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What would you do with a Yashmak?	What would you do with a Yashmak \| GK Wikipedia - Free Encyclopedia GK Wikipedia - Free Encyclopedia What would you do with a Yashmak Wear it - it's an Arab veil Share to:	wear it it s arab veil
Who betrayed Jesus to the Romans?	10000_questions 2 - 10000 general knowledge questions and answers 10000_questions 2 10000_questions 2 - 10000 general knowledge questions and... SCHOOL View Full Document 10000 general knowledge questions and answers www.cartiaz.ro No Questions Quiz 1 Answers 1 Carl and the Passions changed band name to what Beach Boys 2 How many rings on the Olympic flag Five 3 What colour is vermilion a shade of Red 4 King Zog ruled which country Albania 5 What colour is Spock's blood Green 6 Where in your body is your patella Knee ( it's the kneecap ) 7 Where can you find London bridge today USA ( Arizona ) 8 What spirit is mixed with ginger beer in a Moscow mule Vodka 9 Who was the first man in space Yuri Gagarin 10 What would you do with a Yashmak Wear it - it's an Arab veil 11 Who betrayed Jesus to the Romans Judas Escariot 12 Which animal lays eggs Duck billed platypus 13 On television what was Flipper Dolphin 14 Who's band was The Quarrymen John Lenon 15 Which was the most successful Grand National horse Red Rum 16 Who starred as the Six Million Dollar Man Lee Majors 17 In the song Waltzing Matilda - What is a Jumbuck Sheep 18 Who was Dan Dare's greatest enemy in the Eagle This is the end of the preview. Sign up to access the rest of the document. TERM 10000 general knowledge questions and answers www.cartiaz.ro No Questions Quiz 4 Answ 10000_questions 9	i don't know
On television what was Flipper?	Flipper (TV Series 1964–1967) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error Ranger Porter Ricks is responsible for the animal and human life in Coral Key Park, Florida. Stories center on his 15-year-old son Sandy and 10-year-old Bud and, especially, on their pet dolphin Flipper. Creators: Flipper is injured during an explosions and the doctor announces that Flipper may not live. Porter tries to get to the bottom of who set off that explosion and why while the boys take vigil at ... 8.2 Porter leaves Sandy and Bud in charge while he goes to take care of some business for the day. He even tells them that they can open his mail when it comes. They do as instructed, only to find a ... 7.9 Sandy has an opportunity to watch a stunt man perform an underwater stunt, but when he injures his back, Sandy decides to take over the stunt without anyone knowledge. 7.8 a list of 37 titles created 16 Sep 2011 a list of 30 titles created 18 Feb 2014 a list of 25 titles created 15 Jan 2015 a list of 25 titles created 08 May 2015 a list of 42 titles created 3 months ago Search for " Flipper " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Sandy is distraught when, having saved Flipper by pulling out a spear, his father insists the dolphin be released. A grateful Flipper, however, returns the favor when Sandy is threatened by Sharks. Director: James B. Clark Dr. Marsh Tracy was a veterinarian running an animal study center in Africa. Helping him were his daughter Paula, American Jack Dane and Mike, a local. Also living with the Tracys--and ... See full summary » Stars: Marshall Thompson, Cheryl Miller, Judy the Chimpanzee The ongoing saga of the Martin family and their beloved collie, Lassie. Stars: Lassie, Jon Provost, June Lockhart Sandy Ricks is sent by his mom to Coral Key, a rustic island in the Florida keys, to spend the summer with his uncle Porter Ricks. Sandy dislikes everything about his new environment until ... See full summary » Director: Alan Shapiro Sonny and his kangaroo Skippy live in Waratah National Park in New South Wales. Matt Hammond, Sonny's father is the park ranger. Skippy saves the day in many adventures. Stars: Ed Devereaux, Tony Bonner, Ken James Boy Sandy and Dolphin Flipper are in the Bahamas where they pester a bunch of outlaws holding an English family captive. Director: Leon Benson The adventures in the Florida Everglades of a game warden, Tom Wedloe, his wife Ellen, their son Mark, and Mark's tame bear Ben. Stars: Dennis Weaver, Clint Howard, Beth Brickell The misadventures of a wisecracking talking horse and his human owner. Stars: Allan Lane, Alan Young, Connie Hines An innocent fugitive from the law lives in the wilderness with a grizzly bear companion and helps passers-by in the forest. Stars: Dan Haggerty, Denver Pyle, Bozo the Bear A witch married to an ordinary man cannot resist using her magic powers to solve the problems her family faces. Stars: Elizabeth Montgomery, Dick York, Dick Sargent A United States astronaut finds his life vastly complicated when he stumbles on to a bottle containing a female genie. Stars: Barbara Eden, Larry Hagman, Bill Daily Edit Storyline Ranger Porter Ricks is responsible for the animal and human life in Coral Key Park, Florida. Stories center on his 15-year-old son Sandy and 10-year-old Bud and, especially, on their pet dolphin Flipper. Dive into a world full of wonder with the King of the Sea! (Season One DVD) Genres: 19 September 1964 (USA) See more » Also Known As: Flipper le dauphin See more » Filming Locations: Brian Kelly was only 16 years older than Luke Halpin . See more » Connections Excellent blast from the past 15 May 2014 \| by wrxsti54 – See all my reviews I stumbled on the Flipper TV series on Hulu and it has been a wonderful journey back to a golden age of American television. In a modern world obsessed with violence, sex and with Hollywood now so determined to portray families riddled with problems and with pampered children, Flipper represents a dose of old fashioned values from an era now sadly largely gone. There is no cussing, sexual content or anxiety ridden acting out by children. Porter Ricks comes across as an earnest and conscientious father raising two rambunctious and inquisitive boys all the while keeping various crooks at bay at the Coral Keys Park and protecting and rescuing all manner of visitors to the southern Florida paradise. The quality of the footage is superb - from the rich color (done in an era when color filming was not yet the norm), excellent clarity and of course the underwater footage which is as good as any you'll see in modern TV or films today. The plot lines are somewhat predictable, even a little corny but a number of episodes feature some excellent even gripping story lines. Yes - Flipper is invested with almost human powers and the dolphin footage gets spliced with lots of re-runs of similar Flipper scenes, but the result is one that carries on the endearing fondness between animal and human that was so richly on display between Luke Halpin and the various dolphins who starred as Flipper in the original two movies. It is interesting to note the insertion of an older pilot of the TV show as episode 3 of Series 1 that was clearly filmed right after the second movie in 1963 when Halpin was only 16 and Norden (playing Bud) was only 10 as both boys seem older when all the other episodes of Season 1 were filmed a year later in 1964 and screened that fall. It provides a neat transition from the 2nd Flipper movie (Flipper's New Adventure) that first featured Brian Kelly as Porter Ricks and enabled the studio to experiment with the mix of Tommy Norden as Bud with Kelly and Halpin. The family chemistry is most endearing and enjoyable. The boys seem to live an idyllic carefree life mostly in the water where a vast playground of sand, sea, boats and diving is a stone's throw away. The ease in which Sandy and Bud jump into and pilot any available boat and throw on scuba tanks and roam the sea floor is one of the many attractions of the series - indeed Halpin became such an accomplished diver that once his post-Flipper career floundered after the advantage of his late maturation (giving NBC the ability to play an older teen in a mid-teen role) was negated by his eventual adulthood and thus growing out of the Sandy Ricks role, Halpin became a sought after diving consultant to the Florida movie industry for many decades. It's hard to find an actor after all these years who combined a depth of excellent acting talent with down home telegenic good looks AND superb athleticism. It's no wonder Halpin became a popular teen idol to the young teenage girl readers of teen magazines with his mop of blond hair, boyish innocence and lots of scenes featuring his tanned shirtless swimmer's physique. The Flipper TV shows make for excellent television even 50 years later with new generations of children able to enjoy the fruits of Ricou Browning's excellent direction work. He features a number of famous older actors and some who went on to became household names (Martin Sheen, Burt Reynolds, and Barbara Feldman) in small cameo roles. By filming exclusively in Florida away from the glitz and glamor of Hollywood, it gives the show a sense of believable reality. In our jaded cynical world where children have to grow up too fast (and TV shows are hastening that process), it's great to watch a TV program that shows boys just being simple boys and a father requiring discipline, hard work, responsibility and consequences all against the backdrop of one of nature's most compelling animals playing a pivotal role in all episodes and all filmed in one of America's prettiest locations. There is so much to like about the Flipper TV series in addition to the trip down memory lane. 1 of 1 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	Dolphin
Which was the most successful Grand National horse?	Flipper (1964) - ShareTV Flipper (1964) 03x28 Flipper's New Friends (2) Aired: Apr. 15, 1967 The two children find an old boat that leaks faster than they can bail. Next Episode The show had 3 seasons and 88 episodes air between 1964 and 1967. Character Guide More Trivia Dolphin trainer Ric O'Barry said on a few occasions he ran an extension cord down to the Miami Seaquarium so that the dolphins who acted in the Flipper TV show could see themselves when the… [show] Dolphin trainer Ric O'Barry said on a few occasions he ran an extension cord down to the Miami Seaquarium so that the dolphins who acted in the Flipper TV show could see themselves when the shows they acted in screened on air. He said they were very self aware. [hide] The third show of Season 1 (SOS Dolphin) was filmed one year earlier (1963) as a pilot immediately after they filmed the last sequence for the second feature movie "Flipper's New Adventure" -… [show] The third show of Season 1 (SOS Dolphin) was filmed one year earlier (1963) as a pilot immediately after they filmed the last sequence for the second feature movie "Flipper's New Adventure" - Luke Halpin is wearing the same red t-shirt in the last scene of the movie and the opening scenes of the TV show. The series was filmed from 1964 to 1966. Related Links	i don't know
Who starred as the Six Million Dollar Man?	The Six Million Dollar Man (TV Series 1974–1978) - IMDb IMDb 17 January 2017 4:34 PM, UTC NEWS There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error The Six Million Dollar Man 1h After a crippled test pilot is rebuilt with nuclear powered limbs and implants, he serves as a unique intelligence agent. Stars: With Jaime Sommers critically injured, Steve Austin races to Dr. Franklin's secret hideout to find the kidnapped Oscar Goldman. Austin plans to rescue his friend and boss despite Oscar's own orders ... 8.7 When an object tracks across the sky and lands in a remote area in Wyoming, Oscar and Steve arrive on the scene and find that a Russian space probe built to withstand the extreme Venus environment ... 8.6 With time running out, Steve must do anything he can to disable the Russian space probe in spite of the fact that it is virtually indestructible and has numerous inventive capabilities that it uses ... 8.2 a list of 22 titles created 11 Jan 2011 a list of 26 titles created 01 Jan 2012 a list of 31 titles created 29 Mar 2012 a list of 41 titles created 24 Oct 2015 a list of 45 titles created 6 months ago Title: The Six Million Dollar Man (1974–1978) 7.2/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Nominated for 1 Golden Globe. Another 1 win & 2 nominations. See more awards » Photos After fully recovering from her near fatal bout of bionic rejection, Jaime Sommers, the first female cyborg, is assigned to spy missions of her own. Stars: Lindsay Wagner, Richard Anderson, Martin E. Brooks After an astronaut/test pilot is catastrophically mutilated in a test plane crash, he is rebuilt and equipped with nuclear powered bionic limbs and implants. Director: Richard Irving The adventures of a film stunt performer who moonlights as a bounty hunter when movie work is slow. Stars: Lee Majors, Douglas Barr, Heather Thomas The adventures of three sexy female private eyes. Stars: Kate Jackson, Farrah Fawcett, Jaclyn Smith The adventures of two California Highway Patrol motorcycle officers. Stars: Erik Estrada, Larry Wilcox, Robert Pine Two streetwise cops bust criminals in their red-and-white Ford Torino, with the help of police snitch, Huggy Bear. Stars: David Soul, Paul Michael Glaser, Antonio Fargas Accounts of visitors to a unique resort island in the Pacific Ocean that can fulfill literally any fantasy requested, but rarely turn out as expected. Stars: Ricardo Montalban, Hervé Villechaize, Christopher Hewett The adventures of a Hawaii based private investigator. Stars: Tom Selleck, John Hillerman, Roger E. Mosley The adventures of the fast-drivin', rubber-burnin' Duke boys of Hazzard County. Stars: Tom Wopat, John Schneider, Catherine Bach The globe-trotting adventures of amateur detectives Jonathan and Jennifer Hart. Stars: Robert Wagner, Stefanie Powers, Lionel Stander Two brothers of disparate tastes and manners run a private detective agency. Stars: Jameson Parker, Gerald McRaney, Mary Carver A bald, lollipop sucking police detective with a fiery righteous attitude battles crime in his city. Stars: Telly Savalas, Dan Frazer, Kevin Dobson Edit Storyline When ace test-pilot Steve Austin's ship crashed, he was nearly dead. Deciding that "we have the technology to rebuild this man", the government decides to rebuild Austin, augmenting him with cybernetic parts which gave him superhuman strength and speed. Austin becomes a secret operative, fighting injustice where it is found. Written by Murray Chapman <[email protected]> 18 January 1974 (USA) See more » Also Known As: Did You Know? Trivia In almost every episode Steve will say either "You bet," or "You got it." See more » Goofs Steve Austin's bionic abilities are supposed to be kept secret. Yet, in several episodes he freely reveals it to people by demonstrating it or telling them. See more » Quotes [Opening narration, version 1] Harve Bennett: Steve Austin, astronaut. A man barely alive. Oscar Goldman : We can rebuild him. We have the technology. We can make him better than he was. Better, stronger, faster. (Xanadu) – See all my reviews Before Arnold became a Terminator, Lee Majors was everyone's favorite cyborg. For any sci-fi or adventure show fan, this was THE show of the 70's. The 60's had Kirk, Spock, Tribbles, and Klingons; the 70's had Steve Austin, Oscar Goldman, Jamie Summers, and Bigfoot. Lee Majors was Steve Austin, astronaut; a man barely alive...... There was nothing Stone Cold about this Steve Austin, except maybe his wardrobe. Lee Majors was quite entertaining as Col. Steve Austin; part James Bond, part Buzz Aldrin/Chuck Yeager, and part Superman. Lee gave Austin a nice mix of serious and fun. Yes, his acting could be as mechanical as his bionics; but, Majors always had a bit of a twinkle in his eye (may have been the lens in the bionic one). He never took himself too seriously in the role, but could convey that emotion when the script called for it. Richard Anderson was steady as boss and pal Oscar Goldman. Like Majors, he was limited, but well suited to his character. Anderson could be a good supporting actor when he rose to the occasion; and he often did. I personally preferred Martin E. Brooks to Allan Openheimer, as Dr. Rudy Wells. Brooks came across more as a scientist. The other supporting characters varied in quality from show to show, but Rudy was always an integral part. The episodes vary in excitement and imagination. The later seasons suffered from repetition, but, the early ones hold up well as good science fiction. Personal favorites include the death probe; the Russian installation with a doomsday device that is accidentally activated; the booby-trapped Liberty Bell; the androids; Steve's return flight in the experimental craft from the pilot movie;the Bionic Woman cross-overs; and, of course, Bigfoot. I preferred the more science fiction oriented stories to the more mundane cops and robbers shows. The show had quite a mix of guest stars. There were the greats, like William Shatner, Lou Gossett Jr., Guy Doleman (from Thunderball and the Ipcress File), and Ted Cassidy and Andre the Giant as Bigfoot (Andre played him first). There were the so-so, like Farrah Fawcett (Majors), Cathy Rigby, Gary Lockwood, and John Saxon. Then there were the strange, like Sonny Bono and Larry Csonka. This was the show that caused millions of kids in the 70's to run in slow motion, while making strange noises. It also had the coolest action figure; it came with an engine block that you could cause Steve Austin to lift, by pressing a button on his back. You could also look through the bionic eye, although you had to make your own sound effects. I understand these things go for big bucks on eBay. Years later, I found a copy of the original novel, Cyborg, by Martin Caidin. The character was a bit different. He was more of a secret agent than in the series, and the bionics were a bit different. The eye was actually a camera, rather than a telescopic lens. It was explained that Austin's stamina was greater, since his lungs didn't have to provide oxygen to his bionic limbs. He also had special enhancements for the limbs for special missions. In one, he has webbed feet for underwater swimming. The book plays up Austin's intelligence and scientific background more. It was generally well written, and makes a nice contrast to the series. There have been rumors of an updated movie. At one point, it was pitched as a comedy with Chris Rock. Thankfully, that doesn't seem to be the case right now. It has tremendous potential as and action/sci-fi movie, particularly with advances in special effects. Here's hoping the right script, director, and cast comes along and makes it a reality. Of course, they'll have to adjust it for inflation; 6 million doesn't buy much these days. And defense contractors are notorious for overcharging for substandard work. While we're waiting, how about a DVD box set? 11 of 11 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	Lee Majors
In the song Waltzing Matilda - What is a Jumbuck?	Martin E. Brooks Dead: 'Six Million Dollar Man' Actor Was 90 \| Hollywood Reporter Courtesy of Jon Landau Martin E. Brooks He played Dr. Rudy Wells on the 1970s ABC series and its spinoff, 'The Bionic Woman.' Martin E. Brooks, best known for his portrayal of the scientist Dr. Rudy Wells on the 1970s ABC series The Six Million Dollar Man and its spinoff, The Bionic Woman, has died. He was 90. Brooks died Monday in Studio City of natural causes, Avatar and Titanic producer Jon Landau told The Hollywood Reporter. Brooks was the “soul mate” of Landau’s mother, Edie (also a producer), for the past 20 years, he said. The two grew up in Wilkes-Barre, Pa., where they had been friends as children, and reconnected in 1993 after her husband died. Brooks was the third actor to play Wells, who oversees the bionic implants of Steve Austin (Lee Majors) and Jaime Sommers (Lindsay Wagner) on the two action shows. He then reprised the role of Wells on three telefilms. A familiar face on television, Brooks also appeared on such series as Knots Landing, Hunter, McMillan & Wife and Cagney & Lacey, and he played Edgar Randolph, a suspect in the shooting of Bobby Ewing (Patrick Duffy), at the climax of the 1983-84 season of Dallas. On Broadway, Brooks had roles starting in the 1950s in John Steinbeck’s Burning Bright, for which he received a Theatre World Award and a Donaldson Award; Arthur Miller’s adaptation of Ibsen’s Enemy of the People; Arch Oboler’s Night of the Auk; and John Van Druten’s I Am a Camera. Brooks also worked alongside such great actresses as Katharine Cornell, Helen Hayes, Julie Harris, Ruth Gordon, Geraldine Page, Marian Seldes and Uta Hagen on the Great White Way and co-starred with Brian Donlevy in a national tour of Saul Levitt’s hit play The Andersonville Trial. Martin Baum was born in the Bronx, and when he was 10, his family moved to Wilkes-Barre, where his father opened and operated the Blue Bell Dress Factory. After high school, he volunteered to serve in the U.S. Army, became a paratrooper with the 11th Airborne Division and was awarded a Purple Heart for injuries received in battle. After the war, Baum attended Penn State University and enrolled at Erwin Piscator’s Dramatic Workshop of the New School for Social Research in New York City. While there, he won the off-Broadway best actor award for his performance in Wolfgang Borchert’s Outside the Door and changed his name to Martin Brooks after a suggestion from one of his producers, Richard Rodgers. At the same time, Brooks also was invited by Lee Strasberg to join The Actors Studio. Brooks also played Dr. Arthur Bradshaw on ABC soap General Hospital and appeared in such films as Colossus: The Forbin Project (1970) and The Man (1972). He taught at the Tracy Roberts Acting School, which he co-owned with his late friend Tracy Roberts, and became an active member of Theatre West. In 2014, Brooks released his first CD, A Life Filled With Love, featuring songs he wrote and recorded in the 1960s and ’70s. Brooks also wrote two novels, and his play Flo and Joe was optioned for a Broadway production. In addition to Edie Landau, survivors include his nephews Charles and Danny and his grandnephews Ted, Mike, Mark, Jay and Aaron. There will be no memorial service. Twitter: @mikebarnes4 Updated 4:55 p.m. on Dec. 7: Brooks' character on Dallas was suspected of shooting Bobby, not J.R.	i don't know
Who was Dan Dare's greatest enemy in the Eagle?	Who was Dan Dares greatest enemy in the Eagle Mekon 19 What is - MBA - 217 View Full Document Who was Dan Dare's greatest enemy in the Eagle Mekon 19 What is Dick Grayson better known as Robin (Batman and Robin) 20 What was given on the fourth day of Christmas Calling birds 21 What was Skippy ( on TV ) The bush kangaroo 22 What does a funambulist do Tightrope walker 23 What is the name of Dennis the Menace's dog Gnasher 24 What are bactrians and dromedaries Camels (one hump or two) 25 Who played The Fugitive David Jason 26 Who was the King of Swing Benny Goodman 27 Who was the first man to fly across the channel Louis Bleriot 28 Who starred as Rocky Balboa Sylvester Stallone 29 In which war was the charge of the Light Brigade Crimean 30 Who invented the television John Logie Baird 31 Who would use a mashie niblick Golfer 32 In the song who killed Cock Robin Sparrow 33 What do deciduous trees do Lose their leaves in winter 34 In golf what name is given to the No 3 wood Spoon 35 If you has caries who would you consult Dentist - its tooth decay 36 What other name is Mellor’s famously known by Lady Chatterlys Lover 37 What did Jack Horner pull from his pie Plum 38 How many feet in a fathom Six 39 which film had song Springtime for Hitler The Producers 40 Name the legless fighter pilot of ww2 Douglas Bader 41 What was the name of inn in Treasure Island Admiral Benbow 42 What was Erich Weiss better known as Harry Houdini 43 Who sailed in the Nina - Pinta and Santa Maria Christopher Columbus 44 Which leader died in St Helena Napoleon Bonaparte 45 Who wrote Gone with the Wind Margaret Mitchell 46 What does ring a ring a roses refer to The Black Death 47 Whose nose grew when he told a lie Pinocchio 48 Who has won the most Oscars Walt Disney 49 What would a Scotsman do with a spurtle Eat porridge (it’s a spoon) 50 Which award has the words for valour on it Victoria Cross Page 2 This is the end of the preview. Sign up to access the rest of the document. TERM 10000 general knowledge questions and answers www.cartiaz.ro No Questions Quiz 4 Answ 10000_questions 9	Mekon
What is Dick Grayson better known as?	Dan Dare Writers Announced! \| B7 Media Dan Dare Writers Announced! 01 Feb London, 1 February 2016: Inspired by the original Eagle comic strips the writers for B7 Media’s dramatic new audio version of DAN DARE have been announced. “Space is back! After years languishing in the backwaters, suddenly the romance of space has ignited the public imagination again,” say lead writers Richard Kurti and Bev Doyle. “Nothing captures this feeling better than the original Dan Dare comic strips, which ran from 1950 to 1967, when being an astronaut was the coolest thing on the planet.” Joining Richard Kurti and Bev Doyle (Going Postal, The Martian Chronicles) are: James Swallow (Star Trek, Doctor Who, 24), Simon Guerrier (Doctor Who, Sapphire and Steel), Marc Platt (Doctor Who, Oz) and Patrick Chapman (The Martian Chronicles). Series script editor Colin Brake (Bugs, EastEnders) will write the Season One finale. “From Chris Hadfield’s rendition of Space Oddity on the international space station, which clocked up 26 million hits on YouTube, to the 200,000 volunteers for a one-way ticket to Mars, people now see space exploration as something daring and romantic,” Kurti & Doyle believe. Tim Peake’s six-month mission for the European Space Agency, becoming the first Briton in space since Helen Sharman travelled on a Soviet spacecraft for eight days in 1991, and the first to do so under a British flag, has also captured many imaginations, inevitably prompting nostalgia for Britain’s fictional hero, Dan Dare. “The challenge for us was to strip away the stiff-upper-lip, old fashioned, class-ridden heroics,” Kurti & Doyle continue, “while retaining the courage, idealism and spirit of adventure that is at the heart of Dan Dare.” Inspired by the original Eagle comic strips, the all-new Dan Dare audio adventures will be directed by Andrew Mark Sewell (The Martian Chronicles, Blake’s 7) and produced by Simon Moorhead (Luna, Mirrormask). Former Marvel Comics editor John Freeman is attached as consultant to the series. “We’ve assembled a great team that has respect but not reverence for the original comics, and a real passion for sci-fi and space exploration. Together we aim to bring you a truly cinematic audio series that recaptures the spirit of wonder and heroic adventure that characterized the original Dan Dare,” says director, Andrew Mark Sewell. The Season One stories are confirmed as: Voyage to Venus Written by Richard Kurti and Bev Doyle Brilliant test pilot, Dan Dare, is chosen to fly the Anastasia – a new experimental spacecraft – on its maiden voyage to Venus. This isn’t exploration – it is to make first contact with a mysterious civilisation that has sent technological secrets as a goodwill gesture. However, what Dan, Digby and Professor Peabody find on Venus isn’t goodwill, but a terrifyingly intelligent, cold-hearted ruler, the Mekon. A creature destined to become Dan Dare’s nemesis – and Earth’s greatest threat… The Red Moon Mystery Written by James Swallow Unable to return to Earth, Dan Dare and the crew of the Anastasia head to the desolate planet Mars, where Dan’s estranged Uncle Ivor is part of a research team working on a top-secret archaeological dig; but when they find the base wrecked and the scientists missing, Dare, Digby and Professor Peabody soon discover that the Red Planet is not nearly as dead as everyone thought and that Ivor’s expedition has woken an army of deadly insect-creatures that threaten to swarm and engulf the Earth… Dare must stop the aliens, but can he really resort to genocide in order to save the human race? Marooned on Mercury Written by Marc Platt When a distress call summons the crew of the Anastasia to the burning wilderness of Mercury, they are reunited with their old ally, Sondar. He tells them of the beleaguered Mercurians who are held in thrall to a cruel new taskmaster – the Mekon! The exiled Mekon is rallying his forces, plotting a desperate revenge against his former homeworld of Venus and his hated enemy, Colonel Dan Dare! Reign of the Robots Written by Simon Guerrier Dan Dare and his crew finally return to Earth. Landing in central London, they find the city deserted – or that’s how it seems at first. But soon Dare faces an army of ruthless machines, robots who have conquered the planet and placed the surviving humans in slave camps. The robots are too powerful and too numerous to be resisted, and their invasion is complete. With limited resources, Dare, Digby and Peabody face their greatest challenge yet – to liberate planet Earth. But the task becomes more desperate than ever when Dan discovers the alien force behind the robot invasion… Operation Saturn Written by Patrick Chapman As work begins to rebuild planet Earth after the devastation of the robot invasion, Dare and his friends in Space Fleet remain vigilant, certain that it is only a matter of time before the Mekon launches a fresh attack. When the wreck of the Nautilus – an experimental ship lost over a decade before – appears in orbit of the moon, Dare, Digby and Peabody are sent to investigate. They find the ship and its crew were destroyed by advanced alien weapons. All clues lead them to Saturn’s moons. With Earth still vulnerable our heroes must journey to an unknown world – to discover who sent the Nautilus back, not realising that for once the source of their latest conflict comes from a lot closer to home. Not all would-be conquerors of planet Earth are alien… Prisoners of Space Written by Colin Brake After a sequence of near non-stop adventures Dare, Digby and Peabody find themselves in a strange limbo of paranoid calm. Whilst there’s been no sign of the Mekon anywhere in the solar system, Dare is certain Earth hasn’t seen the last of the evil alien. Mysterious spaceship disappearances near Venus, an Academy student accidentally launching a prototype new spacecraft, and a floating prison cell in space… reveal themselves as all part of the Mekon’s latest plan to defeat his arch-enemy Dan Dare once and for all. The first season of Dan Dare concludes with daring space action, fearless heroics and the revelation of devastating secrets concerning Space Fleet…	i don't know
In the movie 'Castaway' what was the mute character called Wilson?	KING KONG MOVIE THE BLOCKBUSTER MOTION PICTURE DECEMBER 2005 NAOMI WATTS, JACK BLACK, ADRIEN BRODY Cast Away - starring Tom Hanks Plot synopsis Chuck Noland (Tom Hanks), a perpetually hurried FedEx executive, is the sole survivor of a harrowing plane crash. He is stranded alone on a deserted tropical island. After he lands on the island, Chuck's most immediate need is drinking water, which he satisfies by drinking coconut water and later by storing rain water in the discarded husks. His second immediate need is food. He attempts to fish, but is wholly unsuccessful at the start. As time progresses, his fishing skills steadily increase. Shortly after his first fishing attempt, he finds a compelling need to produce fire, which after great effort, many attempts, and some injury he succeeds in doing. Chuck takes shelter in a small cave for the majority of his stay on the island. Luckily for Chuck, a few FedEx packages from the plane and the body of one of the pilots wash up on the shore shortly after he lands on the island. After some refitting, Chuck dons the pilot's shoes and improvises some tools from items he salvages from the washed-up packages. But his attempts to escape are thwarted by the high surf. Four years later, a piece of a port-a-john appears on the shore. Chuck, now with a beard, long hair and wearing a loincloth, uses this fragment as a sail for the raft he makes to leave the island. It is revealed that in previous years he has considered suicide as an alternative to escape from the island. After construction of the raft, Chuck sets off into the ocean, desperately hoping for rescue. After sailing for an unknown period of timeï¿½when he is on the verge of deathï¿½he is rescued by a passing ship. On returning home, Chuck must then come to terms with the fact that almost everyone he knew has irrevocably changed, including his fiancï¿½e who has since married and had a child with another man. The film ends with Chuck at a crossroads, after delivering the one unopened package from the island. Wilson One of Cast Away's notable characters is called Wilson, a volleyball from Wilson Sporting Goods (in real life, the dominant manufacturer of volleyballs)The volleyball was found in one of the FedEx boxes, When Chuck tries to make a fire and hurts his hands, he angrily took the volleyball and threw it away. This made the hand-shaped mark from his bleeding hand. Then he bandages his hands and makes Wilson. This volleyball plays the role of a mute, infinitely patient, non-living listener in the movie, providing Chuck with a companion for the 1,500 days he spends on the island. Some argue Wilson is the ideal therapist. From a theatrical standpoint, Wilson also serves to realistically stimulate dialogue in a one-person only situation. Tragically, Chuck loses Wilson after the volleyball washes off the raft and drifts too far out to sea for Chuck to be able to retrieve him. Product placement Cast Away is well-known for its prominent product placement marketing. In this case the movie benefited two major brands: Wilson and FedEx. At the time of the movie's release, Wilson Sporting Goods launched its own joint promotion centered around the fact that one of its products was "co-starring" with Tom Hanks. Despite the fact that the plot revolves around the tragic crash of a FedEx plane, the company correctly guessed that the movie would not damage its reputation. FedEx cooperated closely with the filmmakers to ensure that all FedEx materials seen in the movie were authentic. Chuck's "coming-home" scene was filmed on location at FedEx's home facilities in Memphis, Tennessee. According to an interview on the DVD release of the film, FedEx Corporation did not pay for product-placement rights. However, the extensive support that the company provided to the film can be considered a form of payment for the placement. Some commentators claim that the use of the FedEx brand and logo in its present form is an anachronism, since the first half of the film was set in 1995 while FedEx Corporation was officially titled FDX Corp. at the time. (FedEx Corporation changed to its present name in 2000.) However, the brand "FedEx" began to be used by the overnight-courier division of the company in 1994. The complete absence of references in the film to the old names that had been recently in use could still be considered a flaw. Isolation Isolation is a prominent theme in the movie, as Hanks's character is trapped on a deserted island for over four years. To cope with his isolation, he creates Wilson out of a Wilson volleyball that he finds in a package that was supposed to be delivered. It is left ambiguous as to whether Chuck created Wilson so that he would have someone to talk to in order to keep from going insane, or whether he has gone insane and thinks that Wilson can talk, or whether this perceived "insanity" was a necessary tactic against complete mental breakdown. Return from death Another theme is return from death. Chuck was trapped on the island for four years, and was assumed dead by everyone. As such, the world has moved on in his absence . When Chuck is rescued by the passing ship, he is near death. When he returns, it is almost as if he has come back from the dead. Parallels to Homer's Odyssey From a certain point of view, Castaway can be read as a modern retelling of Homer's Odyssey. In both stories, the hero is left cast away after a storm, and must undertake a difficult journey home. Each hero uses his wits and skills in order to survive and return home to his wife. Some motifs, such as captivity on an island, journey through an unknown world back to a familiar home, and meetings with giants (Odysseus with the Cyclops and Chuck with the whale ), appear in both stories. Parallels to Gilligan's Island From another point of view, Cast Away can be read as a modern retelling of Gilligan's Island. In both stories, the protagonists are stranded on a deserted, tropical island, and each features the main characters' attempts to get back to civilization. Cast Away however does not struggle with issues relating to clothing. Noland is left with the mere clothes he had at the beginning of the movie and the crude clothes he is able to fashion as the movie progresses. Viewers of Gilligan's Island are left to wrestle with such philosophical issues as to why the show's castaways had so many changes of clothing with them if they were in fact on a three hour tour. This excludes Ginger, who appeared to only have a low cut evening gown with her. Trivia The producers made up a list of seemingly-useless items that would be in the packages that Noland recovered: party dress, ice skates, video tapes, etc. They turned this over to a group of survival experts, who decided what the protagonist might be able to do with them: fish net, axe, etc. A FedEx advertisement in the United States features Noland returning some of the unopened packages to their owners. The ad suggests that there were "simple things" such as a GPS Receiver, satellite phone, seeds, and a water purifier. After the movie's release, NASCAR stock car driver Dale Earnhardt, Jr. drove several races with a volleyball in his passenger seat, whom he called "Wilson". The CEO at the end of the movie was Frederick Smith, the CEO of FedEx. In the 2006 videogame Far Cry Instincts; Evolution, set in a tropical south Pacific location, there is a hidden island containing an easter egg: a small wrecked boat, two corpses, rocks laid out to spell "HELP!", and a volleyball resembling Wilson (except in the game, instead of a bloody handprint on the ball, it is a footprint) The movie was spoofed in Family Guy. It shows Peter on the raft with Wilson (the ball). Peter keeps yelling, "Wilson! Wilson talk to me! Wilson! Wilson Speak! Wil-" At that moment the ball interrupts saying, "My name's Voit dumbass!" In a panel discussing the movie, Director Robert Zemekis said that the final unopened package at the end contained a waterproof, solar-powered satellite phone. Chuck tells Wilson that his dentist's name was Dr. Spalding after he said that he wished Wilson was a dentist. Spalding is a company best known for its Basketballs. The Jeep Cherokee shared by Tom Hanks and Helen Hunt's characters in the movie is a 1997+ model year. This is an error considering it is the same Jeep driven in the 1995 period in which movie begins. Alan Silvestri. He subsequently won a Grammy in 2002 for the End Credit Sequence.	Basketball
What was the name of the character played by Dustin Hoffman in 'The Graduate?	KING KONG MOVIE THE BLOCKBUSTER MOTION PICTURE DECEMBER 2005 NAOMI WATTS, JACK BLACK, ADRIEN BRODY Cast Away - starring Tom Hanks Plot synopsis Chuck Noland (Tom Hanks), a perpetually hurried FedEx executive, is the sole survivor of a harrowing plane crash. He is stranded alone on a deserted tropical island. After he lands on the island, Chuck's most immediate need is drinking water, which he satisfies by drinking coconut water and later by storing rain water in the discarded husks. His second immediate need is food. He attempts to fish, but is wholly unsuccessful at the start. As time progresses, his fishing skills steadily increase. Shortly after his first fishing attempt, he finds a compelling need to produce fire, which after great effort, many attempts, and some injury he succeeds in doing. Chuck takes shelter in a small cave for the majority of his stay on the island. Luckily for Chuck, a few FedEx packages from the plane and the body of one of the pilots wash up on the shore shortly after he lands on the island. After some refitting, Chuck dons the pilot's shoes and improvises some tools from items he salvages from the washed-up packages. But his attempts to escape are thwarted by the high surf. Four years later, a piece of a port-a-john appears on the shore. Chuck, now with a beard, long hair and wearing a loincloth, uses this fragment as a sail for the raft he makes to leave the island. It is revealed that in previous years he has considered suicide as an alternative to escape from the island. After construction of the raft, Chuck sets off into the ocean, desperately hoping for rescue. After sailing for an unknown period of timeï¿½when he is on the verge of deathï¿½he is rescued by a passing ship. On returning home, Chuck must then come to terms with the fact that almost everyone he knew has irrevocably changed, including his fiancï¿½e who has since married and had a child with another man. The film ends with Chuck at a crossroads, after delivering the one unopened package from the island. Wilson One of Cast Away's notable characters is called Wilson, a volleyball from Wilson Sporting Goods (in real life, the dominant manufacturer of volleyballs)The volleyball was found in one of the FedEx boxes, When Chuck tries to make a fire and hurts his hands, he angrily took the volleyball and threw it away. This made the hand-shaped mark from his bleeding hand. Then he bandages his hands and makes Wilson. This volleyball plays the role of a mute, infinitely patient, non-living listener in the movie, providing Chuck with a companion for the 1,500 days he spends on the island. Some argue Wilson is the ideal therapist. From a theatrical standpoint, Wilson also serves to realistically stimulate dialogue in a one-person only situation. Tragically, Chuck loses Wilson after the volleyball washes off the raft and drifts too far out to sea for Chuck to be able to retrieve him. Product placement Cast Away is well-known for its prominent product placement marketing. In this case the movie benefited two major brands: Wilson and FedEx. At the time of the movie's release, Wilson Sporting Goods launched its own joint promotion centered around the fact that one of its products was "co-starring" with Tom Hanks. Despite the fact that the plot revolves around the tragic crash of a FedEx plane, the company correctly guessed that the movie would not damage its reputation. FedEx cooperated closely with the filmmakers to ensure that all FedEx materials seen in the movie were authentic. Chuck's "coming-home" scene was filmed on location at FedEx's home facilities in Memphis, Tennessee. According to an interview on the DVD release of the film, FedEx Corporation did not pay for product-placement rights. However, the extensive support that the company provided to the film can be considered a form of payment for the placement. Some commentators claim that the use of the FedEx brand and logo in its present form is an anachronism, since the first half of the film was set in 1995 while FedEx Corporation was officially titled FDX Corp. at the time. (FedEx Corporation changed to its present name in 2000.) However, the brand "FedEx" began to be used by the overnight-courier division of the company in 1994. The complete absence of references in the film to the old names that had been recently in use could still be considered a flaw. Isolation Isolation is a prominent theme in the movie, as Hanks's character is trapped on a deserted island for over four years. To cope with his isolation, he creates Wilson out of a Wilson volleyball that he finds in a package that was supposed to be delivered. It is left ambiguous as to whether Chuck created Wilson so that he would have someone to talk to in order to keep from going insane, or whether he has gone insane and thinks that Wilson can talk, or whether this perceived "insanity" was a necessary tactic against complete mental breakdown. Return from death Another theme is return from death. Chuck was trapped on the island for four years, and was assumed dead by everyone. As such, the world has moved on in his absence . When Chuck is rescued by the passing ship, he is near death. When he returns, it is almost as if he has come back from the dead. Parallels to Homer's Odyssey From a certain point of view, Castaway can be read as a modern retelling of Homer's Odyssey. In both stories, the hero is left cast away after a storm, and must undertake a difficult journey home. Each hero uses his wits and skills in order to survive and return home to his wife. Some motifs, such as captivity on an island, journey through an unknown world back to a familiar home, and meetings with giants (Odysseus with the Cyclops and Chuck with the whale ), appear in both stories. Parallels to Gilligan's Island From another point of view, Cast Away can be read as a modern retelling of Gilligan's Island. In both stories, the protagonists are stranded on a deserted, tropical island, and each features the main characters' attempts to get back to civilization. Cast Away however does not struggle with issues relating to clothing. Noland is left with the mere clothes he had at the beginning of the movie and the crude clothes he is able to fashion as the movie progresses. Viewers of Gilligan's Island are left to wrestle with such philosophical issues as to why the show's castaways had so many changes of clothing with them if they were in fact on a three hour tour. This excludes Ginger, who appeared to only have a low cut evening gown with her. Trivia The producers made up a list of seemingly-useless items that would be in the packages that Noland recovered: party dress, ice skates, video tapes, etc. They turned this over to a group of survival experts, who decided what the protagonist might be able to do with them: fish net, axe, etc. A FedEx advertisement in the United States features Noland returning some of the unopened packages to their owners. The ad suggests that there were "simple things" such as a GPS Receiver, satellite phone, seeds, and a water purifier. After the movie's release, NASCAR stock car driver Dale Earnhardt, Jr. drove several races with a volleyball in his passenger seat, whom he called "Wilson". The CEO at the end of the movie was Frederick Smith, the CEO of FedEx. In the 2006 videogame Far Cry Instincts; Evolution, set in a tropical south Pacific location, there is a hidden island containing an easter egg: a small wrecked boat, two corpses, rocks laid out to spell "HELP!", and a volleyball resembling Wilson (except in the game, instead of a bloody handprint on the ball, it is a footprint) The movie was spoofed in Family Guy. It shows Peter on the raft with Wilson (the ball). Peter keeps yelling, "Wilson! Wilson talk to me! Wilson! Wilson Speak! Wil-" At that moment the ball interrupts saying, "My name's Voit dumbass!" In a panel discussing the movie, Director Robert Zemekis said that the final unopened package at the end contained a waterproof, solar-powered satellite phone. Chuck tells Wilson that his dentist's name was Dr. Spalding after he said that he wished Wilson was a dentist. Spalding is a company best known for its Basketballs. The Jeep Cherokee shared by Tom Hanks and Helen Hunt's characters in the movie is a 1997+ model year. This is an error considering it is the same Jeep driven in the 1995 period in which movie begins. Alan Silvestri. He subsequently won a Grammy in 2002 for the End Credit Sequence.	i don't know
Who played 'The Hudson Sisters' in the 1962 film 'Whatever Happened to Baby Jane'?	What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? ( 1962 ) Not Rated \| A former child star torments her paraplegic sister in their decaying Hollywood mansion. Director: Henry Farrell (from the novel by), Lukas Heller (screenplay) Stars: From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON DISC a list of 24 titles created 19 Feb 2013 a list of 22 titles created 20 Nov 2013 a list of 22 titles created 07 Mar 2014 a list of 30 titles created 12 Sep 2014 a list of 28 titles created 8 months ago Title: What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962) 8.1/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Won 1 Oscar. Another 1 win & 11 nominations. See more awards » Videos An aging, reclusive Southern belle, plagued by a horrifying family secret, descends into madness after the arrival of a lost relative. Director: Robert Aldrich A hard-working mother inches towards disaster as she divorces her husband and starts a successful restaurant business to support her spoiled daughter. Director: Michael Curtiz In 1850s Louisiana, a free-spirited Southern belle loses her fiancé due to her stubborn vanity and pride, and vows to win him back. Director: William Wyler A frumpy spinster blossoms under therapy and becomes an elegant, independent woman. Director: Irving Rapper An ingenue insinuates herself into the company of an established but aging stage actress and her circle of theater friends. Director: Joseph L. Mankiewicz The abusive and traumatic adoptive upbringing of Christina Crawford at the hands of her mother, screen queen Joan Crawford , is depicted. Director: Frank Perry The ruthless, moneyed Hubbard clan lives in, and poisons, their part of the deep South at the turn of the twentieth century. Director: William Wyler Popular and beautiful Fanny Trellis is forced into a loveless marriage with an older man, Jewish banker Job Skeffington, in order to save her beloved brother Trippy from an embezzlement charge, and predictable complications result. Director: Vincent Sherman The wife of a cruel headmaster and his mistress conspire to kill him, but after the murder is committed, his body disappears, and strange events begin to plague the two women. Director: Henri-Georges Clouzot A circus' beautiful trapeze artist agrees to marry the leader of side-show performers, but his deformed friends discover she is only marrying him for his inheritance. Director: Tod Browning A young socialite is diagnosed with an inoperable brain tumor, and must decide whether or not she'll meet her final days with dignity. Director: Edmund Goulding A young naive woman falls for a handsome young man who her emotionally abusive father suspects is a fortune hunter. Director: William Wyler Edit Storyline In a tale that almost redefines sibling rivalry, faded actresses Blanche and 'Baby' Jane Hudson live together. Jane was by far the most famous when she performed with their father in vaudeville but as they got older, it was Blanche who became the finer actress, which Jane still resents. Blanche is now confined to a wheelchair and Jane is firmly in control. As time goes by, Jane exercises greater and greater control over her sister, intercepting her letters and ensuring that few if anyone from the outside has any contact with her. As Jane slowly loses her mind, she torments her sister going to ever greater extremes. Written by garykmcd Too late . . . too late . . . too late to call for help. See more » Genres: ¿Qué pasó con Baby Jane? See more » Filming Locations: Mono (Glen Glenn Sound Recording) Color: Did You Know? Trivia In scenes where Jane imitates Blanche's voice, the voice heard is actually Joan Crawford 's voice, and not Bette Davis ', as Davis could not master Crawford's voice properly. See more » Goofs A graphic after the credits identifies the film's main narrative as beginning "Yesterday", though the events appear to take place over the course of several days and nights. However, it has been debated that "Yesterday" can merely be a synonym for "in the past". See more » Quotes Blanche : Oh really, did she like it? Jane : [imitating Blanche's voice] Oh Really did she like it? introducing Victor Buono See more » Connections A compelling movie; Davis and Crawford tear each other apart 21 June 2006 \| by LoneWolfAndCub (Australia) – See all my reviews Whatever Happened to Baby Jane? might seem dated, but it is still an extremely riveting watch. I literally could not look away, as soon as the movie started, I couldn't stop until it had finished. Not a lot of movies can do that to me. The acting is extremely good, Bette Davis and Joan Crawford are just so good as the main focus of the movie. The chilling score is suits the movie and the camera-work reminds me a lot of Hitchcock. The story focuses on two sisters, Blanche Hudson (Joan Crawford) who was crippled in an accident awhile ago and "Baby" Jane Hudson (Bette Davis). Jane used to be a big child star, she even had a doll brand after her. Now, though, she is no longer recognised while her sister has recently become very famous. They live in an old mansion, with Blanche confined to her room upstairs while Jane gets madder and more cruel by the day. Bette Davis gives the star performance here, some may call it over-acting but it is far from. She really makes Jane as mad, cruel and sad as possible. Joan Crawford is equally good in a very different role. She is much more timid then Jane and quite scared. The supporting cast are all good as well, especially Victor Buono as Victor Flagg, an odd pianist that befriends Jane. The black and white really are used to full effect, they make the mansion look extra creepy. Robert Aldrich's direction is fine. To today's modern audience, this may seem boring as it does not have any action. Most of the movie is dialogue, but I do urge those who haven't seen it to do so, as it is a truly excellent movie. A solid 5/5! 76 of 85 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	bette davis and joan crawford
Who played 'Marty McFly in the film 'Back to the Future'?	View All Critic Reviews (46) Audience Reviews for What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? Sharing a distinction with Sunset Boulevard in showing the aftermath of Hollywood stardom, What Ever Happened To Baby Jane goes a step further in that we follow the fallen careers of former vaudeville child star Baby Jane (Bette Davis) and her invalid sister, the former star Blanche (Joan Crawford). How does your life go on when you had access to everything, but end up with nothing but memories and fallen glory. It is truly enough to drive a person mad. The film opens with Jane being the child star on the vaudeville circuit, with all the spotlight shining on her young face and every whim of the young girl being fulfilled. At such an early age this child is being merchandised by dolls, perpetuating the idea that she is the center of the universe. Hiding in the shadows is Blanche, all but forgotten by their father who focuses on Jane's career. There is a deep resentment in her face as she watches Jane's behavior. We jump to later where Blanche is the star in Hollywood, but insists that Jane also have a film contract even though her childhood talent did not translate into adulthood. Things turn for the worse when Blanche is paralyzed in an incident that Jane is blamed for, effectively ending both of their careers. After the accident Jane has been caring for Blanche in their spacious Hollywood home. Resentment is the main ingredient in Jane's fall into madness and it finally comes to an apex when she learns that Blanche plans to sell the home for something more manageable. Resentment turns to torture, turns to terror as the film plays out. Casting Bette Davis and Joan Crawford as the sisters was a work of genius. While watching the film I realized that the reason that both actresses took their respective roles was due to the intense competition between the two that had occurred for decades. Joan Crawford could make Bette Davis look terrible and Bette Davis could kick Joan Crawford around for two hours. A wonderful time was had by all. That genuine resentment between the two flows throughout the film, delivering an even deeper experience that pulls the viewer into this world that they created. Blanche is still loved and her films still run on television. Jane's vaudeville career is forgotten. Either actress could have played either role, but they were set in the roles that were best for themselves. Director Robert Aldrich shoots a film that, unlike Sunset Boulevard, doesn't cast a bleak, dark world, but a world that has continued beyond the careers of the two leads. The sun still shines, people still have a good time. Aldrich follows Jane's spiral into madness, hinting around the psychological and physical torture that Blanche receives. This feeling that the world has moved on fully develops in the ending where the world around them is being entertained while the sisters are literally in the middle, gone and forgotten. An ending that seems weird, but symbolizes the entire theme of the film. No matter how famous you are, eventually the world will move on no matter what. It's a sad truth that every celebrity needs to face and some may take it better than others. Films about Hollywood are always a touchy subject. The possibility of falling into the pit of over glamorizing is always an issue that can occur and dilute the message that a filmmaker is trying to achieve. With Baby Jane show business really dies in the film when Blanche is paralyzed, something that Blanche accepts, but Jane cannot do. Eventually she descends into replaying her childhood career, a middle aged woman singing songs that a young girl sang all those years ago, becoming a pathetic parody of herself. This film is a more subtle examination of the fallen star than Sunset Boulevard and stands on its own. They may be related, but they're distant cousins. Both with madness, both with terror, but this film is more optimistic. This film is one of the greats and serves as the swan song for the careers of Bette Davis and Joan Crawford. What Ever Happened To Baby Jane is a necessity in cinephile viewing. Chris Garman	i don't know
Who's films were not allowed to be shown in Monaco?	With new film Grace of Monaco out soon, what made Kelly such a star? \| The Independent With new film Grace of Monaco out soon, what made Kelly such a star? A novelist who made Grace Kelly his heroine explains her allure Friday 28 March 2014 12:05 BST Click to follow The Independent Culture Her prince will come: Nicole Kidman in ‘Grace of Monaco’ When the new Nicole Kidman biopic Grace of Monaco opens the Cannes Film Festival it will get plenty of good (by which I mean free) publicity for at least one bad reason. The royal family of Monaco is furious. Grace Kelly’s son, Prince Albert, is spoiling for a right royal row. He and his sisters have claimed that the director ignored their feelings by making a drama about their adored mother, Princess Grace, who died in a car crash in 1982. I can see why a film-maker would want to put Kelly back on screen, even by proxy. Sixty years after she won the Best Actress Oscar in 1954 for The Country Girl, she continues to fascinate. She was gorgeous, beguilingly enigmatic, smart, resourceful, conflicted and totally timeless. Albert of Monaco and his sisters have denounced Olivier Dahan’s film before it even opens. They will surely be affronted that the authorities at Cannes have chosen it to open this year’s event. Monaco is just around the corner from Cannes and the festival is the reason Albert’s parents met in the first place. Back in 1955, when she was one of the top film stars in the world, Kelly went on a day trip to the palace at Monte Carlo where she met Prince Rainier. They were married less than a year later. Perhaps their son will show up on the Croisette to denounce Kidman in person come May. That would be a PR coup. The film was already mired in controversy long before its premiere was announced. Forensic attention was given to whether Kidman, now in her late forties, was too old to play Kelly at 30. Questions were also asked about whether the filmmakers were wise to focus on a period of Kelly’s life in the early 1960s that was dominated by a (yawn-inducing) quarrel between Monaco and France over constitutional rights and territory. Then the director was rumoured to have claimed that his film had been harmed by producers who wanted it re-cut. The release was supposed to be last year but it has been postponed, and postponed again, nearly always a sign of trouble. The fears are that it could turn out to be this year’s Diana disaster. It won’t. The last time Kelly was portrayed in a feature was by Cheryl Ladd, a former Charlie’s Angel whose performing talents were better suited to Kalashnikov than Stanislavski. Kidman is no Cheryl Ladd. She is one of the finest actresses of her generation and it’s fitting she will portray one of the finest actresses of the 1950s. Kelly wasn’t just ridiculously beautiful, she really could act. The best directors wanted to work with her, she held her own on screen opposite Cary Grant and James Stewart, walked off with an Oscar after only a few years, and then walked away for good when only 26. Kidman is a star of the first rank and will know that Kelly became more interesting, not less, after she left Hollywood. The wonder is that nobody thought to make a film about her life as a princess before now. Grace Kelly and her husband, Prince Rainier Born in the same year as Audrey Hepburn and Jacqueline Kennedy, Kelly had few peers when it came to global celebrity by the time she married Prince Rainier in the spring of 1956. More reporters covered that royal wedding than had been at D-Day. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, Kelly and Rainier were fodder for columnists in a way that was only comparable to Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton. Yet throughout the years of crazy fame, Kelly retained her dignity, kept her marriage on track, raised three children (who only went off the rails after she died), and did a serious amount of work for charity and the arts. This was why I made her the heroine of my novel The Comeback. Her history as the perfect Hitchcock blonde makes her an ideal character for a thriller. My novel also speculates about the big issues of her later life: why did she leave Hollywood, why did she never go back, and did she die a happy woman or an unfulfilled one who regretted trading in her talents for a tiara? In the book she uses her intelligence, her wealth and connections, and her diplomatic passport to solve a mystery that takes her behind the Iron Curtain and almost kills her. It’s set in the last year of her life when – at 52 – there were signs that she might return to acting. She’d been reading scripts again and was active on the board of a major film studio. By that time Hitchcock was dead but there were plenty of younger directors desperate to lure her into making the big comeback. Grace of Monaco shows her as the kind of woman determined to put personal desires aside and stick to the path of duty she’d chosen when she walked up the aisle of Monaco’s cathedral, but later in life she may have been ready to take on roles other than the one she’d married into. Fictionalising her final year on Earth and making her a Hitchcock-style heroine once again allowed me to reclaim the best of Kelly. The Comeback is an imagined caper that draws on the mythology and makes her heroic. The book also tries to clear up the most glaring errors about her personal history: did Hitchcock bitchily call her “Princess Disgrace”? The story goes that he resented her abdication from his movies (they’d made three hits together and he wanted more). I was able to read their personal correspondence at the palace in Monaco. Instead of being furious, Hitchcock had written to her in a deeply considerate way. “After all, it was only a movie, Grace,” wrote The Master, allaying her guilt and thereby remaining her friend until death. Another myth that has grown over the years was that she was murdered by the Mafia, who rigged the brakes of her car, or that her under-age daughter was actually driving and lost control. It now seems undeniable that she simply had a seizure at the wheel that caused her to lose consciousness on the most dangerous part of a mountain road. A Hitchcock hairpin bend. It is cinema’s loss she never made another film, but the Kidman biopic will be a comeback of sorts for Kelly. Her “look” has been captured faithfully. Squint slightly and Kidman could be Kelly in the early 1960s, a bouffant beauty in Chanel and Hermès. Whether filmgoers will flock to see Grace of Monaco or not, the film and the attendant fuss may well encourage a new generation to check out Kelly’s short but sweet Hollywood career. She made fewer than a dozen movies in half a dozen years. Some of them are gems, and even the lesser ones are made watchable by her luminous, expressive face. ‘The Comeback’ by Jude Quillan is available from Amazon (paperback and Kindle) £7.99	Grace Kelly
