rolls-Royce Motor Cars celebrated the centenary of the Spirit of Ecstasy...
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Off the coast of which county would you find the 'Goodwin Sands'? | The Goodwin Sands
All scattered on the bottom of the sea!" ( Gilmore )
Some historians put forward the theory that the sands were once fertile and habitable and part of the lands of Earl Godwin, councillor and friend of Edward the Confessor, which were overcome by the sea in A.D. 1099.
Others suggest that the sand banks were formed by the action of tides and currents coming together at the mouth of the English Channel.
Whichever theory you believe, the Goodwin Sands have for centuries been feared by sailors of all nations who had occasion to navigate the Straits of Dover between the North Sea (sometimes called the German Sea) and the English Channel (called by the French La Manche - the Sleeve).
At low tide, a large part of the Sands is uncovered and becomes firm and dry. Rev. Mackenzie Walcott, in a work on the "Coast of Kent", described them thus:
"At low tides a walk along these melancholy dunes, when the channel is bare of ships and presents only a boundless expanse, will inspire solemn thought, reverent awe, and silent devotion; the voiceless lips of the shells which the foot buries tell of mighty changes and centuries gone by. All is still as beneath the roof of a cathedral, and the breeze grows mellowed, softer, sadder, as it mingles with the fall of the breakers."
Rev. John Gilmore referred to the numerous souls lost on the Sands:
"when the graves give up their dead few churchyards will render such an account as theirs, not only as to the number of the dead, but also that the Sands are a battlefield which entombs the brave and the strong, who go down quick to their grave, quick from the full tide of life and strength, from the eager, stern, deadly contest which, to the last, all their strong energies are fully engaged."
| Kent |
Where would you find the 'English end' of the Channel Tunnel? | · July 11, 2016 ·
#GoodwinSands Marine Licence Application – Open Meeting
The Port has made special arrangements for representatives of Save our Sands (SOS) and coastal parish an...d local councils to have the opportunity to attend an Open Meeting with world-class experts brought from across the country regarding Port of Dover’s Marine Licence Application (MLA) to dredge the Goodwin Sands.
A local open meeting on the MLA will be held at 4pm on Thursday 14th July at Discovery Park ‘The Gateway’ venue.
Jack Goodhew, Port of Dover’s Special Projects Manager, will be speaking to give an update on the application. He will be joined by John Baugh and Dave Brew who will be on hand to discuss coastal processes, Lizzie Jolley and Jen Learmouth to discuss ecology and Victoria Cooper to discuss archaeology.
The Port of Dover application, supported by evidence contained in its detailed 1,500 page Environmental Statement, to dredge aggregate from the South Goodwin Sands for the DWDR development has concluded the following:
• Thorough environmental studies
· June 22, 2016 ·
The Riddle of the Sands.
No, not that one, although in my humble opinion, a great novel penned by Erskine Childers in the early 1900’s which later became a grip...ping film, charged with the emotion of the era.
Emotion which lives on to this day, particularly in regard to the proposed dredging of the Goodwin Sands as part of the Dover Western Docks Revival project (DWDR).
As such, dredging of “The Sands” is not a new concept. As the port has developed and progressed to keep pace with the challenges of an ever changing market place, the use of “Goodwin Sand” has been an effective option. Sand was dredged and used as infill to create much of the Eastern Docks we see today. It is a cost effective alternative to other options, the material being available locally and with modern state of the art dredging techniques, presents an extremely small carbon footprint in it's execution.
So what’s the problem? Well, much has been cited to date, concerns about the potential and pre-conceived notion of environmental damage to the area. Damage to historic wrecks, decimation of wildlife, irreversible impact on the local coastline together with erosion and flooding, apparently catastrophic destruction on a biblical scale in fact.
The reality is of course quite different. The proposed amount of aggregate to be dredged is miniscule when one compares it to the total volume of sand which constitutes the Goodwins. It’s around three million cubic yards, and is a tiny percentage of the overall expanse of sand.
The port does not undertake such projects lightly. Engaging the services of specialist survey companies, deploying exhaustive environmental studies and impact assessments, which have already been conducted. the results of which prove that the operation is of sound environmental thinking.
All the facts on both sides of the discussion have already been stated elsewhere. Those of us who remember, will still be able to play cricket on the sands, the historic wrecks will remain untouched, our coastline will remain protected and the Seals will still have their haul out point, they breed elsewhere in any case and the fish will still have their breeding grounds. The hour glass shape of the English Channel will mean that the sand is replaced in a relatively short space of time, the currents and tidal streams will see to that.
So, as always, your comments are welcome. Informed, balanced and educated responses please, as I do appreciate that this is an emotive subject, but it’s always good to hear from you all. I’m independent and report the news, I don’t make it. Well, not all the time!
By the way, please read the book, if you haven't already!
.
· June 9, 2016 ·
GoodwinSands SOS: We have seen Marinet’s ( http://www.marinet.org.uk/campaign-group-goodwin-sands-sos-… )
claims regarding Port of Dover’s marine licence applicat...ion to dredge the #GoodwinSands and we thought it would be important to highlight some truths:
• Marinet: “We therefore effectively have two months to save this centuries old unique environment from destruction.”
• The truth: “The sands will not be destroyed – a maximum of 0.22% will be taken leaving over 99.7% in place”
• Marinet: “this precious habitat is under threat”
• The truth: “physical changes will be localised and small scale; the habitat will recover naturally with no lasting effect on the eco-system”
• Marinet: “Coastal flooding along the East Kent coast is a continual problem and one which would be exacerbated by dredging the Goodwin Sands”
• The truth: “No impacts on coastal erosion and flood defence along the coast”
• Marinet: “Although there is a 300m exclusion zone around her [Admiral Gardner wreck], the impact and vibration caused by nearby dredging could still disturb or damage her.”
• The truth: “No direct impacts on known wreck sites and offset by mitigation on unknown wreck sites, with monitoring and reporting protocols. This includes no impacts on heritage assets along the Kent coast.”
• Marinet: “The noise and vibration from the huge dredgers will disturb them [grey seals] in their natural habitat”
• The truth: “No significant impact to change of habitat and prey availability, with 1km buffer zone during seal pupping and moulting seasons with trained observer on board”
Our evidence is in a 1500 page, scientifically sound Environmental Statement publicly available via http://www.doverport.co.uk/ and via the Marine Management Organisation (MMO).
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In the TV cop series 'Z Cars' who played PC Fancy Smith? | PC Fancy Smith (Character)
PC Fancy Smith (Character)
from "Z Cars" (1962)
The content of this page was created by users. It has not been screened or verified by IMDb staff.
Overview
'Big' Brian Blessed played the part of 'Fancy Smith'... See more »
Alternate Names:
P.C. Fancy Smith / P.C. Smith / PC 'Fancy' Smith / PC Smith
Filmography
PC Weir : [Smith and Weir have just forcefully caught Elena who has been squatting in an unoccupied house] What's you name?
Elena Collins : Popular with the girls you two, are you - knocking them about and that?
PC Smith : Hey - come off it.
Elena Collins : Well they go for it don't they - bit of a punch up - fancy that, some of them.
| Brian Blessed |
In January of which year was the first episode of 'Z Cars' aired? | Learn and talk about Z-Cars, 1960s British television series, 1962 British television programme debuts, 1970s British television series, 1978 British television programme endings
Second Verdict
Z-Cars or Z Cars /ˈzɛd ˌkɑːrz/ was a British television drama series centred on the work of mobile uniformed police in the fictional town of Newtown, based on Kirkby , Lancashire (now Merseyside ). Produced by the BBC , it debuted in January 1962 and ran until September 1978.
The series differed sharply from earlier police procedurals. With its less-usual Northern setting, it injected a new element of harsh realism into the image of the police, which some found unwelcome.
Z-Cars ran for a total of 803 episodes, of which fewer than half have survived. Regular stars included Stratford Johns (Detective Inspector Barlow), Frank Windsor (Det. Sgt Watt), James Ellis (Bert Lynch) and Brian Blessed ("Fancy" Smith). Barlow and Watt were later spun into a separate series Softly, Softly.
The name Z-Cars relates to an imaginary "Z" Division of the local constabulary. The theme tune was based on a traditional Liverpool folk song, and was adopted by Everton Football Club as its official anthem.
Contents
11 External links
Origin of the title[ edit ]
This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
(January 2015)
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The title comes from the radio call signs allocated by Lancashire Constabulary: Lancashire police divisions were lettered from north to the south, "A" Division (based in Ulverston) was the detached part of Lancashire at the time around Barrow-in-Furness , "B" Division was Lancaster , and so on. Letters further into the alphabet were in the south around the Manchester and Liverpool areas. [1] The TV series took the non-existent signs Z-Victor 1 and Z-Victor 2. The title does not come from the cars used, as in Ford Zephyr and Ford Zodiac . The Zodiac was never used by British police as a standard patrol car, but was used in the form of "Motorway Patrol Vehicles", because of its larger, more powerful engine. These vehicles could be seen in a white livery with "POLICE" in large blue letters on the sides of the vehicle, along with broad red-orange stripes. Such vehicles were later used as "crime cars", used to respond to major crimes. Some of them also carried a "lock-box" that contained firearms to be used by "Armed Response Teams", especially in response to armed robberies and terrorist incidents of the seventies. The Zephyr was the standard patrol traffic car (not the same as "crime car") used by Lancashire and other police forces.
Concept and principal characters[ edit ]
Z Cars as an idea came to creator Troy Kennedy Martin as he listened to police messages on his radio whilst trying to relieve the boredom of being ill in bed with mumps. [2] After the Second World War ended the creation of rapidly expanding, bureaucratically created communities brought with them many problems. Liverpool suffered much damage during the war and the Liverpool Corporation, having many slums to contend with, bought land in the surrounding areas into which they moved industry. Along with these factories, many people were relocated en masse into newly developed "overspill" estates. One area became the new town of Kirkby . Kennedy Martin set his programme in the fictional Newtown, loosely based on the modern suburb of Kirkby, one of many housing estates that had sprung up across Britain in the post-war years, and its ageing neighbour "Seaport". [3]
The stories revolve around pairs of officers patrolling that week. Riding on changing social attitudes and television, the social realism, with interesting stories, garnered popularity for Z Cars. It was initially somewhat unpopular with real-life police, who disliked the sometimes unsympathetic characterisation of officers. Being set in the North of England helped give Z Cars a regional flavour when most BBC dramas were set in the south. It directly challenged the BBC's popular police drama Dixon of Dock Green , which at that point had been running for seven years but which some considered 'cosy'. [4]
The one character present throughout the entire run (though not in every episode) was Bert Lynch, played by James Ellis (though John Phillips as Det. Chief Supt. Robins would reappear sporadically during the show's run – by the end of the series he had become Chief Constable ). Other characters in the early days were Stratford Johns (Inspector Barlow), Frank Windsor (Det. Sgt Watt), Robert Keegan (Sgt Blackitt), Joseph Brady (PC "Jock" Weir) and Brian Blessed ("Fancy" Smith). Also in 1960s episodes as David Graham was Colin Welland later a screenwriter. Other British actors who played regular roles in the early years included Joss Ackland . Although he played no regular role in the series, future Monkee Davy Jones appeared in three episodes.[ vague ]
Episodes[ edit ]
Z-Cars ran for 803 episodes.
The original run ended in 1965; Barlow, Watt and Blackitt were spun off into a new series Softly, Softly . When the BBC was looking for a twice-weekly show to replace a series of failed 'soaps' (one example being United! ), Z Cars was revived. The revival was produced by the BBC's serials department in a twice-weekly soap opera format of 25-minute episodes and only James Ellis and Joseph Brady remained from the original show's run. It was shown from March 1967, both 25-minute segments each week comprising one story.
It ran like this until the episode "Kid's Stuff" (broadcast on 30 March 1971), shown as a single 50-minute episode for the week, proved the longer format would still work. Thereafter, Z Cars was shown in alternating spells of either 2 x 25 minutes episodes or the single 50-minute episode each week over the next sixteen months. This arrangement ended with the showing of the final 2-parter, "Breakage" (Series 6, Parts 74 & 75, 21 & 22 August 1972 respectively), after which the series returned permanently to a regular pattern of 1 x 50-minute episodes per week. [5]
The Z-Cars theme tune was arranged by Fritz Spiegl [6] and his then-wife, composer Bridget Fry from the traditional Liverpool folk song "Johnny Todd". [6]
It was released on record in several versions in 1962. Johnny Keating 's version ( Piccadilly Records , 7N.35032) sold the best, reaching #8 on the Record Retailer chart and as high as #5 on some UK charts, whilst the Norrie Paramor Orchestra's version, on Columbia DB 4789, peaked at #33. A vocal version of the theme, using the original ballad's words, was released by cast member James Ellis on Philips Records ; this missed the charts. [7]
The song in Spiegl and Fry's arrangement is also used as the anthem for English football club Everton and is played at every home match as they walk onto the pitch at Goodison Park . [8] The tune is also used as the march-on anthem at Watford F.C. home games. [9]
After Z-Cars[ edit ]
Softly, Softly , a spin-off, focused on the regional crime squad, and ran until 1969, when it was again revised and became Softly, Softly: Taskforce , running until 1976. The character of Barlow ( Stratford Johns ) was one of the best-known figures in British television in the 1960s and 1970s. He was given several seasons of his own solo series, Barlow at Large (later Barlow ) which ran from 1971 to 1975. Barlow joined Watt ( Frank Windsor ) for the 1973 serial Jack the Ripper . The serial's success led to a further spin-off entitled Second Verdict in which Barlow and Watt looked into unsolved cases and unsafe convictions.
Frank Windsor made a final appearance as Watt in the last episode of Z-Cars, "Pressure", in September 1978, with Robins ( John Phillips ), the Detective Chief Superintendent from the original series who had risen to chief constable. Jeremy Kemp , Brian Blessed , Joseph Brady and Colin Welland also appeared, though not as their original characters.
Lost episodes[ edit ]
Z-Cars is incomplete in the archives. The period 1962–65 is reasonably well represented, though with big gaps. With the 1967–71 sixth series, when the programme was shown almost every week, material becomes more patchy. Of the 416 episodes made for this series, only 108 survive: a few episodes each from 1967, 1969, and 1970, but there are no surviving episodes at all from either 1968 or 1971. About forty percent of the approximately eight hundred total episodes are preserved. [10]
The original series was one of the last British television dramas to be screened as a live production. With videotaping becoming the norm and telerecording a mature method of preserving broadcasts the practice of live broadcasting drama productions was rare by the time the programme began in 1962. Going out "live" was a preference of the series' producer David Rose , who felt it helped immediacy and pace and gave it an "edge". As a result, episodes were still not being pre-recorded as late as 1965. Most were videotaped for a repeat, although the tapes – often a large part of a programmes' budget – were normally wiped for re-use, once the episodes were telerecorded . Existing on film greatly enhanced the chances of the episodes surviving, especially when monochrome programmes (whether on expensive videotape or cheaper film) were relegated in importance by the advent of colour broadcasting in the UK. [11] [ better source needed ]
The telerecording of the first-ever episode was returned to writer Allan Prior in the 1980s by an engineer who had taken it home to preserve it because his children had enjoyed the programme and he could not bring himself to destroy it. This with two other early editions were released on BBC Video in 1993. [12]
Two episodes were returned in 2004 after turning up in a private collection. Colour episodes from the early 1970s are less likely to be recovered, as they were never telerecorded for export. [11] [ better source needed ]
BBC Archive Treasure Hunt is currently seeking missing episodes. All episodes from the 1975–1978 period are preserved in the archives.
Recognition[ edit ]
In a 2000 poll to find the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes of the 20th century conducted by the British Film Institute , Z-Cars was voted 63rd. [13] It was also included in television critic Alison Graham's alphabetical list of 40 "all-time great" TV shows published in Radio Times in August 2003. [14]
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Who played DI Jack Regan in the TV series 'The Sweeny'? | The Sweeney (Series) - TV Tropes
The Sweeney
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"We're the Sweeney, son, and we haven't had any dinner. You've kept us waiting, so unless you want a kicking, you tell us where those photographs are!"
— DI Jack Regan
A classic British Cop Show from the 1970s featuring Cowboy Cop Inspector Jack Regan (John Thaw) and his sidekick Sergeant George Carter (Dennis Waterman) of the Metropolitan Police Flying Squad (Rhyming slang: " Sweeney Todd " = "Flying Squad", hence the title), an elite detective unit able to be stationed at any location where an armed robbery is likely.
The characters were rough, hard-drinking and, by modern standards, highly sexist. Regan, while over forty, greying and divorced, was successful with women as part of his macho image (although his sex life became a plot point sometimes). Carter was married and a bit more stable and reliable than his "Guv'nor". In fact, Regan's "Guv'nor", Superintendent Haskins, felt Carter should be reassigned because Regan was a bad influence on him.
British television cop shows had been undergoing a steady evolution from the light-hearted Dixon of Dock Green to the relatively gritty Z Cars . The Sweeney took this to the next level, with an unprecedented level of violence, cynicism, and bad language (albeit that it was still PG-rated; "bastard" was as bad as it got)note thery were allowed one "fucking", though. It was used to effect .. There was at least one car chase, fist fight or gunfight per episode. Unlike most British policemen, Regan and Carter were often armed, but the squad frequently took down criminal gangs in brutal hand-to-hand battles fought with pick-axe handles, iron bars , fists and boots. Unlike the almost-contemporary Starsky & Hutch the violent action did not have a James Bond -movie feel to it, being instead down-and-dirty, and sometimes quite shocking. Gunfire was seldom non-lethal and people who got hurt stayed hurt. If a car crashed and burned , the people inside didn't climb out as in The A-Team , either!
Detective work was mainly a matter of asking informants, many of whom lived in fear, or of following people, or simply "knowing the manor" so well that the heroes could just guess who was the most likely suspect. Not much Sherlock Holmes or Hercule Poirot stuff happened, but it was often quite close to real police work.
Blatantly parodied in The Invisibles , where Jack and George of Division X are Carter and Regan to the life. Explained by saying that the invisibles created their cover identities from old '70s cop shows. Their boss Mr Crowley is a shout out to George Cowley of The Professionals , another British police drama of the time. (Their fellow agent Mister Six, meanwhile, is a shout out to Jason King of Department S .)
Gene Hunt of Life on Mars and Ashes to Ashes is a fairly obvious Shout-Out to Jack Regan and his ilk. (One is tempted to call him an Affectionate Parody , but he'd call one a poof for saying so. He'd call one a poof for saying "one" instead of "him" anyway.) Gerry Standing, Dennis Waterman's character in New Tricks , is another Affectionate Parody of what the characters from The Sweeney (George in particular) might look like thirty-odd years down the track.
The show was recorded entirely with film, and the production had a heavy reliance on location shooting, both of which were very unusual features at the time. Although it was extremely popular, a combination of high production costs and creator burnout meant that it only lasted for four series. Nonetheless it was very influential, directly inspiring ITV's successful The Professionals and the BBC's relatively unpopular Target .
Two spin-off movies were produced during the show's run: Sweeney! in 1977 and Sweeney 2 in 1978.
A movie adaptation of the show was released in 2012.
The TV series provides examples of:
Armed Blag : A common source of plots (unsurprisingly, since armed robberies were what the Flying Squad specialised in in real life).
Arson, Murder, and Jaywalking : The pilot movie Regan ended with Regan beating a confession out of a suspect for the murder of an undercover police man....and then threatening to do him for not paying his car tax.
| John Thaw |
What was the real name of traitor 'Lord Haw Haw' who was executed for treason in 1946? | Sweeney: 'I nearly pulled out. I didn't want to be a Batman and Robin sidekick': Plan B joins Ray Winstone in the big-screen remake | Daily Mail Online
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The classic Seventies TV show's Regan and Carter are iconic, no-nonsense cops. Here, Ray Winstone and Ben Drew (aka Plan B) reveal the ten-step plan for turning it into a big-screen hit
'We saw some very successful actors, but as soon as I saw Ben (Drew) I thought: number one, he looks like he could kick down a door, and number two, he can act,' said Ray Winstone
Since the mid-Nineties there hasn’t been a summer at the cinema without a remake of a TV series.
From Star Trek to Scooby-Doo, all have traded on our instinctive preference for known properties.
But few have been British. The rights to film The Professionals and The Good Life, for example, have been bought but never exercised.
A show unknown in America is never likely to get the $150 million budget that it took to bring Mission Impossible 4 to the screen.
So how is The Sweeney, Thames TV’s gritty police drama from 1975-78, about to get an international release?
How does a cult British show, best remembered by British men in their fifties, become a film which, as of next month, will be vying for teenage dollars from Salt Lake City to Shanghai?
As the British cast and crew told us, it takes cunning, resourcefulness – and the help of Top Gear and Boris Johnson. Here’s how…
'Ray persuaded me that if he was a real cop he'd want someone my age as a partner, someone who spoke the language the kids speak,' said Ben
1. FIND $5 MILLION DOLLARS
Twentieth Century Fox were set to remake The Sweeney in 2007, but when the financial crisis hit it went into ‘turnaround’ – as they call it when a studio decides not to make a film.
This is usually the kiss of death. That’s when Nick Love, British director of low-budget films like The Football Factory, took up the reins.
‘The rights were owned by an Anglo-German firm called Fremantle,’ says Love.
‘When Fox decided not to do the film, Fremantle gave it to me to do on a small budget.’
Love sat down with five producers to work out how The Sweeney could be turned into a hit.
‘It was a challenge,’ says Chris Simon, one of the five.
‘It needed to look glossy and expensive. We found a crew who knew how to get value for money and were not being paid a huge amount. People were willing to help for a love of
'The Sweeney. That kept the budget low.’
How low? ‘You could certainly make a film like this for $5 million. But not easily…’
'It needed to look glossy and expensive. We found a crew who knew how to get value for money and were not being paid a huge amount. People were willing to help for a love of The Sweeney,' said producer Chris Simon
2. CAST A COCKNEY LEGEND
The original Sweeney starred the late John Thaw as the Flying Squad’s ‘thief-taker general’, DI Jack Regan.
Only one actor was ever in the frame to play Regan this time: Ray Winstone.
After all, his first appearance on The Sweeney was 35 years ago.
‘It was my first ever job,’ says Winstone. ‘I was an extra on an episode called Loving Arms.
'I was a good-looking geezer back then and God, I’m ugly now. I remember I kept talking while John Thaw and Dennis Waterman were trying to do their lines.
'I didn’t know that I couldn’t join in. They said they had to pay you £30 extra if you spoke. Also, I was talking rubbish. They thought it was funny.
‘It’s good to come a full circle, but we’re not remaking it. We’re not trying to do the Seventies The Sweeney.’
Ray's first appearance on The Sweeney was 35 years ago. 'I was a good-looking geezer back then and God, I'm ugly now... I kept talking while John Thaw and Dennis Waterman were trying to do their lines,' he said
3. DON'T CALL IT A REMAKE
‘It’s not a remake,’ says producer Chris Simon.
‘A reboot, maybe. We have Regan, Carter and one catchphrase, but apart from that all we’ve retained from the original is the attitude.’
If you’re wondering, the one catchphrase is: ‘Get your trousers on, you’re nicked.’
Winstone says it to a villain in boxer shorts at the end of a violent car chase.
‘I didn’t want too many quotes,’ says Love.
‘It’s not for the guys like me who grew up watching it as kids.’
4. DON'T GO RETRO
Kipper ties, Cortinas and casual sexism: the temptation was to set The Sweeney in the late Seventies and have fun with those anachronisms. But that’s already been done in the TV series Life On Mars.
There was no choice but to go in the opposite direction and set the new Sweeney in modern London.
‘I wanted it to be sharp and contemporary,’ says Love. ‘The landscape of modern London feels more cinematic.
'Doing it as a Seventies movie would restrict you to filming in the tiny bits of London that still look like they did then, and there aren’t many.’
‘I was born in 1957 and grew up in Plaistow,’ says Winstone.
‘There were bombed-out houses and when you watch the original Sweeney, you can still see them round Hammersmith and Shepherd’s Bush where they filmed it.
'Looking back, it makes me wonder why we helped Germany rebuild its cities before we rebuilt our own. London’s changed completely since then. Look at it at night and it’s beautiful. It feels like it’s finally been lit right.’
The Sweeney in the new film work out of a glass-and-steel office with superb views across the City.
The opening scene is a helicopter shot of the Docklands at night. It’s a far cry from smoky pubs and brown Granadas.
5. FIND A RISING STAR
'We just took the name and the basic elements of The Sweeney and reinvented it,' said Ben
In the first episode of the original, Regan needed a partner who could throw a punch and knew his way around the criminal underworld.
He picked DS George Carter – played by former boxer Dennis Waterman. The modern Carter had to be as tough.
‘We saw some very successful actors,’ says Ray Winstone, ‘but as soon as I saw Ben I thought: number one, he looks like he could kick down a door, and number two, he can act.’
Ben Drew is more famous as Plan B, the Brit Award-winning hip-hop artist from east London. He’d already released two hit albums and had appeared in the films Adulthood and Harry Brown (the latter opposite Michael Caine).
He was also working on his directorial debut, the sink-estate drama Ill Manors. That film, and the accompanying album, which went to number one last month, have since massively boosted Drew’s profile. Good news for The Sweeney.
‘I nearly pulled out though,’ says Drew. ‘To be honest, I didn’t want to be a Batman and Robin sidekick.’
‘Ben watched a few episodes of the TV show and felt like Carter was just Regan’s driver,’ says Love.
‘Regan had the best lines and best scenes. Ben’s career is so stellar at the moment that he didn’t need to do it if he was just going to be saying “Yes, guv.”’
Drew was talked round.
‘Ray persuaded me that if he was a real cop he’d want someone my age as a partner,’ he says, ‘someone who spoke the language the kids speak.
'There’s a lot less Cockney on the streets of London now. I guess it’s a Jamaican influence.
'Old boys wouldn’t understand a word that comes out of a kid’s mouth. That’s when I realised we had our own thing and we weren’t trying to be Thaw and Waterman.
'We just took the name and the basic elements of The Sweeney and reinvented it – like they did with Casino Royale or Batman Begins.’
'It's not a remake. A reboot, maybe. We have Regan, Carter and one catchphrase, but apart from that all we've retained from the original is the attitude,' said producer Chris Simon
6. DO YOUR RESEARCH
The cast were in place. But who would the villains be? It was always East End crime gangs in the Seventies version. Is that realistic these days? Nick Love asked members of the real Flying Squad.
‘They told me crime has changed,’ says Love. ‘Armed robberies still go on; more than we know about, since police protection of information means some stuff doesn’t get reported. From what they said, east Europeans seemed the most realistic choice of baddies.’
‘There’s drugs, prostitution, everything going on in London,’ says Winstone.
‘It could be Turkish or Albanian gangs. But it can be sensitive diplomatically – so how much do we actually hear about?’
The Flying Squad also advised the cast on how to stop an armed robbery. Winstone and Drew watched clips of CCTV footage.
‘They go in incredibly hard and aggressively,’ says Love. ‘It’s all about “dominate and neutralise”.
'There’s a tiny window between confirming that a robber “has the happy bag” (so you can arrest him) and him getting away.
'So if someone is escaping by car, they’re supposed to block the car in, but often they just ram it. So when we have Regan and Carter T-bone him, smash his window and grab him, that’s accurate.’
7. FILM A GUN FIGHT IN TRAFALGAR SQUARE
This is impossible. Go to number 8.
The Sweeney in the new film work out of a glass-and-steel office with superb views across the City
8. FIND A SILENT BULLET
‘I always wanted this film to have a gunfight in Trafalgar Square,’ says Love.
‘The authorities said flat-out no, because of the noise. Imagine the 999 calls you’d get from the sound of gunfire. But, by chance, we heard about a blank bullet that fires without sound.’
‘Most blank rounds used in movies create the flash for the camera and the bang for the sound recordist,’ says the armourer on the film, Rob Partridge.
‘But I heard from the MoD that they’ve recently started using UTM Silent Blanks, a new type of cartridge which cycles the weapon as real, explosive bullets do, but makes very little noise.
'The only sound is that of the mechanical actions of the weapon: click, click, click. They’re used in training by special units whose name we “dare” not mention.’
‘With the new silent-firing ammo we could have real guns with kickback and shell cases falling exactly as in real life,’ says Love.
‘It looks incredibly realistic. The only thing we had to add in afterwards was the sound of gunfire.’
9. NOW FILM A GUNFIGHT IN TRAFALGAR SQUARE
There were still an awful lot of people to persuade before the gunfight could be filmed, including Westminster City Council, the Squares Management Team of the GLA, Transport For London and the Metropolitan Police. Then there was the Mayor’s office.
‘It turns out that Boris Johnson is a massive Sweeney fan,’ says Love.
‘He made it happen. It’s amazing how many doors open to you when you say it’s The Sweeney.
‘We’d been given four hours on a Sunday morning and I needed to get it done before too large a crowd developed.
'The law says that you can ask people to stay out of shot but not force them.’
‘It was like a military operation,’ says Simon.
‘Nick was down there for a year, planning it out. It was the most adrenaline-packed morning of my life.’
‘As soon as I heard there was a Trafalgar Square gunfight in The Sweeney, I had to be in it,’ Drew says.
‘Not a lot of British films have the freedom to do that.’
Was it the first time he’d held a gun?
‘No, but it’s the first time I’ve shot one. The main thing is, you can’t blink when it goes off.’
Love interest Hayley Atwell
10. GET TOP GEAR TO FILM YOUR CAR CHASE
Love wanted the gunfight to occur about three-quarters of the way through the film.
For the very end, he wanted a car chase, and an incredible one – cars having been so central to the spirit of the original Sweeney.
‘The trouble was, Nick’s never done a car chase before,’ says Drew.
‘So who was he going to ask? Who’s got the best experience? Top Gear. That was a touch of genius, I thought. Very resourceful. No one had asked them before, so they did it for us.’
Anyone watching the May 7 episode of Top Gear will have seen Jeremy Clarkson and Richard Hammond making a pig’s ear of filming The Sweeney’s car chase, and Nick Love’s furious reaction.
Of course it was a joke. At the same time, Top Gear’s actual cameramen and directors – the ones who film the tyre-smoking hot laps – were working on the real scene.
In order to film it, Love had asked car companies if they could give him something they wouldn’t mind being smashed up.
‘Jaguar let us have an XFR, which does 0-60mph in less than five seconds,’ he says.
‘It’s the modern equivalent of the classic getaway, the Mark II Jag, so I gave it to the villain. I wanted the Sweeney to drive something fast but inconspicuous.
'Ford said I could use their new Focus ST, which does 154mph.’
As Drew says, Top Gear were probably the only people in the country who could get every ounce of that speed down on film and under budget.
‘It took six months of planning and right up to the day we didn’t know if it was going to happen or not,’ says Simon.
‘We’re not really meant to admit that Top Gear shot it for us. Licence-fee money isn’t supposed to subsidise our budget.
'In fact, it cost us so much money to have them on set that we were slightly down on the deal. But it was worth it.’
And so, after filming on a shoestring, lucking into the perfect cast, riddling Trafalgar Square with bullets and smashing Fords into Jags with the aid of Top Gear, will the new Sweeney be a success?
‘We’ve sold it around the world,’ says Simon.
‘We’re hoping for a series. The Americans picked it up in Cannes. They loved it. They were calling everyone slags and saying, “You’re nicked.”’
Sounds like a result, guv.
‘The Sweeney’ opens on September 12
By Gresham Blake
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In 1938, Arthur Askey and Richard Murdoch starred in which new radio comedy series? | Arthur Askey - The Bee Song / Chirrup (1938) - YouTube
Arthur Askey - The Bee Song / Chirrup (1938)
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Published on Jun 24, 2012
Arthur's most famous song, The Bee Song, was also his first commercial record.
Arthur Bowden Askey CBE (6 June 1900 -- 16 November 1982) was a prominent English comedian and actor. Askey's humour owed much to the playfulness of the characters he portrayed, his improvising, and his use of catchphrases, as parodied by the Arthur Atkinson character in The Fast Show. His catchphrases included "Hello playmates!", "I thank you all" (pronounced "Ay-Thang-Yaw'll"), and "Before your very eyes". He was known as "Big-Hearted Arthur".
Askey was born at 29 Moses Street, Liverpool, Lancashire, the eldest child and only son of Samuel Askey (d.1958), secretary of the firm Sugar Products of Liverpool, and his wife, Betsy Bowden (d.1949), of Knutsford, Cheshire. Six months after his birth the family moved to 90 Rosslyn Street, Liverpool. Askey was educated at St. Michael's Council School (1905--11) and the Liverpool Institute for Boys (1911--16), where he was known for winning an egg and spoon race at a school sports day. He was very small at 5' 2" (1.58 m), with a breezy, smiling personality, and wore distinctive horn-rimmed glasses.
He served in the armed forces in World War I and performed in army entertainments. After working as a clerk for Liverpool Corporation, Education Department, he was in a touring concert party and the music halls, but he rose to stardom in 1938 through his role in the first regular radio comedy series, Band Waggon on the BBC. Band Waggon began as a variety show, but had been unsuccessful until Askey and his partner, Richard Murdoch, took on a larger role in the writing.
In the early 1930s, Askey appeared on an early form of BBC television — the spinning disc invented by John Logie Baird that scanned vertically and had only thirty lines. Askey had to be heavily made up for his face to be recognisable at such low resolution. When television became electronic, with 405 horizontal lines, Askey was a regular performer in variety shows. During World War II, Askey starred in several Gainsborough Pictures comedy films, including Band Waggon (1940), based on the radio show; Charley's (Big-Hearted) Aunt (1940); The Ghost Train (1941); I Thank You (1941); Back Room Boy (1942); King Arthur Was a Gentleman (1942); Miss London Ltd. (1943) and Bees in Paradise (1944); as well as the popular West End musical Follow the Girls. When television arrived, he made the transition well. His first TV series was Before Your Very Eyes! (1952), named after his catchphrase. In 1957, writers Sid Colin and Talbot Rothwell revived the Band Waggon format for Living It Up, a series that reunited Askey and Murdoch after 18 years. He also made many stage appearances as a pantomime dame.
He continued to appear frequently on television in the 1970s, notably as a panellist on the ITV talent show New Faces, where his usually sympathetic comments would offset the harsher judgments of fellow judges Tony Hatch and Mickie Most. He also appeared on the comedy panel game Joker's Wild.
His last film was Rosie Dixon - Night Nurse (1978), starring Debbie Ash. Soon afterwards, he was forced to give up performing, and had both legs amputated owing to circulatory problems. Anthea, his daughter by his marriage to Elizabeth May Swash (m. 1925, d. 1974), was also an actress and often starred with him.
For many years, he was an active member of the Savage Club (a London gentlemen's club).
He was awarded the OBE in 1969 and the CBE in 1981.
Askey carried on working until just before he was hospitalised in July 1982. Poor circulation resulted in gangrene which led to him having both legs amputated and he died in London's St Thomas's Hospital on 16 November 1982. Askey is buried in Putney Vale Cemetery.
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| Band Waggon |
Who was the Governor of The Bank of England between 1983 and 1993? | Richard Murdoch - IMDb
IMDb
Actor | Soundtrack | Writer
Richard Murdoch was born on April 6, 1907 in Kestow, Kent, England as Richard Bernard Murdoch. He was an actor, known for The Ghost Train (1941), Rumpole of the Bailey (1978) and Strictly Confidential (1959). He was married to Peggy Rawlings. He died on October 9, 1990 in Walton, England. See full bio »
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1988 Never the Twain (TV Series)
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1977 The New Avengers (TV Series)
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1977 Owner Occupied (TV Movie)
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1977 The Moomins (TV Series short)
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- Exit Miss Graham (1952) ... Max Rollo
- Satin (1952) ... Max Rollo
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1941 I Thank You (performer: "Half Of Everything Is Yours")
1940 Band Waggon (performer: "The Only One Who's Difficult Is You" (1940), "Boomps-A-Daisy" (1940), "Old King Cole" (uncredited))
1937 Over She Goes (performer: "We Policemen Think We Police Are Grand")
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1969 Frost on Saturday (TV Series)
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1967 Dee Time (TV Series)
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1963 Comedy Bandbox (TV Series)
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1962 Let's Imagine (TV Series)
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1960 Laugh Line (TV Series)
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1957-1958 Living It Up (TV Series)
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1956 This Is Your Life (TV Series documentary)
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1956 Northern Showground (TV Series)
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- Episode #2.16 (1948) ... Himself in Sir! I Have An Idea segment
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- Episode #2.13 (1948) ... Himself in Sir! I Have An Idea segment
- Episode #2.12 (1948) ... Himself in Sir! I Have An Idea segment
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What was the name of King Henry V111's 4th wife who he married in 1540? | Learn All About The Six Wives Of Henry VIII, Their Lives & Deaths | Historic Royal Palaces
Find out more about the lives (and deaths) of Henry VIII's six wives
Katherine of Aragon
Divorced
The first of Henry VIII's six wives, Katherine of Aragon (1485-1536) was a Spanish princess who was married to Henry for 18 years before he began divorce proceedings in his desperation to re-marry and produce a male heir.
Katherine had been pregnant six times but only one daughter, Princess Mary, later Mary I , had survived. Dying in 1536, Katherine wrote to Henry: 'Lastly, I make this vow, that mine eyes desire you above all things. Farewell.'
Anne Boleyn
Beheaded
The second of Henry VIII's six wives, Anne Boleyn (c1501-1536) was married to the King for only three years from 1533-1536.
Instead of the sought after male heir, Anne was pregnant with another princess, Elizabeth (later Elizabeth I ).
Anne was supported by religious reformers but was also hated by many at court. After a miscarriage, her fate was sealed and she was arrested (and later executed at the Tower of London) for adultery and incest.
Jane Seymour
Died
Jane Seymour (c1509-1537) was the third of Henry VIII's six wives and the only wife to provide the King with the much longed for son and male heir.
Having married Henry in May 1536, she gave birth to Prince Edward (later Edward VI) at Hampton Court Palace in 1537 but died soon afterwards.
Henry had his son but grieved: 'Providence has mingled my joy with the bitterness of the death of her who brought me this happiness.'
Anne of Cleves
Divorced
Anne of Cleves (1515-1557) was the fourth of Henry VIII's six wives and at 24 was half Henry's age when they married in January 1540.
Henry first saw Anne of Cleves in a painting by Hans Holbein but in the flesh, Henry found Anne unattractive and began pursuing one of her maids of honour, Catherine Howard.
After six months the marriage was annulled yet Anne remained in England and on good terms with Henry VIII. He commanded that she be treated as 'the king's sister'
Catherine Howard
Beheaded
Henry VIII's fifth wife was an alluring teenager named Catherine Howard (c1522-1542).
Married three weeks after his second divorce, rumours of Catherine's past and present love affairs reached a furious Henry. She was arrested at Hampton Court Palace and later taken to the Tower of London where she was beheaded in February 1542, aged about 21.
Kateryn Parr
| Anne of Cleves |
Which group had a hit with 'Lily the Pink' in 1969? | Henry VIII's Wife Catherine Howard Beheaded - Business Insider
Henry Blodget / Business Insider
It was hazardous being married to King Henry VIII, who ruled England from 1509 to 1547.
Of Henry's six wives, two were divorced, one died, and two were beheaded. Only the sixth survived him.
You hear a lot about Henry's wives if you visit his palace at Hampton Court, about a half an hour outside London.
And when you enter the corridor below, in the royal "apartments," you hear the story about Henry's fifth queen, Kathryn Howard (often spelled "Catherine").
Henry married Kathryn when she was 19 and he was 49 .
Henry had just discarded his fourth wife, Anne of Cleves, reportedly because he found her unattractive.
Henry developed a crush on the "vivacious" young Kathryn and soon married her. Kathryn's family, the Howards, were thrilled by the engagement, as they had been on the outs at the King's court and they assumed the marriage would restore their family to greatness.
Henry was over the moon about Kathryn, referring to her as his "rose without a thorn" and "the very jewel of womanhood."
Alas...
Kathryn Howard Tudorhistory.org
And a year after the marriage, the Archbishop of Canterbury informed the King that Kathryn had not only not been a virgin when he married her but might even now be carrying on behind his back.
Henry was reportedly heartbroken and refused to believe this.
But he ordered an investigation.
And the news that came back was not good.
So Henry ordered that Kathryn be imprisoned in the palace until she could be executed.
One day, the story goes, Kathryn escaped from her guards and rushed down the corridor below in search of Henry.
She thought he was praying in the royal chapel, which was at the end of the hall. And as she ran, she screamed and begged for his mercy.
The guards caught her before she reached the chapel, and returned her to her cell. (And Henry may actually have been out hunting.)
Shortly thereafter, Henry had her head chopped off.
The story is that the ghost of Kathryn Howard still haunts the corridor at Hampton Court, where she reenacts her desperate attempt to see the king.
Several visitors and staff over the years have reportedly seen her.
Others have reported feeling "chills" in the corridor. (Perhaps because, in the winter and early spring, the place is freezing.)
According to the Hampton Court guides, fully one-half of the visitor faintings that have occurred at the palace over the years have happened in that corridor.
So maybe, even 500 years later, the ghost of flirtatious young queen still runs down this corridor to beg the king not to chop her head off.
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From the 'Just William' books by Richmal Crompton, what was William's surname? | William's Happy Days : Richmal Crompton : 9781509805273
William's Happy Days
By (author) Richmal Crompton , Illustrated by Thomas Henry , Illustrated by Steven Lenton
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Everyone's favourite troublemaker, William Brown, is back in a hilarious collection of classic Just William stories - now with a brand new cover-look illustrated by Steven Lenton. When William's mother offers him a birthday party, he is suspicious - what's the catch? Convinced that he will have to do something boring in exchange, William refuses to be caught out. But offers of food, a pet, even hidden treasure are very hard to refuse ...This tousle-headed, snub-nosed, hearty, lovable imp of mischief has been harassing his unfortunate family and delighting his admirers since 1922. show more
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| Brown |
The Pentagon is the headquarters of the United States Department of Defense, where is it located? | Just William's Luck by Richmal Crompton · OverDrive: eBooks, audiobooks and videos for libraries
Juvenile Fiction Humor (Fiction)
Written in 1948 and made into a popular film the same year, Just William's Luck is the only novel Richmal Crompton wrote featuring her famous hero. The action takes place throughout one extraordinary day in William's life. It begins harmlessly enough in the old barn and soon develops into a riotous comedy-thriller as the invincible schoolboy hatches a plot to marry off the elder brothers of The Outlaws. All Crompton's celebrated characters are here: Ginger, Couglas and Henry, the long-suffering Brown family, oily Hubert Lane and six-year-old control-freak Violet Elizabeth Bott. And leading the way, that timeless righter of wrongs - the incomparable William Brown himself.