What year did Clint Eastwood and Gene Hackman star in 'Unforgiven'?	Grace Kelly - Biography - IMDb Grace Kelly Biography Showing all 104 items Jump to: Overview (5) \| Mini Bio (2) \| Spouse (1) \| Trade Mark (2) \| Trivia (67) \| Personal Quotes (26) \| Salary (1) Overview (5) 14 September 1982 , Monaco (injuries from car accident) Birth Name 5' 6½" (1.69 m) Mini Bio (2) Grace Patricia Kelly was born on November 12, 1929 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to wealthy parents. She was the daughter of Margaret Katherine (Majer), a phys ed instructor, and John Brendan Kelly, Sr., a three-time Olympic Gold winner for rowing. Her uncle was playwright George Kelly . She was of half Irish and half German descent. Her girlhood was uneventful for the most part, but one of the things she desired was to become an actress which she had decided on at an early age. After her high school graduation in 1947, Grace struck out on her own, heading to New York's bright lights to try her luck there. Grace worked as a model and made her debut on Broadway in 1949. She also made a brief foray into the infant medium of television. Not content with the work in New York, Grace moved to Southern California for the more prestigious part of acting -- motion pictures. In 1951, she appeared in her first film entitled Fourteen Hours (1951) when she was 22. It was a small part, but a start nonetheless. The following year, she landed the role of Amy Kane in High Noon (1952), a western starring Gary Cooper and Lloyd Bridges which turned out to be very popular. In 1953, Grace appeared in only one film, but it was another popular one. The film was Mogambo (1953) where Grace played Linda Nordley. The film was a jungle drama in which fellow cast members, Clark Gable and Ava Gardner turned in masterful performances. It was also one of the best films ever released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Although she got noticed with High Noon, her work with director Alfred Hitchcock , which began with Dial M for Murder (1954) made her a star. Her standout performance in Rear Window (1954) brought her to prominence. As Lisa Fremont, she was cast opposite James Stewart , who played a photographer who witnesses a murder in an apartment across the courtyard while convalescing in a wheelchair. Grace stayed busy in 1954 appearing in five films. Grace would forever be immortalized by winning the Academy Award for Best Actress for her portrayal of Georgie Elgin opposite Bing Crosby in The Country Girl (1954). In 1955, Grace once again teamed with Hitchcock in To Catch a Thief (1955) co-starring Cary Grant . In 1956, she played Tracy Lord in the musical comedy High Society (1956) which also starred Frank Sinatra and Bing Crosby . The whimsical tale ended with her re-marrying her former husband, played by Crosby. The film was well received and also turned out to be her final acting performance. In the summer of 1954, Kelly and Cary Grant were on the French Riviera, working on To Catch a Thief. It was probably the scene after Grace speeds along the Moyen Corniche to quickly get to the "picnic grounds", and away from a tailing police car, that she had time to look at the Mediterranean and the countryside along the coast. "Whose gardens are those?" she asked screenwriter John Michael Hayes . "Prince Grimaldi's". She would not meet the prince until the following year. In New York in March 1955, she received a call from Rupert Allan, Look Magazine's west coast editor, who had become a friend since writing three cover stories on her. The French government wanted her to attend the Cannes Film Festival that May. She had some good reasons to go. One: The Country Girl (1954) would be shown at the festival. Two: she had really loved working on the Riviera the summer before. She met Prince Rainier of Monaco during the Cannes festival. He needed a wife, because with no heir to the throne, Monaco would again be part of France, after his death, all its citizens would have to pay French taxes. And Kelly thought it was time for her to select a husband, one who would finally meet with her parents' approval. Her biographers show that the life of a princess was not exactly living happily ever after. Old friends from Philadelphia as well as people she had known in Hollywood reported how glad she was to talk about her life in America and to be speaking English. And then on a cliff road she had known so well since her first visit to the Riviera, there was the fatal crash. The spot is often said to be the same spot where the picnic scene from To Catch a Thief was filmed in 1954. However, Kelly's own son, Prince Albert of Monaco , has categorically denied this on Larry King Live and elsewhere; according to him, the accident did not even happen on the same road, let alone at the same spot. For the rest of her life, she was to remain in the news with her marriage and her three children. On September 14, 1982, Grace was killed in an automobile accident in her adoptive home country, Monaco, at age 52. - IMDb Mini Biography By: Pedro Borges Spouse (1) ( 18 April 1956 - 14 September 1982) (her death) (3 children) Trade Mark (2) Her poised, calm, cool and collected demeanor and blond hair often coiffed in a bun Often cast as the love interest of the leading man who is over 20 years older. Trivia (67) Chosen by Empire magazine as one of the 100 Sexiest Stars in film history (#5) (1995). Ranked #51 in Empire (UK) magazine's "The Top 100 Movie Stars of All Time" list. [October 1997] Hoped to return to acting in Alfred Hitchcock 's Marnie (1964), but the people of Monaco did not want their princess playing a thief and romancing Sean Connery . Had three children with Prince Rainier of Monaco : Princess Caroline of Monaco (1957), Prince Albert of Monaco (1958) and Princess Stéphanie of Monaco (1965). Her movies were banned in Monaco by order of Prince Rainier of Monaco . The inscription at her burial site in Monaco's cathedral does not refer to her as a princess. It uses the title "uxor principis" (prince's wife), which is traditional in the House of Grimaldi. Following her untimely death, she was interred at the Cathedral of St. Nicholas in Monaco. Assisted in the pre-production status of Grace Kelly (1983) starring Cheryl Ladd as Grace Kelly. Actress Rita Gam was among her bridesmaids. Born at 5:31 AM EST. In 1993, the United States and Monaco simultaneously released a commemorative postage stamp honoring her. However, United States federal law forbids postage stamps depicting foreign heads of state, so the United States stamp listed her as "Grace Kelly", while the Monaco stamp listed her as "Princess Grace". Part of Prince Rainier of Monaco 's attraction to marrying a movie star was to increase tourism in his tiny, cash-poor principality, and the Kelly family was turned off by his demands that a substantial dowry accompany Grace to Monaco. A figure of $2,000,000 was finally agreed upon, which was diverted from Grace's inheritance so that her brother and two sisters would not be shortchanged. Kelly's wedding gown was the most expensive garment that MGM designer Helen Rose had ever made. It used twenty-five yards of silk taffeta and one hundred yards of silk net. Its 125-year-old rose point lace was purchased from a museum and thousands of tiny pearls were sewn on the veil. Was considered for the role of Maggie the Cat in Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1958) that was eventually played by Elizabeth Taylor . The so-called "wealthy" family Grace was born into was actually an immigrant family of bricklayers who had barely a generation of newfound business success. Grace's father and brother were both Olympic gold-medal scullers. Grace's cousin, former US Secy of Navy John Lehman, Jr. now chairs the Princess Grace Foundation, which supports young performing talent. Attended and graduated from the American Academy of Dramatic Arts, New York. The Country Girl (1954), the film that won Kelly an Oscar, was first offered to Jennifer Jones , who had to turn it down due to pregnancy. When she left Hollywood, several roles she was slated to play were eventually filled by Lauren Bacall ( Designing Woman (1957) and The Cobweb (1955)). Director George Stevens also wanted her for Giant (1956). Niece of playwright George Kelly . Kelly was the daughter of John Brendan Kelly, Sr. (1889-1960), the son of Irish immigrants, and his wife Margaret Katherine (Majer), whose parents were German. She had three siblings: Peggy, John Jr. and Lizzane. On January 1959, the Austrian government awarded her a medal of merit for aid to Hungarian refugees escaping Russian invasion, given through Monaco's Red Cross. She was one of many famous tenants of the Barbizon Hotel for Women when she lived in New York. Other tenants included Candice Bergen , Liza Minnelli , Cloris Leachman , Ali MacGraw , and Edith 'Little Edie' Bouvier Beale . She was voted the 27th Greatest Movie Star of all time by Entertainment Weekly. Referenced in the songs "Grace Kelly", by Die Ärzte; "Grace Kelly Blues" by Eels ( Mark Oliver Everett ),"Grace Kelly with Wings" by Piebald; and "Grace Kelly" by Mika. She was awarded a Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6329 Hollywood Boulevard in Hollywood, California on February 8, 1960. Hedda Hopper reported that Judy Garland 's loss of the Academy Award to Grace for The Country Girl (1954) was the result of the closest Oscar vote up till that time that did not end in a tie, with just six votes separating the two. In any event, it was such a heartbreak from which Judy Garland never recovered from, mentally. Judy Garland was nominated for her role in A Star Is Born (1954) and which has remained a matter of some controversy. Summoned Sydney Guilaroff , the chief hairstylist at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, to style her hair for her marriage to Prince Rainier of Monaco in 1956. She was voted the 12th Greatest Movie Star of all time by Premiere magazine. Was named #13 Actress on The American Film Institute's 50 Greatest Screen Legends The road accident which led to her death was apparently caused by a stroke she suffered while driving. Was romantically involved with fashion designer Oleg Cassini . Is portrayed by Christina Applegate and Cheryl Ladd in Grace Kelly (1983). Is one of the many movie stars mentioned in Madonna 's song "Vogue". Broke off her engagement to Oleg Cassini to marry Prince Rainier of Monaco . Bought a silver frame as a wedding gift to Prince Charles and Princess Diana in 1981. While pregnant with Princess Caroline of Monaco , Grace often used her Hermès bag to shield her belly from prying paparazzi. The company nicknamed that purse "the Kelly bag". Her favorite flowers were roses. After her death, Prince Rainier of Monaco opened a public rose garden in Monaco. Biography in: "The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives". Volume One, 1981-1985, pages 447-450. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1998. In Italy, a vast number of her films were dubbed by Fiorella Betti . She was also dubbed by Miranda Bonansea , Dhia Cristiani and Rina Morelli , respectively in High Noon (1952), Dial M for Murder (1954) and To Catch a Thief (1955). Was offered to do a role in 11-time Oscar-nominated The Turning Point (1977). In her youth, her favorite actors were Joseph Cotten and Ingrid Bergman . (April 19, 1956) Her wedding's church ceremony at Monaco's Saint Nicholas Cathedral was exclusively filmed by MGM and made into the documentary The Wedding in Monaco (1956). The 600 guests included David Niven , Gloria Swanson , Ava Gardner and Conrad Hilton . Attended and graduated from Stevens School in Germantown, Philadelphia in 1947. On the day she perished in a car accident, she was allegedly driving a British Rover 3500. Cary Grant named her as his favorite co-star. His friends and family said Kelly's death hit him much harder than the deaths of Louis Mountbatten , Alfred Hitchcock and even Ingrid Bergman . She and her husband Prince Rainier of Monaco , were at the opening of Expo '58 in Brussels. Grandmother of: Andrea, Charlotte, and Pierre Casiraghi, Her Royal Highness Princess Alexandra of Hanover, Louis and Pauline Ducruet, Camille Gottlieb, Jazmin Grace Grimaldi and Alexandre Coste . Was considered for the role of Sarah in Guys and Dolls (1955), however Jean Simmons was cast instead. Was allegedly romantically involved with all of her leading men apart from James Stewart . She was also linked to Marlon Brando , David Niven and Jean-Pierre Aumont . Her father built a beach house at the corner of 26th and Wesley in Ocean City, New Jersey in 1929. It became a popular family vacation destination, and hosted celebrity guests such as Frank Sinatra , Dean Martin , Jerry Lewis , Bob Hope and Bing Crosby . Grace's sister, Lizanne, lived in the house until it was sold in 2001. All of her leading men were old enough to be her father (with the exception of William Holden , who was 11 years older than her and Louis Jourdan, who was only 8 years older). Former mother-in-law of Stefano Casiraghi (1983-1990) and mother-in-law of Daniel Ducruet (1995-1996). She was also the future mother-in-law of Princess Charlene of Monaco . Was good friends with actress Maureen O'Hara . She and her husband Prince Rainier of Monaco became pregnant twice in 1962; on both occasions she suffered miscarriages. Ranked #86 in Men's Health magazine's 100 Hottest Women of all Time (2011). The very first actress to appear on a postage stamp in 1993. She graduated from Stevens School in Germantown, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on June 5, 1947; her classmates predicted, in her senior yearbook, that she was certain "to become a stage and screen star". Her first date, Harper Davis, died in 1953 after contracting multiple sclerosis when he returned from World War II and whose funeral was attended by Grace Kelly. She was a registered Democrat and her family was close friends with Franklin D. Roosevelt during his administration. Was a Girl Scout. Was the 42nd actress to receive an Academy Award; she won the Best Actress Oscar for The Country Girl (1954) at The 27th Annual Academy Awards (1955) on March 30, 1955. She turned down the female lead in On the Waterfront (1954) in order to make Rear Window (1954) instead. Had appeared in three films directed by Alfred Hitchcock : Rear Window (1954), Dial M for Murder (1954) and To Catch a Thief (1955). Grace Kelly passed away on September 14, 1982, two months away from what would have been her 53rd birthday on November 12. Portrayed by Nicole Kidman in the fictionalized and critically ravished Grace of Monaco (2014). Kidman, however, was nominated for a SAG Award for her performance. It has been alleged that as member of the Twentieth Century Fox board of directors, Kelly was responsible for closing down Russ Meyer 's uncompleted "Who Killed Bambi?". MGM studios offered 70 000 dollars for the weeding of Grace Kelly, in gowns and bonus. Personal Quotes (26) Hollywood amuses me. Holier-than-thou for the public and unholier-than-the-devil in reality. I'll tell you one of the reasons I'm ready to leave. When I first came to Hollywood five years ago, my makeup call was at eight in the morning. On this movie it's been put back to seven-thirty. Every day I see Joan Crawford , who's been in makeup since five, and Loretta Young , who's been there since four in the morning. I'll be god-damned if I'm going to stay in a business where I have to get up earlier and earlier and it takes longer and longer for me to get in front of a camera. I hated Hollywood. It's a town without pity. I know of no other place in the world where so many people suffer from nervous breakdowns, where there are so many alcoholics, neurotics, and so much unhappiness. Mogambo (1953) had three things that interested me. John Ford , Clark Gable , and a trip to Africa with expenses paid. If Mogambo had been made in Arizona, I wouldn't have done it. At times, I think I actually hate Hollywood. I have many acquaintances there, but few friends. I came to success very quickly. Perhaps too quickly to value its importance. I would like to be remembered as someone who accomplished useful deeds, and who was a kind and loving person. I would like to leave the memory of a human being with a correct attitude and who did her best to help others. My father had a very simple view of life: you don't get anything for nothing. Everything has to be earned, through work, persistence and honesty. My father also had a deep charm, the gift of winning our trust. He was the kind of man with whom many people dream of spending an evening. My real difficulty was to become a normal person again, after having been a movie actress for so long. For me, at the time I was living in New York and Hollywood, a normal person was someone who made movies. Mr. Hitchcock taught me everything about cinema. It was thanks to him that I understood that murder scenes should be shot like love scenes and love scenes like murder scenes. Of course, I think about marriage, but my career is still the most important thing for me. If I interrupt it now to get married, because I don't believe in a part-time family life, I would risk passing the rest of my existence wondering whether or not I would have been able to become a great actress. My parents, despite their serious attitude toward life in general, and that of their children in particular, were very broadminded people. There was no such thing as a bad profession for them. As I was their daughter, they knew that, whatever profession I chose, I would do it well. That was enough for them. There was always trust among the Kellys. I've always treated my children as beings in their own right. I respect their feelings and aspirations entirely. When I married Prince Rainier, I married the man and not what he represented or what he was. I fell in love with him without giving a thought to anything else. I would like to say to my future fellow citizens that the Prince, my fiance, has taught me to love them. I already know a lot about them from the way he has described them to me, and my dearest desire today is to find a little place in their hearts. My love of flowers opened a lot of doors for me. I've made many friends because of their passion of flowers and their vast knowledge in this field. Although, I've played a wide variety of roles, I've never had the chance to act in a story written specially for me. It's a pity as they are the only stories that really let you reveal your personality. When Ava Gardner gets in a taxi, the driver knows at once she's Ava Gardner. It's the same for Lana Turner or Elizabeth Taylor , but not for me. I'm never Grace Kelly. I'm always someone who looks like Grace Kelly. Fairy tales tell imaginary stories. Me, I'm a living person. I exist. If the story of my life as a real woman were to be told one day, people would at last discover the real being that I am. If there is one thing that is foreign to me it is shopping for pleasure. On the other hand, I believe that it is right to honour all those who create beautiful things and give satisfaction to those who see me wearing them. It would be very sad if children had no memories before those of school. What they need most is the love and attention of their mother. I avoid looking back. I prefer good memories to regrets. I'm basically a feminist. I think that women can do anything they decide to do. The studios are tenacious. When they want someone or something, they always get it in the end. I ended up signing a contract with MGM. I signed because they offered me the chance of shooting in Africa, but I signed it at the desk of the airport, when the engines of the plane were already turning. Before my marriage, I didn't think about all the obligations there were awaiting me. My experience has proved useful and I think that I have a natural propensity to feel compassion for people and their problems. (On Gary Cooper ) He's the one who taught me to relax during a scene and let the camera do some of the work. On the stage you have to emote not only for the front rows, but for the balcony too, and I'm afraid I overdid it. He taught me the camera is always in front row, and how to take it easy... Salary (1)	i don't know
The actor William Henry Pratt born in 1887 was better known as whom?	IMDb: Most Popular People Born In 1887 Most Popular People Born In 1887 1-50 of 932 names. Sort by: STARmeter▲ \| A-Z \| Height \| Birth Date \| Death Date 1. Boris Karloff Actor, How the Grinch Stole Christmas! Along with fellow actors Lon Chaney , Bela Lugosi and Vincent Price , Boris Karloff is recognized as one of the true icons of horror cinema, and the actor most closely identified with the general public's perception of the "monster" from the classic Mary Shelley book, "Frankenstein". William Henry Pratt was born on November 23... 2. Reginald Owen Actor, Mary Poppins Born August 5th, 1887 in England, Reginald Owen was probably Hollywood's busiest character actor - making more than 80 films. He was educated in England at Sir Herbert Tree's Academy of Dramatic Arts. Owen excelled and made his professional debut also in England at the age of 18. He came to New York in the early 1920s and started working on Broadway by 1924... 3. Conrad Hilton Self, What's My Line? Hotel magnate Conrad Nicholson Hilton was born on Christmas Day of 1887 in San Antonio, New Mexico. He was the son of Mary Genevive (Laufersweiler), who was of German descent, and August Halvorsen Hilton, a Norwegian immigrant, born in Hilton, Ullensaker, Akershus, Norway. His father ran a string of businesses... 4. William Frawley Actor, My Three Sons William Frawley was born in Burlington, Iowa. As a boy he sang at St. Paul's Catholic Church and played at the Burlington Opera House. His first job was as a stenographer for the Union Pacific Railroad. He did vaudeville with his brother Paul, then joined pianist Franz Rath in an act they took to San Francisco in 1910... 5. Roland Young Actor, The Philadelphia Story Best remembered for the many meek characters he played -- think Cosmo Topper, of the screwball classic Topper -- this balding, short, yet distinguished actor was born in London, England, to an architect and his wife. Young was educated at Sherborne College and London University and trained as an actor at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art... 6. Gertrude Astor Actress, The Strong Man The first actress to sign a contract with Universal in 1915, Gertrude Astor (born in Ohio as Gertrude Irene Astor) began her career playing trombone and saxophone on a riverboat. Towering over most of her leading men at 5'11", she often played golddiggers, rich socialites or a leading lady's best friend in such one-reeled films and feature length silents as Polly Redhead ... 7. Roscoe 'Fatty' Arbuckle Actor, The Bell Boy Roscoe Arbuckle, one of nine children, was the baby of the family who weighed a reported 16 pounds at birth. Born in Smith Center, Kansas, on March 24, 1887, his family moved to California when he was a year old. At age eight he appeared on the stage. His first part was with the Webster-Brown Stock Company... 8. Eric Blore Actor, Top Hat Born in London, Eric Blore came out of college and started his working life as an insurance agent. But while touring in Australia he took an interest in the stage and theater. He gave up his insurance job and turned to acting after returning to England. With his elfish long, straight nose, squint-eyed demeanor and a crisp voice... 9. Raoul Walsh Director, White Heat Raoul Walsh's 52-year directorial career made him a Hollywood legend. Walsh was also an actor: He appeared in the first version of W. Somerset Maugham 's "Rain" renamed Sadie Thompson opposite Gloria Swanson in the title role. He would have played the Cisco Kid in his own film In Old Arizona if an errant jackrabbit hadn't cost him his right eye by leaping through the windshield of his automobile... 10. James Finlayson Actor, Way Out West Alongside Ben Turpin , diminutive Scots-born Jimmy Finlayson was, arguably, the most instantly recognisable of the many clowns of silent screen slapstick who made their living as comic foil to stars like Laurel & Hardy , or Harold Lloyd . The perpetually exasperated, squinting, bald-pated master... 11. John Hamilton Actor, Adventures of Superman Burly, stentorian-voiced John Hamilton, worked on Broadway and in touring theatrical companies for many years prior to his 1930 film debut. He was in the original Broadway company of "Seventh Heaven" and would appear in the film remake ( Seventh Heaven ) in 1937. For Warner Bros, he starred with Donald Meek in a series of short mysteries based on S.S. Van Dine stories... 12. Elisabeth Risdon Actress, The Roaring Twenties Star actress of UK silents who became a Hollywood character player in the sound era, typically portraying stern, autocratic elders. 13. Walter Connolly Actor, It Happened One Night The name may have been forgotten, especially today (seven decades later), but the portly, apoplectic, exasperated figure on the 1930s screen wasn't. While his film career, save a couple of silents, lasted a paltry seven years (1932-1939), character actor Walter Connolly certainly ran the distance. While some film historians complain that a number of his performances were annoying or overbaked... 14. Chico Marx Actor, A Night at the Opera Chico adopted the Italian dialect routines no doubt from the many Italian immigrants he grew up with in his New York City neighborhood. An avid gambler and womanizer (chasing "chicks" some say is how he got his nickname), he was an accomplished pianist with his own unique finger pecking style. 15. Antonio Moreno Actor, The Searchers A serious rival to Rudolph Valentino as the smouldering 'Latin Lover' type was black-haired Spanish-born Antonio Moreno. One of the most prominent screen stars of the 1920's, he was equally adept at romance, melodrama or comedy and appeared opposite most of the legendary movie queens of the era, from the Gish sisters to Greta Garbo , to Gloria Swanson and Mary Pickford ... 16. Lil Dagover Actress, The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari A prominent German film actress born on 30 September 1887 at Madiven, Java, the daughter of a forest ranger in the service of the Dutch authorities. Sent at the age of ten to Baden-Baden to study, she later entered the cinema thanks to her marriage in 1917 to the actor Fritz Dagover who was 25 years her senior... 17. Raymond Walburn Actor, Mr. Deeds Goes to Town Stalwart character Raymond Walburn is one of those actors whose name may have slipped through the memory cracks over time, but whose valued contribution to 30s and 40s comedy films certainly warrants a reminder. Somewhat reminiscent of the "Mr. Monopoly" character, Walburn was the archetypal bombastic bumbler or supercilious stuffed shirt with the trademark bulgy eyes... 18. Cyril Delevanti Actor, Soylent Green Seasoned London-born character actor, who had a lengthy career in American films and on television. The son of an Anglo-Italian music professor, Cyril also had a secondary career in Hollywood as a respected drama coach, engaged by Douglas Fairbanks , James Craig , and others. He appears to have divided the remainder of his time between films and the stage... 19. Monte Blue Actor, Key Largo Stalwart, durable Monte Blue, a romantic leading man of the silent days, was born January 11, 1887, as Gerard Monte Blue (some sources indicate 1890, but his mother's application for his admission to the Soldier's and Sailor's Orphan's Home lists his birth date as January 11, 1887). Various sources have reported his first name as George or Gerald... 20. Charles Dingle Actor, The Little Foxes 21. Billy Bevan Actor, Terror by Night Billy Bevan's show-business career began in his native Australia, with the Pollard theatrical organization. The company had two theater troupes, one which toured Asia and the other traveling to North America. Bevan wound up in the latter, performing in skits and plays all over Canada and Alaska then down into the continental US... 22. Raymond Hatton Actor, In Cold Blood The son of a physician, Raymond Hatton entered films in 1909, eventually appearing in almost 500 other pictures. In early silents he formed a comedy team with big, burly Wallace Beery . He was best known as the tobacco-chewing, rip-snorting Rusty Joslin in the Three Mesquiteers series. He was also in the Rough Riders series and appeared as Johnny Mack Brown 's sidekick as well... 23. John Wray Actor, All Quiet on the Western Front 24. Blanche Yurka Actress, A Tale of Two Cities This imposing-looking stage star of early 20th century Broadway was born Blanche Jurka to Bohemian immigrants on June 18, 1887 in St. Paul, Minnesota. Some references claim that she was brought to the United States as an infant and then raised in St. Paul. Her Czech parents saw a blossoming singing talent in their daughter and used their modest income to help pay for opera lessons... 25. Jack Conway Director, Libeled Lady Born Hugh Ryan Conway of Irish ancestry, Jack was one of a team of MGM contract directors (others included Sam Wood and Robert Z. Leonard ), who forsook any pretense to a specific individual style in favour of working within the strictures set forth by studio management -- as embodied by Irving Thalberg and his production supervisors... 26. Hank Mann Actor, Modern Times 28. Irene Fenwick Actress, The Green Cloak Irene Fenwick was born Irene Frizzel in Chicago, Illinois on September 5, 1887. She was predominately a stage actress and a fine one at that. Her first film was THE WOMAN NEXT DOOR in 1915. She was to make three more that year, but one in 1916 called A CONEY ISLAND PRINCESS. Her services were, unfortunately... 29. Charles D. Brown Actor, The Big Sleep 30. Clive Brook Actor, Shanghai Express Born in London, England to Charlotte Mary (opera singer) and George Alfred Brook. He was educated privately. Stage experience included: "Oliver Twist", "Voysey Inheritence", "If I were King", "Importance of Being Ernest", Fair and Warmer", "Over Sunday", "Clothes and the WOman", and many others. Screen experience with Graham-Cutts Company in London... 31. Edna Ferber Writer, Giant 37. Bob Kortman Actor, Winds of the Wasteland Bob Kortman began his career acting in William S. Hart westerns in 1915 and throughout his career supported such actors as Gary Cooper, Buck Jones, Tim McCoy, Hoot Gibson, Johnny Mack Brown, and Laurel and Hardy. 38. Louis Jouvet Actor, Quai des Orfèvres Louis Jouvet was a living glory of the French theatre where he debuted in 1910. In his life he has worked as pharmacist, manager of a theatre, actor and theatre teacher. He debuted at the movies in 1932 and his best films were of the Golden Age of French cinema called the "poetical realism", e.g. "Hotel du Nord (1938)" or " La fin du jour "... 39. Hooper Atchley Actor, Mr. Wong, Detective 44. Milburn Morante Actor, The Detectress Milburn Morante (often alternatively credited as 'Moranti') began as a turn-of-the-century vaudevillian, part of a family trio calling themselves 'The Three Morantes'. After moving from San Francisco to L.A., he gravitated towards the film industry by 1913, initially with Keystone-Triangle, and, later... 45. Jim Thorpe Actor, Wagon Master Renowned Native American athlete who excelled in the 1912 Olympic games in Stockholm but was later stripped of his Olympic medals for having previously received monetary compensation for engaging in professional sport. He later showed up on movie screens as a bit player in westerns. He was portrayed by Burt Lancaster in the film Jim Thorpe -- All-American . 46.	Boris Karloff
In which film did Sharon Stone play the character 'Catherine Tramell?	William Henry Pratt - definition of William Henry Pratt by The Free Dictionary William Henry Pratt - definition of William Henry Pratt by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/William+Henry+Pratt Also found in: Thesaurus , Encyclopedia , Wikipedia . ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend: Noun 1. William Henry Pratt - United States film actor (born in England) noted for his performances in horror films (1887-1969) Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: Karloff Boris References in periodicals archive ? But it was for playing Frankenstein's monster in Frankenstein (1931) and Bride Of Frankenstein (1935) that Karloff, who was born William Henry Pratt on November 23, 1887, is best remembered. On this day I READ with interest your article about the gunmakers of Birmingham and thought you might like to know that the gun tester in the cover picture at the BSA factory in 1952 was my wife's grandfather William Henry Pratt, of Tudor Road, Moseley. Copyright © 2003-2017 Farlex, Inc Disclaimer All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.	i don't know
Nancy Davis and Jane Wyman were the wives of which late actor?	Nancy Reagan Biography :: National First Ladies' Library 6 July 1921 Sloane Hospital, Flushing, Queens, New York Nancy Reagan was the ninth of ten First Ladies born in New York, the "mother state" of presidential wives; the others were Elizabeth Monroe, Hannah Van Buren, Julia Tyler, Abigail Fillmore, Rose Elizabeth Cleveland, Frances Cleveland, Eleanor Roosevelt, Jacqueline Kennedy and Barbara Bush. Nancy Reagan's godmother was the famous actress Alla Nazimova Father: Kenneth Seymour Robbins, born 23 February 1894, Pittsfield, Massachusetts, used car salesman; married secondly, Patricia Brinckerhoff Cross in 1928; died, 2 February 1972, New Jersey Mother: Edith P. Luckett, born 16 July 1888, Washington, D.C.; married first to Kenneth Robbins, 27 June 1916; married secondly to Loyal Davis, 20 May 1929; worked after marriage as actress, playing a socialite and a maid on an NBC radio soap opera program "The Betty and Bob Show." A Democrat, she was a close friend of Chicago mayor Ed Kelley; died, 26 October 1987, Phoenix, Arizona. * Living to 99 years old, Edith Davis was the longest-living mother of a First Lady Nancy Reagan's parents divorced 23 February 1928; Edith Luckett resumed her theatrical career and sent her daughter to the home of her sister Virginia and her husband Audley Galbraith who raised her in their Bethesda, Maryland home. Nancy Reagan made visits to her mother whenever she was in New York for a lengthy theater run. Edith Luckett married a second time to Loyal Davis, neurosurgeon on 21 May 1929; she and her daughter moved to his home in Chicago. Adoptive Father: In 1935, Nancy Robbins was adopted by neurosurgeon Loyal Davis, born 17 January 1896, Galesburg, Illinois; Nancy Reagan considered Davis to be her true "father." He was Professor of Surgery and then Professor Emeritus, at Northwestern University; died 19 August 1983, Scottsdale, Arizona *Nancy Reagan is the only First Lady who was legally adopted by her mother's second husband, her birth father having ceded his legal title to her parenthood; although the widowed mothers of Abigail Fillmore, Eliza Johnson and Betty Ford remarried, none of their daughters were legally adopted by their stepfathers; the divorced mother of Jacqueline Kennedy remarried but her daughter was not legally adopted by her stepfather; the widowed mother of Frances Cleveland did not remarry until after her daughter was of adult age; the widowed fathers of Ida McKinley, Florence Harding, Lady Bird Johnson and Barbara Bush did not remarry until after their daughters were of adult age. Ancestry: English, Spanish; The most recent of Nancy Reagan's ancestors to immigrate to the United States was eight generations before her, in the line of her paternal grandmother, John Moseley, born in Dorchester, England in 1638. All of her traced ancestors came from England. On a presidential state visit to Spain during which she tried a few flamenco dance steps, Mrs. Reagan told Washington Post reporter Donnie Radcliffe that there was a claim of Spanish ancestors in her family tree. Birth Order: Nancy Reagan is an only child. She has a stepbrother, Richard Davis (born 1927), from the first marriage of her adoptive father Loyal Davis. Physical Appearance: 5' 4", brown hair, hazel eyes Religious Affiliation: Presbyterian Education: Sidwell Friends School, Washington, D.C. 1925-1928; Girl's Latin School, Chicago, Illinois, 1929-1939; Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts, 1939-1943, bachelor's degree in dramatic arts Occupation before Marriage: After graduating from college, Nancy Reagan worked as a sales clerk in the Marshall Fields Department store in Chicago, and then as a nurse's aide, also in Chicago. Through her mother's friends in the acting profession, Nancy Reagan received a non-speaking role in the touring company of Ramshackle Inn, and the play eventually came to Broadway. Nancy Reagan settled in New York and landed a minor role in the musical Lute Song, starring Yul Brynner and Mary Martin. In 1949, after a successful screen test, Nancy Reagan accepted a seven-year contract with Metro Goldwyn Mayer, moved to Hollywood, California, and performed in the first of her eleven feature films, The Doctor and the Girl. Marriage: 30 years old, married 6 March 1952 to Ronald Reagan (born 6 February 1911, Tampico, Illinois, died 5 June 2004, Los Angeles, California), Screen Actors Guild president, film and television actor, former radio sports announcer at the Little Brown Church, North Hollywood. After a honeymoon at the Mission Inn, in Riverside, California and Phoenix, Arizona, the Reagans lived in a series of homes, settling in a modern home in the Pacific Palisades section of Los Angeles, built and provided for by General Electric, the company for whom Ronald Reagan served as a national spokesman. The GE house was outfitted with all of the company's state-of-the-art technology. Husband's First Marriage: Ronald Reagan first married on 26 January 1940, January 26 to Sarah Jane Mayfield, known professionally as "Jane Wyman" ( born 5 January 1917, died 10 September 2007) Children: One son, one daughter; Patricia Ann Reagan ("Patti Davis"), born 21 October 1952; Ronald Prescott Reagan, born 20 May 1958 Stepchildren: From Ronald Reagan's marriage to Jane Wyman; Maureen Reagan, born 4 January 1941, died 8 August 2001; Michael Reagan, born 18 March 1945 (adopted) Occupation after Marriage: While her husband struggled for acting work, including a short stint as a Las Vegas performer, Nancy Reagan assumed the full-time work of mother and homemaker. She made three films after her marriage. Her last film, at Columbia in 1956, was Hellcats of the Navy, in which she and her husband appeared together. During Reagan's two terms as California Governor, she adopted several causes, including the welfare of returned and wounded Vietnam War veterans, fundraising and lobbying efforts on behalf of those Vietnam War servicemen who were either Prisoners of War or Missing In Action. As California's First Lady, she wrote a syndicated column and donated her salary to the National League of Families of American POW-MIA. She also regularly visited state institutions that cared for the elderly and physically and emotionally handicapped children; after observing a program that successfully brought these groups together as a form of therapy, the "Foster Grandparent Program," she promoted it throughout California and, eventually, the nation. Presidential Campaign and Inauguration: Although Nancy Reagan preferred to campaign with her husband rather than on her own, during the 1980 primaries she began to make her own appearances and make remarks that reflected her husband's views on issues; it reflected a growing role of candidates' spouses and was similar to the one Rosalynn Carter was simultaneously playing in the primaries. In the 1984 presidential campaign, Nancy Reagan was especially helpful during the last of a several televised debates. After concluding that the President had done poorly in a previous debate, she urged his advisors to ask him to memorize endless statistics. They did as she suggested and he proved more effective in the ensuing debate. Inauguration day 1981 was the first one held on the west front of the Capitol Building, a decision favored by the Reagans since it meant the ceremony was facing the rest of the nation, as opposed to those of the past which faced towards the Atlantic Ocean. Media attention focused on the high cost of tickets to attend the 1981 Inauguration Ball and other invitation-only events, contrasting it with the 1977 Carter Inaugural which had more public events than any in previous history and Inaugural Ball tickets selling for $25 to guests. However, tickets to the 1981 Reagan Inaugural Ball were of comparative cost to those before the 1977 Carter Inaugural Ball. Inauguration day 1985 marked two swearing-in ceremonies, neither of which were held on the Capitol Building steps; the first was traditionally considered "private" since it fell on a Sunday was held in the Grand Foyer of the White House and the "public" one held the following day was forced inside the Capitol Building Rotunda due to extremely cold temperatures, the first ever held at that site. Although the Reagans did not follow the Carter precedent of walking down Pennsylvania Avenue in 1981 or 1985, it was a tradition that was resumed by their successors. First Lady: 1981, January 20 - 1989, January 20 59 years old When Nancy Reagan first became First Lady, her focus was on creating a home in the White House; rather than use government funds to redecorate as well as renovate the floors, doors and other hardware, she sought private funds to underwrite the work. In preparation for the required entertaining, she also carefully tested the meals that were to be served and also told U.S. New & World Report that she hoped to have new china ordered since there had been much breakage in the fifteen years since the Johnson set had been inaugurated. Rather than being purchased with federal appropriations, the cost of the new china set was entirely underwritten by the private Knapp Foundation. The combination of the redecorating, new china set, more formalized entertaining style than the Carters, in addition to her attendance at the royal wedding of Prince Charles and Princess Diana of England in 1981, and her acceptance of free clothing from designers (thus unwittingly violating the new Ethics in Government Act of 1978) led to the creation of a public relations dilemma. Contrasted in print and broadcast news with the 1981 economic recession, high unemployment and homeless families, the so-called "Queen Nancy" caricature was created and even occasionally invoked by Democrats as a means of criticizing the Administration. In addition, much as there had been some suggestion of a regional bias against LBJ's Texan background and the Carters' rural background in the national media, there was suggestion of one against the Reagans' southern California ties and entertainment industry careers. With her intended work on the house and the patterns set for entertaining completed, Nancy Reagan began to focus in mid-1982 on the public issues and projects about which she intended to raise consciousness. Although she continued her support of the Foster Grandparents program, Nancy Reagan’s primary project was promotion of drug education and prevention programs for children and young adults. To this end, she traveled nearly 250,000 miles throughout the U.S. and several nations to visit prevention programs and rehabilitation centers to talk with young people and their parents, appeared on television talk shows, taped public service announcements, and wrote guest articles. At one California school, when Nancy Reagan had asked the children what the best and most immediate response should be when they were offered drugs, there were shouts of "just say no." The catch-phrase "just say no" soon proliferated through the popular culture of the 1980's, eventually adopted as the name of a loose organization of clubs formed in grammar, middle and high schools in which young people pledged not to experiment with harmful drugs. In April 1985 Mrs. Reagan expanded her drug awareness campaign to an international level by inviting the wives of world leaders to attend a White House conference she hosted on youth drug abuse. In October of that year, during the U.N.'s 40th anniversary, she hosted thirty international First Ladies for a second such gathering. When President Reagan signed the October 27, 1986 "National Crusade for a Drug Free America" anti-drug abuse bill into law, she considered it a personal victory and made an unprecedented joint address to the nation with him on the problem. In October 1988, she became the first First Lady to address the U.N. General Assembly, speaking on international drug interdiction and trafficking laws. Perhaps Nancy Reagan's largest and most important work as First Lady, however, was her role as the President's personal protector. Part of this role grew out of the March 30, 1981 assassination attempt on his life. Forever afterwards, Nancy Reagan made it her concern to know his schedule: in what public venues would he be speaking, before what groups, at what time, as well as with whom he would be privately meeting. In time, her concern to protect her husband's personal well-being led her to consult an astrologer to attempt to discern precisely what days and at what times would be optimum for safety and success, and which slots were to be avoided because of potential dangers as reflected in the astrological readings. Both Reagans admitted that the President had a tendency to trust all those who worked for him, while the First Lady tended to perceive those who, in her words, might "end run him," essentially using their positions to further their personal careers or agendas rather than that of the President and the Administration. The President's long-time aide Michael Deaver also served as a trusted and important advisor to Nancy Reagan and he often approached her when he felt a problem might be developing. Nancy Reagan effectively supported decisions to replace various personnel, including the likes of National Security Council member William P. Clark, and the hiring of others such as Secretary of State George Schultz. After Nancy Reagan witnessed the bold control exercised by Chief of Staff Donald Regan following President Reagan's 1985 cancer surgery, and then the fall-out he generated in mishandling the Administration's reaction to the Iran-Contra scandal, she felt that the President would be better served with a replacement. However, she was one among many who felt this way, including those working in the Administration and national media, from Vice President George H. Bush to Washington Post publisher Katherine Graham. Many of these figures would not bring their concern directly to the President, but rather to his wife. The ensuing media firestorm of exaggerated and unfair attribution of her influence was prompted by New York Times columnist William Safire’s March 1987 critique of her prerogatives and characterization of her as "an incipient Edith Wilson." The deposed Chief of Staff reacted by publishing a sensational memoir in which he disclosed her request that astrology be used in the president's official scheduling; no such personal revelations had previously been cast against an incumbent First Lady before to the degree that they were by Regan. Although Nancy Reagan rarely ventured into specific policy, it was she who defied the conventional wisdom in the Reagan Administration State Department to promote the idea of the President forming first a personal relationship with the new Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev when he assumed power in 1985. She did so she recalled, simply because it made no sense to her that the two leaders were not at least in open dialogue with one another. The resulting friendship and then political negotiations resulted in the 1987 INF Treaty, which called for a mutual destruction of intermediate range nuclear missiles. The treaty proved to be a crowning moment for the Administration and was later considered by many to be an important step in the end of Soviet communism and the shift to democracy of several Soviet satellite nations. Nancy Reagan's devotion to seeing this through, as well as other aspects of her husband's legacy were made all the more dramatic in light of the fact that she underwent breast cancer surgery and shortly thereafter endured the death of her mother, all just prior to the treaty signing. Post-Presidential Life: After publishing her memoirs entitled My Turn, in 1989, she established the Nancy Reagan Foundation, to support educational drug prevention after-school programs; it merged with the Best Foundation for a Drug-Free Tomorrow, out of which emerged the Nancy Reagan Afterschool Program, a drug prevention and life-skills program for youth. When her husband was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease in 1994, they together let their name in support of the Ronald & Nancy Reagan Research Institute in Chicago, Illinois for research into the illness, an affiliate of the National Alzheimer’s Association. Over the next decade her public activities were largely limited to the Los Angeles area, since she was the primary caregiver to the former president. One notable exception was the 1996 Republican National Convention in nearby San Diego, California, thus making her only the second former First Lady - and the first of her party - to do so (see "Post-Presidential Life" for Eleanor Roosevelt). After former President Reagan's death in June 2004, she became an outspoken public advocate for stem cell research, a scientific effort that promised hope for patients of Alzheimer's and other illnesses, despite the fact that her view was in direct opposition to that of the incumbent Republican president. She resides in the Bel Air section of Los Angeles, California. Former First Lady Nancy Reagan has remained highly active in both public and private. She engages in a full life with her friends and family in California, despite a 2008 fall requiring hospitalization, from which she fully recovered. She has grown especially close to her daughter Patti Davis, as poignantly recounted in the latter’s 2009 book, The Lives Our Mothers Leave Us. Nancy Reagan’s primary focus as a presidential widow has been to bring public attention to the legacy of her late husband. In July of 2007, Mrs. Reagan accepted the government of Poland’s most distinguished honorary recognition, the Order of the White Eagle, which was given in memory of her husband. Two years later, she was awarded an honorary degree from Ronald Reagan’s alma mater, Eureka College. In June of 2009, she returned to Washington, D.C. for the unveiling ceremony of a statue of former President Reagan that was placed in the U.S. Capitol Building. She has been especially active in planning for his 2011 centennial, seated with President Obama in the White House as he signed the Ronald Reagan Centennial Commission Act. She also presided over a ceremony marking the 2010 unveiling of a US postage stamp to be issued in commemoration of the centennial, and has helped to plan the Reagan Library’s numerous events for the centennial year. As a former First Lady of the United States and yet a symbol of her late husband’s party, Mrs. Reagan has also successfully managed bipartisanship with party loyalty. She fondly asserted the personal friendship that had existed between her and President Reagan and Senator Edward Kennedy, following his August 2009 death, despite their political differences. She also praised President Obama for his decision to reverse a Bush Administration federal funding ban on stem cell research. During her June 2009 trip to Washington, she was welcomed by the incumbent First Lady Michelle Obama for lunch in the family dining room in the private quarters, marking their first meeting. Two of the earliest 2008 presidential candidates’ debates among those vying for the Republican nomination were hosted by Nancy Reagan at the Reagan Library, in May 2007 and January 2008. She attended both events, but followed the tradition of her late husband in not endorsing any one candidate during the primaries. She then publicly endorsed and appeared with the party’s presumed nominee for President, John McCain, whom she had known since her incumbency as First Lady, when he had first been elected to the U.S. Senate from Arizona. During the 2010 mid-term elections, the former First Lady endorsed two women Republican candidates for state and national office from California, Meg Whitman and Carly Fiorini, who ran for Governor and U.S. Senate, respectively. Encouraging the presidential library to again serve as a venue for debates, she attended one held there in late 2011 among 2012 Republican presidential candidates. She continues to attend important Library events, notably those with speakers active in political life and the media. Death:	Ronald Reagan
Who directed the film 'Out Of Africa'?	The president's ladies : Jane Wyman and Nancy Davis (Book, 2014) [WorldCat.org] Jackson : University Press of Mississippi, [2014] ©2014 Edition/Format: Print book : Biography : English View all editions and formats Database: WorldCat Summary: "Ronald Reagan, a former actor and one of America's most popular presidents, married not one but two Hollywood actresses. This book is three biographies in one, discovering fascinating connections among Jane Wyman (1917-2007), Ronald Reagan (1911-2004), and Nancy Davis (b. 1921). Jane Wyman, who married Reagan in 1940 and divorced him seven years later, knew an early life of privation. She gravitated to the movies and made her debut at fifteen as an unbilled member of the chorus, then toiled as an extra for four years until she finally received billing. She proved herself as a dramatic actress in The Lost Weekend, and the following year, she was nominated for an Oscar for The Yearling and soon won for her performance in Johnny Belinda, in which she did not speak a single line. Other Oscar nominations followed, along with a Golden Globe for her portrayal of Angela Channing in Falcon Crest. Conversely, Nancy Davis led a relatively charmed life, the daughter of an actress and the stepdaughter of a neurosurgeon. Surrounded by her mother's friends--Walter Huston, Spencer Tracy, Katharine Hepburn, Lillian Gish, and Alla Nazimova, her godmother--Davis started in the theater, then moved on to Hollywood, where she enjoyed modest success, and finally began working in television. When she married Reagan in 1952, she unwittingly married into politics, eventually leaving acting to concentrate on being the wife of the governor of California, and then the wife of the president of the United States. In her way, Davis played her greatest role as Reagan's friend, confidante, and adviser in life and in politics. This book considers three actors who left an indelible mark on both popular and political culture for more than fifty years"-- Read more... Rating:	i don't know
Can you name the final movie directed by Alfred Hitchcock?	Alfred Hitchcock - IMDb IMDb Director \| Producer \| Actor Alfred Joseph Hitchcock was born in Leytonstone, Essex, England. He was the son of Emma Jane (Whelan; 1863 - 1942) and East End greengrocer William Hitchcock (1862 - 1914). His parents were both of half English and half Irish ancestry. He had two older siblings, William Hitchcock (born 1890) and Eileen Hitchcock (born 1892). Raised as a strict ... See full bio » Born: a list of 25 people created 10 Jan 2011 a list of 25 people created 21 Dec 2011 a list of 42 people created 08 Dec 2013 a list of 29 images created 24 Jul 2015 a list of 27 people created 2 months ago Do you have a demo reel? Add it to your IMDbPage How much of Alfred Hitchcock's work have you seen? User Polls Nominated for 5 Oscars. Another 28 wins & 27 nominations. See more awards » Known For \| Edit Filmography 2014 Memory of the Camps (TV Movie documentary) 1985 Frontline (TV Series documentary) (1 episode) 1976 Family Plot (producer - uncredited) 1972 Frenzy (producer - uncredited) 1966 Torn Curtain (producer - uncredited) 1964 Marnie (producer - uncredited) 1963 The Birds (producer - uncredited) 1962 Alcoa Premiere (TV Series) (executive producer - 1 episode) - The Jail (1962) ... (executive producer) Alfred Hitchcock Presents (TV Series) (producer - 7 episodes, 1955 - 1962) (executive producer - 1 episode, 1956) - The Glass Eye (1957) ... (producer - uncredited) - Mink (1956) ... (executive producer) 1959 North by Northwest (producer - uncredited) 1957-1958 Suspicion (TV Series) (executive producer - 25 episodes) 1949 Under Capricorn (producer - uncredited) 1948 Rope (producer - uncredited) 1922 Number 13 (producer - uncredited) Hide 1954-1956 Lux Video Theatre (TV Series) Lux Video Theatre Intermission Guest / Lux Video Theatre Guest Extra in Newspaper Office (uncredited) Hide 2005 Don't Give Me the Finger (Short) (play - as Sir Alfred Hitchcock) 1993 Lifepod (TV Movie) (short story) 1946 Notorious (screenplay contributor - uncredited) 1944 Lifeboat (story idea - uncredited) 1921 The Mystery Road (title designer) 1921 Appearances (title designer) 1920 The Great Day (title designer) Hide 1923 Woman to Woman (assistant director) Hide 1977 The Magic of ABC (TV Special) ("Funeral March of a Marionette") Hide 2014 Lazarus: Apocalypse (original inspiration) 2013 Intoxicated (Short) (dedicatee) 2011/IV The Waiting Room (Short) (special thanks) 2011 Special Collector's Edition (TV Series) (in memory of - 1 episode) 2009 Adjusted (Short) (special thanks) 2009/I Indigo (Short) (in memory of) 2009 Evocator (Short) (grateful acknowledgment) 2008 Creature Story (Short) (special thanks) 2007 Wingrave (Video) (dedicatee) 2003 Julie and Jack (special thanks - as Mr. Alfred Hitchcock) 2001 Blyustiteli poroka (TV Series) (dedicated to - 1 episode) - Obratniy effekt (2001) ... (dedicated to: 100 Years of) 1997 Running Time (special thanks) 1983 Psycho II (the producers acknowledge the debt owed to - as Sir Alfred Hitchcock) 1977 High Anxiety (dedicated to: the Master of Suspense) Hide 1978 CBS: On the Air (TV Mini-Series documentary) Himself 1977 La nuit des Césars (TV Series documentary) Himself 1976 The Elstree Story (TV Movie documentary) Himself 1976 The World of Alfred Hitchcock (TV Movie documentary) Himself 1972 V.I.P.-Schaukel (TV Series documentary) Himself 1972 Camera Three (TV Series) Himself 1972 Film Night (TV Series) Himself 1971 Yesterday's Witness (TV Series) Himself - Interviewee 1971 Samedi soir (TV Series) Himself 1969 Hollywood: The Selznick Years (TV Movie documentary) Himself (uncredited) 1969 London aktuell (TV Series documentary) Himself 1966 Hinter der Leinwand (TV Series documentary) Himself 1966 Film Preview (TV Series) Himself 1966 Cinema (TV Series documentary) Himself 1965 Hitchcock on Grierson (TV Movie documentary) Himself 1964 Monitor (TV Series documentary) Himself - Interviewee 1964 Telescope (TV Series documentary) Himself 1955-1962 Alfred Hitchcock Presents (TV Series) Himself - Host / Alfred's Brother / Man on the Book Cover / ... 1960 Picture Parade (TV Series documentary) Himself 1956 Cinépanorama (TV Series documentary) Himself 1954 What's My Line? (TV Series) Himself - Mystery Guest #2 1948 Ship's Reporter (TV Series) Himself 1943 Show-Business at War (Documentary short) Himself (uncredited) 2016 La otra sala: Clásicos (TV Series documentary) 2015 Extra (TV Series) 2015 Talking Pictures (TV Series documentary) Himself 2015 Die Ringstraße - Trilogie eines Boulevards (TV Mini-Series documentary) Himself 2014 Top 40 Ultimate Action Movies (TV Movie documentary) Himself 2014 Missing Reel (TV Mini-Series documentary) Himself 2014 Memory of the Camps (TV Movie documentary) Himself (uncredited) 2013 Perspectives (TV Series documentary) Himself 2013 The One Show (TV Series) Himself 2011 Special Collector's Edition (TV Series) Himself 2010 The Psycho Legacy (Video documentary) Himself 2009 Legenden (TV Series documentary) Himself 2009 Il était une fois... (TV Series documentary) Himself 2009 ITV News London (TV Series) Himself 1998-2008 American Masters (TV Series documentary) Himself / Himself - Interviewee 2007 Cinemassacre's Monster Madness (TV Series documentary) Himself 2007 Cámara negra. Teatro Victoria Eugenia (TV Short documentary) Himself 2007 British Film Forever (TV Mini-Series documentary) Himself 2007 Cannes, 60 ans d'histoires (TV Movie documentary) Himself 2007 Hoge bomen: Pioniers (TV Series documentary) Himself 2006 Hitchcocked! (TV Movie documentary) Himself 2006 Billy Wilder Speaks (TV Movie documentary) Himself 2006 Silent Britain (TV Movie documentary) Himself 2006 Un écran nommé désir (TV Movie documentary) Himself 2005 Shepperton Babylon (TV Movie documentary) Himself 2004 Hitchcock and Dial M (Video documentary short) Himself (uncredited) 2004 Personal History: Foreign Hitchcock (Video documentary short) Himself 2004 Words in Progress (TV Movie documentary) Himself 2004 101 Biggest Celebrity Oops (TV Special documentary) Himself - #85: Psycho: The Remake 2003 The 100 Greatest Scary Moments (TV Movie documentary) Himself 2003 Living Famously (TV Series documentary) Himself 2002 Sendung ohne Namen (TV Series documentary) Himself 2002 Who Is Alan Smithee? (TV Movie documentary) Himself (uncredited) 1998-2001 Biography (TV Series documentary) Himself / Himself - Director 2001 Legends (TV Series documentary) Himself 2001 Cinéma, de notre temps (TV Series documentary) Himself 2001 Plotting 'Family Plot' (Video documentary) Himself 2000 The Trouble with Marnie (TV Movie documentary) Himself 2000 Inside 'Dr. No' (Video documentary short) Himself 1999 Hitchcock: Shadow of a Genius (TV Movie documentary) Himself 1999 Reputations (TV Series documentary) Himself 1999 Hitchcock: The Early Years (Video documentary short) Himself 1998 The Best of Hollywood (TV Movie documentary) Himself 1995 The Universal Story (TV Movie documentary) Himself 1995 Citizen Langlois (TV Movie documentary) Himself 1995 Cinema Europe: The Other Hollywood (TV Mini-Series documentary) Himself 1995 Family Portraits (TV Mini-Series documentary) Himself 1994 Hitchcock: Alfred the Great (TV Movie documentary) Himself (uncredited) 1985-1989 Alfred Hitchcock Presents (TV Series) Himself - Host / Himself - South by Southeast (1989) ... Himself - Host - Reunion (1989) ... Himself - Host 1985 Frontline (TV Series documentary) Himself (1960s-1970s) Short story collections: Edited a number of mystery short story collections. See more » Publicity Listings: 26 Biographical Movies \| 83 Print Biographies \| 10 Portrayals \| 2 Interviews \| 66 Articles \| 1 Pictorial \| 17 Magazine Cover Photos \| See more » Official Sites: Mr. Alfred Hitchcock \| Sir Alfred Hitchcock Height: Did You Know? Personal Quote: I am scared easily, here is a list of my adrenaline-production: 1: small children, 2: policemen, 3: high places, 4: that my next movie will not be as good as the last one. See more » Trivia: In 1964, Hitchcock re-read another Richard Hannay novel by John Buchan , The Three Hostages, with a mind to adapting it. As with Greenmantle a quarter of a century earlier, the rights were elusive. But also the story was dated, very much rooted in the 1930s, and the plot involved a villain whose blind mother hypnotizes the hero. Hitchcock, in interviews, said that he felt that the portrayal of ... See more » Trademark: He hated to shoot on location. He preferred to shoot at the studio where he could have full control of lighting and other factors. This is why even his later films contain special effects composite and rear screen shots. See more » Nickname:	Family Plot
Which Disney movie first featured the song 'When You wish Upon A Star'?	Ranking the Hitchcock Movies - MTV mtv Jordan Hoffman 10/30/2012 He's the only film director we recognize from a sketch of his silhouette. A monthly pulp magazine of mystery stories with the licensed use of his name is STILL being published after fifty-six years. His technical innovations with the camera and in the editing room have become absorbed into the basic language of cinema. His persistent themes of paranoia and dread (usually with a soupcon of dark humor) were essential to developing the notion of a film director as an author. Audiences love him, critics love him, even the French love him. He is the “master of suspense” and the closest thing film has to a William Shakespeare. He is Alfred Hitchcock and if you haven't seen a lot of his movies, here's the article and the marching orders you've been waiting for. I'm counting down his top 50 features because it' a nice round number. I fully embrace, however, any angry comments about leaving out the films with missing reels, German versions, silent versions of talkies, French language propaganda shorts, episodes of “Alfred Hitchcock Presents” or early movies that exist only in the great Trim Bin in the Sky. (This is in addition to, I hope, sanctimonious ire concerning my order and rationale behind certain choices.) Keep in mind that a lot of the early ones you never heard of are free and legal on sites like archive.org. 50 – "Jamaica Inn" (1939) At the back end of this list we'll find some pictures that are dull or that may find difficulty engaging a modern audience. This, however, is the only Hitchcock film I flat-out despise. Part of that is because it should be good. I mean: Charles Laughton as an uppercrust dandy secretly running a smuggling ring and Maureen O'Hara in her first major role, all set in the cold, rocky, gaslit world of Daphne Du Maurier's 19th Century Cornwall (that little tip on the bottom of England that has its own weird language.) And yet, somehow, it isn't just dull, it is annoyingly slow and tone-deaf (apparently Laughton and Hitchcock disagreed on everything.) “Jamaica Inn” is important if for no other reason to remind us that even geniuses can make a disaster now and again. (It was, however, a big box office winner.) Hitchcock Cameo: None. 49 – "Easy Virtue" (1928) While the scenario is based on a Noel Coward play, this is a silent film so you get none of his crackling wit. What you do get is a twisted lecture on how women in polite society should behave. Despite our lead's innocence, she is divorced on grounds of adultery, then later punished for keeping this a secret from her second husband. If I were in charge of the world I'd have Guy Maddin do a remake starring Kim Kardashian. Hitchcock Cameo: 21 minute mark, walking past a tennis court. 48 – "The Farmer's Wife" (1928) Hardly loaded with suspense, this droll silent film details the matchmaking follies of a wealthy widower. There are some nice comic bits as well as a very British fox hunt. Fun costumes, too, plus the butler makes a lot of wacky faces. Find a clean print and you'll be surprised how watchable it is. Hitchcock Cameo: None. 47 – "Waltzes From Vienna" (1933) Not just a talkie, but a singie! Hitchcock all but disowned this for-hire gig in his interviews with Francois Truffaut (collected into the essential 1967 book “Hitchcock/Truffaut” and also floating about online as audio files if you don't mind hearing an interpreter after every sentence.) Still, there's some merit. For one thing, a lot of it is set in a bakery, so there are some really delicious looking cakes. Hitchcock Cameo: None 46 – "The Manxman" (1929) Hitchcock's final all-silent film, this love story based on a popular novel is a big fat soap opera love triangle featuring falsely rumored deaths, attempted suicides and a courtroom finale. This is another one Hitchcock later shrugged off, but I rate it above some others if for no other reason than I'm fascinated with the Isle of Man. This little spit of dirt between England and Ireland has its own customs and cultures and it is where Fletcher Christian came from. (See opening for reminder that you are invited to call some of my rating criteria ridiculous.) Hitchcock Cameo: None 45 – "Champagne" (1928) I'm willing to admit that maybe I liked this one more than some of the other early not-very-Hitchcock silents because the print that is floating around online is gorgeous. Nevertheless, this story of a millionaire who fakes bankruptcy to teach his spoiled daughter a lesson is fun enough to keep you engaged and let the sets, costumes, exercises in POV camerawork and jitterbugging editing dazzle. Hitchcock Cameo: None. 44 – "The Skin Game" (1931) A baffling bit of gossipy soap opera that is enjoyable because it basically positions blue blood British nobility (whom we are accustomed to seeing as the bad guys) as morally superior to the tasteless and ill-mannered “nouveau riche” (whom, one would surmise, gained their affluence through hard work.) It ends with a pregnant woman drowning herself rather than allowing her husband to know of her impure money-making schemes, and everyone agreeing this is a happy ending. Hitchcock Cameo: None. 43 – "Number 17" (1932) This isn't the most memorable movie, but it is exciting for Hitchcock fans because it represents him really starting to get into his element: sympathetic criminals and iconic locations (in this case, a broken down house near a rail yard.) It also has the benefit of being extremely short, so you can easily watch it online during lunch. Hitchcock Cameo: None. 42 – "Mr. and Mrs. Smith" (1941) Hitchcock's third American film was his only comedy (well, “The Trouble With Harry” might be considered a comedy, but more on that later) and it isn't bad... it just isn't very Hitchcock (it's more Mark Sandrich than “The Master of Suspense.”) Anyhow, Carol Lombard and Robert Montgomery are a married couple who discover that, technically, they aren't married, which leads to all sorts of door-slamming shenanigans until the final make-up kiss and fade-out. Extra points for setting a pivotal scene at the World's Fair. Hitchcock Cameo: 42 minute mark, walking past a building. 41 – "Rich and Strange" (1931) “Rich and Strange” is representative of a weird, ephemeral time in film history just as silent filmmakers were trying to make sense of talkies. As such, there is sound – but not a lot of it. Hitchcock uses this to great effect in “Blackmail” (which you'll find much higher up on this list) and my overall enthusiasm for this odd vibe may place “Rich and Strange” higher on my list than, perhaps, others may put it. The film itself is a light fish-out-of-water comedy about regular folks who suddenly find themselves loaded – kinda like the last season of “Roseanne,” but, you know, much more British. Also, “Rich and Strange” is quite possibly the only chance you'll get to see riveting footage of the now-forgotten gentleman's sport of Deck Quoits. Hitchcock Cameo: None. 40 – "Juno and the Paycock" (1930) Sean O'Casey's legendary play is, in this 1930 film, just that: a play. There's little done to open the story up and, if his name weren't on it, you'd hardly know this was Hitchcock's work. Nevertheless, once you settle in to the mindset of the stage, the drama of the Boyle family of Dublin during the Irish Civil War is classic stuff. Hitchcock Cameo: None. 39 – "Under Capricorn" (1949) The pros: early Technicolor, extensive use of long takes (an essential lead-up to “Rope”) and the oddball history of Australia is always of interest. The cons: Zzzzzzzzz. Huh? I'm sorry you said something? I … zzzzzzz. Yeah, even Joseph Cotten and Ingrid Bergman can't inject much oomph into this parlor room drama. Hitchcock Cameo: Double shot! At the three-minute mark on the town square during a parade and at the thirteen-minute mark on the steps of the government building. 38 – "Marnie" (1964) Here's where I really start to piss people off. Many really love this one and would rank it far higher. I simply can not. “Marnie” represents an end of an era for Hitchcock – his final film with DP Robert Birks, editor George Tomasini, composer Bernard Herrmann and the last with a classic “troubled blonde” in a lead role (in this case, Tippi Hedren, following “The Birds.”) As far as I'm concerned, they could have left well enough alone. “Marnie” looks, sounds and smells like a classic Hitchcock, but it isn't... because it is stupid. That's what it comes down to: a dumb plot, an oversimplification of pop psychology and Sean Connery not being as dashing as he thinks he is. Daring subject matter for its time, perhaps, but depictions of marital rape and misinterpreted pedophilia can't trump watching a movie, turning to the person next to you, and asking, “is it me, or is this all a bit over the top?” Hitchcock cameo: Five-minute mark in a hotel hallway, passing Tippi Hedren. 37 – "The Ring" (1927) Fisticuffs and plenty of 'em! There's nothing I like more than old timey boxing and “The Ring” has that PLUS the slightly sped-up motion of a silent film. The rest is a basic love triangle, but the training and fights scenes are, at least for me, very entertaining. There are also some nice visual flourishes, such as shooting lovers reflected in shimmering water, which remind you what an innovator Hitchcock was. Also, this is the only film in his resume neither based on a preexisting work and where he has sole writing credit. Hitchcock Cameo: None. 36 – "The Paradine Case" (1947) Sandwiched between two major films (“Notorious” and “Rope,”) this courtroom drama was and still is considered a bit of a disappointment. There's also plenty of evidence that it was a troubled production. I firmly believe, however, that is is one of the more warped Hitchcock films and a nice preview of things to come in films like "Vertigo," at least from a story perspective. Gregory Peck is a married lawyer who basically falls in love with the alleged murderess he is defending. She may be falsely accused, she may be a cold killer, we don't quite know, but Peck's wife knows she'll lose her husband forever if he can't save this woman, even if it means pinning the murder on someone else. Yeah, there's some weird psychosexual stuff going on here. Added bonus for including Louis Jourdan, later to play the borderline-pedophile lead in “Gigi” and Anton Arcane in “Return of the Swamp Thing.” Hitchcock Cameo: 38 minute mark, leaving the train station with a cello case. 35 – "Topaz" (1969) Plenty of Hitch's work involved international espionage, but this is one of the few to involve actual politics. Based on a Leon Uris novel, “Topaz” tells the somewhat-factual story of how the US discovered the Soviet Union's missiles in Cuba. Highlights include scenes of New York location photography, particularly the sequence with visiting Cuban Marxists in Harlem's Hotel Theresa. Lowlights include a leisurely pace to find out which of the dude's you don't care about is the mole in the French government. Still, some good scenes of watching people watch other people, by this point a Hitchcock speciality. Hitchcock Cameo: 32-minute mark, being pushed in a wheelchair at an airport, then getting out of the wheelchair. 34 - "Murder!" (1930) British people love to shout “murder!” (Old timey ones even shout “murther!”) An early gem, “Murder!” is a tight examination of standard Hitchcock dread and paranoia. Young Norah Baring looks to be caught redhanded, persists she is innocent, but has no memory of how she wound up looming over a corpse. It'll take some creative reenactments to figure out what happened, but luckily Norah is part of a traveling theater troupe and they get into peoples' heads for a living. Fun. Hitchcock Cameo: At the one hour mark, walking past the murder house (excuse me, Murder! house). 33 – "Family Plot" (1976) When you think of the iconoclastic filmmakers of the 1970s, you don't really think of Alfred Hitchcock. While Hitch's sole '70s contribution does have its creaky parts (hell, a lot of it has the look of a “Columbo” episode) its dark humor and Bruce Dern's whacked-out lead performance makes this tale of backstabbing grifters with stolen jewels in the chandelier pretty enjoyable. It's kinda fun to think that when Brian De Palma was pumping out his meta-Hitchcock films, the Master still had one final one in him. Hitchcock Cameo: Forty-minute mark, in silhouette at the births and deaths records office. 32 – "Young and Innocent" (1936) A frustrating series of circumstances implicate an innocent man in a murder – and we're the only ones who know it. Accepting that justice won't win out, our main character lams it and tries to find the killer himself. The nightmare scenario builds to the final climax, the reveal of the guilty party care of an elaborate tracking shot that is impressive to this day. (It's a little bit marred because of musicians in blackface – but it's the bad guy in blackface, so I guess it is okay?) The nightmare is made even more frustrating because, for a few moments, WE see the killer, but our heroes on screen do not. Ugh, I need a drink, I'm getting stressed out. Hitchcock Cameo: Sixteen-minute mark, holding a camera outside of a courthouse. 31 – "Stage Fright" (1950) Double-crosses, secret identities, false confessions – a nicely blended smoothy concerning the malleability of truth. Marlene Dietrich is handed a fork and knife and invited to eat up the scenery and she does a pretty good job of it. It's funny, because whenever a lead in a Hitchcock film is falsely accused of something they find an angel to help them. But if the lead is approached BY someone who is (claiming to be) falsely accused – look out! Bad things are coming. Hitchcock Cameo: One of the better ones, at the 39-minute mark. He pauses to take a good look at Jane Wyman in a maid's outfit. 30 – "The Wrong Man" (1956) What's that Hitchcock movie? That nightmarish descent into paranoia when a man is falsely accused of being someone he is not? A whole bunch of 'em, actually, but the one that involves the most jazz bass playing is Henry Fonda in “The Wrong Man.” Henry Fonda? Who could ever dream of him being a bad guy? (Well, Sergio Leone could, but that's why he was a genius.) Anyway, Young Abe Lincoln/Tom Joad plays Manny Balestrero, a real life musician that had the misfortune to have a similar face and bad spelling of a criminal. Even though Manny's hellish trial leads to exoneration (thanks to dumb luck,) the existential crisis is almost too much for his family to bear. Location shooting in my hood of Queens, New York give this some bonus points. Hitchcock Cameo: Right at the beginning, in silhouette, narrating the prologue (and letting us know this is a true story.) 29 – "Suspicion" (1941) The first of four collaborations with Cary Grant (who would later ostensibly parody his Hitchcock work in Stanley Donen's marvelous “Charade,”) “Suspicion” marks a real turning point for the actor better known for screwball comedies and bubbly romance. He's still debonair and witty, but he's also dangerous. Or is he? Joan Fontaine (who won an Oscar for the role) is unsure if her new husband's love is true, or if he is a malicious gold-digger with murderous plans. I'm sure as hell not gonna be the one to spoil it. Hitchcock Cameo: Another double shot! At the four minute mark walking a horse across the screen and at the forty-six minute mark posting a letter. 28 – "Secret Agent "(1936) Things are about to get confusing. Alfred Hitchcock made a film adaptation of Joseph Conrad's “The Secret Agent.” This isn't that (that movie is called “Sabotage,” and later adapted as “The Secret Agent” with Bob Hoskins in 1996, but not to be confused with Hitchcock's “Saboteur” and... oh, I'm getting a headache.) Anyway, “Secret Agent” has John Gielgud, Peter Lorre, mistaken identity and assassination in the Swiss Alps. Boy, Hitchcock really had a thing against going to Switzerland, as you'll see when we talk about "The Man Who Knew Too Much." Anyway, the hook here is an interesting one – what happens when the guy you are rooting for is responsible for killing the wrong person? Cool casino photography and one of Lorre's better performances (the squirrely freak playing a master spy called “The General”) makes this a real fun one. Hitchcock Cameo: Most sources say there is none, but some think that's him in the bowler hat coming down the ship's gangplank in a bowler hat and funny mustache at the eight minute mark. 27 – "Lifeboat" (1944) “Lifeboat” is great, but not quite as great as it should be. This is the first of a number of experiments Hitchcock would do in nailing his POV to one location, and, in my mind, the least successful. An American ship is sunk by a U-Boat and lots of pop philosophy is thrown about as they all get dehydrated. The prose gets a little purple toward the end as the German survivor they bring aboard isn't just a lowly seaman, but a big nasty Nazi officer with a black heart. Most of our team make it to the end, but their faith in humanity is greatly challenged. Hitchcock Cameo: Perhaps the best of all. How to fit Hitch in the film when it is all set on a raft? He's seen in a pre-photo shop newspaper ad for a weight loss program called “Reduco Obesity Slayer.” 26 – "Spellbound" (1945) Here's a cool thing about a lot of Hitchcock's films: he was fascinated with the world of psychoanalysis. Unfortunately, a lot of the psychology that made it into his movies were somewhat dumbed-down or even complete gibberish. “Spellbound” stars Gregory Peck as the man plagued by phobias and Ingrid Bergman is the accented shrink who will save him. There's no shortage of heavy-handed imagery (or oddball psychotic triggers, like a fork across a white tablecloth) culminating in the famous dream sequence designed in part by Salvador Dali. But the movie's earnest qualities ultimately win you over; it's corny, but very watchable, and was one of Hitchcock's biggest hits. Hitchcock Cameo: At the thirty-seven minute mark, emerging from a hotel elevator holding a violin case, smoking a cigarette. 25 – "The Birds" (1962) And dead center of this list is one of Hitch's most famous, but, indeed, most polarizing films. And I'll admit that I'm of two minds about it. I love the slow, deliberate opening – it's all cannily staged voyeurism and blasts of color. Then, chaos reigns (and rains!) down from the heavens for no reason. I adore the film's decision to remain baffling (killer birds - but why?!?!) as well as its bleak, fatalistic conclusion. The problem comes with the second viewing – once the shock wears off, it is actually rather dull. Hitchcock Cameo: Two minute mark, leaving the pet shop with two dogs (which he actually owned.) 24 – "Saboteur" (1942) A fast-paced thriller about a falsely accused man (again!) who inadvertently causes an explosion at an airplane plant. It was the work of fifth columnists, and the fact that this was a very real fear in 1942 is enough to make “Saboteur” a fascinating record of World War II-era paranoia. That and the New York location photography, including a big finish atop the Statue of Liberty (foreshadowing the climax of “North By Northwest.”) Hitchcock Cameo: One hour and four minute mark, standing in front of a drugstore. 23 – "Foreign Correspondent" (1940) This tale of a newspaperman thrust into international intrigue takes on an almost alternative history aspect in that it tries to accurately predict what the forthcoming, inevitable war will be like. It is also notable for its numerous subliminal images (try to find Hitler's cartoonish face lurking in a windmill – the cause of how the wind will blow?) as well as a thrilling airplane crash into water. “Foreign Correspondent” had a ridiculous number of well known people working on the script, including Ben Hecht, Robert Benchley and Budd Schulberg. Hitchcock Cameo: The twelve minute mark, reading a newspaper and smoking as Joel McCrea is leaving his hotel. 22 – "The Man Who Knew Too Much" (1934) Peter Lorre, newly escaped from Nazi Germany, didn't speak a word of English and learned his lines phonetically. So put that weird voice, weird pronunciation and weird face together and you have a screen icon. Another great example of “normal” people suddenly thrust into intrigue and danger, a vacationing family in the Alps have to stop an assassination back home in England. Luckily Mom's skeet-shooting ability is well-established at the beginning of the picture. A classic. Hitchcock cameo: Open to debate! Some sources claim the man walking by the bus at the thirty-three minute mark is him. Others claim he's not in there. (Or maybe he is, but they're not saying because they KNOW TOO MUCH!) 21 – "Sabotage" (1936) In the Hitchcock/Truffaut book there is a famous discussion about how a bomb planted under a desk and exploding is only interesting if the audience is aware of the bomb but the characters are not. “Sabotage” is this concept taking to the nth degree. In the film we follow (and, in a twisted way, root for?) a terrorist hoping to deliver a bomb to London's Piccadilly Circus. The fact that he is a movie theater owner and the bomb is hidden in a film canister shouldn't go unnoticed. This is the one loosely based on Joseph Conrad's “The Secret Agent” and has some seriously tense moments. (Will the little boy make it? You might be surprised... ) Hitchcock Cameo: Nine minute mark, walking along the sidewalk, glancing up at the apartment. 20 – "The Lodger: A Story of the London Fog" (1927) This is the film that made him. Not just his first big financial success, but the one that put him in his sweet spot... you know, a place of murder, madness and existential dread. Based on a book inspired by Jack the Ripper, Ivor Novello stars as a creepy new tenant who may or may not be the killer. Even if you think you are too stricken with ADHD to handle a silent film, give this one a try. It is so gorgeous and evocative that it will draw you right in. Hitchcock was very enthusiastic about the German Expressionists and adapted some of their lighting techniques. Extra points when you realize that Novello is the character Jeremy Northam played in "Gosford Park." Hitchcock Cameo: Three minute mark, at a desk in the newsroom. 19 – "Torn Curtain" (1966) What's the sexiest part of international espionage? Math! Butch Cassidy and Mary Poppins team up as young physics nerds in love, en route to a European science convention. When he (Paul Newman) starts making overtures to defect to the Eastern Block, she (Julie Andrews) doesn't know what to think. It is, of course, a double-cross, and a big attempt to "smuggle" out a mathematical equation that details the length of the USSR's anti-ballistic missile capacities. The film oncludes with a giant set piece in a crowded theater that became the hallmark of Hitchcock's work by the mid-1950s. Hitchcock Cameo: At the eight minute mark, holding a baby in a hotel lobby. 18 - "Rope" (1948) One of the most audacious cinema experiments that, frankly, has yet to be topped. (C'mon, "Russian Ark" is gorgeous, but how much tension is in that film?) Loosely based on the true case of Leopold and Loeb (though bleached on any homosexual content) (or is it?), "Rope" is about two intellectuals looking to see if they can commit the "perfect crime" as some sort of artistic statement. They hold a dinner party, which is presented as a filmed play. The camera moves, but the movie is a collection of entire film magazines, splicing shots on characters' backs and other featureless frames. It is perceived, therefore, as one mellifluous shot. They are eventually outsmarted by James Stewart, but Hitchcock and his highly choreographed film are the true geniuses. It's a fascinating thing to watch, but can be a little exasperating. I mean, film relies on editing for a reason, you know. Hitchcock Cameo: Like "Lifeboat," we're stuck in one location. From the deluxe apartment in the sky, though, we can clearly make out an advertisement with Hitch's famous silhouette. Indeed, it is, once again, for "Reducto Obesity Slayer." You can catch it at the fifty-five minute mark. 17 – "The Trouble With Harry" (1955) Some call "Mr. and Mrs. Smith" Hitchcock's only talkie comedy, but if you are deviant and sick, you'll be laughing at this one, too. "The Trouble With Harry" stars Shirley MacLaine, John Forsythe, Jerry "The Beaver" Mathers, and a dead body. Long before "Weekend at Bernie's," the corpse of Harry Worp was being schlepped around the autumn New England leaves. The twist is that, unlike most of Hitchcock's films where someone is wrongly accused, here everyone is convinced that THEY are the one who inadvertently killed Harry. The film walks through each scenario to show that he died of natural causes. No one is too upset. Hitchcock Cameo: Twenty-two minutes in, glimpsed through a barred window, seen looking at paintings. The voyeur is observed voyeurizing from a voyeuristic point of view!! 16 – "I Confess" (1953) It's a perfect set-up. Need to pin a murder on someone? Find a guy who can't give his alibi and can't divulge the true killer. Make sure he knows the killer is you... but also make sure he's a priest and you tell him during confession. Zing! It's another wrong man scenario, but with a Papist twist, and one of Hitchcock's most heavy imagery films. (Hitchcock was, indeed, a Catholic and his Uncle wore a collar.) Montgomery Clift and his eyebrows star as the priest with a past. Extra points for location photography in Quebec City, which is where I went on my honeymoon, so, you know, it's awesome. (But if I ever get divorced I may bump this back ten spots.) Hitchcock Cameo: About two minutes in, crossing the top of a staircase. 15 - "Frenzy" (1972) Hitchcock's late-career return to Britain begins with murther most foul on the banks of the Thames, visits the nooks and crannies of the Covent Garden greenmarket and concludes with an investigation into a gentleman's necktie. Very British. Also, very macabre, upping the violence a bit as well as gruesome moments like post-rigor mortis grips. Some of the performances aren't so hot (Barry Forster is very much a poor man's Michael Caine) but all told this serial killer thriller is one of the better ones. Hitchcock Cameo: In the opening scenes, wearing a bowler hat, among the crowds looking at the discovered corpse. 14 – "Dial M For Murder" (1954) Okay, now we're ready to rock and roll. This is an anti-whodunnit, because you are along for the ride the whole time. In fact, you may want to pinch yourself midway through when you realize that you are basically rooting for a guy to commit murder (he's kinda forced into it by blackmail; it's a long story.) There's a twist, the wrong person ends up dead, and there's all kinds of business with crossed phone calls, missing keys, scarves and police inspectors that just won't go away. Juicy as all hell, and another one shot almost exclusively in one place but doesn't feel musty. Hitchcock Cameo: Another headscratcher, considering this is almost entirely in one apartment. But he's there in a key photograph at the thirteen-minute mark. 13 - "Blackmail" (1929) Hitchcock (and the British film industry's) first talkie, "Blackmail" shows how The Master was ready to jump right into the new technology and find ways to tweak it for maximum impact. Most intriguing is when the soundtrack takes on the POV of the lead actress, who stabbed a man in self-defense but is being blackmailed. She is so stuck in her own head that the dialogue sounds like gibberish except for the word "knife," which, as you would imagine, makes cutting the food on her plate a struggle. The film concludes with a set piece at the dome of the British Museum, showing Hitchcock's penchant for startling locations at the big finish. Hitchcock Cameo: At the ten minute mark, reading a book and being pestered by a small boy in the subway. 12 – "To Catch a Thief" (1955) No "To Catch a Thief," no "Ocean's Eleven." Arguably his most Hollywood film (and the one that gave Monaco its real life Princess) this is Cary Grant at his most charming, Grace Kelly at his most gorgeous, Paramount costume designer Edith Head at her most glamorous and 1950s-style sublimation of sexuality at its most ridiculous. There are literally fireworks that shoot off when they finally do it. Plot-wise, reformed cat burglar (Cary Grant) has to do one last score to clear his name. Frankly, the story is secondary to the dreaminess of the production. Hitchcock Cameo: Next to Cary Grant on the bus at the ten minute mark. 11 – "Strangers on a Train" (1951) Two men (strangers) meet (on a train) and, in conversing, they realize they'd both like someone removed from their life. The perfect crime, one realizes, would be if they "criss-cross," each taking care of the other one's problem. With no motive there'd be no suspicion. But do both men agree? One guy certainly does, and bumps off the other man's wife. But his alibi isn't so hot, and he's unsure if he can go through with the killing. And with the other guy hanging around so much it is starting to get a little warm in here, no? "Strangers on a Train" is a classic nightmare you can't wake from, where base urges lead to questions of moral culpability. Also: great shoot-out at the merry-go-round. Hitchcock Cameo: Ten minute mark, boarding a train carrying a double-bass. 10 - "Notorious" (1946) Cary Grant, Ingrid Bergman, Claude Rains, international intrigue, legendary crane shots ending on a tight close-up of a key, upside-down drugged-out hazy POV shots, production code-defying two-and-a-half minute smooches and men who are either dreamboats or Nazi spies. In other words, big stars, big stakes, secret identities and a tense finale at a dinner party. If you've never seen a Hitchcock movie and want to start with something simple, pure and engrossing, this may be the place to start. Hitchcock Cameo: At the one hour and four minute mark, guzzling some champagne at Claude Rains' party. (Wait, does that mean he is a Nazi spy, too?) 9 – "Rebecca" (1940) In the history of cool-ass names Maxim de Winter is up towards the top, and the handsome, mysterious Laurence Olivier is just the man to play him. He sweeps the 21 year old orphan girl (Joan Fontaine) off her feet and away to his castle where creepy curtains blow, terrifying maids have something up their sleeve and something weird is going on in Maxim de Winter's late wife's room. "Rebecca" is a marvelous psychosexual haunted house picture and the type of film that truly benefits from the decency codes of the day. Much of the freaky stuff is left between the lines, but there's just enough implication to get the mind reeling. "Rebecca" won the Academy Award for Best Picture in 1940, the only Hitchcock film to get the top honor. Hitchcock Cameo: Late in the game, long after you've forgotten about the Hitchcock Cameo, you'll see him walk past a phone booth at the two hour and six minute mark. 8 – "The Man Who Knew Too Much" (1956) Here's where my list gets controversial! This unfairly maligned (or at least shrugged as "not as good as the 1934 version") is neck-and-neck with "North by Northwest" for me. They have the same VistaVision/Technicolor look and they both drop normal people in the deep end of international intrigue and hope they can swim to shore. This one happens to include Doris Day singing "Que Sera Sera" as her kidnapped child struggles for freedom. The finale at Royal Albert Hall (and the assassination that must be foiled before the cymbal crash) is as well constructed a set piece as any you'll see in cinema. Hitchcock Cameo: Twenty-five minutes in, watching acrobats in the Moroccan souk. 7 – "North by Northwest" (1959) By now you may have noticed a trend. There have been a great number of Hitchcock films about mistaken identities and otherwise normal people thrust into dangerous situations with international repercussions. Well, I'm sure Hitchcock noticed it, too, so with "North by Northwest" he decided to take the formula and crank it up to eleven, making the most absurd, whacked-out "wrong man" scenario, to the point that this is almost a parody. (Things got weirder a few years later when Stanley Donen took the film's star, Cary Grant, and pushed plausibility even further with the highly entertaining "Charade," the best fake-Hitchcock movie ever made.) Here Cary Grant plays a "Mad Men"-esque exec mistaken for superspy George Kaplan, but here's the twist: Kaplan doesn't exist! He's just a ruse to psych-out bad guys, but the bad guys think they are hot on his tail! The only way to find safety is to fight it out, so it's off the U.N. (still a somewhat new building,) Grand Central Terminal, a deadly cornfield in the middle of nowhere, a perfectly designed mid-century cantilevered glass home and, of course, the top of Mount Rushmore. You don't get more iconic than "North by Northwest," especially with Cary Grant and those sunglasses. Quick, let's stop talking about it before I second guess myself and bump it further up the list. Hitchcock Cameo: At the very end of (Saul Bass' awesome) credits sequence, with bus doors slamming in his face. 6 – "Shadow of a Doubt" (1943) Reported to be Hitchcock's favorite of his own films, it is a straightforward suspense story but just rich enough to lend itself to all sorts of interpretations. (Bluntly, it is about sex; nubile young women discovering the power, implications, and danger of sex. There, I said it.) Young Teresa Wright is thrilled that her Uncle Charlie is coming to visit her sleepy home town. In time, though, she learns he is suspected of being a murderer. The "is he or isn't he?" game is played for a while, then things only grow more dangerous. Joseph Cotten is perfectly cast as the warm, charming (and evil?) uncle. This movie would be good with other actors, but with him in the lead it is a masterpiece. Hitchcock Cameo: At the seventeen minute mark, playing cards on the train. 5 – "The 39 Steps" (1935) Listen, if you are in a Hitchcock film and a frantic woman comes up to you looking for help - just split. You'll end up framed for a murder you didn't commit, on the run from police you can't trust and the only way to clear your name will be to expose a cabal of foreign spies. "The 39 Steps" may sound like ten other movies on this list, but this one really sings. It is thrilling and funny and the night scenes in Scotland (with our hero handcuffed to his female eventual compatriot) are beautifully shot. The big finish and revelation of how the spies are smuggling out secrets comes from way out in left field, but has been in front of your face the whole time. This is a big crowdpleaser (I've had the good fortune to see this one with a packed house) and was a major success for Hitchcock. Hitchcock Cameo: At the six minute mark, with a white cigarette box at the theater. 4 – "The Lady Vanishes" (1938) Goofy comedy, head-scratching mystery, agonizing paranoia and a few moments of terror. That's the Hitchcock formula and it ticks like a Swiss watch in "The Lady Vanishes." Featuring a cavalcade of amusing British characters (so many jokes about cricket!) Michael Redgrave is either going nuts, or everyone is playing him for a fool. He's convinced there was an elderly woman on the train from the unnamed Alpine country with him, but no one else saw her, or at least they won't admit it. I don't have to tell you there's a larger conspiracy going on (spies, always spies) but when it finally comes together it is perfect in a way that makes you slap your forehead and shout "of course!" They don't make 'em like this anymore. Hitchcock Cameo: At the one hour and thirty-two minute mark, smoking a cigarette in Victoria Station. 3 - "Vertigo" (1958) The Sight & Sound poll called this the greatest movie ever made. I won't argue it. But I'm calling it the third-greatest Hitchcock movie ever made. Makes no sense? Accept the mystery! Which, of course, is what James Stewart's Scottie Ferguson won't do, leading him down a path of obsession and self-destructive behavior. Here's the thing with "Vertigo." The first time you watch it, you are busy trying to piece together the clues of the (admittedly far-fetched) plot. The second time you can really dig deep on the psychological implications of Stewart and Kim Novack's pretty twisted relationship. The third time you watch it you can just feast on the color saturation and the slick camera moves and Bernard Herrmann's masterpiece of a score. The fourth time you watch it... Hitchcock Cameo: At the eleven minute mark, walking down the street with a trumpet case. 2 - "Psycho" (1960) I spent a lot of time debating between "Psycho" and "Vertigo" for the number two spot. Eventually I figured I'd go take a shower to clear my thoughts and, yeah, that's when I realized what had to win. What is so exciting about "Psycho" is just how many rules the movie breaks. The main character gets killed thirty minutes into the movie as does (basically) her storyline about the stolen cash. Hand that in to any screenwriting professor and wait for the big red F to come back on your title page. "Psycho" suffers a tiny bit from the pop-psychology issues of "Spellbound," but it more than makes up for it with Anthony Perkins' marvelous performance (it's still electrifying, and feels "current") and the camerawork, editing and music are some of the finest ever put to film. Maybe there's more to brood over with "Vertigo," but for entertainment's sake, nothing tops "Psycho." Hitchcock Cameo: At the six minute mark, wearing a cowboy hat (?), seen through Janet Leigh's office window when she returns from her midday hookup. 1 – "Rear Window" (1954) Did I say that nothing tops "Psycho?" That's not true. And while most people certainly list "Rear Window" in the top ten of Hitchcock's oeuvre I will personally fight anyone who doesn't recognize it is as the best. Or, if I won't personally fight, I'll send Grace Kelly across the courtyard on my command. "Rear Window" is Hitchcock's most self-aware film, a thorough examination on the dangers of voyeurism. Yeah, I know, so's "Vertigo," but guess what, "Rear Window" is a lot more fun. If you are lucky enough to have gone this far in life without seeing it, it is another of Hitchcock's "stuck in one place" films, this time because James Stewart's "L.B. Jeffries" is convalescing with a broken leg. He watches his neighbors as though they were television, checking in on different programs. Some are lighthearted, some are sexy, some are sad. Then there's one that is a little too intriguing. Yeah, right there across the way - Raymond Burr killed his wife. And Jeffries is the only one who knows it. The moment when Burr breaks the fourth wall looking directly into Jeffries' enormously tumescent telescopic lens (he may be in a wheelchair, but he's all man!) is, for me, one of the five most chilling shots in all of cinema. "Rear Window" is perfect - thrilling, funny, sexy and loaded with surprises. All of Hitchcock's tricks are in full force, firing on all cylinders, working in perfect syncopation with the script. I didn't even get to the part about using flashbulbs as weapons. Hitchcock Cameo: At the twenty-six minute mark, winding a clock, with all the Deist implications therein.	i don't know
Can you name the only actor to appear as a main character in both 'The Magnificent Seven' and 'The Dirty Dozen'?	The Dirty Dozen (1967) Author: SgtSlaughter from St. Davids, Pennsylvania, USA Acclaimed director Robert Aldrich (also famous to war film buffs for his rule-breaking drama, "Attack") twists the familiar 'unit picture' into a famous story of unexpected heroism in the midst of World War II. Instead of making his heroes clean-cut, American draftees, we're looking at the dirtiest convicts the Armed Forces has got to offer. OSS Major Reisman (Lee Marvin, "Hell in the Pacific") is an insubordinate Army officer who's facing a court-martial, when he's given one last chance for a reprieve: select twelve Army prisoners from a maximum-security detention center, train them for a top-secret mission behind the German lines, and then lead them into battle. If they succeed in the mission, they'll be released. For Reisman, it's a tough call, but it's his only chance to save his career. The men he was to work with are a mixed batch, and director Aldrich packs a lot of character development into a two-and-a-half-hour movie. The most important of the "Dirty Dozen" is Franko, a small-time Chicago hoodlum who's facing the gallows for robbery and subsequent murder of a British civilian. It's clear from the start that Franko is a loner who thinks he's big stuff, but Reisman manages to prove that he's really all talk. More than once, he considers and even attempts escape from the remote training camp that the Dozen are forced to build but maybe, just maybe, beneath that rebellious attitude, there's a chance for redemption. Then there are some more sympathetic types: Wladislaw (Charles Bronson, "Battle of the Bulge") was once a front-line infantryman who shot his platoon's medic when the medic got scared under fire and started running Bronson says "He took off with all the medical supplies only way to stop him was to shoot him." Jefferson (Jim Brown, "Ice Station Zebra") has been convicted for murder his defense is he was defending himself from vicious, racist MPs who were abusing him. Wladislaw and Jefferson find themselves allied in order to get Franko on their side, because they have faith in Reisman and aren't willing to let Franko's rebellion become infectious. Also in fine support is Clint Walker ("None But the Brave") as the big Navajo, Posey, who punched a man too hard for shoving him. He really didn't mean to kill him; he just doesn't like being pushed. Posey comes off as a cuddly teddy bear who'd never intentionally hurt a soul, and it's clear from the start that he's one of the good guys. Finally, Telly Savalas ("Kelly's Heroes") lends a hand as the psychotic, racist, religious fanatic Maggot, who believes his job is to punish the other 11 men for their "wickedness". His motives are never really clear; all we really know is that Maggot is somewhat unhinged and potentially dangerous. Even though Reisman and his squad don't get along, they're forced to become allied against a common enemy the American General Staff, who want to do nothing short of shut the operation down. Aldrich again breaks the rules, making the conventionally "good guys" into the enemy. The Germans are barely mentioned throughout the first two acts, and only become involved for the explosive finale. The heart of this movie is anti-establishment behavior, right in the vein of the protest culture of the 60s: the good guys are the unshaven criminals, and the bad guys are the clean-cut, well-dressed Generals who come across as stupid and vain. As Colonel Everett Dasher Breed, Robert Ryan ("Flying Leathernecks") makes an excellent bully, a villain that the Dozen eventually unite to take action against. Once the men have been trained and are finally cooperating and acting as a unit, it's time to set them loose on the Nazis. And still, the story doesn't become stereotypical. The mission is simple: the men will parachute into occupied France, penetrate a château being used as a rest center for high-level German officers, and kill as many of said officers as possible in a short amount of time. This operation involves stabbing defenseless women, machine-gunning prisoners, and finally, locking several dozen German officers and their mistresses in an underground bomb shelter, pouring gasoline down on them through air vents, loading said air vents with hand grenades, and then blowing up the whole place. Characters and story aside, the film benefits from some superb editing by Michael Luciano. Director Aldrich and cinematographer Edward Scaife work hand in hand to compose every shot. The cramped, dank prison cells in the first act are utterly convincing, and the layout of the huge, magnificent German-occupied château looks, quite appropriately, like a cross between a marvelous mansion and an impregnable fortress. The battle scenes are well-choreographed, too. Never does a moment go by where we do not know where one encounter is happening in relation to what the rest of the squad is dealing with in and around the Château. Frank de Vol's sweeping score is used sparingly, and adds to both the humor and suspense of the picture. One scene, in which Donald Sutherland's character "inspects" a platoon of the 82nd Airborne, is set to a live orchestra's performance perfectly. War is a really a dirty business this isn't a movie about men playing by the rules. It's about breaking every rule in the book to get a job done, and if a few innocent bystanders get in the way, they're simply collateral damage. On a higher level, Aldrich's film reflects culture attitudes of the late 60s. Moviegoers wanted a film which encouraged breaking the rules, which showed the higher levels of the American military as deeply flawed, and made the dregs of society into the heroes of the piece. It's a cynical representation of the time it was made in, but holds up flawlessly 40 years later, in a culture which has probably been shaped by the attitudes the film reflects in every frame. 10/10	Charles Bronson
What does a funambulist do?	75+ Famous People Named Charlie, Charles, or Chuck G Options B Comments & Embed 1 Charlie Sheen age 50 Carlos Irwin Estévez, best known by his stage name Charlie Sheen, is an American actor. Sheen rose to fame after a series of successful films such as Platoon, Lucas, Ferris Bueller's Day Off, ; 2 Charles Barkley age 52 Charles Wade Barkley is a retired American professional basketball player and current analyst on the television program Inside the NBA. Nicknamed "Chuck", "Sir Charles", and ; 3 Charlie Chaplin Died at 88 (1889-1977) Sir Charles Spencer "Charlie" Chaplin, KBE was an English comic actor and filmmaker who rose to fame in the silent film era. Chaplin became a worldwide icon through his screen persona ; 4 Chuck Norris age 75 Carlos Ray "Chuck" Norris is an American martial artist, actor, film producer and screenwriter. After serving in the United States Air Force, he began his rise to fame as a martial artist, ; 5 Chuck Berry age 89 Charles Edward Anderson "Chuck" Berry is an American guitarist, singer and songwriter, and one of the pioneers of rock and roll music. With songs such as "Maybellene", "Roll ; 6 Charlie Hunnam age 35 Charles Matthew "Charlie" Hunnam is an English actor and screenwriter . He is known for his roles as Jackson "Jax" Teller in the FX series Sons of Anarchy, Nathan Maloney in the ; 7 Chuck Bednarik age 90 Charles Philip "Chuck" Bednarik, or Concrete Charlie, was a professional American football player, known as one of the most devastating tacklers in the history of football and the last ; 8 Charles Darwin Died at 73 (1809-1882) Charles Robert Darwin, FRS was an English naturalist and geologist, best known for his contributions to evolutionary theory. He established that all species of life have descended over time from ; 9 Charles Bronson Died at 82 (1921-2003) Charles Bronson was an American film and television actor. He starred in films such as Once Upon a Time in the West, The Magnificent Seven, The Dirty Dozen, The Great Escape, Rider on the Rain, The ; 10 Charles Manson age 81 Charles Milles Manson is an American criminal and musician who led what became known as the Manson Family, a quasi-commune that arose in the California desert in the late 1960s. In 1971 he was found ; 11 Charles Dickens Died at 58 (1812-1870) Charles John Huffam Dickens was an English writer and social critic. He created some of the world's best-known fictional characters and is regarded as the greatest novelist of the Victorian era. His ; 12 Charles Woodson age 39 Charles Woodson is an American football free safety for the Oakland Raiders of the National Football League. He played college football for the University of Michigan, and led the Michigan Wolverines ; 13 Chuck Liddell age 46 Charles David "Chuck" Liddell is a retired American mixed martial artist and former Ultimate Fighting Championship Light Heavyweight Champion. Liddell has an extensive striking background in ; 14 Chuck D age 55 Carlton Douglas Ridenhour, better known by his stage name Chuck D, is an American rapper, author, and producer. He helped create politically and socially conscious rap music in the mid-1980s as the ; 15 Charles Laughton Died at 63 (1899-1962) Charles Laughton was an English stage and film actor and director. Laughton was trained in London at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art and first appeared professionally on the stage in 1926. In 1927, ; 16 Charles Oakley age 52 Charles Oakley is a retired American professional basketball player. Oakley, a former power forward, was a member of the Chicago Bulls, New York Knicks, Toronto Raptors, Washington Wizards and Houston ; 17 Charles Haley age 51 Charles Lewis Haley is a retired American football linebacker and defensive end who played in the National Football League for the San Francisco 49ers and the Dallas Cowboys. He was selected in the ; 18 Charles Lindbergh Died at 72 (1902-1974) Charles Augustus Lindbergh, nicknamed Slim, Lucky Lindy, and The Lone Eagle, was an American aviator, author, inventor, military officer, explorer, and social activist. As a 25-year-old U.S. Air Mail ; 19 Charlie Korsmo age 37 Charles Randolph "Charlie" Korsmo is an American former child actor turned lawyer. ; 20 Charlie Daniels age 79 Charles Edward "Charlie" Daniels is an American musician, singer and songwriter known for his contributions to country, bluegrass, and Southern rock music. He is perhaps best known for his ; 21 Charlie Parker Died at 35 (1920-1955) Charles Parker, Jr., also known as "Yardbird" and "Bird", was an American jazz saxophonist and composer. Parker was a highly influential jazz soloist and a leading figure in the ; 22 Charles Durning Died at 89 (1923-2012) Charles Edward Durning was an American actor, with appearances in over 200 movies, television shows and plays. Durning's memorable roles included the Oscar-winning The Sting and Dog Day Afternoon, ; 23 Charles Bukowski Died at 74 (1920-1994) Henry Charles Bukowski was a German-born American poet, novelist, and short story writer. His writing was influenced by the social, cultural, and beautiful economic ambience of his home city of Los ; 24 Charles Dance age 69 Walter Charles Dance, OBE is an English actor, screenwriter, and film director. Dance typically plays assertive bureaucrats or villains. Some of his most high-profile roles are Guy Perron in The Jewel ; 25 Charlie Pace Charlie Pace is a fictional character on ABC's Lost, a television series chronicling the lives of plane crash survivors on a mysterious tropical island. Played by Dominic Monaghan, Charlie was a ; 26 Chuck Palahniuk age 53 Charles Michael "Chuck" Palahniuk is an American novelist and freelance journalist, who describes his work as transgressional fiction. He is the author of the award-winning novel Fight Club, ; 27 Chuck Connors Died at 71 (1921-1992) Kevin Joseph "Chuck" Connors was an American actor, writer and professional basketball and baseball player. He is one of only 12 athletes in the history of American professional sports to ; 28 Chuck Schuldiner Died at 34 (1967-2001) Charles Michael "Chuck" Schuldiner was an American singer, songwriter, and guitarist. He created the band Death, which he founded in 1983 under the name Mantas. He also recorded as guitarist ; 29 Charles Grodin age 80 Charles Grodin is an American actor, comedian, author, and former cable talk show host. Grodin began his acting career in the 1960s appearing in TV serials including The Virginian. He had a small part ; 30 Charlie Joiner age 68 Charles B. Joiner Jr. is a former American football player who starred in professional football for eighteen seasons, virtually exclusively at the position of wide receiver. He retired with the most ; 31 Charles Tillman age 34 Charles "Peanut" Tillman is an American football cornerback for the Carolina Panthers of the National Football League. He played college football for the University of Louisiana at ; 32 Chuck Lorre age 63 Chuck Lorre is an American television writer, director, producer and composer. Lorre has created many popular and successful sitcoms including Grace Under Fire, Cybill, Dharma & Greg, Two and a ; 33 Charles Koch age 80 Charles de Ganahl Koch is an American businessman and philanthropist. He is co-owner, chairman of the board, and chief executive officer of Koch Industries, while his brother David H. Koch serves as ; 34 Charlie Gehringer Died at 90 (1903-1993) Charles Leonard Gehringer, nicknamed "The Mechanical Man," was a German-American Major League Baseball second baseman who played 19 seasons for the Detroit Tigers. He was elected to the ; 35 Charlie Watts age 74 Charles Robert "Charlie" Watts is an English drummer, best known as a member of The Rolling Stones. He is also the leader of an eponymous jazz band, a record producer, commercial artist, and ; 36 Chuck Klein Died at 54 (1904-1958) Charles Herbert "Chuck" Klein, nicknamed the "Hoosier Hammer", was a Major League Baseball outfielder who played for the Philadelphia Phillies, Chicago Cubs and Pittsburgh Pirates. ; 37 Charles S. Dutton age 64 Charles Stanley Dutton is an American stage, film, and television actor and director, best known for his roles as "Fortune" in the film Rudy, "Dillon" in Alien 3, and the title ; 38 Charlie Brown Charlie Brown is the central protagonist of the long-running comic strip Peanuts, syndicated in daily and Sunday newspapers in numerous countries all over the world. One of the great American ; 39 Charles Boyer Died at 79 (1899-1978) Charles Boyer was a French actor who appeared in more than 80 films between 1920 and 1976. After receiving an education in drama, Boyer started on the stage, but he found his success in American ; 40 Charles Martel Died at 55 (686-741) Charles Martel was a Frankish statesman and military leader who, as Duke and Prince of the Franks and Mayor of the Palace, was de facto ruler of Francia from 718 until his death. The illegitimate son ; 41 Chuck Schumer age 65 Charles Ellis "Chuck" Schumer is the senior United States Senator from New York and a member of the Democratic Party. First elected in 1998, he defeated three-term Republican incumbent Al ; 42 Charles Busch age 61 Charles Louis Busch is an American actor, screenwriter, playwright and female impersonator, known for his appearances on stage in his own camp style plays and in film and television. He wrote and ; 43 Chuck Noll Died at 82 (1932-2014) Charles Henry "Chuck" Noll was a professional American football player, assistant coach and head coach. His sole head coaching position was for the Pittsburgh Steelers of the National ; 44 Chuck Knoblauch age 47 Edward Charles "Chuck" Knoblauch is a retired Major League Baseball player. He played all or part of twelve seasons in the majors, from 1991 until 2002, for the Minnesota Twins, New York ; 45 Charles Baudelaire Died at 46 (1821-1867) Charles Pierre Baudelaire was a French poet who also produced notable work as an essayist, art critic, and pioneering translator of Edgar Allan Poe. His most famous work, Les Fleurs du mal, expresses ; 46 Charles de Gaulle age 67 Charles de Gaulle is a French politician. He is the eldest child of Admiral Philippe de Gaulle and grandson of General Charles de Gaulle, and served as a member of the European Parliament, from 1994 ; 47 Charles Mingus Died at 57 (1922-1979) Charles Mingus Jr. was a highly influential American jazz double bassist, composer and bandleader. Mingus's compositions retained the hot and soulful feel of hard bop and drew heavily from black ; 48 Chuck Howley age 79 Charles Louis "Chuck" Howley is a former American football linebacker in the National Football League. He spent his career with the Chicago Bears and Dallas Cowboys. ; 49 Charles Aznavour age 91 Charles Aznavour is a Franco-Armenian singer, songwriter, actor, public activist and diplomat. Aznavour is known for his unique tenor voice: clear and ringing in its upper reaches, with gravelly and ; 50 Charlie Laine age 31 Charlie Laine is an American pornographic actress and adult model originally from Marion, Wisconsin. ;	i don't know
What is the name of Dennis the Menace's dog?	Dennis the Coincidence \| Now I Know Dennis the Coincidence September 11, 2012 Dennis the Menace, pictured above, is a comic strip which was first published in the United States on March 12, 1951. It features the protagonist, Dennis Mitchell, and his penchant for causing trouble in ways both hilarious and disconcerting — and often with his dog, Ruff. Dennis the Menace has been in production for the half-century since its debut, and the franchise has expanded well outside of just paper-and-ink comics. There was a live action television series and three different animated ones; a few Dennis the Menace movies; a video game; and even a playground/park . To those of us in the United States, the blond kid with the red overalls covering a striped shirt is a cultural icon. And to those in the UK, he’s an accidental imposter. Dennis the Menace, pictured below, is a comic strip which was first published in the United Kingdom on March 17, 1951, five days after the U.S. version, in the Beano, a children’s comic book. The British Dennis is very similar to his American pseudo-cousin. He has a similar itch for mischief (although with somewhat of a malevolent bent) and, of course, the sidekick dog — in his case, it’s Gnasher, not Ruff. This Dennis has also made its way into television, movies, and (as a character) in a video game — and appeared as a regular character at a theme park . (Close enough.) In the UK, he, too, is a cultural icon. But the other similarities end at the striped shirt — the UK Dennis doesn’t wear overalls and has black hair. So who copied whom? Most likely, neither Dennis is inspired by the other — it’s simply an odd coincidence. The U.S. Dennis was created by cartoonist Hank Ketcham. Ketcham used his own family as inspiration for the strip — his real-life son’s name was Dennis and the fictional Dennis Mitchell’s parents were Henry and Alice. Hank’s real first name was Henry and Alice was his first wife and mother of the real Dennis. (Alice died in 1959 due to a drug overdose.) According to the New York Times in Ketcham’s obituary: Mr. Ketcham was pursuing a career as a freelance cartoonist in October 1950, when his first wife, the former Alice Mahar, burst into his studio to complain that their 4-year-old, Dennis, who was supposed to be napping, had instead wrecked his bedroom. ”Your son is a menace,” she shouted. The UK Dennis, on the other hand, has a less personal history — he is the byproduct of a doodle by the then-publisher of the Beano, Ian Chisholm, during a discussion with the strip’s eventual artist, David Law. However, there is one major salient fact which demonstrates that the British Menace is not a copy of the American one. While it appeared in the issue of the Beano dated March 17th, the publication went to press at least ten days before that date, meaning that the UK comic was drawn and published without any way of knowing about the American comic. While this coincidence is almost certainly innocent, it has led to some problems. In 1993, the U.S. franchise came out with a movie, titled “Dennis the Menace” in most of the English-speaking world, but, because of intellectual property questions (as well as confusion generally), the title was shorted to merely “Dennis” in the UK. And currently, the British Dennis the Menace strip goes instead by the title Dennis and Gnasher, a title originally adopted for non-UK publications as to avoid confusion with the American comic. But the protagonist, is still known as Dennis the Menace. Bonus fact: The U.S. Dennis is a blond, not a blonde. Per Merriam-Webster , “Blond” refers to the color, generally, but it is also used to refer to a man with hair of that color. When referring to a woman with blond hair, it is acceptable — albeit sometimes regarded as sexist, per Wikipedia — to use “blonde,” with an “e” at the end. From the Archives: Schtroumpf : The salty origins of another comic. Related: The first year of (U.S.) Dennis the Menace cartoons . 7 reviews, all of five stars. About $17 for 672 pages of comics. Also, if you’d like to compare, there’s the Dennis the Menace (UK) and Gnasher 2009 Annual , for a few cents (plus shipping) if you buy a used copy.	Gnasher
What are bactrians and dromedaries?	Dennis the Menace (1993) - IMDb IMDb 17 January 2017 4:34 PM, UTC NEWS There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error When his parents have to go out of town, Dennis stays with Mr. and Mrs. Wilson. The little menace is driving Mr. Wilson crazy, but Dennis is just trying to be helpful. Even to the thief who's arrived in town. Director: From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON DISC a list of 49 titles created 12 Dec 2012 a list of 25 titles created 06 Oct 2013 a list of 31 titles created 07 Dec 2013 a list of 42 titles created 17 Feb 2015 a list of 36 titles created 1 month ago Title: Dennis the Menace (1993) 5.5/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. 3 wins & 3 nominations. See more awards » Videos A rich young boy finds his family targeted in an inside job and must use his cunning to save them. Director: Donald Petrie A slobbering St. Bernard becomes the center of attention for a loving family, but must contend with a dog-napping veterinarian and his henchmen. Director: Brian Levant Hey, Mr. Wilson! It's another Dennis the Menace movie! The day starts out fine, it's Mr. Wilson's birthday and guess who shows up uninvited? Dennis and a few of his bug friends. After ... See full summary » Director: Charles T. Kanganis A woman kidnaps puppies to kill them for their fur, but various animals then gang up against her and get their revenge in slapstick fashion. Director: Stephen Herek When a boy learns that a beloved killer whale is to be killed by the aquarium owners, the boy risks everything to free the whale. Director: Simon Wincer A doctor discovers that he can communicate with animals. Director: Betty Thomas A paranormal expert and his daughter bunk in an abandoned house populated by three mischievous ghosts and one friendly one. Director: Brad Silberling Dennis Christmas is a Dennis The Menace version of A Christmas Carol where Mr. Wilson plays his own version of Scrooge. While Dennis has problems of his own with the neighborhood bully, he ... See full summary » Director: Ron Oliver Baby Bink couldn't ask for more; he has adoring (if somewhat sickly-sweet) parents, he lives in a huge mansion, and he's just about to appear in the social pages of the paper. Unfortunately... See full summary » Director: Patrick Read Johnson Beethoven, the St. Bernard dog, becomes a father, but his girlfriend Missy is dog-napped, and his puppies are in danger of the same fate. Director: Rod Daniel Babe, a pig raised by sheepdogs, learns to herd sheep with a little help from Farmer Hoggett. Director: Chris Noonan An absent-minded professor discovers "flubber," a rubber-like super-bouncy substance. Director: Les Mayfield Edit Storyline Everyone's favorite kid from the comics is back. When his parents have to go out of town, he stays with Mr. and Mrs. Wilson. The little menace is driving Mr. Wilson crazy, but Dennis is just trying to be helpful. Even to the thief who's arrived in town. Written by Brian W. Martz <[email protected]> He's armed... He's adorable... And he's out of school for the entire summer. See more » Genres: Rated PG for comedic mischief \| See all certifications » Parents Guide: 25 June 1993 (USA) See more » Also Known As: Did You Know? Trivia In the United Kingdom the film was initially titled simply as "Dennis" to avoid confusion with the identically named character from the British children's comic "The Beano". The film has since been released online in the UK under its American title in line with the DVD and online releases of Hank Ketcham's character whilst the Beano character is now published as "Dennis the Menace and Gnasher". See more » Goofs When Dennis is taking a bath, the water is low to Dennis' waist, but in the next few shots, it's high almost up to his chest. See more » Quotes (Cap-de-la-Madeleine, Canada) – See all my reviews This film had a very good point : it stands on something solid, like the old TV serie and the comic strip. Some similar films don't have this, like these awful Home Alone movies.The film can also count on the talent of Mr. Matthau. He's ideal for playing Mr. Wilson. And the kid is very alright. Another good point is that the film do not have a great success and it provides us from those ugly sequels. Sometimes a bit violent, but in a comic strip way. Good fun! 11 of 16 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	i don't know
Who was the King of Swing?	The Kings of Swing - Kings of Swing The Kings of Swing next show - Kent Senior Center – Kent, WA DAYS HOURS MINUTE SECOND View Calendar The Kings of Swing, a Puget Sound premier big band add an air of 1940s elegance and style to every performance in their tuxedos with white dinner jackets. The Kings are a 17-piece dance band that originated in 1944. Come listen to the Kings at one of their public performances around the greater Seattle, Everett, Bellevue, Tacoma and South Sound area venues. Enjoy listening to songs in the styles of Glenn Miller, Tommy Dorsey, Count Basie, Duke Ellington, Bobby Darin, Frank Sinatra, Benny Goodman, Louis Prima, Peggy Lee or today’s artists such as Harry Connick Jr., Big Bad Voodoo Daddy and Michael Bublé. The Kings make people of all ages want to get up and dance. Whether playing big band jazz standards, vocals or swing for festivals, community events, company and private parties or weddings and anniversaries the Kings of Swing give a tight, polished, professional performance that shows their love for the music. Upcoming Concerts & Dances Kent Senior Center – Kent, WA 03 Jan 7:45 pm Dance to The Kings of Swing Big Band on the largest wood dance floor in Kent at the Kent Senior Center. The band plays from 7:45-9:30 pm. These dances are not just for seniors but are open to the general public of all ages. We often have young dance groups showing up to do their version of jigger bugging. City of Kent, Washington Kent Senior Center – Kent, WA Kent Senior Center – Kent, WA 07 Feb 7:45 pm Dance to The Kings of Swing Big Band on the largest wood dance floor in Kent at the Kent Senior Center. The band plays from 7:45-9:30 pm. These dances are not just for seniors but are open to the general public of all ages. We often have young dance groups showing up to do their version of jigger bugging. City of Kent, Washington Kent Senior Center – Kent, WA Kent Senior Center – Kent, WA 07 Mar 7:45 pm Dance to The Kings of Swing Big Band on the largest wood dance floor in Kent at the Kent Senior Center. The band plays from 7:45-9:30 pm. These dances are not just for seniors but are open to the general public of all ages. We often have young dance groups showing up to do their version of jigger bugging. City of Kent, Washington Kent Senior Center – Kent, WA	Benny Goodman
Who was the first man to fly across the channel?	The King of Swing \| IIP Digital The King of Swing The fluid swing jazz of Benny Goodman and others, proved hugely popular 26 July 2008 "The King of Swing,” Benny Goodman (The following is excerpted from the U.S. Department of State publication, American Popular Music .) Beginning in 1935, a new style of jazz-inspired music called “swing,” initially developed in the late 1920s by black dance bands in New York, Chicago, and Kansas City, transformed American popular music. The word “swing” (like “jazz,” “blues,” and “rock ’n’ roll”) derives from African-American English. First used as a verb for the fluid, “rocking” rhythmic momentum created by well-played music, the term was used by extension to refer to an emotional state characterized by a sense of freedom, vitality, and enjoyment. References to “swing” and “swinging” are common in the titles and lyrics of jazz records made during the 1920s and early 1930s. Swing music provides us with a window onto the cultural values and social changes of the New Deal era. The basic ethos of swing music was one of unfettered enjoyment, “swinging,” “having a ball.” The audience for swing spanned the social boundaries that separated ethnic groups, natives and immigrants, southerners and northerners, city dwellers and country folk, the working class, the expanding middle class, and progressive members of the educated elite. For the swing era, the mythic “founding moment” occurred in the summer of 1935, when a dance band led by a young jazz clarinetist named Benny Goodman (1909-1986) embarked on a tour of California. Goodman was not only a skilled jazz improviser but also a strict disciplinarian, insisting that his musicians play their parts with perfect precision. The Goodman band’s appearances on the national Let’s Dance radio broadcasts and its hot syncopated style built a sizable following. In a seeming echo of the hype surrounding Paul Whiteman’s public image, the press crowned Benny Goodman the “King of Swing.” However, there are several big differences between the so-called kings of jazz and swing. While Whiteman remained a classical musician all his life, Goodman was in fact a fine (if often under-rated) improviser who studied jazz closely. While Whiteman’s band played syncopated ballroom dance music in a style that borrowed its name from jazz, Goodman’s really was a jazz band, performing music closely modeled on the innovations of African-American musicians, composers, and arrangers. And while Paul Whiteman’s dance orchestras of the 1920s never included musicians of color, Goodman was the first prominent white bandleader to hire black players, beginning with the pianist Teddy Wilson in 1936 and followed by the brilliant young electric guitarist Charlie Christian, vibraphonist Lionel Hampton, and trumpeter Cootie Williams. Although big bands relied heavily on arrangements of popular Tin Pan Alley songs, the blues – with its 12-bar structure, three-chord pattern, blue notes, and call-and-response patterns – also remained a mainstay of swing music. Of all the big bands, the one most closely associated with the blues tradition was led by the jazz pianist William “Count” Basie (1904-84). Basie, born in New Jersey, gained much of his early experience as a player and bandleader in Kansas City, Missouri. During the 1920s and early 1930s black dance bands in Kansas City had developed their own distinctive approach to playing hot dance music. Kansas City-style was more closely linked to the country blues tradition than the style of the New York bands, and it relied more heavily upon riffs (repeated patterns). One important influence on the rhythmic conception of the K.C. bands was the boogie-woogie blues piano tradition, in which the pianist typically plays a repeated pattern with his left hand, down in the low range of the piano, while improvising polyrhythmic patterns in his right hand. Another prominent swing era band was the Duke Ellington Orchestra, led by Edward Kennedy “Duke” Ellington (1899-1974), widely regarded as one of the most important American musicians of the 20th century. Ellington was an experimenter. He devised unusual musical forms, combined instruments in unusual ways, and created complex, distinctive tone colors. A third leading swing band was that of Glenn Miller (1904-1944). From 1939 until 1942 the Miller Orchestra was the most popular dance band in the world, breaking record sales and concert attendance records. Miller developed a peppy, clean-sounding style that appealed to small-town midwestern people as well as to the big-city, East and West Coast constituency that had previously sustained swing music. In terms of sheer popular success, the Miller band marked the apex of the swing era, racking up 23 Number-One recordings in a little under four years. Neither jazz nor its far-reaching influence on American music and culture ended in the 1930s, however. Swing, also known as big band music, grew out of and was strongly influenced by jazz. Beyond swing, every succeeding generation of musicians has defined its own style of jazz, responding to and challenging the aural legacy that began in New Orleans. Bebop, cool jazz, fusion jazz, soul jazz, and acid jazz are just a few of the varieties that have grown from the original tree of sound. [This article is excerpted from American Popular Music: From Minstrelsy to MP3 by Larry Starr and Christopher Waterman, published by Oxford University Press, copyright (2003, 2007), and offered in an abridged edition by the Bureau of International Information Programs.] Keywords:	i don't know