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Who won the gold medal for the woman's heptathlon? | Jessica Ennis-Hill wins heptathlon gold at Beijing World Championships | Sport | The Guardian
Jessica Ennis-Hill wins heptathlon gold at Beijing World Championships
• Ennis-Hill completes fairytale comeback 13 months after birth of her son
• Katarina Johnson-Thompson ruins medal chances with long jump disaster
Jessica Ennis-Hill wins heptathlon gold in Beijing.
Sunday 23 August 2015 08.21 EDT
Last modified on Monday 4 April 2016 08.24 EDT
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The mother of all comebacks began with a few workouts in the garage while her newborn baby slept and ended in the Bird’s Nest amid tears and celebration. Jessica Ennis Hill is once again world champion, 13 months after giving birth and three years after her last major championships.
Afterwards an emotional Ennis-Hill said striking unexpected gold in Beijing equalled her Olympic victory in London, given the punishing timescale she had set herself to return to elite competition. And her achievement in winning with a total of 6,669 points following consistently impressive results in the long jump, javelin and 800m on Sunday was in some ways greater than that era-defining exercise in managing pressure three years ago.
Usain Bolt beats Justin Gatlin to 100m title at World Athletics Championship
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“It’s definitely one of the greatest moments of my career. I still can’t believe it,” she said. “We only wanted to come here if I was ready to contend for a medal and we spoke about a bronze medal – that would be amazing – and a silver medal, but we never spoke about a gold medal. I just thought it was a little beyond me this year.”
On those hazy days in London Ennis-Hill had blown away the opposition with a nerveless and spectacularly quick hurdles on the opening morning of competition that left her cruising to victory. This was more a two-day masterclass in consistency and concentration, a victory for the intense training she had put in with her coach, Toni Minichiello, since returning in earnest last November.
By the time of the final event, the 800m, she had the equivalent of a six-second head start over her nearest rival, Nadine Broersen. But it was typical that the Briton powered down the home straight nevertheless to win in 2min 10.13sec before collapsing to the floor in delight and relief.
For once Ennis Hill had travelled to a major championships not expecting to win gold and overnight Katarina Johnson-Thompson, the young pretender to her multi-event throne, had been snapping at her heels. But by the time newspapers outlining the prospect of a British one-two had hit the doormats, Johnson-Thompson’s prospect of a medal had been snatched away .
The Liverpudlian began the day 80 points behind Ennis-Hill with by far her strongest event, the long jump, to come. But disaster struck for the 22-year-old when she recorded three no jumps and threw away her chance of a medal by the smallest of margins. With the pressure on following two fouls, she appeared to soar way beyond the 6.90m mark but after an interminable wait a red flag was raised and replays showed her foot almost imperceptibly over the line.
Johnson-Thompson had recovered from a shaky start in the high jump on the opening day but this time there was to be no shot at redemption despite a failed appeal. In an instant the contest turned.
“I’m obviously really disappointed – to be in medal contention and miss the board by such a small fraction is really hard to take,” said Johnson-Thompson, who will compete again in the long jump on Thursday. “To say it’s been a tough evening is an understatement.”
The contrast had been telling as Ennis-Hill used all her experience to ensure she recorded a respectable distance with her first long jump and then, despite a hesitant approach, put her all into a season’s best 6.43 on her second.
After consoling a dejected Johnson-Thompson, who finished her heptathlon with a slow trudge round the 800m, Ennis-Hill refocused for a javelin competition that she knew could all but secure victory.
Again she did not need to approach her best but was able to perform when it mattered to establish a virtually unassailable lead over Broersen and the Canadian pre-championships favourite, Brianne Theisen-Eaton, who had all but blown her chances of victory on the opening day. A throw of 42.51m – nine centimetres short of her season’s best – was enough to give the 29-year-old a lead of 86 points. As her opponents fell away through pressure or imperfection, she was virtually home and dry.
Mo Farah feared last-lap stumble had cost him the 10,000m gold in Beijing
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Theisen-Eaton eventually did enough to claim the silver with 6,554 points and the Latvian Laura Ikauniece-Admidina took bronze on 6,516.
Ennis-Hill had been undecided whether to come to Beijing and confirmed her participation only after encouraging performances in the hurdles, long jump and javelin at the Anniversary Games in London.
She had said she did not want to leave behind her one-year-old son Reggie and husband Andy if she did not have a realistic chance of a medal. As it turns out, this remarkable sportswoman will return with a gold round her neck.
Not only that, she has set the scene for another chapter in her stellar career at the Rio Olympics next year when she will go head to head again with a Johnson-Thompson desperate to use her bitter disappointment here as fuel for the future.
For Ennis-Hill the contrast could not be greater. Her own tears were of pure relief and elation. “It’s hard with a newborn at the beginning and you’re just into everything and then getting back into training and thinking about everyone that’s helped me, my family, Toni and the team around me,” she said. “They’ve been patient and believed I can get back to this point.”
| Jessica Ennis-Hill |
In cycling who won the gold medal for the men's time trial? | Jessica Ennis wins Olympic gold after stunning heptathlon performance | Sport | The Guardian
Jessica Ennis wins Olympic gold after stunning heptathlon performance
• Jessica Ennis wins her 800m race to clinch gold
• Brilliant Ennis finishes in time of 2min 08.65sec
Saturday 4 August 2012 16.09 EDT
First published on Saturday 4 August 2012 16.09 EDT
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Thousands of camera flashes twinkled as Jessica Ennis ran the final lap of the 800m to claim Olympic gold in the heptathlon. Urging her on down the home straight the 80,000 crowd were roaring so loudly the air hummed. Was it loud? Was it quiet? It made your head dizzy. As the face of the Games, the 26-year-old who has coped with the most inordinate amount of pressure heaped on her tiny frame, finally crossed the line in 2min 08.65sec Ennis collapsed on the track. Hands over her face, she took one tiny moment of privacy to allow the achievement to sink in. And then the tears came.
All that hard work, all that pain was worth it. It was only four years ago that Ennis sat at home in Sheffield, her fractured right foot propped up on the sofa, watching the Beijing Games on TV. Doctors told her she might not run competitively again. It was the cruellest of diagnoses for a then rising star. Her subsequent recovery, physically and emotionally, to world champion the following summer was herculean. To go on and win Olympic gold with a personal best of 6,955 points making her the fifth greatest heptathlete of all time, showed what a special athlete she is.
"To come into this event with all that pressure and everyone saying you're going to win gold … I'm so shocked I can't believe it," Ennis said. "After javelin I didn't let myself believe it. After all the hard work and disappointment of Beijing, everyone has supported me so much. They said: 'Go for another four years,' and I've done that."
Over the course of this two-day competition Ennis has grown as an athlete. Unlike in previous major championships, where there was always at least one moment of high tension, on the biggest stage of all Ennis barely faltered. Only in the shot put did she ever look disappointed, that lovely smile blanked out like a light after throwing no further than 14.28m, just over 50cm down on her best. But even by that stage such was the points gap she had forged that in the grand scheme of things no real damage had been done.
Instead, the diminutive Ennis quietly drove her way to a near insurmountable lead. Those around her, world and Olympic medallists, seemed to fall away, ultimately powerless to challenge her progress. The two women who had been expected to provide the toughest challenge to her campaign, who wrested away Ennis's world titles over the past 12 months – Tatyana Chernova outdoors and Nataliya Dobrynska, the defending Olympic gold medallist, indoors – instead seemed lost.
It began on Friday with the 100m hurdles and a performance that simply blew away everyone who witnessed it. Near on flying, Ennis set a heptathlon hurdles world best, running 12.54 a time that would have beaten the hurdles specialists in the individual event to Olympic gold at every Games since 1972 bar Seoul and Athens. Behind the scenes, in the call-room, 400m hurdles world champion Dai Greene squinted at the TV screen to double check the time; across the stadium on the in-field triple jumper Yamilé Aldama paused and stared, before blasting down the runway to secure qualification to the final with just one jump. The Ennis effect.
In the high jump Ennis was a little below her best, clearing 1.86, but it hardly felt like a disaster. In Götzis, in May, she had jumped 1cm less and still beaten the rest of the world. Next came the shot put and the only occasion on which she looked cross, as Austra Skujyté, the 2004 Olympic silver medallist briefly took the lead. But it never looked as if it was going to last, and Ennis blasted out of the blocks in the 200m to set a personal best of 22.83 and lead the field at the end of the first day by 184.
The beginning of the second day brought the nerves. This was the part of the competition where, traditionally, Chernova became a threat. But the Russian never truly hit her stride. Instead Ennis blossomed. In the long jump, having watched the Ukrainian Dobrynska and the USA's 2008 Olympic silver medallist Hyleas Fountain foul their first efforts, Ennis took a conservative approach in the first round – taking off well behind the board to land a jump of 5.95m. With her biggest rival, Chernova, already having jumped 6.44m, Ennis was suddenly under pressure.
But responding to pressure is an Ennis trademark. In the second round she pulled out a cracker of 6.40m and regained her overall lead. In the third round she improved to 6.48, only 3cm off her personal best. With two events to go Ennis had 5,159 – a solid 258 ahead of her nearest rival Skujyté, and 290 beyond Chernova, now elevated to third after winning the long jump.
While Ennis forged ahead Dobrynska threw away the defence of her title fouling her first two jumps, scrambling the third to score 3.70m and clutching her head in her hands. The Ukrainian has suffered this year, losing her husband and coach to cancer two weeks after winning the world indoor title. The 30-year-old subsequently withdrew.
The javelin was Ennis's crowning glory. The event that for so long had been her achilles heel, costing her the defence of her world title in Daegu last year, suddenly looked easy. On a sunny afternoon in London all those dark winter months of long hours working with Mick Hill, the 1993 world bronze medallist, paid off as she threw a personal best of 47.49m that all but secured the gold medal ahead of schedule in the penultimate event. In the stands Toni Minichiello, the coach who has guided Ennis's journey since she was a 12-year-old growing up in Sheffield, punched the air. In the final event all Ennis had to do was stay on her feet and bring home gold.
Lilli Schwarzkopf of Germany secured silver with a fine run in the 800m that moved her up from fifth, but only after she had initially been disqualified for a lane infringement. Her reinstatement knocked Chernova, who ran her heart out, down to bronze, and Lyudmyla Yosypenko of Ukraine lost out altogether.
In all the celebrations take a moment to note one further result: 19-year-old Katarina Johnson-Thompson, dubbed the "new Ennis", finished 15th in a personal best of 6,267 in her first senior competition. See you in Rio 2016, Kat.
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In cycling who won the gold medal for the men's individual sprint? | Olympics cycling: Jason Kenny takes sprint cycling gold - BBC Sport
BBC Sport
Olympics cycling: Jason Kenny takes sprint cycling gold
By Chris Bevan
BBC Sport at London Velodrome
6 Aug 2012
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Olympics cycling: Jason Kenny wins men's sprint gold
Britain's Jason Kenny added individual sprint gold to his Olympic team title with a thrilling victory over world champion Gregory Bauge in the final.
Kenny surged past his French opponent to take the first race and sealed his win by holding him off in the second.
The 24-year-old is GB's first double gold medallist of the Games and takes the haul in the velodrome to five golds and a bronze from seven events.
Australia's Shane Perkins beat Njisane Nicholas Phillip of Trinidad to bronze.
2012 track cycling golds
Women's omnium: Laura Trott (Gbr)
Kenny took silver behind Sir Chris Hoy in this event at Beijing in 2008 and was preferred to Hoy under the one-rider-per-nation rule introduced for the 2012 Games.
Hoy tweeted immediately after Kenny's victory: "I know I said I was off Twitter until after tomorrow, but that was PHENOMENAL by Jason Kenny. So happy and proud of him, well deserved, mate."
Bolton-born Kenny lost 2-0 to Bauge at the World Championships in Melbourne in April, but hopes were high he could reverse that result after he recorded the fastest time in Saturday's qualifier.
He also had the benefit of already having a gold medal in the bag after teaming up with Hoy and Philip Hindes for Britain's first triumph on the track, beating a France trio led by Bauge in the team sprint final on Thursday.
Bauge, renowned for as being as strategically strong as he is physically powerful, has won the last five world titles, but lost his 2011 crown to Kenny after being given a back-dated suspension for doping offences.
In their first individual cat-and-mouse encounter, Kenny came from a long way back on the final lap to overtake Bauge on the outside and pip him to the line.
The second race saw Kenny at the front with Bauge attempting to reel him in but, with the crowd roaring him on, Kenny was able to stay clear to clinch a famous triumph.
Three more of his track team-mates could claim their second gold medals of the Games on Tuesday, the final evening of competition in the velodrome.
Women's keirin champion Victoria Pendleton defends her women's individual sprint title, Hoy goes in search of a sixth Olympic gold medal when he competes in the men's keirin, and Laura Trott looks to follow up her team pursuit triumph in the climax to the omnium.
Final Results
| Jason Kenny |
For which individual cycling event did Laura Trott receive a gold medal? | 2012 Olympics — How Britain Conquered the Cycling World - The New York Times
The New York Times
Olympics |Cycling’s British Invasion
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Before the British came to dominate track cycling, before the Olympic medal haul of 2008, before the velodrome sold out faster than any site for the London Games, there was “E.T.”
The movie inspired Chris Hoy ’s foray into cycling. He started in BMX and later moved onto the track and won three golds at the Beijing Games. Afterward, he was knighted — joining Sir Elton John, Sir Alfred Hitchcock and Sir Isaac Newton — for riding a bicycle around a wooden track.
That minor yet transformative event, as much as anything, explains the rise of British track cycling, a program that once lacked history and resources, that created a “Secret Squirrel Club” for research and innovation, that dodged accusations of doping and that won the lottery, at least the British sports version.
Now, as the British defend their Beijing triumph at home, in what The Guardian recently labeled a “cycling nation,” Sir Chris Hoy and his teammates will compete beneath the brightest spotlight their sport has ever seen. Ten years ago, even Britain’s track cyclists would have laughed at that notion.
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“In the last four years, cycling in Britain has gone through the roof,” said Phil Liggett, a renowned analyst who witnessed the boom. “All the cyclists at this level have become superstars. They talk about them in the street now. And everyone loves Chris Hoy, of course.”
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If Liggett witnessed the boom, Jamie Staff lived it. Before Staff became the United States track sprint manager, he raced for Britain, where he won a gold medal in Beijing after a long championship career in BMX.
His cramped office at the Home Depot Center in Carson, Calif., showed few mementos of his former life. No medals. No trophies. Just two computers, random bicycle wheels and an old television. The program Staff once followed with religious fervor is now used on the track outside his office doors, only he is now the coach.
“I think of it as the Formula One of cycling,” he said.
At its core, the British program focused on an accumulation of marginal gains, Staff said. As an example, he pointed to the team sprint, in which he, with Hoy and Jason Kenny, set a world’s best time in Beijing (not a world record, because velodromes can vary in exact length).
Staff was scheduled to go first in the event. When he started, his time stood between 17.4 and 17.5 seconds for one lap. He knew the world record was 17.3 seconds. His set his goal at 17.0 seconds and worked out the percentage he needed to improve; by his calculations, 2.78 percent.
Staff then examined every factor that influenced performance, dozens in total, and set about to improve each by 2.78 percent. In the gym, he wanted to top his personal best in the squat (530 pounds) by 2.78 percent. He wanted to lose 2.78 percent of his body fat. Other factors included tire tread, wheel design, bike-frame design, skin suits and helmets, along with his diet and his body position on the bike.
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Chris Hoy, Jason Kenny and Jamie Staff of Britain competing at the 2008 Olympics. Credit Jed Jacobsohn/Getty Images
By 2008, Staff’s thighs were so thick his wife’s skirts fit snug around one of them. He wore a watch with a sensor that measured movement (or, hopefully, lack of it) when he slept. He worked with nutritionists, psychologists and sprint coaches. He trained in a wind tunnel. He tested recovery drinks developed specifically for cyclists through a company called Science in Sport (chocolate, initially the worst flavor, became his favorite).
“When you break it down, it’s actually really small gains in all those small things that when added together make a huge difference,” Staff said. “It just makes it easy. Really. It was. We set a world record, and it was easy, because I put the attention to any bit of detail I could.”
The British mostly operate under a shroud of secrecy, a central tenet of their doctrine, Staff said. The federation declined all interview requests for athletes and denied a proposed reporting trip to the national headquarters in Manchester, England.
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Most of the country’s track cycling history is well documented by local newspapers and in the book “Heroes, Villains & Velodromes,” by Richard Moore. In the book, Moore traces the first significant development to 1992, when Chris Boardman won a gold medal in the individual pursuit at the Barcelona Games, Britain’s first cycling gold in 72 years.
In October 1994, England constructed its first indoor velodrome in Manchester as part of a bid for the 2000 Olympic Games. Britain now had proof its athletes could succeed in cycling and a home with which to carry out its performance plan, dubbed World Class.
Peter Keen started the program and, according to Liggett, he borrowed heavily from Australia’s scheme. Keen focused on track cycling, where there were more medals available and less competition than in road racing, the most prestigious cycling discipline.
Keen put together an ambitious PowerPoint presentation for UK Sport, the government agency in charge of lottery money distribution. Moore quoted Hoy on Keen’s presentation, saying: “It just seemed almost, I don’t know, too ambitious. I remember thinking, ‘I’d love to believe this, but is it really going to happen?’ ”
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It did. Cyclists like Hoy trained full time under the lottery grant. They won more, and the more they won, the more money they received; several estimates placed the budget at more than £5 million, or $7.8 million, annually. The more money they received, the more the program evolved and the more scientific the approach became. The more the approach evolved, the more they won. In the end, a self-fulfilling cycle produced the most feared program in the sport.
Not all of Keen’s moves were met with high approval ratings. To signify unity, he briefly changed the uniforms to lime green, a move, Moore wrote, met with a mixture of “incandescence, apoplexy and other shades of anger” by the cycling community. Fans wrote letters to cycling magazines demanding that Keen be fired.
The British team won no medals at the 1998 world championships. That was also the last time Britain did not win a world championship medal in the team sprint. In 1999, Hoy captured Britain’s first sprint world championship medal since 1960, and in Moore’s book, he said he would have retired happy then.
Further success resulted when Jason Queally won gold in the kilometer time trial in 1 minute 1.609 seconds at the Sydney Games in 2000. In the book, Brian Cookson, president of British Cycling, was quoted as saying, “It took 61.609 seconds for the perception of this place to change from white elephant to gold medal factory.”
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Chris Hoy (now Sir Chris), who won three gold medals in Beijing, has become one of Britain’s most popular athletes. Credit Adidas, via Getty Images
Dave Brailsford replaced Keen as performance director in 2003. His résumé included a degree in civil engineering and working for a perfume company in Paris. Staff said Brailsford’s strength was in finding the right people to improve all those performance aspects and then getting out of their way. He hired the world’s best sports scientists and coaches. He put Boardman in charge of the Secret Squirrel Club and watched him develop a revolutionary bike.
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The boom really started in 2007, when Staff said he “could feel the energy and everything just started to click.” The program became a menacing force, cycling’s version of the Yankees.
Staff said Brailsford spent millions of pounds to develop a faster, lighter helmet. This included a prototype, meticulously researched and developed, then tested to make sure it was legal. “So they spent all this money,” Staff said, “and as far as I was aware — because they still limited what they’d tell the actual athletes — but I’m led to believe there wasn’t any gain. But everyone sees that Britain has its own custom helmets. Then it’s more of a mind game.”
To that end, the Lycra skin suits the athletes wore were so sleek they made Staff feel faster, like, he said, “Batman in a rubberized suit.” Staff has no idea whether it actually made him quicker or just made him feel that way. The British wheels, Staff said, looked the same as those for other countries. But the riders were “led to believe” they were quicker as a result of them.
At the national headquarters, the athletes and coaches all wore the same outfit to work. They felt, Staff said, like “one army.” They installed strict antidoping procedures. The employee roster, Liggett said, grew to 40 from 7.
“They have all these measurements,” Liggett said. “So when they get to the actual events, they feel there isn’t anybody that can match what they do. They feel it should be a formality to win medals. Now, they’re expected to win.”
Critical to that performance, according to Staff, was Steve Peters, the team psychologist, who once worked in forensic psychology with people who had personality disorders.
As the expectations shifted upward, Staff said Peters played an increasingly pivotal role. In the book, Hoy credited Peters in particular for his success. Hoy’s three gold medals led the team’s performance in Beijing, in which Britain won 7 of the 10 events and 12 total medals, a striking and dominating performance that Liggett said came four years earlier than expected.
The British news media ranked Hoy’s trifecta among the best Olympic performances by a British athlete in 100 years. The soccer star David Beckham said Hoy, who cried and ran to his parents in the stands after securing his third gold, provided his favorite Olympic moment. Bradley Wiggins, who won this year’s Tour de France , won gold in the 4,000-meter individual pursuit.
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As the London Games approached, officials reduced the number of riders any one team could field in events. Where before the reigning world champion would qualify automatically, thus giving elite teams like Britain two riders in certain events, now nations are restricted to one rider in each. Some ventured that the intention here was to limit Britain’s track cycling medal count.
The cyclists in London will compete on the 250-meter track constructed by the world’s best velodrome designers with wood shipped in from Siberia. Its banks rise high, as steep and imposing as the British track team, as a nation of cyclists waits for its most unlikely sports success story to continue where it all began.
“It’s not a foregone conclusion they will repeat in Beijing,” Liggett said. “But one thing is for sure: when people tune in on the telly, they’re expecting results.”
A version of this article appears in print on July 23, 2012, on Page F10 of the New York edition with the headline: Cycling’s British Invasion. Order Reprints | Today's Paper | Subscribe
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In Sailing, who won gold in the Men's Finn class? | A brief history of the Finn Class at the Olympic Games
Olympics 2012
A brief history of the Finn Class at the Olympic Games
The Finn made its first appearance at the Olympic Games back in 1952. That year Paul Elvstrøm won the second of his four Gold medals on his way to setting a record that has, so far, stood for 52 years. More than five decades later Ben Ainslie stands on the brink of breaking that record, as he has broken so many other records in his 10 years in the class. If he does it would be one of the defining moments of the London 2012 Olympic Games.
The Finn is the oldest dinghy class that is being used at the 2012 Olympic Games. In fact this year marks its 60th anniversary of includion at the Games and is the 16th time it will be used. Over those 60 years it has modernised and embraced new technologies but is fundamentally the same design.
But to go back to the very beginning...
The Olympics in 1952 were assigned to Helsinki, Finland and the Finish Yachting Association, who had been assigned the job of selecting the class for the Monotype, ran a competition for a new boat designed specifically for the Olympics which could also be used for sailing competitions in Scandinavia. The Finn was selected from a design entered by Swedish Olympian Rickard Sarby. Paul Elvstrøm swept the board to win by nearly 3,000 points from Charles Currey of Great Britain, who took Silver. Elvstrøm won four of the seven races in a fleet of 28 boats and set a standard which has never been equalled. In spite of badly injuring his hand before the sixth race, Sarby just managed to win the Bronze.
Elvstrøm – who won his first Gold medal at the 1948 Olympics in Torbay in the Firefly class – won because of his hiking technique, which he had developed practising in his own boat. Most of his competitors were rather sitting on the sidedeck instead of hiking on the sheer guard. In addition Elvstrøm attached a sort of traveller to his boat, which was not supplied by the organiser. Most competitors considered this alteration to be illegal but the Dane got away with it. However after the fifth race, when it was already for sure that he had won the Gold medal, Elvstrøm removed the device again, in order to calm the grumbles.
The Finn had proved to be such a great competitive boat in the 1952 Olympics that it was retained as the Monotype again for the 1956 Olympics in Melbourne, Australia. Again Elvstrøm slaughtered the opposition, this time with five wins in his score. Going into the last race it looked as though the American John Marvin, who had never raced a Finn before, might topple the Belgian Andre Nelis since they were level on points. But Nelis pulled out all the stops and kept Marvin covered whilst notching up a second place himself.
For 1960 in Naples, there was a great increase to 35 Finns and Elvstrøm did it again. This time he only won three races and had to withdraw from the last through illness, but he was never lower than fifth in conditions which did not enable him to gain by his fantastic strength and endurance. This was the year that Russia arrived as a top sailing nation and in the Finns the Silver Medal was won by Alexandr Chuchelov. Nelis of Belgium took Bronze.
In Tokyo, Japan in 1964, for the first time the supplied hulls were fibreglass instead of wood. Germany was the leading nation in the Finn in 1964, and Willy Kuhweide, who was only selected at the last moment and despite a severe infection of the middle ear, led the fleet into the final race. Peter Barrett and Henning Wind stayed close to each other during that race and finished 7th and 10th, allowing Kuhweide to once again take line honours and Gold.
The 1968 Games were in Mexico with the sailing at Acapulco. Some picked Wind, who had just won the Finn Gold Cup while others favoured Kuhweide or Jörg Bruder, the Brazilian who had won the Pan American Games. Few felt that Valentin Mankin, the veteran Russian Finn sailor and an excellent heavy weather helmsman, had much of a chance in the light weather so typical of Acapulco. But Mankin surprised everyone with a week of almost flawless tactical racing. Never below seventh at any mark, he beat Hubert Raudaschl of Austria by almost 42 points. Fabio Albarelli of Italy won the Bronze.
Synonymous with strong winds and heavy weather sailing, no one was prepared for two weeks of mild weather and light winds at the 1972 Olympics in Kiel, Germany. Before the Olympics there was a controversy about the masts supplied by the organiser. Most of the competitors favoured the old wooden masts, which they were used to, and only a few had experience with the new aluminium masts they were forced to use. The competition ended with some big names down the scoreboard. Serge Maury of France won the Gold while Elias Hatzipavlis from Greece got Silver and Victor Potapov from Russia Bronze. The decisive race was the fifth, when only three boats finished within the time limit.
There was another change for the 1976 Olympics in Kingston, Ontario. As usual, the organisers supplied the hulls, but for the first time the sailors were allowed to bring their own sails and masts. Not until the weather mark of the last race was it clear where the medals would go. First around was Jochen Schümann from the German Democratic Republic with a tenacious cover on Andrei Balashov of the Soviet Union. Australian John Bertrand, the other contender for the gold was a distant 12th. Although later passed by two boats, Schümann finished ahead of the Russian and the Australian to assure his win. As striking as Schümann's excellent performance was the poor showing of the pre-race favourites, David Howlett of England and Serge Maury of France.
The 1980 Olympics in Moscow, with the yachting events in Tallinn suffered from the boycott initiated by the United States. A number of potential winners were excluded from the start. Some of those who came, felt uncomfortable within the narrow limits of the strict organisation and performed poorly. The favourites: Jochen Schümann, Mark Neeleman, Lasse Hjortnäs, and Minski Fabris failed to collect the medals. Outsiders like Esko Rechardt took Gold and Wolfgang Mayrhofer the Silver in front of the only successful favourite Andrei Balashov, who won Bronze.
The Games suffered once again from a boycott at the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles, this time initiated by the USSR. So in Long Beach the favourites from the DDR, Poland and the USSR were excluded. In the Finn class the actual Olympic sailing was preceded by an undignified controversy after the US trials. John Bertrand was declared the representative only 24 hours before the first start. In that race he had a collision with the later Gold medal winner Russell Coutts from New Zealand and was disqualified. Disregarding the mental strain of the qualification battle and the disqualification in the first race, Bertrand was leading after the fifth and sixth race. In the last race however, he lost the Gold to Coutts, and Terry Neilson from Canada won the Bronze.
The 1988 Olympic Regatta was held in the Bay of Pusan in Korea. The final winner, José Luis Doreste, who had competed in both the 1976 and 1980 Olympics was disqualified in race 4 for a collision. The Silver medalist Peter Holmberg was PMS in race 4 and one of the favourites Lasse Hjortnäs broke his mast in race two after winning the first race. These events really opened up the racing. Eventually John Cutler won the last two races to take the Bronze. Larry Lemieux gave up a good position in the fifth race to rescue two Singapore 470 sailors from the water after one had lost contact with his boat and was awarded Pierre de Coubertin Medal for Sportsmanship for this feat. Once again the sailors had to use boats that were provided by the organisers.
Barcelona, Spain produced generally light to moderate conditions for the 1992 Olympics. The Finn fleet was the deepest ever and it was generally agreed that anyone in the first 15 could win the Gold and anyone of the first 22 could win a race. The final winner José Maria van der Ploeg never scored worse than sixth and didn't have to sail the final race. The two favourites Eric Mergenthaler and Glenn Bourke performed poorly and finished 18th and 20th. Brian Ledbetter was one of the few consistent sailors and won the Silver medal, while Craig Monk, from New Zealand, won the last race to snatch the bronze away from Stuart Childerley. Prior to the regatta, the IFA conducted a two week training clinic for those countries desiring assistance.
When the numerically stronger Laser was bidding for Olympic status many thought that it would replace the Finn as the Olympic singlehander for men. However this was not to be and in 1996 in Savannah there were two singlehanded dinghies for men. This worked well, as it meant that there was two boats for two different weight categories. The advance weather reports suggested a light wind regatta. However, this was not to be and thunderstorm activity resulted in some spectacular weather and strong winds. Poland's first ever sailing medal was won by Mateusz Kusznierewicz with a race to spare, and this in spite of losing his watch early on in the series and using the clock on the starting boat instead. Sebastien Godefroid from Belgium took the Silver while relative Olympic veteran Roy Heiner took the Bronze on the last race.
In Sydney, Australia in 2000, Iain Percy won the first medal for Great Britain in the class since Charles Currey's Silver in 1952. Sailing a very consistent series he had it all wrapped up before the final race. Luca Devoti's Silver was one of the most unexpected medals of the Games, while Fredrik Lööf's bronze had been a long time coming. For the first time ever the sailors had been allowed to bring their own hulls as well as rigs. Also of importance to the Finn sailors of the future, Ben Ainslie won his first Olympic Gold medal in the Laser class. Two years later he announced his switch to the Finn, where he has dominated for the last 10 years.
Ainslie started the 2004 Olympics in Athens with a low score and a disqualification after being protested for a port-starboard incident, but fought back with a string of top results to make a remarkable comeback. He led into the final race and stuck to Silver medalist Rafael Trujillo to assure his second Gold medal. Mateusz Kusznierewicz picked up his second Finn medal after winning the final race and taking Bronze.
In 2008 in Qingdao, China, Ainslie won his third Olympic Gold after winning three races in generally very light winds and very strong tides. He also won the medal race in very strong winds, the first time that format had been used at the Olympics. Zach Railey was the surprise Silver medal winner but didn't win a single race and neither did Guillaume Florent, who took the Bronze away from Daniel Birgmark on the medal race result, both sailors ending up with the same points.
Up to 1948 the type of boat used as the Monotype or singlehander was changed for each Olympic Games. With the introduction of the Finn in 1952 this problem was solved. The Finn was designed as an Olympic singlehander that could be sailed worldwide and aspiring Olympic sailors could practice and develop the required skills prior to the games. It has established strict class rules and regulations and because of this has proven to be a true Olympic class reflecting the Olympic spirit. The class inspires intense devotion from sailors and fans across the world. The Finn is a modern racing machine, a highly evolved piece of kit with an outstanding tradition and an amazing culture. It has become a supreme ambassador for all that is great about Olympic sailing and has evolved into a modern classic that has produced some of the world's best sailors.
Am extensive photo gallery of the Finn Class at the Olympic Games can be found on the class Facebook page at: http://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.10150953651332634.420654.110408332633&type=1
Much more on the Finn can be found in the anniversary book, Photo FINNish, available on Amazon.co.uk, and through the class website.
Past medalists
| Ben Ainslie |
For which event did Peter Wilson win Team GB's only shooting medal (gold)? | Sailing at the 2012 London Summer Games: Men's Two Person Keelboat | Olympics at Sports-Reference.com
Sailing at the 2012 London Summer Games:
Men's Two Person Keelboat
Host City: London, Great Britain
Venue(s): Weymouth and Portland National Sailing Academy, Isle of Portland
Date Started: July 29, 2012
Date Finished: August 5, 2012
Format: Points awarded for placement in each race. Best 10 of 11 scores to count for N. N count double.
Gold:
Brazil
Summary
The last two World Championships had been won by the Brazilian pair of [Robert Scheidt] and [Bruno Prada], who had also won silver in this event at Beijing. They had won the Olympic Test Event and the June 2011 Sail for Gold World Cup at the Olympic site and came to London as heavy favorites. But it was not to be. In the end the gold medal went to the Swedish crew of [Fredrik Lööf] and [Max Salminen], the first for Sweden in sailing since 1976. Loof and Salminen triumphed although they trailed the leaders, Great Britain, after the opening series, with Brazil second, eight points ahead of the Swedes. But they won the medal race for the gold medal, with Britain finishing only eighth to drop back to the silver medal.
Scheidt and Prada won the bronze medal, which was the fifth Olympic sailing medal for Scheidt, equaling the mark of his countryman for most Olympic medals in sailing, [Torben Grael]. A few days later, Britain's [Ben Ainslie] would also win his fifth medal in sailing when he won the Finn class. Scheidt's medals were a gold in 1996 and 2004 Laser, silver in 2000 Laser, a silver in Star in 2008, and the bronze in Star in 2012.
The Star class has been on the Olympic Program since 1932 but this was scheduled to be the final time, as it will be dropped from the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio.
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Who won gold for the Taekwondo - Women's Lightweight (57 kg)? | Rio Olympics 2016 Taekwondo Schedule - Rio Olympics 2016
Rio Olympics 2016 Taekwondo Schedule
Rio Olympics 2016 Taekwondo Schedule
#RioOlypmics2016, Taekwondo is a Korean word which means “The way of the feet and hands”. It is a martial art event which is the part of Olympic games since Sydney 2000. In Rio Olympics 2016 men and women compete in four weight class categories. In London Olympics 2012 Men’s competition of Flyweight (58 kg) Joel Gonzalez from Spain won Gold, Lee Dae-hoon from South Korea Silver and Aleksey Denisenko from Russia Bronze medal. In Lightweight (68 kg) Servet Tazegul Turkish won Gold, Mohammad Bagheri Irani Silver and Terrence Jennings from United States Bronze medal.
In Middleweight (80 kg) Sebastian Crismanich from Argentina won Gold medal and Nicolas Garcia from Spain Silver and Lutalo Muhammad from Great Britain, Mauro Sarmiento from Italy Bronze medal. In Heavyweight (+80 kg) Carlo Molfetta from Italy won Gold, Anthony Obame from Gabon Silver and Robelis Despaigne from cuba, Liu Xiaobo from China Bronze medal.
London Olympic in Women’s events Flyweight (49 kg) Wu Jingyu from China won Gold, Brigitte Yague from Spain Silver and Chanatip Sonkham from Thailand, Lucija Zaninovic from Croatia Bronze medal. In Lightweight (57 kg) Jade Jones from Great Britain won Gold, Hou Yuzhuo from China Silver and Marlene Harnois from France, tseng Li-cheng from Chinese Taipei Bronze medal. In Middleweight (67 kg) Hwang Kyung-seon from South Korea won Gold, Nur Tatar from Turkey Silver and Paige McPherson from United States, Helena Fromm German Bronze medal. In Heavyweight (+67 kg) Milica Mandic from Serbia, Anne-Caroline Graffe from France and Anastasia Baryshnikova from Russia, Maria Espinoza from Mexico Bronze medal.
| Jade Jones |
What was the total number of medals won in the 2012 Olympic Games by Team GB? | Predictions For Every Olympic Gold Medal
Predictions For Every Olympic Gold Medal
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Photo credit: David J. Phillip/ AP
For some people, the Olympics are about athleticism, national pride, the drama of the human spirit, and all that jazz. For them, my ranking of every single Olympic medal event is a handy primer for what’s worth paying attention to.
All 306 Olympic Medal Events, Ranked All 306 Olympic Medal Events, Ranked All 306 Olympic Medal Events, Ranked
My friend Danny always says that the Olympics is a great opportunity to reflect upon how we have… Read more Read more
For everybody else, playing fantasy Olympics spices things up. Fantasy Olympics has gained popularity in recent years, and why not? If fantasy sports and a couple of side bets make other sports more interesting and give viewers a rooting interest in something they otherwise wouldn’t care about, why wouldn’t it work for the Olympics, too?
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The problem is that the Olympics contains so many goddamn events with so many athletes you’ve never heard of. A reasonably knowledgable football fan knows most of the starting running backs in the NFL, and thus can draft a backup backup running back. But can you name even one athlete competing in canoeing (16 events), weightlifting (15 events), shooting (15 events), sailing (11 events), fencing (10 events), taekwondo (nine events), diving (eight events), and so on?
To help you out, here are predictions for who will win the gold medal in every single event, ranked by how certain I am that they will win. Katie Ledecky will undoubtedly win the women’s 800m freestyle, while your guess as to who will win the tennis mixed doubles gold is as good as mine.
As a bonus, below these predictions are rules for my favorite way to play fantasy Olympics, created by Alexander Chester.