Who starred as Rocky Balboa?	Rocky Balboa (2006) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error Thirty years after the ring of the first bell, Rocky Balboa comes out of retirement and dons his gloves for his final fight; against the reigning heavyweight champ Mason 'The Line' Dixon. Director: From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON DISC a list of 46 titles created 11 Feb 2013 a list of 21 titles created 25 Mar 2013 a list of 30 titles created 26 Apr 2014 a list of 27 titles created 30 Sep 2014 a list of 30 titles created 12 Oct 2014 Search for " Rocky Balboa " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. After iron man Drago, a highly intimidating 6-foot-5, 261-pound Soviet athlete, kills Apollo Creed in an exhibition match, Rocky comes to the heart of Russia for 15 pile-driving boxing rounds of revenge. Director: Sylvester Stallone Rocky struggles in family life after his bout with Apollo Creed, while the embarrassed champ insistently goads him to accept a challenge for a rematch. Director: Sylvester Stallone After winning the ultimate title and being the world champion, Rocky falls into a hole and finds himself picked up by a former enemy. Director: Sylvester Stallone Reluctantly retired from boxing, and back from riches to rags, Rocky takes on a new protege who betrays him, as the champ's son must adjust to his family's new life after bankruptcy. Director: John G. Avildsen Rocky Balboa, a small-time boxer, gets a supremely rare chance to fight heavy-weight champion Apollo Creed in a bout in which he strives to go the distance for his self-respect. Director: John G. Avildsen The former World Heavyweight Champion Rocky Balboa serves as a trainer and mentor to Adonis Johnson, the son of his late friend and former rival Apollo Creed. Director: Ryan Coogler In Thailand, John Rambo joins a group of missionaries to venture into war-torn Burma, and rescue a group of Christian aid workers who were kidnapped by the ruthless local infantry unit. Director: Sylvester Stallone John Rambo is released from prison by the government for a top-secret covert mission to the last place on Earth he'd want to return - the jungles of Vietnam. Director: George P. Cosmatos Former Green Beret John Rambo is pursued into the mountains surrounding a small town by a tyrannical sheriff and his deputies, forcing him to survive using his combat skills. Director: Ted Kotcheff Colonel Trautman is captured by Soviets during a mission in Afghanistan and Rambo sets out to rescue him while taking on the invading Russian forces. Director: Peter MacDonald A botched mid-air heist results in suitcases full of cash being searched for by various groups throughout the Rocky Mountains. Director: Renny Harlin Two cops are framed and must clear their names. Directors: Andrey Konchalovskiy, Albert Magnoli Stars: Sylvester Stallone, Kurt Russell, Teri Hatcher Edit Storyline When he loses a highly publicized virtual boxing match to ex-champ Rocky Balboa, reigning heavyweight titleholder Mason Dixon retaliates by challenging the Itallian Stallion to a nationally televised, 10-round exhibition bout. To the surprise of his son and friends, Rocky agrees to come out of retirement and face an opponent who's faster, stronger and thirty years his junior. With the odds stacked firmly against him, Rocky takes on Dixon in what will become the greatest fight in boxing history, a hard-hitting, action-packed battle of the ages. Written by Shawn Ashley The greatest underdog story of our time...is back for one final round. See more » Genres: Rated PG for boxing violence and some language \| See all certifications » Parents Guide: 20 December 2006 (USA) See more » Also Known As: $17,003,904 (USA) (22 December 2006) Gross: Did You Know? Trivia In 2005, Sylvester Stallone published a men's fitness magazine called Sly. Although the magazine only lasted four issues, Stallone included portions of his script for this movie, including illustrations of some scenes. The drawing of Mason Dixon does not resemble Antonio Tarver , as the part had not yet been cast. See more » Goofs Paulie and Rocky watch a story about the 'computer fight' at Rocky's restaurant. The show is ESPN's 'COLD PIZZA', a morning show. Yet the scene takes place at night, when the show wouldn't be on. See more » Quotes [first lines] HBO Commentator : Yet another quick knockout for Mason Dixon, almost perfunctory; the fans let him know how they feel about it. See more » Crazy Credits The first set of end credits features fans of all ages running up the front steps of the Philadelphia Museum of Art. The second set of credits features a shot of Rocky standing alone at the top of the steps. See more » Connections Performed by Peter Dvorský , tenor The Tokyo Philharmonic Orchestra A Movie for all Ages 15 December 2006 \| by (warwind) (United States) – See all my reviews This movie was worth waiting for! It is full of life lessons - all worthwhile for people of all ages. This movie touches your every sense. It made me feel as good as I did after watching the 1st Rocky years ago hopeful, grateful - it made me believe in myself & others! Kudos to Sylvester Stallone for fighting like a Lion to get this film made the way he wanted. He fought hard to make sure the last chapter on Rocky, his Rocky, was presented the way he wanted! Rocky is a real live man..not an inaccurate Hollywood plastic ... but a character we all can relate to. This movie was written and presented the way Mr. Stallone wanted ... thank God!! Its a movie to see with your kids ... your dad....your mom .... those you love...its the kind of movie this country needs more of. Thank you Mr. Stallone 235 of 315 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	Sylvester Stallone
Who would use a mashie niblick?	Rocky IV \| The Rocky Balboa Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia The Rocky Balboa Wiki Share Rocky IV is a 1985 boxing film, the fourth and most financially successful movie of the Rocky franchise. [1] Rocky Balboa (played again by Sylvester Stallone ), plans to retire from boxing after regaining his title from James "Clubber" Lang in Rocky III . An unknown amateur boxer from the Soviet Union , Ivan Drago (played by Dolph Lundgren ), however, makes a bid to enter the U.S. boxing ranks. After an exhibition match with Apollo Creed goes horribly and tragically wrong, Rocky must step in and challenge the Russian boxer himself to avenge the passing of his friend. Contents Edit The story opens with " Eye of the Tiger " during the climax of Rocky's rematch against Clubber Lang , where Rocky defeated Lang with a KO in the third round to regain his title. The picture then fades and we see Apollo Creed presenting his favor to Rocky shortly after the Lang fight for helping him train . Meanwhile, Ivan Drago ( Dolph Lundgren ), a highly intimidating 6 feet 5, 260 pound Soviet boxer, arrives in America with his wife Ludmilla ( Brigitte Nielsen ), an Olympic gold medal swimmer, his manager, Nicolai Koloff ( Michael Pataki ), and a team of trainers headed by grizzled Russian coach Igor Rimsky ( George Rogan ), and the Cuban Manuel Vega ( James "Cannonball" Green ) to challenge the best American fighters. His manager takes great pride in showing off the hi-tech equipment which aids in improving Drago's performance. As a demonstration, Drago throws punches at a machine that measures the hit's strength, exceeding 1800 psi per punch. Motivated by patriotism and a desire to prove himself, Apollo is desperate to step back into the ring in an exhibition bout against Drago. Rocky has reservations, but comes round to supporting his friend by helping to train him for the fight. Apollo sets the match between himself and Drago in Las Vegas . With Rocky in his corner, Apollo flamboyantly makes an even bigger show than when he first fought Rocky - including fireworks and a patriotic theme . Starting the fight in his trademark manner, Drago manages to catch him off-guard quickly and batters Apollo with a series of devasting punches. At the break, Rocky pleads with Apollo to quit the fight, but Apollo is determined to finish, which only leads to tragedy when he collapses and dies after he hits the canvas from Drago's continuous blows. File:Drago.PNG Devastated by the death of Apollo, Rocky comes to the decision he must avenge his death by agreeing to fight Drago in his home country. Supported by Apollo's manager Duke and his brother-in-law Paulie, he flies to the Soviet Union to train. Unlike Drago, who is attached to electrodes, is constantly monitored by computers, and works out with ultra hi-tech equipment (and what are implied to be anabolic steroids ), Rocky gets down to business carrying logs; chopping wood and pulling a sleigh. When Adrian shows up unexpectedly, providing more reason to succeed, Rocky trains harder than ever, and ends his training run by running up to the top of a mountain and screaming Drago's name. After intense preparation for both fighters, the two men finally meet in the ring. Much like Apollo did in the previous fight, the Soviets introduce Drago with an elaborate, patriotic ceremony that puts the attending audience squarely on the side of Drago, leaving Rocky to be fiercely booed. In contrast to his fight with Apollo, Drago immediately goes on the offensive, repeatedly pounding Rocky, casually shrugging off his punches. After a pulverizing first round, with Drago easily winning, Rocky comes back toward the end of the second and lands a shot that cuts Drago just below his eye. Rocky then goes after Drago and lands a barrage of punches on Drago's midsection and head. After the round, Duke tells Rocky that Drago is not a machine, he's a man. Ironically, Drago regards Rocky as "not human, like a piece of iron"At this point, the fight becomes a fierce battle of wills between the two boxers. Drago's confidence drops round after round due to Rocky's seemingly limitless endurance, allowing Rocky to get in under his guard and pound him relentlessly. By the fourteenth round, the crowd has been won over by Rocky's determination and is cheering him on. Koloff, fearing retribution from the Soviet Premier, goes over to Drago and berates his performance, telling him to win. Drago's response is to pick up Koloff by the throat, and proclaim that he only fights for himself. In the final round of the fight, Rocky and Drago trade punch after punch. Eventually, Balboa manages to overcome Drago knocking him out, to the shock of Soviet premier (who strongly resembles the then Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev ) and his aides. Following his victory, Rocky gives an impassioned speech to the crowd, acknowledging their initial and mutual disdain for each other, and how they've come to respect and admire each other during the fight. The entire Soviet premier applauds Rocky after his speech. Production Edit Wyoming doubled for the frozen expanse of the Soviet Union. The small farm where Rocky lived and trained was located in Jackson Hole , and the Grand Teton National Park was used for filming many of the outdoor sequences in Russia. The PNE Forum at Hastings Park in Vancouver , British Columbia , served as the location of Rocky's Soviet bout. The site would later house production of another U.S.-Soviet sports film, Miracle . Sylvester Stallone has stated that the original punching scenes filmed between he and Dolph Lundgren in the first portion of the fight are completely authentic. Stallone wanted to capture a realistic scene and Lundgren agreed that they would engage in legitimate sparring. One particularly forceful Lundgren punch to Stallone's chest slammed his heart against his breastbone, causing the heart to swell and his breathing to become labored. Stallone, suffering from labored breathing and a blood pressure over 200, was flown from the set in Canada to St. John's Hospital in Santa Monica and was forced into intensive care for eight days. Stallone later commented that he believed Lundgren had the athletic ability and talent to fight in the professional heavyweight division of boxing. [2] Additionally, Stallone claimed that Lundgren nearly forced Carl Weathers to quit in the middle of filming the Apollo versus Drago exhibition fight. In one take for the Creed-Drago fight scene, Lundgren tossed Weathers into the corner of the boxing ring. Weathers retaliated by throwing an authentic punch at Lundgren's face. Lundgren reportedly threw a right hook which left Weathers unconscious for several minutes. Upon regaining consciouness, Weathers shouted profanities at Lundgren while leaving the ring and announcing that he was quitting the movie and calling his agent. Only after Stallone forced the two actors to reconcile did the movie continue. This event caused a four day work stoppage while Weathers was talked back into the part, while Lundgren had to be forced into toning his aggressiveness down. [3] Casting Edit Sportscaster Stu Nahan makes his fourth appearance in the series as commentator for the Apollo/Drago fight. Warner Wolf replaces Bill Baldwin (who had died in 1982) as co-commentator. Apollo Creed's wife Mary Anne ( Sylvia Meals ) made her third of three appearances in the series, the first being in Rocky. Stallone's then-wife, Brigitte Nielsen , appeared as Drago's wife, Ludmilla. The Soviet premier in the sky box during the Rocky-Drago match strongly resembles contemporary Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev . Actor David Lloyd Austin later played Gorbachev in The Naked Gun and played Russian characters in other films. Music The soundtrack for the movie included " Living in America " by James Brown ; the film's music was composed by Vince DiCola (who also composed the soundtrack for The Transformers: The Movie that same year), and also included songs by John Cafferty and The Beaver Brown Band , Survivor , Europe , Kenny Loggins , and Robert Tepper . Go West wrote "One Way Street" for the movie by request of Sylvester Stallone . DiCola replaced Bill Conti as the film's composer. Conti, who was too busy with the first two Karate Kid films at the time, would return for Rocky V and Rocky Balboa . Rocky IV is the only film in the series not to feature original music by Conti. However, it does features arrangements of themes composed by Conti from the previous film in the series such as "The Final Bell." According to singer Peter Cetera , he originally wrote his best-selling solo single " Glory of Love " as the end title for this film, but was passed over by United Artists, and instead used as the theme for The Karate Kid Part II . Reception	i don't know
In the song who killed Cock Robin?	GREG BROWN - WHO KILLED COCK ROBIN? LYRICS Who Killed Cock Robin? Lyrics Greg Brown - Who Killed Cock Robin? Lyrics "Who killed Cock Robin?" "I," said the Sparrow, "With my bow and arrow, I killed Cock Robin." "Who saw him die?" "I," said the Fly, "With my little eye, I saw him die." "Who caught his blood?" "I," said the Fish, "With my little dish, I caught his blood." "Who'll make the shroud?" "I," said the Beetle, "With my thread and needle, I'll make the shroud." "Who'll dig his grave?" "I," said the Owl, "With my pick and shovel, I'll dig his grave." "Who'll be the parson?" "I," said the Rook, "With my little book, I'll be the parson." "Who'll be the clerk?" "I," said the Lark, "If it's not in the dark, I'll be the clerk." "Who'll carry the link?" "I," said the Linnet, "I'll fetch it in a minute, I'll carry the link." "Who'll be chief mourner?" "I," said the Dove, "I mourn for my love, I'll be chief mourner." "Who'll carry the coffin?" "I," said the Kite, "If it's not through the night, I'll carry the coffin." "Who'll bear the pall? "We," said the Wren, "Both the cock and the hen, we'll bear the pall." "Who'll sing a psalm?" "I," said the Thrush, "As she sat on a bush, I'll sing a psalm." "Who'll toll the bell?" "I," said the bull, "Because I can pull, I'll toll the bell." All the birds of the air fell a-sighing and a-sobbing, When they heard the bell toll for poor Cock Robin. Lyrics powered by www.musixmatch.com	Sparrow
which film had song Springtime for Hitler?	Who Killed...Cock Robin? - Sing Out! Sing Out! Making folk music a part of our everyday lives Home → Murder Ballad Monday →Who Killed…Cock Robin? Post navigation by Ken Bigger January 7, 2015 “I, said the Sparrow, with my bow and arrow” Introduction There are at least two things I’m not going to do in today’s post. There are at least two things I am going to do. The first thing I am not going to do is to spend a lot of time discussing whether “Who Killed Cock Robin?” is “really” a murder ballad. The second thing I am not going to do is an extensive excavation of the true origins of this rhyme. But, I will cheat by directing you to others who do. The first of the two things I am going to do, though, is speculate a little bit about how this song “functions,” in the sense of that term that I typically use–what does the song do for the listeners or the singers? Why would they choose to sing this song and not others? I’ll do this using my own family story. The second of the two things I am going to do is, of course, include some illuminating, entertaining, and/or excellent performances of the song. So, in case you were wondering, no, this is not a belated April Fool’s Day post . I plan to use today’s post to set up a discussion of four songs from the 20th century that followed the lead of “Who Killed Cock Robin?”. Those songs will be murder ballads safely within our expanded definition. What we’ll have here today is a short discussion of pretend mourning in children’s music, a glimpse of how the song might play in the musical lives of young children and families (at least mine), and the origination of a story template that gets taken to some new places for far graver matters later on. No pun intended. The Song Anglophone readers and listeners will likely think of “Cock Robin” as a children’s folk poem or a nursery rhyme. Its origins lie obscured among a number of reasonably plausible sources–from an ancient folk tale of Norse origin, to an account of tributes paid to Robin Hood or William Rufus, to a satire mocking the downfall of Sir Robert Walpole’s government in 1742. The latter theory is seemingly the most plausible, as the song first appeared in print around that time. On the other hand, it’s also plausible that an old folk rhyme could have merely gained greater currency at that time as a way of poking fun. This is all rather beside the point, though; or at least beside my point. Whatever teeth the song may have had as a sad tale about a bird, or as a coded, mocking tale about a politician is largely lost to the ages. It comes across as more of a “play party” song, much like Jean Ritchie might sing. Ritchie’s melody is probably not the one with which you are most familiar. Richard Dyer-Bennet also does a rather finely-wrought English version, with something closer to the melody I associate with the song. ( Also on Spotify here .) You can find a version of the lyrics through this link , which includes the illustration I used at the top of this post and many others like it. Unlike many of the performances you will hear, the text there includes a verse on the execution of the Sparrow for his killing of our fine, feathered, if deceased, protagonist: Cock Robin. While the cruel Cock Sparrow, Was hung on a gibbet The cause of their grief, Next day, like a thief. From a performance history standpoint, Ritchie and Dyer-Bennet are two of several folk stalwarts of the mid-20th century who performed this song–usually doing so with a rather elegant seriousness. John Jacob Niles , and Glenn Yarbrough, among others, put their voices to it in rather formal presentations. Robin Roberts provides another example of this style. I include her performance because she rather succinctly sums up the mysteries behind the song in the notes to her 1959 recording. (These mysteries have nothing to do with who killed Cock Robin. Everybody knows who killed Cock Robin.) “If ever there was a subject to dizzy a mind for origins in old lore, it is the death of Cock Robin. Was he the old king or God in pre-Christian Britain? We know that the king of the witches was Robin, probably anthropomorphising into the sprightlier Robin Goodfellow and the half-mortal Robin Hood. There’s an old Scottish nursery rhyme in which he dies “eke like a little king” and wills his beak to the Duke of Hamilton to make a hunting horn, his top feathers to Lady Hamilton to make a feather bed, his breast feathers to “any bonny lad that’ll bring me to a priest” and his legs to mend two great bridges “that’ll neither bow nor steer.” This is one of a thousand variants, and I learned it from Sam Eskin’s collection.” But, as I said earlier, I’m not going to dig too far into the origins, as it is beside the point I’m interested in. If you are interested, I’ll provide some further help below. Children and Families It’s hard not to feel a little ridiculous thinking about this song as something even remotely close to a murder ballad, but this feeling of ridiculousness stems from listening with an adult’s ears. It’s fully reasonable that in the mind of a young child, this song may be just the same kind of thing–a toy murder ballad, if you will, getting us ready for the real thing. Maybe that comes across a little clearer in a version from a children’s collection: There’s something about the anthropomorphized characters that perhaps makes the grim plot manageable–affording the child a kind of catharsis available to adults in hearing and singing songs about real murders. We’ve discussed many times ( including here ) how and when children come into contact with murder ballads, in this current age and in ages past. It’s an ongoing subject of interest to me, as different kinds of media take the fore today in informing our imaginations about violence and threat, and as I see my own kids’ childhoods as being more thoroughly supervised than either mine or my parents’. I almost always encounter “Who Killed Cock Robin?” in an inter-generational setting, though. It’s certainly how my kids first heard it. Both my mother’s family and my father’s family are singers. My mother is one of eight siblings, and significant numbers of my extended family on that side gather in the mountains of North Carolina for a week every summer. There has long been a tradition, which has sometimes waned and sometimes waxed, of group singing at family get-togethers. Many of the songs are old chestnuts of my grandparents’ and great- grandparents’ generations–parlor songs or camp songs. For “Who Killed Cock Robin?”, my eldest uncle, Aubrey, assumes a somewhat solemn aspect, with still a glint of mischief in his eye, and intones the first verse with solemnity and intensity. In my family’s version, much like Glenn Yarbrough’s below, the family turns one of the concluding verses into a chorus: “And all the birds of the air Fell to sighin’ and to sobbin’ When they heard of the death Of Old Cock Robin.” Unlike Yarbrough’s version, our chorus is a lively one. The tempo kicks up, and everybody sings loudly and exuberantly. The tone contrasts rather nicely, I think, with the “sighin’ and the sobbin’.” The real dynamic in the song is in the ironic tension between the faux seriousness of the funeral planning for Cock Robin and the fun we’re having in singing about the birds’ lamentations. I asked Uncle Aubrey to help me out with his recollections of the song, which provide a rather witty and incisive glimpse into the dynamics of the song and our singing of it: I’m pretty sure I introduced ‘Who Killed Cock Robin?’ to the family. I first heard it at a Boy Scout Camporee–a weekend encampment of a number of area troops. The Ginter Park Presbyterian troop (#7) was pretty old and lethargic (as was the Scoutmaster), but we did at least get to the Camporees. Troop 2, however, at St. Thomas Episcopal (2 blocks away) had a lot of energy (and swagger). And they repeatedly strutted to the front of Camporee entertainment nights to present impressive songs that caught everyone’s attention. I remember their ‘Abdul El Bulbul Emir’ and ‘The Old Family Toothbrush That Hung By the Sink’ (just one for the whole gang–‘father abused it, mother misused it [underarm gesture], sister refused it, and soon twill be mine.’ And they also did ‘Who Killed Cock Robin?’. I think ‘Cock Robin’ caught on pretty quickly with [our] family. Its catchy chorus can be learned quickly and sung with gusto–giving a sense of exuberant collective accomplishment (repeatedly!). And the verses are short and attention-getting and don’t make people overly dependent on a leader–as well as more quietly alternating with the lusty choruses. I’d say the often archaic language helps to soften and add interest to what might otherwise be a song that would be a little grim, especially for young singers. (Incidentally, my mother and her sisters once, at least once, managed to scandalize one of my more, let’s just say, “conservative,” great aunts with their “lusty choruses” on “ Titanic (It Was Sad When That Great Ship Went Down ).” Similar phenomenon, but another story.) You can see brief home movie clips of our singing the song here and here . As three generations of my family gather around with song books in hand, I’m rather glad for this song to be part of the repertoire for my kids’ generation. They get out of it just what Aubrey describes, and I think there are are other benefits as well. As long as the singing continues to get new energy and welcome new family, it’s a beneficial source of family traditions and memories, and clearly an opportunity for the kids to experience being a part of something larger and meaningful. That the song mixes joy and sadness, imaginary or not, is probably good practice. ( Also on Spotify here .) My favorite current version, though, is by Marshall, North Carolina-based Dana and Susan Robinson on their album American Hornpipe. I first came across Dana Robinson’s music when he was based in New England, with “ Empty Page/Start Again ,” off of his album Elemental Lullaby . I’m happy to stumble across his work again here. True to the “Hornpipe” in the album title, this version of “Cock Robin” is likely to get you off your feet and dancing by the end, which feels quite right to me after all the others. So, make some space around you and turn it up. Marshall, North Carolina is in Madison County, fertile territory for much of our material here at Murder Ballad Monday, and home territory for a number of our favorite artists. It’s also not far from where my family gathers every summer. I’ll have to look out for opportunities for the family to catch a show when we’re down there. Dana and Susan Robinson Next Up In the next couple posts, we’ll listen to some of the 20th century heirs to “Who Killed Cock Robin?”, both of which were mentioned in Null and Baum’s notes to Peggy Seeger’s version. After that, a few other examples of artists who take the “Who Killed…?” template in some important and provocative directions. Coda One final flourish for today’s post: Walt Disney’s Silly Symphony version from 1935, replete with allusions to various musical and entertainment luminaries of the day. The slapstick humor is probably also a helpful reminder that songs aren’t the only sources of “play” violence in the media, and haven’t been for a long time.	i don't know
Can you name the singer of the title track for 'You Only Live Twice'?	You Only Live Twice (1967) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error You Only Live Twice ( 1967 ) Approved \| Agent 007 and the Japanese secret service ninja force must find and stop the true culprit of a series of spacejackings before nuclear war is provoked. Director: Harold Jack Bloom (additional story material), Roald Dahl (screenplay) Stars: From $10.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON DISC a list of 23 titles created 05 Mar 2013 a list of 24 images created 25 Jul 2014 a list of 23 titles created 10 Dec 2014 a list of 26 titles created 29 Dec 2015 a list of 26 titles created 3 months ago Title: You Only Live Twice (1967) 6.9/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Nominated for 1 BAFTA Film Award. Another 1 win & 2 nominations. See more awards » Videos James Bond heads to The Bahamas to recover two nuclear warheads stolen by SPECTRE agent Emilio Largo in an international extortion scheme. Director: Terence Young A diamond smuggling investigation leads James Bond to Las Vegas, where he uncovers an evil plot involving a rich business tycoon. Director: Guy Hamilton James Bond woos a mob boss's daughter and goes undercover to uncover the true reason for Blofeld's allergy research in the Swiss Alps that involves beautiful women from around the world. Director: Peter R. Hunt James Bond willingly falls into an assassination ploy involving a naive Russian beauty in order to retrieve a Soviet encryption device that was stolen by SPECTRE. Director: Terence Young Investigating a gold magnate's smuggling, James Bond uncovers a plot to contaminate the Fort Knox gold reserve. Director: Guy Hamilton 007 is sent to stop a diabolically brilliant heroin magnate armed with a complex organization and a reliable psychic tarot card reader. Director: Guy Hamilton A resourceful British government agent seeks answers in a case involving the disappearance of a colleague and the disruption of the American space program. Director: Terence Young James Bond is led to believe that he is targeted by the world's most expensive assassin while he attempts to recover sensitive solar cell technology that is being sold to the highest bidder. Director: Guy Hamilton James Bond investigates the hijacking of British and Russian submarines carrying nuclear warheads with the help of a KGB agent whose lover he killed. Director: Lewis Gilbert Agent 007 is assigned to hunt for a lost British encryption device and prevent it from falling into enemy hands. Director: John Glen James Bond investigates the mid-air theft of a space shuttle and discovers a plot to commit global genocide. Director: Lewis Gilbert A fake Fabergé egg and a fellow agent's death lead James Bond to uncover an international jewel-smuggling operation, headed by the mysterious Octopussy, being used to disguise a nuclear attack on N.A.T.O. forces. Director: John Glen Edit Storyline When an American space capsule is swallowed up by what they believe to be a Russian spaceship, World War 3 nearly breaks out. The British Government, however, suspect that other powers are at work as the space craft went down near Japan. S.P.E.C.T.R.E. is the force behind the theft, as James Bond discovers, but its motives are far from clear, and he must first find out where the captured space capsule is held before America and Russia initiate another world war. Written by Graeme Roy <[email protected]> You Only Live Twice...and "TWICE" is the only way to live! See more » Genres: 13 June 1967 (USA) See more » Also Known As: Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice See more » Filming Locations: Did You Know? Trivia The primary reason for converting the Toyota 2000GT coupes into convertibles was Sean Connery 's height; he was simply too tall to fit into the GT which was notoriously too small for anyone over 5'8". Connery's height was 6'2". See more » Goofs On a monitor in Aki's Toyota, Bond sees the helicopter flying with the car it has picked up, from about the same altitude. But where would the camera be? Bond seems to be watching the same movie we are. See more » Quotes [first lines] Astronaut - 1st American Spacecraft : Calling CapCom. CapCom, this is Jupiter 16. Do you give a go for fourth orbit. Houston CapCom : CapCom to Jupiter 16. Can you confirm O2 pressure is within limit. Astronaut - 1st American Spacecraft : Roger. Everything looks good in the environmental control system. Houston CapCom : Okay. Everything looks good from here. You have a go for fourth orbit. See more » Crazy Credits THE END of YOU ONLY LIVE TWICE but James Bond will be back ON HER MAJESTY'S SECRET SERVICE See more » Connections Referenced in Spectre (2015) See more » Soundtracks Bond-san, Blofeld, Asian Delights and Production Value Supreme. 1 May 2012 \| by Spikeopath (United Kingdom) – See all my reviews You Only Live Twice is directed by Lewis Gilbert and written by Roald Dahl. It stars Sean Connery, Tetsuro Tamba, Teru Shimada, Akiko Wakabayashi, Mie Hama, Karin Dor and Donald Pleasence. Music is scored by John Barry and cinematography by Freddie Young. Bond 5 and Connery once again tackles the role of 007. With American and Soviet space craft mysteriously vanishing from space, both nations are laying the blame at the other's door. Sensing a nuclear war could break out, M assigns Bond to Japan to investigate if there might be a third party stirring the hornets nest. Teaming up with the Japanese secret service, Bond uncovers evidence that SPECTRE is behind the plot to pitch the East and the West against each other. This organisation does not tolerate failure. Thunderball had broke box office records for Bond, gadgetry, outlandish stunts and a quip on the tongue had proved most profitable. It was planned originally that On Her Majesty's Secret Service would be number 5 in the series, but a change of tack to go for You Only Live Twice as the story gave producers Broccoli & Saltzman the scope for a giganticus enormous production. However, it may be set in Japan and feature a Bond/Blofeld conflict, but Roald Dahl's script bares little resemblance to Ian Fleming's source novel. Although a massive financial success with a Worldwide gross of over $111 million, Bond 5 took $30 million less than Thunderball. Strange since this is a better film. Can we attribute the drop to it being a space age saga? Maybe, the rebirth of sci-fi was a few years away, and of course Bond had lost some fans who had grown tired, like Connery, of 007 relying on gadgets instead of brains and brawn to complete his missions. There was also the rival Casino Royale production, as bad as it was, to contend with, while the spy boom created by Bond had been overkilled elsewhere and was on the wane. Extortion is my business. Go away and think it over, gentlemen. I'm busy. True enough that You Only Live Twice has flaws, though they are far from being film killers if you like the gadgets and hi-techery side of the franchise? Connery announced once production was over that he was leaving the role of Bond behind. He had been close to breaking point after Thunderball, but finally the media circus, typecasting, the fanaticism and the character merely being a cypher for outrageous sequences, led Connery to finally call it a day. His displeasure shows in performance, oh it's professional, very much so, but the swagger and machismo from the earlier films has gone. Although Dahl's script tones down the "cheese" dialogue and unfolds as a plot of considerable World peril worth, characterisations are thinly drawn, making this reliant on production value and action sequences. Thankfully both are top dollar. And the ace up its sleeve is the long awaited face to face meeting of Bond and Blofeld. The firing power inside my crater is enough to annihilate a small army. You can watch it all on TV. It's the last program you're likely to see. Ken Adam's set design is fit to grace any epic in film history, as is Freddie Young's photography around the Japanese locales, Barry lays a beautiful Bond/Oriental score all over proceedings and Nancy Sinatra's title song is appealingly catchy. The action is excellently constructed by Gilbert (helming the first of three Bond movies on his CV), with the final battle at Blofeld's volcano crater base full of explosions, flying stunt men, expert choreography and meaty fights. Along the way we have been treated to Ninjas, Piranhas, poison, aeroplane peril and the awesome Little Nellie versus the big boy copter smack down! Then there's that Bond/Blofeld confrontation. Well worth the wait, with Pleasence visually scary with bald head (setting the marker for bald villainy to follow in TV and cinema it seems) and scar across his eye. Pleasence is also very low key with his menace, which is perfect, we don't want pantomime and the scenes with Bond work wonderfully well. It made less than the film before it and it has fierce critics in Bond and Fleming circles. But it's a Bond film that pays rich rewards on revisits, where the artistry on show really shines through in this HD/Upscale age. 8/10 17 of 19 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	Nancy Sinatra
Can you name the singer of the title track for '1963 - From Russia With Love,?	Nancy Sinatra – You Only Live Twice Lyrics \| Genius Lyrics About “You Only Live Twice” The title song to the 1967 Bond movie. Nancy Sinatra was hesitant to record the song, suggesting they give it to s singer with a “big” voice (as the producers had done for previous title songs). But John Barry knew she was right for this song. Hidden This page is accessible to Verified artists on the song Locked This song has been locked and is considered "done." You need 600 IQ to add annotations to locked songs. "You Only Live Twice" Track Info	i don't know
Can you name the singer of the title track for '1965 - Thunderball,'?	Nancy Sinatra - The music of James Bond - Pictures - CBS News The music of James Bond Next Shirley Bassey Welsh singer Shirley Bassey has sung the most Bond theme songs, beginning with "Goldfinger," a pop hit in 1964. She also sang "Diamonds Are Forever" (1971) and "Moonraker" (1979). Photo: Singer Dame Shirley Bassey performs on stage during the Diamond Jubilee concert at Buckingham Palace on June 4, 2012, in London. Credit: Dan Kitwood/Getty Images Tom Jones Tom Jones sang the theme for "Thunderball" in 1965, the same year he burst onto the music scene with his signature hit, "It's Not Unusual," and won a Grammy as best new artist. He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II on March 29, 2006. Photo: Tom Jones performs on the Virgin Media Stage during the V Festival at Hylands Park on Aug. 19, 2012, in Chelmsford, England. Credit: Samir Hussein/Getty Images Nancy Sinatra Sixties pop icon Nancy Sinatra sang the theme for the 1967 film "You Only Live Twice." Photo: Actress/singer Nancy Sinatra arrives at the 12th Annual Costume Designers Guild Awards at The Beverly Hilton hotel on Feb. 25, 2010, in Beverly Hills, Calif. Credit: Jason Merritt/Getty Images Paul McCartney and Wings Paul McCartney had a Top 10 hit with the theme song for "Live and Let Die" (1973). Photo: Paul McCartney performs at the 54th Annual Grammy Awards on Feb. 12, 2012, in Los Angeles. Credit: Getty Lulu Scottish singer, actress, and television personality Lulu performed the title theme for "The Man with the Golden Gun" (1974). Photo: Lulu arrives at the "Strictly Come Dancing" press launch at BBC Television Center on Sept. 7, 2011, in London. Credit: Chris Jackson/Getty Images Carly Simon Carly Simon had a huge hit with the Marvin Hamlisch-penned "Nobody Does It Better" for the 1977 film "The Spy Who Loved Me." It was the first Bond song that had a different title than the movie, but the words "the spy who loved me" are in the song's lyrics. Photo: Carly Simon attends the "You're So Vain" after-party during the 2010 Tribeca Film Festival at 1 Oak on April 29, 2010, in New York. Credit: Joe Corrigan/Getty Images Sheena Easton Sheena Easton sang the Oscar-nominated title song for "For Your Eyes Only" (1981). The Scottish-born singer is the only Bond artist to be seen singing the title song during the opening credits. Photo: Sheena Easton performs at the grand opening of the Chaum Center on Oct. 27, 2010, in Seoul, South Korea. Credit: Chris Weeks/Getty Images Duran Duran Duran Duran had a No. 1 hit with the title song for "A View to a Kill" (1985). It remains the only James Bond theme song to have reached the top spot on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. Photo: From left, Jon Taylor, Simon Le Bon, Nick Rhodes and Roger Taylor of the musical group Duran Duran arrive at the "South Park" 15th Anniversary Party at The Barker Hanger on Sept. 20, 2011, in Santa Monica, Calif. Credit: Frazer Harrison/Getty Images Gladys Knight Motown legend Gladys Knight performed the title song for "License to Kill" in 1989. Photo: Gladys Knight arrives at the 2012 Billboard Music Awards held at the MGM Grand Garden Arena on May 20, 2012, in Las Vegas. Credit: Frazer Harrison/Getty Images Tina Turner U2's Bono and The Edge wrote the main title song for 1995's "Goldeneye," sung by Tina Turner. Photo: Tina Turner attends the Emporio Armani show during Milan Fashion Week on Feb. 26, 2011, in Milan, Italy. Credit: Vittorio Zunino Celotto Sheryl Crow The main title song for "Tomorrow Never Dies" (1997) was performed by Sheryl Crow, who co-wrote it with Mitchell Froom. Photo: Sheryl Crow performs during the Stagecoach Country Music Festival held at the Empire Polo Field on April 29, 2012, in Indio, Calif. Credit: AP Photo/Matt Sayles Garbage Alternative pop/rock band Garbage sang the title song for "The World Is Not Enough" (1999). Photo: Shirley Manson of Garbage performs onstage at the MTV World Stage Monterrey Mexico 2012 at Arena Monterrey on Sept. 12, 2012, in Monterrey, Mexico. Credit: Victor Chavez/Getty Images Madonna Madonna's title track for "Die Another Day" (2002) was a Top 10 single in the United States and No. 1 in several other countries. It was also nominated for a Golden Globe Award for best original song. Photo: Madonna performs on stage in Nice, France, on Aug. 21, 2012. Credit: AP Photo Chris Cornell Chris Cornell performed the title song for "Casino Royale" (2006), titled "You Know My Name." The former Audioslave frontman co-wrote the track with David Arnold, the soundtrack's composer. Photo: Chris Cornell performs live during the first day of Hard Rock Calling at Hyde Park on July 13, 2012, in London. Credit: Jim Dyson/Getty Images Jack White and Alicia Keys The first duet in the Bond series came from Jack White and Alicia Keys, who performed "Another Way to Die," the theme from "Quantum of Solace" (2008). Photos: Jack White performs at Eurockeennes Music Festival on July 1, 2012, in Belfort, France (left). Alicia Keys performs during the 2012 MTV Video Music Awards on Sept. 6, 2012, in Los Angeles (right). Credit: Getty Images Adele Adele has confirmed that she has co-written and performed the theme for the film "Skyfall" (2012). This is the first Bond theme to have the same title as the film since Madonna's "Die Another Day" in 2002. Photo: Adele performs at the 54th Annual Grammy Awards held on Feb. 12, 2012, in Los Angeles. Credit: Getty Sam Smith Singer Sam Smith recorded "Writing's On The Wall," the theme song to 2015's "Spectre," the 24th James Bond adventure, starring Daniel Craig. It's the first James Bond theme song recorded by a British male solo artist since 1965. "This is one of the highlights of my career," Smith said. Photo: Sam Smith performs "Stay With Me" during the 57th annual Grammy Awards on Feb. 8, 2015, in Los Angeles. Credit: Kevork Djansezian/Getty Images	Tom Jones
Can you name the singer of the title track for '1974 - The Man With The Golden Gun'?	Tom Jones - Thunderball Theme (cre8gent) - YouTube Tom Jones - Thunderball Theme (cre8gent) Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Jun 13, 2008 Tom Jones IMO performed one of the all time perfect James Bond Themes "Thunderball" and it lead the way to newer and exciting themes to come. I have done 2 more James Bond Themes in a Spoof Tom Jones Style which will be following but i couldn't do the spoofs without having included that famous theme (Cre8gent Style) Enjoy!!	i don't know
Can you name the singer of the title track for '1981 - For Your Eyes Only'?	Sheena Easton - For Your Eyes Only (HQ) - YouTube Sheena Easton - For Your Eyes Only (HQ) Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Dec 25, 2011 Scotland's Sheena Easton scored a world wide hit with this in 1981. She also remains the only artist to ever be seen singing the theme song to a James Bond movie during its opening titles. Category	Sheena Easton
Can you name the singer of the title track for '1989 - Licence to Kill'?	Sheena Easton - For Your Eyes Only lyrics \| LyricsMode.com For Your Eyes Only lyrics $album_name To explain lyrics, select line or word and click "Explain". Create lyrics explanation Select some words and click "Explain" button. Then type your knowledge, add image or YouTube video till "Good-o-meter" shows "Cool" or "Awesome!". Publish your explanation with "Explain" button. Get karma points! OK, got it! New! Read & write lyrics explanations Highlight lyrics and explain them to earn Karma points. Sheena Easton – For Your Eyes Only lyrics Lyrics taken from http://www.lyricsmode.com/lyrics/s/sheena_easton/for_your_eyes_only.html Correct Add song structure elements Click "Correct" to open the "Correction form". There you can add structure tags, correct typos or add missing words. Send your correction and get karma points! Result of your work will appear after moderating. OK, got it! 0 meaning Write about your feelings and thoughts Know what this song is about? Does it mean anything special hidden between the lines to you? Share your meaning with community, make it interesting and valuable. Make sure you've read our simple tips Hey! It's useful. If this song really means something special to you, describe your feelings and thoughts. Don't hesitate to explain what songwriters and singer wanted to say. Also we collected some tips and tricks for you: Don't write just "I love this song." Hidden between the lines, words and thoughts sometimes hold many different not yet explained meanings Remember: your meaning might be valuable for someone Don't post links to images and links to facts Write correctly Don't spam and write clearly off-topic meanings Don't write abusive, vulgar, offensive, racist, threatening or harassing meanings Do not post anything that you do not have the right to post Please note: We moderate every meaning Follow these rules and your meaning will be published . Write song meaning Type your knowledge till "Good-o-meter" shows "Awesome!". Then send your meaning with "Post meaning" button. Get karma points! OK, got it!	i don't know
What was Erich Weiss better known as?	What was Erich Weiss better known as What was Erich Weiss better known as Erich Weiss was better known as Harry Houdini. Expert answered\| O-Kabira \|Points 811\| Question\|Asked by chanakya \|Rated good Asked 3/28/2014 1:46:06 AM What was Erich Weiss better known as New answers There are no new answers. Comments andrewpallarca M It's very obvious that you are only giving good ratings to O-Kabira, and your questions are mostly trivial questions. Please stop doing that. Weegy: Reginald Dwight is better known as Elton John. (More) Question\|Asked by suwar100 Weegy: Reginald Dwight is better known as ELTON JOHN. (More) Question\|Asked by suwar100 The line `Alas poor Yorik...` appears in the Hamlet Act 5, scene 1, 179–188. Added 3/27/2014 3:37:39 AM This answer has been confirmed as correct, not copied, and helpful. Confirmed by debnjerry [3/27/2014 7:00:12 AM] Weegy: Reginal Dwight is better known as Elton John. (More) Question\|Asked by suwar100 Weegy: a tailor press clothing with his hot [ plonker ] Weegy: [have you got the answer ] a tailor press clothing with his hot [ plonker [ ] ] (More) Question\|Asked by chanakya Weegy: -54 + 18 = -36 User: Simplify 3(x - 4) + 8(x + 2) User: What is the equation of the line that passes through ... 1/17/2017 1:07:03 PM\| 5 Answers Weegy: r(r+3) = 1 User: 5x + 2y = 20, when x = 0.3? User: What is the value of a in the equation 3a + b = 54, when b ... 1/17/2017 9:50:12 AM\| 3 Answers Weegy: C. [ July On July 4, 2008, our planet is at the distant end- a point astronomers call "aphelion." This puts ... 1/18/2017 1:59:28 AM\| 3 Answers	Harry Houdini
Who sailed in the Nina - Pinta and Santa Maria?	Erich Weiss - definition of Erich Weiss by The Free Dictionary Erich Weiss - definition of Erich Weiss by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Erich+Weiss Also found in: Thesaurus , Encyclopedia , Wikipedia . ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend: Noun 1. Harry Houdini - United States magician (born in Hungary) famous for his ability to escape from chains or handcuffs or straitjackets or padlocked containers (1874-1926) Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: Houdini References in periodicals archive ? In this documentary, the first in a new series of Perspectives, Davies goes on the trail of the man born Erich Weiss to see what drove him to perform his death-defying stunts, and just how he became one of the most successful entertainers in the world. Copyright © 2003-2017 Farlex, Inc Disclaimer All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.	i don't know
Which leader died in St Helena?	Napoleon dies in exile - May 05, 1821 - HISTORY.com Napoleon dies in exile Publisher A+E Networks Napoleon Bonaparte , the former French ruler who once ruled an empire that stretched across Europe, dies as a British prisoner on the remote island of Saint Helena in the southern Atlantic Ocean. The Corsica-born Napoleon, one of the greatest military strategists in history, rapidly rose in the ranks of the French Revolutionary Army during the late 1790s. By 1799, France was at war with most of Europe, and Napoleon returned home from his Egyptian campaign to take over the reigns of the French government and save his nation from collapse. After becoming first consul in February 1800, he reorganized his armies and defeated Austria. In 1802, he established the Napoleonic Code, a new system of French law, and in 1804 was crowned emperor of France in Notre Dame Cathedral. By 1807, Napoleon controlled an empire that stretched from the River Elbe in the north, down through Italy in the south, and from the Pyrenees to the Dalmatian coast. Beginning in 1812, Napoleon began to encounter the first significant defeats of his military career, suffering through a disastrous invasion of Russia, losing Spain to the Duke of Wellington in the Peninsula War, and enduring total defeat against an allied force by 1814. Exiled to the island of Elba, he escaped to France in early 1815 and raised a new Grand Army that enjoyed temporary success before its crushing defeat at Waterloo against an allied force under Wellington on June 18, 1815. Napoleon was subsequently exiled to the island of Saint Helena off the coast of Africa. Six years later, he died, most likely of stomach cancer, and in 1840 his body was returned to Paris, where it was interred in the Hotel des Invalides. Related Videos	Napoleon
Who has won the most Oscars?	10 World Leaders Who Died Under Mysterious Circumstances - Listverse 10 World Leaders Who Died Under Mysterious Circumstances Larry Jimenez August 2, 2014 When a prominent political or religious figure suddenly dies, conspiracy theories inevitably pop up. And yet the following stories may be more than just paranoid speculation. Each of these men may have fallen victim to a secret murder. 10Arius (d. A.D. 336) Arius, the Presbyter of Alexandria, believed that Christ was a lesser, separate being from God the Father. For this reason, he and his Christian followers were bitterly opposed as heretics by those who believed in the Trinity. This issue divided the fourth-century Church, and the pendulum swung as the Roman emperor Constantine alternately favored one faction over the other. In 324, the Council of Nicea condemned Arius, and Constantine banished him. The emperor soon got fed up with the continuing debate, however. He reinstated Arius, ordering Constantinople’s Patriarch Alexander to receive him at communion. Unable to disobey the imperial command, yet unwilling that the host should be desecrated by the heretic, Alexander asked his orthodox followers to pray that Arius die before he set foot in the church. Arius had an audience with the emperor at the palace then joined the procession of his followers to Alexander’s church. Suddenly, according to chronicler Socrates Scholasticus, Arius was seized by bowel cramps and sought the nearest toilet. There, his innards—spleen, liver, and intestines— erupted in a bloody mess , killing him. The orthodox called it a miracle of answered prayer; the Arians called it murder. By all accounts, 80-year-old Arius had been in good health when in conference with Constantine. It is entirely possible that poison was administered to him through the food and drink served there. The above account of his death in a toilet, written nearly a century after the fact, may be Catholic embellishment to further embarrass Arius and stain his memory. But his sudden and unexpected death ensured that suspicion will always hound the Trinitarians about their role in the tragedy. 9King William II Rufus (d. 1100) William II was the second surviving son of William the Conqueror. Vain and ill-tempered, he ruled England badly. On August 2, 1100, William joined a hunting party that included his younger brother Henry in New Forest. The party split off into two groups, leaving William with a companion named Walter Tirel. He gave Tirel two of his six arrows, commenting, “It is only right that the sharpest arrows goes to the man who knows how to inflict the deadliest shots.” A short while later, one of those arrows was buried in his chest . Apparently, Tirel had aimed at a stag but missed, hitting the king instead and killing him. Such hunting accidents were common. William himself had lost his elder brother and a cousin to wayward arrows. Tirel fled the scene, presumably fearing the consequences of being blamed for William’s death. But William may not have been a victim of a simple accident. Could Tirel have been part of a plot to assassinate the king? William’s younger brother Henry, who succeeded him, certainly had a strong motive. And he galloped off in a hurry to secure the crown at Winchester, even as the servants were still carting away his brother’s body. Moreover, he became particularly generous to Tirel’s family . Was this to reward him for carrying out the murder? More recently, another theory was put forward that Tirel worked with a French agent, Raoul d’Equesnes, who wanted William dead to prevent his projected invasion of France. If so, the plot worked, for King Henry called off the invasion as soon as he gained the throne. 8King Charles XII (d. 1718) Called the “Lion of the North” by his admirer Voltaire, Charles XII led his country of Sweden into disastrous conflicts that cost her dearly in men, money, and territory. Charles became unpopular with many Swedes for such needless sacrifices. In December 1718, Charles was leading yet another invasion, this time of Danish-held Norway. During the siege of the hilltop fortress of Fridrikshald, the king went to the front line to supervise the building of a trench. It was a dangerous spot well within range of Danish muskets. Charles exposed himself above the breastworks, and a bullet struck his head. Though there were many troops around Charles, no one witnessed the exact instant of his death. Questions arose. Did the bullet come from enemy fire, or was the king shot deliberately by one of his own men? Based on the orientation of the trench and where Charles was standing, a bullet coming from the left would indicate a shot from the fort; one from the right would point to a Swedish soldier as the triggerman. Charles skull contained two holes, one on each side, leading to unresolved debate over which was the entry wound and which was the exit. Documents show that some of the king’s companions behaved oddly just before he was killed. Prince Frederick, for one, exhibited extreme nervousness that only subsided after he heard Charles was dead. Frederick’s secretary, Andre Sicre, actually confessed to the murder while in feverish delirium, though he retracted the confession once he recovered. The king’s surgeon had a dream in which the dead king, when asked if the shot came from the fortress, replied, “No—One came creeping.” The strangest twist to this mystery was the discovery in 1924 of a curiously formed bullet made from a button in a gravel pit in Oxnevalla. Tradition says it was the very bullet that killed Charles, picked up by a soldier returning from Fridrikshald. Folklore said that Charles was impervious to ordinary bullets. It was theorized that the superstitious assassin made a bullet from Charles’s own coat button to penetrate the king’s supernatural shield. The theory seems ridiculous and farfetched but for one thing. Blood traces on the bullet matched DNA on Charles’s bloodstained gloves. 7Napoleon Bonaparte (d. 1821) Traditional history says Napoleon died on May 5, 1821 from stomach cancer. The disease had earlier killed his father Carlo. But evidence purports to show traces of arsenic poisoning in Napoleon’s hair. The poisoning theory was popularized by Swedish physician Dr. Sten Forshufvud, who alleged an act of premeditated murder by one of Napoleon’s companions. Other theorists point out that the ingestion of arsenic was not necessarily murder. Arsenic was a common ingredient in many household products in the 19th century. A particular culprit has been singled out: a wallpaper color called Scheele’s green that was used in Napoleon’s home in St. Helena. The dye releases arsenic when it gets damp. It may well be that the emperor took in the arsenic from the environment. The theory has several flaws. Hair samples from Napoleon showed no more arsenic than those taken from his son and his wife Josephine . The man showed none of the characteristic symptoms of arsenic poisoning (in fact, Napoleon died obese, while chronic arsenic poisoning causes extreme weight loss). The cancer theory, however, is also unproven. Autopsy reports indicate that the cancer was not yet in an advanced stage, so he can only have died of complications (gastrointestinal hemorrhage rather than direct cancer). Absolute proof of cancer can only come from direct examination of body tissues, and Napoleon’s descendants refuse any access to his remains. So, we should expect this debate to rage on in the foreseeable future. 6Warren G. Harding (d. 1923) The 29th president of the United States lived an unhealthy lifestyle that favored alcohol, cigars, and late-night poker games. He was the perfect candidate for a heart attack. In July 1923, Harding took a long, grueling trip across the country, with stops in Vancouver, Alaska, and Washington State. The president was clearly weak and tired and had to cancel his speeches in Portland and San Francisco. He died on August 2, 1923, officially due to “ some brain evolvement , probably an apoplexy.” History records it as heart attack. Yet the four physicians attending to him during his last week could not agree on the exact cause of death. The autopsy that could have settled all questions was never performed— on the orders of the First Lady , Florence Harding. These suspicious circumstances suggested that something was being covered up. Accounts of the president’s final moments contradict one another. Harding seemed to be recovering from an attack of indigestion and pneumonia on the evening of August 2 and was in the company of Mrs. Harding in his hotel room. According to this version of events, Florence left to go to her suite, and a nurse came in and saw Harding’s face twitch. She raised the alarm, but Harding was dead. Another version put Dr. Charles Sawyer, a homeopathic doctor trusted by the Hardings, on the scene, ministering to the doomed president. If the president was killed, the strongest suspect would be the First Lady, who had the motive, means, and opportunity to carry out the assassination. Harding was a notorious philanderer and may have even sired a daughter by his lover Nan Britton. This was motive enough, but there was also Harding’s affair with a married woman named Carrie Phillips. Her husband had threatened the pair with exposure, and some suggest Florence killed Warren to stave off public humiliation. She could easily have administered poison when she was alone with her husband. Just over a year after the president’s death, Dr. Sawyer died in much the same way , after a visit from none other than Florence Harding. The possibility is thus raised: Did Florence commit the murder with help from Dr. Sawyer, and was he in turn killed to assure his silence? Florence died two months later, taking the secret with her to the grave. 5King Ananda Mahidol (d. 1946) At about 9:20 on the morning of June 9, 1946, the sound of a gunshot shattered the quiet of the Grand Palace in Bangkok. A page rushed into the royal bedchamber and found the 20-year-old King Ananda Mahidol lying face-up on the bed, a bullet wound in his forehead and a Colt .45 by his left hand. Hours later, his younger brother Bhumibol was proclaimed king. Initial reports said the death was an unfortunate accident. Ananda loved firearms and had always kept one close. But in the following days, the possibility of suicide arose. The man had been depressed about his breakup with his Swiss girlfriend. He’d had intestinal problems and often quarreled with his mother. But the gun was found in the king’s left hand, while he was actually right-handed. By the end of the month, a commission of inquiry concluded that Ananda’s death was “definitely murder.” But who shot him? Louis Mountbatten, Earl of Burma, wrote to King George VI that “ King Bhumibol shot his brother to obtain the crown.” Bhumibol was the last person to see Ananda alive. He testified to going into his brother’s room at 9:00 and leaving when he saw Ananda was still asleep. But no other evidence implicated Bhumibol. Another possibility was that Bhumibol killed his brother by accident, perhaps as they were playing around with the gun. The government eventually arrested three suspects: Ananda’s secretary and two servants, including the page who found the body. A fourth suspect was Premier Pridi Phanomyong, who evaded arrest by fleeing. Though evidence against them was sorely lacking, the three prisoners were executed by firing squad in 1955. 4Jan Masaryk (d. 1948) Czech Foreign Minister Jan Masaryk was found dead in the courtyard of Prague’s Cernin Palace on the morning of March 10, 1948. The body lay directly beneath the window of his flat, so it was concluded that the 61-year-old Masaryk had committed suicide by jumping to his death. Masaryk had been the only liberal remaining in the government when the Communists took over in February 1948. He had been despondent in the days prior to his death, brooding about the situation of his country. His secretary, Antonin Sum, believed that Masaryk had sacrificed himself to protest Communist terror. Yet Masaryk left no suicide note that gave his motive. Only certified Communists were allowed to approach the body before it lay in state. Even the request of Masaryk’s personal physician to attend the post-mortem was turned down. A crowd of hundreds of thousands thronged Masaryk’s funeral, many thinking him a victim of assassination ordered by Stalin. Masaryk, a heavyset man, would have landed much closer to the building had he jumped. The body lay more than 2 meters (6.5 ft) away, indicating he was flung out by unknown assailants. Masaryk also landed on his feet, as if he were attempting to save himself from the fall. Traces of plaster under his fingernails suggest that he had clutched at the wall to escape being thrown out. The police doctor who wrote out the death certificate was himself found dead a few weeks later, also an apparent suicide. Russian authorities still refuse to provide the materials to help identify the killers. The Jan Masaryk case remains a mystery to this day. 3Emperor Haile Selassie (d. 1975) Emperor Haile Selassie (meaning “Might of the Trinity”) of Ethiopia was a larger-than-life figure who traced his ancestry to the fabled biblical King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba. He was called the Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah and the Elect of God . He tried to bring his backward country into the 20th century, but he ruled as an autocrat. Unemployment, famine, and political ineptitude provoked an army mutiny against Selassie in 1974. Declaring the emperor deposed, military officers imprisoned him in a small apartment in his palace. On August 27, 1975, the Marxist military government announced that a servant had found the 83-year-old Selassie dead in his bed. The cause was presumed to be respiratory failure due to complications from a prostate operation. But many, including Selassie’s personal physician, didn’t buy this official version and claimed the emperor had been assassinated. Crown Prince Afsa Wossen, claiming his father had been in excellent health, demanded an autopsy . But Ethiopian custom decreed that the body must be buried within 24 hours, and it seemed the world had seen the last of the Lion of Judah. The remains were discovered only in 1992, buried under a concrete slab beneath a lavatory on the palace grounds. Selassie was finally given a decent burial in 2000, after an investigation into his mysterious death. Even then, many refused to believe Selassie was really dead, particularly the Rastafarians who claim that Selassie was the immortal Son of God. The bones, they argue, were too small to be those of the Emperor. Ethiopia’s High Court is satisfied that the bones are Selassie’s—and that his successor, the brutal dictator Mengistu Haile Mariam, strangled Selassie in his bed with his own hands. 2Pope John Paul I (d. 1978) The gentle, smiling Archbishop Albino Luciani, an outsider to the Roman Curia, was elected Pope in August 1978. As John Paul I, he immediately showed his humility and refreshing simplicity by refusing to wear the papal tiara or be carried aloft on the papal chair. It was thus a grievous shock when he died on September 28 after a mere 33 days in office , apparently from heart attack. Conflicting testimony about his death soon raised questions of a Vatican cover-up, possibly murder. At first, it was reported that the body was discovered by the Pope’s secretary, John Magee, around 5:30 AM. It turned out that it was a nun, Sister Vincenza, who found the Pope in calm repose on his bed with some reading material in his hands. Such a posture did not suggest death by heart attack. No autopsy was ever performed on the body. The Pope, it is theorized, actually died from a dose of digitalis administered in the medicine he was taking for low blood pressure. The Pope’s missing slippers and eyeglasses were presumably removed because they were stained by vomit when the poison took effect. Later, officials explained that the items had been taken away previously by John Paul’s sister. It has been speculated that John Paul, who was already disliked by Vatican bureaucrats, was ready to clean up the scandal-tainted Vatican Bank of its reputed organized crime ties. So some find it suspicious that the bank’s president, Archbishop Paul Marcinkus, was seen hanging about the papal residence at an unusually early hour on the morning of the Pope’s death. Marcinkus deflected this by saying he was a habitual early riser. Suspicion also focused on the Pope’s secretary, who may have rearranged the Pope’s body to make it look as if he died peacefully. To counter the poisoning theory, it is claimed that the Pope died of pulmonary embolism. He had been suffering from violent coughs and pain the night before. But embolism could not have killed fast enough to explain John Paul’s serene posture on the bed. With no proper autopsy, the case of John Paul I remains open. 1Muhammad Zia Ul-Haq (d. 1988) On August 17, 1988, Muhammad Zia Ul-Haq of Pakistan was returning to Islamabad on a Lockheed C-130 Hercules after watching a demonstration of an American battle tank in the desert. Ten minutes into the flight, the plane nose-dived and crashed to the ground. All aboard died, including US Ambassador Arnold Raphel and most of Pakistan’s top military brass. American investigators concluded that the plane had suffered a mechanical malfunction. Their Pakistani counterparts, however, became suspicious when they discovered snapped cables and problems with the elevator boosters that hinted at sabotage. Zia’s son Ijazul Haq accused Vice-General Aslam Beg of conspiring to kill his father. He claimed that Beg removed some of the plane’s wreckage to hide evidence of an air-to-air missile attack. Beg had refused orders to board the doomed plane. His motive might have been to prevent his impending replacement as vice-chief. Beg wasn’t the only one with a motive. There was no shortage of suspects who wanted Zia dead. There were the Indians, Pakistan’s traditional enemy. Or the Russians, irked by Zia’s jihad on the Soviets in Afghanistan. The Bhutto family, out to avenge Zia’s ouster and the execution of Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto? Pakistani secularists, resisting Zia’s implementation of Sharia law? Shiite Iranians alarmed at Zia’s Sunni Islamic republic? The most intriguing suspect of all is the Mossad, the Israeli foreign intelligence agency. Mossad may have ordered the hit on Zia to prevent him from developing a nuclear bomb, which he could share with other Muslim nations and enemies of Israel. Indeed, Zia had ominously called his project the “Islamic Bomb.” But there is no solid evidence against any of these suspects. Zia’s murder, if murder it was, might forever remain unsolved. Larry’s main interests are history and chess. He is also a big fan of Agatha Christie. More Great Lists	i don't know
Which award has the words for valour on it?	British Gallantry Medals of the First World War Victoria Cross (V.C.) (Level 1 Gallantry Award) This is the highest award for gallantry. It is awarded for an act of outstanding courage or devotion to duty in the presence of the enemy. All ranks were, and still are, eligible when serving with the British and Commonwealth armed forces. The Royal Warrant for the award of the Victoria Cross has essentially remained the same since the inception of the medal to the present day. It was, and still is, awarded “for most conspicuous bravery, or some daring or pre-eminent act of valour or self-sacrifice, or extreme devotion to duty in the presence of the enemy.” (1) The Victoria Cross can also be awarded to civilians if they were under military command at the time of the act of bravery. The George Cross (G.C.) is an equivalent award but is made to an individual, military or civilian, who has carried out an act of special courage when not in the face of the enemy. Origin of the Victoria Cross The Victoria Cross was instituted on 29th January 1856. At the time of the Crimean War (1853-1856) the British military - which consisted of the Royal Navy and the Army - did not have a gallantry medal open to all ranks. The idea was put forward to the British House of Commons by a Member of Parliament and ex-Royal Navy man, Captain T Scobell. It was also suggested as an idea by the then Secretary of State, the Duke of Newcastle. His successor, Lord Panmure, carried on with the correspondence about the new gallantry medal already established with Prince Albert. Queen Victoria was very interested in the medal, especially as it was to be named after her. She preferred the name of “Victoria Cross” to the suggested title of “The Military Order of Victoria”. Victoria involved herself by making suggestions about the design and the metal it could be made of. She was the person who suggested that the design should bear the words “For Valour” instead of the suggested words “For the Brave”. The word “valour” extended a special significance to an act of extra special bravery and courage, which might be considered to be more than an act of “bravery”. Queen Victoria did not like the original copper cross which was submitted for approval. A suggestion was made to create the medal from the cascabels (the knob and the neck of a breech-loading cannon) of two Russian cannons captured in the Crimea. As has been examined in a recent study(2), the two 18 pounder cannons which were provided for creating the Victoria Cross medals were Chinese in origin, not Russian. One theory is that the guns were captured by the Russians from the Chinese and used against the British Army in the battle at Sevastopol. It has also been suggested that the metal used for the Victoria Crosses cast during the First World War did not come from these two original cannons, but from other Chinese guns captured in the Boxer Rebellion (1898-1901). The Royal Warrant for the Victoria Cross was issued on 29th January 1856. The first investiture ceremony was held a few months later in Hyde Park on 26th June 1856. 62 awards were issued for acts of valour during the Crimean War (1853-1856). There is approximately 10kg of remaining metal from the two cascabels of the original cannons reputed to have come from Sevastopol. This is stored in a secure vault and can only be taken out of the vault under an armed guard. The same jewellers, Hancocks of London, has been responsible for casting the Victoria Cross medal from the first one to the present day. The Crimson Medal Ribbon Until April 1918 the medal ribbon issued with the Victoria Cross medal was red (or crimson) for Army recipients and blue for Navy recipients. When the Royal Air Force was formed on 1st April 1918 it was decided that recipients from all of the three Services should wear the crimson ribbon with the medal. From 22nd May 1920 King George V stated in a warrant that all recipients would wear the crimson ribbon. Recipients in the Royal Navy who had already received the blue ribbon were also to wear the crimson ribbon from then on. Awards of the Victoria Cross in WW1 There were 615 Victoria Crosses awarded during the First World War. WW1 awards of the Victoria Cross were: 415 awarded to the British Army 51 to the Navy and Marines 9 to the Royal Flying Corps and Royal Air Force 140 to the Dominion Forces. Victoria Cross and Bar Prior to April 1917, if a second award of a Victoria Cross (a Bar) was made to one individual, they were to wear a miniature cross on the ribbon strip to indicate the second award. In an Army Order of April 1917 this was changed so that a miniature cross would be worn on the ribbon strip to indicate the award of the first VC, with another miniature for the second VC award (the Bar). If further awards were issued to that same individual then additional miniature crosses would be worn on the ribbon strip as appropriate. To date there have been no awards of more than two Victoria Crosses to one individual. In the First World War two Victoria Cross recipients were recommended for a second award (a Bar). They were both officers serving with the R.A.M.C.: Lieutenant A Martin-Leake and Captain N G Chavasse, MC. Recommendation for a Victoria Cross A regimental officer will usually make the recommendation and it should be supported by three witnesses. The reigning king or queen will be presented with the recommendation and he or she will sign an approval. In the event that a group of service personnel in a squadron, detachment or a ship's company should be recommended as equally deserving of a recommendation for the award, a name is drawn by ballot. Posthumous Awards of the Victoria Cross Originally the Royal Warrant for the award did not cover the issue of the award posthumously. Although this was not officially changed in the warrant until after the First World War, a quarter of those recipients who were awarded the Victoria Cross during WW1 were killed as they carried out their deed of valour. Distinguished Service Order (D.S.O.) (Level 2 Gallantry Award) The D.S.O. was instituted by Royal Warrant on 6th September 1886. The D.S.O. was originally instituted as an award for officers of the British Army and Commonwealth Forces, usually at the rank of Major. It was, however, also awarded to officers at a rank above or below Major. The D.S.O. could be awarded for an act of meritorious or distinguished service in wartime and usually when under fire or in the presence of the enemy. It was also made available for officers at the equivalent rank in the Royal Navy and, from 1st April 1918, the Royal Air Force. Between 1914 and 1916 the D.S.O. was also awarded to some Staff officers when they were not under fire or in contact with the enemy. This was not well received at the time by officers who were in the field. From 1st January 1917 it was restricted to recommendations for individuals who were in the presence of the enemy. The award was generally given to an officer in command, but some were awarded to junior officers below the rank of Captain. Almost 9,000 D.S.O.s were awarded during the First World War. On 23rd August 1916 a Warrant enabled a recipient to be awarded a Bar for an additional award of the D.S.O. The medal was issued without the name of the recipient being engraved on it, but some medals do bear the name of a recipient engraved on the reverse of the suspension bar. The recipient of a D.S.O. is known as a Companion of the Distinguished Service Order and is entitled to use the letters D.S.O. after his name. Distinguished Service Cross (D.S.C.) (Level 3 Gallantry Award) Instituted 15th June 1901 as the Conspicuous Service Cross and renamed in October 1914 the Distinguished Service Cross. The D.S.C. was awarded to naval officers below the rank of Lieutenant Commander for gallantry at sea in the presence of the enemy. Almost 2,000 D.S.C.s were awarded during the First World War. A bar is awarded for subsequent acts of gallantry. The recipient is entitled to use D.S.C. after their name. Military Cross (M.C.) (Level 3 Gallantry Award) Instituted by Royal Warrant on 28th December 1914. The Military Cross was a decoration for gallantry during active operations in the presence of the enemy. individuals in the British Army, the Indian Army or the Colonial Forces. Commissioned officers with the rank of Captain or below or Warrant Officer were eligible for the award. From June 1917 officers of the rank of captain but who had a temporary rank of major could receive the award. The reverse of the medal was issued plain with no engraving. Some families and individuals engraved their details at their own expense. From August 1916 an individual could receive one or more Bars to the Military Cross. Recipients of the medal are entitled to use the letters M.C. after their name. The Military Cross (M.C.) is the British Army equivalent of the Distinguished Service Cross (D.S.C.) and Distinguished Flying Cross (D.F.C.). The Military Cross photographed here(3) was awarded to Lieutenant Ewart Alan Mackintosh of the 5th Battalion Seaforth Highlanders (51st Highland Division). Lieutenant Mackintosh, MC was the author of the poem ‘In Memoriam’ featured on this website at: (Level 3 Gallantry Award) Instituted on 3rd June 1918. Awarded to officers and warrant officers of the Royal Air Force for an act or acts of valour, courage or devotion to duty while flying on active operations against the enemy. A bar is added to the medal ribbon for subsequent acts of valour, for which a subsequent D.F.C. would be awarded. Recipients of the medal are entitled to use the letters D.F.C. after their name. The medal was issued with no inscription of the recipient's name. During the First World War there were about 1,100 D.F.C. awards. It is equivalent to the Distinguished Service Cross (D.S.C) for acts of valour at sea and the Military Cross (M.C.) for acts of valour on land. This silver medal was designed by the medallist E Carter Preston. He was the winner of the design for the Next of Kin Memorial Plaque. Air Force Cross (A.F.C.) Instituted on 3rd June 1918. The award was given to personnel of the British Armed Forces and other Commonwealth Forces for an act or acts of valour, courage or devotion to duty whilst flying though not in active operations against the enemy. Until after the Second World War Air Force Officers and Warrant Officers were eligible for the award. After the Second World War aviation officers in the Army and Navy were also eligible for the award. From 1993 all ranks were eligible for this award. The medal was designed by the medallist E Carter Preston. He was the winner of the design for the Next of Kin Memorial Plaque. Recipients were entitled to use the letters A.F.C. after their name. Distinguished Conduct Medal (D.C.M.) (Level 2 Gallantry Award) Instituted on 4th December 1854. The D.C.M. was the first official medal award to recognise an act of gallantry in the field by a member of the armed forces who was below the rank of officer. It was the other ranks' equivalent of the Distinguished Service Order. The D.C.M. was awarded for gallantry in the field in the face of the enemy. Other ranks in the British Army and also non-commissioned ranks in Commonwealth Forces were eligible for this award. The reverse of the medal bears the inscription “For Distinguished Conduct in the Field”. A bar carrying the date of a subsequent deed could be added to the ribbon until 1916 when the bar was changed to a laurel wreath. A recipient of the award is entitled to used the letters D.C.M. after their name. The D.C.M. was discontinued as an award by the British Armed Forces in 1993, when the three awards of the D.S.O, the D.C.M. and the C.G.M. were replaced by the Conspicuous Gallantry Cross. The Conspicuous Gallantry Cross is now the second level gallantry award for all ranks of the British Armed Forces. Conspicuous Gallantry Medal (C.G.M.) (Level 2 Gallantry Award) First instituted as a Royal Navy medal in 1855 and then fully instituted on 7th July 1874. The Conspicuous Gallantry Medal (C.G.M.) was awarded to other ranks for an act of gallantry against the enemy at sea or in the air. The reverse of the medal bears the inscription “For Conspicuous Gallantry”. An additional award for a subsequent deed would entitle the wearer to a silver laurelled bar. A recipient of the award is entitled to used the letters C.G.M. after their name. The C.G.M. is equivalent to the British Army's Distinguished Conduct Medal (D.C.M.). Distinguished Service Medal (D.S.M.) (Level 3 Gallantry Award) The D.S.M. was established on 14th October 1914. It was an award for bravery whilst on active service at sea and was for other ranks' Royal Navy personnel, members of the other Services and other Commonwealth countries who held rank up to and including Chief Petty Officer. On the reverse there was an inscription “For Distinguished Service”. Bars were awarded for subsequent actions and the date of the action during the First World War was given on the reverse of the bar. Recipients of the medal are entitled to use the letters D.S.M. after their name. The Distinguished Service Medal (D.S.M.) is equivalent to the Military Medal (M.M.), the Distinguished Flying Medal (D.F.M.) and the Air Force Medal (A.F.M.). Military Medal (M.M.) (Level 3 Gallantry Award) Instituted on 25th March 1916 (and backdated to 1914). The Military Medal was awarded to other ranks of the British Army and Commonwealth Forces. It was an award for gallantry and devotion to duty when under fire in battle on land. On the reverse of the medal is inscribed “For Bravery in the Field”. Recipients of the medal are entitled to use the letters M.M. after their name. The Military Medal is the British Army equivalent of the Distinguished Service Medal (D.S.M.), the Distinguished Flying Medal (D.F.M.) and the Air Force Medal (A.F.M.). Distinguished Flying Medal (D.F.M.) Instituted on 3rd June 1918. Awarded to other ranks of the Royal Air Force for an act or acts of valour, courage or devotion to duty while flying on active operations against the enemy. Later it was available to the equivalent ranks in the Army and Royal Navy for acts of valour in the air. Recipients of the medal are entitled to use the letters D.F.M. after their name. A subsequent award receives a silver bar with an eagle in the centre of it. It is equivalent to the Distinguished Service Medal (D.S.M.) for acts of valour at sea, the Military Medal (M.M.) for acts of valour on land and the Air Force Medal (A.F.M.). The medal was designed by the medallist E Carter Preston. Air Force Medal (A.F.M.) Instituted on 3rd June 1918. The award was given to personnel of the British Armed Forces and other Commonwealth Forces for an act or acts of valour, courage or devotion to duty whilst flying though not in active operations against the enemy. Other ranks were eligible for the award. Recipients were entitled to use the letters A.F.M. after their name. The Air Force Medal was designed by E Carter Preston. He was the winner of the design for the Next of Kin Memorial Plaque. Meritorious Service Medal (M.S.M.) Instituted in 1845 (British Army), in 1849 (the Royal Marines), in 1918 (the Royal Air Force) and in 1919 (the Royal Navy). The criteria for eligibility was different for each of the above Services and the number of medals issued was also restricted within each of the Services. Army Originally the award was for meritorious service by Non-Commissioned Officers. Between 1916 and 1919 a Royal Warrant amended the eligibility of the award so that Non-Commissioned Officers could be awarded the M.S.M. in the field. Royal Marines Originally the M.S.M. was awarded for gallantry or distinguished service. Between 1916 and 1919 Non-Commissioned Officers could be awarded the M.S.M. in the field. Royal Air Force The M.S.M. was awarded for meritorious service by ground crew. Royal Navy The M.S.M was awarded for gallantry not in the face of the enemy and for meritorious service by petty officers and senior naval ratings. Mentioned in Despatches (M.I.D.) “Mentioned in Despatches” is not an award of a medal, but as a commendation of an act of gallantry it is included in this listing. To be “Mentioned in Despatches” is when an individual is mentioned by name and commended for having carried out an noteworthy act of gallantry or service. A Despatch is an official report written by the senior commander of an army in the field. It would give details of the conduct of the military operations being carried out. From the time of the Boer War the Despatches were published in the London Gazette in full or in part. The phrase “Mentioned in Despatches” was used for the first time in a newspaper article by Winston Churchill (Morning Post, 6th October 1898) (4). An individual could be mentioned in despatches more than once. As with the Victoria Cross, this commendation for an act of gallantry could be made posthumously. In 1919 Army Order 166/1919 confirmed that individuals “Mentioned in Despatches” would receive a certificate. This included personnel of the British Navy, Army and Air Force, and Indian Dominion, Colonial, Egyptian Forces and members of the Red Cross, Y.M.C.A., Y.W.C.A. and British civilians male and female. In 1920 Army Order 3/1920 authorized the issue of an emblem to signify that an individual had been “Mentioned in Despatches” between 4th August 1914 and 10th August 1920. A bronze oak leaf was issued and could be worn on the ribbon of the British Victory Medal. British Victory Medal M.I.D. Listing Individuals who are Mentioned in Despatches are listed in The London Gazette. The Gazette can be searched online: Website: www.london-gazette.co.uk/search 2nd Lieutenant Mackay The Oak Leaf in the photograph(5) was awarded to 2nd Lieutenant Mackay of the 5th Battalion Seaforth Highlanders (51st Highland Division). He had accompanied Lieutenant E A Mackintosh, MC on a raid into the enemy trenches which had been the inspiration for Mackintosh's poem ‘In Memoriam’. Inspiration for poem “In Memoriam” Citation for a Gallantry Award A citation is a brief report providing details of the deed for which an award for gallantry has been granted to an individual. A recommendation for a gallantry award was usually given by a commanding officer using Army Form W3121. When the award was granted these details were generally used to create the citation for the award. Unfortunately almost all the recommendation forms W3121 from the First World War were destroyed in enemy bombing in the Second World War. The award of a gallantry or distinguished service medal and a Mention in Despatches was published in The London Gazette. However, only some of the announcements were printed with their citation. The following gallantry awards were, however, listed with a citation: The Victoria Cross (V.C.), the Distinguished Service Order (D.S.O.), the Military Cross (M.C.) and the Distinguished Conduct Medal (D.C.M.). For information on where to find records of medals and citations see our page at:	Victoria Cross
Who won an Oscar for the African Queen?	British Gallantry Medals of the First World War Victoria Cross (V.C.) (Level 1 Gallantry Award) This is the highest award for gallantry. It is awarded for an act of outstanding courage or devotion to duty in the presence of the enemy. All ranks were, and still are, eligible when serving with the British and Commonwealth armed forces. The Royal Warrant for the award of the Victoria Cross has essentially remained the same since the inception of the medal to the present day. It was, and still is, awarded “for most conspicuous bravery, or some daring or pre-eminent act of valour or self-sacrifice, or extreme devotion to duty in the presence of the enemy.” (1) The Victoria Cross can also be awarded to civilians if they were under military command at the time of the act of bravery. The George Cross (G.C.) is an equivalent award but is made to an individual, military or civilian, who has carried out an act of special courage when not in the face of the enemy. Origin of the Victoria Cross The Victoria Cross was instituted on 29th January 1856. At the time of the Crimean War (1853-1856) the British military - which consisted of the Royal Navy and the Army - did not have a gallantry medal open to all ranks. The idea was put forward to the British House of Commons by a Member of Parliament and ex-Royal Navy man, Captain T Scobell. It was also suggested as an idea by the then Secretary of State, the Duke of Newcastle. His successor, Lord Panmure, carried on with the correspondence about the new gallantry medal already established with Prince Albert. Queen Victoria was very interested in the medal, especially as it was to be named after her. She preferred the name of “Victoria Cross” to the suggested title of “The Military Order of Victoria”. Victoria involved herself by making suggestions about the design and the metal it could be made of. She was the person who suggested that the design should bear the words “For Valour” instead of the suggested words “For the Brave”. The word “valour” extended a special significance to an act of extra special bravery and courage, which might be considered to be more than an act of “bravery”. Queen Victoria did not like the original copper cross which was submitted for approval. A suggestion was made to create the medal from the cascabels (the knob and the neck of a breech-loading cannon) of two Russian cannons captured in the Crimea. As has been examined in a recent study(2), the two 18 pounder cannons which were provided for creating the Victoria Cross medals were Chinese in origin, not Russian. One theory is that the guns were captured by the Russians from the Chinese and used against the British Army in the battle at Sevastopol. It has also been suggested that the metal used for the Victoria Crosses cast during the First World War did not come from these two original cannons, but from other Chinese guns captured in the Boxer Rebellion (1898-1901). The Royal Warrant for the Victoria Cross was issued on 29th January 1856. The first investiture ceremony was held a few months later in Hyde Park on 26th June 1856. 62 awards were issued for acts of valour during the Crimean War (1853-1856). There is approximately 10kg of remaining metal from the two cascabels of the original cannons reputed to have come from Sevastopol. This is stored in a secure vault and can only be taken out of the vault under an armed guard. The same jewellers, Hancocks of London, has been responsible for casting the Victoria Cross medal from the first one to the present day. The Crimson Medal Ribbon Until April 1918 the medal ribbon issued with the Victoria Cross medal was red (or crimson) for Army recipients and blue for Navy recipients. When the Royal Air Force was formed on 1st April 1918 it was decided that recipients from all of the three Services should wear the crimson ribbon with the medal. From 22nd May 1920 King George V stated in a warrant that all recipients would wear the crimson ribbon. Recipients in the Royal Navy who had already received the blue ribbon were also to wear the crimson ribbon from then on. Awards of the Victoria Cross in WW1 There were 615 Victoria Crosses awarded during the First World War. WW1 awards of the Victoria Cross were: 415 awarded to the British Army 51 to the Navy and Marines 9 to the Royal Flying Corps and Royal Air Force 140 to the Dominion Forces. Victoria Cross and Bar Prior to April 1917, if a second award of a Victoria Cross (a Bar) was made to one individual, they were to wear a miniature cross on the ribbon strip to indicate the second award. In an Army Order of April 1917 this was changed so that a miniature cross would be worn on the ribbon strip to indicate the award of the first VC, with another miniature for the second VC award (the Bar). If further awards were issued to that same individual then additional miniature crosses would be worn on the ribbon strip as appropriate. To date there have been no awards of more than two Victoria Crosses to one individual. In the First World War two Victoria Cross recipients were recommended for a second award (a Bar). They were both officers serving with the R.A.M.C.: Lieutenant A Martin-Leake and Captain N G Chavasse, MC. Recommendation for a Victoria Cross A regimental officer will usually make the recommendation and it should be supported by three witnesses. The reigning king or queen will be presented with the recommendation and he or she will sign an approval. In the event that a group of service personnel in a squadron, detachment or a ship's company should be recommended as equally deserving of a recommendation for the award, a name is drawn by ballot. Posthumous Awards of the Victoria Cross Originally the Royal Warrant for the award did not cover the issue of the award posthumously. Although this was not officially changed in the warrant until after the First World War, a quarter of those recipients who were awarded the Victoria Cross during WW1 were killed as they carried out their deed of valour. Distinguished Service Order (D.S.O.) (Level 2 Gallantry Award) The D.S.O. was instituted by Royal Warrant on 6th September 1886. The D.S.O. was originally instituted as an award for officers of the British Army and Commonwealth Forces, usually at the rank of Major. It was, however, also awarded to officers at a rank above or below Major. The D.S.O. could be awarded for an act of meritorious or distinguished service in wartime and usually when under fire or in the presence of the enemy. It was also made available for officers at the equivalent rank in the Royal Navy and, from 1st April 1918, the Royal Air Force. Between 1914 and 1916 the D.S.O. was also awarded to some Staff officers when they were not under fire or in contact with the enemy. This was not well received at the time by officers who were in the field. From 1st January 1917 it was restricted to recommendations for individuals who were in the presence of the enemy. The award was generally given to an officer in command, but some were awarded to junior officers below the rank of Captain. Almost 9,000 D.S.O.s were awarded during the First World War. On 23rd August 1916 a Warrant enabled a recipient to be awarded a Bar for an additional award of the D.S.O. The medal was issued without the name of the recipient being engraved on it, but some medals do bear the name of a recipient engraved on the reverse of the suspension bar. The recipient of a D.S.O. is known as a Companion of the Distinguished Service Order and is entitled to use the letters D.S.O. after his name. Distinguished Service Cross (D.S.C.) (Level 3 Gallantry Award) Instituted 15th June 1901 as the Conspicuous Service Cross and renamed in October 1914 the Distinguished Service Cross. The D.S.C. was awarded to naval officers below the rank of Lieutenant Commander for gallantry at sea in the presence of the enemy. Almost 2,000 D.S.C.s were awarded during the First World War. A bar is awarded for subsequent acts of gallantry. The recipient is entitled to use D.S.C. after their name. Military Cross (M.C.) (Level 3 Gallantry Award) Instituted by Royal Warrant on 28th December 1914. The Military Cross was a decoration for gallantry during active operations in the presence of the enemy. individuals in the British Army, the Indian Army or the Colonial Forces. Commissioned officers with the rank of Captain or below or Warrant Officer were eligible for the award. From June 1917 officers of the rank of captain but who had a temporary rank of major could receive the award. The reverse of the medal was issued plain with no engraving. Some families and individuals engraved their details at their own expense. From August 1916 an individual could receive one or more Bars to the Military Cross. Recipients of the medal are entitled to use the letters M.C. after their name. The Military Cross (M.C.) is the British Army equivalent of the Distinguished Service Cross (D.S.C.) and Distinguished Flying Cross (D.F.C.). The Military Cross photographed here(3) was awarded to Lieutenant Ewart Alan Mackintosh of the 5th Battalion Seaforth Highlanders (51st Highland Division). Lieutenant Mackintosh, MC was the author of the poem ‘In Memoriam’ featured on this website at: (Level 3 Gallantry Award) Instituted on 3rd June 1918. Awarded to officers and warrant officers of the Royal Air Force for an act or acts of valour, courage or devotion to duty while flying on active operations against the enemy. A bar is added to the medal ribbon for subsequent acts of valour, for which a subsequent D.F.C. would be awarded. Recipients of the medal are entitled to use the letters D.F.C. after their name. The medal was issued with no inscription of the recipient's name. During the First World War there were about 1,100 D.F.C. awards. It is equivalent to the Distinguished Service Cross (D.S.C) for acts of valour at sea and the Military Cross (M.C.) for acts of valour on land. This silver medal was designed by the medallist E Carter Preston. He was the winner of the design for the Next of Kin Memorial Plaque. Air Force Cross (A.F.C.) Instituted on 3rd June 1918. The award was given to personnel of the British Armed Forces and other Commonwealth Forces for an act or acts of valour, courage or devotion to duty whilst flying though not in active operations against the enemy. Until after the Second World War Air Force Officers and Warrant Officers were eligible for the award. After the Second World War aviation officers in the Army and Navy were also eligible for the award. From 1993 all ranks were eligible for this award. The medal was designed by the medallist E Carter Preston. He was the winner of the design for the Next of Kin Memorial Plaque. Recipients were entitled to use the letters A.F.C. after their name. Distinguished Conduct Medal (D.C.M.) (Level 2 Gallantry Award) Instituted on 4th December 1854. The D.C.M. was the first official medal award to recognise an act of gallantry in the field by a member of the armed forces who was below the rank of officer. It was the other ranks' equivalent of the Distinguished Service Order. The D.C.M. was awarded for gallantry in the field in the face of the enemy. Other ranks in the British Army and also non-commissioned ranks in Commonwealth Forces were eligible for this award. The reverse of the medal bears the inscription “For Distinguished Conduct in the Field”. A bar carrying the date of a subsequent deed could be added to the ribbon until 1916 when the bar was changed to a laurel wreath. A recipient of the award is entitled to used the letters D.C.M. after their name. The D.C.M. was discontinued as an award by the British Armed Forces in 1993, when the three awards of the D.S.O, the D.C.M. and the C.G.M. were replaced by the Conspicuous Gallantry Cross. The Conspicuous Gallantry Cross is now the second level gallantry award for all ranks of the British Armed Forces. Conspicuous Gallantry Medal (C.G.M.) (Level 2 Gallantry Award) First instituted as a Royal Navy medal in 1855 and then fully instituted on 7th July 1874. The Conspicuous Gallantry Medal (C.G.M.) was awarded to other ranks for an act of gallantry against the enemy at sea or in the air. The reverse of the medal bears the inscription “For Conspicuous Gallantry”. An additional award for a subsequent deed would entitle the wearer to a silver laurelled bar. A recipient of the award is entitled to used the letters C.G.M. after their name. The C.G.M. is equivalent to the British Army's Distinguished Conduct Medal (D.C.M.). Distinguished Service Medal (D.S.M.) (Level 3 Gallantry Award) The D.S.M. was established on 14th October 1914. It was an award for bravery whilst on active service at sea and was for other ranks' Royal Navy personnel, members of the other Services and other Commonwealth countries who held rank up to and including Chief Petty Officer. On the reverse there was an inscription “For Distinguished Service”. Bars were awarded for subsequent actions and the date of the action during the First World War was given on the reverse of the bar. Recipients of the medal are entitled to use the letters D.S.M. after their name. The Distinguished Service Medal (D.S.M.) is equivalent to the Military Medal (M.M.), the Distinguished Flying Medal (D.F.M.) and the Air Force Medal (A.F.M.). Military Medal (M.M.) (Level 3 Gallantry Award) Instituted on 25th March 1916 (and backdated to 1914). The Military Medal was awarded to other ranks of the British Army and Commonwealth Forces. It was an award for gallantry and devotion to duty when under fire in battle on land. On the reverse of the medal is inscribed “For Bravery in the Field”. Recipients of the medal are entitled to use the letters M.M. after their name. The Military Medal is the British Army equivalent of the Distinguished Service Medal (D.S.M.), the Distinguished Flying Medal (D.F.M.) and the Air Force Medal (A.F.M.). Distinguished Flying Medal (D.F.M.) Instituted on 3rd June 1918. Awarded to other ranks of the Royal Air Force for an act or acts of valour, courage or devotion to duty while flying on active operations against the enemy. Later it was available to the equivalent ranks in the Army and Royal Navy for acts of valour in the air. Recipients of the medal are entitled to use the letters D.F.M. after their name. A subsequent award receives a silver bar with an eagle in the centre of it. It is equivalent to the Distinguished Service Medal (D.S.M.) for acts of valour at sea, the Military Medal (M.M.) for acts of valour on land and the Air Force Medal (A.F.M.). The medal was designed by the medallist E Carter Preston. Air Force Medal (A.F.M.) Instituted on 3rd June 1918. The award was given to personnel of the British Armed Forces and other Commonwealth Forces for an act or acts of valour, courage or devotion to duty whilst flying though not in active operations against the enemy. Other ranks were eligible for the award. Recipients were entitled to use the letters A.F.M. after their name. The Air Force Medal was designed by E Carter Preston. He was the winner of the design for the Next of Kin Memorial Plaque. Meritorious Service Medal (M.S.M.) Instituted in 1845 (British Army), in 1849 (the Royal Marines), in 1918 (the Royal Air Force) and in 1919 (the Royal Navy). The criteria for eligibility was different for each of the above Services and the number of medals issued was also restricted within each of the Services. Army Originally the award was for meritorious service by Non-Commissioned Officers. Between 1916 and 1919 a Royal Warrant amended the eligibility of the award so that Non-Commissioned Officers could be awarded the M.S.M. in the field. Royal Marines Originally the M.S.M. was awarded for gallantry or distinguished service. Between 1916 and 1919 Non-Commissioned Officers could be awarded the M.S.M. in the field. Royal Air Force The M.S.M. was awarded for meritorious service by ground crew. Royal Navy The M.S.M was awarded for gallantry not in the face of the enemy and for meritorious service by petty officers and senior naval ratings. Mentioned in Despatches (M.I.D.) “Mentioned in Despatches” is not an award of a medal, but as a commendation of an act of gallantry it is included in this listing. To be “Mentioned in Despatches” is when an individual is mentioned by name and commended for having carried out an noteworthy act of gallantry or service. A Despatch is an official report written by the senior commander of an army in the field. It would give details of the conduct of the military operations being carried out. From the time of the Boer War the Despatches were published in the London Gazette in full or in part. The phrase “Mentioned in Despatches” was used for the first time in a newspaper article by Winston Churchill (Morning Post, 6th October 1898) (4). An individual could be mentioned in despatches more than once. As with the Victoria Cross, this commendation for an act of gallantry could be made posthumously. In 1919 Army Order 166/1919 confirmed that individuals “Mentioned in Despatches” would receive a certificate. This included personnel of the British Navy, Army and Air Force, and Indian Dominion, Colonial, Egyptian Forces and members of the Red Cross, Y.M.C.A., Y.W.C.A. and British civilians male and female. In 1920 Army Order 3/1920 authorized the issue of an emblem to signify that an individual had been “Mentioned in Despatches” between 4th August 1914 and 10th August 1920. A bronze oak leaf was issued and could be worn on the ribbon of the British Victory Medal. British Victory Medal M.I.D. Listing Individuals who are Mentioned in Despatches are listed in The London Gazette. The Gazette can be searched online: Website: www.london-gazette.co.uk/search 2nd Lieutenant Mackay The Oak Leaf in the photograph(5) was awarded to 2nd Lieutenant Mackay of the 5th Battalion Seaforth Highlanders (51st Highland Division). He had accompanied Lieutenant E A Mackintosh, MC on a raid into the enemy trenches which had been the inspiration for Mackintosh's poem ‘In Memoriam’. Inspiration for poem “In Memoriam” Citation for a Gallantry Award A citation is a brief report providing details of the deed for which an award for gallantry has been granted to an individual. A recommendation for a gallantry award was usually given by a commanding officer using Army Form W3121. When the award was granted these details were generally used to create the citation for the award. Unfortunately almost all the recommendation forms W3121 from the First World War were destroyed in enemy bombing in the Second World War. The award of a gallantry or distinguished service medal and a Mention in Despatches was published in The London Gazette. However, only some of the announcements were printed with their citation. The following gallantry awards were, however, listed with a citation: The Victoria Cross (V.C.), the Distinguished Service Order (D.S.O.), the Military Cross (M.C.) and the Distinguished Conduct Medal (D.C.M.). For information on where to find records of medals and citations see our page at:	i don't know
What in business terms is the IMF?	The World Bank and The International Monetary Fund \| Global Exchange Resources The World Bank and The International Monetary Fund Through loans, often to governments whose constituents suffer the most under the global economy, and "structural adjustment" policies, the World Bank (WB) International Monetary Fund (IMF) has kept most nations of the global south in poverty. Conditions on accepting loans ensure open market access for corporations while cutting social spending on programs such as education, health care and production credits for poor farmers. Created after World War II to help avoid Great Depression-like economic disasters, the World Bank and the IMF are the world's largest public lenders, with the Bank managing a total portfolio of $200 billion and the Fund supplying member governments with money to overcome short-term credit crunches. But when the IMF and the WB lend money to debtor countries, the money comes with strings attached. These strings come in the form of policy prescriptions called "structural adjustment policies." These policies—or SAPs, as they are sometimes called—require debtor governments to open their economies to penetration by foreign corporations, allowing access to the country's workers and environment at bargain basement prices. Structural adjustment policies mean across-the-board privatization of public utilities and publicly owned industries. They mean the slashing of government budgets, leading to cutbacks in spending on health care and education. They mean focusing resources on growing export crops for industrial countries rather than supporting family farms and growing food for local communities. And, as their imposition in country after country in Latin America, Africa, and Asia has shown, they lead to deeper inequality and environmental destruction.	International Monetary Fund
Ringo Starr narrates which children's TV series?	IMF cuts UK growth forecasts following Brexit vote \| Business \| The Guardian Economic growth (GDP) IMF cuts UK growth forecasts following Brexit vote Predictions revised down from April as IMF says EU referendum result has ‘thrown a spanner in the works’ of global recovery Workers in Canary Wharf, London. The UK economy is expected to grow by 1.3% in 2017, the IMF has said. Photograph: Chris Ratcliffe/Bloomberg/Getty Images Economic growth (GDP) IMF cuts UK growth forecasts following Brexit vote Predictions revised down from April as IMF says EU referendum result has ‘thrown a spanner in the works’ of global recovery Tuesday 19 July 2016 19.10 EDT First published on Tuesday 19 July 2016 09.00 EDT Close This article is 6 months old The International Monetary Fund has slashed its forecast for UK growth next year after warning that the decision to leave the EU had damaged the British economy’s short-term prospects and “thrown a spanner in the works” of the global recovery. The IMF, which voiced strong misgivings about a vote for Brexit before the EU referendum, said it expected the UK economy to grow by 1.3% in 2017, 0.9 percentage points lower than an estimate made in its World Economic Outlook (WEO), in April. While the fund is ruling out a full-blown recession, the analysis by one of the leading global economic bodies underlines the financial challenges facing Theresa May’s government during a period when slower growth will lead to lower tax receipts and a bigger budget deficit. IMF cuts UK and global growth forecasts following Brexit vote - business live Read more On Wednesday in Berlin, the prime minister will hold talks with the German chancellor, Angela Merkel. Both are keen to minimise the economic fallout of Brexit. Germany, with its heavy reliance on exports, is seen by the IMF as the most vulnerable eurozone country following Britain’s vote. May is expected to warn that she needs time to consult with the governments of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, as well as industry sectors, before starting formal negotiations with Brussels. Tomorrow she goes to France for a meeting with the president, François Hollande, where she will deliver a similar message about the need to resist triggering article 50 until Britain is fully prepared for talks. May and her ministers are keen to talk up the prospects for the economy, with the upbeat response from the Treasury to the IMF report contrasting with the pessimistic tone that had been adopted under George Osborne in the weeks leading up to the EU referendum. A Treasury spokesman said overtures from Australia about a trade deal and the willingness of Softbank to pay £24bn for the technology firm ARM showed the UK could make a success of Brexit. “The decision to leave the EU marks a new phase for the British economy, but our message is this: our country remains open for business. We are the same outward-looking, globally minded, big-thinking country we have always been.” The IMF urged policymakers in the UK and rest of the EU to end the uncertainty. “Of primary importance is a smooth and predictable transition to a new set of post-exit trading and financial relationships that as much as possible preserves gains from trade between the UK and the EU.” The IMF said it had cut its forecasts for the global economy due to the likely knock-on effect of the vote on other countries, particularly in Europe. Maury Obstfeld, the IMF’s economic counsellor, said: “The first half of 2016 revealed some promising signs – stronger than expected growth in the euro area and Japan, as well as a partial recovery in commodity prices that helped several emerging and developing economies. Pinterest Maury Obstfeld said the IMF had been prepared to upgrade global growth projections for 2016-17 prior to the Brexit vote. Photograph: Getty Images “As of 22 June [the day before the referendum], we were therefore prepared to upgrade our 2016-17 global growth projections slightly. But Brexit has thrown a spanner in the works.” The IMF predicted global growth of 3.1% in 2016 and 3.4% in 2017, both of which were 0.1 points lower than forecast in April. Britain is still expected to be the second fastest growing economy in the G7 this year – behind the US, despite having its growth forecast for 2016 trimmed by 0.2 percentage points to 1.7%. The IMF believes that next year the UK will have similar growth rates to Germany – the eurozone economy most affected by the Brexit-induced slowdown – and France. Germany’s growth is now estimated at 1.2% in 2017, a fall of 0.4 points. It said: “The vote in the UK in favour of leaving the EU adds significant uncertainty to an already fragile global recovery. The vote has caused significant political change in the UK, generated uncertainty about the nature of its future economic relations with the EU, and could heighten political risks in the union itself. Continuing uncertainty is likely to weigh on consumption and especially investment.” The WEO update said there was a risk that the impact of the UK’s decision to leave could prove worse than expected. “With Brexit still very much unfolding, the extent of economic and political uncertainty has risen, and the likelihood of outcomes more negative than the one in the baseline has increased.” The IMF outlined two alternative scenarios to its forecast, one moderately worse, one significantly. However, Obstfeld said the resilience of financial markets since 23 June meant that the fund was putting “less weight” on gloomy forecasts. There could still be a second referendum in Britain – if EU leaders listen \| Vernon Bogdanor Read more A forecast from the European commission, however, was less sanguine. In its first post-Brexit assessment, the commission said the UK would, at best, grow by 1.1% in 2017, but there was a risk that the economy could contract by 0.3%. The shadow chancellor, John McDonnell, said of the announcement: “Today’s report from the IMF is another blow for the government and further highlights that they had no plan whatsoever for after a Brexit vote.” Matt Whittaker, chief economist at the Resolution Foundation, said that if the IMF forecast were right, the UK economy would be £21bn smaller than thought: “A £21bn [cut] in the … economy alone would reduce the tax take by £150m a week.” The Adam Smith Institute said the “rebooting” of the economy after Brexit should include the scrapping of corporation tax, abolition of subsidies for farmers, and protection of Britain’s fishing waters.	i don't know
Which country grows the most fruit?	California produces a sizable majority of many American fruits, vegetables, and nuts, including 99 percent of artichokes Photo by Darrin Zammit Lupi/Reuters Food scientists at Cornell University have produced a strain of broccoli that thrives in hot environments, which may make it possible for states with stiflingly hot summers to grow the vegetable. California, where cool coastal fog is perfect for growing standard broccoli, currently produces more than 90 percent of the broccoli grown in the United States. If California were to disappear, what would the American diet be like? Expensive and grainy. California produces a sizable majority of many American fruits, vegetables, and nuts: 99 percent of artichokes, 99 percent of walnuts, 97 percent of kiwis, 97 percent of plums, 95 percent of celery, 95 percent of garlic, 89 percent of cauliflower, 71 percent of spinach, and 69 percent of carrots (and the list goes on and on). Some of this is due to climate and soil. No other state, or even a combination of states, can match California’s output per acre. Lemon yields in California , for example, are more than 50 percent higher than in Arizona . California spinach yield per acre is 60 percent higher than the national average. Without California, supply of all these products in the United States and abroad would dip, and in the first few years, a few might be nearly impossible to find. Orchard-based products in particular, such as nuts and some fruits, would take many years to spring back. Price surges would eventually become the larger issue. Rising prices would force Americans to consume more grains, which are locked in a complicated price-dependent relationship with fresh fruits, vegetables, and meats. When the price of produce increases, people eat more grain. When the price of grain drops, people eat more fruits and vegetables. (In fact, in some parts of the world, wheat and rice are the only proven “Giffen goods” —a product in which decreasing prices lead to decreasing demand.) Young people and the poor in America, more than others, eat less fresh food when prices rise. The loss of California’s output would create a dire situation for at least a decade. History suggests, however, that we’d eventually find a way to cope. A state’s agricultural makeup can evolve surprisingly quickly—California’s certainly did. In the 1860s, the state’s leading crops were wheat and corn. Beginning in the 1880s, however, the state ceased to be the nation’s breadbasket and became its fruit and vegetable basket. Rail-links made transcontinental food shipments possible. Cities on the Eastern seaboard offered staggeringly high prices for produce. Interest rates dropped from 100 percent during the Gold Rush that began in 1849 to 30 percent in 1860 to 10 percent in the 1890s. This decline afforded California farmers the time to change over to slow-developing crops such as nuts and tree fruits. The land under irrigation grew four-fold from 1889 to 1914. Manufacturers of farm equipment relocated to California and designed equipment specifically for the state’s farming conditions, the same way automobile parts suppliers flooded Detroit in the early 20th century and computer engineers moved to Silicon Valley in the 1990s. If the rest of the nation were to lose California’s agricultural riches tomorrow, we might see a similar process begin in other states. Although few states will ever have California’s glorious year-round-growing climate, they could easily improve transportation and other infrastructure to increase agricultural efficiency. Got a question about today’s news? Ask the Explainer Brian Palmer covers science and medicine for Slate.	China
Which company is owned by Bill Gates?	Fruit Producers Quiz Find the US States Ultimate Minefield824 Your Account Isn't Verified! In order to create a playlist on Sporcle, you need to verify the email address you used during registration. Go to your Sporcle Settings to finish the process. report this ad	i don't know
What would you do with a maris piper?	What would you do with a maris piper? - General Discussion - Engineering and I.T Discussion Forum What would you do with a maris piper? What would you do with a maris piper? answer is "Eat it - it’s a potato". With Quick-Reply you can write a post when viewing a topic without loading a new page. You can still use bulletin board code and smileys as you would in a normal post. Warning: this topic has not been posted in for at least 120 days. Unless you're sure you want to reply, please consider starting a new topic. Name:	eat it it s potato
Caligari is the capital of what island?	What would you do with a maris piper? - General Discussion - Engineering and I.T Discussion Forum What would you do with a maris piper? What would you do with a maris piper? answer is "Eat it - it’s a potato". With Quick-Reply you can write a post when viewing a topic without loading a new page. You can still use bulletin board code and smileys as you would in a normal post. Warning: this topic has not been posted in for at least 120 days. Unless you're sure you want to reply, please consider starting a new topic. Name:	i don't know
In what country are the Drakesberg mountains?	Drakensberg \| mountain range, Africa \| Britannica.com mountain range, Africa list of cities and towns in South Africa Drakensberg, the main mountain range of Southern Africa . The Drakensberg rises to more than 11,400 feet (3,475 metres) and extends roughly northeast to southwest for 700 miles (1,125 km) parallel to the southeastern coast of South Africa . Rock and cave art several thousands of years old has been found in the range. There are many game reserves and parks. In 2000 uKhahlamba/Drakensberg Park was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site . The Drakensberg is part of the Great Escarpment and separates the extensive high plateaus of the South African interior from the lower lands along the coast. From its northeastern termination in Limpopo and Mpumalanga provinces, the range extends through Lesotho to Eastern Cape province. The range separates Mpumalanga and Free State provinces and Lesotho on the plateau from lower-lying Swaziland and KwaZulu-Natal province near the coast. The Drakensberg is the main watershed of South Africa and is the source of the Orange River . A time-lapse survey of the Drakensberg mountain range, Southern Africa. © Martin Harvey (A Britannica Publishing Partner) Drakensberg mountains, South Africa. © PG Images/Fotolia Giant’s Castle Game Reserve, home to Giant’s Castle peak (background), located in the Drakensberg … © Pat on stock/Fotolia The most-elevated stretch of the Drakensberg, in eastern and southern Lesotho, is composed of severely eroded basalt capping a sandstone base. Its pinnacles and broken and fractured blocks present a steep eastern scarp (10,000 to more than 11,000 feet [3,000 to 3,300 metres] in elevation) along the length of the border between Lesotho and KwaZulu-Natal; a steep southern scarp (8,000 to 10,000 feet [2,400 to 3,000 metres] in elevation) lies along the length of the Lesotho–Eastern Cape province border. The local Zulu name for the eastern face, Quathlamba, meaning “barrier of pointed spears” or “piled-up rocks,” is an accurate physical description of this part of the Drakensberg. Immediately below the steep scarps to the south and east are sandstone terraces with basalt outcrops and deep valleys running to the sea; this is an area of many game reserves and scenic national parks. Segment of the Drakensberg known as Cathedral Peak, South Africa Gerald Cubitt	South Africa
Venice stands on what river?	Places to stay and things to do - Drakensberg Experience Northern Drakensberg The Drakensberg Experience - Adventure without borders Find places to visit, things to do and the best accommodation in one of the most fascinating and rewarding regions to visit in South Africa, The Drakensberg. Regarded as the adventure capital of South Africa, The Drakensberg Experience is located in the province of KwaZulu-Natal. Stunning vistas and beautiful sunny skies in winter make it ideal for hiking and outdoor activities. The route is centred on the Drakensberg World Heritage Site, which includes Giant’s Castle and the Central and Northern Drakensberg. The area extends from Hidcote in the south to Sterkfontein Dam in the north, including towns such as Estcourt, Winterton, Bergville, Weenen and Geluksburg, and covering the area up to but not including the towns of Colenso and Ladysmith. Known to the Zulu people as uKhahlamba ('barrier of spears'), the Drakensberg mountains ('dragon mountains') provide a magnificent semi-circular border between KwaZulu-Natal and the inland mountain kingdom of Lesotho. The watershed of the basalt peaks divides the rain and snow, some flowing westwards over the alpine plateau of Lesotho towards the Atlantic Ocean, and some down the vertical slopes into KwaZulu-Natal, towards the warm Indian Ocean. Hits: 1583	i don't know
What is the capital of Chechnya?	Capital of Chechnya - definition of Capital of Chechnya by The Free Dictionary Capital of Chechnya - definition of Capital of Chechnya by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Capital+of+Chechnya Related to Capital of Chechnya: Chechen Republic , Kicking Horse River Groz·ny or Groz·nyy (grôz′nē) The capital of Chechnya in southwest Russia. In the center of a rich oil-producing area, it was a major objective of German forces during World War II. Much of the city was destroyed in battles (1994-1995 and 1999-2000) between Russian troops and Chechen secessionists. Grozny	Grozny