Gold Medal Predictions
Swimming – Women’s 800m Freestyle Katie Ledecky (USA)
Judo – Men’s Heavyweight (over 100 kg) Teddy Riner (FRA)
Basketball – Women’s United States
Track and Field – Women’s Hammer Throw Irina Wlodarczyk (POL)
Gymnastics – Women’s Individual All-Around Simone Biles (USA)
Table Tennis – Men’s Team China
Table Tennis – Women’s Team China
Weightlifting – Men’s 62 kg Chen Lijun (CHN)
Weightlifting – Men’s 69 kg Shi Zhiyong (CHN)
Wrestling – Men’s Freestyle 86 kg Abdulrashid Sadulaev (RUS)
Track and Field – Men’s 100m Usain Bolt (JAM)
Synchronized Swimming – Women’s Russia
Weightlifting – Women’s 48 kg Hou Zhihui (CHN)
Basketball – Men’s United States
Swimming – Women’s 200m Individual Medley Katinka Hosszu (HUN)
Track and Field – Women’s Discus Sandra Perkovic (CRO)
Gymnastics – Women’s Team All-Around United States
Boxing – Women’s Middleweight (75 kg) Claressa Shields (USA)
Diving – Men’s Synchronized 10m Platform Chen Aisen & Lin Yue (CHN)
Swimming – Women’s 400m Individual Medley Katinka Hosszu (HUN)
Track and Field – Women’s Javelin Barbara Spotakova (CZE)
Diving – Women’s Synchronized 3m Springboard Wu Minxia & Shi Tingmao (CHN)
Swimming – Women’s 400m Freestyle Katie Ledecky (USA)
Gymnastics- Rhythmic Women’s Individual All-Around Yana Kudryavtseva (RUS)
Wrestling – Women’s Freestyle (53 kg) Saori Yoshida (JPN)
Wrestling – Women’s Freestyle (58 kg) Kaori Icho (JPN)
Archery – Men’s Team South Korea
Gymnastics – Men’s Individual All-Around Kohei Uchimura (JPN)
Track and Field – Men’s 200m Usain Bolt (JAM)
Soccer – Women’s United States
Track and Field – Women’s 800m Caster Semenya (RSA)
Track and Field – Men’s Decathlon Ashton Eaton (USA)
Swimming – Women’s 4x100m Freestyle Relay Australia
Weightlifting – Women’s Over 75 kg Kim Kuk-hyang (PRK)
Track and Field – Women’s 20km Walk Liu Hong (CHN)
Wrestling – Men’s Greco-Roman (66 kg) Frank Staebler (GER)
Rowing – Women’s Coxed Eight United States
Wrestling – Women’s Freestyle (48 kg) Eri Tosaka (JPN)
Swimming – Men’s 4x100m Medley Relay United States
Weightlifting – Women’s 63 kg Deng Wei (CHN) –
Swimming – Women’s 4x100m Medley Relay Australia
Weightlifting – Women’s 53 kg Hsu Shu-ching (TPE)
Track and Field – Women’s 5000m Almaz Ayana (ETH)
Archery – Women’s Team South Korea
Triathlon – Women’s Individual Gwen Jorgenson (USA)
Boxing – Women’s Flyweight (51 kg) Nicola Adams (GBR)
Swimming – Women’s 100m Backstroke Emily Seebohm (AUS)
Diving – Men’s 10m Platform Qiu Bo (CHN)
Swimming – Men’s 4x100m Freestyle Relay France
Triathlon – Men’s Individual Mario Mola (ESP)
Wrestling – Men’s Greco-Roman (130 kg) Mijain Lopez (CUB)
Weightlifting – Women’s 75 kg Rim Jong-Sim (PRK)
Swimming – Women’s 200m Freestyle Katie Ledecky (USA)
Track and Field – Men’s 110m Hurdles Omar McLeod (JAM)
Wrestling – Women’s Freestyle (75 kg) Adeline Gray (USA)
Canoe Sprint – Women’s Kayak Single 200m Lisa Carrington (NZL)
Synchronized Swimming – Women’s Duet Natalia Ishchenko & Svetlana Romashina (RUS)
Track and Field – Men’s 5000m Mo Farah (GBR)
Track and Field – Men’s 10,000m Mo Farah (GBR)
Equestrian – Individual Eventing Michael Jung (GER)
Weightlifting – Women’s 69 kg Xiang Yanmei (CHN)
Track and Field – Men’s Hammer Throw Pawel Fajdek (POL)
Swimming – Women’s 100m Freestyle Cate Campbell (AUS)
Track and Field – Women’s 10,000m Almaz Ayana (ETH)
Wrestling – Men’s Freestyle (74 kg) Jordan Burroughs (USA)
Track and Field – Women’s 100m Hurdles Brianna Rollins (USA)
Cycling, Mountain – Men’s Cross-Country Nino Schurter (SUI)
Weightlifting – Men’s 56 kg Om Yun-chol (PRK)
Gymnastics – Women’s Floor Exercise Simone Biles (USA)
Track and Field – Men’s 4x100 Relay Jamaica
Boxing – Men’s Flyweight (52kg) Elvin Mamishzada (AZE)
Gymnastics – Women’s Rhythmic Group All-Around Russia
Rowing – Women’s Coxless Pair Heather Stanning & Helen Glover (GBR)
Canoe Sprint – Women’s Kayak Four 500m Hungary
Weightlifting – Men’s 77 kg Lu Xiaojun (CHN)
Track and Field – Women’s 4x400 Relay United States
Rowing – Men’s Single Sculls Mahe Drysdale (NZL)
Judo – Women’s Half-Heavyweight (78 kg) Kayla Harrison (USA)
Equestrian – Team Eventing Germany
Swimming – Women’s 100m Butterfly Sarah Sjostrom (SWE)
Women’s Beach Volleyball Talita/Larissa (BRA)
Weightlifting – Women’s 58 kg Pimsiri Sirikaew (THA)
Rowing – Men’s Coxless Pair Hamish Bond & Eric Murray (NZL)
Weightlifting – Men’s (85 kg) Tian Tao (CHN)
Track and Field – Women’s 1500m Genzebe Dibaba (ETH)
Diving – Women’s 3m Springboard He Zi (CHN)
Tennis – Women’s Singles Serena Williams (USA)
Wrestling – Men’s Freestyle (65 kg) Frank Chamizo (ITA)
Rowing – Men’s Double Sculls Martin Sinkovic & Valent Sinkovic (CRO)
Swimming – Men’s 400m Freestyle Sun Yang (CHN)
Track and Field – Men’s Discus Piotr Malachowski (POL)
Diving – Men’s 3m Springboard He Chao (CHN)
Gymnastics – Men’s Team All-Around Japan
Track and Field – Men’s 4x400 Relay United States
Track and Field – Women’s 400m Allyson Felix (USA)
Diving – Women’s Synchronized 10m Platform Chen Ruolin & Liu Huixia (CHN)
Track and Field – Women’s 4x100 Relay Jamaica
Diving – Men’s Synchronized 3m Springboard Cao Yuan & Qin Kai (CHN)
Beach Volleyball – Men’s Alison Cerutti & Bruno Schmidt (BRA)
Track and Field – Men’s Javelin Thomas Rohler (GER)
Swimming – Men’s 200m Freestyle Sun Yang (CHN)
Boxing – Women’s Lightweight (60 kg) Katie Taylor (IRL)
Track and Field – Women’s 100m Elaine Thompson (JAM)
Swimming – Women’s 4x200m Freestyle Relay United States
Track and Field – Men’s 800m David Rudisha (KEN)
Swimming – Men’s 4x200m Freestyle Relay United States
Judo – Men’s Extra-lightweight (60 kg) Kim Won-jin (KOR)
Boxing – Men’s Lightweight (60 kg) Lazaro Alvarez (CUB)
Swimming – Men’s 1500m Freestyle Gregorio Paltrinieri (ITA)
Boxing – Men’s Middleweight (75 kg) Arlen Lopez (CUB)
Judo – Men’s Lightweight (73 kg) An Chang-rim (KOR)
Swimming – Women’s 200m Backstroke Emily Seebohm (AUS)
Canoe Sprint – Men’s Kayak Double 1000m Max Rendschmidt & Marcus Gross (GER)
Rowing – Men’s Coxless Four Great Britain
Gymnastics – Women’s Balance Beam Simone Biles (USA)
Wrestling – Men’s Greco-Roman (75 kg) Roman Vlasov (RUS)
Equestrian – Team Dressage Germany
Canoe Sprint – Men’s Kayak Single 1000m Rene Poulsen (DEN)
Water Polo – Women’s United States
Sailing – Men’s Finn Giles Scott (GBR)
Rowing – Women’s Quadruple Sculls United States
Handball – Women’s Norway
Water Polo – Men’s Serbia
Weightlifting – Men’s Over 105 kg Behdad Salimi (IRI)
Sailing – Men’s Laser Nick Thompson (GBR)
Canoe Sprint – Men’s Kayak Single 200m Mark de Jonge (CAN)
Track and Field – Men’s Shot Put Joe Kovacs (USA)
Canoe Sprint – Men’s Canoe Single 1000m Sebastian Brendel (GER)
Shooting – Men’s 50m Pistol Jin Jong-oh (KOR)
Modern Pentathlon – Women’s Lena Schöneborn (GER)
Swimming – Men’s 400m Individual Medley Kosuke Hagino (JPN)
Canoe Sprint – Women’s Kayak Double 500m Gabriella Szabo & Danuta Kozak (HUN)
Swimming – Men’s 100m Breaststroke Adam Peaty (GBR)
Shooting – Men’s 50m Rifle Prone Warren Potent (AUS)
Canoe Slalom – Men’s Canoe Single David Florence (GBR)
Cycling, Track – Men’s Team Pursuit Great Britain
Canoe Sprint – Men’s Canoe Double 1000m Isaquias Queiroz & Erlon Silva (BRA)
Shooting – Men’s 10m Air Pistol Felipe Almeida Wu (BRA)
Canoe Slalom – Men’s Kayak Single Jiri Prskavec (CZE)
Boxing – Men’s Super Heavyweight (over 91 kg) Tony Yoka (FRA)
Rowing – Men’s Coxed Eight Germany
Taekwondo – Men’s Flyweight (58 kg) Farzan Ashourzadeh (IRI)
Judo – Men’s Half-lightweight (66 kg) An Baul (KOR)
Cycling, Track – Women’s Keirin Anna Meares (AUS)
Wrestling – Men’s Greco-Roman (98 kg) Artur Aleksanyan (ARM)
Sailing – Women’s 49erFX Martine Grael & Kahena Kunze (BRA)
Badminton – Women’s Singles Carolina Marin (ESP)
Boxing – Men’s Light Flyweight (49kg) Joahnys Argilagos (CUB)
Cycling, Track – Men’s Team Sprint Great Britain
Taekwondo – Women’s Flyweight (49 kg) Wu Jingyu (CHN)
Boxing – Men’s Welterweight (69 kg) Mohammed Rabii (MAR)
Cycling, Track – Men’s Omnium Fernando Gaviria (COL)
Rowing – Women’s Single Sculls Kim Brennan (AUS)
Shooting – Men’s Trap Alberto Fernandez (ESP)
Fencing – Men’s Individual Épée Géza Imre (HUN)
Badminton – Men’s Singles Chen Long (CHN)
Taekwondo – Women’s Featherweight (57 kg) Jade Jones (GBR)
Cycling, Track – Women’s Omnium Laura Trott (GBR)
Track and Field – Men’s 1500m Asbel Kiprop (KEN)
Wrestling – Men’s Freestyle (97 kg) Anzor Boltukayev (RUS)
Shooting – Men’s 50m Rifle Three Positions Matthew Emmons (USA)
Rowing – Women’s Lightweight Double Sculls Sophie MacKenzie & Julia Edward (NZL)
Weightlifting – Men’s 94 kg Vadim Stralsou (BLR)
Rowing – Men’s Lightweight Double Sculls Kristoffer Brun & Are Strandli (NOR)
Canoe Sprint – Women’s Kayak Single 500m Lisa Carrington (NZL)
Shooting – Men’s 10m Air Rifle Cao Yifei (CHN)
Cycling, Track – Women’s Team Pursuit Great Britain
Wrestling – Women’s Freestyle (69 kg) Natalia Vorobieva (RUS)
Swimming – Women’s 10km Open Water Aurelie Muller (FRA)
Badminton – Men’s Doubles Lee Yong-dae & Yoo Yeon-seong (KOR)
Track and Field – Men’s Pole Vault Renaud Lavillenie (FRA)
Fencing – Women’s Team Sabre Russia
Indoor Volleyball – Men’s Brazil
Table Tennis – Women’s Singles Ding Ning (CHN)
Track and Field – Women’s 400m Hurdles Dalilah Muhammad (USA)
Canoe Sprint – Men’s Kayak Four 1000m Slovakia
Badminton – Women’s Doubles Ayaka Takahashi & Misai Matsutomo (JPN)
Swimming – Men’s 200m Individual Medley Kosuke Hagino (JPN)
Wrestling – Men’s Greco-Roman (85 kg) Zhan Beleniuk (UKR)
Fencing – Women’s Team Épée China
Tennis – Women’s Doubles Venus Williams & Serena Williams (USA)
Taekwondo – Women’s Welterweight (67 kg) Paige McPherson (USA)
Cycling, Road – Women’s Road Race Lizzie Armitstead (GBR)
Boxing – Men’s Light Heavyweight (81 kg) Julio Cesar La Cruz (CUB)
Shooting – Women’s Trap Ray Bassil (LIB)
Cycling, Track – Women’s Team Sprint China
Judo – Women’s Heavyweight (over 78 kg) Idalys Ortiz (CUB)
Field Hockey – Men’s Germany
Canoe Slalom – Men’s Canoe Double Richard Hounslow & David Florence (GBR)
Diving – Women’s 10m Platform Kim Kuk-hyang (PRK)
Cycling, Track – Women’s Individual Sprint Kristina Vogel (GER)
Taekwondo – Men’s Heavyweight (over 80 kg) Dmitriy Shokin (UZB)
Canoe-Slalom – Women’s Kayak Single Jessica Fox (AUS)
Boxing – Men’s Bantamweight (56 kg) Michael Conlan (IRL)
Shooting – Women’s 50m Rifle Three Positions Snježana Pejcic (CRO)
Weightlifting – Men’s 105 kg Alexandr Zaichikov (KAZ)
Track and Field – Women’s Triple Jump Caterine Ibarguen (COL)
Gymnastics – Men’s Horizontal Bar Kohei Uchimura (JPN)
Sailing – Women’s 470 Lara Vadlau & Jolanta Ogar (AUS)
Fencing – Men’s Team Foil United States
Swimming – Women’s 50m Freestyle Cate Campbell (AUS)
Badminton – Mixed Doubles Zhang Nan & Zhao Yunlei (CHN)
Modern Pentathlon – Men’s Aleksander Lesun (RUS)
Fencing – Women’s Individual Foil Arriana Errigo (ITA)
Archery – Women’s Individual Choi Mi-sun (KOR)
Shooting – Men’s Skeet Vincent Hancock (USA)
Sailing – Women’s Laser Radial Alison Young (GBR)
Boxing – Men’s Light Welterweight (64 kg) Yasniel Toledo (CUB)
Judo – Women’s Half-lightweight (52 kg) Majlinda Kelmendi (KOS)
Fencing – Men’s Individual Sabre Aleksey Yakimenko (RUS)
Swimming – Women’s 200m Breaststroke Rie Kaneto (JPN)
Table Tennis – Men’s Singles Zhang Jike (CHN)
Track and Field – Men’s Triple Jump Christian Taylor (USA)
Swimming – Men’s 200m Backstroke Mitch Larkin (AUS)
Shooting – Women’s Skeet Sutiya Jiewchaloemmit (THA)
Judo – Women’s Lightweight (57 kg) Dorjsurengiin Sumiyaa (MGL)
Track and Field – Women’s 200m Dafne Schippers (NED)
Judo Women’s Extra-lightweight (48 kg) Monkhbatyn Urantsetseg (MGL)
Canoe Sprint – Men’s Canoe Single 200m Yuriy Cheban (UKR)
Taekwondo – Women’s Heavyweight (over 67 kg) Bianca Walkden (GBR)
Tennis – Men’s Doubles Novak Djokovic & Nenad Zimonjic (SRB)
Track and Field – Men’s 3000m Steeplechase Conseslus Kipruto (KEN)
Equestrian – Individual Dressage Charlotte Dujardin (GBR)
Handball – Men’s France
Rowing – Men’s Lightweight Coxless Four Switzerland
Track and Field – Women’s 3000m Steeplechase Ruth Jebet (BRN)
Swimming – Men’s 200m Breaststroke Marco Koch (GER)
Track and Field – Women’s Heptathlon Brianne Theisen-Eaton (CAN)
Sailing – Mixed Nacra 17 Marie Riou & Billy Besson (FRA)
Track and Field – Women’s Shot Put Gong Lijiao (CHN)
Gymnastics – Men’s Floor Exercise Kenzo Shirai (JPN)
Swimming – Men’s 100m Freestyle Cameron McEvoy (AUS)
Track and Field – Women’s Long Jump Brittney Reese (USA)
Canoe Sprint – Men’s Kakak Double 200m Sándor Totka & Peter Molnar (HUN)
Equestrian – Individual Jumping McLain Ward (USA)
Gymnastics – Men’s Pommel Horse Max Whitlock (GBR)
Taekwondo – Men’s Welterweight (80 kg) Mahdi Khodabakhshi (IRI)
Swimming – Men’s 50m Freestyle Florent Manaudou (FRA)
Rugby – Men’s Fiji
Cycling, Track – Men’s Keirin Eddie Dawkins (NZL)
Cycling, BMX – Women’s BMX Mariana Pajon (COL)
Equestrian – Team Jumping Netherlands
Gymnastics – Men’s Individual Trampoline Gao Lei (CHN)
Swimming – Women’s 200m Butterfly Madeline Groves (AUS)
Indoor Volleyball – Women’s United States
Track and Field – Men’s 50km Walk Yohann Diaz (FRA)
Gymnastics – Women’s Vault Hong un-Jong (PRK)
Sailing – Men’s RS:X Dorian van Rijsselberghe (NED)
Track and Field – Men’s 20km Walk Eiki Takahashi (JPN)
Gymnastics – Men’s Vault Ri-se gwang (PRK)
Track and Field – Men’s High Jump Mutaz Essa Barshim (QAT)
Gymnastics – Men’s Parallel Bars You Hao (CHN)
Wrestling – Women’s Freestyle (63 kg) Anastasija Grigorjeva (LAT)
Track and Field – Men’s 400m Hurdles Yasmani Copello (TUR)
Cycling, Road – Women’s Time Trial Linda Villumsen (NZL)
Rugby – Women’s Australia
Wrestling – Men’s Freestyle (57 kg) Vladimer Khinchegashvili (GEO)
Field Hockey – Women’s Netherlands
Gymnastics – Men’s Rings Liu Yang (CHN)
Cycling, Road – Men’s Time Trial Chris Froome (GBR)
Judo – Women’s Half-middleweight (63 kg) Miku Tashiro (JPN)
Archery – Men’s Individual Kim Woo-Jin (KOR)
Swimming – Men’s 10km Open Water Jordan Wilimovsky (USA)
Judo – Women’s Middleweight (70 kg) Kim Polling (NED)
Gymnastics – Women’s Individual Trampoline Rosannagh Maclennan (CAN)
Shooting – Men’s Double Trap James Willett (AUS)
Fencing – Men’s Team Épée France
Golf – Women’s Lydia Ko (NZL)
Swimming – Men’s 100m Backstroke David Plummer (USA)
Cycling, Road – Men’s Road Race Chris Froome (GBR)
Shooting – Women’s 10m Air Rifle Andrea Arsovic (SRB)
Cycling, Mountain – Women’s Cross-Country Annika Langvad (DEN)
Fencing – Women’s Individual Épée Xu Anqi (CHN)
Track and Field – Women’s Marathon Mare Dibaba (ETH)
Wrestling – Men’s Greco-Roman (59 kg) Rovshan Bayramov (AZE)
Fencing – Men’s Individual Foil Yuki Ota (JPN)
Cycling, Track – Men’s Individual Sprint Jason Kenny (GBR)
Swimming – Men’s 200m Butterfly Laszlo Cseh (HUN)
Swimming – Men’s 100m Butterfly Laszlo Cseh (HUN)
Track and Field – Women’s High Jump Chaunte Lowe (USA)
Sailing – Men’s 49er Nathan Outteridge & Iain Jensen (AUS)
Track and Field – Women’s Pole Vault Sandi Morris (USA)
Rowing – Men’s Quadruple Sculls Germany
Shooting – Men’s 25m Rapid Fire Pistol Christian Reitz (GER)
Judo – Men’s Middleweight (90 kg) Mashu Baker (JPN)
Rowing – Women’s Double Sculls Eve MacFarlane & Zoe Stevenson (NZL)
Shooting – Women’s 25m Pistol Zhang Jingjing (CHN)
Fencing – Women’s Individual Sabre Olga Kharlan (UKR)
Swimming – Women’s 100m Breaststroke Ruta Meilutyte (LTU)
Judo – Men’s Half-middleweight (81 kg) Avtandili Tchrikishvili (GEO)
Shooting – Women’s 10m Air Pistol Olena Kostevych (UKR)
Track and Field – Men’s Long Jump Jarrion Lawson (USA)
Sailing – Men’s 470 Matthew Belcher & William Ryan (AUS)
Soccer – Men’s Brazil
| i don't know |
At the fabulous closing ceremony, who sang from the top of 5 London cabs? | Spice Girls wow Olympics closing ceremony after arriving on black cabs - YouTube
Spice Girls wow Olympics closing ceremony after arriving on black cabs
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Published on Aug 13, 2012
Their performance at the London 2012 Olympics closing ceremony has been one of the most talked about gigs of the year.
And the Spice Girls certainly didn't disappoint as they took to the stage in front of an estimated one billion sport and music lovers worldwide.
Storming on to the stage on top of five traditional black cabs which reflected their individual personalities, the fabulous five emerged to a rapturous applause as they performed their first smash hit single, Wannabe.
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| Spice Girls |
Also at the closing ceremony, what song was sung by Eric Idle? | All The Pictures From The Olympic Closing Ceremony! | Look
All The Pictures From The Olympic Closing Ceremony!
Victoria Beckham
Victoria Beckham, Emma Bunton, Mel C, Mel B and Geri Halliwell reunited for the Olympic closing ceremony last night in what was the greatest after-party of all time – come and see the best pictures from the event, from the Spice Girls and One Direction, to Jessie J , Brian May and the fireworks!
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Victoria Beckham At The Olympic Closing Ceremony
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Who was portrayed by Timothy Spall during the closing ceremony? | London 2012 closing ceremony: Timothy Spall as Churchill for a very British end to the Games | Daily Mail Online
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Britain is known the world over for its literary heritage and journalistic tradition so it was only fitting that the closing ceremony wrapped things up in style - by covering the entire set in old newspapers.
Mini replicas of Big Ben, the Eye, St Paul's and Battersea Power Station were all covered in newspapers and unveiled in an eerie blue light as the crowd was introduced to an early morning London scene at sunrise.
Workers dressed in newspapers emerged from the centre of the stage and started to swamp the city streets as the ceremony proceeded to show viewers through the streets of London at rush hour.
Read all about it!: The stage was turned into a mini replica of London on top of a giant Union Jack flag - all covered in newspaper
A way with words: A lollipop lady escorts some newspaper clad children along a miniature Southbank
Streets of London: Car and bikes were covered in newspapers as extra created a scene of rush hour London
Play a song for me: British singer Emili Sande performing next to a paper piano
A series of ramps - covering the track where Mo Farah and Jessica Ennis made history - formed a black and white Union Jack also covered in newspaper, the first of many versions of the flag to feature in the extravaganza.
A print-wrapped traffic jam comes to life, as a series of newspaper-clad vehicles, including taxis, trucks and mopeds, honking their horns and revving their engines as they travelled around the lanes of the flag.
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The montage of newspaper headlines were chosen to show the connection between Britain's literary past and its tabloid present with classic lines from Geoffrey Chaucer, William Wordsworth, Jane Austen, and Charles Dickens.
Quotes from the earliest surviving Anglo-Saxon poetry to current poet laureate Carol Ann Duffy, with extracts from Shakespeare and Milton were flashed up on the big screen along the way.
The classic sayings shown on the big screens included 'All the world's a stage,' or 'Neither a borrower nor a lender be' and 'We are such stuff as dreams are made of.'
Smokingly good: Timothy Spall smokes a cigar while playing Winston Churchill on the top of Big Ben
Wrapping it up: Actor Timothy Spall poses as Sir Winston Churchill atop Big Ben next to other London landmarks including St Paul's and Battersea Power Station
Big send off: Hundreds of extras encouraged the cheering crowd by waving flags as they moved around the stadium
Musical words: Emeli Sande performing Read All About It as she is driven around on a newspaper-covered truck with an image of Queen Elizabeth I among the cuttings
Unwrapped on a newspaper rubbish truck, singer Emeli Sande, who performed in the opening ceremony, delighted the crowds with hit song Read All About It as other newspaper glad extras waved Union Jack flags in an explosive contrast of colours.
Forty members from the percussion group Stomp then emerged to swing from the scaffolding, playing models of the capital's landmarks including Big Ben and the London Eye, as if they were instruments.
Winston Churchill, played by King's Speech actor Timothy Spall, stood atop Big Ben reciting the same lines from Shakespeare's The Tempest which helped open the Games 16 days ago: 'Be not afeard: the isle is full of noises.'
'The isle is full of noises': Actor Timothy Spall as Winston Churchill recited lines from Shakespeare's The Tempest
Driving through London: Black cabs drove down the lanes of a giant Union Jack flag accompanied by city workers and shoppers
As the deafening noise grew to a crescendo, Churchill brought the worldwide audience's focus to the royal box as a fanfare announced the arrival of Prince Harry and International Olympic Committee president Jacques Rogge.
As Union flags were waved from car windows, the packed stadium was led in the British National Anthem by the London Symphony Orchestra and the Urban Voices Collective.
Newspapers figured strongly in the backdrop of the London Olympics closing ceremony as a fitting conclusion to the opening ceremony which heavily featured historical literature.
From classical to pop: Julian Lloyd Webber played the cello during the Closing Ceremony, which celebrated music across the centuries, as well as the decades
Flying the flag: The bright colours of the Union Jacks were waved and provided a sharp contrast to the white and black newspaper print
Bang on: Stomp performed in front of the London skyline stage set
| Winston Churchill |
What name is given to the festival that is held in the Valencian town of Buñol, Spain, in which participants throw tomatoes and get involved in this tomato fight purely for fun. It is held on the last Wednesday of August.? | Olympics 2012: Star-Studded Closing Ceremony Brings Summer Games to an End | Hollywood Reporter
Olympics 2012: Star-Studded Closing Ceremony Brings Summer Games to an End
4:10 PM PDT 8/12/2012 by Georg Szalai
COMMENTS
A who's who of the British music industry entertained the crowd at London's Olympic Stadium.
LONDON - The Who, Russell Brand, Kate Moss, the Spice Girls, Take That, a Queen moment with special guest Jessie J and a member of Monty Python were among the British stars who showed up to entertain the sold-out Olympic Stadium here during the closing ceremony of the Summer Olympics Sunday night.
Big Ben itself opened the ceremony as a replica of the famous London bell and its bell tower erected in the stadium chimed 10 times, with the audience counting from one to 10.
PHOTOS: Inside the Olympics Closing Ceremony
As a small version and vision of London was seen in the stadium with such famous buildings and sights as Tower Bridge, the Gherkin, The Eye and others, singer Emeli Sande began the performances to much applause.
Soon after, 40 "Stomp" members suspended above the stadium ground began hitting pots for a bit of a Cirque du Soleil feeling.
Actor Timothy Spall then showed up as Winston Churchill, popping out of the top of Big Ben as he spoke words from Shakespeare's "The Tempest. " Cars, meanwhile, drove in circles, and they soon turned out to be wrapped in newspapers. In what Twitter followers took as a tribute to British newspapers, women on the stadium ground were also shown handing out papers to other actors.
Up next was a bit of official business as International Olympic Committee president Jacques Rogge and Prince Harry, standing in for Queen Elizabeth II , walked into the stadium, and the British anthem played.
Then the music picked up in pace, as following a countdown from five to zero, Batman and Robin jumped out of a car, and Michael Caine's voice as Batman's butler Alfred was heard.
Madness then got the crowd to clap along as they performed their hit "Our House," with the sax player suspended in mid-air at one point to many cheers.
Blur's "Parklife" was next before the Pet Shop Boys showed up to sing "West End Girls" from the back of a rickshaw pulled by cyclists with unusually shaped red or orange hats. The Pet Shop Boys themselves wore black spikey hats as they performed.
Older stars made space for new ones as Simon Cowell's boy band One Direction next entertained the crowd before Stomp recreated the bustle of London's working days.
Ray Davies, former singer of The Kinks, then sang his love song to London "Waterloo Sunset" as the audience seemed to enjoy the tribute to the British capital.
The ceremony continued in tribute mode as Sande next sang while a tribute video showing celebrating and crying athletes played.
Soon, the Games' athletes and their flags entered the stadium. As the British stars walked in as Elbow sang "Open Arms," the stadium was lit in the colors of the British flag, and the Union Jack flag was formed by lights when the stadium was shown in an overhead shot.
In an extended segment focused on inspiration, all athletes were seen walking around the stadium, some of who seemed to walk in from the audience while Elbow sang "One Day Like This." As athletes continued to pour into the stadium, the songs previously played repeated.
The audience welcomed all athletes with a big round of applause before 303 white boxes were carried into the stadium - representing the 303 competitions of the Olympics. That segment also saw black-and-white highlight videos from some of the competitions, followed by color videos including ones showing big British winners like Chris Hoy, Mo Farah and Jessica Ennis, as well as Jamaican sprint star Usain Bolt.
Some more Olympic business was handled next as the medals for the marathon was handed out as is tradition during the closing ceremony, following by a segment that honored the volunteers of the Games.
The music then kicked in again with a brief Queen interlude before a children's choir - in white T shirts with the black word "Imagine" on them - sang "Imagine" with help from a John Lennon video. The BBC said the choir was made up of kids from Lennon's birthplace Liverpool.
That kicked off the "British Symphony of Music" portion of the closing ceremony that featured a slew of stars as the stadium took on a concert feel, including various light shows.
First off was George Michael who sang "Freedom." "You are at the center of the universe," Michael said before he launched into a second song, "White Light."
He was followed by a group of bikers that brought Kaiser Chiefs lead singer Ricky Wilson into the stadium where he joined his band mates on stage for a song.
A David Bowie video montage was next, and then the London fashion industry got a tribute as trucks with fashion posters drove in - only to reveal a group of models, including Kate Moss and Naomi Campbell.
Annie Lennox came next on top of a pirate ship to sing "Little Bird" from "Bram Stoker's Dracula."
In a Pink Floyd moment, Ed Sheeran, Nick Mason and Genesis' Mike Rutherford played "Wish You Were Here" while a tightrope walker was shown.
Russell Brand then surprised the audience by coming into the spotlight on top of a psychedelic bright bus lip synching to Beatles song "I Am the Walrus."
Sounds of surprise were heard again as Brand introduced DJ Fatboy Slim who played two of his hits.
Jessie J, Tinie Tempah and Taio Cruz followed with some of their hits before they joined together for a rendition of the Bee Gees' "You Should Be Dancing."
London taxi cabs then brought in the Spice Girls for their much-anticipated reunion to much applause. They kicked off with "Wannabe" and also "Spice Up Your Life" as each of the five singers was driven around the stadium on top of a separate taxi. During the Spice Girls performance, the cameras even showed British prime minister David Cameron London mayor Boris Johnson dancing.
"Wonderwall" kept the stadium in the musical past as Liam Gallagher delivered an Oasis moment.
The closing ceremony producers then went for some comedic relief as Monty Python member Eric Idle came out of a big cannon to perform "Always Look on the Bright Side of Life." Nuns on skates followed by Indian dancers, whose dance moves Idle tried to copy, added to the comedy elements here. The segment ended with a real human cannon ball flying through the stadium.
The show continued with Muse and a video screen tribute to Queen's Freddie Mercury followed by Queen guitarist Brian May and his drum partner joined by Jessie J for "We Will Rock You."
As is tradition, the Greek anthem and the Olympic anthem next led into the final official part of the closing ceremony's Olympic business. London's mayor then handed over the Olympic flag to Rio's mayor Eduardo Paes.
Rio's taste of what is to come at the Rio Olympics in 2016 included samba, a dancing street cleaner, soccer star Pele, model
Allesandra Ambrosio, dancers in clothes with lights, acrobatics and several singers.
London 2012 organizer and former Olympic runner Sebastian Coe, welcomed with much applause, said London presented "wonderful Games in a wonderful city," adding that "we lit the flame and we lit up the world." He also said: "When our time came, Britain, we did it right."
After Rogge declared the Summer Games officially closed, the Olympic flame was slowly extinguished, and the camera focused on Take That, including Gary Barlow whose wife recently had to deal with the loss of their fourth child, to much applause. To their "Rule the World," fireworks lit up the London night sky.
The final performers of the night were The Who who sang three songs, including "Baba O'Reilly" and closer "My Generation" as more fireworks entertained the crowd.
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In 1982 who had a No.1 UK hit with 'Land of Make Believe'? | UK MUSIC CHARTS, No.1 Singles
1: Al Martino - Here In My Heart - 14/11/1952.
1953
2: Jo Stafford : You Belong To Me - 16/1/1953
3: Kay Starr : Comes A-Long A-Love - 23/1/1953.
4: Eddie Fisher: Outside Of Heaven - 30/1/1953.
Feb
5: Perry Como: Don't Let The Stars Get In Your Eyes - 6/2/1953
March
6: Guy Mitchell: She Wears Red Feathers - 13/3/1953
April
7: Stargazers: Broken Wings - 10/4/1953
8: Lita Roza: (How Much Is) That Doggie In The Window - 17/4/1953
9: Frankie Laine: I Believe - 24/4/1953
June
10: Eddie Fisher: I'm Walking Behind You - 26/6/1953
Aug
11: Mantovani Song: from 'The Moulin Rouge' - 14/8/1953
Sept
12: Guy Mitchell: Look At That Girl - 11/9/1953
Oct
13: Frankie Laine: Hey Joe - 23/10/1953
Nov
14: David Whitfield: Answer Me - 6/11/1953
15: Frankie Laine: Answer Me - 13/11/1953
1954
16: Eddie Calvert: Oh Mein Papa 8/1/1954
March
17: Stargazers: I See The Moon 12/3/1954.
April
18: Doris Day: Secret Love 16/4/1954
19: Johnnie Ray: Such A Night 30/4/1954
July
20: David Whitfield: Cara Mia 2/7/1954
Sept
21: Kitty Kallen: Little Things Mean A Lot 10/9/1954
22: Frank Sinatra: Three Coins In The Fountain 17/9/1954
Oct
23: Don Cornell: Hold My Hand 8/10/1954
Nov
24: Vera Lynn: My Son My Son 5/11/1954
25: Rosemary Clooney: This Ole House 26/11/1954
Dec
26: Winifred Atwell: Let's Have Another Party 3/12/1954
1955
27: Dickie Valentine: Finger Of Suspicion 7/1/1955.
28: Rosemary Clooney: Mambo Italiano 14/1/1955
Feb
29: Ruby Murray: Softly, Softly 18/2/1955
March
30: Tennessee Ernie Ford: Give Me Your Word, 11/3/1955
April
31: Perez Prez Prado & His Orchestra: Cherry Pink And Apple Blossom White 29/4/1955
May
32: Tony Bennett: Stranger In Paradise 13/5/1955
33: Eddie Calvert: Cherry Pink And Apple Blossom White 27/5/1955
June
34: Jimmy Young: Unchained Melody 24/6/1955
July
35: Alma Cogan: Dreamboat 15/7/1955
36: Slim Whitman: Rose Marie 29/7/1955
Oct
37: Jimmy Young: The Man From Laramie 14/10/1955
Nov
38: Johnston Brothers: Hernando's Hideaway 11/11/1955
39: Bill Haley & His Comets: Rock Around The Clock 25/11/1955
Dec
40: Dickie Valentine: Christmas Alphabet 16/12/1955
1956
41: Tennessee Ernie Ford: Sixteen Tons 20/1/1956.