What is the sacred animal of Thailand?	Russia's Chechnya has long terrorist connections FacebookEmail Twitter Google+ LinkedIn Pinterest Russia's Chechnya has long terrorist connections Militants from Chechnya and other restive regions in Russia's volatile North Caucasus have targeted Moscow and other areas with bombings and hostage-takings. Post to Facebook Russia's Chechnya has long terrorist connections Militants from Chechnya and other restive regions in Russia's volatile North Caucasus have targeted Moscow and other areas with bombings and hostage-takings. Check out this story on USATODAY.com: http://usat.ly/15r8g0x CancelSend A link has been sent to your friend's email address. Posted! A link has been posted to your Facebook feed. 244 To find out more about Facebook commenting please read the Conversation Guidelines and FAQs Russia's Chechnya has long terrorist connections The Chechen people: A fierce resistance Resistance is a consistent thread running through Chechnya's complicated history: against Mongol hordes, against Turkic fighters, against Russian troops. Chechens are variously seen as valorous defenders of their beleaguered homeland and as vile terrorists. The Chechen roots of the two Boston Marathon bombing suspects has drawn new attention to Chechen identity. Sponsored by Ethnic Unity The People Chechens are one of a bewildering array of ethnic groups originating in the steep and inhospitable Caucasus Mountains. Of the estimated 1.7 million Chechens worldwide, about 1.4 million live in Russia, mostly in Chechnya proper. Their Chechen language is unrelated to Russian or other major tongues, adding to a sense of ethnic unity. Photo: A man prays in the Heart of Chechnya mosque. (AFP/Getty Images) Formidable Warriors Before the 20th Century Beginning with resistance to Mongol invasions in the 13th century, Chechens became known as formidable warriors. As czarist Russian forces began offensives to take control of the Caucasus in the 19th century, Chechnya's warlords earned a reputation for being wily, bold and venal. Russian forces gained control of Chechnya in 1859 after some four decades of fighting. The Russian fortress that was a key element of the conquest eventually gave its name to what became Chechnya's capital. Photo: Russian soldiers stand atop armored personnel carriers before heading toward Chechnya on Dec. 19, 1999. (AP) World War II Ethnic Cleansing During World War II, Soviet dictator Josef Stalin saw Chechens as likely allies of the Nazis, so deported them en masse to Siberia and Central Asia in 1944. They were allowed to return only in 1957 and the suffering of the deportation remains a potent touchstone for Chechens. Photo: A woman cries as she stands near what is left of a two-story building destroyed in a blast in 2003. (AP) 1980s-1990s Modern Wars As the Soviet Union began to collapse in the late 1980s, air force general Dzhokhar Dudayev, a Chechen, became sympathetic to the independence movement in Estonia where he commanded a division. Dudayev refused orders to mobilize his forces to take control of Estonia's parliament and broadcast facilities, then resigned from the military in 1990 and returned to Chechnya to lead the separatist movement there. A full-scale war with Russian forces began in late 1994. Although Russian forces inflicted enormous damage, the rebels fought them to a standstill. In the fall of 1996, several months after Dudayev was killed in a rocket strike, the army withdrew. Photo: Special Force officers are seen in front of the Chechen parliament complex after a bomb blast in Grozny on Oct. 19, 2010. (AP) Late 1990s Lawlessness and Violence Chechnya then fell into appalling lawlessness, plagued by widespread ransom kidnappings; some abductees were beheaded. Dudayev's successor Aslan Maskhadov unsuccessfully tried to rein in a rising strain of Wahhabi Islamic violence led by his rival, warlord Shamil Basayev. After Basayev initiated an invasion of neighboring Dagestan in 1999 to try to form an Islamic caliphate, Chechnya's days of de-facto independence were numbered. Russian forces pulverized Grozny again and rebels fled the capital, but tormented Russian soldiers with hit-and-run attacks for years afterward before fading from view. Photo: A Chechen police officer is?silhouetted?against flames of a fire raging in an oil well outside Grozny in 2006. (AP) Terror Attacks Years of Terror Before the insurgents were quelled, they mounted several grisly terror attacks outside Chechnya. In 2002, Chechens seized a Moscow theater and some 850 hostages, a siege that ended with 129 hostages and all 41 hostage-takers dead when Russian forces filled the auditorium with a narcotic gas. In 2004, the insurgents seized a school in the town of Beslan; more than 330 people, about half of them children, died in the siege's end. A suicide bomber killed 37 people at Moscow's busiest airport in 2011. Photo: A wounded blast victim is wheeled in a hospital in Moscow on Jan. 24, 2011. (AP) Kadyrov Leadership Chechnya Now Under Kremlin-backed leader Ramzan Kadyrov, Chechnya has quietened. A huge infusion of federal funds has turned parts of ruined Grozny into a shiny display of new buildings. But Kadyrov is widely denounced for human rights abuses, including allegations of killing opponents. He has also imposed some Islamic restrictions on the region, including mandatory public headscarves for women. Photo: Kadyrov watches a parade on May 9, 2011. (AFP/Getty Images) Ray Locker, Kevin McCoy and Gregg Zoroya, USA TODAY 10:43 a.m. EDT April 20, 2013 Hostages sit with their weapons in the school in Beslan, Russia, taken during the early part of the siege which began on Sept. 1, 2004, and ended with over 300 people dead. (Photo: File photo by Russian Television Channel via AP) Story Highlights Chechen mujahedin group denies connection to Tsarnaev brothers Region has been the focus of decades of fighting between Muslim residents and Russians Some Chechen groups have recruited fighters from outside the region, experts say Chechnya, the Russian republic whose struggle against Russia inspired the two brothers suspected of the Boston Marathon bombings, has been the center of violent separatist uprising and bloody bomb-related killings for decades. But "mainstream Chechnyan mujahedin have not traditionally been a direct threat to the United States," said Evan Kohlmann, senior partner of Flashpoint Global Partners, a New York-based international security consulting firm. Several other organizations do recruit Chechen fighters, however, he said. FULL COVERAGE: Boston Marathon suspects, victims He said the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan and one of its splinter groups, the Islamic Jihad Union, both have recruited Chechen, Turks and other non-Arab Muslims to fight with them against U.S. forces in Afghanistan. According to Kohlmann, both of these groups are based in the Waziristan tribal area of Pakistan, "and these groups can be just as radical as anything al-Qaeda puts out." "They have a strong animus against the United States," Kohlmann said. But he cautioned against making any assumption at this point that the bombing suspects were recruited and/or trained by foreign terror organizations. "What happened (in Boston) is within the capability of two relatively sophisticated, homegrown individuals," Kohlmann said. "These two people seem to have come out of nowhere." David Schanzer, a terrorism expert at Duke University, said the attack appeared to be "homegrown" and that the suspects appear unsophisticated and without ties to or training from international terrorist groups. "The fact that they needed to rob an ATM to get money (suggests) they didn't get large amount of outside funding. They had no escape plan to leave the country," Schanzer said. "These are hallmarks of people who are not particularly sophisticated. I don't see this as a highly planned plot. They seemed to be making this up as they go along." Several links have been identified between Chechen guerrillas and al-Qaeda, according to an analysis by the Council on Foreign Relations. Despite the two suspects' apparent affinity for the Chechen cause, anti-separatist Chechen leader Ramzan Kadyrov said there was no link between his country and Tamerlan and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, the two brothers suspected of the Boston bombings. "We don't know the Tsarnaevs, they did not live in Chechnya. They lived and studied in America," Kadyrov said Friday. "It has become habitual, everything that is happening in the world is connected to Chechens. Blame the Chechens." x Share A former FBI special agent in charge says behind the scenes, there is a massive intelligence gathering effort looking at the ties between the Boston Marathon bombing suspects and the Chechnya region in Russia. (April 19) AP Kohlmann sent a post on his Twitter feed Friday that the official arm of the Chechen mujahedin has denied any connection between them and the Boston suspects. Ruslan Tsarni of Montgomery Village, Md., the uncle of the two brothers, said the family was ethnic Chechen. Author Kimberly Marten, who researched Chechnya for her recent book, Warlords Strong-Arm Brokers in Weak States, cautioned Friday against concluding that the Boston attack was an act of terror. "We shouldn't assume... there's a political motive behind the bombing," said Marten, who's a political science professor at Barnard College in New York City and director of Columbia University's Harriman Institute. Most of the Chechens' acts have come in Chechnya, Russia or neighboring republics. Among the most shocking acts of violence was an attack in the neighboring republic of North Ossetia in 2004, where militants seized a school and, in the three-day siege that followed, more than 300 were killed, most of them children. The attack was ordered by Chechen separatist leader Shamil Basayev, who was himself killed in a 2006 bombing believed to have been conducted by Russian internal security forces. Militants from Chechnya and other restive regions have targeted Moscow and other areas with bombings and hostage-takings for more than 20 years. The republic is predominantly Muslim and has waged two wars with Russian security forces since the demise of the Soviet Union in 1991. President Vladimir Putin has often stressed that al-Qaeda is linked with Chechen fighters. According to the Council on Foreign Relations analysis, a Chechen warlord is said to have met with Osama bin Laden while both were fighting against the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan from 1979-89. Authorities have also found links between Chechen separatists and other Islamist terrorist groups. The U.S. Justice Department said in a 2004 report that Zacharias Moussaoui, who was convicted for his role in the 9/11 attacks, had previously sought to recruit at least one man to fight in Chechnya. Intelligence officials in France had warned the FBI of Moussaoui's connection to the Chechen fighters. An online jihadist, "Abu Sulaiman al-Nasser," boasted Friday that the Tsarnaev brothers "made the streets of America just like the streets of Afghanistan." Violence dates back to the years after World War II when the Soviet leader Josef Stalin crushed a revolt there during the Nazi invasion and in 1944 deported the entire Chechen population to Siberia and Kazakhstan. They were allowed to return to their homeland in 1957. Shortly after the Soviet Union's collapse, Chechnya declared independence from Russia, a move that eventually led to war from 1994-1996 when tens of thousands died and Russian regained control of the republic. The Tsarnaev family reportedly fled Chechnya for nearby Kazakhstan and, later, the United States. Fighting broke out in Chechnya again in 2000 when Russian forces destroyed much of the republic's capital city of Grozny in a bid to crush resistance. With the killing of key militant leaders, the separatist movement has been quelled, although violence in the region continues. Chechen militants have committed sporadic large-scale attacks in Russia since the 1990s. In March 2010, Chechen terrorists claimed responsibility for bombings on the Moscow subway system that killed more than 40 people. In June 2010, the State Department added Chechen rebel Doku Umarov, who claimed responsibility for the March subway attack, to its terrorist list and froze his assets. A 2008 report by the Congressional Research Service said in 2007 Russian security forces ran 850 sweeps through Chechnya that involved surrounding entire villages and searching every house. "Critics of the operations allege that the troops frequently engage in pillaging and gratuitous violence and are responsible for kidnappings for ransom and 'disappearances' of civilians,' " the report said. Of the region's almost 1.3 million residents, ethnic Chechens make up about 95%, according to Russian government statistics. The rest are a combination of ethnic Russians and other ethnic groups from nearby countries and regions. Contributing: Brad Heath and Thomas Frank in Washington; Anna G. Arutunya in Moscow. 4902 CONNECT TWEET LINKEDIN 244 COMMENTEMAILMORE Read or Share this story: http://usat.ly/15r8g0x NEVER MISS OUT	i don't know
Timbucktoo is in which country?	The Legend of Timbuktu, Mali and Today By Matt Rosenberg Updated February 19, 2016. The word "Timbuktu" (or Timbuctoo or Tombouctou) is used in several languages to represent a far-away place but Timbuktu is an actual city in the African country of Mali . Where Is Timbuktu? Located near the edge the Niger River, Timbuktu is situated near the middle of Mali in Africa. Timbuktu has a population of approximately 30,000 and is a major Saharan Desert trading post. The Legend of Timbuktu Timbuktu was founded by nomads in the twelfth century and it rapidly became a major trading depot for the caravans of the Sahara Desert . During the fourteenth century, the legend of Timbuktu as a rich cultural center spread through the world. The beginning of the legend can be traced to 1324, when the Emperor of Mali made his pilgrimage to Mecca via Cairo. In Cairo, the merchants and traders were impressed by the amount of gold carried by the emperor, who claimed that the gold was from Timbuktu. Furthermore, in 1354 the great Muslim explorer Ibn Batuta wrote of his visit to Timbuktu and told of the wealth and gold of the region. continue reading below our video Test Your General Science Knowledge Thus, Timbuktu became renown as an African El Dorado, a city made of gold. During the fifteenth century, Timbuktu grew in importance, but its homes were never made of gold. Timbuktu produced few of its own goods but served as the major trading center for salt trade across the desert region. The city also became a center of Islamic study and the home of a university and extensive library. The city's maximum population during the 1400s probably numbered somewhere between 50,000 to 100,000, with approximately one-quarter of the population composed of scholars and students. The Timbuktu Legend Grows The legend of Timbuktu's wealth refused to die and only grew. A 1526 visit to Timbuktu by a Muslim from Grenada, Leo Africanus, told of Timbuktu as a typical trading outpost. This only incited further interest in the city. In 1618, a London company was formed to establish trade with Timbuktu. Unfortunately, the first trading expedition ended up with the massacre of all its members and a second expedition sailed up the Gambia River and thus never reached Timbuktu. In the 1700s and early 1800s, many explorers attempted to reach Timbuktu but none returned. Many unsuccessful and successful explorers were forced to drink camel urine, their own urine, or even blood to attempt to survive the barren Sahara Desert. Known wells would be dry or would not provide enough water upon an expedition's arrival. Mungo Park was a Scottish doctor who attempted a trip to Timbuktu in 1805. Unfortunately, his expedition team of dozens of Europeans and natives all died or abandoned the expedition along the way and Park was left to sail along the Niger River, never visiting Timbuktu, but merely shooting at people and other objects on the shore with his guns as his insanity increased along his voyage. His body was never found. In 1824, the Geographical Society of Paris offered a reward of 7000 francs and a gold metal valued at 2,000 francs to the first European who could visit Timbuktu and return to tell their story of the mythical city. European Arrival in Timbuktu The first European acknowledged to have reached Timbuktu was Scottish explorer Gordon Laing. He left Tripoli in 1825 and traveled for a year and a month to reach Timbuktu. On the way, he was attacked by the ruling Tuareg nomads and was shot, cut by swords, and broke his arm. He recovered from the vicious attack and made his way to Timbuktu and arrived in August 1826. Laing was unimpressed with Timbuktu, which had, as Leo Africanus reported, become simply a salt trading outpost filled with mud-walled homes in the middle of a barren desert. Laing remained in Timbuktu for just over one month. Two days after leaving Timbuktu, he was murdered. French explorer Rene-Auguste Caillie had better luck than Laing. He planned to make his trip to Timbuktu disguised as an Arab as part of a caravan, much to the chagrin of proper European explorers of the era. Caillie studied Arabic and the Islamic religion for several years. In April 1827, he left the coast of West Africa and reached Timbuktu a year later, even though he was ill for five months during the trip. Caillie was unimpressed with Timbuktu and remained there for two weeks. He then returned to Morocco and then home to France. Caillie published three volumes about his travels and was awarded the prize from the Geographical Society of Paris. German geographer Heinrich Barth left Tripoli with two other explorers in 1850 for a trek to Timbuktu but his companions both died. Barth reached Timbuktu in 1853 and did not return home until 1855 - he was feared dead by many. Barth gained fame through the publication of his five volumes of his experiences. As with previous explorers to Timbuktu, Barth found the city quite the anti-climax. French Colonial Control of Timbuktu In the late 1800s, France took control of the Mali region and decided to take Timbuktu away from the control of the violent Tuareg who controlled trade in the area. The French military was sent to occupy Timbuktu in 1894. Under the command of Major Joseph Joffre (later a famous World War I general), Timbuktu was occupied and became the site of a French fort. Communication between Timbuktu and France was difficult, making Timbuktu an unhappy place for a soldier to be stationed. Nonetheless, the area around Timbuktu was well protected from the Tuareg so other nomad groups were able to live without fear of the hostile Tuareg. Modern Timbuktu Even after the invention of air travel, the Sahara was unyielding. The plane making an inaugural air flight from Algiers to Timbuktu in 1920 was lost. Eventually, a successful air strip was established; however, today, Timbuktu is still most commonly reached by camel, motor vehicle, or boat. In 1960, Timbuktu became part of the independent country of Mali. The population of Timbuktu in a 1940 census was estimated at approximately 5,000 people; in 1976, the population was 19,000; in 1987 (the latest estimate available), 32,000 people resided in the city. In 1988, Timbuktu was designated a United Nations World Heritage Site and efforts are underway to preserve and protect the city and especially its centuries-old mosques.	Mali
Who said If a lie is told in the Whitehouse Nixon gets royalty?	Timbuktuheritage.org - History of Timbuktu - A Multicultural African Legacy timbuktuheritage.org History of Timbuktu - A Multicultural African Legacy Most people think of Timbuktu as the remotest place on earth. Others even think of Timbuktu as being a legend or place which existed only in people’s imagination. Timbuktu is located in the present day Republic of Mali at the edge of the Sahara desert. Timbuktu was founded by the Tuareg Imashagan or Kel Tamasheq in the 11th century. The Kel Tamasheq roamed the desert during the rainy season in search of grazing lands for their herds and camels. During the dry season, however, they camped a few miles from the Niger river in search of water and grass for their live stock. Whenever the desert becomes green, the Turareg will leave their heavy goods with an old Tamasheq women called Tin Abutut who shortly thereafter became a warehouse or a depot for commercial goods transiting from the desert. The city of Timbuktu has taken its name from this famous black lady. The historic town of Timbuktu is located at the precise point where the Niger flows northward into the southern edge of the Sahara desert. As a result of its unique geographical position, Timbuktu has been a natural meeting point of Songhai, Wangara, Fulani, Tuareg and Arabs. According to the inhabitants of Timbuktu, gold came from the south, the salt from the north and Divine knowledge from Timbuktu. Timbuktu is also the cross-road where the camel met the canoe. It is to this privilege position that the city owes much of its historical dynamism. From the 11th century and onward, Timbuktu became an important port where goods from West Africa and North Africa were traded. Goods coming the Mediterranean shores and salt were traded in Timbuktu for gold. The prosperity of the city attracted African and Arabs who were both scholars and merchants. This unique combination of scholarship and business were the cornerstones that made Timbuktu a city of wealth and truth and therefore a booming desert port. Salt, books and gold were the main commodities that were traded in Timbuktu. Salt was extracted from the mines of Tegaza and Taoudenit in the north, gold from the immense gold mines of the Boure and Banbuk and books were the refined work of black and Arabs scholars. Timbuktu flourished as a result of its strategic position. It is here in Timbuktu that African merchants from Djenne traded with the Kel Tamasheq nomads and the Arabs from the north. The Kel Tamasheq and the Jenne Merchants were the first settlers of Timbuktu. The Adobe structure of the houses in Timbuktu was the product of African and Arabs architecture. Trade and knowledge were at their height. The capture and destruction of the empire of Ghana by the king of Sosso cause a mass exodus of scholars from Walata to Timbuktu. By the 12th century, Timbuktu became a celebrated center of Islamic learning and a commercial establishment. Timbuktu had a university with three main renown departments and 180 Quranic schools. These are the department of Sankore, the department of Jingaray Ber and the department of Sidi Yahya. This was the golden age of Africa. Books were not only written in Timbuktu, but they were also imported and copied there. There was an advanced local book copying industry in the city. The universities and private libraries contained unparalleled scholarly works. The famous scholar of Timbuktu Ahmad Baba who was among those deported to Morocco said that his library of 1600 books had been plundered, and his library, according to him, was one of the smaller in the city. Timbuktu was a veritable melting pot and hub of knowledge and commerce. The city welcomed everyone. On April 20th 1628, the French explorer Rene Caille reached the legendary city of Timbuktu. Rene Caille used to say about Timbuktu: “ When I enter this mysterious city, I was overwhelmed by an incredible feeling of satisfaction, I had never felt such a feeling before in my life and my joy was extreme.” The German explorer Henry Barth had a similar experience. Today, the city is still welcoming visitors from faraway lands. The travelers have said that Timbuktu is the Rome of the Sudan, the Athena of Africa and the Mecca of the Sahara. To sum it up, Timbuktu was the city of Divine light, the city of knowledge, the city of trade an the city of hospitality. The booming economy of Timbuktu attracted the attention of the Emperor of Mali, Mansa Mussa also known as Kan Kan Mussa. He captured the city in 1325. As a Muslim, Mansa Mussa was impressed with the Islamic legacy of Timbuktu. On his return from Mecca, Mans Mussa brought with him an Egyptian architect by the name of Abu Es Haq Es Saheli. The architect was paid 200 kg of gold to built Jingaray Ber or the Friday prayers Mosque. Mansa Musa also built a royal palace or Madugu in Timbuktu. In addition, the Emperor invited Arabs scholars to Timbuktu. To his great surprise, the Emperor realized that these scholars were unqualified to engage in debates with the black scholars of Timbuktu. Abd Arahman Atimmi, for example, who though of himself as being an Arab scholar realized that he had such an inferior academic knowledge compared to Timbuktu’s scholars that he decided to migrate to Marrakech to complete his prerequisites so he can sit in the classes as a student. Mansa Mussa pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324 had made Mali known worldwide. The Emperor took with him 12 tones of pure gold and a large caravan of 60,000 men on horses and camels. He had so much gold with him that when he stopped in Egypt, the Egyptian currency lost its value and as result the name of Mali and Timbuktu appeared on the 14th century world map. His brother Abu Bakar the II decided to find a way by the Atlantic ocean to go to Mecca. Abu Bakar and his maritime expedition left the shores of Senegal and sailed in the Atlantic Ocean. They encountered so much difficulties and challenges that they came back to Senegal. Abu Bakar reorganized his expedition, took enough provisions and a huge army with him. This expedition has never been seen again. Today, there is a strong historical evidence pointing to the possibility that this Malian prince was the first one to discover America. In Brazil for instance, their is a presence of the mandinka language, traditions and customs. In 1339, The Mossi king invaded Timbuktu. The Mossi caused a lot of corruption, killing and destruction in the city. The Mandika dynasty, however, succeeded in repulsing the invaders. Timbuktu remained under the protection of the descendants of Mansa Musa until 1434 when the Tuareg under the leadership of Akil Akamalwal invaded and captured the city. Akil was very pious. He respected the Ulemas or scholars. Akil reappointed Mohammad Naddi, a Sanhaja Tuareg as the governor of the city. When Mohammad Naddi died, Akil appointed his oldest son Umar to take his place. The Tuareg, later on, however, spread so much injustice, corruption and tyranny, that Umar ibn Mohammad Naddi, the new governor of Timbuktu sought the help of Soni Ali Ber, ruler of the Songhai Empire with his base in Gao. In 1469, Soni Ali conquered the city of Timbuktu. Akil fled the city. Soni Ali put to death so many scholars that most them fled to Walata which is the actual Republic of Mauritania. This is the reason why many of the manuscripts of Timbuktu are found in Mauritania today. One of the generals of Soni Ali who is a devout Muslim by the name of Askia Mohammad could not tolerate the tragic treatment Soni inflicted on the Ulemas or scholars of Timbuktu. The Prince of the Songhai Askia Mohammad overthrew Soni Ali in 1493. Askia Mohammad recomforted the scholars, financially rehabilitated them and stood by them. In fact for all Islamic legal rulings on how to run the state, Askia Mohammad turned to these scholars. There are manuscripts in Timbuktu today where the answers to the questions of Askia are recorded. Under the Askia dynasty, Timbuktu prospered both intellectually and trade wise until 1591 when the Moroccan army under the leadership of Pasha Mahmud ibn Zarqun sacked the city of Timbuktu. The Moroccan army plundered the wealth of the city, burned the libraries, put to death many scholars who resisted them and deported many to Fez and Marrakech including the eminent scholar of Timbuktu Ahmed Baba Es Sudane, meaning Ahmed Baba the black as he is preferred to be called. The scholars of Timbuktu were righteous, devout and were not afraid of anything accept Allah, the Most High. It was in this context that when Pasha Mahmud tried to deceive the scholars by having them sign a treacherous treaty, the black eminent scholar and fearless professor of Sidi Yahya University, Mohammad Bagayogo objected and told the Pasha: “ I would rather have you cut my hand up to the shoulder than to bear a false testimony.” A lot of manuscripts left the city of Timbuktu under the Moroccan invasion to find their way to Fez and Marrakech. In 1893, with the colonization of West Africa by France, Timbuktu was brought under the French rule until in 1960 when Mali became independent. Many of the manuscripts of Timbuktu are in the museums and universities of France.	i don't know
What animal was the symbol of freedom in ancient Rome?	Find Your Animal Symbols & Animal Symbol Meanings Ant: Animal Symbols Ants are symbols meaning the accomplishment of a great labor, wisdom and providence. Ants are industrious and cooperate well as a group for community benefit. The strength of ants in proportion to their size is also legendary. Ants are social insects related to wasps and bees. Ants form colonies where each ant has a specific role to play for the survivial of the group as a whole. Ants thrive all over the world with the exception of Antartica and a few islands. Ants are used in many cultures for both food and medication. Ants are believed to communicate through their sense of smell, aided by their long antennae. More Information on This Website Nature and Its Symbols Antelope: Animal Symbols Antelopes are symbols meaning beauty, sharp vision, gentleness and speed. In ancient Rome, the antelope was sacred to Minerva, goddess of wisdom. The fleetness of the antelope has been proverbial in many cultures. For a woman to be compared to an antelope is a high compliment: she is graceful, beautiful and has beautiful eyes. The keen eyesight of the antelope led to a belief in ancient Persia and Arabia that antelopes could see into the future. The fleetness of the antelope, also known as a gazelle, was also legendary. In the Rig-Veda, the antelope is the steed of the winds. The gazelle also appears in the Old Testament, representing man armed with two horns (abstinence and obedience) to defend himself from temptation. Recommended Amazon Books About Antelope Nature and Its Symbols Camel: Animal Symbols Camels are symbols meaning both humility, willingness to serve and obstinacy. In medieval art and sculpture, the camel was used to represent humility and the willingness to bear another's burden, largely because camels are trained to kneel down to receive heavy loads. Many artists employing this symbolism had no direct experience with camels. In the east, however, camels are famous as being disagreeable and obstinate. An eastern proverb proclaims that the camel, "Curses it its ancestors on the way up a hill and its Maker on the way down." For Egyptians, camels are symbolic of complainers and those who are slow on their feet. The average life expectancy of a camel is 45 years. They can run at speeds of up to 40 miles per hour and sustain sppeds of 25 miles per hour. Their humps actually sotre fatty tissue rather than water as is commonly believed. More Information on This Website Nature and Its Symbols Cat: Animal Symbols Cats are symbols meaning spiritual power and freedom or love of liberty. Cats were sacred in ancient Egypt. The Egyptian goddess Bast was feline and her chariot was drawn by cats. In the Christian world, cats were maligned as associating with witches and the devil. Cats have also been used as negative symbols of women, especially predatory women or those who seek to entice men to sexual misconduct. Likewise, "tom-cats" have a similar reputation. To be "catty" is to be flirtatious. A "cat-house" is a place of prostitution. In addition, the cat is highly fertile and often has large litters. These associations have dampened the cat's magical qualities in some circles, although cats remain a favorite pet and useful for keeping the rodent population in check around the world. Cats have been associated with humans for at least 9,500 years. They are the most popular pet worldwide. More Information About Cats on This Website Nature and Its Symbols Deer: Animal Symbols Deer are symbols meaning heavenly longing, undisciplined vigor, the defeat of evil and the ability to renew one's youth. The deer's search for water in the wilderness has often been compared to man's search for God. There is a le that deer draw snakes from their holes and then trample them to death--this is the basis of the idea of deer as defeaters of evil. In ancient Greece, the stag was a symbol of the anchorite or celibate dedicated to God. For the Druids, a deer or hart was also capable of prophecy. Visions often occurred in the presence of deer. (Photo courtesy of Exlbris , Wikimedia Commons) Recommended Amazon Books About Deer Nature and Its Symbols Dog: Animal Symbols Dogs are symbols meaning companion and guardian. Among nineteenth century Hindus, dogs often appeared as the manifestation of a local deity and were regarded as sacred. Shiva sometimes rode on a dog. Among ancient Greeks, the dog was regarded as a magical animal with power over life and death. The dog was both the symbol of Gula, a goddess of healing and protection , and Hecate, the goddess of both life and death. In Egypt, dogs were buried next to their masters to guide them to the next world. However, both the Romans and Greeks also used the term dog as a derogatory appellation. In the Old Testament, dogs were symbolic, of outcast, hostile people. The dog was also a symbol of unbridled lust due to it's habit of copulating in public. Finally, the dog is one of the twelve animals of the Chinese zodiac. In this context, dogs are generally seen in a positive light: loyal, faithful, honest and willing to fight injustice. More Info On This Website Learn more about Chinese astrological symbols. Learn more about Chinese animal symbolism. Recommended Amazon Books About Dogs Nature and Its Symbols Dolphin: Animal Symbols The dolphin is a symbol meaning charity and a kind affection towards children. Dolphins are viewed as free-spirited, happy and fun-loving. In Native American symbolism, dolphins mean joy, harmony and a connection with one's higher self. The intelligence of dolphins is well-documented, including their ability to learn sign language, to communicate with their own complex language and their ability to form deep attachments to humans. They have also been known to protect humans from shark attacks or even save them from drowning. There are almost 40 species of dolphins. They are closely related to whales and porpoises. Dolphins have a streamline body that is perfect for fast swimming. Doplphins have extrememly sharp hearing and eyesight. They have no sense of smell, but their sense of taste may serve a similiar function since they live most of their lives beneath the surface of the water. More Info On This Website Nature and Its Symbols Dove: Animal Symbols The dove is a symbol meaning loving constancy and peace. In Christian iconography, the dove is a clear symbol of the Holy Spirit. A dove can also be a symbol of martyrdom, the soul or the Church itself. The story of Noah and the flood is one of the original Biblical stories in which a dove appears, used as a means of determining if the flood water were receding. Doves and pigeons are in the same family and the words are sometimes used interchangeably. Doves and pigeons are present in all parts of the world, including oceanic islands. More About Doves on This Website Learn more about Celtic bird symbolism. Learn more about the dove in Chinese animal symbolism. Recommended Amazon Books Nature and Its Symbols Eagle: Animal Symbols The eagle is a symbol meaning a man of action, a lofty spirit, intelligent and judicious. The eagle's sharp vision gives him the ability to see hidden truths and spiritual principles. The eagle has powers of intuition, creativity and the balance of power with grace. Eagles are large birds of prey with more than 60 species. Eagles have a large, powerful hooked beak and talons. Eagles build their nexts in tall trees or on high cliffs. They usually lay one or two eggs per season. (Photo courtesy of KetaDesign , Wikimedia Commons) More Information About Eagles on This Website Learn more about Celtic bird symbolism. Read Aesop's fables about eagles . Recommended Amazon Books Nature and Its Symbols Elephant: Animal Symbols The elephant has long been regarded as a symbol of divine wisdom in India. Sovereigns often assumed titles such as "lord of the elephants" or "the white elephant". The qualities of the elephant are recognized throughout the Orient: longevity, strength, patience, endurance and self-restraint. The ability of elephants to aid in battle led to their additional symbolic meaning of triumph, power and victory. Elephants are large land mammals with only three species living today: African Bush elephant, African forest elephant and Asian elephant. The elephant's gestation period is 22 months, the longest of any animal. The name elephant originates with the Greek word for "ivory". Recommended Amazon Books Nature and Its Symbols Falcon: Animal Symbols The falcon is a symbol meaning one in eager pursuit of an object greatly desired. Falcons are migratory birds that travel long distances. Falcons have a keen intellect and an incredible ability to judge the movements of their prey. Falcons symbolize success, victory, superiority, freedom and aspiration. A person with falcon qualities can rise above difficult situations. Falcons are strategic planners with visionary powers. The word falconery refers to the practice of hunting with trained birds of prey. There are many species of falcons which appear to intermix, resulting in ongoing hybridization. Falcons have tapered wings to fly at high speeds and change direction quickly. (Photo courtesy of jjron , Wikimedia Commons) More Information on This Website Learn more about Celtic bird symbolism. Recommended Amazon Books Nature and Its Symbols Fish: Animal Symbols The fish is a symbol meaning immortality and the source of life. In Egypt, the symbol of a fish sometimes replaced the bird to represent eternity. The fish was recognized as having a connection to the earliest forms of life that emerged from the sea in myths and legends. The power of gargantuan fish monsters also added mystery and power to fish symbolism. In Christian iconography, the fish alone was able to survive the Great Flood. The great whale that swallowed Jonah was later interpreted as a foreshadowing of Christ's days in the tomb before His resurrection. However, the selection of the fish as a symbol for Christians was more likely because the Greek letters for Jesus Christ of God the Son Savior spell ichthus--fish. Recommended Amazon Books Nature and Its Symbols Goat: Animal Symbols The goat is a symbol meaning victory through policy and debate. The goat is a symbol of mental activity, often including religious or artistic inclinations. The goat is sensitive, but can also symbolize overt sexuality or a cunning and mischievous nature. The devil himself is said to occasionally appear in the form of a goat. Goats are closely related to sheepo and there are over three hundred distinct breeds of goats. (Photo courtesy of Karsten Dörre, Wikimedia Commons) More About Goats on This Website Learn more about domestic goats and other farm animals in Chinese animal symbolism. Recommended Amazon Books Nature and Its Symbols Hedgehog: Animal Symbols The hedgehog is a symbol meaning provident provider. In Celtic lore, the hedgehog is a symbol of rejuvenation and spring. The hedgehog is also referred to as a urcheon or urchin. The hedgehog's ability to curl itself up in a prickly ball has given it the additional meaning of self-preservation. There are seventeen species of hedgehogs which have changed very little over the last seventeen million years. Their spines are not poisonous or barbed and cannot easily be removed (unlike the porcupine). (Photo courtesy of Lar Karlsson, Wikimedia Commons) More Information About Hedgehogs on This Website Nature and Its Symbols Horse: Animal Symbols The horse is a symbol meaning willingness to work and independence. In ancient Rome, the horse was clearly associated with death itself as it pulled the chariot of the sun god over the horizon into darkness. In ancient Nordic art and religious ceremonies, the horse replaced the sacrificial bull of Mediterranean cultures. The horse signified resurrection from the dead to the Nordic peoples as it carried the dead to the other side of life. Horses have been domesticated since at least 4,000 BC. Horses are divided into three categories based on temperament: hot bloods (speed and endurance), cold bloods (draft horses), and warm bloods (riding horses). More About Horses on This Website Nature and Its Symbols Lamb: Animal Symbols The lamb is a symbol meaning gentleness and patience with suffering. The sacrificial lamb led to the Christian association of the lamb with Christ himself., the Lamb of God, thus becoming an emblem of faith.The lamb is also symbolic of the followers of Christ, those who are taken care of by the Good Shepherd. Lambs are also classic symbols of pastoral life, peace and freedom from strife. Sheep are ruminant animals raised for their fleece, meat and milk, often made into cheese. (Photo courtesy of Keven Law , Los Angeles, USA, Wikimedia Commons) More Information on This Website Learn more about farm animal symbolism in Chinese iconography . Read Aesop's fable about the lamb and the wolf. Recommended Amazon Books Nature and Its Symbols Leopard: Animal Symbols The leopard is a symbol meaning a valiant and hardy warrior. Leopard skins were worn by priests of ancient Egypt to ward off evil spirits. Leopards, like cougars and jaguars, are also considered to be familiars for shamans. In African lore, the leopard is stealthy, shrewd, solitary and loyal only to its own cubs. A Tanzanian proverb reads: "He who dines with the leopard is liable to be eaten." The leopard is the smallest of the big cats. The other three are tigers, lions and jaguars. The leopard will consume almost any animal it can hunt down and can run at speeds of up to 36 miles per hour. (Photo courtesy of JanErkamp , Wikipedia) Recommended Amazon Books Nature and Its Symbols Lion: Animal Symbols The lion is a symbol meaning deathless courage and fearlessness. In heraldry, the lion symbolizes, bravery, strength and royalty. The body of the lion has been used in mythological creatures, most notably composing the the body of the sphinx in ancient Egypt. In China, lion statues are common guardians of temples, villages and even private homes. Lion images symbolize protection of the fame and reputation of an individual or family. Until approximately 10,000 years ago, the lion was the most widespread land mammal after humans. The male lion is easily recognizable by his mane, which makes the lion appear larger and is used for intimidation. Images of lions have been found in the oldest cave dwellings on earth. The lion's main competitor in Africa is the spotted hyena. More Information About Lions on This Website Read Aesop's fable Androcles and the Lion . Read Aesop's fable about the lion and the eagle. Read Aesop's fable about the lion and the mouse . Learn more about Chinese lion symbolism. Recommended Amazon Books Nature and Its Symbols Lynx: Animal Symbols The lynx is a symbol meaning acute sight. Early legends claimed that the lynx could see through tree trunks, walls and mountains. The piercing quality of the sight of the lynx led to association with the omniscience of Christ. In the Renaissance, the lynx represented any man who could see clearly in the metaphorical sense. The lynx was also purported to have magical urine that turned into precious stones. However, the lynx would bury it's urine, thus depriving man of this treasure. As a result, the lynx came to symbolize avarice and lack of generosity. (Photo courtesy of Nevit Dilmen , Wikimedia Commons) Recommended Amazon Books Nature and Its Symbols Mountain Lion: Animal Symbols The mountain lion is a symbol meaning liberty, vigilance, forecast and courage. Mountain lions are pure carnivores that live and hunt alone except for mothers with cubs. They are agile, strong and have the ability to become almost invisible as they blend with their surroundings. Mountain lions are natural leaders, balancing intention, strength and responsibility. Mountain lions are also known as cougars, pumas, mountain cats or panthers. Mountains lions are reclusive and usually avoid people, so attacks on humans are rare. Mountain lions are most active at dawn and dusk and hunt alone. (Photo courtesy of ltshears, Wikimedia Commons) Recommended Amazon Books Nature and Its Symbols Owl: Animal Symbols The owl is a symbol meaning vigilance and acute wit. The owl has long been associated with the spiritual and the magical. In Celtic symbolism, the owl is noted for wisdom, keen sight, and patience. The owl is a guide in the underworld and an effective hunter. The owl can help to reveal those who would take advantage of another or deceive others. Owls are generally solitary and nocturnal. There are about 200 species of owls, Owls hunt small mammels such as mice, insects, samll birds or sometimes fish. (Photo courtesy of CharlesC , Wikimedia Commons) More About Owls on This Website Learn more about Celtic bird symbolism. Recommended Amazon Books Nature and Its Symbols Ox: Animal Symbols The ox is a symbol meaning industry, patience and strength. As a former principal medium of trade, the ox also represents wealth. In Christianity, the ox is a symbol of the prophets and saints martyred for their faith and ultimately a symbol of Christ the true sacrifice. The ox also symbolized the Jews. This was carried through legends claiming that the ox stood by the cradle of Christ, fulfilling the prophecy of Isaiah that "the ox knows his owner (Isaiah 1:3). The ox was further the symbol of one of the four main evangelists, Saint Luke. In Chinese astrology, the ox is steadfast and solid, a dependable leader with an innate ability to achieve great things. (Photo courtesy of Papa November , Wikimedia Commons) More About the Ox on This Website Nature and Its Symbols Peacock: Animal Symbols The peacock is a symbol meaning beauty and pride of carriage. The peacock is a symbol of self-renewal and immortality. Ancient peoples believed that the peacock's flesh did not decay after death. The peacock became a symbol of the resurrection linked directly to Christ. Only the male possesses the extravagant tail used during courtship. The female is dull brown, green and grey. Peacocks are forest birds that nest on the ground. Peacocks eat pts, flowers, insects and small amphibians or reptiles. Peacocks were associated with the ancient Greek god Hera. More About Peacocks on This Website Nature and Its Symbols Pelican: Animal Symbols The pelican is a symbol meaning devotion and self-sacrificing charity. In medieval Europe, the pelican was thought to provide her own blood to her young when no food was available. This led to an association with the passion of Christ and the eucharist. The pelican appears today on the Louisiana state flag and seal. Pelicans eat fish, amphibians, crustaceans and occasionally small birds. White peans sometimes fish in groups by chasing schools of fish into shallow water. Pelicans toss larger fish into the air and swallow them head first. More About Pelicans on This Website Nature and Its Symbols Pig: Animal Symbols The pig is a symbol meaning honor and generosity. Pigs symbolize happiness and are notably intelligent. Pigs are omnivores with a reputation for gluttony. Wild pigs forage mainly for leaves, grasses, seds, and berries. Pigs have been domesticated since about 13,000BC. There are roximately 2 billion domesticated pigs worldwide. In Chinese astrology, those born under the sign of the pig love to be needed and feel best when everyone around them is smiling. They see only the best in others and may be exclusive in their friendships. They are nice to a fault and have impeccable manners and taste. Pigs care a great deal about family and friends. More Information on This Website Nature and Its Symbols Porcupine: Animal Symbols The porcupine is a symbol meaning protection from both near and far. This is due to the porcupines ability to sting those who attack it directly with its quills and also the belief that they to shoot quills at those who are far away. This is actually not true (you can only get quills from a procupine if they are close enough to brush against you while they are moving quickly). However, this meaning made the porcupine a popular heraldic animal. In 1397, the Duke of Orleans instituted the Order of the Porcupine with the motto "from far and near", meaning specifically that he would attack his enemy the Duke of Burgandy both at a distance and near at hand. (Photo created by CJBerry, Wikimedia Commons) Recommended Amazon Books Nature and Its Symbols Ram: Animal Symbols The ram is a symbol meaning authority and leadership, common in heraldic symbolism. In ancient times, the ram was symbolic of virility and violence and was an attribute of Mars. The aggressiveness of the ram is traditionally depicted as two butting rams colliding. Rams and sheep are one of the earliest animsl that were domesticated. Sheep and rams have been used as sacrificail animals in various religions around the world. The wool from sheep and rams is a notable insulator and harvested in many cultures.(Photo courtesy of Cheva , Wikimedia Commons) Recommended Amazon Books Nature and Its Symbols Rat: Animal Symbols The rat is a symbol meaning clever and quick-witted, sometimes deceiving others or getting others in trouble ("ratting on them"). Rats are used extensively in lab tested for products and behavioral training. Rats are medium-sized, long-tailed mammals, usually black, brown, white or grey in color. In Chinese astrology, those born under the sign of the rat also revel in excess and get away with promoting their own agendas at every turn. They are hoarders, but also generous to those in their "pack" of friends. More Information on This Website Learn more about Chinese astrological symbols. (Photo courtesy of tinneke, Wikimedia Commons) Recommended Amazon Books Nature and Its Symbols Rhinoceros: Animal Symbols The rhinoceros is a symbol meaning great ferocity when aroused. The image of the rhinoceros can protect a home from robbery, accidents or harm. In an office, the rhinoceros will protect from back-stabbing or unfair politics. There are five species of rhinoceros. Two are native to Africa and three are native to sourthern Asia. Rhinoceros generally eat leaves and can weigh up to one ton. Some species have one horn while others have two. Rhinoceros can live to be about 60 years old. (Photo courtesy of ryan harvey , Wikimedia Commons) Recommended Amazon Books Nature and Its Symbols Rooster: Animal Symbols The rooster is a symbol meaning courage, readiness to fight and defense to the death. Although chickens are now a common, inexpensive food in the modern world, they were once a treasured rarity in China. For this reason, chickens and roosters came to represent prosperity and abundance. Roosters were also noted for their ability to warn farmers of the approach of strangers. In this way, they served as guards of the farmer's property. They came to symbolize vigilance and protection of the abundance represented by their female counterparts. Roosters are one of twelve signs in the Chinese zodiac. In this tradition, they are symbols meaning practicality, resourcefulness and keen observation. More Information on This Website Nature and Its Symbols Snake: Animal Symbols The snake is a symbol meaning danger, charm and sexual energy (especially male). The snake is one of the oldest symbols, appearing repeatedly in the Bible as well as in the iconography of Egypt and other ancient cultures. The snake is one of the Chinese astrological symbols. Those born under the snake sign lead charmed lives, usually gain or inherit wealth and are seductive and attractive to others. They may be insecure or possessive but they know how to get things done. More Information on This Website Learn more about Chinese astrological symbols. (Photo courtesy of Ande9174 , Wikimedia Commons) Recommended Amazon Books Nature and Its Symbols Stork: Animal Symbols The stork is a symbol meaning happiness, prosperity, children, gratitude and filial duty. The western association with the stork as a bringer of children may have originated with their habit of nesting atop chimneys, from which vantage point they could drop new babies down into the house below. The small red or pinkipatches often found on a newborn's face or neck are referred to as "stork bites". The stork is the symbol of Alsace in eastern France. Storks were once thought to be monogamous, but they may change mates after migration. There are nineteen living species of storks. Most eat frogs, small mammals, fish, insects, earthworms and small birds. Storks create large nests that they may use for many years. They are mostly monogamous, but may change mates after migration. More Information on This Website Nature and Its Symbols Tiger: Animal Symbols The tiger is a symbol meaning power and energy around the world. The tiger is featured prominently in Chinese mythology and ranks second behind the lion as a badge of military rank. Tiger claws and whiskers are talismans against fear and ill-luck and tiger images have been traditionally painted on interior walls to ward off demons. The strength of the tiger combined with feline stealth make this animal a fearsome enemy but a tremendous ally. The tiger is the largest and most dangerous of the "big cats". Tigers in the wild live about 10-15 years and they can live 20 years in captivity. Tigers generally live alone, requiring large ranges for hunting. This has led to conflicts with human populations. More Information on This Website Nature and Its Symbols Tortoise: Animal Symbols The tortoise is a symbol meaning invulnerability to attack. Among amphibians, the tortoise is clearly separated from the poisonous snake and the fearsome lizard. Supernaturally endowed with amazing powers, tortoises are emblematic of steadfast effort and eventual, inevitable success. The tortoise is one of the four cardinal animals of Chinese cosmology with the dragon, phoenix, and unicorn. Tortoises are generally reclusive animals. Toroises dig burrows and deposit from one to thirty eggs. The eggs are left unattended and hatch in 60 to 120 days. Tortoises generally hve lifespans that are comparable to humans and have been known to live as long as 150 years. The oldest recorded lifespan of a toroise is 188 years, from 1777 to 1965. More Information on This Website Nature and Its Symbols Wolf: Animal Symbols The wolf is a symbol meaning valiance over the course of long effort. A wolf also symbolizes one who is dangerous to assail and reacts violently to being thwarted. In pagan iconography, the wolf represents cunning intelligence. Wolves are highly communicative and operate within a highly structured social system. The wolf is the largest member of the Canidae family. The wolf shares a common ancestery with the domestic dog. Wolf size and weight varies widely worldwide. Female wolves are smaller than their male counterparts. Wolves rely on their endurance to outrun prey. More Information on This Website Read Aesop's fable about the lamb and the wolf. (Photo courtesy of Ber'Zophus , Wikimedia Commons) Recommended Amazon Books	Cat
What was the first Beatles song licensed for use in a Nike advert?	ANIMALS, BIRDS, AND INSECTS AND THEIR MEANINGS AARDVARK - a tendency to hide from problems ABOMINABLE SNOWMAN - denotes spiritual truths that are not easily accepted ALLIGATOR - spiritual aspects that are self-serving, can denotes a person who attacks out of nowhere, people who lie in wait and then attack, a person with vicious speech which is destructive ANT - denotes cooperation with others APE - cautions against loss of individuality, pretending to be someone who you are not, aping someone, being a copycat instead of your true self. A symbol of malice and ugliness. The ape was a holy animal in ancient India, the god Hanuman, as in the epic Ramayana. He is a symbol of strength, loyalty, and self-sacrifice. In the Chinese Zodiac, the ape is the ninth sign. The ape is the calendar symbol in ancient Mexican cultures, lending its name (in Aztec Ozomatli, in Mayan Ba'tz) to the the day of the month. The ape was a god of dance, and those born under this sign were expected to become jugglers, pranksters, dancers, or singers. In ancient mexico, the ape represents the wind. In the ancient Mexican myth of periodic "ends of the world", the second era or "sun," the wind-sun, was ended by devastating tornadoes, and the humans of this era were transformed into apes. Apes in chains represent the "devil" vanquished. It is a symbol of insecurity and doubt about one's own role in life as well as immodesty. BABOON - immaturity or lack of individuality. Thoth, the god of wisdom, though sometimes appearing with the head of an ibis, frequently appears as an old, white caped baboon. BADGER - denotes a person with a 'nagging' personality, usually one who interferes with another's life. It is a symbol of vice, afraid of the light, and lives in the dark. The badger represents avarice because it lives on it's own body fat. BAT - denotes the use of spiritual intuition in all aspects of life BEAGLE - (dog) refers to a sympathy seeking friend BEAR - an overbearing personality of a friend or situation, someone who can crush another with just a look or a word This negative creature is used in the business world also to denote a negative situation. Fighting and winning a battle with a bear denotes the triumph of Christ over the devil. In China, the bear symbolizes strength, Dreaming of a bear sometimes foretells the birth of a son. BEAST - denotes crude or unacceptable behavior BEAVER - denotes the ability to recognize one's spiritual aspects at "home" while balancing and utilizing "life's" opportunities, industrious BEDBUG - negative aspected related to sleeping arrangements or sleep patterns BEE - denotes industrious and cooperative teamwork and denotes diligence and a sense of order. A beeswarm suggests an overwhelming situation Being stung by a bee can represent a negative situation. Dreaming of a bee flying away can symbolize death as the bee is the soul, but if the bee flies into the mouth of the dead person, that person will come back to life. In the mediterranean civilizations, the bee was seen to be brave, chaste, industrious, clean and lives harmoniously. The Christians looked upon the bee hive as the church and the bees as the parishioners, who collected only the best from all the flowers. They were symbols of purity and abstinence. In the secular world, the bee was a royal symbol and the queen bee was long regarded as a King. The sweetness symbolised Christ and his mercy. The sting was felt to be the last judgment. BEETLE - denotes negative interference's in one's life situations BEHEMOTH - denotes an aspect in one's life that is larger than life, perhaps overwhelming and too big to handle alone BIGFOOT - denotes aspects of reality that are not accepted BIRD - denotes personality characteristics, usually high characteristics of beauty, joy and love that transcendent quality that lifts man from his lower self to his higher self, from the material world to the spiritual world - see specific bird type for other connotations A dark, ugly bird can denote a person's state of love in the negative context. To see a bird fly can symbolize the desire to fly free or to reach heaven like the angels. BIRD OF PARADISE - denotes extravagant and elaborate thoughts. On the positive side, it can symbolize lightness, closeness to God, and removal from worldly concerns as well as the Virgin Mary. BLACKBIRD - denotes an omen BLUEBIRD - denotes spiritual joy and contentedness, foretells happy conditions in one's life BLUEJAY - denotes spiritual joy and contentedness BOA CONSTRICTOR - a smothering or constricting situation or relationship BOAR - denotes a haughty personality, or a bore to others, an aggressive animal, It has a reputation as a symbol of unflinching courage and ferocity. In christian iconology, the boar is a symbol of Christ. It is however primarily of diabolical forces as in the case of tyrants. To the celts it symbolised military courage and strength. BOBCAT - see lion BOOKWORM - denotes a tendency to accumulate knowledge without applying it BUFFALO - can denote gullibility, or perseverance BUG - irritations in daily life. BULL - may denote a tendency toward narrow-mindedness, in the business world however, denotes a positive situation, a driving force,a rapidly rising market. Seeing a bull with a distorted head means stubbornness and 'bullheadedness'. It generally symbolizes vitality and masculine strength. Bulls were worshipped in many religions especially as symbols of potency and for their horns which resemble the lunar crescent. The bull Taurus is the second sign of the Zodiac. (April 21 to May 21) an earth sign. Those born under the sign are said to be clumsy earthbound, tenacious, and powerful. This sign is ruled by the planet Venus which connects the love goddess to the bull. BUZZARD - denotes a gloating nature, one who stands in wait to pick up what is left over BUTTERFLY - denotes renewal and rejuvenation, the ability to bounce back from setbacks or disappointments, a transformation of spirituality. They stand for beauty and metamorphosis. It symbolizes the human soul. In Japan, the butterfly symbolizes young womanhood. Two butterflies dancing about one another symbolize marital happiness. In China, the butterfly symbolizes long life and beauty. CAMEL - denote stubborn and stupid beast of burden. They have very bad attitudes. Can denote arrogance and haughtiness. They denote negative reactions. It also denotes obedience, tenacity and perseverance on the good side. CANARY - can denote either a joyful emotion or on the negative side a gossip situation. CAT - denotes an independent nature, or can denote negative personality or situations. It can mean uncooperativeness and isolation as well. To see a black cat denotes bad luck. To see oneself petting a cat can mean you get pleasure from negative emotions. Concern over the health of a cat can mean concern over a destruction habit. Seeing the death of a cat can mean the death of a negative aspect of oneself which is spiritual progress. Seeing black and white cats denotes seeing the good and bad sides of oneself, both the constructive and destructive side. To have a cat disappear represents shows the power of good intentions to succeed. see type of cat - CATERPILLAR - denotes stage of life prior to transition into next phase of life and a need to prepare oneself To see a caterpillar eating leaves denotes the destructive activity to destroy one's spiritual life. CATTLE - denotes a lack of self-confidence or individuality CENTAUR - A mythical monster, half horse and half man, the male's head attached to the neck of the horse. Denotes discord and internal tension. Symbolizes the animal nature in man, untamed, and subservience to basic drives, their animal side.The Centaur in astrology is the ninth sign of the zodiac, shooting an arrow, a Fire sign. Those born under this sign are said to be resolute, aggressive, spirited, and seekers of light, energy, and power. CHICKEN - denotes a feeling of fear or reluctance to face situation in life Seeing a chicken with it's head cut off signifies hysterical futility because the person is not using their head. It can be a symbol for timidity or lack of courage. CHIHUAHUA - (dog) see that you do not underestimate the power or abilities of the other person in a situation CHIMERA - a monster, part lion, part goat and part serpent, having one head from each of these animals.. A symbol of imaginings or rumour. In mythology, the chimera is said to be the daughter of Echidna, who was part serpent and part woman, and Typhon, a monster from the underworld. In the myth, the Chimera was killed by Bellerophon, riding on a winged horse named Pegasus. The Chimera appears on several coats of arms in cities like Corinth and Cyzicus. The triadic form stands for spring, summer, and winter. CHIMPANZEE - immaturity or lack of individuality CICADA - The tree cricket. The sound denotes 'elevated' poetry, immortality or life after death.A stylized cicada form represents "loyalty to one's principles. COCKERSPANIEL - (dog) denotes companionship, a faithful friend, good associations COCKROACH - denotes major irritations or disruptions in one's physical, mental, or spiritual life. COLLIE - (dog) - denotes a faithful friend, to see one blocking ones way, however, means that something is blocking your spiritual path. COUGAR - denotes quiet strength and wisdom COW - can denote compassion and expression of that emotion It stands for the maternal nurturing powers of the earth. It is a universally positive force. In India the sacred cow symbolizes fertility and abundance. Slow moving cows denote inner reluctance to do something in daily life CRAB - denotes a negative personality or situation , if multiple crabs are seen, it might denote a sexual disease. Crabs move backwards so denotes misfortune. In Christian symbology, the crab sheds its shell refers to "casting off the old Adam" and resurrection from the confines of the grave. It can symbolize 'great flooding'. The fourth sign of the Zodiac, (June 23 to July 22) Cancer is a water sign, and 'feminine'. Cancer is the house of the Moon and it's metal is silver. Astrologers associate Cancer with pregnancy, imprisonment, baptism, and rebirth and the awakening of the consciousness. CRANE - denotes a sense of inquisitiveness. This is a symbol of renewal and of Christ resurrected. In China, it is a symbol of longevity, also for wisdom. A crane soaring toward the sun denotes desire for 'social elevation'. In the legends of India, however, it denotes deceit and knavery. It has also been denoted as a symbol of vigilance. See the other dream symbols to see if this symbol is positive or negative. CRAYFISH - denotes withdrawal from a responsibility or situation CROCODILE - denotes underlying negative spiritual aspects or forces, same as alligator. The crocodile also symolizes crocodile tears, those which are false CROW - denotes clear messages or straight talk DACHSHUND (dog) denotes caution against the tendency to make physical aspects of oneself too important, a high interest in materialism DALMATIAN - (dog) denotes a traveling companion, since they are black and white can represent the right and wrong of a situation, the positive and negative sides, the faithful and unfaithful. DEER - The stag with horns represents rejuvenation, rebirth, and the passage of time. The deer's antlers represent the sun's rays. In China, the deer symbolizes wealth and filial piety. In heraldry, the deer represents gentleness and mildness and long life. In Christianity, the deer striving to reach a spring denotes the desire of purification through baptism. The term 'stag' refers to a gentlemen attending a social party without a female at his side, such as a 'stag party'. DINOSAUR - denotes an overwhelming situation or a highly demanding, manipulative individual The dinosaur represents one's own primitive state of being. Killing the beast represents overcoming one's own lower nature. DOBERMAN PINCHER - (dog) denotes a person who represents the law-abiding factor in one's life. DOE - Despite the gentle appearance of a doe, it has a demonic attribute according to mythological legends. DOG - The first primary symbol is one of loyalty, vigilance and intelligence. Dogs are said to be able to see 'ghosts' and thus warn us of invisible dangers. A dark dog can denote negative aspects in one's life, a black dog were thought to be companions to witches. Hell-hounds are said to accompany Satan. In the Muslim world, the dog is considered to be unclean, but a watchdog is tolerated. In ancient Mexico, a dog was sacrificed and buried with a dead person to guide it's soul to the afterlife. In China, the dog is the 11th sign of the Chinese Zodiac with both positive and negative symbolisms. A white dog can denote a spiritual aspect and guidance that needs to be followed ; a sleeping dog shows one is unaware of what is going on, a dog pulling a sled is a helpful friend, In a dream, first look at the behavior of the dog to see whether it is positive or negative because a dark colored dog can be a sign of depression or ferocity as well. A snappy little dog can mean a bad temper. Washing a white dog represents a need to cleanse oneself of a bad aspect of oneself. -Also see separate article on wolf/dogs. DOLPHIN - Dolphins are intelligent and human-friendly. They have been noted to save lives. In Estruscan art, the dolphin carries the souls of the dead to the afterlife. DONKEY - denotes an independent personality - perhaps stubborn. It represents procreation and fertility. It is also looked upon as a ridiculous character. In Christianity, it symbolizes the Gentiles. It was used in both the 'birth' and 'riding into Jerusalem' scenes of Christ. In the doubting Thomas scene, the donkey represents insufficient faith as donkey's accompanied him. DOVE - denotes a peaceful nature or condition - may be a religious or spiritual sign from God or a spiritual guide. It represents love and tenderness. It can mean an 'inner' initiation, such as the descent of the Holy Ghost as in Matthew 3::16 when Jesus Christ was baptized In the Bible, the dove was used to symbolize the end of the Flood, and represents the Holy Spirit. It was used at Jesus Baptism, the Annunciation, the Holy Trinity, and divine inspiration. The seven gifts of the Holy Spirit are represented by seven doves, wisdom, understanding, counsel, fortitude, knowledge, piety, and fear of the Lord. Doves also stand for the newly baptized. Doves are also shown flying out of the mouths of dying martyrs. The dove is the symbol for the soul in India. In China, it stands for marital fidelity and longevity. It is also a sign of fertility. The cooing of a dove is preferable to a 'booing'. We should speak with a 'coo' rather than with harshness. DRAGON - represent the untamed natural world, a violent primeval creature. It represents the bestial element which must be defeated with strength and discipline. The Satanic element. However, in the Occidental world, the dragon is associated with happiness, produces the potion of immortality, and represents the primal essence 'yang'. It stands for procreation, fertility, activity, and wards off evil spirits. It is the 5th sign of the Chinese zodiac a symbol of the East and the rising sun. However, the white dragon represents the West and death. In Japan, it represents the rain-divinity. DUCK - denotes spiritual vulnerability, inner strength perhaps not quite strong enough to handle situations yet EAGLE - denotes self-confidence, intellectual freedom, pursuing unconventional concepts or issues The eagle can symbolize the thymus center of the body which is related to love. In America the eagle stands for freedom with responsibility. It is also the symbol of Mexico. The eagle also represents baptism and high flying is seen as Christ's ascension. It is the symbol of triumph of light over the darker forces.It represents energy, renewal, contemplation, acuity of vision, royal bearing, justice. In Freemasonry, the double headed eagle stands for the 33rd Degree of the Scottish Rite. Until the early 20th Century, it also was used in the symbols of Russia, Servia, Austria, the Roman emporer and Germany. In China, the eagle represents strength and power. ELEPHANT - denotes great, long lasting memory or memories, can also mean a generous and gregarious nature It has an image of great strength. It denotes intelligence. A white elephant announced the birth of Gautama Buddha. The white elephant brings salvation from worldly entanglements. In Hinduism , Ganesha, God of wiring and wisdom in general, has an elephant's head with with one tusk and rides a mouse. The elephant is the chief of attendants on the God Shiva. It is a symbol of victory of life over death. FALCON - denotes a spiritual relationship with higher forces A trained bird of prey. The falcon generally has the same symbolism as the Eagle and Hawk. Negatively, it can represent preying on others to benefit oneself. See other details in the dream for analysis FIREFLY - denotes moments of intense spiritual illumination FISH - denotes spiritual aspects or people in one's life, and spiritual achievements. It was the early Christian sign or symbol which separated the hostile unbelievers from the believers.It also represented the Age of Pisces which began in the year 7 A.D. Fishing represents the spiritual purposes of life and man's search for the higher consciousness. It also represents fertility and the life giving principles of the maternal. To catch a fish suggests growth of the divine self. To catch an ugly fish my imply spiritual weakness. To have an ugly fish appear denotes seeing spiritual weakness in a situation. To see a frozen fish denotes that one's spiritual life is frozen and not used as it should be. To see beautiful multicolored fish represents the joy and peace in one's spiritual life. The fish represents Christian principles. Showing a fish to someone denotes showing the Christian principles to others. Saving a fishes life represents the need to save those principles in oneself. In China, the fish represents happiness and plenty. It also stands for courage, strength, and endurance. Pisces is the last sign of the Zodiac. FLEA - denotes irritations in one's life, usually in juvenile relationships FLY - an irritation in a life situation. To swat the flies denotes needing to kill or stop the negative irritations. If one concentrates too hard on the negative irritations, one misses the important or beautiful aspects of life. Beezelbub is the Lord of the Flies is associated with swarming flies. Invincible swarms of flies were seen as embodiments of demonic powers. Swarms of flies of harbingers of disaster, Isaiah 7:18. Flies are predominantly symbols of satanic beings. FOX - denotes a cunning, trickery, malice, or shrewd person. It's reddish coat symbolizes Fire and was seen as one of the devil's followers. In ancient times, the fox was seen as very seductive and a symbol of eroticism. A white fox was the was ridden by the rice god Inari. FROG - denotes an impaired mental or physical condition. In Revelations 16:13, the frog is seen as uncleanliness as the spirits of evil. It could represent unintelligent and ugly speech. However, to a young boy, dreaming of frogs could show an interest in the study of nature to better understand life. Exodus 8:3 shows frogs as a plague upon one's house. On the positive side, the frog represents fertility, genesis, and reproductive life. In the Fairy Tale, the kissed frog turns into a Prince, a great transformation. The frog croaking in the mud for sheer joy is croaking a hymn of praise to God for the simple gift of life and is a lesson for humanity. GEESE - denotes of a personal desire to escape problems GERBIL - denotes aspects of life that are small comforts GERMAN SHEPHERD - (dog) denotes a helpful friend or condition; except if dog is threatening GIRAFFE - denotes a situation where one is meddling into the affairs of others, can denote a distortion of the image of self, too much distance between heart and head, too much emotion and not enough reason. GOAT - The male goat represents lust and vitality. It is impure, and stinking creature. He has most of the devils physical traits. It also was ridden by witches through the air. The goat also represents "idol Baphomet" of the heretical Knights Templar. It is the 'scapegoat' driven into the wilderness as the bearer of all the sinful impurity of children of Israel. Greeks associate the goat with Pan. The female goat represents the nurturing nature. It stands alongside the sheep in the nativity depictions. In Medieval bestiaries, the goat climbs tall mountains. GOLDEN CALF - denotes negative goals and misplaced priorities GOLDFISH - a spiritually confining situation, or belief GOOSE - denotes a need for more seriousness in life Usually stands for foolish behavior or being 'silly'. It is a symbol for talkative 'old people'. Gray geese area like devout Christians who keep their distance from the bustle of the world and wear grey sackcloth. White geese resemble town-dwellers giving themselves over to chatter and gossip. GORILLA - a docile and peaceful nature though low mental state which might bright troublesome activities or conditions. Could stand for emotional dysfunction or gregariousness depending on the surround details of the dream. HARE - see rabbit - a symbol of longevity, vigilance, easily frightened, cowardice, self-sacrifice, a trickster figure,passionate sexuality and lust, though the 'white' hare seen at the Virgin Mary's feet is a symbol of the triumph over the flesh. HAWK - denotes acute perceptions, an ability for quick discernment - also see eagle. HEDGEHOG - shrewd, miserly in ways of seeking wealth, loving of it's young, always has two ways out of situations. HEN - protective, patience, intellectually impoverished, highly susceptible to outside influences, panic over nothing. Also the hen sitting on eggs symbolizes supernatural forces guarding treasures. HERON - it's appearance is a good omen. contented, it's high flying serves as a warning of impending bad weather. A symbol for the souls of the world, ash-grey is the color of penitence, white the color of innocence. It is a symbol of Christ on the mount of olives. It is also curious, also discretion. HIPPOPOTAMUS - the positive symbol isi that of protection in childbirth, in the negative a destroyer of crops, expected to return as a hostile, satanic beast in the last days of the earth. HOG - denotes a tendency to take more than one needs HORNET - denotes a situation where one might get 'stung'. Swatting at one can represent can denote trying to stop the negative situation. HORSE - denotes a 'wild' nature, can be sexual connotations involved In ancient lore horses sometimes see visions, hear voices and speak. The horse is capable of quick starts but panics easily. The horse has tempestuous emotions. Dreams of horses striking out blindly are often interpreted as a longing for integration. In the book of Revelations there are a series of horses in Chapter 6. The white horse can represent qualities necessary to master, balance, and control the sex life. Fear of riding a white horse an ambivalence of feelings. Seeing four white horses represents the purification of the four lower centers. To see seven white horses swimming, means that when the spiritual quest is finished would come power and life. When balanced, this energy brings courage, persistence, drive, energy, and patience. On the negative side, the red horse usually represents dangerous, negative emotions for 'red' usually means "stop". The black horse in the book of Revelations relates to a necessary balance of the male and female qualities of the soul. Riding a black horse represents a need to control the energies of the body, usually sexual. The pale horse represents the thymus gland and represents the affections of love. Being halted by horses denotes a necessity to control and redirect the emotions. Falling off a horse shows rejection of some of the dream warnings. To follow a horses foottracks represents following Christ's footsteps. HUMMINGBIRD - Hummingbird: messenger, timelessness Hummingbird - the tiniest of all birds - brings special messages for us. It is the only creature that can stop dead while traveling at full speed. It can hover, or can go forward, backward, up or down. It lives on nectar and searches for the sweetness of life. Its long tongue lets it bypass the often tough and bitter outer layer to find the hidden treasures underneath. Hummingbird is loved by the flowers and plants, for as it sucks the nectar from the flower, the plant reproduces and more of its kind are created. In many traditions, Hummingbird feathers have been prized for their almost magical qualities. It is said that Hummingbird brings love as no other medicine can, and its presence brings joy to the observer. If you have Hummingbird medicine, you adapt easily to whatever situation you may find yourself in, and make the most of your new circumstances. You don't waste time looking back and wishing for "what was" for you are concerned with making the most of "what is". Also, you could never become addicted to any artificial stimulants, for you find joy in your own heart. You take great pleasure in spreading joy and love and beauty to all around you, and have the gift of taking that inner joy into new and different surroundings. You have a talent for finding the good in people, and are not put off by a gruff or abrupt exterior, for you know that, if you can only get beyond that tough outside layer, you'll find goodness and beauty inside. You may have a gift for working with flowers, maybe growing them to share with others, or using flower essences for healing. Aroma therapy may be your calling. You have high energy and a spirit that must be free. To restrict that wonderful, free, loving energy is to suffer great depressions and feelings of uselessness. Hummingbird must fly free in search of beauty, spreading joy and love to all it touches. HYENA - denotes a lack of seriousness or vicious nature, avarice, one who waits for the leftovers instead of being aggressive in a situation. An unclean scavenger. Jeremiah 12:9 say that you should likewise not be like the hyena, loving now the male, now the female nature (a warning against homosexual tendencies). In the olden days, the appearance of the hyena in a dream portended the birth of a sexually malformed child. The head of the hyena is one of the seven headed beast in the Book of Revelations, one of the seven vices. IBIS - denotes a spiritual esoteric aspect to spirituality. However, for the Jews, it is an unclean animal. Job 38:36 quoting God, "Who hath given the ibis wisdom and the Rooster insight?" The ibis eats dead fish and feeds it to it's young; devouring deadly deeds and even feeding it's children. IRISH SETTER - (dog) denotes nervousness and lack of focus on a situation JACKAL - denotes a predatory nature JACKASS - denotes a personality trait KANGAROO - denotes overprotectiveness, or jumpiness, can also denote long endurance KITTEN - denotes an innocence of character, may indicate a feeling of helplessness with others in a situation LADYBUG - denotes an irritating situation in one's life LAMB - usually denotes a reference to Jesus Christ or God, sacrificed by the Israelites to escape the tenth plague that God meted out to Egypt for refusing to let Moses and his people go. (Exodus 11-12) Christ, seeks lambs who have gone astray. John 1:29 quotes John the Baptist calling Christ...the lamb of God. Rev: 14:1 refers to the triumphant lamb. The Easter Lamb is the flag of victory over death. LEECH - denotes a freeloader, one who lacks self-respect and responsibility LEMMING - denotes a person who always follows and does not follow one's own path, a lack of individuality LEOPARD - denotes a tendency of resistance to LICE - denotes lack of cleanliness of the person, or emotional or mental or spiritual negativity LION - denotes a strength of character, military valor, tremendous energy, effortlessly masterful, and dominion, may indicate the "Lion" of God,. It can represent the victory of human intellect over it's animal nature. It can also be negative and denote a braggart, a roaring lion can denote anger and temper - However, the golden color can represent the good side of the individual. Being eaten by a lion represents being eaten alive by one's own bad temper. see dream situation surrounding the animal. In Astrology..it symbolizes Leo, (July 23 - Aug 23) , the fifth sign of the Zodiac, it's planet is the Sun. People born under Leo are thus solar in nature. People born under Leo are said to be natural leaders, intelligent, magnanimous. A lion can be one extreme or the other, either a symbol of the devil whom Christ overcomes, or a model for a hero. LIZARD - denotes a lack of scruples. symbolizes death followed by resurrection. It also symbolizes safety and welfare because it can lose it's tail and regenerate it. LOCUST - seen as a feared plague, the embodiment of divine retribution. The locust is Christ's comrade in the battle against the heathen. It symbolizes Christ resurrected. Swarms of them are taken as an indication that the order of the cosmos had been disturbed. LOON - denotes mental or emotional confusion LOUSE - can denote a personality trait, or a negative situation or person LYNX - acuity of vision, rapid cleverness, mental alertness. MAGGOT - denotes a self-serving personality who gains from the efforts of others MAGPIE - denotes talkativeness, 'chatterbox'. In China the magpie is considered 'good luck.' It's cry is believed to announce 'good news'. It is the embodiment of 'yang', the bird of happiness and good fortune, marital bliss. MALAMUTE - (dog) denotes a friend or person who can ease one's burden or hasten progress along a life path MOCKINGBIRD - denotes a lack of individualized expression associated with mockery, such a person committing adultery make a mockery of their marriage vows. Seeing a mockingbird may denote a rebuke in the form of this bird. MOLE - indicates a lack of communication; fearing reality. I lives in the dark and is afraid of light. It represents avarice because it lives on it's own body fat. MONARCH BUTTERFLY - denotes perseverance, a transformation in spirituality, MONKEY - immaturity or lack of individuality. Asian sculptures of three monkeys show them with their hands over their mouth, eyes, and ears which is a sign of 'evil'. In Japan, these same three monkeys are denoted by the word "saru", which means both 'monkey' and 'not do' thus symbolizing conscious abstinence from evil. MOSQUITO - denotes temporary irritations in one's daily life MOUSE - can denote a negative aspect in one's life. Mice can represent the little irritations in life. Seeing dead mice but not cleaning them up can denote refusal to let negative emotions go. They are said to have demonic and prophetic powers. Their squeaking and footsteps are taken as portents of storms. In dreams a mouse could embody the soul of the dreamer and as such leave the body and then return to it. The worst thing they do is spread pestilence. They are associated symbolically with satanic demons and with all powers hostile to humanity. In dreams, the mouse sometimes represents the female sex organ to young men. In the positive aspect, the mouse is seen as though of as analogous to the soul. See the Mouse story article for a positive aspect of the mouse MUD TURTLE - denotes a negative personality trait of near-constant confusion and withdrawal from situations MULE - denotes a stubborn personality, but independent, a reluctance to be persuaded to another's ideas MUSKRAT - denotes a repulsive attitude, an aversion NIGHTINGALE - a plaintive mother, symbolizes the human goal of producing truly melodious language. The name of the bird stands for poetry or song. The parents patiently teach their young to sing. It is a good omen. Some, however, interpret it's cry as a cry for help from a 'poor soul in purgatory' or a plaintive warning of an impending death. It also symbolizes acts of charity being rewarded. OCTOPUS - symbolizes the spirits of the Underworld and mysterious otherworldly forces. OSTRICH - It's feather symbolizes the Egyptian Goddess Maat. The eggs symbolize the virginity of Mary. It is however, a symbol of religious hypocrisy, who give the appearance of holiness, but do not act holy. OWL - denotes wisdom, a symbol of knowledge, heightened observational skills, introspective, brooding, can see in the dark, developed awareness, high spiritual enlightenment It can also mean to use more judgment in a life situation. In the negative, it represents nocturnal "furtive' habits, solitude, silent flight, a plaintive 'harbinger of death' cry, and symbolize a turning away from spiritual light. In China the owl is a harbinger of misfortune, but it is the sacred animal of the rain-god it symbolizes a demonic nightcreature and considered an evil omen. OXEN - denotes overwork, pulling harder than necessary. An image of patient servitude and peaceful strength. OYSTER - denotes inner fears or anything new, withdrawing from interaction with others PANTHER - denotes caution is necessary. A savage and cunning animal. has superior fighting courage of the female. In the positive, it has a beautiful voice, it symbolizes Christ. The Panther is said to keep the diabolical dragon away. A black panther is considered especially dangerous. PARAKEET - a lack of analytical spiritual thinking, denoting the 'love' bird could mean a relationship that is caged in and needs to be freed. PARROT - denotes the inability to think for oneself, repeats only what others say. It is a symbol of babbling humans. PEACOCK - denotes arrogance of behavior Stands for self-love. It is a positive symbol of the Sun. In the Mid-east, the Kurds view the bird as a messenger of the God. For Muslims, it symbolizes the cosmos or the sun and the moon. He symbolizes renewal and resurrection. It represents spiritual rebirth. The negative symbols are that is struts about, prides himself on his appearance and gazes haughtily about. See Proverbs 16:18, "Pride goeth before destruction." PEGASUS - (The flying Horse) symbolically is represents vitality and the strength of the horse, and with weightlessness as it flies like a bird. It symbolizes the indomitable poetic spirit overcoming the impediments of the world. PELICAN - symbolizes the sacrificial death of Christ, selfless striving for purification. It is associated with the Rosicrucian degree of the Scottish system of Free-masonry. PHEASANT - denotes a spiritual seeker. On the negative side, it symbolizes flooding, immorality, or seduction, and supernatural calamity. PHOENIX - denotes the utmost examples of spirituality, a personality who bounces back from adversity, refuses to be defeated In Mythology, the bird had a life of 500 years.Because it is consumed in fire only to rise from the ashes, it represents resurrection and immortality. It can mean the harbinger of spiritual rebirth. In the American Indian tradition, the Phoenix is starting to rise now for the destruction/recreation process of the earth. PIG - denotes one who takes more than one needs. Primarily a symbol of uncleanliness. But it represents fertility and prosperity in cultures of antiquity. In China, the pig is the 12th and last sign of the Zodiac, symbolizing manly strength. Pigs are considered unclean by the Egyptians, but not as strenuously as the Jews and Muslims. The pig is a symbol of ignorance and voracious appetitite, as well as an emblem used in mockery of Judaism. The pig is usually the 'booby' prize for coming in last in contests. Dreaming of a pig usually denotes good fortune coming one's way. PORCUPINE - denotes a a tendency to unconsciously defend oneself in obtaining one's personally goals. This person irritates others, instinctively defending against new ideas, relationships, or situations PORPOISE - denotes spiritual guidance, or humanitarian nature PRAYING MANTIS - denotes one who is a spiritual hypocrite PYTHON - denotes a suffocating personality or situation RABBIT - denotes physical or sexual obsessive preoccupation which leaves no room for spiritual development. A rabbit also denotes quiet endurance of one's pain. A white rabbit can symbolize the awakening of spirit or a symbol for Easter and resurrection. A prolific rabbit can symbolize the power of the sexual feelings. See dream surroundings for analysis RABBIT EARS - denotes one's personal spiritual antenna RACCOON - denotes an industrious personality RACEHORSE - competitiveness, a desire to be better or faster than others, a desire to get ahead of others. RAM - The male sheep is the first of the 12 signs of the Zodiac and stands for Aries (March 21 - April 20) A Fire sign. Those born under Aries are said to be aggressive, strong oriented toward progress, but to squander love and energy. It is a wild symbol of the creative forces of nature, but more linked with problems of the intellect. In the Bible, the ram was the substitute for 'human' sacrifice. RAT - a negative personality, or diseased element in one's life Think the word 'dis-ease' when seeing a rat. Feeling fear of rats in a dream can symbolize acknowledging negative aspects of oneself. It frequently represents Satan, the tempter and captor of souls. The rat is the mount of Ganesha, the elephant-headed god of learning. In Japan, the rat is the companion of the god of good fortune. In China, a miser is called a 'money rat'. RAVEN - denotes watchfulness and recognition of spiritual lies A reminder of God's love and the ability of God to meet all of man's emergencies. See Kings 17:4 where Elijah was fed by the ravens. To an Englishman, the raven can stand for self-survival or the British Empire and the continuity of the United Kingdom. However in Edgar Allen Poe's novel, the raven stood for fatalism and despair. The raven represents those who are so caught up in worldly pleasures that they keep putting off their conversion. It is a harbinger of misfortune, disease, war, and death. ROBIN - denotes a rebirth of ideas or spirit Denotes the coming of Spring, a new beginning, a new opportunity, or a new birth of self. It also relates to patience such as when he waits for the worm to emerge from the ground for his food. ROOSTER - denotes an awakening of ideas or spirituality. Negatively, the rooster is cocky and suggests aggressiveness. See other dream details for analysis. SAINT BERNARD - (dog) a helpful friend and guide SALAMANDER - the ability to merge or blend the spiritual life with and through daily life, this is a positive symbol SALMON - denotes one is going against the flow of spiritual life, or a spiritual search that is in error for one's personal path SCARAB BEETLE - denotes one's soul, the inner self and of renewal and resurrection. SCORPION - denotes a person who will retaliate if crossed. In a negative situations, one can also sting oneself in the aftermath.In the Bible it denotes demonic powers. In Astrology, the scorpion is the eight sign of the zodiac, (October 23 - November 21). It's sign is governed by the planet Mars. Scorpio is associated with male sexuality, destruction, the occult, the mystical, illumination, healing, and resurrection. It is an ambivalent sign, a source of change, a symbol of the triumph of life over death. SEA HORSE - denotes a spiritual search or belief that is a fantasy rather than reality SEAL - denotes the use of spiritual beliefs in one's daily life SEASHELL - denotes spiritual gifts. To see whole and broken seashells, one is looking at the good and bad situations in one's life. SEA SLUG - spiritual laziness SEA SNAIL - slow and methodical spiritual pace SEA TURTLE - cautious spiritual search or path SHEEP - denotes lack of individuality. See Ram and Ewe. The ewe is seen as stupid and harmless. The ram is seen as strength, vitality, and unwavering determination. In the lamb, the symbolism is innocence SHELLFISH - denotes the attempt to learn as many spiritual aspects as possible SHETLAND PONY - denotes one is concealing personal power SHRIMP - denotes the learning of refined spiritual aspects SKUNK - - a person with a strong desiree for justice to prevail SLOTH - denotes a lazy individual, warns against procrastination SLUG - a slow moving, perhaps not doing all one can in a situation, lazy SNAIL - denotes a slow, cautious attitude. It represents the resurrection of Christ and it's harmonically formed spiral shell. They are considered self-sufficient because they carry around their own houses and has all it's own belongings with it every moment. SNAKE - a non-poisonous snake denotes cleverness, proceeding with discernment, see mythology for further definitions SNAKE - a poisonous snake can relate to a person who will attack or retaliate with vengeance, can relate to temptation or evil, though as in India, it can also represent wisdom, it can represent sneakiness or treachery such as a 'snake in the grass', being bitten by a snake can represent dangerous emotions or situations where one holds or expresses poisonous thoughts or emotions. The serpent denotes the right or wrong thoughts, the wisdom of knowing the difference. SNAPPING TURTLE - a person who will retaliate in a negative situation SPARROW - denotes a gentle nature of an intellectual person SPIDER - can denote a conniving individual, or a personal protective measure. Can denote weaving a web or trap oneself is falling into. It may relate to a recent indiscretion, a warning against a temptation or habit. See the other aspects of the dream to see the situation one is dealing with. See also mythology for the positive characteristics SQUIRREL - negative connotation - scurries back and forth telling stories, elusive. STALLION HORSE - denotes uncontrolled strength, usually sexual excess, a need to contain and direct one's energies STORK - although an unclean bird, it symbolizes Christ and his disciples who destroyed satanic creatures in the northern latitudes and returned every spring was linked to Easter and the resurrection. It represents fertility and creation. In China it represents longevity. In the Netherlands it brings good fortune. It is a symbol of meditation and contemplation. It's beak represents the phallus. SWALLOW - denotes punctuality, a harbinger of spring, and resurrection. However, it has the speech of a barbarian. It is the attribute of the love goddess Aphrodite. It also represents the relationship between an older and younger brother. SWAN - denotes a personal spiritual nature of grace, inherent spiritual essence, purity, and resulting gifts. It supposedly foresees impending death and emits extraordinary cries at it's own death. The death of the swan in the ballet "Swan Lake" symbolizes the loss of the woman's gracious qualities to jealousy. Because it has black flesh it is also a symbol of hypocrisy. TADPOLE - denotes spiritual immaturity TIGER - denotes an aggressive nature, emotionally erratic, an overly severe nature. denotes one's own shortcomings and a need to re-evaluate oneself. It is the third sign of the Zodiac in China. It has vitality and energy. In China it is equated with a quarrelsome woman. However, it has great maternal instincts. TUNA - denotes spiritual generosity TURKEY - denotes an indication of promise of acquisition of food , clothing, and work TURTLE - the negative aspect is a fear of facing responsibility or reality. Can represent long life because turtles live a long time. Quiet strength,. In China it carries the world on it's back. It is a symbol of fertility and unwavering vitality, and great patience. UNICORN - denotes real possibilities, the reaches of reality. healing powers, intellect and sexuality. In China it stands for happiness and blessedness. VULTURE - denotes greedy and aggressive individuals, usually with overeating. They are considered prophetic because they followed marching armies and appeared always three days before a great battle. It symbolizes the Virgin Mary because it does not sit on it's own eggs. WALRUS - denotes spiritual righteousness WASP - indicates stinging events in life WEASEL - a person who does cowardly act WEEVIL - denotes negative elements that can destroy a person's natural abilities. These are usually jealousy, egotism, etc. WHALE - indicates spiritual generosity, a giving, compassionate individual. It is a symbol of the resurrection of the dead. WOLF - a dark, negative impression denotes a clever and evasive person, infers self-interest. A white wolf indicates a spiritual guide. It is an omen of victory, but represents the forces of Satan. In China it stands for greed and cruelty. It represents the diabolical enemy that threatens the flock of the faithful. It pretends to be lame before it attacks. They pretend to be utterly innocent and harmless but their hearts are full of deceit. A human 'wolf' relentlessly pursues large numbers of women for sexual gratification. It symbolizes cunning, treachery and gratification. In a dream it symbolizes prowling the landscape of the psyche, representing untamed external energies. It can, however, be trained to co-exist with humans. It represents alert caution. See separate article for more details of the wolf's traits. WORM - denotes an interference forcing one's way into affairs of daily life. To see a worm in some kind of food is a warning against that type of food or the diet in general. Relate it to something you just ate the day before. ZEBRA - represents the duality of good/evil, right/wrong polarity of life's events BACK TO MAIN INDEX If you would like to ask questions, make comments, or participate in this site, please e-mail to: [email protected]	i don't know
James Drury starred in which TV western series?	James Drury, star of 'The Virginian,' has roots in Salem James Drury, star of 'The Virginian,' has roots in Salem The actor reminisces about his childhood and his role in the popular western TV series. Post to Facebook James Drury, star of 'The Virginian,' has roots in Salem The actor reminisces about his childhood and his role in the popular western TV series. Check out this story on statesmanjournal.com: http://stjr.nl/1hxoKJD CancelSend A link has been sent to your friend's email address. Posted! A link has been posted to your Facebook feed. 6 Activate your digital access. James Drury, star of 'The Virginian,' has roots in Salem Capi Lynn , Statesman Journal Published 5:00 a.m. PT April 26, 2014 \| Updated 7:24 p.m. PT April 26, 2014 Posted! A link has been posted to your Facebook feed. James Drury, who grew up in Salem, was the star of the western TV series "The Virginian," which aired on NBC from 1962 to 1971. Courtesy of TheVirginian.net James Drury, who grew up in Salem, played the tough but charming ranch foreman in the 1960s TV western "The Virginian." Courtesy of TheVirginian.net Fullscreen Buy Photo This copy of an autographed photo of Salem native James Drury, who starred in the popular western TV series "The Virginian," was discovered in the Statesman Journal archives. Statesman Journal Archives Salem native James Drury starred in the popular western TV series "The Virginian" from 1962 to 1971. Courtesy of TheVirginian.net Fullscreen Buy Photo James Drury, who grew up in Salem, has more than 30 credits in television and movies, but he is best known for playing the lead role in "The Virginian." The western TV series aired on NBC from 1962 to 1971. Statesman Journal Archives Doug McClure (left) and James Drury were the only actors who had roles in The Virginian from the start of the nine-year western TV series to the end. Drury grew up in Salem. Courtesy of TheVirginian.net Fullscreen Buy Photo James Drury, the star of "The Virginian," is shown in this undated photo taken in Salem with his parents, Beatrice and James Drury Sr. Drury grew up in both Salem and New York, where his father was a professor. Statesman Journal Archives Fullscreen Buy Photo Salem native James Drury, who was the star of western TV series "The Virginian," in a rare photo without his trademark black hat. Statesman Journal Archives Salem native James Drury spent a lot of time in saddle as the star of "The Virginian," a popular western TV series that aired from 1962 to 1971. Courtesy of TheVirginian.net Salem native James Drury (right) was among the cast in "Love Me Tender," Elvis Presley's film debut. Drury has more than 30 credits in television and movies, but is best known for his starring role in "The Virginian." Courtesy of TheVirginian.net Salem native James Drury played the tough but charming ranch foreman in the popular TV series "The Virginian." Courtesy of TheVirginian.net Fullscreen Buy Photo James Drury, star of "The Virginian," in an undated photograph taken during a visit to Salem. He grew up in both Salem, where his mother's family had a ranch, and New York, where his father was a college professor. Statesman Journal Archives Fullscreen James Drury, who grew up in Salem, was the star of popular western TV series "The Virginian." His horse had a name in the show, Joe D., but he didn't. He was the nameless ranch foreman for the entire nine-year run of the show. Courtesy of TheVirginian.net Salem native James Drury, star of popular western TV series "The Virginian," still wears that trademark black hat. Courtesy of TheVirginian.net James Drury's love for horses began on his grandfather's ranch just south of Salem. Drury, who went to McKinley Elementary School and Leslie Junior High, went on to star in the popular western TV series "The Virginian." Courtesy of TheVirginian.net Like this topic? You may also like these photo galleries: Replay James Drury, who grew up in Salem, was the star of the western TV series "The Virginian," which aired on NBC from 1962 to 1971. (Photo: Courtesy of TheVirginian.net) He attended McKinley Elementary School and Leslie Junior High. He patterned his character in "The Virginian" after his maternal grandfather. He rode horses with Gov. Tom McCall in a parade in Salem in 1972. 130 CONNECT TWEET LINKEDIN 6 COMMENTEMAILMORE If you don't know the name, I bet your father or your grandfather does. James Drury. He starred in " The Virginian ," a popular western television series that aired from 1962 to 1971. What your father and grandfather may not know is that Drury spent much of his childhood in the Salem area on the family ranch. My dad had no idea, and he's a big fan. I made sure to mention the latter part in my recent phone interview with Drury, who lives in Houston and turned 80 on April 18. Drury, who rode his classy white Appaloosa into America's living rooms, is still popular with his posse, a group of some 1,640 fans who belong to a fan club of sorts on Facebook. The horse had a name in "The Virginian," — it was Joe D. — but the man never did in 249 episodes. (That's the official number, which Drury challenges: "I was there. We did 296. I don't know where they all are.") His character was called simply "The Virginian," which added to his mystique. He wore a black hat, vest and pants, with a red corduroy shirt that stood out in the first color western series on TV. Drury still wears the trademark black hat. He has more than 50 and always wears one when he makes appearances at western events, festivals and autograph shows. He usually flies in his assistant, Karen Lindsey from Ohio, to take care of the details. "So he can do all he can to be Mr. Wonderful — and he is wonderful," said Lindsey, who also is the keeper of his official website, TheVirginian.net. "He is very charismatic." I gathered that right away on the phone, and I couldn't wait to tell my dad that I spent nearly an hour shootin' the breeze with The Virginian. (Photo: Courtesy of TheVirginian.net) Man in the black hat Drury has something like 30 television and movie credits to his name, but admits his success in the third-longest running TV western behind "Gunsmoke" and "Bonanza" actually put a hitch in his career. "Since then it's been very hard to get employment," he said. "Producers and directors, even today, see me as the man in the black hat. They can't see past that." Drury made appearances on other westerns, such as " Gunsmoke ," " The Rifleman ," " Rawhide ," and " Death Valley Days ," before being chosen for the role in "The Virginian." He was tough but tender as the foreman of Shiloh Ranch, with good looks, polite manners and deadly aim, the whole package for a cowboy. Drury told me he patterned the character after his maternal grandfather, John Hezekiah Crawford, a Willamette Valley farmer and rancher. "I don't know if I ever told him that in so many words," Drury said. "He was just tickled pink with the show. To me, he was always a hero." His grandfather had a 100-acre ranch just south of Salem near Ankeny Hill, which Drury's nephew now owns. Before that his grandfather had a farm on Brown's Island, which is part of Minto-Brown Island Park. His mother, Beatrice, grew up there and graduated from Willamette University. When she went to New York to do her graduate work, she met James Drury Sr., a professor of marketing at New York University. Young James spent his childhood between homes in New York and Oregon. (Photo: Courtesy of TheVirginian.net) Parading on horseback Drury attended McKinley Elementary School and Leslie Junior High. He played football at Leslie for all of one scrimmage, getting knocked unconscious by a much bigger player. He was much better at acting and caught the bug at an early age, in part because of the ambitions of his mother. She always wanted him and his brother to be child actors, and they made many trips to Southern California to pursue those dreams. "She took us to every audition and cattle call," Drury said. "We never got a job." He studied acting and majored in drama at New York University. At the end of his junior year, while vacationing in California, he signed a contract with MGM and never returned. Drury was last in Salem in 1992, when his mother died. One of his most public visits was 20 years before that, on Aug. 18, 1972, when he was grand marshal of the parade celebrating the opening of the Vern Miller Civic Center. He and Gov. Tom McCall rode horses from the old city hall to the new one. "Gov. McCall and Gov. Hatfield were friends of ours," Drury said. He told me he would love to return. All it would take is $2,000 — his appearance fee — plus 50 cents a mile. As for accommodations, he doesn't want for anything fancy. His assistant said he prefers to stay in a motel, requesting a smoking room on the ground floor. These boots are driving Drury is proud to know that reruns of "The Virginian" on INSP (the Inspiration Network) are entertaining a new generation. He's had many people tell him their grandchildren love the show. "There are lessons they can't get anywhere else," Drury said. "A Western is a reality play. It must show triumph over evil. People of all ages love seeing the bad guys getting trumped in the end." Last summer, Drury logged 10,000 miles on his 2008 Crown Victoria to make appearances in North Dakota, Tennessee and points in between. He doesn't fly, and hasn't since 9/11, because of the changes made in airport security. "They make you take your boots off," he said. "I don't care for that. I understand the need, but I don't have to put up with it." Drury recently was in Oklahoma City for his co-star Doug McClure's posthumous induction to the Hall of Great Western Performers at the National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum. Drury was inducted in 1991. He and his wife, Carl Ann, have eight children between them. One of Drury's sons is Timothy Drury, a former keyboardist for the Eagles and Whitesnake. Out of the saddle Drury is serious about wanting to come back to Salem for a visit. He has fond memories of his childhood on the family ranch. It was there, on Bunker Hill Road, where his grandfather taught him all about farming and horses. One of his earliest memories, at the age of about 3, is when his grandfather plopped him on the back of a Belgian plow horse. "My feet were sticking straight out because the horse's back was so broad," Drury said. "I loved the smell of the horse and the dust. That's when I fell in love with horses." His grandfather also taught him about being an outdoorsman and a marksman, skills that came in handy for his role in "The Virginian." "I don't know that it helped me get the part, but it certainly helped me play the part," Drury said. "I was able to get on an old horse and ride off into the sunset right away." Learn more about James Drury online:	The Virginian
What kind of creature was Sam on the Muppet Show?	The Virginian Click here The Virginian The Virginian was kind of a mysterious guy which would suggest that the character would have been very memorable. However, the character that I remember from this show was Trampas, who was a cowhand played by the "oh, so cute" Doug McClure (maybe that's why I remember him)! But he was a series regular and always a part of the action in one way or another. Background of the Show "The Virginian" was a classic novel written in 1902 by Owen Wister, and was the basis for the TV show of the same name. In this book we were introduced to a strong, silent type of cowboy who was tough and dangerous, but also gallant. And we learned about the Code of the West, the ironclad rules of honor and conduct that the cowboy lived by. By the time The Virginian became a TV show, this code was the standard followed by all of our cowboy heroes. "The Virginian" was also produced 3 times as a motion picture; the most well-known was the version that starred Gary Cooper and Walter Huston in 1929. Here's a interesting sidelight to the original pilot. All About the Show The Virginian first aired in 1962 and ended in 1971. And here's an interesting fact - it was the first 90-minute Western series on TV! Actually it was more like a weekly movie feature. There weren't any gimmicks to this show. It was one of the leading "adult Westerns" and relied mostly on its strong cast and guest stars to provide solid performances which they did very well for the 9 years that it was on TV. James Drury played the part of The Virginian, who never revealed his real name! He was a mysterious fellow of few words who was always around forcing law and order on eveyone who needed it. The show was set in the Wyoming Territory in the 1890's. All the action took place on or around the Shiloh Ranch which had various owners during the run of the show. But the guy who never changed was (yep, my favorite!) Trampas (played by Doug McClure) - the Shiloh's wild, young cowhand. Only James Drury and Doug McClure were in the show all 9 years. Because of the nature of this Western drama, there was a long list of characters that changed over the years. These included - Judge Henry Garth - played by Lee J. Cobb from 1962 - 1966 Steve - played by Gary Clarke from 1962 - 1964 Molly Wood - played by Pippa Scott from 1962 - 1963 Betsy Garth - played by Roberta Shore from 1962 - 1965 Randy Benton - played by Randy Boone from 1964 - 1966 Emmett Ryker - played by Clu Gulager from 1964 - 1966 & then again from 1967 - 1968 Belden - played by L.Q. Jones from 1964 - 1967 Jennifer Garth - played by Diane Roter from 1965 - 1966 John Grainger - played by Charles Bickford from 1966 - 1967 Stacy Grainger - played by Don Quine from 1966 - 1968 Elizabeth Grainger - played by Sara Lane from 1966 - 1970 Sheriff Mark Abbott - played by Ross Elliott from 1966 - 1970 Clay Grainger - played by John McIntire from 1967 - 1970 Holly Grainger - played by Jeanette Nolan from 1967 - 1970 David Sutton - played by David Hartman from 1968 - 1969 Jim Horn - played by Tim Matheson from 1969 - 1970 Col. Alan MacKenzie - played by Stewart Granger from 1970 - 1971 Roy Tate - played by Lee Majors from 1970 - 1971 Parker - played by John McLiam from 1970 - 1971 Want to see some great still pictures of James Drury and other cast members from "The Virginian"? Click on the center button in the video box below What Happened to the Actors? After "The Virginian" TV series ended in 1971, James Drury appeared in a few movies including "The Virginian" TV movie in 2000. He also starred in another TV series in 1974, "Firehouse", which was a short-lived adventure show about firemen encountering various disasters each week. It ran for only 7 months. James Drury was inducted into the Hall of Great Western Performers at the National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City in 1991. He has since been a businessman, in the oil and natural gas business in Houston, TX. My favorite from "The Virginian", Doug McClure, appeared mostly in commercials for Hamms Beer throughout the 1970's and '80's but did also star in the situation comedy "Out of This World" from 1987 to 1991. Doug McClure died from lung cancer on February 5, 1995 at the young age of 59. What do you remember most about The Virginian? Do you have favorite memories about The Virginian? Please share them here! The Virginian Memories	i don't know
Who won the Tour de France 4 times 1961 to 1964?	Sardinia 66 Grunge music originated in which American city - MBA - 217 View Full Document Sardinia 66 Grunge music originated in which American city Seattle 67 The word bungalow comes from which language Hindi 68 What is the Japanese Shinkasen High speed Train 69 In what country are the Drakesberg mountains South Africa 70 Name the author who created Hannibal Lecter Thomas Harris 71 Dodie Smith wrote what book (later filmed by Disney) 101 Dalmatians 72 Venice stands on what river The Arno 73 Gary Boker Bobby Harrison Ray Rodger were in what pop group Procul Harem 74 What country launched its first space rocket January 1961 Italy 75 What have Jan Zajic and Quang Duc got in common Self Immolation 76 In 1962 - cost 20,000 - size of a small suitcase - what Portable computer 77 In France what is Framboise Raspberry 78 What held up a Cricket test Match between England Pakistan Mouse on pitch 79 What was banned from New York schools in 1962 Reading of Prayers 80 How to Handle a Woman came from which stage musical Camelot 81 James Drury starred in which TV western series The Virginian 82 Who had a hit with the song Loco-Motion Little Eva 83 Who won the Tour de France 4 times 1961 to 1964 Jacques Anquetil 84 What new domestic device was launched by Hoover in 1963 Steam Iron 85 What was the Soviet Vostok 3 space flight the first to do This is the end of the preview. Sign up to access the rest of the document. TERM 10000 general knowledge questions and answers www.cartiaz.ro No Questions Quiz 19 Ans 10000_questions 38	Jacques Anquetil
What food item in French literally means twice cooked?	Arras France Tourism Guide » The Tour de France Arras France Tourism Guide Posted under France , Sports , Tour de France The Tour de France is the most prestigious road cycling race in the world and covers approximately 3,600 kilometers (2,200 miles) throughout France and bordering countries. The race lasts for 3 weeks and attracts professional cyclists from all around the world. It alternates between clockwise and counterclockwise circuits. The Galibier’s pass (in French: col du Galibier) is one of the most difficult climbs of the Tour. This race was created in 1903 by Henri Desgrange and the newspaper L’Auto. It takes place every year in July and is organized by ASO (Amaury Sport Organisation). The number of teams usually varies between 20 to 22, with 9 riders in each. Entry is by invitation to teams chosen by the race organiser. Team members help each other and are followed by managers and mechanics in cars. In France, the race is also nicknamed «la Grande Boucle», which means the «big loop» as it goes through many French cities. In 2009, 78 TV channels broadcasted the Tour de France in 170 countries. The race is broken into day-long segments, called stages (in French: étapes). Individual times to finish each stage are totalled to determine the overall winner at the end of the race. The rider with the lowest aggregate time at the end of each day wears a yellow jersey. The route changes every year but has always finished in Paris. Since 1975, the climax of the final stage has been along the Champs-Élysées. The Tour de France is the most prestigious of cycling’s three “Grand Tours”. The other two Grand Tours are the Giro d’Italia (Italy) held every May and the Vuelta a España (Spain) held every August–September. The New York Times said that the “Tour de France is arguably the most physiologically demanding of athletic events.” The effort was compared to “running a marathon several days a week for nearly three weeks”, while the total elevation of the climbs was compared to “climbing three Everests.” The Tour changed in 1930 to a competition largely between teams representing their countries rather than the companies that sponsored them. The costs of accommodating riders fell to the organisers instead of the sponsors and Henri Desgrange raised the money by allowing advertisers to precede the race. The procession of often colourfully decorated trucks and cars became known as the publicity caravan. It formalised a situation which had already arisen, companies having started to follow the race. The procession sets off two hours before the start and then regroups to precede the riders by an hour and a half. It spreads 20–25 km and takes 40 minutes to pass at between 20 and 60kmh. Vehicles travel in groups of five. The advertisers distribute publicity material to the crowd. The number of items has been estimated at 11 million, each person in the procession giving out 3,000 to 5,000 items a day. The bank, GAN, gave out 170,000 caps, 80,000 badges, 60,000 plastic bags and 535,000 copies of its race newspaper in 1994. Together, they weighed 32 tons. Jerseys : The “maillot jaune” (yellow jersey) is worn by the general classification leader. One rider has won seven times: Lance Armstrong in 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2005 (seven consecutive years). Four riders have won five times: Jacques Anquetil in 1957, 1961, 1962, 1963 and 1964; Eddy Merckx in 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972 and 1974; Bernard Hinault in 1978, 1979, 1981, 1982 and 1985; Miguel Indurain in 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994 and 1995 (the first to do so in five consecutive years). Three riders have won three times: Philippe Thys in 1913, 1914, and 1920; Louison Bobet in 1953, 1954, and 1955; Greg LeMond in 1986, 1989, and 1990. Seven riders have won the Tour de France and the Giro d’Italia in the same year: Eddy Merckx three times, in 1970, 1972, 1974 Fausto Coppi two times, in 1949, 1952 Bernard Hinault two times, in 1982, 1985 Miguel Indurain two times, in 1992, 1993 Jacques Anquetil one time, in 1964 Stephen Roche one time, in 1987 Marco Pantani one time, in 1998 The “maillot vert” (green jersey) is awarded for sprint points. At the end of each stage, points are earned by the riders who finish first, second, etc. Points are higher for flat stages, as sprints are more likely, and less for mountain stages, where climbers usually win. In the current rules, there are 5 types of stages: flat stages, intermediates stages, mountain stages, individual time trial stages and team time trial stages. The number of points awarded at the end of each stage are: Flat stages 35, 30, 26, 24, 22, 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1 points are awarded to the first 25 riders across the finish line. Intermediate stages 25, 22, 20, 18, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 points are awarded to the first 20 riders across the finish line. High-mountain stages 20, 17, 15, 13, 12, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 points are awarded to the first 15 riders across the finish line. Time-trials 15, 12, 10, 8, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 points are awarded to the top 10 finishers of the stage. In addition, stages can have intermediate sprints in which 6, 4, and 2 points are awarded to the first three. In case of a tie, the number of stage wins determine the green jersey, then the number of intermediate sprint victories, and finally, the rider’s standing in the general classification. The King of the Mountains wears a white jersey with red dots (“maillot à pois rouges”). This jersey was inspired by a jersey that one of the organisers, Félix Lévitan, had seen at the Vélodrome d’Hiver in Paris in his youth. The competition gives points to the first to top designated hills and mountains. The difficulty of a climb is established by its steepness, length and its position on the course. The easiest are graded 4, most of the hardest as 1 and the exceptional (such as the Tourmalet) as beyond classification (in French it is called “hors catégorie”). Notable hors catégorie peaks include the col du Tourmalet, Mont Ventoux, col du Galibier, the climb to the ski resort of Hautacam, and Alpe d’Huez. Climbs rated “hors catégorie” (HC): 20, 18, 16, 14, 12, 10, 8, 7, 6 and 5. Category 1: 15, 13, 11, 9, 8, 7, 6 and 5. Category 2: 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, and 5. Category 3: 4, 3, 2 and 1. Category 4: 3, 2 and 1. For the last climb of a stage, points are doubled for HC and categories one and two. One rider has been King of the Mountains seven times: Richard Virenque in 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2003 and 2004. Since 1975, there has been a competition for young riders. From 1975 to 1989 and from 2000, the leader has worn a white jersey (maillot blanc in French). The prix de la combativité goes to the rider who most animates the day, usually by trying to break clear of the field. The most combative rider wears a number printed white-on-red instead of black-on-white next day. An award goes to the most aggressive rider throughout the Tour. In 1959, a Super Combativity award for the most combative cyclist of the Tour was awarded. It was initially not rewarded every year, but since 1981 it has been given annually. The team prize is assessed by adding the time of each team’s best three riders each day. The competition does not have its own jersey but since 2006 the leading team has worn numbers printed black-on-yellow. The competition has existed from the start; The best national teams are France and Belgium, with 10 wins each. Multiple winners :	i don't know
The larva of the click beetle is called what?	Wireworm \| CropWatch CropWatch Wireworm CLICK BEETLE (adult) and WIREWORM (larva) Wireworms are the larvae of many species in several genera called click beetles. Wireworms cause the damage not the adult click beetles. Since every geographic location has its own set of species, to know which wireworms are causing damage to potato, it is necessary to trap them and identify those in the potato field. An infested field will remain infested for three to six years and planting there should be avoided. Description Adults are slender beetles whose appearance varies greatly since many genera and species comprise the group called click beetles which produce wireworms. Larvae from click beetles are called wireworms and these are the damaging form of the insect. During the early stages lasting one to two years, wireworms are very small and white. Mature larvae lasting two to six years are hard-shelled with dark transverse bands along the length of their body. The body color is a shiny yellow to rust. There are six (three pairs) slender legs toward the head region. At the head, there is a pair of pincer-like protrusions. Wireworms are 1/2 to an inch long at maturity and easily visible in traps and occasionally may be found in or hanging from a potato tuber. Eggs are laid and pupa are formed deep in the ground; eggs are laid in grassy areas. Life Cycle Adults (click beetles) are relatively common in the summer and are often attracted to lights at night. Their presence does not necessarily indicate future problems. They overwinter in survive in the soil for several months, overwintering, and emerge in the spring. Once mated, click beetles seek egg-laying sites in grassy areas which may be pastures or other sod areas. For this reason, wireworms, the larvae, are most likely to be a problem in fields that have recently been broken out of sod or grass crops. Click beetles also may seek to deposit eggs in areas of cultivated fields where grassy weeds are a problem or in cereal crops. Eggs hatch in a few days to weeks, and the larva or wireworm emerges. Wireworms emerge in the soil and may survive for two to six years. In the winter, they survive about two feet deep and as the temperature worms move up through the ground to the top two to three inches of soil. Wireworms move up and down in the soil during the season depending on temperature. They prefer soil temperature to be 50 to 60oF. After wireworm achieve full maturity during the summer, they will pupate in the soil, and the pupae will transform into click beetles after a few days. Damage Wireworms, the larvae of click beetles, damage potato by feeding primarily on tubers. The damage appears as straight, round holes with smooth walls. It is not clear whether the wireworm feeding is due to a search for shelter or due to thirst and not actually eating. Early in the season around planting, wireworms may drill into seed tubers or seed-pieces thereby weakening them possibly resulting in secondary infection especially by soft rot, in reduced stands and in weakened young plants. Wireworms also can feed on young sprouts with the same results. During the season, although not common, wireworms could damage roots and underground stem. For potato, the major damage is later in the season when tubers are maturing after bulking. Late-season damage will result when larvae feed on tubers causing feeding scars or feeding tunnels. The result of this feeding is reduced quality of the harvested tubers. Wireworm damage is most likely the result of feeding by larvae that are 2 or more years old. In most situations larvae of several ages can be found in an infested field. This does not affect seed production as seed vigor is not affected but the damage causes culling for the fresh market. In processing, potato chips will show gaps along the margin where the hole was located and likewise french fries will show the gap at their ends. Soil Sampling Wireworms would likely cause significant problems only in a proportion of a field. Even in those fields where they are present, wireworm damage may be spotty. Soil sampling and baiting are somewhat effective at determining if wireworms are present in fields to be planted to potato. Wet wheat flour or germinating wheat, barley or oat seeds can be used to attract wireworm larvae into buried bait stations. These pests seem to be attracted to fermenting grain seeds. Wireworms can be collected by sifting soil samples through window screen. Sampling and baiting must be carried out when soil temperatures are 50 to 60oF to ensure that wireworms are active near the surface of the soil. Threshold levels have been released based on the number of bait traps with wireworms. Economic risk assessment are based on 3% of harvested tubers having wireworm holes. When baited traps have two to four wireworms on the average, the level is considered very high and the application of a chemical at planting is often recommended. If the traps have more than four wireworms, the level is considered extreme and the recommendation is not to plant potato in that field. A rough estimate is that an average of one wireworm per trap is equivalent to 20,000 wireworms per acre. Table. Risk of economic damage from wireworms: Economic damage is taken as 3% of tubers damaged at harvest. Average number of wireworms per bait Risk of economic damage	Click beetle