Feb
42: Dean Martin: Memories Are Made Of This 17/2/1956
March
43: Dream Weavers: It's Almost Tomorrow 16/3/1956
44: Kay Starr: Rock And Roll Waltz 30/3/1956
April
45: Winifred Atwell: Poor People Of Paris 13/4/1956
May
46: Ronnie Hilton: No Other Love 4/5/1956
June
47: Pat Boone: I'll Be Home 15/6/1956
July
48: Frankie Lymon And The Teenagers - Why Do Fools Fall in Love 20/7/1956
Aug
49: Doris Day - Whatever Will Be Will Be (Que Sera, Sera) 10/8/1956
Sept
50: Anne Shelton - Lay Down Your Arms 21/9/1956
Oct
51: Frankie Laine - A Woman In Love 19/10/1956
Nov
52: Johnnie Ray - Just Walking In The Rain 16/11/1956
1957
53: Guy Mitchell.. Singing The Blues 4/1/1957
54: Tommy Steele.. Singing The Blues 11/1/1957
55: Frankie Vaughan.. The Garden Of Eden 25/1/1957
Feb
56: Tab Hunter.. Young Love 22/2/1957
April
57: Lonnie Donegan.. Cumberland Gap 12/4/1957
May
58: Guy Mitchell.. Rock-A-Billy 17/5/1957
59: Andy Williams.. Butterfly 24/5/1957
June
60: Johnnie Ray.. Yes Tonight Josephine 7/6/1957
61. Lonnie Donegan.. Puttin' On The Style / Gamblin' Man 28/6/1957
July
62. Elvis Presley.. All Shook Up 12/7/1957
Aug
63. Paul Anka.. Diana 30/8/1957
Nov
64. The Crickets.. That'll Be The Day 1/11/1957
65. Harry Belafonte.. Mary's Boy Child 22/11/1957
1958
66. Jerry Lee Lewis.. Great Balls Of Fire 10/1/1958
67. Elvis Presley.. Jailhouse Rock 24/1/1958
Feb
68. Michael Holliday.. The Story Of My Life 14/2/1958
69. Perry Como.. Magic Moments 28/2/1958
April
70. Marvin Rainwater.. Whole Lotta Woman 25/4/1958
May
71. Connie Francis.. Who's Sorry Now 16/5/1958
June
72. Vic Damone.. On The Street Where You Live 27/6/1958
July
73. Everly Brothers.. All I Have To Do Is Dream / Claudette 4/7/1958
Aug
74. Kalin Twins.. When 22/8/1958
Sept
75. Connie Francis.. Carolina Moon / Stupid Cupid 26/9/1958
Nov
76. Tommy Edwards.. All In The Game 7/11/1958
77. Lord Rockingham's XI.. Hoots Mon 28/11/1958
Dec
78. Conway Twitty.. It's Only Make Believe 19/12/1958
1959
79. Jane Morgan 'The Days The Rains Came' 23/1/1959
80. Elvis Presley 'I Got Stung / One Night' 30/1/1959
Feb
81. Shirley Bassey 'As I Love You' 20/2/1959
March
82. The Platters 'Smoke Gets In Your Eyes' 20/3/1959
83. Russ Conway 'Side Saddle' 27/3/1959
April
84. Buddy Holly 'It Doesn't Matter Anymore' 24/4/1959
May
85. Elvis Presley 'A Fool Such As I / I Need Your Love Tonight' 15/5/1959
June
86: Russ Conway 'Roulette' 19/6/1959
July
87: Bobby Darin 'Dream Lover' 3/7/1959
88: Cliff Richard 'Living Doll' 31/7/1959
Sept
89: Craig Douglas 'Only Sixteen' 11/9/1959
Oct
90: Jerry Keller 'Here Comes Summer' 9/10/1959
91: Bobby Darin 'Mack The Knife' 16/10/1959
92: Cliff Richard 'Travellin' Light' 30/10/1959
Dec
93: Adam Faith 'What Do You Want' 4/12/1959
94: Emile Ford & The Checkmates: What Do You Want To Make Those Eyes At Me For 18/12/1959
1960
95: Michael Holliday 'Starry Eyed' 29/1/1960
Feb
96: Anthony Newley 'Why' 5/2/1960
March
97: Adam Faith 'Poor Me' 10/3/1960
98: Johnny Preston 'Running Bear' 17/3/1960
99: Lonnie Donegan 'My Old Man's A Dustman' 31/3/1960
April
100: Anthony Newley 'Do You Mind' 28/4/1960
May
101: Everly Brothers 'Cathy's Clown' 5/5/1960
June
102: Eddie Cochran 'Three Steps To Heaven' 23/6/1960
July
103: Jimmy Jones 'Good Timin' 7/7/1960
104: Cliff Richard 'Please Don't Tease' 28/7/1960
Aug
105: Johnny Kidd & The Pirates 'Shakin' All Over' 4/8/1960
106: Shadows 'Apache' 25/8/1960
107: Ricky Valence 'Tell Laura I Love Her' 29/9/1960
Oct
108: Roy Orbison 'Only The Lonely' 20/10/1960
Nov
109: Elvis Presley 'It's Now Or Never' 3/11/1960
Dec
110: Cliff Richard 'I Love You' 29/12/1960
1961
111: Johnny Tillotson: Poetry In Motion, 12/1/1961
112: Elvis Presley: Are You Lonesome Tonight, 26/1/1961
Feb
113: Petula Clark: Sailor, 23/2/1961
March
114: Everly Brothers: Walk Right Back, 2/3/1961
115: Elvis Presley: Wooden Heart, 23/3/1961
May
116: The Marcels: Blue Moon, 4/5/1961
117: Floyd Cramer: On The Rebound, 18/5/1961
118: The Temperance Seven: You're Driving Me Crazy, 25/5/1961
June
119: Elvis Presley: Surrender, 1/6/1961
120: Del Shannon: Runaway, 29/6/1961
July
121: Everly Brothers: Temptation, 20/7/1961
Aug
122: Eden Kane: Well I Ask You, 3/8/1961
123: Helen Shapiro: You Don't Know, 10/8/1961
124: John Leyton: Johnny Remember Me, 31/8/196
Sept
125: Shirley Bassey: Reach For The Stars / Climb Ev'ry Mountain, 21/9/1961
Oct
126: Shadows: Kon Tiki - 5/10/1961
127: The Highwaymen: Michael - 12/10/1961
128: Helen Shapiro: Walkin' Back To Happiness - 19/10/1961
Nov
129: Elvis Presley: His Latest Flame - 9/11/1961
Dec
130: Frankie Vaughan: Tower Of Strength - 7/12/1961
131: Danny Williams: Moon River - 28/12/1961
1962
132. Cliff Richard 'The Young Ones' 11/1/1962
Feb
133. Elvis Presley 'Can't Help Falling In Love / Rock-A-Hula Baby' 22/2/1962
March
134. Shadows 'Wonderful Land' 22/3/1962
May
135. B.Bumble & The Stingers 'Nut Rocker' 17/5/1962
136. Elvis Presley 'Good Luck Charm' 24/5/1962
June
137. Mike Sarne with Wendy Richard 'Come Outside' 28/6/1962
jJuly
138. Ray Charles 'I Can't Stop Loving You' 12/7/1962
139. Frank Ifield 'I Remember You' 26/7/1962
Sept
140. Elvis Presley 'She's Not You' 13/9/1962
Oct
142. Frank Ifield 'Lovesick Blues' 8/11/1962
Dec
143. Elvis Presley 'Return To Sender' 13/12/1962
1963
144. Cliff Richard 'The Next Time / Bachelor Boy' 3/1/1963
145. Shadows 'Dance On' 24/1/1963
146. Jet Harris & Tony Meehan 'Diamonds' 31/1/1963
147. Frank Ifield 'Wayward Wind' 21/2/1963
March
148. Cliff Richard 'Summer Holiday' 14/3/1963
149. Shadows 'Foot Tapper' 29/3/1963
April
150. Gerry & The Pacemakers 'How Do You Do It?' 11/4/1963
May
151. Beatles' From Me To You' 2/5/1963
June
152. Gerry & The Pacemakers 'I Like It' 20/6/1963
July
153. Frank Ifield 'Confessin' (That I Love You)' 18/7/1963
Aug
154. Elvis Presley '(You're The) Devil In Disguise' 1/8/1963
155. Searchers 'Sweets For My Sweet' 8/8/1963
156. Billy J. Kramer & The Dakotas 'Bad To Me' 22/8/1963
Sept
157. Beatles 'She Loves You' 12/9/1963
Oct
158. Brian Poole & The Tremeloes 'Do You Love Me' 10/10/1963
159. Gerry & The Pacemakers 'You'll Never Walk Alone' 31/10/1963
Dec
160. Beatles 'I Want To Hold Your Hand' 12/12/1963
1964
161 Dave Clark Five.. Glad All Over 16/1/1964
162 Searchers.. Needles & Pins 30/1/1964
Feb
164 Cilla Black.. Anyone Who Had A Heart 27/2/1964
March
165 Billy J. Kramer & The Dakotas.. Little Children 19/3/1964
April
166. Beatles.. Can't Buy Me Love 2/4/1964
167. Peter & Gordon.. A World Without Love 23/4/1964
May
168. Searchers.. Don't Throw Your Love Away 7/5/1964
169. Four Pennies.. Juliet 21/5/1964
170. Cilla Black .. You're My World 28/5/1964
June
171. Roy Orbison.. It's Over 25/6/1964
July
172. Animals.. The House Of The Rising Sun 9/7/1964
173. Rolling Stones.. It's All Over now 16/7/1964
174. Beatles.. A Hard Day's Night 23/7/1964
Aug
175. Manfred Mann.. Do Wah Diddy Diddy 13/8/1964
176. Honeycombes.. Have I The Right 27/8/1964
Sept
177. Kinks.. You Really Got Me 10/9/1964
178. Herman's Hermits.. I'm Into Something Good 24/9/1964
Oct
179. Roy Orbison.. Oh Pretty Woman 8/10/1964
180. Sandie Shaw.. (There's) Always Something There To Remind Me 22/10/1964
Nov
181. Supremes.. Baby Love 19/11/1964
Dec
182. Rolling Stones.. Little Red Rooster 3/12/1964
183. Beatles.. I Feel Fine 10/12/1964
1965
184. Georgie Fame & The Blue Flames 'Yeh Yeh' 14/1/1965
185. Moody Blues 'Go Now!' 28/1/1965
Feb
186. Righteous Brothers 'You've Lost That Loving Feeling' 4/2/1965
187. Kinks 'Tired Of Waiting For You' 18/2/1965
188. Seekers 'I'll Never Find Another You' 25/2/1965
March
189. Tom Jones 'It's Not Unusual' 11/3/1965
190. Rolling Stones 'The Last Time' 18/3/1965
April
191. Unit Four Plus Two 'Concrete & Clay' 8/4/1965
192. Cliff Richard 'The Minute You're Gone' 15/4/1965
193. Beatles 'Ticket To Ride' 22/4/1965
May
194. Roger Miller 'King Of The Road' 13/5/1965
195. Jackie Trent 'Where Are You Now (My Love)' 20/5/1965
196. Sandie Shaw 'Long Live Love' 27/5/1965
197. Elvis Presley 'Crying In The Chapel' 17/6/1965
198. Hollies 'I'm Alive' 24/6/1965
July
199. Byrds 'Mr Tambourine Man' 22/7/1965
Aug
201. Sonny & Cher 'I Got You Babe' 26/8/1965
Sept
202. Rolling Stones '(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction' 9/9/1965
203. Walker Brothers 'Make It Easy On Yourself' 23/9/1965
204. Ken Dodd 'Tears' 30/9/1965
Nov
205. Rolling Stones 'Get Off Of My Cloud' 4/11/1965
206. Seekers 'The Carnival Is Over' 25/11/1965
Dec
207. Beatles 'Day Tripper / We Can Work It Out' 16/12/1965
1966
208. Spencer Davis Group 'Keep On Running' 20/1/1966
209. Overlanders 'Michelle' 27/1/1966
210. Nancy Sinatra 'These Boots Are Made For Walking' 17/2/1966
March
211. Walker Brothers 'The Sun Ain't Gonna Shine Anymore' 17/3/1966
April
212. Spencer Davis Group 'Somebody Help Me' 14/4/1966
213. Dusty Springfield You 'Don't Have To Say You Love Me' 28/4/1966
May
214. Manfred Mann 'Pretty Flamingo' 5/5/1966
215. Rolling Stones 'Paint It Black' 26/5/1966
June
216. Frank Sinatra 'Strangers In The Night' 2/6/1966
217. Beatles 'Paperback Writer' 23/6/1966
July
218. Kinks 'Sunny Afternoon' 7/7/1966
219. Georgie Fame & The Blue Flames 'Get Away' 21/7/1966
220. Chris Farlowe 'Out Of Time' 28/7/1966
Aug
221. Troggs 'With A Girl Like You' 4/8/1966
222. Beatles 'Yellow Submarine / Eleanor Rigby' 18/8/1966
Sept
223. Small Faces 'All Or Nothing' 15/9/1966
224. Jim Reeves 'Distant Drums' 22/9/1966
Oct
225. Four Tops 'Reach Out I'll Be There' 27/10/1966
Nov
226. Beach Boys 'Good Vibrations' 17/11/1966
Dec
227. Tom Jones 'Green Green Grass Of Home' 1/12/1966
1967
228. Monkees 'I'm A Believer' 19/1/1967
Feb
229. Petula Clark 'This Is My Song' 16/2/1967
March
230. Engelbert Humperdink 'Release Me (And Let Me Love Again)' 2/3/1967
April
231. Frank Sinatra & Nancy Sinatra 'Somethin' Stupid' 13/4/1967
232. Sandie Shaw 'Puppet On A String' 27/4/1967
May
233. Tremeloes 'Silence Is Golden' 18/5/1967
June
234. Procol Harum 'A Whiter Shade Of Pale' 8/6/1967
July
235. Beatles 'All You Need Is Love' 19/7/1967
Aug
236. Scott McKenzie 'San Francisco (Be Sure To Wear Some Flowers In Your Hair)' 9/8/1967
Sept
237. Engelbert Humperdink 'The Last Waltz' 6/9/1967
Oct
238. Bee Gees 'Massachusetts' 11/10/1967
Nov
239. Foundations - 'Baby Now That I've Found You' 8/11/1967
240. Long John Baldry - 'Let The Heartaches Begin' 22/11/1967
Dec
241. Beatles - 'Hello Goodbye' 6/12/1967
1968
242. Georgie Fame - 'The Ballad Of Bonnie & Clyde' 24/1/1968
243. Love Affair - 'Everlasting Love' 31/1/1968
Feb
244. Manfred Mann - 'The Mighty Quinn' 14/2/1968
245. Esther & Abi Ofarim - 'Cinderella Rockefella' 28/2/1968
March
246. Dave Dee, Dozy, Beaky, Mick & Tich - 'Legend Of Xanadu' 20/3/1968
247. Beatles - ''Lady Madonna' 27/3/1968
April
248. Cliff Richard - 'Congratulations' 10/4/1968
249. Louis Armstrong -'What A Wonderful World / Cabaret' 24/4/1968
May
250. Union Gap featuring Gary Puckett -'Young Girl' 22/5/1968
June
251. Rolling Stones- 'Jumpin' Jack Flash' 19/6/1968
July
252. Equals - 'Baby Come Back' 3/7/1968
253. Des O'Connor - 'I Pretend' 24/7/1968
254. Tommy James & The Shondells - 'Mony Mony 31/7/1968
Aug
255. Crazy World of Arthur Brown - 'Fire' 14/8/1968
256. Beach Boys - ''Do It Again' 28/8/1968
Sept
257. Bee Gees - 'I've Gotta Get A Message To You' 4/9/1968
258. Beatles -'Hey Jude' 11/9/1968
259. Mary Hopkin - 'Those Were The Days' 25/9/1968
Nov
260. Joe Cocker - 'With A Little Help From My Friends' 6/11/1968
261. Hugo Montenegro Orchestra - 'The Good The Bad And The Ugly' 13/11/1968
262. Scaffold - 'Lily The Pink' 11/12/1968
1969
263. Marmalade - 'Ob-La-Di Ob-La-Da' 1/1/1969
264. Fleetwood Mac - Albatross 29/1/69
Feb
265. Move - Blackberry Way 05/2/69
266. Amen Corner '(If Paradise Is) Half As Nice' 12/2/1969
267. Peter Sarstedt 'Where Do You Go To My Lovely?' 26/2/1969
March
268. Marvin Gaye 'I Heard It Through The Grapevine' 26/3/1969
April
269. Desmond Dekker & The Aces 'Israelites' 16/4/1969
270. Beatles 'Get Back' 23/4/1969
June
271. Tommy Roe 'Dizzy' 4/6/1969
272. Beatles 'The Ballad Of John & Yoko' 11/6/1969
July
273. Thunderclap Newman 'Something In The Air' 2/7/1969
274. Rolling Stones 'Honky Tonk Women' 23/7/1969
Aug
275. Zager & Evans 'In The Year 2525' (Exorium & Terminus) 30/8/1969
Sept
276. Creedence Clearwater Revival 'Bad Moon Rising' 20/9/1969
Oct
277. Jane Birkin & Serge Gainsbourg 'Je T'Aime... Moi Non Plus' 11/10/1969
278. Bobby Gentry 'I'll Never Fall In Love Again' 18/10/1969
279. Archies 'Sugar Sugar' 25/10/1969
Dec
280. Rolf Harris 'Two Little Boys' 20/12/1969
1970
281. Edison Lighthouse 'Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)' 31/1/1970
March
282. Lee Marvin - 'Wandrin' Star' 7/3/1970
283. Simon & Garfunkel - 'Bridge Over Troubled Water' 28/3/1970
April
284. Dana .. 'All Kinds Of Everything' 18/4/1970
May
285. Norman Greenbaum - 'Spirit In The Sky' 2/5/1970
286. England World Cup Squad -'Back Home' 16/5/1970
June
287. Christie - 'Yellow River' 6/6/1970
288. Mungo Jerry - 'In The Summertime' 13/6/1970
Aug
289. Elvis Presley - 'The Wonder Of You' 1/8/1970
Sept
290. Smokey Robinson & The Miracles 'Tears Of A Clown' 12/9/1970
291. Freda Payne 'Band Of Gold' 19/9/1970
Oct
292. Matthew's Southern Comfort 'Woodstock' 31/10/1970
Nov
293. Jimi Hendrix 'Voodoo Chile' 21/11/1970
294. Dave Edmunds 'I Hear You Knockin' 28/11/1970
1971
295. Clive Dunn - Grandad 9/1/1971
296. George Harrison - 'My Sweet Lord' 30/1/1971
March
297. Mungo Jerry - 'Baby Jump' 6/3/1971
298. T Rex - 'Hot Love' 20/3/1971
May
299. Dave & Ansil Collins - 'Double Barrel' 1/5/1971
300. Dawn - 'Knock Three Times' 15/5/1971
June
301. Middle Of The Road 'Chirpy Chirpy Cheep Cheep' 19/6/1971
July
302. T Rex 'Get It On' 24/7/1971
Aug
303. Diana Ross 'I'm Still Waiting' 21/8/1971
Sept
304. Tams 'Hey Girl Don't Bother Me' 18/9/1971
Oct
305. Rod Stewart 'Maggie May' 9/10/1971
Nov
306. Slade 'Coz I Luv You' 13/11/1971
Dec
307. Benny Hill 'Ernie (The Fastest Milkman In The West)' 11/12/1971
1972
308. New Seekers - 'I'd Like To Teach The World To Sing' 8/1/1972
Feb
309. T Rex 'Telegram Sam' 5/2/1972
310. Chicory Tip 'Son Of My Father' 19/2/1972
March
311. Nilsson' Without You' 11/3/1972
April
312. The Pipes & Drums & Military Band of The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards 'Amazing Grace' 15/4/1972
May
313. T Rex 'Metal Guru' 20/5/1972
June
314. Don McLean 'Vincent' 17/6/1972
July
315. Slade 'Take Me Back 'Ome' 1/7/1972
316. Donny Osmond 'Puppy Love' 8/7/1972
Aug
317. Alice Cooper 'School's Out' 12/8/1972
Sept
318. Rod Stewart 'You Wear It Well' 2/9/1972
319. Slade 'Mama Weer All Crazee Now' 9/9/1972
320. David Cassidy 'How Can I Be Sure' 30/9/1972
Oct
321. Lieutenant Pigeon 'Mouldy Old Dough' 14/10/1972
Nov
322. Gilbert O'Sullivan 'Clair' 11/11/1972
323. Chuck Berry 'My Ding-A-Ling' 25/11/1972
Dec
324. Little Jimmy Osmond 'Long Haired Lover From Liverpool' 23/12/1972
1973
326. Slade 'Cum On Feel The Noize' 3/3/1973
327. Donny Osmond 'The Twelfth Of Never' 31/3/1973
April
328. Gilbert O'Sullivan 'Get Down' 7/4/1973
329. Dawn featuring Tony Orlando 'Tie A Yellow Ribbon Round The Old Oak Tree' 21/4/1973
May
330. Wizzard 'See My Baby Jive' 19/5/1973
June
331. Suzi Quatro 'Can The Can' 16/6/1973
332. 10 CC 'Rubber Bullets' 23/6/1973
333. Slade 'Skweeze Me Pleeze Me' 30/6/1973
July
334. Peters & Lee 'Welcome Home' 21/7/1973
335. Gary Glitter 'I'm The Leader Of The Gang (I Am)' 28/7/1973
Aug
336. Donny Osmond 'Young Love' 25/8/1973
Sept
337. Wizzard 'Angel Fingers (A Teen Ballad)' 22/9/1973
338. Simon Park Orchestra 'Eye Level' 29/9/1973
Oct
339. David Cassidy 'Daydreamer / The Puppy Song' 27/10/1973
Nov
340. Gary Glitter 'I Love You Love Me Love' 17/11/1973
Dec
341. Slade 'Merry Xmas Everybody' 15/12/1973
1974
342. New Seekers 'You Won't Find Another Fool Like Me' 19/1/1974
343. Mud 'Tiger Feet' 26/1/1974
Feb
344. Suzi Quatro 'Devil Gate Drive' 23/2/1974
March
345. Alvin Stardust 'Jealous Mind' 9/3/1974
346. Paper Lace 'Billy Don't Be A Hero' 16/3/1974
April
347. Terry Jacks 'Seasons In The Sun' 6/4/1974
May
349. Rubettes 'Sugar Baby Love' 18/5/1974
June
350. Ray Stevens 'The Streak 15/6/1974
351. Gary Glitter 'Always Yours' 22/6/1974
352. Charles Aznavour 'She' 29/6/1974
July
353. George McCrae 'Rock Your Baby' 27/7/1974
Aug
354. Three Degrees 'When Will I See You Again' 17/8/1974
355. Osmonds 'Love Me For A Reason' 31/8/1974
Sept
356. Carl Douglas 'Kung Fu Fighting' 21/9/1974
Oct
357. John Denver 'Annie's Song' 12/10/1974
358. Sweet Sentation 'Sad Sweet Dreamer' 19/10/1974
359. Ken Boothe 'Everything I Own' 26/10/1974
Nov
360. David Essex 'Gonna Make You A Star' 16/11/1974
Dec
361. Barry White 'You're The First, The Last, My Everything' 7/12/1974
362. Mud 'Lonely This Christmas' 21/12/1974
1975
363. Status Quo 'Down Down' 18/1/1975
364. Tymes 'Ms Grace' 25/1/1975
Feb
366. Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel 'Make Me Smile (Come Up And See Me)' 22/2/1975
March
367. Telly Savalas ''If'' 8/3/1975
368. Bay City Rollers 'Bye Bye Baby 22/3/1975
May
369. Mud 'Oh Boy 3/5/1975
370. Tammy Wynette 'Stand By Your Man 17/5/1975
June
371. Windsor Davies & Don Estelle 'Whispering Grass' 7/6/1975
372. 10 CC 'I'm Not In Love' 28/6/1975
July
373. Johnny Nash 'Tears On My Pillow' 12/7/1975
374. Bay City Rollers 'Give A Little Love' 19/7/1975
Aug
375. Typically Tropical 'Barbados' 9/8/1975
376. Stylistics 'Can't Give You Anything (But My Love)' 16/8/1975
Sept
377. Rod Stewart 'Sailing' 6/9/1975
Oct
378. David Essex 'Hold Me Close' 4/10/1975
379. Art Garfunkel 'I Only Have Eyes For You' 25/10/1975
Nov
380. David Bowie 'Space Oddity' 8/11/1975
381. Billy Connolly 'D.I.V.O.R.C.E'. 22/11/1975
382. Queen 'Bohemian Rhapsody' 29/11/1975
1976
383. Abba 'Mamma Mia' 31/1/1976
Feb
384. Slik 'Forever And Ever' 14/2/1976
385. Four Seasons 'December '63' 21/2/1976
March
386. Tina Charles 'I Love To Love (But My Baby Loves To Dance)' 6/3/1976
387. Brotherhood Of Man ''Save Your Kisses For Me' 27/3/1976
May
396. Chicago 'If You Leave Me Now' 13/11/1976
Dec
397. Showaddywaddy 'Under The Moon Of Love'' 4/12/1976
398. Johnny Mathis 'When A Child Is Born' (Soleado) 25/12/1976
1977
399. David Soul ''Don't Give Up On Us 15/1/1977
Feb
400. Julie Covington 'Don't Cry For Me Argentina 12/2/1977
401. Leo Sayer 'When I Need You 19/2/1977
March
402. Manhattan Transfer 'Chanson D'Amour 12/3/1977
April
403. Abba 'Knowing Me Knowing You 2/4/1977
May
404. Deniece Williams 'Free 7/5/1977
405. Rod Stewart 'I Don't Want To Talk About It / First Cut Is The Deepest 21/5/1977
June
406. Kenny Rogers 'Lucille 18/6/1977
407. Jacksons Show 'You The Way To Go 25/6/1977
July
408. Hot Chocolate 'So You Win Again 2/7/1977
409. Donna Summer 'I Feel Love 23/7/1977
Aug
410. Brotherhood Of Man 'Angelo 20/8/1977
411. Floaters 'Float On 27/8/1977
Sept
412. Elvis Presley 'Way Down 3/9/1977
Oct
413. David Soul 'Silver Lady 8/10/1977
414. Baccara 'Yes Sir I Can Boogie 29/10/1977
Nov
415. Abba 'The Name Of The Game 5/11/1977
Dec
416. Wings 'Mull Of Kintyre / Girls' School 3/12/1977
1978
417. Althia & Donna 'Up Town Top Ranking 4/2/1978
418. Brotherhood Of Man 'Figaro 11/2/1978
419. Abba 'Take A Chance On Me 18/2/1978
March
420. Kate Bush 'Wuthering Heights 11/3/1978
April
421. Brian & Michael 'Matchstalk Men And Matchstalk Cats And Dogs 8/4/1978
422. Bee Gees 'Night Fever 29/4/1978
423. Boney M - 'Rivers Of Babylon / Brown 'Girl In The Ring 13/5/1978
June
424. John Travolta & Olivia Newton John 'You're The One That I Want 17/6/1978
Aug
425. Commodores 'Three Times A Lady 19/8/1978
Oct
426. 10 CC 'Dreadlock Holiday 23/9/1978
427. John Travolta & Olivia Newton 'John Summer Nights 30/9/1978
Nov
428. Boomtown Rats .. 'Rat Trap 18/11/1978
Dec
429. Rod Stewart.. 'Da Ya Think I'm Sexy 2/12/1978
430. Boney M .. 'Mary's Boy Child - Oh My Lord 9/12/1978
1979
431. Village People , Y.M.C.A. 6/1/1979
432. Ian Dury & The Blockheads , Hit Me With Your Rhythm Stick 27/1/1979
Feb
433. Blondie , Heart Of Glass 3/2/1979
March
434. Bee Gees , Tragedy 3/3/1979
435. Gloria Gaynor , I Will Survive 17/3/1979
April
436. Art Garfunkel , Bright Eyes 14/4/1979
May
437. Blondie, Sunday Girl 26/5/1979
June
438. Anita Ward , Ring My Bell 16/6/1979
439. Tubeway Army , Are 'Friends' Electric 30/6/1979
July
440. Boomtown Rats , I Don't Like Mondays 28/7/1979
Aug
441. Cliff Richard , We Don't Talk Anymore 25/8/1979
Sept
442. Gary Numan , Cars 22/9/1979
443. Police , Message In A Bottle 29/9/1979
Oct
444. Buggles - Video Killed The Radio Star 20/10/1979
445. Lena Martell , One Day At A Time 27/10/1979
Nov
446. Dr Hook , When You're In Love With A Beautiful Woman 17/11/1979
Dec
447. Police ,Walking On The Moon 8/12/1979
448. Pink Floyd , Another Brick In The Wall 15/12/1979
1980
449. Pretenders 'Brass In Pocket' 19/1/1980
Feb
450. The Special AKA (Specials) The Specials Live EP (main track: Too Much Too Young) 2/2/1980
451. Kenny Rogers 'Coward Of The County' 16/2/1980
March
453. Fern Kinney 'Together We Are Beautiful '15/3/1980
454. Jam 'Going Underground / Dreams Of Children' 22/3/1980
April
455. Detroit Spinners 'Working My Way Back To You - Forgive Me Girl' 12/4/1980
456. Blondie 'Call Me' 26/4/1980
May
457. Dexy's Midnight Runners 'Geno' 3/5/1980
458. Johnny Logan 'What's Another Year' 17/5/1980
459. Mash 'Suicide Is Painless (Theme from M*A*S*H)' 31/5/1980
June
460. Don McLean 'Crying' 21/6/1980
July
461. Olivia Newton John & Electric Light Orchestra 'Xanadu' 12/7/1980
462. Odyssey 'Use It Up And Wear It Out' 26/7/1980
Aug
463. Abba 'The Winner Takes It All' 9/8/1980
464. David Bowie 'Ashes To Ashes' 23/8/1980
Sept
466. Kelly Marie 'Feels Like I'm In Love' 13/9/1980
467. Police 'Don't Stand So Close To Me' 27/9/1980
Oct
468. Barbra Streisand 'Woman In Love' 25/10/1980
Nov
469. Blondie 'The Tide Is High' 15/11/1980
470. Abba 'Super Trouper' 29/11/1980
Dec
471. John Lennon '(Just Like) Starting Over' 20/12/1980
472. St Winifred's School Choir 'There's No One Quite Like Grandma' 27/12/1980
1981
473. John Lennon 'Imagine' 10/1/1981
Feb
474. John Lennon 'Woman' 7/2/1981
475. Joe Dolce Music Theatre 'Shaddup You Face' 21/2/1981
March
476. Roxy Music 'Jealous Guy' 14/3/1981
477. Shakin' Stevens 'This Ole House' 28/3/1981
April
478. Bucks Fizz 'Making Your Mind Up' 18/4/1981
May
479. Adam & The Ants 'Stand And Deliver' 9/5/1981
June
480. Smokey Robinson 'Being With You' 13/6/1981
481. Michael Jackson 'One Day In Your Life' 27/6/1981
July
482. Specials 'Ghost Town' 11/7/1981
Aug
483. Shakin' Stevens 'Green Door' 1/8/1981
484. Aneka 'Japanese Boy' 29/8/1981
Sept
485. Soft Cell 'Tainted Love' 5/9/1981
486. Adam & The Ants 'Prince Charming' 19/9/1981
Oct
487. Dave Stewart & Barbara Gaskin 'It's My Party' 17/10/1981
Nov
488. Police ''Every Little Thing She Does Is Magic' 14/11/1981
489. Queen & David Bowie ''Under Pressure' 21/11/1981
Dec
490. Julio Iglesias ''Begin The Beguine (Volver A Empezar) 5/12/1981
491. Human League ''Don't You Want Me' 12/12/1981
1982
492. Bucks Fizz - Land Of Make Believe 16/1/1982
493. Shakin' Stevens - Oh Julie 30/1/1982
Feb
494. Kraftwerk - The Model / Computer Love 6/2/1982
495. Jam - A Town Called Malice / Precious 13/2/1982
March
496. Tight Fit - The Lion Sleeps Tonight 6/3/1982
497. Goombay Dance Band Seven - Tears 27/3/1982
April
498. Bucks Fizz - My Camera Never Lies 17/4/1982
499. Paul McCartney & Stevie Wonder - Ebony And Ivory 24/4/1982
May
500. Nicole- A Little Peace 15/5/1982
501. Madness - House Of Fun 29/5/1982
June
502. Adam Ant - Goody Two Shoes 12/6/1982
503. Charlene - I 've Never Been To Me 26/6/1982
July
504. Captain Sensible - Happy Talk 3/7/1982
505. Irene Cara - Fame 17/7/1982
Aug
506. Dexy's Midnight Runners - Come On Eileen 7/8/1982
Sept
507. Survivor - Eye Of The Tiger 4/9/1982
Oct
508. Musical Youth - Pass The Dutchie 2/10/1982
509. Culture Club - Do You Really Want To Hurt Me 23/10/1982
Nov
510. Eddy Grant - I Don't Wanna Dance 13/11/1982
Dec
511. Jam - Beat Surrender 4/12/1982
512. Renee & Renato - Save Your Love 18/12/1982
1983
513. Phil Collins 'You Can't Hurry Love' 15/1/1983
514. Men At Work 'Down Under' 29/1/1983
Feb
515. Kajagoogoo 'Too Shy' 19/2/1983
March
516. Michael Jackson 'Billie Jean' 5/3/1983
517. Bonnie Tyler 'Total Eclipse Of The Heart' 12/3/1983
518. Duran Duran 'Is There Something I Should Know' 26/3/1983
April
519. David Bowie 'Let's Dance' 9/4/1983
520. Spandau Ballet 'True' 30/4/1983
May
521. New Edition 'Candy Girl' 28/5/1983
June
522. Police 'Every Breath You Take' 4/6/1983
July
523. Rod Stewart 'Baby Jane' 2/7/1983
524. Paul Young 'Wherever I Lay My Hat' 23/7/1983
Aug
525. K C & The Sunshine Band 'Give It Up' 13/8/1983
Sept
526. UB 40 'Red Red Wine' 3/9/1983
527. Culture Club 'Karma Chameleon' 24/9/1983
Nov
528 Billy Joel 'Uptown Girl 5/11/1983
Dec
529 Flying Pickets 'Only You 10/12/1983
1984
530. Paul McCartney - Pipes Of Peace 14/1/1984
531. Frankie Goes To Hollywood - Relax 28/1/1984
March
532. Nena - 99 Red Balloons 3/3/1984
533. Lionel Richie - Hello 24/3/1984
May
534. Duran Duran - The Reflex 5/5/1984
June
535. Wham! - Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go 2/6/1984
536. Frankie Goes To Hollywood - Two Tribes 16/6/1984
Aug
537. George Michael - Careless Whisper 18/8/1984
Sept
538. Stevie Wonder - I Just Called To Say I Love You 8/9/1984
Oct
540. Chaka Khan - I Feel For You 10/11/1984
Dec
541. Jim Diamond - I Should Have Known Better 1/12/1984
542. Frankie Goes To Hollywood - The Power Of Love 8/12/1984
543. Band Aid - Do They Know It's Christmas 15/12/1984
1985
544. Foreigner 'I Want To Know What Love Is 19/1/1985
Feb
545. Elaine Paige & Barbara Dickson 'I Know Him So Well 9/2/1985
March
546. Dead Or Alive 'You Spin Me Round (Like A Record) 9/3/1985
547. Philip Bailey & Phil Collins 'Easy Lover 23/3/1985
April
548. USA For Africa 'We Are The World 20/4/1985
May
549. Phyllis Nelson 'Move Closer 4/5/1985
550. Paul Hardcastle '19' 11/5/1985
June
551. Crowd ''You'll Never Walk Alone 15/6/1985
552. Sister Sledge ''Frankie 29/6/1985
July
553. Eurythmics 'There Must Be An Angel (Playing With My Heart) 27/7/1985
Aug
554. Madonna 'Into The Groove 3/8/1985
555. UB 40 & Chrissie Hynde 'I Got You Babe 31/8/1985
Sept
556. David Bowie & Mick Jagger 'Dancing in the Street 7/9/1985
Oct
557. Midge Ure 'If I Was 5/10/1985
558. Jennifer Rush 'The Power Of Love 12/10/1985
Nov
559. Feargal Sharkey 'A Good Heart 16/11/1985
560. Wham! 'I'm Your Man 30/11/1985
Dec
561. Whitney Houston 'Saving All My Love For You 14/12/1985
562. Shakin' Stevens 'Merry Christmas Everyone 28/12/1985
1986
563. Pet Shop Boys 'West End Girls 11/1/1986
564. A-Ha 'The Sun Always Shines On TV 25/1/1986
Feb
565. Billy Ocean 'When The Going Gets Tough, The Tough Get Going 8/2/1986
March
566. Diana Ross 'Chain Reaction 8/3/1986
567. Cliff Richard & The Young 'Ones Living Doll 29/3/1986 The first official Comic Relief single
April
568. George Michael 'A Different Corner 19/4/1986
May
569. Falco 'Rock Me Amadeus 10/5/1986
570. Spitting Image 'The Chicken Song 17/5/1986
June
571. Doctor & The Medics 'Spirit In The Sky 7/6/1986
572. Wham! 'The Edge Of Heaven 28/6/1986
July
573. Madonna 'Papa Don't Preach 12/7/1986
Aug
574. Chris de Burgh 'The Lady In Red 2/8/1986
575. Boris Gardiner 'I Want To Wake Up With You 23/8/1986
Sept
576. Communards 'Don't Leave Me This Way 13/9/1986
Oct
577. Madonna 'True Blue 11/10/1986
578. Nick Berry 'Every Loser Wins 18/10/1986
Nov
579. Berlin 'Take My Breath Away 8/11/1986
Dec
580. Europe 'The Final Countdown 6/12/1986
581. Housemartins 'Caravan Of Love 20/12/1986
582. Jackie Wilson 'Reet Petite 27/12/1986
1987
583. Steve 'Silk' Hurley 'Jack Your Body 24/1/1987
Feb
584. George Michael & Aretha Franklin 'I Knew You Were Waiting (For Me) 7/2/1987
585. Ben E King 'Stand By Me 21/2/1987
March
586. Boy George 'Everything I Own 14/3/1987
587. Mel & Kim 'Respectable 28/3/1987
April
588. Ferry Aid 'Let It Be 4/4/1987
589. Madonna 'La Isla Bonita 25/4/1987
May
590. Starship 'Nothing's Gonna Stop Us Now 9/5/1987
June
591. Whitney Houston 'I Wanna Dance With Somebody (Who Loves Me) 6/6/1987
592. The Firm 'Star Trekkin' 20/6/1987
July
593. Pet Shop Boys' It's A Sin 4/7/1987
594. Madonna 'Who's That Girl 25/7/1987
Aug
595. Los Lobos 'La Bamba 1/8/1987
596. Michael Jackson ''I Just Can't Stop Loving You 15/8/1987
597. Rick Astley 'Never Gonna Give You Up 29/8/1987
Oct
598. M/A/R/R/S ''Pump Up The Volume / Anitina (The First Time I See She Dance) 3/10/1987
599. Bee Gees 'You Win Again 17/10/1987
Nov
600. T'Pau 'China In Your Hand 14/11/1987
Dec
601. Pet Shop Boys 'Always On My Mind 19/12/1987
1988
602. Belinda Carlisle 'Heaven Is A Place On Earth 16/1/1988
603. Tiffany 'I Think We're Alone Now 30/1/1988
Feb
604. Kylie Minogue 'I Should Be So Lucky 20/2/1988
March
605. Aswad 'Don't Turn Around 26/3/1988
April
606. Pet Shop Boys 'Heart 9/4/1988
607. S'Express 'Theme from S'Express 30/4/1988
May
608. Fairground 'Attraction Perfect 14/5/1988
609. Wet Wet Wet 'With A Little Help From My Friends 21/5/1988
June
610. Timelords 'Doctorin The Tardis 18/6/1988
611. Bros 'I Owe You Nothing 25/6/1988
July
612. Glenn Medeiros 'Nothing's Gonna Change My Love For You 9/7/1988
Aug
613. Yazz & The Plastic Population 'The Only Way Is Up 6/8/1988
Sept
614. Phil Collins 'A Groovy Kind Of Love 10/9/1988
615. Hollies 'He Ain't Heavy He's My Brother 24/9/1988
Oct
617. Whitney Houston 'One Moment In Time 15/10/1988
618. Enya 'Orinoco Flow (Sail Away) 29/10/1988
Nov
619. Robin Beck 'The First Time 19/11/1988
Dec
620. Cliff Richard 'Mistletoe & Wine 10/12/1988
1989
621. Kylie Minogue & Jason Donovan - Especially For You 7/1/1989
622. Marc Almond with Gene Pitney - Somethings Gotten Hold Of My Heart 28/1/1989
Feb
623. Simple Minds - Belfast Child 25/2/1989
March
624. Jason Donovan - Too Many Broken Hearts 11/3/1989
625. Madonna - Like A Prayer 25/3/1989
April
626. Bangles - Eternal Flame 15/4/1989
May
627. Kylie Minogue - Hand On Your Heart 13/5/1989
628. Gerry Marsden, Paul McCartney, Holly Johnson & Christians - Ferry 'Cross The Mersey 20/5/1989
June
629. Jason Donovan - Sealed With A Kiss 10/6/1989
630. Soul II Soul featuring Caron Wheeler - Back To Life 24/6/1989
July
631. Sonia - You'll Never Stop Me Loving You 22/7/1989
Aug
632. Jive Bunny & The Mastermixers -Swing The Mood 5/8/1989
Sept
633. Black Box - Ride On Time 9/9/1989
Oct
634. Jive Bunny & The Mastermixers - That's What I Like 21/10/1989
Nov
635. Lisa Stansfield - All Around The World 11/11/1989
636. New Kids On The Block - You Got It (The Right Stuff) 25/11/1989
Dec
637. Jive Bunny & The Mastermixers - Let's Party 16/12/1989
638. Band Aid II - Do They Know It's Christmas 23/12/1989
1990
639. New Kids On The Block - Hangin' Tough 16/1/1990
640. Kylie Minogue - Tears On My Pillow 27/1/1990
Feb
641. Sinead O'Connor - Nothing Compares 2 U 3/2/1990
March
642. Beats International Dub Be Good To Me 3/3/1990
643. Snap - The Power 31/3/1990
April
646. England New Order - World In Motion 9/6/1990
647. Elton John - Sacrifice / Healing Hands 23/6/1990
July
648. Partners In Kryme Turtle Power 28/7/1990
Aug
649. Bombalurina - Itsy Bitsy Teeny Weeny Yellow Polka Dot Bikini 25/8/1990
Sept
650. Steve Miller - Band The Joker 15/9/1990
651. Maria McKee - Show Me Heaven 29/9/1990
Oct
652. Beautiful South - A Little Time 27/10/1990
Nov
653. Righteous Brothers - Unchained Melody 3/11/1990
Dec
654. Vanilla Ice - Ice Ice Baby 1/12/1990
655. Cliff Richard - Saviour's Day 22/12/1990
1991
656. Iron Maiden - Bring Your Daughter To The Slaughter 5/1/1991
657. Enigma - Sadness Part 1 19/1/1991
658. Queen - Innuendo 26/1/1991
659. KLF - 3 AM Eternal 2/2/1991
660. Simpsons - Do The Bartman 16/2/1991
March
661. Clash - Should I Stay Or Should I Go 9/3/1991
662. Hale & Pace - The Stonk 23/3/1991 The official Comic Relief single
663. Chesney Hawkes - The One And Only 30/3/1991 .
May
664. Cher - Shoop Shoop Song (It's In His Kiss) 4/5/1991
June
665. Color Me Badd - I Wanna Sex You Up 8/6/1991
666. Jason Donovan - Any Dream Will Do 29/6/1991 .
July
667 Bryan Adams - (Everything I Do) I Do It For You 13/7/1991
Nov
668. U2 - The Fly 2/11/1991
669. Vic Reeves & The Wonder Stuff - Dizzy 9/11/1991
670. Michael Jackson - Black Or White 23/11/1991
Dec
671. George Michael & Elton John - Don't Let The Sun Go Down On Me 7/12/1991
672. Queen - Bohemian Rhapsody / These Are The Days Of Our Lives 21/12/1991
1992
673. Wet Wet Wet.. Goodnight Girl 25/1/1992
Feb
674. Shakespears Sister.. Stay 22/2/1992
April
675. Right Said Fred.. Deeply Dippy 18/4/1992
May
676. KWS.. Please Don't Go / Game Boy 9/5/1992
June
677. Erasure Abba-esque EP 13/6/1992
July
678. Jimmy Nail.. Ain't No Doubt 18/7/1992
Aug
679. Snap.. Rhythm Is A Dancer 8/8/1992
Sept
680. Shamen.. Ebeneezer Goode 19/9/1992
Oct
681. Tasmin Archer.. Sleeping Satellite 17/10/1992
682. Boyz II Men .. End Of The Road 31/10/1992
Nov
683. Charles & Eddie.. Would I Lie To You 21/11/1992
Dec
684. Whitney Houston.. I Will Always Love You 5/12/1992 .
1993
685. 2 Unlimited.. No Limit 13/2/1993
March
686. Shaggy.. Oh Carolina 20/3/1993
April
687. Bluebells.. Young At Heart 3/4/1993
May
688. George Michael & Queen with Lisa Stansfield - Five Live (EP) 1/5/1993
689. Ace Of Base.... All That She Wants 22/5/1993
June
690. UB 40.. (I Can't Help) Falling In Love With You 12/6/1993 .
691. Gabrielle.. Dreams 26/6/1993 .
692. Take That.. Pray 17/7/1993
August
693. Freddie Mercury.. Living On My Own 14/8/1993
694. Culture Beat.. Mr Vain 28/8/1993
Sept
695. Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince (Will Smith).. Boom! Shake The Room 25/9/1993
Oct
696. Take That featuring Lulu.. Relight my Fire 9/10/1993
697. Meat Loaf.. I'd Do Anything For Love (But I Won't Do That) 23/10/1993 .
Dec
698. Mr Blobby.. Mr Blobby 11/12/1993
699. Take That.. Babe 18/12/1993
1994
700. Chaka Demus & Pliers - Twist & Shout 8/1/1994
701. D:Ream - Things Can Only Get Better 22/1/1994
Feb
702. Mariah Carey - Without You 19/2/1994
703. Doop - Doop 19/3/1994
704. Take That - Everything Changes 9/4/1994
705. Prince - The Most Beautiful Girl In The World 23/4/1994
May
706. Tony Di Bart - The Real Thing 7/5/1994
707. Stiltskin - Inside 14/5/1994
708. Manchester United 1994 Football Squad - Come On You Reds 21/5/1994
June
709. Wet Wet Wet - Love Is All Around 4/6/1994
Sept
710. Whigfield - Saturday Night 17/9/1994
Oct
711. Take That - Sure 15/10/1994
712. Pato Banton (with Robin & Ali Campbell) - Baby Come Back 29/10/1994
Nov
713. Baby D - Let Me Be Your Fantasy 26/11/1994
Dec
714. East 17 - Stay Another Day 10/12/1994
1995
715. Rednex.. Cotton Eye Joe 14/1/1995
Feb
716. Celine Dion.. Think Twice 4/2/1995
March
717. Cher,Chrissie Hynde,Neneh Cherry & Eric Clapton.. Love Can Build A Bridge 25/3/1995
April
718. Outhere Brothers.. Don't Stop (Wiggle Wiggle) 1/4/1995
719. Take That.. Back For Good 8/4/1995
May
720. Oasis Some.. Might Say 6/5/1995
721. Livin' Joy.. Dreamer 13/5/1995
722. Robson Green & Jerome Flynn.. Unchained Melody / White Cliffs Of Dover 20/5/1995
June
723. Outhere Brothers.. Boom Boom Boom 8/7/1995
Aug
724. Take That.. Never Forget 5/8/1995
725. Blur.. Country House 26/8/1995
Sept
726. Michael Jackson.. You Are Not Alone 9/9/1995
727. Shaggy - Boombastic 23/9/1995
728. Simply Red - Fairground 30/9/1995
Oct
729. Coolio featuring LV Gangsta's.. Paradise 28/10/1995
Nov
730. Robson & Jerome.. I Believe / Up On The Roof 11/11/1995
Dec
731. Michael Jackson.. Earth Song 9/12/1995
1996
732. George Michael - Jesus To A Child 20/1/1996
733. Babylon Zoo, Spaceman 27/1/1996
March
734. Oasis, Don't Look Back In Anger 2/3/1996
735. Take That, How Deep Is Your Love 9/3/1996 .
736. Prodigy, Firestarter 30/3/1996
737. Mark Morrison, Return Of The Mack 20/4/1996
May
738. George Michael, Fastlove 4/5/1996 .
739. Gina G Ooh Aah Just A Little Bit 25/5/1996
June
740. Baddiel, Skinner & Lightning Seeds.. Three Lions 1/6/1996 .
741. Fugees, Killing Me Softly 8/6/1996
July
742. Gary Barlow, Forever Love 20/7/1996 .
743. Spice Girls, Wannabe 27/7/1996
Sept
744. Peter Andre, Flava 14/9/1996
745. Fugees, Ready Or Not 21/9/1996
Oct
746. Deep Blue Something - Breakfast At Tiffany's 5/10/1996
747. Chemical Brothers, Setting Sun 12/10/1996
748. Boyzone, Words 19/10/1996
749. Spice Girls, Say You'll Be There 26/10/1996
Nov
750. Robson & Jerome, What Becomes Of The Broken Hearted / Saturday Night At The Movies / You'll Never Walk Alone 9/11/1996
751. Prodigy, Breathe 23/11/1996
752. Peter Andre, I Feel You 7/12/1996
753. Boyzone, A Different Beat 14/12/1996
754. Dunblane, Knockin' On Heaven's Door / Throw These Guns Away 21/12/1996
755. Spice Girls, 2 Become 1 28/12/1996
1997
756. Tori Amos, Professional Widow (It's Got To Be Big) 18/1/1997
757. White Town, Your Woman 25/1/1997
Feb
759. LL Cool J,, Ain't Nobody 8/2/1997
760. U2, Discotheque 15/2/1997
761. No Doubt, Don't Speak 22/2/1997
March
762. Spice Girls - Mama / Who Do You Think You Are 15/3/1997 "Who Do You Think You Are" was the official Comic Relief single and sold 672,577 copies.
April
763. Chemical Brothers - Block Rockin' Beats 5/4/1997
764. R Kelly - I Believe I Can Fly 12/4/1997
May
765. Michael Jackson, Blood On The Dance Floor 3/5/1997
766. Gary Barlow, Love Won't Wait 10/5/1997 .
767. Olive, You're Not Alone 17/5/1997
768. Eternal ft. Bebe Winans - I Wanna Be The One 31/5/1997 .
June
770. Puff Daddy & Faith Evans, I'll Be Missing You 28/6/1997
July
771. Oasis, D'you Know What I Mean 19/7/1997
Aug
772. Will Smith, Men In Black 16/8/1997
Sept
773. Verve, The Drugs Don't Work 13/9/1997
774. Elton John, Candle In The Wind 97 / Something About The Way You Look Tonight 20/9/1997
Oct
775. Spice Girls, Spice Up Your Life 25/10/1997
Nov
776. Aqua, Barbie Girl 1/11/1997
777. Various Artists, Perfect Day 29/11/1997
Dec
778. Teletubbies, Teletubbies Say Eh-oh! 13/12/1997
779. Spice Girls, Too Much 27/12/1997
1998
780. All Saints - Never Ever 17/1/1998
781. Oasis - All Around The World 24/1/1998
782. Usher - You Make Me Wanna... 31/1/1998
Feb
783. Aqua - Doctor Jones 7/2/1998
784. Celine Dion - My Heart Will Go On 21/2/1998
785. Cornershop - Brimful Of Asha 28/2/1998
March
787. Run DMC vs Jason Nevins- It's Like That 21/3/1998
May
788. Boyzone - All That I Need 2/5/1998
789. All Saints - Under The Bridge / Lady Marmalade 9/5/1998
790. Aqua - Turn Back Time 16/5/1998
791. Tamperer featuring Maya - Feel It 30/5/1998
June
792. B*Witched - C'est La Vie 6/6/1998
793. Baddiel, Skinner & Lightning Seeds - Three Lions '98 20/6/1998 .
July
794. Billie - Because We Want To 11/7/1998
795. Another Level - Freak Me 18/7/1998
796. Jamiroquai - Deeper Underground 25/7/1998
Aug
797. Spice Girls - Viva Forever 1/8/1998
798. Boyzone - No Matter What 15/8/1998
Sept
799. Manic Street Preachers - If You Tolerate This Your Children Will Be Next 5/9/1998
800. All Saints - Bootie Call 12/9/1998
801. Robbie Williams - Millennium 19/9/1998
802. Melanie B featuring Missy Elliott - I Want You Back 26/9/1998
Oct
803. B*Witched - Rollercoaster 3/10/1998
804. Billie - Girlfriend 17/10/1998
805. Spacedust - Gym & Tonic 24/10/1998
806. Cher - Believe 31/10/1998
807. B*Witched - To You I Belong 19/12/1998
808. Spice Girls - Goodbye 26/12/1998
1999
809. Chef - Chocolate Salty Balls (PS I Love You) 2/1/1999
810. Steps - Heartbeat / Tragedy 9/1/1999
811. Fatboy Slim - Praise You 16/1/1999
812. 911 - A Little Bit More 23/1/1999
813. Offspring Pretty Fly (For A White Guy) 30/1/1999
Feb
814. Armand Van Helden featuring Duane Haeden - You Don't Know Me 6/2/1999
815. Blondie - Maria 13/2/1999
816. Lenny Kravitz - Fly Away 20/2/1999
817. Britney Spears - Baby One More Time 27/2/1999 .
March
818. Boyzone - When The Going Gets Tough 13/3/1999 The official Comic Relief single
819. B*Witched - Blame It On The Weatherman 27/3/1999
April
820. Mr Oizo - Flat Beat 3/4/1999
821. Martine McCutcheon - Perfect Moment 17/4/1999
May
822. Westlife - Swear It Again 1/5/1999
823. Backstreet Boys - I Want It That Way 15/5/1999
824. Boyzone - You Needed Me 22/5/1999
825. Shanks & Bigfoot - Sweet Like Chocolate 29/5/1999
June
826. Baz Luhrmann - Everybody's Free (To Wear Sunscreen): The Sunscreen Song (Class of 99) 12/6/1999
827. S Club 7 - Bring It All Back 19/6/1999
828. Vengaboys - Boom Boom Boom Boom!! 26/6/1999
July
829. ATB - 9PM (Till I Come) 3/7/1999
830. Ricky Martin - Livin' La Vida Loca 17/7/1999
831. Ronan Keating - When You Say Nothing At All 7/8/1999
Aug
832. Westlife - If I Let You Go 21/8/1999
833. Geri Halliwell - Mi Chico Latino 28/8/1999
Sept
834. Lou Bega - Mambo No 5 4/9/1999
835. Vengaboys - We're Going To Ibiza 18/9/1999
836. Eiffel 65 Blue (Da Ba Dee) 25/9/1999
Oct
837. Christina Aguilera - Genie In A Bottle 16/10/1999
838. Westlife - Flying Without Wings 30/10/1999
Nov
839. Five - Keep On Movin' 6/11/1999
840. Geri Halliwell - Lift Me Up 13/11/1999
841. Robbie Williams - She's The One / It's Only Us 20/11/1999
842. Wamdue Project - King Of My Castle 27/11/1999
Dec
843. Cliff Richard - Millennium Prayer 4/12/1999
844. Westlife - I Have A Dream / Seasons In The Sun 25/12/1999
2000
845. Manic Street Preachers - The Masses Against The Classes 22/1/2000
846. Britney Spears - Born To Make You Happy 29/1/2000
Feb
848. Oasis - Go Let It Out 19/2/2000
849. All Saints - Pure Shores 26/2/2000
March
850. Madonna - American Pie 11/3/2000
851. Chicane featuring Bryan Adams - Don't Give Up 18/3/2000
852. Geri Halliwell - Bag It Up 25/3/2000
April
853. Melanie C with Lisa 'Left Eye' Lopes - Never Be The Same Again 1/4/2000
854. Westlife - Fool Again 8/4/2000
855. Craig David - Fill Me In 15/4/2000
856. Fragma Toca's Miracle 22/4/2000
May
857. Oxide & Neutrino - Bound 4 Da Reload (Casualty) 6/5/2000
858. Britney Spears - Oops!... I Did It Again 13/5/2000
859. Madison Avenue - Don't Call Me Baby 20/5/2000
860. Billie Piper - Day & Night 27/5/2000
June
861. Sonique - It Feels So Good 3/6/2000 (3 weeks)
862. Black Legend - You See The Trouble With Me 24/6/2000
July
863. Kylie Minogue - Spinning Around 1/7/2000
864. Eminem - Real Slim Shady 8/7/2000
865. Corrs - Breathless 15/7/2000
866. Ronan Keating - Life Is A Rollercoaster 22/7/2000
867. Five and Queen - We Will Rock You 29/7/2000
Aug
868. Craig David - 7 Days 5/8/2000
869. Robbie Williams - Rock DJ 12/8/2000
870. Melanie C- I Turn To You 19/8/2000
871. Spiller - Groovejet (If This Ain't Love) 26/8/2000
Sept
873. A1 - Take On Me 9/9/2000
874. Modjo - Lady (Hear Me Tonight) 16/9/2000
875. Mariah Carey & Westlife - Against All Odds 30/9/2000
Oct
876. All Saints - Black Coffee 14 Oct
877. U2 - Beautiful Day 21/10/2000
878. Steps - Stomp 28/10/2000
879. Spice Girls - Holler / Let Love Lead The Way 4/11/2000
880. Westlife - My Love 11/11/2000
881. A1 - Same Old Brand New You 18/11/2000
882. LeAnn Rimes - Can't Fight The Moonlight 25/11/2000
Dec
883. Destiny's Child - Independent Women Part 1 2/12/2000
884. S Club 7 - Never Had A Dream Come True 9/12/2000
885. Eminem Stan 16/12/2000
886. Bob The Builder - Can We Fix It 23/12/2000 (3 weeks)
2001
887. Rui Da Silva featuring Cassandra.. Touch Me 13/1/2001
888. Jennifer Lopez.. Love Don't Cost A Thing 20/1/2001
889. Limp Bizkit.. Rollin' 27/1/2001
Feb
890. Atomic Kitten.. Whole Again 10/2/2001 (4 weeks)
March
891. Shaggy featuring Rikrok.. It Wasn't Me 10/3/2001
892. Westlife.. Uptown Girl 17/3/2001
893. Hear'Say.. Pure And Simple 24/3/2001
April
894. Emma Bunton.. What Took You So Long 14/4/2001
895. Destiny's Child.. Survivor 28/4/2001
May
896. S Club 7.. Don't Stop Movin' 5/5/2001
897. Geri Halliwell.. It's Raining Men 12/5/2001
June
898. DJ Pied Piper Do You Really Like It 2/6/2001
899. Shaggy featuring Rayvon.. Angel 9/6/2001
900. Christina Aguilera / Lil' Kim, Mya & Pink.. Lady Marmalade 30/6/2001
July
901. Hear'Say.. The Way To Your Love 7/7/2001
902. Roger Sanchez .. Another Chance 14/7/2001
903. Robbie Williams.. Eternity/The Road To Mandalay 21/7/2001
Aug
904. Atomic Kitten.. Eternal Flame 4/8/2001
905. So Solid Crew.. 21 Seconds 18/8/2001
906. Five.. Let's Dance 25/8/2001
Sept
907. Blue.. Too Close 8/9/2001
908. Bob The Builder.. Mambo No 5 15/9/2001
909. DJ Otzi.. Hey Baby 22/9/2001
910. Kylie Minogue.. Can't Get You Out Of My Head 29/9/2001
Oct
911. Afroman.. Because I Got High 27/10/2001
Nov
912. Westlife.. Queen of My Heart 17/11/2001
913. Blue.. If You Come Back 24/11/2001
Dec
914. S Club 7.. Have You Ever 1/12/2001
915. Daniel Bedingfield.. Gotta Get Thru This 8/12/2001
916. Robbie Williams and Nicole Kidman.. Somethin' Stupid 22/12/2001
2002
917. Aaliyah.. More Than A Woman 19/1/2002
918. George Harrison.. My Sweet Lord 26/1/2002
Feb
919. Enrique Iglesias.. Hero 2/2/2002 (4 weeks)
March
920. Westlife.. World Of Our Own 2/3/2002
921. Will Young.. Anything Is Possible / Evergreen 9/3/2002
922. Gareth Gates.. Unchained Melody 30/3/2002 (4 weeks)
April
923. Oasis.. The Hindu Times 27/4/2002
May
924. Sugababes.. Freak Like Me 4/5/2002
925. Holly Valance.. Kiss Kiss 11/5/2002
926. Ronan Keating.. If Tomorrow Never Comes 18/5/2002
927. Liberty X.. Just a Little 25/5/2002
June
928. Eminem.. Without Me 1/6/2002
929. Will Young.. Light My Fire 8/6/2002
930. Elvis vs JXL.. A Little Less Conversation 22/6/2002 (4 weeks)
July
931. Gareth Gates.. Anyone Of Us (Stupid Mistake) 20/7/2002
Aug
933. Sugababes.. Round Round 24/8/2002
934. Blazin' Squad.. Crossroads 31/8/2002
Sept
935. Atomic Kitten.. The Tide Is High (Get The Feeling) 7/9/2002
936. Pink.. Just Like A Pill 28/9/2002
Oct
937. Will Young & Gareth Gates.. The Long And Winding Road / Suspicious Minds 5/10/2002
938. Las Ketchup.. The Ketchup Song (Asereje) 19/10/2002
939. Nelly feat. Kelly Rowland.. Dilemma 26/10/2002
Nov
940. DJ Sammy & Yanou feat. Do Heaven 9/11/2002
941. Westlife.. Unbreakable 16/11/2002
942. Christina Aguilera.. Dirty 23/11/2002
Dec
943. Daniel Bedingfield.. If You're Not The One 7/12/2002
944. Eminem.. Lose Yourself 14/12/2002
945. Blue feat. Elton John.. Sorry Seems To Be The Hardest Word 21/12/2002
946. Girls Aloud.. Sound Of The Underground 28/12/2002 (4 weeks)
2003
947: David Sneddon: Stop Living The Lie 25/1/2003
Feb
948: Tatu: All The Things She Said 8/2/2003
March
949: Christina Aguilera: Beautiful 8/3/2003
950: Gareth Gates: Spirit In The Sky 22/3/2003
April
951: Room 5 feat. Oliver Cheatham: Make Luv 5/4/2003
May
952: Busted: You Said No 3/5/2003
953: Tomcraft: Loneliness 10/5/2003
954: R Kelly: Ignition 17/5/2003
June
955: Evanescence: Bring Me To Life 14/6/2003
July
956: Beyonce: Crazy In Love 12/7/2003
Aug
957: Daniel Bedingfield: Never Gonna Leave Your Side 2/8/2003
958: Blu Cantrell Feat. Sean Paul: Breathe 9/8/2003
Sept
959: Elton John: Are You Ready For Love? 6/9/2003
960: Black Eyed Peas: Where Is The Love? 13/9/2003 (6 weeks)
Oct
961: Sugababes: Hole In The Head 25/10/2003
Nov
962: Fatman Scoop: Be Faithful 1/11/2003
963: Kylie Minogue: Slow 15/11/2003
964: Busted: Crashed The Wedding 22/11/2003
965: Westlife: Mandy 29/11/2003
966: Will Young: Leave Right Now 6/12/2003
967: Kelly & Ozzy Osbourne: Changes 20/12/2003
968: Michael Andrews feat. Gary Jules: Mad World 27/12/2003
2004
969: Michelle McManus: All This Time 17/1/2004
February
970: LMC V U2: Take Me To The Clouds Above 7/2/2004
971: Sam & Mark: With A Little Help From My Friends / Measure Of A Man 21/2/2004
972: Busted: Who's David 28/2/2004
March
973: Peter Andre: Mysterious Girl 6/3/2004
974: Britney Spears: Toxic 13/3/2004
975: DJ Casper Cha Cha Slide 20/3/2004
976: Usher: Yeah 27/3/2004
977: McFly: Five Colours In Her Hair 10/4/2004
978: Eamon: F**k It (I Don't Want You Back) 24/4/2004 (4 weeks)
May
979: Frankee: F.U.R.B (F U Right Back) 22/5/2004
June
980: Mario Winans feat. Enya & P.Diddy: I Don't Wanna Know 12/6/2004
981: Britney Spears: Everytime 26/6/2004
July
984: Shapeshifters: Lola's Theme 24/7/2004
985: The Streets: Dry Your Eyes 31/7/2004
August
986: Busted: Thunderbirds / 3AM 7/8/2004
987: 3 Of A Kind: Babycakes 21/8/2004
988: Natasha Bedingfield: These Words 28/8/2004
September
989: Nelly: My Place / Flap Your Wings 11/9/2004
990: Brian McFadden: Real To Me 18/9/2004
991: Eric Prydz: Call On Me 25/9/2004
October
992: Robbie Williams: Radio 16/10/2004
November
993: Ja Rule feat. R.Kelly & Ashanti: Wonderful 6/11/2004
994: Eminem: Just Lose It 13/11/2004
995: U2: Vertigo 20/11/2004
996: Girls Aloud: I'll Stand By You 27/11/2004
December
997: Band Aid 20: Do They Know It's Christmas 11/12/2004 (4 weeks)
2005
998: Steve Brookstein - Against All Odds ..8/1/2005 X Factor winner
999: Elvis Presley - Jailhouse Rock .. 15/1/2005 (No.1 Jan 24th 1958)
1000: Elvis Presley - One Night .. 22/1/2005 (No.1 Jan 30th 1959)
1001:Ciara feat. Petey Pablo - Goodies .. 29/1/2005
February
1002: Elvis Presley - It's Now Or Never .. 5/2/2005 (No.1 Nov 3rd 1960)
1003: Eminem - Like Toy Soldiers .. 12/2/2005
1004: U2 - Sometimes You Cant Make It On Your Own .. 19/2/2005
1005: Jennifer Lopez - Get Right .. 26/2/2005
March
1006: Nelly featuring Tim McGraw - Over and Over .. 5/3/2005
1007: Stereophonics - Dakota .. 12/3/2005
1008: McFly - All About You / You've Got A Friend 19/3/2005 Official Comic Relief single
1009: Tony Christie feat. Peter Kay (Is This The Way To) Amarillo .. 26/3/2005 (7) The 2nd Comic Relief single
May
1010: Akon - Lonely .. 14/5/05 (2)
1011: Oasis - Lyla .. 28/5/05 (1)
June
1012: Crazy Frog - Axel F .. 05/6/2005 (4) in@ No.1 (First RINGTONE to chart in UK)
July
1013: 2Pac feat. Elton John - Ghetto Gospel .. 2/7/2005
1014: James Blunt - You're Beautiful .. 23/7/2005
August
1015: McFly - I'll Be OK .. 27/8/2005
September
1016: Oasis - The Importance Of Being Idle .. 3/9/2005
1017: Gorillaz - Dare .. 10/9/2005
1018: Pussycat Dolls Ft Busta Rhymes - Don't Cha .. 17/9/2005
October
1019: Sugababes - Push The Button .. 8/10/2005 (3)
1020: Arctic Monkeys - I Bet You Look Good On The Dancefloor .. 29/10/2005 (1) ..
November
1021: Westlife - You Raise Me Up ..5/11/05 (2)
1022: Madonna - Hung Up .. 19/11/05 (3)
December
1023: Pussycat Dolls - Stickwitu ..10/12/05 (2)
1024: Nizlopi - JCB Song .. 24/12/05 (1)
1025: Shayne Ward - That's My Goal .. 31/12/05 (4) in@ No.1 X Factor winner
2006
1026: Arctic Monkeys - When The Sun Goes Down .. 28/1/06 (1) in@ No.1 ..
February
1027: Notorious BIG/ P Diddy/ Nelly - Nasty Girl .. 4/2/06 (2)
1028: Meck Ft Leo Sayer - Thunder In My Heart Again .. 18/2/06 (2) in@ No.1 ..
March
1029: Madonna - Sorry .. 4/3/06 (1) in@ No.1
1030: Chico - It's Chico Time .. 11/3/06 (2) in@ No.1
1031: Orson - No Tomorrow .. 25/3/06 (1) ..
April
1032: Ne*Yo - So Sick .. 1/4/06 (1)
1033: Gnarls Barkley - Crazy .. 8/4/06 (9) in@ No.1
June
1034: Sandi Thom - I Wish I A Punk Rocker .. 10/6/06 (1) ..
1035: Nelly Furtado - Maneater .. 17/6/06 (3)
July
1036: Shakira Ft Wyclef Jean - Hips Don't Lie .. 8/7/06 (1)
1037: Lily Allen - Smile .. 15/7/06 (2)
1038: McFly - Don't Stop Me Now/please Please .. 29/7/06 (1) in@ No.1 ..
August
r/e. : Shakira Ft Wyclef Jean - Hips Don't Lie .. 5/8/06 (4)
September
1039: Beyonce Ft Jay-z - Deja Vu .. 2/9/06 (1)
1040: Justin Timberlake - Sexyback .. 9/9/06 (1) in@ No.1..
1041: Scissor Sisters - I Don't Feel Like Dancin' .. 16/9/06 (4)
October
1042: Razorlight - America .. 14/10/06 (1)..
1043: My Chemical Romance - Welcome To The Black Parade .. 21/10/06 (2)..
November
1044: McFly - Star Girl .. 4/11/06 (1) in@ No.1 ..
1045: Fedde Le Grand - Put Your Hands Up For Detroit ..11/11/06 (1) ..
1046: Westlife - The Rose .. 18/11/06 (1) in@ No.1
1047: Akon Ft Eminem - Smack That .. 25/11/2006 (1)
December
1048: Take That - Patience .. 2/12/2006 (4)
1049: Leona Lewis - A Moment Like This .. 30/12/2006 (4) in@ No.1 .. X Factor winner
2007
1050: Mika - Grace Kelly .. 27/01/07 (5) ..
March
1051: Kaiser Chiefs - Ruby .. 03/03/07 (1) ..
1052: Take That - Shine .. 10/03/07 (2)
1053: Sugababes Vs Girls Aloud - Walk This Way .. 24/03/07 (2) The official Comic Relief single
1054: Proclaimers/B.Potter/A.Pipkin - I'm Gonna Be (500 Miles) .. 31/03/07 (3) in@ No.1 also released for the Comic Relief charity. Its sales were double that of the "official" Comic Relief single.
April
1055: Timbaland/Nelly Furtado/Justin Timberlake - Give It To Me .. 21/04/07 (1)
1056: Beyonce & Shakira - Beautiful Liar .. 28/04/07 (4) ..
May
1057: McFly - Baby's Coming Back/Transylvania .. 19/05/07 (1) in@ No.1
1058: Rihanna ft Jay.Z - Umbrella .. 26/05/07 (10) in@ No.1
August
1059: Timbaland Ft Keri Hilson - The Way I Are .. 4/08/07 (2)..
1060: Robyn With Kleerup - With Every Heartbeat .. 18/08/2007 (1)
1061: Kanye West - Stronger .. 25/08/2007 (2)
September
1062: Sean Kingston - Beautiful Girls .. 08/09/2007 (4)
October
1063: Sugababes - About You Now .. 06/10/2007 (4)
November
1064: Leona Lewis - Bleeding Love .. 03/11/2007 (7) in@ No.1 ..
December
1065: Eva Cassidy & Katie Melua - What A Wonderful World .. 22/12/2007 (1) in@ No.1 ..
1066: Leon Jackson - When You Believe .. 29/12/2007 (3) in@ No.1 X Factor winner
2008
1067: Basshunter Ft. Dj Mental Theo - Now You're Gone .. w/e 19/01/2008 (5)
February
1068: Duffy - Mercy .. w/e 23/02/2008 (5) in@ No.1
March
1069: Estelle Ft Kanye West - American Boy .. w/e 29/03/2008 (4) in@ No.1 ..
April
1070: Madonna Ft Justin Timberlake - 4 Minutes .. w/e 26/04/2008 (4)
May
1071: Ting Tings - That's Not My Name .. w/e 24/05/2008 (1) in@ No.1
1072: Rihanna - Take A Bow .. 31/05/2008 (2)
June
1073: Mint Royale - Singin' In The Rain .. 14/06/2008 (2) in@ No.1 ..
1074: Coldplay - Viva La Vida .. 28/06/2008 (1) in@ No.1
July
1075: Ne-Yo . - Closer .. 05/07/2008 (1)
1076: Dizzee Rascal /Calvin Harris /Chrome - Dance Wiv Me .. 12/07/2008 (4) in@ No.1
August
1077: Kid Rock - All Summer Long .. 09/08/2008 (1) ..
1078: Katy Perry - I Kissed A Girl .. 16/08/2008 (5)
September
1079: Kings Of Leon - Sex On Fire .. 20/09/2008 (3) in@ No.1 ..
October
1080: Pink - So What .. 11th Oct (3)
November
1081: Girls Aloud - The Promise .. 1st Nov (1) in@ No.1
1082: X Factor Finalists - Hero .. 7th Nov (3) in@ No.1
1083: Beyonce - If I Were A Boy .. 29 Nov (1)
December
1084: Take That - Greatest Day .. 06 Dec (1) in@ No.1 ..
1085: Leona Lewis - Run .. 13 Dec (2) in@ No.1
1086: Alexandra Burke - Hallelujah .. 27 Dec (3) [email protected] X Factor winner
2009
1087: Lady Gaga - Just Dance .. w/e Jan 17th (3)
February
1088: Lily Allen - The Fear.. w/e Feb 07th (4) in@ No.1
March
1089: Kelly Clarkson - My Life Would Suck Without You.. w/e March 07 (1) in@ No.1
1090: Flo Rida Ft Kesha - Right Round.. w/e March 14 (1) in@ No.1 ..
No.2 in the charts .. "Just Can't Get Enough" - The Saturdays .. the first official Comic Relief single not to reach No.1 in 14 years.
1091: Jenkins/West/Jones/Gibb - Islands In The Stream.. w/e March 21 (1) in@ No.1 ..The second Comic Relief 2009 single.
1092: Lady Gaga - Poker Face.. w/e March 28 (3)
April
1093: Calvin Harris - I'm Not Alone.. w/e April 18 (2) in@ No.1
May
1094: Tinchy Stryder Ft N-dubz - Number 1.. w/e May 02 (3) in@ No.1
1095: Black Eyed Peas - Boom Boom Pow.. w/e May 23 (1) in@ No.1
1096: Dizzee Rascal / Armand Van Helden - Bonkers.. w/e May 30 (2) in@ No.1
June
r/e.. : Black Eyed Peas - Boom Boom Pow.. w/e June 13 (1)
1097: Pixie Lott - Mama Do.. w/e June 20 (1) in@ No.1
1098: David Guetta Ft Kelly Rowland - When Love Takes Over.. w/e June 27 (1) ..
July
1099: La Roux - Bulletproof.. w/e July 4 (1) in@ No.1
1100: Cascada - Evacuate The Dancefloor.. w/e 11 July (2) in@ No.1
1101: JLS - Beat Again.. w/e 25 July (1) in@ No.1
August
1102: Black Eyed Peas - I Gotta Feeling.. w/e 08 Aug (1)
1103: Tinchy Stryder Ft Amelle - Never Leave You.. w/e 15 Aug (1) in@ No.1
r/e ..: Black Eyed Peas - I Gotta Feeling.. w/e 22 Aug (1)
1104: David Guetta Ft Akon - Sexy Chick.. w/e 29 Aug (1) in@ No.1 ..
September
1105: Dizzee Rascal - Holiday.. w/e 05 Sept (1) in@ No.1
1106: Jay-Z Ft Rihanna & Kanye West - Run This Town.. w/e 12 Sept (1) in@ No.1 ..
1107: Pixie Lott - Boys & Girls.. w/e 19 Sept (1)
1108: Taio Cruz - Break Your Heart.. w/e 26 Sept (3) in@ No.1
October
1109: Chipmunk - Oopsy Daisy.. w/e 17 Oct (1) in@ No.1 ..
1110: Alexandra Burke ft. Flo Rida - Bad Boys .. w/e 24 Oct (1) in@ No.1 ..
1111: Cheryl Cole - Fight For This Love.. w/e 31 Oct (2) in@ No.1 ..
November
1112: JLS - Everybody In Love.. w/e 14 Nov (1) in@ No.1 ..
1113: Black Eyed Peas - Meet Me Halfway.. w/e 21 Nov (1) ..
1114: X Factor Finalists 2009 - You Are Not Alone.. w/e 28 Nov (1) in@ No.1
December
1115: Peter Kay's Animated All Star Band - BBC Children In Need Medley.. w/e 05 Dec (2)
1116: Lady Gaga - Bad Romance.. w/e 19 Dec (1)
1117: Rage Against the Machine - Killing In The Name.. w/e 26 Dec (1) in@ No.1
2010
1118: Joe McElderry - The Climb.. w/e 02 Jan (1) X Factor winner
r/e....: Lady Gaga - Bad Romance.. w/e 09 Jan (1) ..
1119: Iyaz - Replay.. w/e 16 Jan (2) in@ No.1
1120: Owl City - Fireflies.. w/e 30 Jan (3) ..
February
1121: Helping Haiti - Everybody Hurts.. w/e 20 Feb (2) in@ No.1
March
1122: Jason Derulo - In My Head.. w/e 06 March (1) in@ No.1
1123: Tinie Tempah - Pass Out.. w/e 13 March (2) in@ No.1 ..
1124: Lady Gaga ft. Beyoncé - Telephone.. w/e 27 March (2)
April
1125: Scouting for Girls - This Ain't A Love Song.. w/e 10 April (2) in@ No.1 ..
1126: Usher ft. will.i.am - OMG.. w/e 24 April (1)
May
1127: Diana Vickers - Once.. w/e 01 May (1) in@ No.1
1128: Roll Deep - Good Times.. w/e 08 May (3) in@ No.1 ..
1129: B.o.B ft Bruno Mars - Nothin' On You.. w/e 29 May (1) in@ No.1
June
1130: Dizzee Rascal - Dirtee Disco.. w/e 05 June (1) in@ No.1 ..
1131: David Guetta ft. Chris Willis - Gettin' Over You.. w/e 12 June (1) in@ No.1 ..
1132: Shout ft. Dizzee & James Corden - Shout For England.. w/e 19 June (2) in@ No.1 ..
July
1133: Katy Perry ft.Snoop Dogg - California Gurls.. w/e 03 July (2) in@ No.1 ..
1134: JLS - The Club Is Alive.. w/e 17 July (1) in@ No.1 ..
1135: B.o.B ft. Hayley Williams - Airplanes.. w/e 24 July (1) ..
1136: Yolanda Be Cool Vs D Cup - We No Speak Americano.. w/e 31 July (1) ..
August
1137: Wanted - All Time Low.. w/e 07 Aug (1) in@ No.1 ..
1138: Ne-Yo - Beautiful Monster.. w/e 14 Aug (1) in@ No.1 ..
1139: Flo Rida Club ft. David Guetta - Can't Handle Me.. w/e 21 Aug (1)
1140: Roll Deep - Green Light.. w/e 28 Aug (1) in@ No.1 ..
September
1141: Taio Cruz - Dynamite.. w/e 04 Sept (1) in@ No.1
1142: Olly Murs - Please Don't Let Me Go.. w/e 11 Sept (1) in@ No.1
1143: Alexandra Burke ft. Laza Morgan - Start Without You.. w/e 18 Sept (2) in@ No.1 ..
October
1144: Bruno Mars - Just the Way You Are (Amazing).. w/e 02 Oct (1) in@ No.1 ..
1145: Tinie Tempah - Written In The Stars.. w/e 09 Oct (1) in@ No.1 ..
1146: Cee Lo Green - Forget You.. w/e 16 Oct (2) in@ No.1
r/e...: Bruno Mars - Just the Way You Are (Amazing).. w/e 30 Oct (1) ..
November
1147: Cheryl Cole - Promise This.. w/e 06 Nov (1) in@ No.1
1148: Rihanna - Only Girl (In The World).. w/e 13 Nov (2) ..
1149: JLS - Love You More.. w/e 27 Nov (1) in@ No.1 .
December
1150: The X Factor Finalists 2010 - Heroes.. w/e 04 Dec (2) in@ No.1 .
1151: The Black Eyed Peas - The Time (Dirty Bit).. w/e 18 Dec (1).
1152: Matt Cardle - When We Collide.. w/e 25 Dec (3) in@ No.1 X Factor winner
2011
1153: Rihanna ft. Drake - What's My Name.. w/e 15 Jan (1).
1154: Bruno Mars - Grenade.. w/e 22 Jan (2) in@ No.1.
February
1155: Kesha - We R Who We R.. w/e 05 Feb (1)
1156: Jessie J ft. B.o.B - Price Tag.. w/e 12 Feb (2) in@ No.1
1157: Adele - Someone Like You.. w/e 26 Feb (4)
March
1158: Nicole Scherzinger - Don't Hold Your Breath.. w/e 26 March (1) in@ No.1
April
r/e.,.: Adele - Someone Like You.. w/e 02 April (1)
1159: Jennifer Lopez ft. Pitbull - On The Floor.. w/e 09 April (2) in@ No.1
1160: LMFAO - Party Rock Anthem.. w/e 23 April (4).
May
1161: Bruno Mars - The Lazy Song.. w/e 21 May (1).
1162: Pitbull ft. Ne-Yo, Afrojack & Nayer - Give Me Everything.. w/e May 28 (3)
June
1163: Example - Changed The Way You Kiss Me.. w/e 18 June (2) in@ No.1.
July
1164: Jason Derulo - Don't Wanna Go Home.. w/e 02 July (2) in@ No.1.
1165: DJ Fresh ft. Sian Evans - Louder.. w/e 16 July (1) in@ No.1
1166: The Wanted - Glad You Came.. w/e 23 July (2) in@ No.1
August
1167: JLS ft. Dev - She Makes Me Wanna.. w/e 06 Aug (1) in@ No.1
1168: Cher Lloyd - Swagger Jagger.. w/e 13 Aug (1) in@ No.1
1169: Nero - Promises.. w/e 20 Aug (1) in@ No.1
1170: Wretch 32 ft.Josh Kumra - Don't Go.. w/e 27 Aug (1) in@ No.1
September
1171: Olly Murs ft. Rizzle Kicks - Heart Skips A Beat.. w/e 03 Sept (1) in@ No.1.
1172: Example - Stay Awake.. w/e 10 Sept (1) in@ No.1
1173: Pixie Lott - All About Tonight.. w/e 17 Sept (1) in@ No.1.
1174: One Direction - What Makes You Beautiful.. w/e 24 Sept (1) in@ No.1.
October
1175: Dappy - No Regrets.. w/e 01 Oct (1) in@ No.1
1176: Sak Noel - Loca People .. w/e 08 Oct (1) in@ No.1.
1177: Rihanna ft.Calvin Harris - We Found Love .. w/e 15 Oct (3) in@ No.1 .
November
1178: Professor Green ft.Emeli Sande - Read All About It .. w/e 05 Nov (2) [email protected] .
R / E: Rihanna ft.Calvin Harris - We Found Love .. w/e 26 Nov (3)
December
1179: The X Factor Finalists 2011 - Wishing On A Star .. w/e Dec 10 (1) [email protected]
1180: Olly Murs - Dance With Me Tonight .. w/e Dec 17 (1)
1181: Little Mix - Cannonball .. w/e Dec 24 (1) [email protected] X Factor winner
1182: Military Wives with Gareth Malone - Wherever You Are .. w/e Dec 31 (1) [email protected]
2012
1183: Coldplay - Paradise .. w/e Jan 7 (1)
1184: Flo Rida - Good Feeling .. w/e Jan 14 (1)
1185: Jessie J - Domino .. w/e Jan 21 (2)
February
1186: Cover Drive - Twilight .. Feb 04 (1) [email protected]
1187: David Guetta ft Sia - Titanium .. Feb 11 (1)
1188: Gotye Somebody ft Kimbra - That I Used To Know .. Feb 18 (1)
1189: DJ Fresh ft. Rita Ora - Hot Right Now .. Feb 25 (1)
March
R / E: Gotye ft Kimbra - SomebodyThat I Used To Know .. March 03 (4)
1190: Katy Perry - Part Of Me .. March 31 (1) in@ No.1
April
1191: Chris Brown - Turn Up The Music .. April 07 (1) [email protected]
1192: Carly Rae Jepsen - Call Me Maybe .. April 14 (4)
May
1193: Tulisa - Young .. w/e May 12 (1) [email protected]
1194: Rita Ora ft.Tinie Tempah - R.I.P .. w/e May 19 (2) [email protected]
June
1195: fun ft. Janelle Monae - We Are Young .. w/e June 2 (1)
1196: Rudimental ft. John Newman - Feel The Love .. w/e June 9 (1) [email protected]
1197: Gary Barlow & The Commonwealth Band - Sing .. w/e June 16 (1)
1198: Cheryl - Call My Name .. w/e June 23 (1) [email protected]
1199: Maroon 5 ft. Wiz Khalifa - Payphone .. w/e June 30 (1) [email protected]
July
1200: will.i.am ft. Eva Simons - This Is Love .. w/e July 7 (1) [email protected]
R / E: Maroon 5 ft.Wiz Khalifa - Payphone .. w/e July 14 (1)
1201: Florence + the Machine (Calvin Harris Mix) - Spectrum (Say My Name) .. w/e July 21 (3)
August
1202: Wiley ft. Rymez & Ms D - Heatwave .. w/e Aug 11 (2) [email protected]
1203: Rita Ora - How We Do (Party) .. w/e Aug 25 (1) [email protected]
September
1204: Sam and The Womp - Bom Bom .. w/e Sept 01 (1) [email protected]
1205: Little Mix - Wings .. w/e Sept 08 (1) [email protected]
1206: Ne-Yo - Let Me Love You (Until You Learn To Love Yourself) .. w/e Sept 15 (1) [email protected]
1207: The Script feat. will.i.am - Hall Of Fame .. w/e Sept 22 (2)
October
1208: PSY - Gangnam Style .. w/e Oct 06 (1)
1209: Rihanna - Diamonds .. w/e Oct 13 (1) [email protected]
1210: Swedish House Mafia ft.John Martin - Don't You Worry Child .. w/e Oct 20 (1) [email protected]
1211: Calvin Harris ft.Florence Welch - Sweet Nothing .. w/e Oct 27 (1) [email protected]
November
1212: Labrinth ft. Emeli Sande - Beneath Your Beautiful .. w/e Nov 03 (1)
1213: Robbie Williams - Candy .. w/e Nov 10 (2) [email protected]
1214: One Direction - Little Things .. Nov 24 (1) [email protected]
December
1215: Olly Murs ft. Flo Rida - Troublemaker .. Dec 01 (2) [email protected]
1216: Gabrielle Aplin - The Power Of Love .. Dec 15 (1)
1217: James Arthur - Impossible .. Dec 22 (1) [email protected] the fastest-selling X Factor single of all time (to date) reaching 255,000 downloads within 48 hours
1218: The Justice Collective - He Ain't Heavy He's My Brother .. Dec 29 (1) [email protected].
2013
R/E .: James Arthur - Impossible .. Jan 05 (2)
1219: will.i.am feat. Britney Spears - Scream & Shout .. Jan 19 (2)
February
1220: Bingo Players ft. Far East Movement - Get Up (Rattle) .. Feb 02 (2) [email protected]
1221: Macklemore - Thrift Shop .. w/e Feb 16 (1)
1222: Avicii vs Nicky Romero - I Could Be The One .. w/e Feb 23 (1) [email protected]
March
1223: One Way Or Another (Teenage Kicks) - One Direction .. w/e March 02 (1) [email protected] The official Comic Relief 2013 single.
1224: Justin Timberlake - Mirrors .. w/e March 09 (3)
1225: The Saturdays ft Sean Paul - What About Us .. March 30 (1) [email protected]
April
1226: PJ & Duncan - Let's Get Ready To Rhumble .. April 06 (1) first released July 11th 1994 peaking at No.9. ~ re-released in March 2013, with royalties from sales to be donated to the charity ChildLine.
1227: Duke Dumont ft. A*M*E - Need U (100%) .. April 13 (2) [email protected]
1228: Rudimental ft. Ella Eyre - Waiting All Night .. April 27 (1) [email protected]
May
1229: Daft Punk ft. Pharrell Williams - Get Lucky .. May 04 (4)
June
1230: Naughty Boy ft. Sam Smith - La La La .. June 01 (1) [email protected]
1231: Robin Thicke ft. Pharrell Williams & T.I. - Blurred Lines .. June 08 (4) [email protected]
July
1232: Icona Pop ft. Charli XCX - I Love It .. July 06 (1) [email protected]
1233: John Newman - Love Me Again .. July 13 (1) [email protected]
R/E .: Robin Thicke ft. Pharrell Williams & T.I. - Blurred Lines .. July 20 (1)
1234: Avicii - Wake Me Up .. July 27 (3) [email protected]
August
1235: Miley Cyrus - We Can't Stop .. Aug 17 (1) [email protected]
1236: Ellie Goulding - Burn .. Aug 24 (3) [email protected]
September
1237: Katy Perry - Roar .. Sept 14 (2) [email protected]
1238: Jason Derulo ft. 2 Chainz - Talk Dirty .. Sept 28 (2) [email protected]
October
1239: OneRepublic - Counting Stars .. Oct 12 (1)
1240: Miley Cyrus - Wrecking Ball .. Oct 19 (1) [email protected]
R/E .: OneRepublic - Counting Stars .. Oct 26 (1)
November
1241: Lorde - Royals .. Nov 02 (1) [email protected]
1242: Eminem ft Rihanna - The Monster .. Nov 09 (1) [email protected]
1243: Storm Queen - Look Right Through .. Nov 16 (1)
1244: Martin Garrix - Animals .. Nov 23 (1) [email protected]
1245: Lily Allen - Somewhere Only We Know .. Nov 30 (1)
December
1246: Calvin Harris/Alesso/Hurts - Under Control .. Dec 07 (1) [email protected]
R/E .:.Lily Allen - Somewhere Only We Know .. Dec 14 (2)
1247: Sam Bailey - Skyscaper .. Dec 28 (1) [email protected] Xmas No.1
2014
1248: Pharrell Williams - Happy .. Jan 04 (1).
1249: Pitbull ft Kesha - Timber .. Jan 11 (1) [email protected].
R/E .: Pharrell Williams - Happy .. Jan 18 (2).
February
1250: Clean Bandit ft. Jess Glynne - Rather Be .. Feb 01 (4) [email protected]
March
1251: Sam Smith - Money On My Mind .. March 01 (1) [email protected].
R/E .: Pharrell Williams - Happy .. March 08 (1).
1252: Route 94 ft. Jess Glynne - My Love .. March 15 (1) [email protected].
1253: DVBBS & Borgeous ft Tinie Tempah - Tsunami (Jump) .. March 22 (1) [email protected].
1254: Duke Dumont ft Jax Jones - I Got U .. March 29 (1) [email protected]
April
1255: 5 Seconds Of Summer - She Looks So Perfect .. April 05 (1) [email protected].
1256: Aloe Blacc - The Man .. April 12 (1) [email protected].
1257: Sigma - Nobody To Love .. April 19 (1) [email protected].
1258: Kiesza - Hidaway .. April 26 (1) [email protected]
May
1259: Mr Probz - Waves .. May 03 (1) [email protected].
1260: Calvin Harris - Summer .. May 10 (1) [email protected].
R/E .: Mr Probz - Waves .. May 17 (1).
1261: Rita Ora - I Will Never Let You Down .. May 24 (1) [email protected].
1262: Sam Smith - Stay With Me .. May 31 (1) [email protected]
June
1263: Secondcity - I Wanna Feel .. June 07 (1) [email protected]
1264: Ed Sheeran - Sing .. June 14 (1) [email protected]
1265: Ella Henderson - Ghost .. June 21 (2) [email protected]
July
1266: Oliver Heldens & Becky Hill - Gecko (Overdrive) .. July 05 (1) [email protected]
1267: Ariana Grande ft Iggy Azalea - Problem .. July 12 (1) [email protected]
1268: Will.i.am ft. Cody Wise - It's My Birthday .. July 19 (1) [email protected]
1269: Rixton - Me And My Broken Heart .. July 26 (1) [email protected]
August
1270: Cheryl Cole ft Tinie Tempah - Crazy Stupid Love .. Aug 02 (1) [email protected]
1271: Magic - Rude .. Aug 09 (1)
1272: Nico & Vinz - Am I Wrong .. Aug 16 (2)
1273: David Guetta ft. Sam Martin - Lovers On The Sun .. Aug 30 (1) [email protected]
September
1274: Lilly Wood & Robin Schulz - Prayer in C .. Sept 06 (2) .
1275: Calvin Harris ft. John Newman - Blame .. Sept 20 (1) [email protected]
1276: Sigma ft. Paloma Faith - Changing .. Sept 27 (1)
October
1277: Jesse J / Grande / Minaj - Bang Bang .. Oct 04 (1) [email protected] .
1278: Meghan Trainor - All About That Bass .. Oct 11 (4) .
November
1279: Ed Sheeran - Thinking Out Aloud .. Nov 08 (1)
1280: Cheryl - I Don't Care - Cheryl .. Nov 15 (1) [email protected]
1281: Gareth Malone's All Star Choir - Wake Me Up .. Nov 22 (1) [email protected]
1282: Band Aid 30 - Do They Know It's Christmas .. Nov 29 (1) [email protected]
December
1283: Take That - These Days .. Dec 06 (1) [email protected]
R/E:.: Ed Sheeran - Thinking Out Aloud .. Dec 13 (1)
1284: Mark Ronson ft. Bruno Mars - Uptown Funk .. Dec 20 (1) [email protected]
1285: Ben Haenow - Something I Need .. Dec 27 (1) [email protected]
2015
R/E:.: Mark Ronson ft. Bruno Mars - Uptown Funk .. Jan 03 (6)
February
1286: Ellie Goulding - Love Me Like You Do .. Feb 14 (4) [email protected]
March
1287: Years & Years - King .. March 14 (1) [email protected]
1288: Sam Smith ft.John Legend - Lay Me Down .. March 21 (2) [email protected]
April
1289: Jess Glynne - Hold My Hand .. April 04 (3) [email protected]
1290: Wiz Khalifa ft. Charlie Puth - See You Again .. April 25 (2)
May
1291: OMI - Cheerleader .. May 09 (4)
June
1292: Jason Derulo - Want To Want Me .. June 06 (4) [email protected]
July
1293: Tinie Tempah ft Jesse Glynne - Not Letting Go .. July 04 (1)
WEEK ENDING DATE CHANGES TO FRIDAYS
1294: Lost Frequences - Are You With Me .. July 09 (1)
1295: David Zowie - House Every Weekend .. July 16 (1)
1296: Little Mix - Black Magic .. July 23 (3) [email protected]
August
1297: One Direction - Drag Me Down .. Aug 13 (1) [email protected]
1298: Charlie Puth ft Meghan Trainor - Marvin Gaye .. Aug 20 (1)
1299: Jess Glynne - Don't Be So Hard on Yourself .. Aug 27 (1)
September
1300: Rachel Platten - Fight Song .. Sept 03 (1)
1301: Justin Bieber - What Do You Mean .. Sept 10 (1) [email protected]
1302: Sigala - Easy Love .. Sept 17 (1)
R/E:.: Justin Bieber - What Do You Mean .. Sept 24 (2)
October
1303: Sam Smith - Writing On The Wall .. Oct 08 (1) [email protected].
R/E:.: Justin Bieber - What Do You Mean .. Oct 15 (2)
1304: KDA ft Tinie Tempah & Katy B - Turn The Music Louder (Rumble) .. Oct 29 (1) [email protected]
November
1305: Adele - Hello .. Nov 05 (3) [email protected]
1306: Justin Bieber - Sorry .. Nov 26 (2)
December
1307: Justin Bieber - Love Yourself .. Dec 10 (3)
1308: Lewisham & Greenwich NHS Choir - A Bridge Over You .. Dec 31 (1) [email protected]
2016
January
R/E:.: Justin Bieber - Love Yourself .. Jan 07 (3)
Jan 8th - Jan 14th Justin Bieber holds the 1st, 2nd, 3rd position on the charts; a first in UK chart history
1309: Shawn Mendes - Stitches . . Jan 28 (2)
February
1310: Zayn - Pillowtalk . . Feb 11 (1) in@ No.1
1311: Lukas Graham - 7 Years . . Feb 18 (5)
March
1312: Mike Posner - I Tool A Pill In Ibiza .. March 24 (4)
April
1313: Drake ft. Wizkid & Kyla - One Dance .. April 21 (15)
August
1314: Major Lazer/Justin Beiber/Mo - Cold Water .. Aug 04 (5)
September
1315: Chainsmoker ft Halsey - Closer .. Sept 08 (4)
October
1316: James Arthur - Say You Won't Let Go .. Oct 06 (3)
1317: Little Mix - Shout Out To My Ex .. Oct 27 (3) [email protected]
November
1318: Clean Bandit - Rockabye .. Nov 17 (9) Christmas No.1
2017
January
1319: Ed Sheeran - Shape Of You .. w/e Jan 19 (1) [email protected] "Shape of You" and Ed Sheeran's "Castle on the Hill" debuted on UK Singles Chart at No1 & No.2, the first time in history an artist has taken the top two chart positions with new releases.
UPDATED: January 13th 2016.
A FEW FACTS (UK Singles charts)
Most Consecutive Weeks at No.1
16 weeks: Bryan Adams - (Everything I Do) I Do It For You .. 1991
Most Weeks at No.1
18 weeks: Frankie Laine's - I Believe
In 1953 it topped the chart on three separate occasions
Longest Time For A Track To Get To No.1
33 Years, 3 Months, and 27 Days.
Tony Christie "(Is This The Way To) Amarillo"
w/e November 27th 1971 - it reached No.18.
w/e March 26th 2005 - it reached No.1 with the re-release, after comedian Peter Kaye sung the song and made an amusing video with it, featuring many other celebrities. It was in aid of Comic Relief.
it beat the previous record of
29 Years, 1 Month, and 11 Days
Jackie Wilson -"Reet Petite (The Sweetest Girl in Town)" the original subtitle: (The Finest Girl You Ever Want To Meet)
w/e November 15th 1957 - it reached No.6 in the UK charts
w/e December 29th 1986 - it reached No.1 , two years after his death, when it was re-released after being used on an advert for Levi Jeans .
Until 1983, the chart was made available on Tuesdays.
Due to improved technology, from January 1983 it was released on the Sunday.
The convention of using Saturday as the 'week-ending' date
has remained constant throughout.
JULY 2015 .. WEEK-ENDING DATE CHANGES TO THURSDAYS AND RELEASED ON FRIDAYS
Information up to 2004 is from the
"Guinness Book of British Hit Singles & Albums"
2004 onwards from BBC Radio 1
*****************************************
| Bucks Fizz |
Near which UK city would you find 'Spaghetti Junction? | Bucks Fizz Discography at Discogs
Bucks Fizz
Profile:
Bucks Fizz are an English pop music group, formed in 1981 to compete in the Eurovision Song Contest "Grand prix d'eurovision de la chanson 1981" in Dublin (Ireland). They won with "Making Your Mind Up" and went on to have a successful career around the world, although their biggest success was in the UK where they had three No.1 singles and became one of the top-selling groups of the 1980s.
Sites:
| i don't know |
In which country would you find the city of St. Moritz? | St. Moritz Travel Guide - St. Moritz, CH - Forbes Travel Guide
Correspondent
Basel, Switzerland, Europe
From high altitude exhilaration to ultimate relaxation at the spa, St. Moritz promises to leave you rejuvenated. Forbes Travel Guide’s editors suggest these five St. Moritz attractions that shouldn’t be missed:
1. Visit Piz Nair. Take a deep breath when you take in the stunning views from this mountain, reached via funicular and an aerial tramway and situated at an elevation of 10,030 feet.
2. Walk by the lake. Soak up one of the 322 days of St. Moritz sun with a stroll around the gorgeous Lake St. Moritz. The centerpiece of the Swiss town, it’s a beautiful spot in summer and winter.
3. Tour Glacier Grotto. When you make the journey up the summit of the Corvatsch Mountain hiking trails, you’ll be rewarded with the natural beauty of the Glacier Grotto as well as Alpine lake and pasture views.
4. Take a bath. Real Champagne baths aren’t recommended, but you’ll feel rejuvenated after bathing in carbonated mineral water — also known as a “Champagne bath” — at Medizinisches Therapie Zentrum spa.
5. Indulge in fondue. The Swiss cheese-based dish is best enjoyed in a cozy village restaurant with a rustic atmosphere, and in winter, a welcoming fire. You’ll find this at St. Moritz’s Chesa Veglia, a converted farmhouse in the center of town that’s run by the team at Badrutt’s Palace.
| Switzerland |
"Who wrote the poem ""A Rime of the Ancient Mariner?" | Luxury 5 Star Hotel In St. Moritz | Kempinski Grand Hotel des Bains
Kempinski Grand Hotel des Bains
St. Moritz, Switzerland
PLEASE SELECT YOUR CHECK-IN AND CHECK-OUT DATES
N° Room
PLEASE SELECT YOUR CHECK-IN AND CHECK-OUT DATES
Number of Rooms
Kempinski Grand Hotel des Bains ...
REMARKABLE EUROPEAN FLAIR
in Kempinski Grand Hotel des Bains St.Moritz
Allegra to St Moritz
A warm welcome to the Kempinski Grand Hotel des Bains, your gateway to the spectacular St Moritz. Situated in the Upper Engadine and easily accessible by road or rail, the hotel offers five-star luxury in a breathtaking mountain setting.
Enjoy dining at three gourmet restaurants , deep relaxation at the Kempinski The Spa , restful nights in the 184 comfortable rooms and suites and 27 luxury residences, and hundreds of miles of pristine slopes on your doorstep.
Opening Times
Winter: 2 December 2016 - 3 April 2017
Summer: 16 June 2017 - 16 October 2017
For bookings please contact us at: +41 81 838 3838 or [email protected] .
Kempinski Grand Hotel des Bains St.Moritz, Via Mezdi 27 7500 St. Moritz Switzerland
+41 81 838 3838
Complimentary upgrade at check-in (upon availability)
One 3-course dinner
One Tea Time at the Lobby Bar
One CHF 150 hotel voucher (For all restaurants, Lobby Bar and SPA, A pay out in cash is not possible)
One bottle of champagne (0.350 l) upon arrival
One horse-carriage ride
Free ski pass for the duration of the stay
Free entrance to Kempinski The Spa
Service & VAT, exclusive visitor's tax
The offer is bookable as of now until 02 April and valid for stays from 02 December 2016 to 02 April 2017 with a minimum stay of five nights and on availability. The promotion for a free ski pass is only valid for rooms and suites on ...
Valid until 02 April 2017
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Seasonal Escapes
Book your stay between 2 December 2016 - 2 April 2017 now and benefit from a 15% weekday discount
This offer includes:
Accommodation with a 15 % discount on your room
Including award-winning breakfast buffet
One 4-course dinner (Cheese Fondue served at Chalet Italia located in the hotel park during winter season)
Free access to Kempinski The Spa
Service charges and VAT, excluding city tax.
Please note that this offer is bookable between 19 November 2016 and 2 April 2017.
Valid until 02 April 2017
Book a Spa Suite or Spa Corner Suite and save 25%
Award-winning breakfast buffet
Voucher of CHF 150* per stay
As of three nights, daily ski pass included
Free access to Kempinski The Spa
Service charges and VAT, excluding city tax
*The voucher is redeemable at all Kempinski Grand Hotel des Bains outlets and Kempinski The Spa (*except HydraFacial MD). A pay out in cash is not possible.
This offer is bookable on request and upon availability.
Valid until 02 April 2017
Suites
GRAND DELUXE ROOM
Perfect for an extended stay or family trip , the Grand Deluxe rooms are the largest of all the Kempinski Grand Hotel des Baines’s standard rooms. With extra beds available for children, a stay here is a great way to enjoy some quality family time in luxury surroundings. Soak off your stresses in the lavish bathtub or order room service from our 24-hour menu .
Room features
Some rooms with connecting doors
Working Desk
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RESORT ROOM
Planning a romantic weekend or short break? The Resort Rooms at the Kempinski Grand Hotel des Bains are the perfect place for a short couple’s break or a personal trip. Decorated in calming hues of cream and subtle brown, these rooms have been tastefully designed to create a wonderful environment in which to get a great night’s sleep.
Room features
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DELUXE ROOM
A wonderful retreat for solo travellers or cosy couples alike, all the Kempinski Grand Hotel Deluxe rooms have a view of the mountains, perfect to gaze upon as you drift off to sleep. Boasting a contemporary design and full of modern facilities, these rooms have their own calming atmosphere in which to get work done, relax with a television program or enjoy a delicious meal from our 24-hour room service .
Room features
Some rooms with connecting doors
Entertainment center
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SUPERIOR ROOM
Enjoy the spectacular view over the mountains from this beautiful double room. The room has been carefully laid out to provide a suitable space to relax after a day spent exploring the lakes, mountain peaks and local attractions of St. Moritz. Whether you’re planning a trip in the height of summer, or a wintry escape, the room is available with either twin beds or a king-size bed.
Room features
Some rooms with connecting doors
Working Desk
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CLASSIC SINGLE ROOM
Small and beautiful - this is your refuge. Perfectly sized for single occupancy, the classic single room provides everything you’ll need to enjoy a five-star stay. With service on-hand to meet your every need, the Classic Single Room has been carefully styled, featuring a desk space suitable for business and leisure trips alike. As always, guests to the Kempinski Grand Hotel des Bains will benefit from our excellent service and facilities.
Room features
Some rooms with connecting doors
Entertainment center
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CLASSIC JUNIOR SUITE
Perfect as an add-on room to a connecting suite or as a surprisingly spacious suite in its own right, the Classic Junior Suite offers all the amenities you'd need to enjoy a stay in St. Moritz.
With the space for up to four adults, the suite is a great option if you're holidaying with the children too - the spacious king-size bed is more than big enough for the little ones, and the grown-ups among you could enjoy an adjoining (but separate) room too. As well as this, the suite features an excellent entertainment centre - perfect for keeping the children occupied while you relax in the heart of St. Moritz.
Room features
Some rooms with connecting doors
Lounge area
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DELUXE JUNIOR SUITE
For a spacious stay in St. Moritz, the Deluxe Junior Suite may just be the best option for you. The room features a lounge area as well as a king-size bed and an in-room bar. The walk-in closet provides maximum space, ideal for storing all your luggage - be that sporting equipment or elegant couture.
With plenty of space to relax in, the Kempinski Grand Hotel des Bains Deluxe Junior Suite makes the perfect base when staying in St. Moritz. Whether you're staying with us for business or pleasure, with picturesque mountain views it's sure to be a comfortable one.
Suite Special: In-room bar with complimentary soft drinks (one refill per day)
Room features
Some rooms with connecting doors
Working Desk
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SPA SUITE
It doesn’t get much more indulgent than staying in a suite with direct access to the Kempinski Grand Hotel des Bains luxury spa. Choose the beautifully decorated Spa Suite and not only will you have a world of pampering on your doorstep, you'll also enjoy idyllic views over the mountain tops from your balcony and all the room features you could need for a comfortable stay - from your own kitchenette to an entertainment centre and, of course, free Wi-Fi.
Direct access to Kempinski The Spa
Suite Special: In-room bar with complimentary soft drinks (one refill per day)
Room features
Separate living room and bedroom
Kitchenette
FURTHER INFORMATION BOOK NOW
SPA CORNER SUITE
If close proximity to the spa is what you're after with your visit to the Kempinski Grand Hotel des Bains, the Spa Corner Suite might just be the room that's most suited to you. With contemporary design and a fantastic mountain view, the Spa Corner suite offers a small kitchenette - perfect for a quick post-treatment snack - and a comfortable balcony to enjoy.
As the largest of the classic suites, there's plenty of space to spread out, relax and enjoy your stay. The suite also benefits from two separate bedrooms, making it ideal for groups of up to four adults
Direct access to Kempinski The Spa
2 Bedrooms
Suite Special: In-room bar with complimentary soft drinks (one refill per day)
Room features
Separate living room and bedroom
Kitchenette
TOWER SUITE
The hallmark - the two towers of the Kempinski Grand Hotel des Bains.
Experience breath-taking mountain views amid authentic Swiss chalet-style décor in the pride of the Kempinski Grand Hotel des Bains - the Tower Suite. This two-bedroom suite extends over three magnificent floors, offering a separate living room and bedroom as well as a dining room, lounge area and balcony to allow you to really make the most of your surroundings. The suite is ideal for groups of up to four adults.
Suite Special: In-room bar with complimentary soft drinks (one refill per day) and further suite amenities (listed below)
Room features
Separate living room and bedroom
iPod docking station
FURTHER INFORMATION BOOK NOW
PRESIDENTIAL SUITE
For a grand home away from home, be sure to take a look at the Kempinski Grand Hotel des Bains Presidential Suite. Decorated and furnished to the highest standards throughout, the suite boasts three king-size bedrooms, a full kitchen, lounge area and balcony - along with many other benefits including an entertainment centre.
Set out over two levels, this spacious suite is a great choice if you're staying in St Moritz as a group of up to six adults. Our Presidential Suite is the ultimate luxury, and guests also have the option to request a butler service should they wish. The butler will light the fire place and serve whatever your heart desires. And in the evening he quietly will close the ...
Room features
Separate living room and bedroom
Flat-screen TV
| i don't know |
Which British coin was discontinued in 1970? | British Coins before the Florin, Compared to French Coins of the Ancient Regime
British Coins before the Florin,
Compared to French Coins
of the Ancien Régime
The table at right shows the British coins in common use until the introduction of the two shilling Florin in 1849. Copper coins are shown in red, silver in blue, and gold in brown. The British names and values are given on the left. The values in American dollars based on the weight of the Gold Dollar as of 1837 are listed on the coins. On the right, the names and values are given for the pre-Revolutionary French coins that corresponded in metal, size, and value to contemporary British coins. Modern French equivalents in Francs and centimes are also given (which system is now moot with the replacement of the Franc by the "Euro" in 2002). Only the 1 sou (spelled "sol" at the time) and 2 sous coins survived, as the 5 and 10 centimes, into modern French coinage, retaining sizes comparable to the British half-penny and penny until after World War I. Similarly, even though Canada adopted the American dollar, Canadian cents and half cents were matched in size to British half pennies and farthings (at that point bronze rather than pure copper) until after World War I. Long after the decimalization of French coinage in 1794, a 5 centimes continued to be called a "sou."
Both systems of coinage reflect the Mediaeval system that began with Charlemagne . The basic coin was originally Charlemagne's silver denarius, "denier" in French, "penny" in English, and "Pfennig" in German. This represented an abandonment of the late Roman and Byzantine gold coinage -- a retrenchment for a cash poor economy. The earliest weights are preserved in the English system of Troy weight: The "pennyweight" (dwt) of 24 grains (the same grain as in avoirdupois weight) was the original English penny, such as found in the reign of Alfred the Great (871-899). Symbolizing the penny with the letter "d" was an artifact of the coin's name in Latin. For a long time the silver penny and the half-penny (given the Greek name "obolos" by Charlemagne) were the only coins in circulation in Western Europe. Twelve pennies (pence) "theoretically" would equal a solidus ("sou" in French, "shilling" in English, and "Schilling" in German), the standard Roman/Byzantine gold coin, but this was only a "unit of account," to which there corresponded no actual coins until the Renaissance. The first full shilling was minted by Henry VII in 1504. In Troy weight, 20 pennyweights is a Troy ounce, or 31.1034768 metric grams. Twelve ounces is then a Troy pound, 373.2417216 grams. Twenty shillings would also equal a Troy pound [ note ], which as a unit of account is then the "Pound Sterling," based as the coins were on Sterling silver, 92.5% (37/40) pure. The pound was symbolized with a special "L" (£), from Latin libra, even as the French word for "pound" was "livre" (and a pound weight abbreviated "lb."). The old English coinage thus is called the "£sd" system, as opposed to the recent decimal "£p," pounds and (new) pence.
Even as financial pressures lead modern governments to "monetize" their debt by excess money creation, governments before the era of paper money and credit resorted to debasement and cutting the weight of coins. This occurred both in England and France, but the debasement went much faster in France. By the time of the coinage represented above, it took 24 French deniers, or 2 sous, to equal just 1 English penny. The process by which English silver coinage shrank is represented in the following table.
By the time of Edward III in 1344, the silver penny was already down to 20 grains from the 24 grain ideal pennyweight. After two centuries, it has shrunk to half that. Henry VIII's 10 grain penny of 1544, however, was for the first time also debased -- no longer Sterling silver. The Sterling standard was restored under Edward VI, though with a further loss in weight. Nevertheless, in the long run the tiny pennies were inconvenient, and in 1672 an official copper coinage was introduced for the smaller values. Silver pennies, however, survive in the ritual "Maundy Money" that the Queen still hands out to the elderly, in lieu of washing the feet of the poor, on Maundy Thursday .
Under Edward VI the first silver "Crown" of 5 shillings was also introduced.
Troy Ounce weight of a Crown (5s)
Edward VI
1816
Crown=10/11 oz
It had originally been a gold coin. Such a large new silver coin was inspired by the "dollars" (thalers) of Austria and Spain, though, ironically, such coins today tend to be called "crowns" rather than "dollars."
Things finally stabilized under Elizabeth I, who established a weight that would remain constant for two centuries, as Britain grew into a Great Power. The slight reduction under George III simply attended the adoption of the Gold Standard: so as to prevent fluctuations in the value of silver from giving silver coins, which had become tokens of gold value, greater than face value. When a brief surge in the price of silver after World War I did give silver coins a greater than face value, the silver content was cut to 50%, without changing the weight. Similarly, silver was completely replaced by nickel-copper after World War II.
In 1849 a new silver coin was introduced, the "Florin," worth 2 shillings. Since this was l/10 of a pound, the idea was that it was the first step in the decimalization of British coinage. The process, as it happened, only took 122 years. The Half Crown was at first replaced by the Florin, but after a hiatus of 20 years was reintroduced.
The Sterling (37/40 Ag) Silver Penny
Reign
792d or 66s
0.4713
When gold coinage started up in England, the gold was as pure as it could be refined. This was not really practical for a heavily circulated coinage, since pure gold is so soft and malleable. Eventually a 22 carat (i.e. 22/24 gold) standard was adopted for the gold Crown, and under Elizabeth I this was first used for a pound coin (20 shillings), at 33 per Troy pound. The problem that then afflicted the gold coinage was not the previous one of weight cutting or debasement for fiscal reasons, but fluctuations in the relative values of gold and silver, which would lead speculators to buy or sell gold and silver to turn a profit. Over time, the trend was for the relative value of gold to increase. Without cutting down the weight of the gold coins or marking up their value, they could be bought for silver at a bargain price. The coins might then be exported to be sold elsewhere, draining the kingdom of gold coinage.
Thus, from 1558 to 1670, we see a steady process of cutting the weight of the pound coin, or briefly marking up its value. The coin also acquired names during that period. James I dubbed the coin a "Unite," to commemorate the uniting of the thrones of Scotland and England in his person (the Kingdoms and their governments were not formally united until Queen Anne). Later, under Charles II, the coin came to be called a "Guinea," since gold at the time was coming from the Guinea coast of Africa, where eventually a British colony would be established actually called the "Gold Coast" (now Ghana).
During the wars of Louis XIV at the end of the 17th century, the value of gold fluctuated wildly, so that the gold coin was even marked up to 30 shillings at one point. By the end of the reign of William III, however, it settled down to 21 shillings 6 pence, where it remained through the reign of Queen Anne. By the reign of George I, this was seen to be overvalued. Sir Isaac Newton, who by that time had been made Master of the Mint, recommended that the coin be valued at 20 shillings 8 pence. Parliament rejected this odd number,
and set the Guinea at 21 shillings, which was then slightly overvalued. This would tend to draw gold into Britain, where it could be sold for a profit in silver. While that might tend to draw silver out of Britain, the Mercantilist ideology of the era, which saw gold as wealth and its possession as an end in itself, would favor such a trend.
After the Napoleonic Era, it was proposed that all the complications with the relative values of gold and silver could be avoided if silver were, in effect, demonetized. Silver coins would simply become tokens for their face value in gold, regardless of the intrinsic value of silver (so long as this was less than the face value!). This idea was the "Gold Standard," and it was adopted by Britain with the slight reduction in the size of the silver coins in 1816 and the introduction of a new gold pound coin, the "Sovereign," in 1817. The value of gold in pounds Sterling, however, remained the same, and the Sovereign was simply cut down proportionally from the weight of the Guinea. Guinea coins, therefore, might continue in circulation with their traditional value of 21 shillings [ note ]. As it happened, even as the actual Guinea coins must have passed out of ordinary use, the "Guinea" as a unit of value survived: Objects of particular value, like jewelry, or professional services, as for a lawyer (or, ironically, prostitutes), might be expressed in Guineas rather than pounds. This can still be seen, of all places, in the Beatles movie A Hard Day's Night [1964], where a gambling debt is discovered to be, not £100, but 100 Guineas (£105). The Guinea even survives into the decimal coinage, as £1 5p.
Few £5 gold coins were ever minted for circulation. The greatest shame in that respect was Queen Victoria's first £5 coin of 1839. The famous "Una and the Lion" design of the
reverse makes it one of the most beautiful coins ever minted. Only issued in proof, the 1839 £5 was listed in 1988 by Seaby's catalogue as worth £15,000. Later, all gold coins came to feature a standard design of St. George slaying the dragon. Since no special name was ever proposed for the £5 coin, a departure from tradition, one wishes the 1839 design had been continued and the coin perhaps dubbed the "Lion." The motto DIRIGE DEUS GRESSUS MEOS on the reverse means "May God Guide My Footsteps."
The allusion of "Una and the Lion" is to The Faerie Queene by Edmund Spenser (1552-1599). Una personifies Truth (Una Veritas, "One Truth").
The Lion finds her sleeping in the woods and prepares to eat her, but then is tamed by her beauty and becomes her protector. On the coin, Una looks like Queen Victoria. Una is the companion and intended of the Redcrosse Knight. The Knight turns out to be St. George, the patron saint of England, whose Red Cross appears on the flag of England. The image of "Una and the Lion" thus already implies a strong association with England, reinforced when we think of the Lion itself as symbolic of England -- though the Lion ends up getting killed by the evil Knight Sansloy ("Without Law") -- perhaps just like today, as the English people, disarmed by a faithless Government and even forbidden to defend themselves, begin to be overwhelmed by lawlessness.
In the following table, it is noteworthy that in 1619, 1663, and 1817 the coin is reduced in weight in precisely that ratio that will restore it to a value of twenty shillings, i.e. one pound. Thus, these are points where the value of gold actually did not change, and apparently was not expected to. The greatest fluctuation here in the value of gold was during the War of the League of Augsburg, which witnessed the time of Glorious Revolution in Britain (1688) and the formation of a Grand Alliance between Britain, Austria, and Hapsburg Spain to foil the ambitions of Louis XIV of France. In the midst of this, the Bank of England was founded in 1694, largely to help the Government with its finances. This apparently worked so well that we see a stable currency during the great War of the Spanish Succession (1701�1714). In the aftermath of that War, as we have seen, the Guinea was pegged at 21 shillings, and this actually remained the benchmark of the value of gold for two centuries, i.e. all the way to World War I, and it was not definitely abandoned until Britain went off the Gold Standard in 1931.
The 22 Carat (22/24 Au) Pound Coin
Reign
46 29/40
7.9881
During the French Revolution and Napoleonic Era, Parliament had instructed the Bank of England to stop redeeming its notes in gold. The Government used the gold thus diverted to finance the enemies of France. One whole minting of Guineas was intended for Spain. The Bank then issued 1 and 2 pound notes. With the restoration of the gold coinage, and the withdrawal of those notes, there was a deflation that must have at least helped set off the economic downturn of the early 1820's. Notes were temporarily reissued, but eventually the economy found its footing; and for the rest of the century the Bank issued nothing smaller than £5.
A similar scenario played out with World War I. Gold payments were immediately suspended in 1914, and the Treasury itself began issuing £1 and 10 shilling legal tender notes. After the War, it was expected that the Gold Standard would be restored, and this was implemented by Winston Churchill, as Chancellor of the Exchequer, in 1925. However, this suddenly deflated the pound Sterling from $4.40 to $4.87 in American dollars, which set off an economic shock.
On top of a brief economic downturn, moreover, was the response by organized Labour of a General Strike. Although both the monetary and civil situation soon righted themselves, the Bank of England was given permanent powers in 1928 to issue its own £1 and 10 shilling notes. These became the first notes issued by the Bank of England in proportional sizes and different colors. Until 1957, larger notes continued in the traditional black and white color, large format size, and blank reverse (though all notes larger than £5 were suspended during World War II because of German counterfeiting).
The Gold Standard and the Sovereign had ruled over the majestic days of the Pax Britannica, but the Great Depression finally killed them, both abandoned in 1931. Argument still continues over whether this was really necessary; but it is clear that regimes of credit money have allowed governments to institute a new, hidden, and deceptive form of debasement. People, politicians, academics, and the press, have even come to believe that inflation is caused by economic growth. This, for governments, self-serving misdirection persists despite its decisive refutation by Milton Friedman and Anna Jacobson Schwartz in their monumental A Monetary History of the United States, 1867-1960 [Princeton University Press, 1971]. The United States Federal Reserve System, on the other hand, under Paul Volker and Alan Greenspan in the 1980's and 90's, seems to have been driven by a combination of market pressures and growing understanding (Greenspan was an associate of the very much Hard Money Ayn Rand ) to rein in the pace of money creation.
gr.
64.79891 mg
The grain of both Troy and Avoirdupois weight was defined by the "international yard and pound agreement" of 1959 as exactly 64.79891 milligrams. The Avoirdupois pound is 7000 grains and so consequently 0.45359237 kg.
Since there are 16 ounces in the Avoirdupois pound, an Avoirdupois ounce is 437.5 grains or 28.34952313 g. Thus, the Avoirdupois pound is heavier than a Troy pound, but the Avoirdupois ounce is lighter than a Troy ounce. This is the sort of confusion that the metric system was supposed to avoid; but since Troy weights are only used for precious metals and gemstones, there is usually no confusion in usage.
Copyright (c) 2013 Kelley L. Ross, Ph.D. All Rights Reserved
British Coins before the Florin, Note 2
When I began collecting British coinage, many of the sources seemed to be uncertain about the actual weight of the Sovereign, both in customary terms and in metric. The former depends on the formula for coinage, the latter on the conversion between metric and Troy weight. I had some small difficulty getting the story straight. In 2013, with gold as high as $1700, it may be a matter of some concern be accurate and precise.
The Sovereign is exactly 123 171/623 grains in weight. Since this is 22 carat gold, or 22/24 gold, the actual weight of gold here will be less. Multiplying 123 171/623 by 22/24 get us 113 1/623 grains. This will be exactly 7.322389841 grams. Of course, the market price of gold is in Troy ounces. The gold in the Sovereign is 440/1869 or 0.235420011 Troy ounces, or at $1700 an ounce, $400.21. Since there are 960 farthings to a Pound Sterling, even the humble farthing, on the principle of the Gold Standard, would now be 42¢. The shilling comes out at $20.21. You could buy a meal for a shilling in Victorian England, and this would still get you a reasonable meal even now -- when a Big Mac meal at MacDonald's is just over $6.00 (it was only $2.00 when I bought it at the MacDonald's in Waikiki, on Kalakaua Avenue, in Honolulu in 1972 -- for that we need the deflator ). Since the gold content of the 1837 United States dollar was 23.22 grains, on the Gold Standard the Pound Steriling was worth $4.866563529, or $4.87.
As noted, the Sovereign is proportional with the same value of gold as the Guinea. Since the Guinea was 129 39/89 grains in weight, the actual gold content was 118 174/267 grains. This is 66/267 Troy ounces, or, at $1700 an ounce, $420.22 on the Gold Standard. In 1837 U.S. dollars, the Guinea would be worth $5.109891705, or $5.11.
While it is reasonable now to round off dollar values to the nearest cent, the smallest British coin in common usage in Britain was the farthing, which was worth 1/2¢; and for half a century the United States minted half-cents. Canada briefly used half-cents also, in some provincial coinage. So one might wonder what the value of the Pound Sterling or the Guinea would be to the closest half cent. This can be accomplished by multiplying the full decimal value of the quantity by 200, adding 0.5, abstracting the integer portion of the value, and then dividing by 200. Thus, the Pound Sterling is $4.866563529; multiplying by 200, we get 973.3127057; adding 0.5, we get 973.8127057; the integer portion is 973; and 973 divided by 200 is 4.865. Thus, the value of the Pound Sterling to the nearest half-cent is $4.865. Following the same procedure with the Guinea, it rounds out to $5.110, so the nearest half-cent is actually a full cent.
Return to Text
American Dollars
United States coinage, established on the first modern decimal plan, underwent several changes. In part this was the result of the familiar problems of bimetalism with the relative values of gold and silver; in part it was through some efforts at rationalization and simplification; and eventually it was because of political conflicts over the Gold Standard.
The first official coinage, of 1792, was based on gold coins of the traditional British fineness of 22 carat gold and a precise ratio of gold to silver of 15:1. With a gold Eagle ($10) of 270 grains and a silver Dollar of 416, this resulted in a very odd fineness for the silver coins: the dollar would be 24.75 grains of gold or 371.25 grains of silver; and 371.25 grains of silver in a 416 grain coin gives a fineness of 0.892427884.
Although there was a gold strike in Dahlonega, Georgia, in 1828, the relative value of gold seems to have increased, and the gold content of the Eagle was cut down in 1834 to 232 grains. This gave a ratio of gold to silver of almost, but not quite, 16:1 (16.00215517). It also resulted in a peculiar fineness for the gold coins, since the total weight of the Eagle was set at 258 grains: 232/258 = 0.899224806.
In line with an urge for continued reform in the direction of decimalization, inspired by the French, the whole gold and silver coinage was reworked in 1837 on the basis of common 90% fineness. The Eagle was set at 258 grains, and the silver Dollar at 412.5. The dollar in gold was thus 23.22 grains, and in silver actually continued the 1792 content of 371.25 grains. This system now produced its own odd number in the form of the ratio between gold and silver, which was again almost, but not quite, 16:1 (15.98837209).
The gold content of the dollar survived until the end of the Gold Standard. Since the gold content of the Pound Sterling was set at 113 1/623 grains when the Guinea was pegged in 1717, this put the pound at $4.866563529, which would be $4.865, while the US half cent was still in use, or $4.87 thereafter. The dollar in pounds would be 4 shillings 1 1/4d (i.e. a penny and farthing -- sometimes called a "bicycle," after the 19th century bicycles that had one large and one small wheel). Hence, for many years the Canadian silver Dollar was comparable in size to the briefly issued British 4 shilling (Double Florin) coin.
The gold silver ratio was strongly upset by the California Gold Rush. By 1865, California had produced $785,000,000 in gold, something like $11.8 billion in 1995 dollars -- not enough to save Social Security in the 1990's, but a tremendous sum in the far smaller economy of the 1850's and 60's. Thus, with gold more plentiful and less valuable, in 1853 the silver content of the dollar was cut down to 345.6 grains, which would give a 384 grain Dollar coin (16 dwt, or 0.8 troy oz.), except that Dollar silver coins were not even minted. Instead, for the first time Double Eagle ($20) gold coins were minted. (There were also, briefly, gold Dollars, but these were so small as to be impractical.)
The next important event was the Civil War, when the Treasury suspended gold payments. Instead, legal tender notes ("Greenbacks") were issued. Although the government thus contrived to pay its gold obligations in paper, gold dollars continued to circulate at a premium in the private economy. In 1865, a gold dollar was worth $2 in greenbacks. By 1867 this was down to $1.383. The goal was to deflate the greenbacks until they traded at par with gold dollars and the Treasury could comfortably resume gold payments. This was not achieved until 1878.
Meanwhile, the deflation had been causing economic and political trouble. The Greenback Party, heavily peopled with indebted farmers, liked the idea of paper money inflation, which reduced the real value of debts, while the deflation was actually increasing the real value of debts. This political pressure at least slowed down the withdrawal of greenbacks. However, a fateful step was taken in 1873, sometimes called the "Crime" of 1873, to adopt, in principle (since gold payments had not resumed), Britain's apparently successful Gold Standard. This was accompanied by the adoption of metric weights for the silver coins. Since the 1853 weight of a silver Dollar would have been 24.8827888 grams, the silver coins were all set proportional to a 25 gram (.9 fine) dollar in 1873. No silver Dollar was issued. (Also, the old silver half dime was now abandoned -- the nickel five cent piece, suitably called a "Nickel," was more convenient.)
The insult to silver (with its Western mining interests), and the threat of continued deflation as silver could no longer contribute to monetary expansion, set off one of the great political movements in American history: Free Silver. In a concession to this movement, when gold payments were resumed in 1878, Congress instructed the Treasury to buy and mint a steady supply of silver. This was not entirely consistent with the Gold Standard, but no one should ever expect politics to be consistent. In addition, the silver Dollars to be minted were not even to be on the metric standard of 1873, or even on the earlier standard of 1853, but actually the old 412.4 grain coins of 1837. The Free Silver forces demanded a ratio of 16:1, and 1837 was the last time anything near that had existed. Thus, the classic American "Morgan" dollars that came to be minted were anachronistic in both conception and in content.
The Gold Standard achieved victory in four stages: (1) in 1893 the Democratic President Grover Cleveland turned against silver and got important silver purchase laws repealed; (2) in 1896 the overtly Free Silver Democratic candidate for President, William Jennings Bryan, who compared the Gold Standard to the Crucifixion, was defeated; (3) in 1900 the Gold Standard was reaffirmed; and then (4) in 1904 the Treasury finished minting its previously purchased silver and suspended minting silver Dollars. Nevertheless, as in Britain, the Great Depression ended the Gold Standard, though gold was retained until the 1970's for payments to foreign governments. Gold coins were withdrawn from circulation, but silver token coinage was retained until 1964. Silver coins were not worth more than face value until the inflation of the 1970's.
United States Gold and Silver Coins
Coin &
Copyright (c) 1997, 2000 Kelley L. Ross, Ph.D. All Rights Reserved
A Simple Deflator
The following table gives some simple ratios to adjust prices for more than a century from 1891 to 2011. Milton Friedman estimates [in Money Mischief, 1992] that the value of the United States dollar had inflated by about a factor of 15 from 1891 to 1990 -- this now looks like a factor of 20 from 1891 to 1999. However, 1891 is not the most representative year to use as a benchmark, since it is close to the deflationary trough of the 1890's.
Simple Ratios to Deflate Prices
1891
1
$1.00
Prices in 1910 were closer to the average between 1865 and 1914. Using a 1910 benchmark, inflation all the way to 1995 is still about a factor of 15. Other whole ratios are convenient. Prices about double from 1891 to 1928; double again to 1967; triple to 1983; and increase by 5 from 1967 to 1999. Thus we see the severe inflation of the 70's and the disinflation of the 80's, though the inflation rate is still steeper than prior to 1967. The accuracy of the Consumer Price Index and the severity of recent inflation, however, has come to be questioned. Nevertheless, I have the table up to 1999 from 1995 using the data in The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 2001 [World Almanac Books, 2001, p.131].
In keeping with the rough and ready nature of this table, I have extended it to 2010/2011 on the simple principle that prices are about double what they were in 1983. So what cost $1 in 1891 now costs $24 -- or a dollar now is only worth about what 4¢ was in 1891. Although inflation was supposed to have been defeated under the Reagan Administration, it still does not seem nearly as defeated as it would have been under the Gold Standard. Since the Federal Reserve is continuing to create massive amounts of money in the wake of the 2008 collapse of the mortage market, there is no telling if and when explosively full scale inflation may return. The threat is real.
In 2012, on the eve of the Presidental Election, the Federal Reserve has decided to pump yet more money into the economy -- QE3, or the third round of "quantitative easing." Something between 60% and 75% of Federal debt is now being bought by the Fed, with the money created ex nihilo to do it. Although gasoline and food prices are obviously up, no authority has yet admitted that there is anything like a general inflation. The Keynesians, whose predictions failed in the development of the economy after 2009, are still hoping that inflation will save them -- and, indeed, in a kind of desperation, the Keynesian "multiplier effect" has now been dropped (except from President Obama's political rhetoric) and we see bizarre, naked appeals to the power of inflation to heal the economy. Weimar anyone? Say's Law remains the orphan of public discourse; and in the general stagnation or collapse of welfare state economies, it is not clear how much grief we must endure before wisdom prevails.
Sometimes I see strange examples of statements about historical prices. In a recent (12/2012) episode of How the States Got Their Shapes on the H2 Channel, it was stated that John D. Rockefeller had a net worth of 1.4 billion dollars in 1901, which would be worth 192 billion dollars now, almost three times as much as the current wealth of Bill Gates, at 66 billion. This implies inflation at a factor of 137, a multiple better than six times the estimate above -- 24x from 1891 to 2010. Such a figure seems way off the deep end. If we only used 24x, Rockefeller would only have 33.5 billion, about half of what Bill Gates has now. What could possibly give a number so large? Even if we reckon in terms of the gold value of the dollar, it doesn't get quite so high: $1.4 x 109 times 23.22 grains/dollar = 32.5 x 109 grains. This divided by 480 gr./troy ounce = 67,725,000 t.oz. As I write (12/13/2012), gold is almost exactly $1700 per ounce; so the value of Rockefeller's fortune in gold today would be $115.1325 billion. This is still not $192 billion, although it does beat Bill Gates handily. So I can't imagine where such a deflator came from.
31. Chris Salmon
2011-
"As good as gold" is what used to be said about the notes of the Bank of England, and for more than two centuries, from 1694 to 1946, when the Bank was nationalized, they were. Founded under William and Mary , the Bank was given various monopoly powers, as was common for 17th century charter companies. No one had ever heard of the free market, competition, laissez-faire, or free banking. The monopoly powers of the Bank were therefore not consequences of modern ideas about the role of government, but Mediaeval, or at least Mercantilist, ones. What seems strange now is that such a company should be a privately owned, joint stock company, though the modern idea of "public ultilities" still covers private companies that have monopoly powers under heavy government regulation. The monopoly powers of the Bank were limited in various ways, not the least of which by the fact that they were confined to England. Scotland and Ireland were other matters, and several banks in Scotland (the Bank of Scotland, Royal Bank of Scotland, and Clydesdale Bank) have continued to issue notes.
A major reason for chartering the Bank was to provide a means for the Government to easily borrow money. This created the modern "National Debt" and was immediately of use in financing the great wars of the era, first of all the War of the League of Augsburg (1688-1697) and then the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1713). This soon gave the impression, to friends and foes alike, that Britain had unlimited resources of money. How this could be so was long mysterious and a matter of incomprehension to many observers from then to the present. Thus, when Alexander Hamilton tried to organize the finances of the new United States of America on a basis similar to Britain's, his political enemies, like Thomas Jefferson , thought it was all just a scheme to make money for Hamilton's speculator friends. While in general Jefferson was politically wiser than Hamilton, his insight was here compromised by an ancient incomprehension and suspicion of finance . Indeed, a general incomprehension and suspicion continue, especially among the liberally educated who neither know nor care about money, but think they know enough (or simply know Marxism ). The British financial system was strained at times, as in the Napoleonic Era, but really only failed with World War I.
The Bank of England basically invented several features of modern banking and modern money. Paper money had been tried before, most interestingly by the Mongols and the Chinese, but the temptation to over-issue was always overwhelming. The Bank of England, however, was under the discipline both of private ownership (protected in some measure from the irresponsible actions now all too familiar in governments) and of an obligation to redeem its notes in gold. These notes were at first of various kinds, and were originally in deposited amounts, not in standard denominations. The modern idea of a banknote of round value, payable to the bearer, evolved slowly. Standard denomination notes were issued in 1725, from £20 to £1000. In 1759 £10 and £15 notes were introduced, but £5 notes only appear in 1793.
These were actually tremendous amounts of money at the time. Even £20 would be something like $1500 in 1995 dollars. So Bank of England notes were not items of daily life for most people, but only instruments of large financial transactions.
The first notes were issued to specific depositors, but soon the Chief Cashier, usually, "or bearer" was listed as the payee. After 1782 only the Chief Cashier "or bearer" was listed, and by the early 19th century,
the Cashier's name was printed with the note and did not have to be entered in ink. In 1855 the notes were made simply payable to "Bearer," with a printed signature by the Chief Cashier.
Bank of England notes were not obligations of the Kingdom of England and betrayed no liability on the part of the government. They have never displayed any authorization but the signature of the Chief Cashier for the "Governor and Company of the Bank of England." No British monarch appeared on the notes until 1960, which means that Queen Elizabeth II is still the only monarch whose picture has ever appeared on the notes. Until 1928, the only image that appeared on the notes was a small vignette of a seated Britannia holding a spear and olive branch, flanked by a shield and, at first, a pile ("bank") of money, later a beehive. The plain and ulitilitarian nature of the notes is also manifest in the lack of color -- the "white" notes are simply black and white -- and the lack of printing on the back. All the white notes, all the way through the 1950's, were very large, but the paper was thin and sturdy, so they could be conveniently folded up.
Before Britain went off the Gold Standard in 1931, there were two important periods when the Bank suspended payments in gold for its notes. From 1797 to 1821 was the "restriction" period, when the Bank stopped payments in cash, for a while even by law, and then in 1816 slowly began paying out for smaller and then larger amounts. These restrictions were, of course, because of the wars with Revolutionary and Napoleonic France, when the British government wished to use the gold of the kingdom to subsidize allies. This tended to mean that all coin vanished from circulation, and for daily transactions private tokens came to be issued by businesses. The Bank itself began to print £1 and £2 notes. These continued to be issued until a full return to cash payments was made in 1821. However, the Bank responded to a credit collapse and financial panic in 1825 by issuing £600,000 in old £1 notes -- the last time the Bank issued such a denomination for a century.
The 19th century was the Pax Britannica, and the Pound Sterling, with Bank of England notes, were certainly the premier currency, and the soundest banknotes, in the world. The crisis that finally arrived to compromise this was World War I. In 1914, cash payments were again suspended, not to resume until 1925. This time the Bank did not issue its own notes smaller than £5, but the British Treasury did. "Bradburies," signed by Secretary to the Treasury John Bradbury (1914-1919), and later Norman Fenwick Warren Fisher (1919-1928), were 10s (i.e. 10 shilling = 1/2 pound) and £1 [ reverse ] notes. No £2 notes were issued. These were legal tender notes, such as the United States issued for the Civil War. Britain was all but bankrupted by the War, and only the financial, as well as military, help of the United States saved the day. After the War, the legal tender notes continued to be issued and the government did not wait, as the United States did, 1865-1878, to let the naturally growing economy deflate the paper issue. Instead, the Gold Standard was restored by Chancellor of the Exchequer Winston Churchill in 1925, abruptly deflating the Pound Sterling from $4.40 to $4.87. Perhaps Churchill did not think this was enough to make a difference, but the financial shock was felt in a struggling British economy, setting off a General Strike, and it did no good either to the reputation of Churchill or to that of the Gold Standard itself.
1925 is thus a good symbolic year to begin an examination of modern Bank of England notes. The Bank itself, of course, was issuing its traditional notes from £5 up to £1000.
18. Cyril Patrick Mahon, 1925-1929
1925
£20
£50
Since the government seemed to have decided that paper currency for 10s and £1 were here to stay, the Treasury notes were discontinued, and the Bank was given the task of issusing 10s and £1 notes itself in 1928. These were now "modern" looking, smaller than the white notes, color coded (red-brown or ochre for 10s, green for £1), and printed on both sides. The building of the Bank of England itself appeared on the reverse of the £1.
The colors of these notes were changed in 1940 to mauve and blue as an anti-counterfeiting measure in World War II. Since the Germans did actively begin to counterfeit Bank of England notes, all denominations larger than £5 were suspended after 1943. The £10 was not reintroduced until 1964 and a £50 not until 1981.
The Bank was nationalized in 1946 by the post-war socialist Labour government, and soon the Pound itself was devalued from over $4 to only $2.80. Although the Pound probably had been rather overvalued, this major devaluation introduced inflation as a weapon both of international trade and of social policy, supposedly making British products cheaper overseas and reducing the wealth of the wealthy. The former meant a return to Mercantilistic manipulations, and the latter an assault on private capital. Neither would help Britain much in the long run. The return of the Conservatives meant that the Pound would at least be stable -- in 1970 it was still $2.40 -- but a real reversal in socialist tendencies did not come until Mrs. Thatcher came to power in 1979.
The White Five did not last out the 1950's. A "modern" blue £5 was introduced in 1957, with a novel and appealing verion of Britannia on it. This "blue Britannia" is much admired, but it was not destined to last long. A portrait of the Queen finally appeared on Bank of England notes in 1960, and it was not long (1963) before a portait £5 replaced the Britannia 5. The next year, the £10 reappeared, with a portrait also.
By Bank of England convention, the colored Britannia 10s and £1 notes are now considered "Series A," the colored Britannia £5 note "Series B," and the Portrait notes "Series C." But there never would be a "Series C" note for £20. Having, evidently, gotten in the habit of redesigning the currency, it was hard to stop. In 1970 the first "Series D" note was introduced, a £20 "Pictorial" note with a new portrait of the Queen and an image of William Shakespeare (with Romeo and Juliet) on the reverse. As the £5 was blue, and the £10 brown, now the £20 would be somewhat purple.
The Pictorial £5, with the Duke of Wellington, introduced in 1971, marked another turning point in the history of British money. No 10s note was issued that year because Britain had switched from the traditional £sd (pounds, shillings, pence) system to the new decimal £p (pounds and new pence) system. The value of 10s was now in a 50p polygonal coin. After a Pictorial £50 note was introduced in 1981, it was not long before the £1 went the way of the 10s. A brass £1 coin had been introduced in 1983, and in 1986 the note was discontinued. The Pound Sterling had suffered the ravages of inflation in the 1970's, like the dollar. It ended up still maintaining a slight advantage, but the absolute value was still well below even the $2.60 of 1967 dollars. The Pound was just not valuable enough to continue wasting paper on (although in the United States the symbolic devaluation of going from paper to coin has so far prevented this from happening to the dollar). Thus, the Pictorial £1, with Isaac Newton, lasted only one year longer than the blue Brittania £5.
20. Kenneth Oswald Peppiatt
£20
This table presents links to a selection of representative recent Bank of England notes. Wartime 10s and £5 notes are given signed by Peppiatt; Britannias, including a white 5, for Beale; Portrait 10s and £1 and the blue Brittania 5 for O'Brien; four denominations of Portrait notes for Fforde; four of the Pictorial Series for Somerset; and a new £5 ("Series E") that was introduced under Gill, with an older portrait of the Queen and George Stephenson, with images of early British railroading, on the reverse. These are all from my personal collection, and the Fforde 10s and £1 are notes that I picked up out of circulation and brought home in 1970.
Only one Gill note is included here because I did not systematically extend my collection. I have now added a few notes of Lowther and Bailey that I picked up out of circulation on a trip to London in 2005. The designs have changed a bit again, and the tint of the £5 is now green, like the old £1, rather than blue.
The Bank of England is very touchy about reproductions of its notes, and, unlike the United States Treasury, holds copyright and requires permission for reproduction even if images conform to its anti-counterfeiting guidelines . Notes are produced here under an exception given in these rules:
These criteria do not apply to reproductions of notes for EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ON FILM OR TELEVISION; such reproductions may be made without specific application being made to the Bank.
Images on the Internet are displayed on video monitors, i.e. televisions; so the images that can be accessed here are indeed "reproductions...for educational purposes on...television." Viewers, however, should be aware that simply printing out these images, however useless as counterfeits, may violate both British law and international copyright conventions.
Although these notes have been scanned in black and white, most have been given an overall tint that is similar to the original. This gives some notion of how the originals look, but it leaves out other original colors, which become a major element in the Pictorial Series. Thus, Duggleby's catalogue actually lists most Pictorials as "multicolored," though with the traditional color predominating. This does not apply, of course, to the white five given here, which is still much like all historical white Bank of England notes. The background watermark is obvious, but with a clear space for the security thread that was introduced in World War II. The actual day of issue, 9 June 1950 (I was eight months old), is traditional, and there is no reverse. The blue Britannia , by contrast, is dense with designs and images, including St. George slaying the dragon, and a lion with a key on the reverse .
The 1988 movie, Coming to America, with Eddie Murphy, features an image of a bank note of Murphy's African Kingdom that is identical in design to the Portrait £1 note -- although it is a £100 note,
which of course doesn't exist in post-war British currency. While the African Kingdom of this movie ("Zamunda") is usually charcterized as entirely fictional (and was intended to be a "fairy tale" kingdom), there was in truth an African King who lived in a mountainous, highland domain, as shown in the movie, under British colonial rule. This was the Kingdom of Buganda, a protectorate in the British colony of Uganda which had long antedated the British presence. Sir Edward Muteesa II (1924-1969, shown at right) was the King (called the "Kabaka") of Buganda, 1939-1969, and the first President of an independent Uganda (1963-1966). The Kingship of Buganda was abolished with his death (as Uganda fell into the horrors of the regime of Idi Amin) but was then revived for Ronald Muwenda Mutebi II (son of Muteesa II), the current King , in 1993. So, Eddie Murphy's Kingdom is fictionalized, and bank notes were certainly never issued for Buganda, but it is not without some historical foundation. With the venerable monarchy of the former Empire of Ethiopia now gone, other African monarchies continue to exist in Southern Africa .
Bibliography
As Good as Gold, 300 Years of British Bank Note Design, V.H. Hewitt and J.M. Keyworth, British Museum Publications, London, 1987
English Paper Money, Vincent Buggleby, Spink, London, 1990
Standard Catalogue of British Coins, Coins of England and the United Kingdom, edited by Stephen Mitchell and Brian Reeds, Seaby, London, 24th Edition, 1988
Standard Catalog of World Coins, Chester L. Krause and Clifford Mishler, Colin R. Bruce II, Editor, Krause Publications [700 E. State St., Iola, WI, 54990], 1982 Edition
1 Pie
1/3 1/4d
The pure silver or gold content of the Rupee or Mohur coins would be 0.34375 troy ounces (165 grains). In 2013, with gold around $1700 an ounce, the Mohur would be worth $536 and the Rupee, with silver about $30 an ounce, $9.45. The ratio now, of course, would need to be a lot different than the 15:1 used at the time.
The Mohurs were not really minted for circulation. India was on a Silver Standard, using the Rupee. Since the market value of silver varied against gold, upon which the Pound Sterling was based, this complicated the exchange rate. That especially became a problem in the 1880's. The Rupee was pegged at 1s61/2d from 1889 to 1890, at 1s6d from 1890 to 1891, 1s43/4d from 1891 to 1892, and 1s3d in 1892. This messiness was ended when the Viceroy, Lord Landsdowne , effectively put India on the Gold Standard in 1893 by pegging the Rupee at 1s4d, so that 15 Rupees, the traditional Mohur,
became equal to exactly one Pound Sterling. This value of the Rupee survived all the way until 1966, when India revalued its currency independent of the Pound Sterling.
In the table at left, the coins are color coded: Yellow for gold; blue for silver; gray for copper-nickel; and red for copper or bronze. The copper-nickel coins were an innovation. Originally, there was a bronze 1/2 Anna, a silver 2 Annas, and simply no 1 Anna. The bronze 1/2 Anna was discontinued for circulation after 1878. The first copper-nickel 1 Anna was introduced in 1907. The silver 2 Annas was ended in 1917 and the copper-nickel 2 Annas started the following year. When the value of silver jumped briefly after World War I, 4 Annas and 8 Annas copper-nickel coins were used, 1919-1921 and 1919-1920, respectively.
In a poor country very small coins are important. The 1/4 Anna would correspond to the smallest British coin in ordinary circulation (until 1956), the farthing (1/4d). The 1/2 Pice and 1/12 Anna would be worth only a half and a third of a farthing, respectively. As it happens, such values existed in British coinage. Half and even quarter farthing coins were minted for use in Celyon (with the halves made current in Britain itself in 1842), and third farthings were minted for many years for use in Malta. In American values, however, these are very tiny coins. A farthing itself was only 1/2 US cent on Gold Standard values, and the United States stopped bothering with half-cent coins after 1857. This gives a pretty good clue how much higher prices, and wages, were in the United States compared to most of the rest of the world.
A curious thing about the system of coinage is its purely binary character from the half-Pice up to the Rupee -- which is 128, or 27, half-Pice. If the Pice were 4 Pies instead of 3, the system would go up to 16 Annas in the Rupee and down to 1/16 in the Pie. This may not be a coincidence. Evidence from the Indus Valley Civilization is that weights were used in increments of 2, up to 16 -- which implies a hexadecimal (base 16) number system. While the decimal counting of most world civilizations did involve a factor of 2, a purely binary system is unique, like the equally extraordinary sexagesimal (base 60) counting of Babylonia . Since there are no Indus documents surviving that would have the kind of counting that we see in Sumerian and Babylonian tax records, bills of lading, harvest totals, and mathematics problems, we do not know if the actual Indian number system was binary or hexadecimal in the same way. Nevertheless, the Rupee does seem to reflect something every old in India.
1/4 as
Anastasian coinage to the system under Augustus , which can be seen at right.
Both Latin and Greek terms tend to be used for the Anastasian coinage. Nomisma is Greek, and nummus is Latin, both actually meaning just "coin" or "coin of the realm." Nummus had been used to mean the sestertius, which may be the origin of Bury's identification. But where nummus came to be used for the smallest pre-Anastasian copper coin, nomisma meant the flagship gold coin, which tended to be called a solidus in Latin, which itself was a nickname, a word that still exists in English, without the case ending, with pretty much the same meaning. If there was a formal name for the solidus it would be just what the standard gold coin had almost always been called, an aureus, i.e. "gold."
The solidus has been called the "dollar of the Middle Ages." Introduced by Constantine I around 310,
the coin retained it full weight and fineness down to the reign of Emperor Michael IV (1034-1041). It then became so debased that the Emperor Alexius I introduced a new gold coin in 1092, the hyperpyron. The solidus was minted at 72 to the Roman pound (at about 5143 grains). On the old Gold Standard Pound Sterling , this makes the coin worth 12 shillings 73/4 pence; or, on the Gold Standard US dollar , $3.08. In 1995 dollars , this would be $55.58. In 2011, however, with gold up to around $1700 an ounce, the solidus would then be worth $255. The solidus and its divisions were still minted quite late in the West even by the Lombards , but the collapse of a cash economy in Western Europe mean that gold coins were eventually abandoned, and Charlemagne only minted silver. Circulating gold coins did not return to the West until Florence minted florins in 1252 and the Venetians ducats in 1284.
The copper coinage of Anastasius, which is the principal innovation, is all clearly marked with its value in the form of Greek letters: "M" for 40, "K" for 20, "I" for 10, and "E" for 5. Unlike Roman numerals, all Greek letters have a numerical value. In the silver coinage, we have another case of parallel Greek -- keration -- and Latin -- siliqua -- terms again.
The original Roman coin was the copper as, which had first meant a pound of copper but later was, of course, much reduced. The pronuncation of this, and its plural (asses), poses a slight dilemma in English, where it might sound like a certain humble body part. But the word actually does still exist in English, and has its own pronuncation, as "ace," which we might continue using.
The coinage of Augustus contains two each of gold, silver, and copper coins, but also three of a yellow alloy of copper (orichalcum), which is actually used for the sestertius itself. Of the divisions of the as, one survived in the Augustan coinage, the quarter as, the quadrans, which also has a Greek pronuncation, kodrántês. This is the coin that is translated "farthing" in the King James Bible, when Jesus says:
(Matthew 5:26) Verily I say unto thee, Thou shalt by no means come out thence, till thou hast paid the uttermost farthing.
The denarius was the classic silver coin of the early Empire, and although the name refers to a value of 10 asses, this had been upped to 16. Similarly, the sestertius, whose name implies a value of 2.5 asses, was upped in value to 4.
Latin
penny
1d
By the time of Anastasius, the denarius was long gone. When Charlemagne, however, retrenched Frankish coinage on the basis of silver, he revived the name for his standard coin, which was supposed to be a twelfth of a solidus. This had nothing to do with the original denarius -- nor did the term he used for a half of the new coin, obolos, which was an old coin of Athens , and a name that also had been applied to half a follis. This process of adapting old coin names to new coins can also be seen in Arabic, where the standard gold coin of the Abbasids was called a dînâr, i.e. denarius, and the silver coin a dirham, i.e. drachma. The Latin names of Charlemagne's coins eventually turned up in all the Romance languages, while Germanic versions of the name became current in those languages. Thus, the silver denarius came to be a denier in French and a "penny" in English. Until the introduction of decimal coinage, however, "d" was always used as the abbreviation of "penny" even in English.
The solidus ceased to exist as a coin in the West, but it continued to be used as a unit of value, or of account -- the sol or sou in French, and the "shilling" in English. Eventually it was revived as a silver coin, as the penny itself eventually was minted in copper (and then bronze). Originally, there were supposed to be 240 English pennies minted from a pound of Sterling (.925) silver. Thus, the "pound" (Latin libra, French livre) itself came to be a unit of account, and was in time minted in the form of gold coins, finally as the British sovereign .
The modern British 5p coin, which is the decimal descendant of the shilling, thus may be said to be the last link to Roman coinage, although, as the solidus, it only existed on paper for the many centuries of the silver penny. The French 5 centimes was long called the sou, a term that will still be found in much French literature. Under the Fourth Republic , however, French money became "new" Francs, at 100 "old" Francs to 1 "new" Franc, so the direct link to the old solidus was really lost. Now, all this is gone, as France has abandoned the Franc and converted to Euros, the money of the European Union.
| Half crown (British coin) |
Who was the first woman to swim the English Channel? | British Copper-Nickel Coins 1947-1970 - CoinSite
British Copper-Nickel Coins 1947-1970
Until it was superseded in 1971 by a decimal pound of 100 pence, the traditional pound sterling was valued at 240 pence. This awkward figure resulted in numerous and peculiar divisions such as 12 pence to the shilling and 20 shillings to the pound. There had existed some justification for this system when the pound’s fractions were represented with silver coins, but all pretense was lost when silver was replaced by an alloy of copper and nickel.
The tremendous debt which Britain owed to the United States at the end of World War II was payable in silver. So vast was this sum that it proved impossible to repay without suspending the use of silver for domestic coinage. Commencing with the issues of 1947, all of the denominations which had until that time contained at least 50% silver were henceforth struck in an alloy of 75% copper and 25% nickel.
There were a few exceptions, however. The Maundy pieces, which were not intended for circulation in any case, were elevated from .500 silver to the sterling standard of .925 fine. The conventional silver three-pence coin, which already had largely been superseded by the nickel-brass edition, was discontinued altogether.
Crowns were not included among the denominations produced regularly for circulation, so this left the half crown of George VI as the most valuable coin in domestic circulation during the transition from silver to copper-nickel. Its design remained unchanged from the type produced since 1937. Featured on its obverse is the bare-headed, left-facing bust of King George VI. Arranged in a peripheral arc is the legend GEORGIUS VI D:G: BR:OMN:REX. The reverse is dominated by a concave shield suspended from a ring. This shield is quartered, two quarters displaying the arms of England, the remaining quarters featuring the arms of Scotland and Ireland. Flanking the shield on either side are opposed and conjoined letters G, each pair surmounted by a crown. Arranged in arc form around the periphery are the legend FID:DEF IND:IMP, the value HALF CROWN and the date of coinage. The designer’s initials HP for Thomas Humphrey Paget appear beneath the bust on the obverse, while the KG of George Kruger Gray flank the lower part of the shield on this coin’s reverse.
As with all the lesser coins, the florin bears the same obverse design as the half crown. Its reverse, however, features England’s rose, surmounted by a crown and flanked by the Scottish thistle and the Irish shamrock. Beneath these two latter elements are the letters G and R, respectively. Arranged in arc form around the border are the legend FID:DEF::IND:IMP, the value TWO SHILLINGS and the date. Kruger Gray’s initials K and G flank the stem of the rose.
This reign initiated a practice which would continue into the following one—that of producing shillings with two distinct reverse types. The English type features a large crown upon which stands a facing lion whose body is seen in profile. This is flanked by the date, divided into two pair of numerals. Around the border are the legend •FID•DEF IND•IMP• and the value ONE•SHILLING, the two separated by English roses. The initials K and G appear above the lion’s tail. The Scottish reverse depicts a facing lion crouched atop the crown and holding a sword and a scepter. Flanking it on one side is a shield bearing the cross of St. Andrew, while the other side is balanced by the Scottish thistle. The lion divides the date into two pair, as well as separating initials K G. The legend and value are treated in similar fashion to the English shilling.
As the smallest and simplest of these coins, the six-pence piece features the script letters GRI surmounted by a crown. The letters divide the date into two parts, and initials KG appear below. The legend and value are presented much as they are on the larger coins.
In the few years remaining in this reign, there should have been no further changes, yet the tide of world events dictated otherwise. India’s independence from Britain in 1947 was reflected on the latter’s coinage beginning in 1949, when the legend IND IMP was deleted and the remaining legends re-spaced to compensate. The six-pence piece was further modified at this time to eliminate the confusing GRI in favor of a large GR enclosing a smaller VI.
1951’s Festival of Britain prompted the issuance of a commemorative crown bearing Humphrey Paget’s familiar bust of George VI on its obverse and Benedetto Pistrucci’s rendition of St. George slaying the dragon on its reverse. The value FIVE SHILLINGS is below the bust, and the edge is lettered to read MDCCCLI CIVIUM INDUSTRIA FLORET CIVITAS MCMLI (1851 By the industry of its people the state flourishes 1951).
The ascension to the throne of George VI’s daughter as Elizabeth II in 1952 brought only modest changes to the nation’s coins. Debuting in 1953, her coinage was accompanied by a one-year-only issue of commemorative crowns. It features a three-quarter view of the queen on horseback, flanked by two crowned and monogrammed EIIR. Her titles are separarted from the value FIVE SHILLINGS by English roses. Gilbert Ledward’s initials GL appear to the right of the horse’s hindlegs. The reverse of this coin was the work of Edgar Fuller and Cecil Thomas, and it depicts a crown at center, surrounded by two shields with the arms of England and one each of the Scottish and Irish arms. These are divided by a rose, a thistle, a shamrock and, for Wales, a leek. The latter divides the date as 19 53, and the edge reads FAITH AND TRUTH I WILL BEAR UNTO YOU. This type was reissued in 1960 for the British Trade Fair in New York, but with a reeded edge and with BRITT OMN omitted, as Britain’s empire was then breaking up. The date replaced the value FIVE SHILLINGS on the crown of 1965, whose reverse honored the recently deceased Sir Winston Churchill. Its edge was likewise reeded.
The half crown of this reign featured a quartered shield bearing the arms of England, Scotland and Ireland. It’s surmounted by a crown and flanked by letters E and R. The legend FID••DEF is separated from the value and date by Maltese crosses. the designers’ initials EF and CT are seen beneath the shield. The florin depicts England’s rose at its center, surrounded by a garland of thistles, leeks and shamrocks. Also the work of Fuller and Thomas, it cleverly uses these plants to divide the titles and legends, as well as their initials.
The updated English and Scottish shillings were both by William Gardner and feature similar shields at their centers, topped by Tudor crowns. The English version has three lions couchant, while the Scottish edition has a single lion rampant. The shield divides both the date and the designer’s initials W G, while the legend is separated from the value by crosses. The six-pence piece, again the work of Fuller and Thomas, is similar in concept to the florin. It features single examples of the rose, thistle, shamrock and leek, all skillfully intertwined. The initials EF and CT flank the shamrock, and the legend, value and date are arranged in peripheral arcs.
The dissolution of the British Empire following World War II prompted the removal of BRITT OMN from the queen’s titles in 1954. Otherwise, Elizabeth II’s copper-nickel coinage remained unchanged through 1967. Production of these issues was terminated that year in anticipation of the new decimal coinage. As a final tribute to the system of coins which had served Britain so well for centuries, a complete proof set from half penny through half crown was minted in 1970, the last date to bear these denominations and designs.
From the NGC Photo Proof Series. Copyright © 2001 The Numismatic Guaranty Corporation . All rights reserved.
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Which character was played by William Shatner in 'Star Trek'? | Star Trek Shatner, William
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It’s said that a highly visible role as James T. Kirk in the Star Trek franchise can be the “kiss of death” to a professional acting career, but it doesn’t seem to have hurt William Shatner. The Canadian-born actor attended McGill University where he was active in theater productions on campus. During his summers through college, Shatner performed in the Royal Mount Theater Company. When he graduated in 1952 with a B.A., Shatner began work at the National Repertory Theater of Ottawa. He eventually won co-starring roles in plays such as "The Merchant of Venice" and "Henry V," as well as the Most Promising Actor award. After a run in New York in the play, 'Tamburlaine," Shatner was signed to a seven-year contract by 20th Century Fox. He married a Canadian actress, Gloria Rand, and honeymooned in Scotland. It was something of a working honeymoon, however, as Shatner had a role in an Edinburgh Festival production of "Henry V."
After his honeymoon, Shatner returned to New York where he guest starred on numerous series, including the anthology programs Goodyear Playhouse, Circle Theater, Philco Playhouse, Studio One and the series The Defenders. Then came his movie debut, The Brothers Karamazov, with Richard Basehart. Not wanting to miss out on the Western genre that was so prominent in Hollywood, Shatner learned to ride a horse and to rope.
Next, Shatner landed the starring role in the two-year Broadway run of "The Secret Life of Suzie Wong." This was followed by "A Shot in the Dark" with Julie Harris and then "L'Idiote," all on Broadway.
In 1961, Shatner landed two films, "The Intruder," where he plays a rabble-rouser traveling from one Southern town to another, getting people to riot against court-ordered school integration. It was later released under the titles, "I Hate Your Guts!" and "Shame." Shatner also appeared in "Judgment at Nuremberg."
Then came the role for which he is undoubtedly best known: Captain James T. Kirk on Star Trek. Shatner actually came to the series for its second pilot, when Jeffrey Hunter declined to continue in the captian's role of Christopher Pike after the first pilot was rejected. Unfortunately, during the three years that Star Trek series ran, Shatner not only separated from his wife, but lost his father, as well.
Following the cancellation of Star Trek on NBC in 1969, Shatner went on to star in seven Star Trek films, make appearances in countless television series (including several long-running non-Star Trek series in which he played a leading role—TJ Hooker and Rescue 911, among them), and to serve as the long-term, highly visible pitchman for Priceline.com. Over the years, the actor’s self-assertive sense of humor has come to define his career, and even translated into the personality of his Emmy Award-winning character, Attorney Denny Crane, of The Practice and Boston Legal. He also made such films as "Sole Survivor," and the Sherlock Holmes classic, "The Hound of the Baskervilles." Guest appearances on series like The Sixth Sense, Barnaby Jones, and Hawaii Five-O kept him in the public eye. In addition, Shatner has written numerous fiction and non-fiction books in and out of the Star Trek vein, and even become an iconic pitchman for over a decade with Priceline.com.
Off-screen, he raises champion American Saddlebred horses on his ranch in Kentucky, and then he produces and hosts the annual Hollywood Charity Horse Show, an event that raises money for various children’s charities. Shatner appeared at conventions alongside Nimoy until his 2011 retirement, and then began sharing stage with Patrick "Picard" Stewart and Kate "Janeway" Mulgrew. Together on stage, the two provide a highly enjoyable hour of entertainment. In 2010-2011, Shatner starred in the CBS comedy $#*! My Dad Says , produced a special documentary The Five Captains for Science Channel with his four fellow lead actors, and also the 30-minute talk show series Raw Nerve. Another documentary, Fanatics, is in the offing as well.
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Adam; Hoss and Joe lived on the 'Ponderosa', what was their surname? | Star Trek (TV Series 1966–1969) - IMDb
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Captain James T. Kirk and the crew of the Starship Enterprise explore the galaxy and defend the United Federation of Planets.
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When a temporarily insane Dr. McCoy accidentally changes history and destroys his time, Kirk and Spock follow him to prevent the disaster, but the price to do so is high.
9.3
A transporter accident places Capt. Kirk's landing party in an alternate universe, where the Federation is a barbarically brutal empire.
9.2
The Enterprise must decide on its response when a Romulan ship makes a destructively hostile armed probe of Federation territory.
9.0
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Title: Star Trek (1966–1969)
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Nominated for 13 Primetime Emmys. Another 8 wins & 18 nominations. See more awards »
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Set decades after Captain Kirk's five-year mission, a new generation of Starfleet officers set off in a new Enterprise on their own mission to go where no one has gone before.
Stars: Patrick Stewart, Brent Spiner, Jonathan Frakes
In the vicinity of the liberated planet of Bajor, the Federation space station Deep Space Nine guards the opening of a stable wormhole to the far side of the galaxy.
Stars: Avery Brooks, Rene Auberjonois, Cirroc Lofton
Pulled to the far side of the galaxy, where the Federation is 75 years away at maximum warp speed, a Starfleet ship must cooperate with Maquis rebels to find a way home.
Stars: Kate Mulgrew, Robert Beltran, Roxann Dawson
A century before Captain Kirk's five-year mission, Jonathan Archer captains the United Earth ship Enterprise during the early years of Starfleet, leading up to the Earth-Romulan War and the formation of the Federation.
Stars: Scott Bakula, John Billingsley, Jolene Blalock
With the assistance of the Enterprise crew, Admiral Kirk must stop an old nemesis, Khan Noonien Singh, from using the life-generating Genesis Device as the ultimate weapon.
Director: Nicholas Meyer
When an alien spacecraft of enormous power is spotted approaching Earth, Admiral Kirk resumes command of the Starship Enterprise in order to intercept, examine and hopefully stop the intruder.
Director: Robert Wise
Admiral Kirk and his bridge crew risk their careers stealing the decommissioned Enterprise to return to the restricted Genesis planet to recover Spock's body.
Director: Leonard Nimoy
On the eve of retirement, Kirk and McCoy are charged with assassinating the Klingon High Chancellor and imprisoned. The Enterprise crew must help them escape to thwart a conspiracy aimed at sabotaging the last best hope for peace.
Director: Nicholas Meyer
To save Earth from an alien probe, Admiral James T. Kirk and his fugitive crew go back in time to San Francisco in 1986 to retrieve the only beings who can communicate with it: humpback whales.
Director: Leonard Nimoy
Captain Picard, with the help of long presumed dead Captain Kirk, must stop a madman willing to murder on a planetary scale in order to enter an energy ribbon.
Director: David Carson
Captain Kirk and his crew must deal with Mr. Spock's long-lost half-brother who hijacks the Enterprise for an obsessive search for God at the center of the galaxy.
Director: William Shatner
The Borg travel back in time intended on preventing Earth's first contact with an alien species. Captain Picard and his crew pursue them to ensure that Zefram Cochrane makes his maiden flight reaching warp speed.
Director: Jonathan Frakes
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Storyline
The adventures of the USS Enterprise, representing the United Federation of Planets on a five-year mission in outer space to explore new worlds, seek new life and new civilizations, and to boldly go where no one has gone before. The Enterprise is commanded by handsome and brash Captain James T. Kirk. His First Officer and best friend is Mr. Spock from the planet Vulcan, and Kirk's Medical Officer is Dr. Leonard "Bones" McCoy. With a crew of approximately 430, the Enterprise battles aliens, megalomanical computers, time paradoxes, psychotic murderers, and even Khan! Written by Marty McKee <[email protected]>
Boldly Go. Again. (2006 remasters tagline) See more »
Genres:
8 September 1966 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
Star Trek: TOS See more »
Filming Locations:
Mono | DTS (re-mastered version)| Dolby Digital (re-mastered version)
Color:
Did You Know?
Trivia
The Klingons were created by screenwriter Gene L. Coon , and first appeared in the 1967 script Star Trek: Errand of Mercy (1967). They were named after Lieutenant Wilbur Clingan, who served with Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry in the Los Angeles Police Department. See more »
Goofs
Actors in the process of beaming in, will sometimes move before fully materialized. By the rules of transporting in the Star Trek Universe a person must remain still during transport to ensure that all of their molecules reassemble in the correct place. If a person moves before fully materialized, it could kill them. See more »
Quotes
See more »
Crazy Credits
On some episodes, the closing credits show a still that is actually from the Star Trek blooper reel. It is a close-up of the actor who played the android body in "Return to Tomorrow, removing his latex make up. In the reel, He is shown taking it off, while an off-screen voice says "You wanted show business, you got it!" See more »
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Soundtracks
Theme
Music credited to Alexander Courage , although it strongly resembles the main title music for 'Hollow Triumph (1948)' by Sol Kaplan
User Reviews
"City on the Edge of Forever" represents terrific time-travel drama in the grand old Star Trek tradition. 10/10.
11 April 2003 | by lizziebeth-1
(Sydney, Australia) – See all my reviews
Guess who the single-most recognized personality the world-over REALLY is? Not Usama BinLaden, but Capt. Kirk.
By consensus, City on the Edge of Forever is The Original Series(TOS)'s most-loved episode. It's high drama; a rather Shakespearian exploration of time travel, penned by serious s/f writer Harlan Ellison. It plays like a feature film. If anyone gets the courage (Hollywood is still terrified of the wrath of Star Trek fans), it SHOULD be remade as one.
In "City", Capt. Kirk and Mr Spock (it's `Mr', OK? -`Mr' Spock; get it right) are credibly compelled to travel back in time; they must put right the change in history that Leonard `Bones' McCoy, the ship's doctor, caused in his cordrazine-demented state. The good doctor obliterated their timeline so nothing of the UFP or Enterprise exists anymore!
Curious instrument-readings had lead them to an unknown planet. `Somethin--or someone--on this planet can effect changes in time, causing turbulent waves of space-displacement', observes Spock, as they rock the ship. While trying to plot the turbulence from orbit, passing through ripples in time, one of those ship-quakes causes the ship's experienced surgeon to accidentally inject himself(!) with a full hypospray of cordrazine. Characteristically for the overdose, he no longer recognizes his shipmates as friends but as `murderers and assassins'.
His psychosis is only temporary, but lasts long enough for McCoy to transport down to the very object of their search: the Guardian of Forever, an apparent rock archway on the planet. Unfortunately the thing is ripping through time (centuries in seconds), inconveniently fast for a human lifespan. In protective hot pursuit, the landing party follows McCoy to The Guardian.
Ever the scientist, upon discovering and marveling at the source of the time-displacements, Spock berates himself: `I....am a fool! My tricorder is capable of recording even at this speed! I've missed taping centuries of living history which no man before has ever...' and then the cornered McCoy leaps past him, back through time. This is the only time in the series that Spock actively berates himself. It opens the door for Kirk's chiding Spock's scientific prowess in building a video player(!) `with nothing but stone knives and bearskins' in that `zinc-plated, vacuum-tubed culture' they've followed the frenzied McCoy to: Depression-Era America.
As they desperately try to predict McCoy's arrival, Kirk and Spock meet Edith Keeler(Joan Collins) still at a very anonymous stage of her future political-activist career. What happens to history, and Enterprise, as they acclimate to Edith Keeler's homeless mission still packs a punch 37yrs later.
Look for Kirk's double-entendre (but you must watch the WHOLE SCENE with Edith Keeler, as it plays off the sexual tension): `We have a flop, Mr Spock'. `-We have a what, Capt'n?' `A place to sleep.' `-....One might've said so in the first place'.
The undeniable chemistry between Collins and Shatner, much to the chagrin of Bill's LEGIONS of detractors, I'm certain is responsible for the indubitable success of the drama. ST was always treated by cast and crew as serious science-fiction. To her credit, Collins joined their Trek seriously, but sadly only for this outing. Her career might've been far more acclaimed had she become a regular.
Small wonder that `City' is the single-most popular episode of the original series, and it comes very close to taking the cake from ALL the many incarnations since! ST was at its best combining intellectual curiosity+sense of wonder with challenges to the heart. The humour was always just icing.
The other two main contender episodes for that level of praise-from ST(TOS)-are Bill Shatner's personal fave, `The Devil in the Dark' (and were it not for the awful display of male arrogance-and-ignorance by all the miners, I would agree with Shatner); plus David Gerrold's classic gag entry from ST's 2nd season, `The Trouble with Tribbles'(1967).
`Tribbles' has an important ecological message that was very sophisticated for its time (ie that animals coexist in ecological balance, and Heaven help you if you mess with that), couched in impish, trilling, and fuzzy, tribble-like humour; but because it doesn't challenge our ethics and hearts all that much, `Tribbles' can't win `Best ST Episode' even though it's A LOT OF FUN.
`Devil', written by legendary ST honcho-producer Gene Coon, was about human/alien humility. Human judgements, eg of beauty, should never be applied to aliens. `Ugly' is no reason to judge foreigners-or actual aliens-as stupid/less worthy. Information is a far better arbiter. Replete with positivism and 1960s churlish greed, `Devil' was also a precursor to Alien(1979), albeit about a `nice' alien: the Horta was a (midget-scuttling-under-a-)very-unattractive(-carpet)/highly intelligent mother of a dying race. Mr Spock's ecological sensitivity shines well to this day, compared to the miners' brutality.
`Devil' was also lore-establishing for its depiction of Dr McCoy's distrust of transporters, and his appellations that he was `a DOCTOR, not a....'-in this case `not a bricklayer'; the best punchline to the joke he EVER produced.
The only thing that irked me about `Devil' (apart from the laughably cheap set design) was the script's obtuseness about the economical value, even then(!!), of silicon. (The plot is predicated upon a bandwagon theory, that life could be based on non-Carbon elements; but to pick SILICON was unfortunate, since it was already the chief source material for semiconducting transistors in 1965!) Double-D'Oh!!!
`City' has no such hindsight embarrassments. Instead, it reveals the rich and trusting relationship between Kirk and Spock as they take turns at solving puzzles and support each other's dignity. They still tease each other, esp. poor Spock about his alleged vulnerability to (human) sentimentality (which he takes as mild insults), and about his ears, which during the first season was still a novelty to audiences. How quickly things change.
In my estimation, only ST-Voyager produced similar integration of science, wonder, philosophy, humour AND devastating drama. With `Eye of a Needle', `Distant Origin', `Drone', `Ashes to Ashes', and possibly `Timeless', ST-Voyager came close to replicating the emotional impact of ST-TOS' `discovery science' fiction.(10/10)
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Who played 'Ned Kelly' in the 1969 film of the same name? | Ned Kelly (1970) - IMDb
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Based on a true story, Ned Kelly is unable to support his family in the Australian outback, he turns to stealing horses in order to make money. He gets more deeply drawn into the outlaw ... See full summary »
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A rock singer goes to Brazil to shoot a video, but winds up getting kidnapped and turned over to the oversexed owner of a banana plantation.
Director: Julien Temple
An innocent man becomes one of the most wanted criminals the world has ever known.
Director: Gregor Jordan
Chas, a violent and psychotic East London gangster needs a place to lie low after a hit that should never have been carried out. He finds the perfect cover in the form of guest house run by... See full summary »
Directors: Donald Cammell, Nicolas Roeg
Stars: James Fox, Mick Jagger, Anita Pallenberg
A married middle-aged art critic and 16-year-old Margot begin an affair and develop a troublesome mutually parasitic relationship.
Director: Tony Richardson
As a surprise, two horse owners decide to ride their animals themselves in a steeplechase. But Bill Davidson's horse "Admiral" behaves weirdly, and falls hard after an obstacle. Bill dies ... See full summary »
Director: Tony Richardson
Deals with the affection of a middle-aged man for a very young woman, resulting in a mutually parasitic relationship.
Director: Laszlo Papas
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Storyline
Based on a true story, Ned Kelly is unable to support his family in the Australian outback, he turns to stealing horses in order to make money. He gets more deeply drawn into the outlaw life, and eventually becomes involved in murders. Based on the life of famed 19th-century Australian outlaw Ned Kelly. Written by [email protected]
1 July 1970 (UK) See more »
Also Known As:
Ned Kelly, Outlaw See more »
Filming Locations:
Did You Know?
Trivia
The opening scenes of the movie were filmed in the Old Melbourne Gaol where Kelly was actually imprisoned and on the scaffold on which Kelly was actually hanged. The gaol (jail) at 377 Russell Street, Melbourne is now open as a tourist attraction. See more »
Quotes
(Adelaide, South Australia) – See all my reviews
This film has been criticised too harshly, because of Mick Jagger's lack of experience as an actor and it's failure to stick to verifiable facts. But treat it as the cinematic equivalent of a folk ballad and you'll have a good time with it. Just as you wouldn't hire an opera singer to sing a folk song, you don't need a professional actor to play the lead in a rough-and-ready entertainment about a rough-and-ready character. By the time one gets to the speeded up segment that accompanies Waylon Jenning's singing of Shel Silverstein's "Blame it on the Kelly's" it becomes clear this is not a film that is intended as a serious examination of history. Like the song "The Wild Colonial Boy" which Jagger sings in one of the more memorable scenes in the movie, this is popular entertainment to be enjoyed with a few beers. Taken as such it is very enjoyable, with catchy songs, evocative cinematography and Jagger being very much the lovable, charismatic rabble-rouser he was in real-life at the time. And what matters in a folk ballad is not the truth, but the legend.
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| Mick Jagger |
Which country was called Hibernia by the Romans? | · September 23, 2016 ·
The annual general meeting of Braidwood & District Historical Society was held at the Braidwood Servicemens Club last Wednesday. The Election of officers resulted in Peter Smith, John Stahel, Annette Briggs remaining respectively as President, Vice President and Secretary. Paul Briggs took on the role of Treasurer and the general committee elected is Olive Royds, Robyn Smith, Richard Green, Leigh Fletcher and Bente Jensen.
Peter Smith thanked the outgoing committee paying pa...rticular tribute to Ros Maddrell for her valuable contribution as researcher and family historian and Neil White as past Treasurer. He said with the support of the new committee the many plans and exciting events scheduled for the coming year will be well managed and brought to fruition.
At the conclusion of the meeting Peter Smith gave a talk titled “Bushranger’s Guns”. He demonstrated how to load a muzzle-loading shot gun and showed the actual revolver taken from the outlaw Pat Connell after he was shot by police and a Tranter revolver used by a party of special police who were pursuing the Clarke gang.
The highlight of the night was a cheque presentation by Braidwood Community Bank. It was a $15,000 donation to assist in funding the 150th anniversary re-enactment of the capture of the Clarkes planned for 29th April next year at the Braidwood Showground.
· May 9, 2016 ·
Braidwood's rich history wasn't all written in the C19th. In 1969 the town played host to a young man who later became Sir Michael Jagger. He was here pretending to be Ned Kelly and the 10 weeks he spent here are apparently not fondly remembered. The making of the film was dogged by problems; even before production began, the Actors' Equity and some of Kelly's descendants protested strongly about the casting of Jagger in the lead role, and about the film's proposed shooting... location in Braidwood, rather than in Victoria, where the Kellys had lived.
Jagger's girlfriend of the time, Marianne Faithfull, had come to Australia to play the lead female role (Ned's sister, Maggie), but their relationship was breaking up, and she took an overdose of sleeping tablets soon after arrival in Sydney. She was hospitalised in a coma, but recovered and was sent home. She was replaced by a then-unknown Australian actress, Diane Craig, then studying at NIDA.
Shooting began on 12 July 1969 and took ten weeks. During production, Jagger was slightly injured by a backfiring pistol, the cast and crew were dogged by illness, a number of costumes were destroyed by fire, and Jagger's co-star, Mark McManus, narrowly escaped serious injury when a horse-drawn cart in which he was riding overturned during filming.The film was poorly received at its opening and was effectively disowned by Jagger, who didn't attend the London premiere. As late as 1980 Jagger claimed he had never seen the film. Gerry Fisher's cinematography, however, has been praised for its craftsmanship — "shadow, reflection and understated lighting — giving the film a melancholy feel." The actual body armour costume worn by Jagger is on display at the Braidwood Museum. Open every Friday, Saturday and Sunday. 11am -2pm
· March 24, 2016 ·
Tonight, Thursday 24th Councillors were to discuss the development application of the Police Paddock. The Planning Office's recommendation was, quite rightly, that Council must reject the application as the NSW Heritage Council had emphatically refused consent. Briefly, the reasons for their strongly worded determination were that the 'Mounted Police Paddocks are of exceptional historical significance' and the proposed development would have an adverse impact on that heritag...e. They also stated that the visual cohesiveness of the area would be altered significantly and finally that the proposed subdivision would separate ownership and responsibility for maintaining the heritage values of this important place, archaeological relics, fabric, obscure their physical interpretation and remove the ability to interpret the historic site.
Despite the overwhelming advice and recommendations, somehow, in a slightly confused moment, the matter was deferred, or withdrawn to allow the developers to amend their plans again. They now wish to divide the paddock into two lots instead of five. All the same heritage issues remain. We hope the NSW Heritage Council, Palerang Council and Braidwood stand firm in refusing this application once again. Please watch as this issue resurfaces and lend your support as required.
· September 2, 2014 ·
Braidwood Historical Society wants YOU!
The Society's 44th AGM takes place on Monday evening 8th September at 7.00pm, and we are ever so keen for new members! Please feel free to come along - all the committee positions will be declared vacant and all financial members can nominate and vote for a new committee. Annual dues need to have been paid and nominations made, seconded and lodged before the start of the meeting to be valid (an easy process, email us if you need help). ...This has been my 6th year in the role of president, and my 12th year on the committee, and each year in that time no-one else has offered to do the job. Whilst there is no set maximum period for these roles I welcome anyone who has a passion for Braidwood and its history to step up and be nominated! Younger people with fresh ideas are in the position to completely transform important community organisations like ours, a significant and rewarding social contribution which I'm sure you'll enjoy. Please come!
#Outgoing president Antony Davies
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Bread is 'What' according to the Lords Prayer? | Question & Answers About the Lord's Supper | Grace Communion International
Question & Answers About the Lord's Supper
What is our belief about transubstantiation?
What is the meaning of the Lord's Supper?
The Lord’s Supper is a reminder of what Jesus did in the past, a symbol of our present relationship with him and a promise of what he will do in the future. Let’s examine these three aspects.
The bread and wine are memorials of Jesus’ death on the cross (Luke 22:19-20; 1 Corinthians 11:26). In the Lord’s Supper, we each eat a piece of bread in remembrance of Jesus. When we drink the “fruit of the vine,” we remember that Jesus’ blood was shed for us, and that it signifies the new covenant. The Lord’s Supper looks back to the death of Jesus Christ on the cross.
Jesus’ death shows how much God loves us — so much that he sent his Son to die for us, so that our sins may be forgiven and we may live forever with him. This is good news! Although we may be saddened by the enormous price that had to be paid for us, we are happy that it was paid. When we remember Jesus’ death, we also remember that Jesus was dead for only a short time. We rejoice that Jesus has conquered death, and has set free all who were enslaved by a fear of death (Hebrews 2:14-15). Our mourning has turned to joy (John 16:20).
Christians look back to the crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus as the defining moment in our history. This is how we escape death and the slavery of sin, and this is how we are freed to serve the Lord. The Lord’s Supper is a memorial of this defining moment in our history.
The Lord’s Supper also pictures our present relationship with Jesus Christ. The crucifixion has a continuing significance to all who have taken up a cross to follow Jesus. We continue to participate in his death (Romans 6:4; Galatians 2:20; Colossians 2:20) because we participate in his life (Galatians 2:20; Ephesians 2:6; Colossians 2:13; 3:1).
Paul wrote, “Is not the cup of thanksgiving for which we give thanks a participation in the blood of Christ? And is not the bread that we break a participation in the body of Christ?” (1 Corinthians 10:16). With the Lord’s Supper, we show that we share in Jesus Christ. We participate with him, commune with him, become united in him. The Lord’s Supper helps us look upward, to Christ.
In John 6, Jesus used bread and wine to illustrate our need to be spiritually nourished by him: “Unless you eat the flesh of the Son of Man and drink his blood, you have no life in you…. Whoever eats my flesh and drinks my blood remains in me, and I in him” (verses 53-56). The Lord’s Supper reminds us that real life is found only in Jesus Christ, with him living in us.
When we are aware that Jesus lives in us, we also pause to think what kind of home we are giving him. We allow him to change our lives so that we live the way he wants us to. Paul wrote that we ought to examine ourselves before we eat of the bread and drink of the cup (1 Corinthians 11:28). The Lord’s Supper helps us look inward, to examine ourselves because of the great meaning in this ceremony.
As we examine ourselves, we need to look around, to other people, to see whether we are treating one another in the way that Jesus commanded. If you are united with Christ and I am united with Christ, then we are united to each other, too. The Lord’s Supper, by picturing our participation in Christ, also pictures our participation (other translations may say communion or sharing or fellowship) with each other (1 John 1:3, 7).
Paul wrote in 1 Corinthians 10:17, “Because there is one loaf, we, who are many, are one body, for we all partake of the one loaf.” The Lord’s Supper pictures the fact that we are one body in Christ, one with each other, with responsibilities toward one another.
Third, the Lord’s Supper also reminds us of the future, of Jesus’ return. Jesus said he would not drink the fruit of the vine again until he came in the fullness of the kingdom (Matthew 26:29; Luke 22:18; Mark 14:25). Whenever we participate, we are reminded of Jesus’ promise. Paul wrote that “For whenever you eat this bread and drink this cup, you proclaim the Lord’s death until he comes” (1 Corinthians 11:26). The Lord’s Supper helps us look forward.
The Lord’s Supper is rich in meaning. That is why it has been an important part of the Christian tradition throughout the centuries. Sometimes it has become a lifeless ritual, done more out of habit than with meaning. Some people overreact by stopping the ritual entirely. The better response is to restore the meaning.
For a more detailed answer, see "The Three-Fold Meaning of the Lord's Supper," by Joseph Tkach.
Is it wrong to use the term "Lord's Supper"?
Some say that the ceremony of bread and wine should not be called the Lord’s Supper. Two reasons are given for this. First, that the ceremony should be called by its old covenant name, Passover. And the second idea was that 1 Corinthians 11:20 says that the Corinthians Christians were not eating the Lord’s Supper.
The bread and wine is not a Passover. At Jesus’ Last Supper, the meal was a Passover meal; the sharing of bread and wine was done after the supper, and Scripture does not call it a Passover.
What does Scripture call it? It does not give a formal name. In 1 Corinthians 10:16, Paul calls it a “cup of thanksgiving.” In verse 21, he calls it “the cup of the Lord” and “the Lord’s table.” Since Scripture does not require a particular name, Christians are free to use any term that helps them understand that they are talking about the sharing of bread and wine in commemoration of Jesus’ death. Historically, three terms have been most common:
Eucharist. This comes from eucharisteo, the Greek word for giving thanks (1 Corinthians 11:24).
Communion. This word is used in the King James translation of 1 Corinthians 10:16; it means sharing or participation.
Lord’s Supper. Since Paul calls the memorial “the Lord’s Table,” it is not much different to call it “the Lord’s Supper.” It would be picky to say that “table” is OK, but “supper” is forbidden. The Bible doesn’t require us to use any certain term, and doesn’t forbid us to use any term.
Why then does Paul tell the Corinthians that “When you come together, it is not the Lord’s Supper you eat”? (1 Corinthians 11:20). He explains what he means in the next verse: “for [or “because”] as you eat, each of you goes ahead without waiting for anybody else. One remains hungry, another gets drunk.” They were not eating the Lord’s Supper, not because that was the wrong term, but because they were not participating in the right spirit. They were not sharing. Paul was commenting on the manner of their observance, not giving rules about names.
For a more detailed answer, see "The Name of the Lord's Supper" by Ralph Orr.
What kind of bread and wine?
Since Jesus began the Lord’s Supper after having told his disciples to prepare for the Passover, it is likely that he used unleavened bread. From the historical situation, we can also conclude that the bread Jesus used was made from grain harvested the year before, as required by old covenant law (Leviticus 23:10-14). However, neither the Scriptures nor the symbolism requires us to imitate these particular details.
The Bible does not attach any significance or importance to the age of the flour, nor whether it was leavened. Similarly, it does not specify whether the bread was made with wheat or barley. Scriptures about the last supper do not use the word for unleavened — the Bible simply says that it was bread. It used the common word for a common food.
When Jesus said, “I am the bread of life” (John 6:51), he did not specify whether he was wheat or barley, leavened or unleavened. The point he was making does not rest on such details. He was simply comparing himself to food in general, the most common staple of the diet. Just as bread is the basis of physical life, Jesus is the basis of eternal life.
When Jesus called himself bread, he was referring to its value in the common people’s diet, not to any specifics of shape or density. If he had lived and ministered in southeastern Asia, he might have compared himself to rice as the staff of life. His point did not depend on the specific grain being used — just that it was a common part of the diet. Jesus is the staple of our spiritual nourishment.
The wine that Jesus used was probably red, fermented wine from the previous year. That was what was available. It was probably mixed with water, as wine usually was in that day. Scripture does not mention these specifics. It simply says “fruit of the vine.”
When Jesus instituted the symbols, he did not make detailed requirements for the food or drink. He used words that were commonly used for ordinary food and drink. This made it easier for the disciples to do “this” in his remembrance. Whenever the original disciples shared a meal, they could remember what Jesus had done at the Last Supper.
The significance of the bread is not the type of grain it is made from, its texture, or whether it has fermented. Its significance is that it is food, and that we share it. Scripture simply says it is “bread,” without specifying “unleavened.” That is why the church teaches that members may use any type of bread whenever they observe communion.
Similarly, the significance of the wine is not its fermentation. The significance is that it is liquid, thus allowing it to represent Jesus’ blood of the new covenant, and that we drink it, symbolizing our taking the new covenant into ourselves. Jesus called it by a general term: “the fruit of the vine.” Therefore we allow either wine or juice to be used for communion.
Some people avoid wine because of allergies. Others avoid it because their body reacts with alcohol in undesirable ways. Some Christians in less-developed nations find it very difficult to find wine. That is why substitutes are permissible. The effectiveness of the ceremony does not depend on chemistry, but on our relationship with God.
Who should partake of the Lord's Supper?
Is it permissible for people to participate in the Lord’s Supper or Communion before they are baptized?
The Lord’s Supper is for people who have faith in Jesus Christ as Lord and Savior, even if they have not been baptized yet. The bread and wine are for those who have faith in Christ. People must make their own decision as to whether to partake. We do not believe it is appropriate to refuse to let people partake if they want to do so. God knows those who are his.
The Lord’s Supper is for people who have faith in Jesus Christ as their Savior and Lord. However, we can’t, nor do we wish to, police everybody’s heart as to whether their faith is real. Some people may actually become convicted and come to faith during the course of the Lord’s Supper service, and it would be right for them to partake.
May people observe without participating? Yes. Anyone is welcome to observe the service.
Do we want the Lord's Supper to be part of a formal church service, or something done privately in individual homes?
Question: Does the service have to be led by an ordained elder?
Answer: No. We have always made arrangements for members to take the elements (bread and wine) in their own homes when they were unable to participate with the congregation. Although an elder would officiate in such situations when one was available, we permitted a member to lead when an elder was not available.
The New Testament never even hints at the idea that administering at the Lord’s Supper is a function restricted to ordained leaders. For example, Paul did not mention anything about ordained leaders when he addressed the Corinthian church about the Lord’s Supper. No verse connects the Lord’s Supper with leadership offices.
As far as we can tell from the New Testament, Christians were able to observe the Lord’s Supper as often as they wanted, without any need for elders, whenever two or three or more were gathered in his name. If an elder is present, it is traditional, though not required, that the elder lead the communion.
Members may partake of the Lord’s Supper at any time in small groups. We are pleased that groups commemorate our Lord’s death, and see their own existence in that context, knowing that our unity comes because of our participation in him.
Question: May communion be led by a woman?
Answer: Yes. This function is not restricted to pastors, elders, or other church leaders, and may be done by anyone who has faith in Christ. Just as women sing prayers in church, they may also pray at a communion service that God will bless the elements for our commemoration of the Lord’s death and our participation by faith in our Lord.
Question: As an ordinance of the church, what degree of standardization does the church wish to suggest regarding the service format for communion?
Answer: We want our service to follow a general standard, including prayer, a basic explanation of and blessing on the bread and wine, and worshipful music. Other Communion services can follow any dignified and respectful format that brings glory to God and does not bring reproach on the name of Christ. It must not be done flippantly, but with meaning. It should be a dignified occasion, yet at the same time, a joyous occasion—thereby appropriate for coming into the presence of God.
What is our position on transubstantiation?
Jesus said, “This is my body.” Some churches take this statement literally, and teach that the bread becomes the body of Jesus Christ. However, other churches take this statement to be symbolic. It is possible that what Jesus said, and what he meant, was something symbolic or metaphorical. Jesus often used figurative language. For example, when Jesus said, I am the bread that came down from heaven, he did not mean that he was literally bread. He meant it figuratively.
At the Last Supper, when Jesus said the words, he was with the disciples, holding some bread, telling his disciples, This is my body. The disciples could see his body; they could see that the bread was not his body. In the original setting, the disciples would have understood Jesus’ words in some figurative way.
Jesus also said that the cup was the new covenant in his blood. That’s figurative language. He was not concerned about the actual cup. He used the word “cup” to refer to the wine inside the cup. It was a figure of speech. The wine wasn’t the new covenant, either. Jesus was speaking figuratively. He did not say that the wine was his blood.
The pattern is consistent: Jesus was speaking figuratively. The bread symbolized the body of Jesus. However, this does not mean that the bread is “only” a symbol — as if symbols are not important. Symbols are important. The bread represents the body of Jesus, and that’s an extremely important representation. Moreover, Jesus is present in the ceremony, as well as in the physical bread and wine, in some spiritual way. By partaking of the bread and wine, we participate in our Lord (1 Corinthians 10:16).
| Staff of Life |
Who wrote the WW11 novel 'The Cruel Sea'? | Question & Answers About the Lord's Supper | Grace Communion International
Question & Answers About the Lord's Supper
What is our belief about transubstantiation?
What is the meaning of the Lord's Supper?
The Lord’s Supper is a reminder of what Jesus did in the past, a symbol of our present relationship with him and a promise of what he will do in the future. Let’s examine these three aspects.
The bread and wine are memorials of Jesus’ death on the cross (Luke 22:19-20; 1 Corinthians 11:26). In the Lord’s Supper, we each eat a piece of bread in remembrance of Jesus. When we drink the “fruit of the vine,” we remember that Jesus’ blood was shed for us, and that it signifies the new covenant. The Lord’s Supper looks back to the death of Jesus Christ on the cross.
Jesus’ death shows how much God loves us — so much that he sent his Son to die for us, so that our sins may be forgiven and we may live forever with him. This is good news! Although we may be saddened by the enormous price that had to be paid for us, we are happy that it was paid. When we remember Jesus’ death, we also remember that Jesus was dead for only a short time. We rejoice that Jesus has conquered death, and has set free all who were enslaved by a fear of death (Hebrews 2:14-15). Our mourning has turned to joy (John 16:20).
Christians look back to the crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus as the defining moment in our history. This is how we escape death and the slavery of sin, and this is how we are freed to serve the Lord. The Lord’s Supper is a memorial of this defining moment in our history.
The Lord’s Supper also pictures our present relationship with Jesus Christ. The crucifixion has a continuing significance to all who have taken up a cross to follow Jesus. We continue to participate in his death (Romans 6:4; Galatians 2:20; Colossians 2:20) because we participate in his life (Galatians 2:20; Ephesians 2:6; Colossians 2:13; 3:1).
Paul wrote, “Is not the cup of thanksgiving for which we give thanks a participation in the blood of Christ? And is not the bread that we break a participation in the body of Christ?” (1 Corinthians 10:16). With the Lord’s Supper, we show that we share in Jesus Christ. We participate with him, commune with him, become united in him. The Lord’s Supper helps us look upward, to Christ.
In John 6, Jesus used bread and wine to illustrate our need to be spiritually nourished by him: “Unless you eat the flesh of the Son of Man and drink his blood, you have no life in you…. Whoever eats my flesh and drinks my blood remains in me, and I in him” (verses 53-56). The Lord’s Supper reminds us that real life is found only in Jesus Christ, with him living in us.
When we are aware that Jesus lives in us, we also pause to think what kind of home we are giving him. We allow him to change our lives so that we live the way he wants us to. Paul wrote that we ought to examine ourselves before we eat of the bread and drink of the cup (1 Corinthians 11:28). The Lord’s Supper helps us look inward, to examine ourselves because of the great meaning in this ceremony.
As we examine ourselves, we need to look around, to other people, to see whether we are treating one another in the way that Jesus commanded. If you are united with Christ and I am united with Christ, then we are united to each other, too. The Lord’s Supper, by picturing our participation in Christ, also pictures our participation (other translations may say communion or sharing or fellowship) with each other (1 John 1:3, 7).
Paul wrote in 1 Corinthians 10:17, “Because there is one loaf, we, who are many, are one body, for we all partake of the one loaf.” The Lord’s Supper pictures the fact that we are one body in Christ, one with each other, with responsibilities toward one another.
Third, the Lord’s Supper also reminds us of the future, of Jesus’ return. Jesus said he would not drink the fruit of the vine again until he came in the fullness of the kingdom (Matthew 26:29; Luke 22:18; Mark 14:25). Whenever we participate, we are reminded of Jesus’ promise. Paul wrote that “For whenever you eat this bread and drink this cup, you proclaim the Lord’s death until he comes” (1 Corinthians 11:26). The Lord’s Supper helps us look forward.
The Lord’s Supper is rich in meaning. That is why it has been an important part of the Christian tradition throughout the centuries. Sometimes it has become a lifeless ritual, done more out of habit than with meaning. Some people overreact by stopping the ritual entirely. The better response is to restore the meaning.
For a more detailed answer, see "The Three-Fold Meaning of the Lord's Supper," by Joseph Tkach.
Is it wrong to use the term "Lord's Supper"?
Some say that the ceremony of bread and wine should not be called the Lord’s Supper. Two reasons are given for this. First, that the ceremony should be called by its old covenant name, Passover. And the second idea was that 1 Corinthians 11:20 says that the Corinthians Christians were not eating the Lord’s Supper.
The bread and wine is not a Passover. At Jesus’ Last Supper, the meal was a Passover meal; the sharing of bread and wine was done after the supper, and Scripture does not call it a Passover.
What does Scripture call it? It does not give a formal name. In 1 Corinthians 10:16, Paul calls it a “cup of thanksgiving.” In verse 21, he calls it “the cup of the Lord” and “the Lord’s table.” Since Scripture does not require a particular name, Christians are free to use any term that helps them understand that they are talking about the sharing of bread and wine in commemoration of Jesus’ death. Historically, three terms have been most common:
Eucharist. This comes from eucharisteo, the Greek word for giving thanks (1 Corinthians 11:24).
Communion. This word is used in the King James translation of 1 Corinthians 10:16; it means sharing or participation.
Lord’s Supper. Since Paul calls the memorial “the Lord’s Table,” it is not much different to call it “the Lord’s Supper.” It would be picky to say that “table” is OK, but “supper” is forbidden. The Bible doesn’t require us to use any certain term, and doesn’t forbid us to use any term.
Why then does Paul tell the Corinthians that “When you come together, it is not the Lord’s Supper you eat”? (1 Corinthians 11:20). He explains what he means in the next verse: “for [or “because”] as you eat, each of you goes ahead without waiting for anybody else. One remains hungry, another gets drunk.” They were not eating the Lord’s Supper, not because that was the wrong term, but because they were not participating in the right spirit. They were not sharing. Paul was commenting on the manner of their observance, not giving rules about names.
For a more detailed answer, see "The Name of the Lord's Supper" by Ralph Orr.
What kind of bread and wine?
Since Jesus began the Lord’s Supper after having told his disciples to prepare for the Passover, it is likely that he used unleavened bread. From the historical situation, we can also conclude that the bread Jesus used was made from grain harvested the year before, as required by old covenant law (Leviticus 23:10-14). However, neither the Scriptures nor the symbolism requires us to imitate these particular details.
The Bible does not attach any significance or importance to the age of the flour, nor whether it was leavened. Similarly, it does not specify whether the bread was made with wheat or barley. Scriptures about the last supper do not use the word for unleavened — the Bible simply says that it was bread. It used the common word for a common food.
When Jesus said, “I am the bread of life” (John 6:51), he did not specify whether he was wheat or barley, leavened or unleavened. The point he was making does not rest on such details. He was simply comparing himself to food in general, the most common staple of the diet. Just as bread is the basis of physical life, Jesus is the basis of eternal life.
When Jesus called himself bread, he was referring to its value in the common people’s diet, not to any specifics of shape or density. If he had lived and ministered in southeastern Asia, he might have compared himself to rice as the staff of life. His point did not depend on the specific grain being used — just that it was a common part of the diet. Jesus is the staple of our spiritual nourishment.
The wine that Jesus used was probably red, fermented wine from the previous year. That was what was available. It was probably mixed with water, as wine usually was in that day. Scripture does not mention these specifics. It simply says “fruit of the vine.”
When Jesus instituted the symbols, he did not make detailed requirements for the food or drink. He used words that were commonly used for ordinary food and drink. This made it easier for the disciples to do “this” in his remembrance. Whenever the original disciples shared a meal, they could remember what Jesus had done at the Last Supper.
The significance of the bread is not the type of grain it is made from, its texture, or whether it has fermented. Its significance is that it is food, and that we share it. Scripture simply says it is “bread,” without specifying “unleavened.” That is why the church teaches that members may use any type of bread whenever they observe communion.
Similarly, the significance of the wine is not its fermentation. The significance is that it is liquid, thus allowing it to represent Jesus’ blood of the new covenant, and that we drink it, symbolizing our taking the new covenant into ourselves. Jesus called it by a general term: “the fruit of the vine.” Therefore we allow either wine or juice to be used for communion.
Some people avoid wine because of allergies. Others avoid it because their body reacts with alcohol in undesirable ways. Some Christians in less-developed nations find it very difficult to find wine. That is why substitutes are permissible. The effectiveness of the ceremony does not depend on chemistry, but on our relationship with God.
Who should partake of the Lord's Supper?
Is it permissible for people to participate in the Lord’s Supper or Communion before they are baptized?
The Lord’s Supper is for people who have faith in Jesus Christ as Lord and Savior, even if they have not been baptized yet. The bread and wine are for those who have faith in Christ. People must make their own decision as to whether to partake. We do not believe it is appropriate to refuse to let people partake if they want to do so. God knows those who are his.
The Lord’s Supper is for people who have faith in Jesus Christ as their Savior and Lord. However, we can’t, nor do we wish to, police everybody’s heart as to whether their faith is real. Some people may actually become convicted and come to faith during the course of the Lord’s Supper service, and it would be right for them to partake.
May people observe without participating? Yes. Anyone is welcome to observe the service.
Do we want the Lord's Supper to be part of a formal church service, or something done privately in individual homes?
Question: Does the service have to be led by an ordained elder?
Answer: No. We have always made arrangements for members to take the elements (bread and wine) in their own homes when they were unable to participate with the congregation. Although an elder would officiate in such situations when one was available, we permitted a member to lead when an elder was not available.
The New Testament never even hints at the idea that administering at the Lord’s Supper is a function restricted to ordained leaders. For example, Paul did not mention anything about ordained leaders when he addressed the Corinthian church about the Lord’s Supper. No verse connects the Lord’s Supper with leadership offices.
As far as we can tell from the New Testament, Christians were able to observe the Lord’s Supper as often as they wanted, without any need for elders, whenever two or three or more were gathered in his name. If an elder is present, it is traditional, though not required, that the elder lead the communion.
Members may partake of the Lord’s Supper at any time in small groups. We are pleased that groups commemorate our Lord’s death, and see their own existence in that context, knowing that our unity comes because of our participation in him.
Question: May communion be led by a woman?
Answer: Yes. This function is not restricted to pastors, elders, or other church leaders, and may be done by anyone who has faith in Christ. Just as women sing prayers in church, they may also pray at a communion service that God will bless the elements for our commemoration of the Lord’s death and our participation by faith in our Lord.
Question: As an ordinance of the church, what degree of standardization does the church wish to suggest regarding the service format for communion?
Answer: We want our service to follow a general standard, including prayer, a basic explanation of and blessing on the bread and wine, and worshipful music. Other Communion services can follow any dignified and respectful format that brings glory to God and does not bring reproach on the name of Christ. It must not be done flippantly, but with meaning. It should be a dignified occasion, yet at the same time, a joyous occasion—thereby appropriate for coming into the presence of God.
What is our position on transubstantiation?
Jesus said, “This is my body.” Some churches take this statement literally, and teach that the bread becomes the body of Jesus Christ. However, other churches take this statement to be symbolic. It is possible that what Jesus said, and what he meant, was something symbolic or metaphorical. Jesus often used figurative language. For example, when Jesus said, I am the bread that came down from heaven, he did not mean that he was literally bread. He meant it figuratively.
At the Last Supper, when Jesus said the words, he was with the disciples, holding some bread, telling his disciples, This is my body. The disciples could see his body; they could see that the bread was not his body. In the original setting, the disciples would have understood Jesus’ words in some figurative way.
Jesus also said that the cup was the new covenant in his blood. That’s figurative language. He was not concerned about the actual cup. He used the word “cup” to refer to the wine inside the cup. It was a figure of speech. The wine wasn’t the new covenant, either. Jesus was speaking figuratively. He did not say that the wine was his blood.
The pattern is consistent: Jesus was speaking figuratively. The bread symbolized the body of Jesus. However, this does not mean that the bread is “only” a symbol — as if symbols are not important. Symbols are important. The bread represents the body of Jesus, and that’s an extremely important representation. Moreover, Jesus is present in the ceremony, as well as in the physical bread and wine, in some spiritual way. By partaking of the bread and wine, we participate in our Lord (1 Corinthians 10:16).
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Glenda Jackson won an Oscar in 1971 for which film? | Glenda Jackson on how the Oscars don’t matter – EW.com
Pinterest
JILLIAN EDELSTEIN for EW
Today’s younger audiences might not recognize this petite woman in the gray wool coat and the Tintin sweatshirt. Well, they should.
Glenda Jackson, 79, is a two-time Best Actress Oscar winner and one of the toughest, most riveting performers ever to become a major movie star. But she hasn’t appeared in a film since 1990 — and that’s because she decided to step away from Hollywood 25 years ago and run for a seat in British Parliament. In 1992, she was elected as a member of the liberal Labour Party, going on to serve her London constituency until her retirement last year.
And now, out of work for the first time since she was 16, Jackson is feeling lively and in the mood for a chat. For EW’s special Oscar issue (on stands now), she sat down for a profile on her life in movies and her life in politics. This year’s Academy Awards marks the 45th anniversary of her first Oscar win, in 1971, for Ken Russell’s florid erotic drama Women in Love. Her second Oscar came three years later for the romantic comedy A Touch of Class, costarring George Segal. (She was also nominated for her lead roles in John Schlesinger’s stunning bisexual love story, Sunday Bloody Sunday, and the Henrik Ibsen adaptation, Hedda.)
Over coffee in the kitchen of townhouse near Abbey Road in London, Jackson accepts that people are still fascinated by those two shimmering statuettes. But she doesn’t mince words when asked about what they really mean to her. “My mother polished them assiduously,” she says, “and it doesn’t take long for the gold to come off. Nothing but base metal underneath.”
Jackson, obviously, is a woman who says what she thinks. It’s a quality that distinguished her great performances: including her breakthrough as an asylum inmate in 1967’s Marat/Sade; 1971’s sensational The Music Lovers, featuring one of cinema’s craziest sex scenes, set in a shuddering train car; the landmark 1972 miniseries Elizabeth R, in which she astonished for nearly 10 hours as the Virgin Queen; a pair of cozy, enjoyable comedies made opposite Walter Matthau, House Calls (1978) and Hopscotch (1980); two outré films for director Robert Altman, HeathH (1980) and Beyond Therapy (1987); and a bittersweet 1978 biopic, ripe for rediscovery, of melancholy poet Stevie Smith, called Stevie.
On this day, Jackson is speaking her mind on any number of topics. After decades in Parliament, she still loves the scrimmage of debate. The Oscars, of course, come up. In the conversation that follows, she offers an opinionated, unfiltered reality check on the whole awards brouhaha, as well as her take on the limited power of movies to transform culture and why she thinks the best movies nowadays are on television.
(To read about Jackson’s life as a politician, plus her thoughts on Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump, click here .)
ENTERTAINMENT WEEKLY: What goes through your head when you think about the two Oscars you won?
GLENDA JACKSON: Well, I jib at the idea that I won them. I did nothing apart from what the job I was given. If there was a winner, it was the people who voted for me. My sardonic view is that they’re not as important as everyone thinks they are. I never went into a film thinking, “Oh gosh, if I do this slightly differently I might win something.”
What was the moviemaking experience like for you, especially in the beginning of your career?
I loved it. The camera is so obsessed with what you’re doing. It’s an amazing experience to be in the area around the light, surrounded by people in the dark, and they’re all looking and thinking, “Her hair, her mascara, her costume… Is the lighting right?” They’re not looking at you. But that concentrated energy into the area of light is a palpable force.
But it’s not a vainglorious energy, like for some ultimate reward?
No, it’s an energy you can use. But the idea you would do things differently because there was a prize at the end of it, like a gold medal or something, that I’ve jibbed at. They weren’t earned in that sense.
Though the films you were in, like Women in Love and Sunday Bloody Sunday, were small, intimate dramas. They needed and deserved the spotlight that they received from the Oscars.
I don’t disagree but that was in the early ’70s. The Oscars have been transformed into what they are now. They have much less to do with cinema. They are about frocks and the whole shebang of nonsense. Nowadays, it seems like the real competition is between the different award shows. The Golden Globes, back in my day, if you won you were lucky to get a notice in the next day’s Los Angeles Times. Now the coverage is ludicrous.
You didn’t go to the Oscars any of the four times you were nominated.
I was always working, but I happened to be in Los Angeles on the Sunday when they were happening one year and I was asked to open the envelope. And I was just so impressed. Two things. One was the efficiency with which they pulled it off. On both sides of the stage there was this colored tape for taking people to television and media. It was so well organized. And the other thing I found quite fascinating was the sense of excitement before the envelope was opened. It was really potent and intense. And you know what? The minute the envelope was opened, nobody gave a toss. “Right, fine, who’s next?”
What about the lasting cultural value? In the case of something like 12 Years a Slave, which won an Oscar for Best Picture a couple years ago. Wouldn’t you say that the award shined a light on social issues?
Prove it. See, you can’t. Who won last year? Who won the year before? Does it make one scrap of difference? At the time, it does, yes. But that’s not how human beings are. We enjoy the glitz of the moment, which is what it is. But how can you say that 12 Years a Slave or Selma has caused a fundamental cultural shift? And then you have these black guys being shot by policemen. Would that the Oscars could change the world but, I’m sorry, it just ain’t true.
Ignoring the Oscars, do you think movies have the power to cause cultural shifts?
Well, perhaps a couple of them have over the years. It would be nice to think, because film is such a powerful medium. But it is not transformative in a way that we’d all like it to be. Little by little, baby steps, it has been transformative over the years. These shifts are tiny, incremental, hopeful – but they can be wiped away so easily.
Do you see lots of movies these days?
Not as many. But I’ve always been obsessive about books. I’m of an age now where I tend to reread quite a lot. And quite interestingly I find that I read biographies. I never used to read them before, it used to just be fictional novels. I’m a big fan of detective fiction. David McCullough did a terrific book about Truman and I’m reading that again. He also did John Adams. And my interest in John Adams came entirely because of the television series, which was just marvelous, I thought.
Yes, that was on HBO. You basically helped invent longform TV with Elizabeth R in the early 70s.
That’s an exaggeration. But there was an audience, yes, especially since it had to do with dead long gone Royals. But it has changed. Both films and television are being made for Netflix and that’s the venue now, it’s not even cinemas anymore. Obviously Star Wars sold well, but certainly companies like HBO and Netflix can be much more adventurous about what they show. And the standards of many of those programs are very high, the writing especially.
What do you like on TV?
American television has been extraordinary. You name it. House of Cards, Breaking Bad, you name it. The Wire, of course. The Wire is absolutely extraordinary. The West Wing, for someone who’s interested in politics. I think it destroyed politicians because Aaron Sorkin presented politics the way we all want it to be, though it never is. That’s great drama.
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When is a racehorse's official birthday? | Glenda Jackson winning Best Actress for "Women in Love" - YouTube
Glenda Jackson winning Best Actress for "Women in Love"
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Uploaded on Mar 29, 2011
Glenda Jackson winning the Oscar® for Best Actress for her performance in "Women in Love" at the 43rd Academy Awards® in 1971. Presented by Walter Matthau and accepted by Juliet Mills.
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In which ocean would you find the Maldives? | Diving the Maldives | Original Diving
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Our Guide to Maldives Diving Holidays
After two recent research trips, we at Original Diving have chosen the best of a very, very good bunch of hotels, be the requirement a honeymoon haven, the ultimate dive destination, or just the quintessential desert island experience.
If you were lucky enough to enjoy diving the Maldives ten years ago, you would have found them utterly spectacular. In 1998 they were devastated by El Niño, which is said to have destroyed 95 per cent of the region's coral. Thankfully nature is making an amazing comeback, largely thanks to the nutrient-rich currents that sweep the area. Soft corals are once again plentiful, while hard varieties, including cabbage and staghorn corals, are slowly but surely reappearing.
What has not changed is the sheer quantity and diversity of marine life. Diving the Maldives used to be truly magical, a real fairytale, but today it remains fantastic by anyone's standards. You will come across everything from nudibranchs to manta ray , frogfish and stonefish - these islands have it all.
Go now while you still can. These low-lying islands off the west coast of Sri Lanka will be among the first to disappear as sea levels rise due to global warming. The loss will be devastating, not only to the Maldivians but also to the 300,000 annual divers and visitors. These 1,190 unique jewels are strung out like a necklace from north to south, spread over some 500 miles of the Indian Ocean. Totally unspoilt, they offer a breathtaking sight from the plane before you even touch down.
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Snorkelling in the crystal clear warm waters exploring coral reefs is like something from 'Finding Nemo' -amazing colours and creatures everywhere you look. I even came face to face with a (very friendly) turtle.
Louisa, Original Diver
Weather in January January February March April May June July August September October November December
Average Temp. — 27°C / 80°F
Rainfall — 8cm / 3.3 inches
Water Temp. — 28°C / 82°F
Average Temp. — 28°C / 82°F
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Water Temp. — 28°C / 82°F
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Rainfall — 8cm / 3.3 inches
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Rainfall — 12cm / 5.1 inches
Water Temp. — 30°C / 86°F
Average Temp. — 28°C / 82°F
Rainfall — 21cm / 8.6 inches
Water Temp. — 30°C / 86°F
Average Temp. — 28°C / 82°F
Rainfall — 16cm / 6.7 inches
Water Temp. — 29°C / 84°F
Average Temp. — 28°C / 82°F
Rainfall — 15cm / 6.2 inches
Water Temp. — 29°C / 84°F
Average Temp. — 28°C / 82°F
Rainfall — 18cm / 7.4 inches
Water Temp. — 29°C / 84°F
Average Temp. — 27°C / 80°F
Rainfall — 21cm / 8.5 inches
Water Temp. — 29°C / 84°F
Average Temp. — 27°C / 80°F
Rainfall — 22cm / 8.8 inches
Water Temp. — 28°C / 82°F
Average Temp. — 27°C / 80°F
Rainfall — 20cm / 7.9 inches
Water Temp. — 29°C / 84°F
Average Temp. — 27°C / 80°F
Rainfall — 22cm / 8.8 inches
Water Temp. — 28°C / 82°F
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Charity Tate (nee Dingle) ? | Maldives Map With Location Of All Islands
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Maldives Map With Location Of All Islands
Detailed information and maps show where is Maldives located on world map. Map of Maldives shows local islands, resorts, airports etc. Maldives is chain of 1190 islands located south-west of Sri Lanka and India in the Indian Ocean. The islands are so tiny that many world maps do not show Maldives. It is an independent country of about 357566 in population. Maldives is a member of the United Nations (UN), South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), Commonwealth and many other international organisations. Major economic activities are tourism, fishing, construction. The economy is mainly based on foreign currency generated through tourism, 99% of household goods are imported from other countries. The local currency is called Rufiyaa but US Dollar is widely accepted throughout the country.
There are two maps below, one shows where is Maldives located in world map and other shows the islands on Maldives map with airports marked by flight symbol. To quickly locate the main international airport scroll down and see mid-section of the Maldives map where there is double flight-symbol. Hulhule' is home to Ibrahim Nasir International Airport or formerly known as Male' International airport. Tourism is most develop in atolls close to this airport. Hulhule' also home to world's business seaplane operation. See Maldives Airport Guide
Maldives is an Asian country. The closest countries are Sri Lanka and India. It takes about an hour to fly from Srilanka to Maldives, a little bit more than an hour from Trivendrum of India. Every island is surrounded by water and totally disconnected from other islands. It takes about 5 hours to fly from Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand. About 8 hours from Guangzhou of China.
For further information on Maldives there is an FAQ section at the bottom.
Location of Maldives on world map
This map also shows all countries of Asia and the location of Maldives in the region. Asia is mainly divided into three regional sectors.
South Asia comprises of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Maldives, Pakistan, Sri Lanka. Southeast Asia includes Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines, East Timor, Brunei, and Christmas Island, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar (Burma), Thailand, Vietnam. East Asia consists of China, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, Japan, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea.
Map of Maldives
Now you know where is Maldives and blow is the map of Maldives islands, including all residential islands, resorts , uninhabited islands, airports etc. If you are looking for the location of a specific island it is not easy to spot from 1190 islands. But, if you know the atoll it is easy. Just scroll down till you reach the atoll and then search that particular area. If you are planning your holiday in one of these islands you can check which are the closest islands near your chosen destination and plan trips accordingly. In case you have booked more than 1 resort to stay, you can see check location of the other resort and anticipate what you might see during the journey. Below the map there is a list of atolls. We are adding detailed map of each atoll there.
There are the 1190 islands in the Maldives and this map shows them all. The country is naturally divided into 26 atolls or chain of islands. You can see this very clearly on the map. For administrative purposes the government has divided it into just 20 atolls. Scroll down to Kaafu Atoll to see the international airport at Hulhule'. Kaafu Atoll being the location of main airport it is the busiest tourism zone, other popular atolls include South Ari Atoll, North Ari Atoll, Baa Atoll. None of the atolls are bad, having said popular it simply means there are many resorts around. Tourism has been booming in Noonu Atoll in the last few years, especially in luxury tourism. See the map of shows many islands in close proximity, this could be one of the reasons for attracting both investors and tourists in luxury sector.
Island / Atoll
Maldives - country population
357566
On the Maldives map atoll names are on both sides in large font size. The dotted white line separates each atoll from the rest of atolls. Some parts of the map show atolls one by one (from top to bottom), in other places the atolls are located side by side which is often referred as double-chain formation. In rough weather the outer atoll seas are more choppy, but in fine weather it is unnoticeable.
Male the capital of Maldives
The capital of Maldives is Male' (with apostrophe) which is pronounced as Maaley. On internet it is sometimes spelled as Male (without apostrophe) which is not the right spelling. Below is the map of Male (or Male')
Between airport and Male' there are ferries every 10 minutes, this is from 5am till midnight, after that ferry operations are not frequent till next morning.
Distance between Maldives and other countries
Distance between Maldives and Sri Lanka from closest point: 717km
Distance between Maldives and India from closest point: 430km
Distance between Maldives and Seychelles from closest point: 1950km
Distance between Maldives and Malaysia from closest point: 2970km
Distance between Maldives and Thailand from closest point: 2750km
Distance between Maldives and Japan from closest point: 5800km
Distance between Maldives and Hong Kong from closest point: 4760km
Distance between Maldives and Germany from closest point: 7200km
Male' Maldives to Colombo Sri Lanka: 750km
Male' Maldives to Trivendrum India: 645km
Gan Maldives to Colombo Sri Lanka: 1120km
Gan Maldives to Trivendrum India: 1146km
Distance between Maldives and Minicoy of India from closest point: 128km
Distance between Minicoy and mainland of India from closest point: 378km
Distance between Minicoy and other Indian islands from closest point: 200km
Where is Maldives? Is it in India?
Surprisingly some people tend to think Maldives is a part of another country. It is the Republic of Maldives, which is an independent sovereign country with its territorial waters and land defined, and recognized by international bodies such as United Nations, Commonwealth. Maldives is widely known throughout the world. Maldives have foreign relations with all major countries of the world.
Maldives is not in Zanzibar, Seychelles, Mauritius, India, Indonesia or any other country. Maldives is in Indian Ocean.
The country is headed by a democratically elected president. Judiciary and parliament are independent bodies of the state. Maldives is divided into 20 atolls which are run by local councils, atoll councils or city councils, under the Constitution of the Republic of Maldives.
Maldives is not a part of any country, not even attached to protection of any specific country. Like other independent countries the government headed by the President Of Maldives administers the country. The world map shows geographical separation of Maldives from other countries.
Atolls at the equator
Maldives is one of the many countries located on the equator which divides North Pole and South Pole. The country is stretched narrowly from north to south of the globe and equator crosses between Fuvahmulah and Gaafu Dhaalu Atoll in the southern parts of the nation. Out of over 1200 islands in the Maldives each has has unique characteristics in terms of geography and people's lifestyle. Fuvahmulah is one of those unique islands which has native fish and a bird which is not found in anywhere else in the Maldives. But, nothing seems to be remarkably different just because of the equator, except that the people speaks a different dialect of local language which most of the other locals dont understand at all. In fact the atolls at the equator such as Addu Atoll, Fuvahmulah, Gaafu Dhaalu and Gaafu Alif Atoll (collectively called Huvadhu Atoll or Huvadhoo Atoll) have a different dialect in each atoll. The dialects are similar, but also different to a significant degree.
Geography
Maldives is made up of 1190 coral islands dispersed over an area of 90000 square kilometers in India Ocean. The islands are naturally grouped into 26 atolls. Each island is surrounded by sea, means you will need a boat to visit the island. It is common to find many islands sharing same lagoon, in the same area there are individually isolated islands as well. Most of the islands have its own house reef that protects the beach and some atolls have outer reef that protects the entire atoll. Read more on Maldives geography and geology.
It is believed that Maldives is formed atop inactive super volcanoes, each atoll is such a volcano with islands formed on the rim. That could be the reason the islands in each atoll is somewhat circular in shape.
History of Maldives
Maldives is small but old country, historical evidence shows the Maldives is more than 2500 years old. Through out history Maldives was independent with exception of few foreign invasion that did not last long. The country had a ruler; a king, queen, sultan or president for the past 1000 years and more.
In the ancient times people used stars to navigate. Lack of maps and GPS did not prevent people from traveling from island to island, atoll to atoll, and even to overseas. Month long sea journeys, especially to Saudi Arabia, were part of the sea-based life. Historical records reveal a story of Maldivian emissary went to Rome bearing gifts for Emperor. Read more on Maldives history
Islands on the North of Maldives
It was recently discovered by Maldives Finest that the islands on the north of Maldives have significantly less rainfall over the year. The northern most atoll is Haa Alif Atoll, followed by Haa Dhaalu. It is very easy to locate the islands and atolls because these are at the very top of the map. Scroll up and see the first atoll. Yes, it is the northern parts of the country. Capital Male' is in the middle and bottom of the map is Southern atolls.
To visit Haa Alif Atoll you can fly to Hanimadhoo from Male' International Airport, by domestic flight. If you are seeking islands in the north reachable by seaplane, there are many resorts in Noonu Atoll and Baa Atoll. Seaplane takes about an hour to Noonu Atoll from Male', and Baa Atoll it is approximately 45 minutes and varies depending the exactly island you wish to visit.
Frequently Asked Questions - FAQ
This section has been moved to a new topic and updated. Read FAQ of Maldives
Map of Atolls
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