Quinsy is the inflammation of which body organ due to abscess?	Larva \| Article about larva by The Free Dictionary Larva \| Article about larva by The Free Dictionary http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/larva Also found in: Dictionary , Thesaurus , Medical , Acronyms , Wikipedia . larva, independent, immature animal that undergoes a profound change, or metamorphosis, to assume the typical adult form. Larvae occur in almost all of the animal phyla; because most are tiny or microscopic, they are rarely seen. They play diverse roles in the lives of animals. Motile larvae help to disseminate sessile, or sedentary, animals such as sponges sponge, common name for members of the aquatic animal phylum Porifera, and for the dried, processed skeletons of certain species used to hold water. Over 4,500 living species are known; they are found throughout the world, especially in shallow temperate waters. ..... Click the link for more information. , oysters oyster, bivalve mollusk found in beds in shallow, warm waters of all oceans. The shell is made up of two valves, the upper one flat and the lower convex, with variable outlines and a rough outer surface. ..... Click the link for more information. , barnacles barnacle, common name of the sedentary crustacean animals constituting the infraclass Cirripedia. Barnacles are exclusively marine and are quite unlike any other crustacean because of the permanently attached, or sessile, mode of existence for which they are highly modified. ..... Click the link for more information. , or scale insects. Larvae of parasites may be dispersed by penetrating the skin of new hosts; other parasite larvae live in intermediate hosts that are normally eaten by the final host, in which the adult parasites develop. The larvae of other parasites live in and are dispersed by intermediate hosts such as mosquitoes mosquito , small, long-legged insect of the order Diptera, the true flies. The females of most species have piercing and sucking mouth parts and apparently they must feed at least once upon mammalian blood before their eggs can develop properly. ..... Click the link for more information. , gnats gnat, common name for any one of a number of small, fragile-looking two-winged flies of the suborder Nematocera, order Diptera, which includes the families Tipulidae (crane flies), Bibionidae (hairflies), Ceratopogonidae (biting midges), Chironomidae (true midges), Cecidomyidae ..... Click the link for more information. , or leeches leech, predacious or parasitic annelid worm of the class Hirudinea, characterized by a cylindrical or slightly flattened body with suckers at either end for attaching to prey. ..... Click the link for more information. ; when the blood meals are taken from the final host, the parasite larvae are introduced into the blood or skin. Parasitic infections can often be reduced by eliminating the larval hosts. Vertebrate Larvae Among vertebrates vertebrate, any animal having a backbone or spinal column. Verbrates can be traced back to the Silurian period. In the adults of nearly all forms the backbone consists of a series of vertebrae. All vertebrates belong to the subphylum Vertebrata of the phylum Chordata. ..... Click the link for more information. a number of fishes fish, limbless aquatic vertebrate animal with fins and internal gills. Traditionally the living fish have been divided into three class: the primitive jawless fishes, or Agnatha; the cartilaginous (sharklike) fishes, or Chondrichthyes; and the bony fishes, or Osteichthyes. ..... Click the link for more information. pass through larval stages; the larva of the eel eel, common name for any fish in the order Anguilliformes, and characterized by a long snakelike body covered with minute scales embedded in the skin. Eels lack the hind pair of fins, adapting them for wriggling in the mud and through the crevices of reefs and rocky shores. ..... Click the link for more information. is interesting because it is flat and transparent. The tadpole, the familiar larva of the amphibian amphibian, in zoology, cold-blooded vertebrate animal of the class Amphibia. There are three living orders of amphibians: the frogs and toads (order Anura, or Salientia), the salamanders and newts (order Urodela, or Caudata), and the caecilians, or limbless amphibians (order ..... Click the link for more information. , develops to a considerable size in the relatively hospitable aquatic environment before metamorphosis prepares it for an amphibious or terrestrial life as a frog frog, common name for an amphibian of the order Anura. Frogs are found all over the world, except in Antarctica. They require moisture and usually live in quiet freshwater or in the woods. Some frogs are highly aquatic, while others are better adapted to terrestrial habitats. ..... Click the link for more information. or toad toad, name applied to certain members of the amphibian order Anura, which also includes the frog. Although there is no clear-cut distinction between toads and frogs, the name toad ..... Click the link for more information. . Insect Larvae In some animals, especially insects insect, invertebrate animal of the class Insecta of the phylum Arthropoda. Like other arthropods, an insect has a hard outer covering, or exoskeleton, a segmented body, and jointed legs. Adult insects typically have wings and are the only flying invertebrates. ..... Click the link for more information. , larvae represent a special feeding stage in the life cycle. Some insects pass through more or less wormlike larval stages, enter the outwardly inactive, or pupal, form, and emerge from the pupal case as adults (see pupa pupa , name for the third stage in the life of an insect that undergoes complete metamorphosis, i.e., develops from the egg through the larva and the pupa stages to the adult. ..... Click the link for more information. ). The importance of larvae in the life cycle of insects varies greatly, as does the proportion of the life span spent in larval, pupal, and adult stages. In many insects, the adult life is relatively short, consisting mostly of mating and egg laying, while the larvae live for many months or, in some species, for several years. Insect larvae feed voraciously, necessarily becoming larger than the adult, as considerable energy and material are needed for the profound changes made during pupation. For this reason, insect larvae often cause far more damage to stored crops and textiles than adult insects. Insect larvae generally have a thinner exoskeleton than the adult; many are white and soft. The characteristic fly fly, name commonly used for any of a variety of winged insects, but properly restricted to members of the order Diptera, the true flies, which includes the housefly, gnat, midge, mosquito, and tsetse fly. ..... Click the link for more information. larvae are maggots, often developing in decaying plant or animal material. Mosquito larvae are the familiar aquatic wrigglers; they breathe air and are killed by a thin film of oil on the water that prevents contact with air. Maggots and wrigglers are legless, as are all larvae of the insect order Diptera. Beetle beetle, common name for insects of the order Coleoptera, which, with more than 300,000 described species, is the largest of the insect orders. Beetles have chewing mouthparts and well-developed antennae. ..... Click the link for more information. larvae, including the whitish forms called grubs and the long brownish wireworms wireworm, elongate, cylindrical larva of the click beetle. Most wireworms are hard and brown, but members of some species are soft and whitish. Wireworms live in rotten wood or in the ground and feed on roots and seeds, injuring potatoes, grasses, and a wide variety of ..... Click the link for more information. , are quite diverse, but all are equipped with the six legs characteristic of adults. Moths moth, any of the large and varied group of insects which, along with the butterflies, make up the order Lepidoptera. The moths comprise the great majority of the 100,000 species of the order, and about 70 of its 80 families. ..... Click the link for more information. and butterflies butterfly, any of a large group of insects found throughout most of the world; with the moths, they comprise the order Lepidoptera. There are about 12 families of butterflies. Most adult moths and butterflies feed on nectar sucked from flowers. ..... Click the link for more information. have wormlike caterpillars as larvae, each equipped with the six legs characteristic of adults and false legs known as prolegs to support the long abdominal section. Some, like the milkweed worm (the larva of the monarch butterfly), are relatively naked, while other caterpillars are covered by hairy bristles, sometimes equipped with irritating chemicals that can cause intense itching. The young of the social insects ( bees bee, name for flying insects of the superfamily Apoidea, in the same order as the ants and the wasps. Bees are characterized by their enlarged hind feet, typically equipped with pollen baskets of stiff hairs for gathering pollen. ..... Click the link for more information. , ants ant, any of the 2,500 insect species constituting the family Formicidae of the order Hymenoptera, to which the bee and the wasp also belong. Like most members of the order, ants have a "wasp waist," that is, the front part of the abdomen forms a narrow stalk, called the waist, ..... Click the link for more information. , wasps wasp, name applied to many winged insects of the order Hymenoptera, which also includes ants and bees. Most wasps are carnivorous, feeding on insects, grubs, or spiders. They have biting mouthparts, and the females have stings with which they paralyze their prey. ..... Click the link for more information. , and termites termite or white ant, common name for a soft-bodied social insect of the infraorder Isoptera. Originally classified in as a separate order, termites are genetically related to cockroaches and are now usually classified with them in the order Blattodea. ..... Click the link for more information. ) are legless but otherwise grublike. Although all social-insect larvae are ultimately dependent on the parent colony for food, they are considered true larvae because they pass through a pupal stage. Larva a stage in the individual development of many invertebrates and some vertebrates (fishes and amphibians) in which the nutrient reserves of the egg are insufficient to complete embryonic development. An organism in the larval stage is self-sufficient. Usually it has special organs not characteristic of the adult form but lacks other organs characteristic of the adult. In many animals, the existence of the larval stage is determined by the differences in the modes of life of the early stages of development and that of the adult stage; thus, the trochophore, characteristic of polychaetes and many mollusks, is free-swimming, but the adult form is benthic. The presence of a larva is sometimes associated with a change in habitat in the course of development. For example, many amphibian larvae are adapted to aquatic life, whereas the adult animals are adapted to dry land. In sessile or sluggish marine animals, a free-swimming larva ensures offspring distribution. This is true of the larvae of sponges and coelenterates (paren-chymula, amphiblastula, planula) and of echinoderms and enteropneusts (dipleurula). The metamorphosis of the larva to the adult animal consists in the restructuring of the larva’s organization; the more profound that restructuring, the greater will be the difference between the larva and the adult organism. The changes that occur in the metamorphosis of certain invertebrates (nemertines, echinoderms, and insects) are especially pronounced. For example, in higher insects in the pupal stage (which follows the larval stage), almost all of the larval organs are destroyed. The organs of the adult animal are formed de novo from special rudiments called imaginal disks. The larvae of some animals retain the structural characteristics of ancestral forms. For example, phylogenetic significance of this sort is ascribed to the larvae of sponges and coelenterates (parenchymula, planula) and to the caudate larvae of ascidians, which resemble a free-swimming ancestor in structure. A. V. I	i don't know
Moses 10 plagues on Egypt - what was the fourth?	The 10 Plagues of Egypt - Kids Bible Maps Bible Topics Moses and The 10 Plagues Exodus 9:14 - "For I will at this time send all my plagues upon thine heart, and upon thy servants, and upon thy people; that thou mayest know that there is none like me in all the earth." FOLLOW THE MAP The Ten Plagues for Little Kids This map shows the land of Egypt where the ten plagues of the Bible happened. During this time in ancient history, the Hebrews were slaves to the Egyptians, but God told His prophet Moses that it was time for them to be free. Moses told the ruler of Egypt to let the Hebrews go because God had sent him, but Pharaoh would not allow it! Because Pharaoh did not listen to Moses, God brought ten different plagues over Egypt to convince him to free the Hebrews. The first plague was turning the Nile River into blood but Pharaoh still didn't believe it was from God. So God sent the second plague of thousands of frogs! They were jumping everywhere, even in the Egyptians' houses! After the frogs, God sent a plague of gnats. They buzzed all around the people and animals. The fourth plague was the plague of flies. After the flies, God sent a terrible plague on all of the Egyptians' horses, camels, and other animals, but God protected the Hebrews' animals. The sixth plague was a plague of boils where people got big, painful bubbles on their skin. But Pharaoh still wouldn't free God's people! So God sent the plague of Hail over all the land. Hail is hard ice that falls from the sky like rain. Pharaoh said he would let the people go, but as soon as God stopped the hail, Pharaoh changed his mind and didn't let them leave! God brought three more plagues, the plague of locusts (which are like grasshoppers), the plague of darkness (where the land was dark for 3 days straight), and the worst plague of all: the plague of the firstborn. Moses warned Pharaoh that the firstborn child of every family in Egypt would die if the Hebrews were not freed; once the final plague happened Pharaoh finally let them go. If Pharaoh had listened to Moses and obeyed God, none of these plagues would have happened. The Ten Plagues for Big Kids The 10 Plagues in Bible History. The Bible reveals that the Hebrews were slaves in the land of Egypt for 400 years. Earlier in the book of Genesis when Joseph was betrayed by his brothers and sold as a slave and taken to Egypt, God used that whole situation to prepare the descendants of Abraham about how to trust the LORD. All of the time that the Hebrews were slaves in Egypt God was preparing a nation in fulfillment of his promise to Abraham. Egypt had become the most powerful kingdom in the world, and Pharaoh was the most powerful ruler in the world. When Moses came with a staff and demanded that he let God's people go Pharaoh scoffed at him and mocked God. Throughout a series of 10 devastating plagues upon the land of Egypt, God actually mocked all the gods of the Egyptians and even Pharaoh himself. Pharaoh finally let the Hebrews go and with all the wealth of Egypt. Ultimately the Hebrews learned that God is in control, that He is a God of miracles and can do whatever He wants, and that He will take care of His people and they would be wise to put all their trust in Him. Moses. Moses learned well at the burning bush that the LORD is the God of all the earth. Moses saw the God turn his staff into a snake, and then turned back into his staff again. Moses also saw his hand become white with leprosy, and then God made his hand normal again. The Bible calls Moses "the humblest man on the face of the earth" and he was no doubt quite an individual. Moses did not feel adequate to do the task of demanding that Pharaoh let God's people go because he was not a good speaker. God told Moses "your brother Aaron shall speak for you now go" and Moses did as the Lord commanded. It is hard to imagine but Moses came and stood before Pharaoh, the most powerful man in all the earth. Pharaoh. The rulers within the land of Egypt called Pharaoh. It is impossible to know exactly which Pharaoh it was that was ruling Egypt when Moses came and demanded that he let God's people go. The Hebrews had been slaves for over 400 years and Pharaoh was the most powerful man in the world, he was not about to let a Hebrew threaten him to let Israel go. Moses came and said to Pharaoh "God has sent me to ask you to let his people go" and then Pharaoh scoffed at this and hardened his heart and made the burden upon the Hebrews much greater. Would Pharaoh did not realize is that the LORD is the God of all the earth and Pharaoh was not able to withstand Him. God sent 10 devastating plagues upon the land of Egypt and finally Pharaoh let God's people go, but then he sent his armies after them in defiance. The Red Sea had parted for the Israelites who would left Egypt with all their wealth, Evan Pharaoh's armies had ended the sea the close upon them and they were swept away. Pharaoh was the most powerful men the world but history proves that in the midst of all the power of man, God is in control. First Plague: Blood. In the first plague the Lord turned the water of the Nile River into blood. Moses warned Pharaoh but Pharaoh's heart was hardened, the terrible plague lasted for seven days even though the magicians of Egypt could not do anything to stop it. (Exodus 7:14-24). Second Plague: Frogs. In the next plague the Lord sent frogs throughout the land of Egypt. Moses warned Pharaoh but he hardened his heart against the Lord and would not let God's people go. (Exodus 8:1-15). Third Plague: Lice. In the third plague the Lord sent lice, because Pharaoh hardened his heart once again. Pharaoh's magicians saw this plague and said "This is the finger of God." (Exodus 8:16-19). Fourth Plague: Flies. in the fourth plague the Lord sent flies, Moses warned Pharaoh, and Pharaoh hardened his heart against the Lord and would not let the people go. Israel did not get affected by this plague, and this was the first time that Pharaoh made an offer. (Exodus 8:20-32). Fifth Plague: Disease on Livestock. In the fifth plague God sent a terrible disease on the cattle. Pharaoh was warned again and he hardened his heart. (Exodus 9:1-7). Sixth Plague: Boils. In the six plague the Lord sent open sores or boils on the skin. This time the Lord hardened Pharaoh's heart. (Exodus 9:8-12). Seventh Plague: Hail. The next plague the Lord sent a great hail and when it landed on the ground it turned into fire. Moses warned Pharaoh and Pharaoh hardened his heart. Everyone who did not heed the warning was smitten by the plague. (Exodus 9:13-35). Eighth Plague: Locusts. In the eighth plague the Lord sent a miserable plague of locusts. Pharaoh made another offer to Moses but were not completely let the people go. Moses had warned Pharaoh and Pharaoh hardened his heart again. (Exodus 10:1-20). Ninth Plague: Darkness. The ninth plague was a great darkness throughout the land of Egypt, a darkness which could be felt. The darkness remain in the land for three days. This was quite humiliating to Pharaoh since the word "Pharaoh" means "the sun". Pharaoh hardened his heart and the worst was yet to come. (Exodus 10:21-22). Tenth Plague: Death of the First-Born. Moses revealed his anger by this time, this was because of Pharaoh's rejection even in the midst of all the suffering. God sent the Angel of death to go throughout the land of Egypt, and if anyone did not have the blood of a lamb placed upon the doorpost of their house, that house would be smitten by the death Angel. The Israelites were quick to obey God, and the Egyptians suffered greatly with the loss of their firstborn, even in the house of Pharaoh. (Exodus 11). The First Passover. The Passover happened at the time of Moses and the 10 plagues. In the 10th and final plague the death Angel passed through the land of Egypt. The death angel was sent to kill every firstborn son in every house if there was not the blood of a lamb on the doorpost as a sign. when the death Angel saw the blood on the doorpost it would "pass-over" that house and the firstborn son was spared. This was the Passover. The Exodus from Egypt. After the 10 plagues Pharaoh finally agreed to let the Hebrew slaves go. The Exodus is when Moses The Riches of Egypt. According to the Bible the Hebrew slaves left the land of Egypt with all the wealth of the Egyptians. The people of Egypt were glad to see the Hebrews go. All the gold and silver and jewels and other precious items would be later used for the construction of the tabernacle, and even Solomon's Temple. The God's of Egypt. There were many gods in the land of Egypt, the Nile River God, the bull deity, and deities for all the animals and many other sorts of gods within the land. The true God of heaven smote the land of Egypt and humiliated Pharaoh and all of his gods. The study of Moses and the 10 plagues is very important in the study of the Bible, let's pray: Dear Jesus, we thank you and praise you for your Word. It is amazing that you revealed your power in your strength in the land of ancient Egypt. Pharaoh could not stand against you, and whatever you desire will happen because you are in control and you will not let your people be slaves to anyone. We praise you Lord that you are our defender our strength and a present help in time of need. We trust you and we stand with you. In Jesus name� Amen! The 10 Plagues of Egypt for Kids Map of the 10 Plagues of Egypt for Bible Study	Fly
During which decade did the BBC start radio broadcasts?	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Plagues of Egypt Home > Catholic Encyclopedia > P > Plagues of Egypt Plagues of Egypt Help support New Advent and get the full contents of this website as an instant download . Includes the Catholic Encyclopedia, Church Fathers, Summa, Bible and more all for only $19.99... Ten calamities inflicted on the Egyptians to overcome Pharao's obstinacy and force him to let the Israelites to leave Egypt ( Exodus 7:8 - 12:30 ; Psalm 77:42-51 ; 104:26-36 ). Moses's notification of God's will to Pharao only produced an aggravation of the condition of the Israelites , and the wonder of changing Aaron's rod into a serpent, which was wrought in proof of Moses's Divine mission, made no impression, as it was imitated by the Egyptian magicians ( Exodus 5 ; 7:8-13 ). A series of afflictions, culminating in the destruction of all the first-born of Egypt , was required before Pharao yielded. Of the ten plagues seven were produced through the agency of Moses an Aaron or of Moses alone, and three, namely the fourth, fifth, and tenth, by the direct action of God Himself. The interval of time within which they occurred cannot be stated with certainty . The last four must have followed in close succession between the beginning of March and the first days of April. For when the hail fell barley was in the ear and flax in bud, which in Lower Egypt happens about March, and the Israelites left on the 14th of Nisan, which falls in the latter part of March or the early part of April. The first six seem also to have succeeded one another at short intervals, but the interval, if any, between them and the last four is uncertain. The Scriptural account produces the impression that the ten plagues were a series of blows in quick succession, and this is what the case would seem to have required. The scene of the interviews of Moses and Aaron with Pharao was Tanis or Soan in Lower Egypt (Ps. lxxvii, 12, 43). In the first plague, the water of the river and of all the canals and pools of Egypt was turned to blood and became corrupted, so that the Egyptians could not drink it, and even the fishes died ( Exodus 7:14-25 ). Commentators are divided as to whether the water was really changed into blood, or whether only a phenomenon was produced similar to the red discoloration of the Nile during its annual rise, which gave the water the appearance of blood. The latter view is now commonly accepted. It should be noted, however, that the red discoloration is not usual in Lower Egypt , and that, when so discoloured, the water is not unfit to drink, though it is during the first, or green, stage of the rise. Besides, the change did not take place during the inundation (cf. Exodus 7:15 ). The second plague came seven days later. Aaron stretched his hand upon the waters and there appeared an immense number of frogs, which covered the land and penetrated into the land to the great discomfort of the inhabitants. Pharao now promised to let the Israelites go to sacrifice in the desert if the frogs were removed, but broke his promise when this was done. The third plague consisted of swarms of gnats which tormented man and beast. The magicians who in some way had imitated the first two wonders could not imitate this, and were forced to exclaim "This is the finger of God ". The fourth was a pest of flies. Pharao now agreed to allow the Israelites a three days' journey into the desert , but when at the prayer of Moses the flies were taken away, he failed to keep his promise. The fifth was a murrain or cattle-pest, which killed the beasts of the Egyptians, while sparing those of the Israelites . The sixth consisted in boils which broke out both on men and beasts. The seventh was a fearful hailstorm. "The hail destroyed through all the land of Egypt all things that were in the field, both man and beast: and the hail smote every herb of the field, and it broke every tree of the country. Only in the land of Gessen, where the children of Israel were, the hail fell not." The frightened king again promised and again became obstinate when the storm was stopped. At the threat of an unheard of plague of locusts (the eighth) the servants of Pharao interceded with him and he consented to let the men go, but refused to grant more. Moses therefore stretched forth his rod, and a south wind brought innumerable locusts which devoured what the hailstorm had left. The ninth plague was a horrible darkness which for three days covered all Egypt except the land of Gessen. The immediate cause of this plague was probably the hamsin, a south or southwest wind charged with sand and dust, which blows about the spring equinox and at times produces darkness rivalling that of the worst London fogs. As Pharao , though willing to allow the departure, insisted that the flocks should be left behind, the final and most painful blow (the tenth) was struck the destruction in one night of all the first-born of Egypt . As the plagues of Egypt find parallels in natural phenomena of the country, many consider them as merely natural occurrences. The last evidently does not admit of a natural explanation, since a pestilence does not select its victims according to method. The others, howsoever natural they may be at times, must in this instance be considered miraculous by reason of the manner in which they were produced. They belong to the class of miracles which the theologians call preternatural. For not to mention that they were of extraordinary intensity, and that the first occurred at an unusual time and place and with unusual effects, they happened at the exact time and in the exact manner predicted. Most of them were produced at Moses's command, and ceased at his prayer , in one case at the time set by Pharao himself. Purely natural phenomena, it is clear, do not occur under such conditions. Moreover, the ordinary phenomena, which were well known to the Egyptians, would not have produced such a deep impression on Pharao and his court.	i don't know
What year all these guys born: Ringo Starr, Tom Jones and Pele?	Singer Tom Jones \| Interviews \| Tavis Smiley \| PBS Singer Tom Jones Podcast The legendary singer discusses the release of his first ever autobiography, Over the Top and Back, and the book’s companion album, Long Lost Suitcase. Grammy-winning Welsh singer Tom Jones has been recording and touring since the mid-'60s. He's sold more than 100 million albums, hosted a successful TV variety program and been a Las Vegas marquee attraction. He's also collaborated with such artists as Wyclef Jean and Jools Holland. In '05, he was awarded a knighthood for his contribution to the recording industry. Jones continues to tour extensively and attract audiences of all ages. He recently published his first ever autobiography, titled Over the Top and Back, and released a musical companion piece to the text, his 41st studio album Long Lost Suitcase. TRANSCRIPT Tavis Smiley: Good evening from Los Angeles. I’m Tavis Smiley. Tonight, a conversation with Grammy-winning singer, Tom Jones. His remarkable body of work has spanned over six decades now and over 100 million albums sold. He’s out now with his 41st studio album. It’s titled “Long Lost Suitcase”. In addition to the new music project, Sir Jones recently published his first ever autobiography which is called “Over the Top and Back”. We’re glad you’ve joined us. A conversation with the iconic Tom Jones coming up right now. [Walmart Sponsor Ad] Announcer: And by contributions to your PBS station from viewers like you. Thank you. Tavis: Pleased to welcome Sir Tom Jones back to this program. Across six glorious decades as a recording artist, the legendary singer has built an expansive body of work, to be sure, which includes, of course, classic songs like “It’s Not Unusual”, “Delilah”, and “What’s New, Pussycat?” The icon recently published his first ever autobiography titled “Over the Top and Back” and he’s also out now with a musical companion to the text, his 41st studio album called “Long Lost Suitcase”. Before we start our conversation, first a look at the video for one of the songs from the album, “Elvis Presley Blues”. [Clip] Tavis: I’m glad we actually played this particular clip because it leads me nicely into asking a question about something you wrote in your book that I found fascinating. You have a wonderful section in the book where you formulate the distinction for you between the music of Jerry Lee Lewis and Elvis Presley. Tell me a bit about that distinction. Tom Jones: When Elvis first came out and everybody in Wales where I come from, all my friends said, you know, this guy’s a freak. You know, he’s a white guy and he’s singing like a black guy, and it’s never been done before. So I said, but there’s got to be more. You know, in the southern states of America when that kind of thing is going on, when you listen to–go into a black gospel church, you know what I mean? When you listen, it’s bound to rub off on you. It’s bound to. And Elvis, of course, obvious. And then I said, but it’s got to be more people than just one and maybe with more syncopation. Because I knew Elvis knew the way he looked and he wanted to look a certain way and he wanted to do a certain thing, you know, so he worked on it before he was presented on television. But I said I’m sure somebody’s going to come out with just more–not flair. It’s the wrong word, but just like full on, you know, like Big Mama Thornton was as opposed to Elvis doing “Hound Dog”. When you hear her do it, she’s just throwing everything out there. And I said so it’s going to have that effect on another person, surely. And then, all of a sudden, Jerry Lee Lewis. My friend said, you know, is this it? I said, yeah, that’s it. You know, you can hear it in him. He didn’t care. You know, he was just playing and singing out of it. Tavis: As I read that part, I took your point to be in part that Elvis–again, my word, not yours–that Elvis seemed a bit more calculated in his approach… Jones: Yes. Tavis: And Jerry Lee Lewis was just out with it. Jones: Out there. Tavis: Yeah. Jones: Yeah. And then Jerry Lee had been influenced by boogie players, you know, in New Orleans because apparently he started doing live gigs in New Orleans. You know, that’s where Professor Longhair and all those guys there. So that’s where he came from. Tavis: I was fascinated when I got into this book. This never fails in all the years of doing this program, it is always interesting for me after I’ve talked to somebody a few times. You’ve been on this show before, but now you finally write this book. And all the stuff about your back story that I didn’t know in those prior conversations, I now know. So it’s your third or fourth time on the show, but I feel like I really know you now, thanks to you writing this book. I had no idea–let me preface this by saying that Ringo Starr, another great countryman of yours, Ringo Starr was on this program just a few weeks back. Ringo, of course, was famously ill when he was a child and there was almost no Ringo Starr. He almost died two or three times. Who knew that Tom Jones almost died himself at the age of 12 from tuberculosis? Jones: That’s right. Tavis: Tell me about being sickly as a child. Jones: Well, it’s the same thing. Ringo went through the same thing. He had tuberculosis also. Well, they found it and I thought maybe it was hereditary because my cousins had it. My father had two other brothers and their children also had TB, so I thought it must be hereditary. But then the doctor said no because you’re so close to one another, you’re in and out of one another’s homes because we all lived in the same place. You know, aunties, uncles, cousins, we’re all there. That’s what it is. You’re mingling. You’re going in and out of houses and it’s highly contagious at that time. So that’s apparently where I got it from. And then they wanted to send me to a TB hospital and they had one up in Scotland—I come from South Wales which is at the bottom of the country. I had to go all the way up to the top–or Switzerland, you know, somewhere where there was very clean air. So my mother said to the doctor, “If that happens to him, he’s not going to get well” because I’d never been away from home. I was 12 years old. So she said, “Come and have a look at the house. Maybe we can keep him here.” Tavis: Kind of quarantined. Jones: Exactly. So the authorities came up and they said, “If he can have this room, this one room to himself and keep the window open”–and we lived high on a hill, you know, because in South Wales, it’s a little bit like Virginia. You know, all coalmining terrain is the same. It’s hilly. So we lived up on this hill–so they said, “Great, because there’s no coal mine actually right close to it and the air is clear, so he can stay there.” So I had to stay in the house for two years. I was in bed for one year without actually getting out of bed. And then the second year, I was up on an hour a day and stuff like that. But it taught me a lesson, though. You know what I mean? Not to take health for granted because most kids, God bless them, they’re running around all over the place and that’s it. But when you’re taken away from it and you’re quarantined like that, you look out the window and you think, oh, when I can walk to the end of that street, I’m never going to mourn about anything again as long as I live. Tavis: So it taught you the lesson of not taking health for granted, but that being quarantined put you sort of in a music incubator, if I can put it that way. Because all that you could do, according to your story, is to sit and listen to music around the clock. Jones: On the radio. Tavis: On the radio. And here’s where Tom Jones falls in love with music. Jones: Yeah. I mean, I was in love with it before that, but I really concentrated on it. Because that’s all I did was listen to the radio. Tavis: You were listening to what? What were you hearing that touched you? Jones: Mahalia Jackson. Tavis: Oh, yeah [laugh]. Jones: I went to a Presbyterian chapel and we used to sing a song called “The Old Rugged Cross”… Tavis: Oh, I love that song. Jones: And that’s those kind of songs we used to sing. And then I heard Mahalia Jackson sing it and I thought, “Why aren’t we singing it like that?” Tavis: Like she sings it, yeah. Jones: So I did. You know what I mean? I was doing it. I mean, before I TB, I was listening to her when I was a kid and that’s the way it was coming out of me. So when I would sing in school, they couldn’t believe that this was coming out of me. How come, you know? And I told you when I was on here the last time, I sang “The Lord’s Prayer” once in school and the teacher said, “Why are you singing this like a Negro spiritual?” I didn’t know what she was talking about. I said, “I’m just singing it the way I’m feeling it. That’s the way it’s coming out.” She said, “You’re changing the melody.” I said I didn’t know that. But I must have heard somebody singing it, you know, on the radio. Tavis: I’m glad you said that, though, because whether you’re Mahalia Jackson or Tom Jones, you can’t sing that stuff unless you feel it. Jones: Yeah, exactly. Tavis: And the fact that you were a child and that you were open to receiving and accepting and feeling that… Jones: Yes. I was picking up on it, you know, as with other kids, they were oblivious to it. You know what I mean? Blues players like Big Bill Broonzy, you know, was a blues player that I used to love to listen to. So that kind of music, it’s American roots music that I found that came from the southern states of America. I mean, that’s where rock and roll came from. You know, Sam Phillips in Memphis, you know, and that’s it. But it’s all built on what was going on in the south, the work songs. You know what I mean? And the gospel churches, and it was all there… Tavis: How did you sustain your hope? How did you find the wherewithal to go your own way, to create your own song stylings when there were folk around you like your teacher and others who were telling you, for a white guy, you’re singing this the wrong way? You’re messing this up. You obviously stuck with your conviction, but how did you do that when people were telling you, man, that ain’t how you sing that? Jones: Well, I wanted to sing it like that because I liked it. When I sang it, I liked the feeling that it gave me, you know. And then I got married at 16 and people said, well, didn’t that put a sort of–no. It gave me more confidence. You know, I wanted to get a hit record. I wanted to become a professional singer not only for myself, but for my wife and son because that’s the only thing that I could do that was any good. Because I wasn’t very good academically in school. You know, I was dyslexic which I didn’t know at the time. So things were not going very well in school, but when I sang, you know, everything fell into place. So I thought, if I could do this, if I could make a living at this, because I know I’m good at this, I can provide for my family. Tavis: Fans will get a chance to learn more about the back story. I can’t put all this out there in one conversation. They’ll get the book and learn more about your story. But they just heard you say that you were sick almost to death with tuberculosis at 12 and you were married at 16. That’s pretty quick, Tom [laugh]. That’s only four years, man. You almost died and then you got married [laugh]? Jones: See, I don’t whether I can say this on television… Tavis: Of course, you can. Go ahead. Jones: When you’re in bed for two years, you know, and you’re going from 12 to 14… Tavis: I understand. We get the picture, yeah [laugh]. Jones: Things change, so you start… Tavis: Yeah, that’s not that unusual, pardon the pun [laugh]. Jones: Exactly. Two years, you find out things about yourself, you know, that you didn’t know before. Tavis: But why? Why get married at 16? That’s really young. Jones: Well, when I came out of bed at 14, you know, I mean, I was ready to go. It hit me all at once. Puberty hit me, you know. My wife–because I’d seen her before I went to bed when she was a pretty little girl. And when I came out of bed, you know, at 14, she was… Tavis: She was prettier. Jones: She was a woman. You know what I mean? And I thought, my God, so we started going out together and then she got pregnant. She’d just turned 16 when Mark, my son, was born. She was 16 in January and he was born in April. We got married in March, you know, because there was a big discussion going on in the house, you know, we were young. My grandmother was there and my uncles and aunties and this, that and the other. My mother looked at us and Linda and myself, we were in the corner and we were, you know, wrapped up with one another, you know. My mother said, “Look, we’re trying to decide what to do with these kids’ lives and they’re not taking any notice of us. They’re so wrapped up in one another, so why stop that? Because they’re gonna get married anyway. When they’re old enough to make their own decision, they will definitely get married. So why have this child born out of wedlock?” Because it was a big deal then. Tavis: Of course, yeah. Jones: You know, in 1957 to have a child out of wedlock. So she said, “Why do that? Let them get married. Let Linda have the baby and everything will be fine.” And her parents felt the same way. You know, it was a tightknit community, so we had a lot of help from everybody, you know. So it was a lot of love. Tavis: From being on a death bed to getting married, you know, 24 months later basically, that’s a lot of growing up for a young man very quickly. Jones: Yes, it is, and I was ready for it, though. You know, I wanted to prove that I was a man. Because when I was a boy, my uncles used to come to get my father to go to the local pub or club and my older cousins would be there. You know, they’d go drinking and I was like, oh, my God, I would love to go. When am I going to be old enough to go with these men to be in these pubs. So all that stuff was in me. You know, I had a thing to prove about my singing. I wanted to get out there and prove that I could sing in the way I wanted to sing and to be a man. So getting married and having a child, that was all part of it. It gave me more drive. Tavis: Speaking of being a man, I’m fast forwarding now because you’re out of the bed, you’re married, you have a family, you’re singing. You’re trying to sing to take care of your family, you want to sing the way you want to sing, everything you’ve just said. So one night, you’re onstage singing. There’s a woman who hears you sing. She goes and tells her husband and I think I got the quote pretty accurate. “I have never seen anything so male in my whole life.” I stopped when I read that. “I have never seen anything so male in all my life.” I viscerally felt what she was saying to her husband. I’ll let you pick up the story from there and tell who he turned out to be. Jones: Right. So the man who came to see me, his name is Gordon Mills and he was singing in a vocal group and I’d seen him on television. So I knew this man was in show business, you know. So he came to South Wales to visit his mother because that’s where he was from originally. And he came to see me in a club with his wife because a friend of his was a friend of mine, and there was a bit of a buzz going on because I was playing these clubs. So he came to see me and then he said, “We got to do something. You should be in London.” I said, “I understand that, but what do I do when I get there?” So he said, “I can’t believe the way you’re singing.” So he then offered me to go London because he had written songs. He’d had a few hits with some people and he said, “I can do something for you. I’ve never managed anybody before, but I would like to with you.” So I said, “Let’s go” because I knew that he knew what he was talking about. Then after that, when they asked his wife what she thought because they asked Gordon, “What did you think when you saw Tom first?” and he said–“Spanish Harlem” was the song that I was doing. That’s the one that caught his attention. So they said to Mrs. Gordon Mills, “What did you think?” and that’s when she said, “I’ve never seen anything so male before in my life.” [laugh]. So that’s how I hit her. Apparently, when they were driving back to London from South Wales, they were talking about it, you know, so that’s the way. Tavis: That male thing you’ve always had, was that calculated? Was that created? Is that just who you’ve always been? That male thing, when people think Tom Jones, they think the same thing she thought all these years later. He’s a real male. Jones: Yes. Well, I mean, I’ve always felt like that, you know. When I sing, when I get up to sing, I just want to pour everything into it, you know, and get everything that I feel. That’s why I think singing songs is a great expression. You can express yourself much more than I think any other medium. I think that’s the way to get–because the voice is a natural instrument. You don’t have to pick up something. You know, you don’t have to play a piano or play a guitar or anything. It’s there. It’s built in, so you can get to it. You know, you can get your feelings out right there without anybody playing anything. You can do it a cappella if you want to. So that’s the thing. And then coming on like that, when I first went on the BBC with “It’s Not Unusual”, we used to do the plug shows in those days. It was on children’s television, one of the plug shows, anyway, from five till six in the evening. And The Beatles had been on there, the Stones had been on. You know, everybody had been on there plugging their songs. But I go on with “It’s Not Unusual” and the BBC started getting letters from women saying, “I don’t want to see this man gyrating in front of my children.” You know what I mean [laugh]? So this man, but I’m the same age as John Lennon and Ringo Starr born in 1940. But like, you know, this man. So there you go. Tavis: But you’ve made it work to your advantage all these years. Jones: Well, yeah, because it’s the way I feel. I don’t put on a front, you know. When I walk onto the stage to sing, it’s me. You know, I don’t have to sort of put on a thing and then take it off when I come off. Tavis: To what do you attribute the fact that, all these years later, that instrument that you spoke of earlier, that instrument is still there? You’ve been able to protect it. Jones: Yeah. Well, first of all, it’s a God-given gift. I believe that, you know. I didn’t create it. It was given to me. So I try to look after it, you know. I’ve learned things over the years. You must drink a lot of water. Never get dehydrated, you know, because dryness will kill you. And I stopped smoking cigarettes in the 60s once I got into being a professional singer. I have a cigar occasionally, you know, and I do like to have a drink, but you’ve got to be careful with alcohol because it’s dehydrating. And watch the clock. I try to get eight hours sleep, you know, whenever I can. So sleep is important. Keep hydrated. Drink plenty of water and watch out for the booze and the cigars. Tavis: In your book, you also make it clear that one of the great joys of your life is having your family involved in your business these days. Jones: Oh, yes, yes. Because my son and my daughter-in-law are my managers and it’s great to have that because a lot of kids, they don’t want to do what their father does, you know, or their mother does. You know what I mean? They don’t want to follow on in the family business, if you like. But my son has always been musical. He’s as musical as I am, you know. He felt the same growing up. As a child, he was always playing records, always had a record collection, more than I did because they weren’t available when I was a kid. But he was always into music, you know. And then when he was traveling with me–because he’d been traveling with me since he was 16, you know. He was doing my lights and he became my personal assistant… Tavis: There’s that number again, 16. It’s a big number in your family, isn’t it [laugh]? Jones: 16. Sweet little 16 [laugh]. Tavis: I see [laugh]. Jones: She got the grown up blues. So that’s it. When my manager passed away, Mark, my son, had been traveling with me, knows so much about music, you know, that there he was. And his wife, Donna, she knew a lot about show business. She was in it. She was a secretary in the music business. So they… Tavis: Came together. Jones: Took over. When Gordon passed away, you know, they took over. And then from that point on, things started to–because I went through a bit of a desert, you know, in the 70s, into the 80s, because I was floundering. I couldn’t get the right songs, you know. I was doing two shows a night in Las Vegas for a month straight. That’ll take a toll on you. You know what I mean? So then you got to try and figure out how to show more showmanship than vocal because of the circumstances. So there were times when I wasn’t giving what I felt was my best until I got into the 80s and then I did “Kiss” with the Art of Noise and then it kicked me back into gear again. Tavis: You did a good job on that one too. Jones: Well, thank you. Tavis: A really good job. That’s one of my favorite songs. You know, there’s some songs people can’t touch. Some songs ought to be left alone. And messing with Prince’s stuff is…[laugh]. Jones: But the thing I love the most, because I love Prince… Tavis: I do too, yeah. Jones: We have the same birthday, you know, June 7th. Different year, of course, but it’s the same day. You know, I love Prince records, but the great thing he did with “Kiss”, he did it all in falsetto and he did it very sparse. There’s hardly anything on the record. So it left room, you know, for the bigger arrangement. Tavis: For your interpretation, yeah. Jones: Yeah, my interpretation. So I wasn’t copying it or anything. Tavis: Oh, no, not at all, not at all. Speaking of music, so I mentioned at the top of this conversation that there is the book and there is a companion CD, thankfully. Tell me about this new project, the CD, that is. Jones: Yeah. Well, I’m working with a producer now called Ethan Jones. His father was a famous producer. He produced the Rolling Stones and the Eagles and The Who, so Ethan grew up in music. Now he’s a great producer in his own right, so I met with him about six or seven years ago and he said, “All your hit records that you’ve had have always had big arrangements on them. Why don’t we get back to basics?” Tavis: Strip it down. Jones: Strip it right down. You know, get back to what you must have been singing like in Wales, you know, before you recorded “It’s Not Unusual”. And that’s what it was. It was basically 50s rock and roll, rhythm and blues, gospel, country. You know, that’s what I was doing in the clubs in Wales. So he said let’s get back there. Let’s get into the studio with a few musicians and like, with the “Elvis Presley Blues”, Ethan’s playing guitar and I’m singing, and that’s all that’s on there. Tavis: That’s all it is, yeah. Jones: You know, so that’s it. It’s a stripped-down thing of back to American roots music, which barked me off to begin with, you know, as a child. Tavis: Isn’t it funny how life works? You go full circle, don’t you? Jones: Yeah. Well, in the book, “Over the Top and Back”, that’s what we call it. Tavis: Absolutely, absolutely. Jones: And the “Long Lost Suitcase”, because most of these songs I got out of a suitcase that I collected over the years that I’d always wanted to record and haven’t got around to it yet. So here they are. Tavis: And here they are. The book from Tom Jones is called “Over the Top and Back”. It’s his official autobiography and there is a companion CD with the text that’s called “Long Lost Suitcase”. So Tom Jones has product, y’all, and I think you’ll enjoy it. Tom, good to have you on the program, man. Jones: Great to see you, Tavis. Tavis: Good to see you, my friend. Jones: All the best. Tavis: You too. That’s our show for tonight. Thanks for watching and, as always, keep the faith. Announcer: For more information on today’s show, visit Tavis Smiley at pbs.org. [Walmart Sponsor Ad] Announcer: And by contributions to your PBS station from viewers like you. Thank you. External Links	1940
What year: Barry White was born, so was Sylvester Stallone, and so was Roger Daltrey out of The Who?	IMDb: Most Popular People With Biographies Matching "George Harrison" Most Popular People With Biographies Matching "George Harrison" 43 names. Ringo Starr Ringo Starr is a British musician, actor, director, writer, and artist best known as the drummer of The Beatles who also coined the title 'A Hard day's Night' for The Beatles' first movie. He was born Richard Starkey on July 7, 1940, in a small two-storey house in the working class area of Liverpool, Merseyside, England. His father, Richard Starkey, was a former dockworker turned baker; his mother, Elsie (Gleave) Starkey, was a bakery worker. His parents divorced when he was three and he and his mother, Elsie, moved to another home in Liverpool. While attending Silas Infants' Schools he suffered from many afflictions that basically ruined his education: he had constant abdominal pains, was once diagnosed with a ruptured appendix that led to an inflamed peritoneum, which also led to one of his first surgeries. Ringo was in a coma, and his recovery took a couple of months, during which more operations were performed, and he was known to be accident-prone. Shortly after he came out of the coma, he was trying to offer a toy bus to another boy in an adjoining bed, but fell and suffered from a concussion. When he finally was able to go back to school, he learned that he was far behind in his studies. At age 13 he caught a cold that turned into chronic pleurisy, causing him another stay at a hospital in Liverpool. A few lung complications followed, which resulted in a treatment in yet another children's hospital, this time until 1955. Meanwhile, Richard's mother Elsie had married Harry Graves, the man who her son referred to as a "step-ladder". At the age of 15 he could barely read or write, although he had aptitude for practical subjects such as woodwork and mechanics. At that time he dropped out of school and got his first job was as a delivery boy for British Rail. His second job was a barman on a ferry to New Brighton, and his next was as a trainee joiner at Henry Hunt & Sons. Ringo injured his finger on the first day of his new job, and then he decided to become a drummer. His dream came true, when his stepfather bought him a new drum kit, and Richard promised to be the best drummer ever. In 1957, together with Eddie Miles, he started his own band called 'Eddie Clayton Skiffle Group'. At that time he became known as Ritchie, and eventually became caught in the Liverpool's Skiffle craze. Although he was self-taught, he was a good time-keeper, and developed an original beat with his signature accentuations, due to his left-handed manner of playing on the right-handed drum set. He traveled from band to band, but he eventually landed a spot with "Raving Texans", which was a backing band for Rory Storm, later known as "Rory Storm & The Hurricanes", a popular band at that time Liverpool. Rory Storm encouraged Richard to enhance his career by legally changing his name to Ringo Starr. The Hurricanes topped the bill at one of Liverpool's clubs, where The Beatles also had a gig. Ringo's group was at times sharing popularity with The Beatles and Gerry and the Pacemakers . He wanted to leave The Hurricanes to join another group called "The Seniors." Before Ringo, The Beatles tried several other drummers. At one point they were so desperate, that they even invited strangers from the audience to fill the position. Then came Pete Best who was not considered by the other band members to be the greatest drummer, and they were keen to recruit Ringo as his replacement. On June 6, 1962, at the Abbey Road studios, The Beatles passed Martin's audition with the exception of Pete Best. George Martin liked them, but recommended the change of a drummer. Being asked by John Lennon, Paul McCartney, and George Harrison; Epstein fired Pete Best. After a mutual decision the band was completed with Ringo Starr. Ringo contributed to their first hit in September of 1962, when The Beatles recorded Love Me Do, which charted in UK, and reached the top of the US singles chart. Ringo's steady and reliable drumming became essential in their studio sessions, as well as in their numerous and exhausting live performances across the world. Ringo's positive disposition as well as his drumming style played the pivotal role in shaping the famous image and music style of The Beatles as they are now known to the world, under the management of Brian Epstein and music producer George Martin . Ringo filled the position of a drummer for The Beatles in the most critical time of the band's formation. He quickly connected with the other three members of The Beatles, and contributed to their music and creativity with his easy-going personality, light humour, reliable drumming and inventive musicianship. All four members were charismatic and individually talented artists, they sparked each other from the beginning. Eventually they made a much better group effort under the thorough management by Brian Epstein whose coaching helped consolidate their talents and mutual stimulation into beautiful teamwork. Starr had dreamed of becoming a professional actor since his younger years. He wanted to be in movies probably more so than the other members of The Beatles . In 1964, during the first months of Beatlemania, Ringo coined the phrase 'A Hard Day's Night' which soon became the official title of the Beatles' first movie, in replacement for the working title 'Beatlemania'. Ringo received great reviews for his performance in A Hard Day's Night and Help! . At first, Ringo did not have a songwriting career, although he had no problem with his name recognition, however, he had a problem with getting his songs noticed. At that time he got help from his friends; John and Paul wrote a song or two for him to sing on their albums, such as "Boys", "I Wanna Be Your Man", "Honey Don't", and "Yellow Submarine". During his eight-year career with The Beatles , Ringo wrote two original songs: "Don't Pass Me By" and "Octopus' Garden" for which he also sang the lead vocals. Besides his drumming, Ringo's voice was recorded on many of the most popular Beatle's songs, contributing to their unique sound and tight harmonies. He had a hectic solo career during the 1970s, after the breakup of The Beatles . However, Ringo eventually emerged as a steady performer, and sustained a very popular solo career, turning out a dozen chart-topping hit songs and eight best-selling albums. He made a famous appearance together with George Harrison , Ravi Shankar , and other popular musicians in the landmark 'Concert for Bangladesh' in 1971. His 1973 solo release "Ringo" was the last album to feature all four living Beatles, although not on the same song. He also appeared in various TV shows, including his own special, Ringo , and a TV mini-series, Princess Daisy , with his wife Barbara. In 1984 he did narration for the children's series Thomas & Friends . During the 1980s, after having a long period of troubles with alcohol, Ringo and his wife attended a rehabilitation clinic, and came back to the scene sober. He made the All-Starr Band tour of America and Japan. The tour was so popular that he formed another All-Starr Band lineup in 1992, and began an American and European tour in June of that year. Since then Ringo Starr has been enjoying a continuous career as the leader of the All-Starr Band. In 1994, along with George Harrison and Paul McCartney , the three surviving members of The Beatles , reunited and produced Lennon's previously unknown song 'Free as a Bird'. It was preserved by 'Yoko Ono' on a tape recording made by John Lennon in 1977. The song was re-arranged and re-mixed with the voices of three surviving members, and became an international hit. 'Free as a Bird' was also included in The Beatles Anthology TV documentary which was watched by 420 million people in 1995. Ringo, Paul and George sang their new songs, in addition to mixing their voices and music arrangements to John Lennon demos. Ringo's old friend and band-mate George Harrison passed away on November 29, 2001, after a long battle against lung cancer. The following year, on the anniversary of Harrison's death, Ringo Starr, Paul McCartney and Eric Clapton appeared in a Concert For George, to raise money for the support of Harrison's legacy in exploration of alternative lifestyles, views and philosophies. Starr also supported charitable organizations with consideration to those who have special needs. Ringo Starr updated the role of a drummer in popular music, he made drummer an equal partner to the lead musicians, thus changing the whole paradigm in how the public saw drummers. His original performing style evolved from adjusting his natural left-handed manner of playing to the right-handed drum set, and allowing his left hand lead in weaving a pattern tightly intertwined with the music of other players, and adding such enhancements as unusual accents and stops. Ringo's musical originality as well as his inventive drumming patterns, time signatures and accentuations became essential to the sound of The Beatles . His on-stage presence and acting talent as well as his humor and musicianship was the essential part in formation and remarkable career of The Beatles . He was married to his long-time girlfriend, Maureen Cox, from 1965 - 1975, and they had three children: Zak Starkey , Jason, and Lee. The couple broke up in July of 1975, and he married actress Barbara Bach . Ringo Starr divides his time between his residences in England, in Switzerland and his home in Los Angeles, California. George Harrison A master musician, a film producer and actor, best known as the lead guitarist and occasionally lead vocalist of The Beatles , George Harrison was born February 25, 1943, in Liverpool, Merseyside, England. He was also the youngest of four children, born to Harold Harrison and Louise Harrison . Like his future band mates, Harrison was not born into wealth. Louise was largely a stay-at-home mom while her husband Harold drove a school bus for the Liverpool Institute, an acclaimed grammar school that George attended and where he first met a young classmate, Paul McCartney . By his own admission, Harrison was not much of a student and what little interest he did have for his studies washed away with his discovery of the electric guitar and American rock-'n'-roll. There were a lot of harmonies in the Harrison household. He had a knack of sorts for it by age 12 or 13, while riding a bike around his neighborhood and hearing Elvis Presley 's "Heartbreak Hotel", playing from a nearby house. By the age of 14 George--who was a fan of such legends as , Harrison, who grew up in the likes of listening to such rock legends Carl Perkins , Little Richard and Buddy Holly --had purchased his first guitar and taught himself a few chords. McCartney', who had recently joined up with another Liverpool teenager, John Lennon , in a skiffle group known as The Quarrymen, invited Harrison to see the band perform. Harrison and Lennon had a few things in common, such as the fact that they both attended Dovedale Primary School but didn't know each other. Their paths finally crossed in early 1958. McCartney had been egging the 17-year-old Lennon to allow the 14-year-old Harrison to join the band, but Lennon was reluctant; as legend has it, after seeing McCartney and Lennon perform, George was granted an audition on the upper deck of a bus, where he wowed Lennon with his rendition of popular American rock riffs. The 17-year-old Harrison's music career was in full swing by 1960. Lennon had renamed the band The Beatles and the young group began cutting its rock teeth in the small clubs and bars around Liverpool and Hamburg, Germany. Within two years, the group had a new drummer, Ringo Starr , and a manager, Brian Epstein , a young record store owner who eventually landed the group a record contract with EMI's Parlophone label. Before the end of 1962, Harrison and The Beatles recorded a song, "Love Me Do", that landed in the UK Top 20 charts. Early that following year, another hit, "Please Please Me," was released, followed by an album by the same name. "Beatlemania" was in full swing across England, and by early 1964, with the release of their album in the US and an American tour, it had swept across the States as well. Largely referred to as the "Quiet Beatle" Harrison took a back seat to McCartney, Lennon and, to a certain extent, Starr. Still, he could be quick-witted, even edgy. During the middle of one American tour, the group members were asked how they slept at night with long hair. From the get-go, Lennon-McCartney were primary lead vocalists. While the two spent most of the time writing their own songs, Harrison had shown an early interest in creating his own work. In the summer of 1963 he spearheaded his first song, "Don't Bother Me," which made its way on to the group's second album. From there on out, Harrison's songs were a staple of all Beatle records. In fact, some of the group's more memorable songs--e.g., "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" and "Something," which was the only Beatle song ever recorded by Frank Sinatra --were penned by Harrison. However, his influence on the group and pop music in general extended beyond just singles. In 1965, while on the set of The Beatles' second film, Help! , Harrison took an interest in some of the Eastern instruments and their musical arrangements that were being used in the film. He soon developed a deep interest in Indian music. He taught himself the sitar, introducing the instrument to many western ears on Lennon's song, "Norwegian Wood"" He soon cultivated a close relationship with renowned sitar player Ravi Shankar . Other groups, including The Rolling Stones , began incorporating the sitar into some of their work. It could be argued that Harrison's experimentation with different kinds of instrumentation helped pave the way for such ground-breaking Beatle albums as "Revolver" and "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band". Harrison's interest in Indian music soon extended into a yearning to learn more about eastern spiritual practices. In 1968 he led The Beatles on a journey to northern India to study transcendental meditation under Maharishi Mahesh Yogi . Having grown spiritually and musically since the group first started, Harrison, who wanted to include more of his material on Beatle records, was clearly uneasy with the McCartney-Lennon dominance of the group. During the "Let It Be" recording sessions in 1969, Harrison walked out, staying away for several weeks before he was coaxed to come back with the promise that the band would use more of his songs on its records. However, tensions in the group were clearly high. Lennon and McCartney had ceased writing together years before, and they, too, were feeling the need to go in a different direction. In January of 1970 the group recorded Harrison's "I Me Mine." It was the last song the four would ever record together. Three months later, McCartney announced he was leaving the band and The Beatles were officially over. After the breakup of The Beatles, Harrison pursued a solo career. He immediately assembled a studio band consisting of ex-Beatle Starr, guitar legend Eric Clapton , keyboardist Billy Preston and others to record all the songs that had never made it on to The Beatles catalog. The result was a three-disc album, "All Things Must Pass". While one of its signature songs, "My Sweet Lord," was later deemed too similar in style to The Chiffons ' 1963 hit "He's So Fine," forcing the guitarist to cough up nearly $600,000, the album as a whole remains Harrison's most acclaimed record. Not long after the album's release, Harrison combined his charitable work and his continued passion for the east when he put together a series of ground-breaking benefit concerts at New York City's Madison Square Garden to raise money for refugees in Bangladesh. Known as the "Concert for Bangladesh", the shows, which featured Bob Dylan , Leon Russell , and Ravi Shankar, would go on to raise some $15 million for UNICEF, produced a Grammy-winning album, a successful documentary film ( The Concert for Bangladesh ) and laid the groundwork for future benefit shows like "Live Aid" and "Farm Aid". Not everything about post-Beatle life went smoothly for Harrison, though. In 1974, his marriage to Pattie Boyd, whom he'd married eight years before, ended when she left him for Eric Clapton. His studio work struggled, too, from 1973-77, starting with, "Living in the Material World", "Extra Texture," and "33 1/3," all of which failed to meet sales expectations. Following the release of that last album, Harrison took a short break from music, winding down his own label, Dark Horse Records--which he had started in 1974, and which had released albums by a number of other bands--and started his own film production company, Handmade Films. The company produced the successful Monty Python film Life of Brian and would go on to make 26 other films before Harrison sold his interest in the company in 1994. In 1979, he returned to the studio to release his self-titled album. It was followed two years later by, "Somewhere in England," which was still being worked on at the time of John Lennon 's assassination in December of 1980. The record eventually included the Lennon tribute track, "All Those Years Ago," a song that reunited ex-Beatles Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr , along with ex- Wings members Denny Laine and Linda McCartney . While the song was a hit, the album, its predecessor and its successor, "Gone Troppo," weren't. For Harrison the lack of commercial appeal and the constant battles with music executives proved draining and prompted another studio hiatus. A comeback of sorts came in November 1987, however, with the release of the album "Cloud Nine," produced by Jeff Lynne (of Electric Light Orchestra ). The album turned out several top-charting hits, including "Got My Mind Set On You"-- remake of the 1962 song by Rudy Clark --and "When We Was Fab," a song that reflected on the life of Beatlemania, with Ringo Starr and Paul McCartney, who was dressed up as a walrus, but was a camera shy, in February 1988. Later that year Harrison formed The Traveling Wilburys . The group consisted of Harrison, Lynne, Roy Orbison , Tom Petty and Bob Dylan , and spawned two successful albums. Buoyed by the group's commercial success, Harrison took to the road with his new bandmates in 1992, embarking on his first international tour in 18 years. Not long afterwards he was reunited with McCartney and Starr for the creation of an exhaustive three-part release of a Beatles anthology--which featured alternative takes, rare tracks and a John Lennon demo called "Free as a Bird," that the three surviving Beatles completed in the studio. The song went on to become the group's 34th Top 10 single. After that, however, Harrison largely became a homebody, keeping himself busy with gardening and his cars at his expansive and restored home in Henley-on-Thames in south Oxfordshire, England. Still, the ensuing years were not completely stress-free. In 1997, Harrison, a longtime smoker, was successfully treated for throat cancer. Eighteen months later, his life was again put on the line when a deranged 33-year-old Beatles fan somehow managed to circumvent Harrison's intricate security system and broke into his home, attacking the musician and his wife Olivia with a knife. Harrison was treated for a collapsed lung and minor stab wounds. Olivia suffered several cuts and bruises. In May 2001, Harrison's cancer returned. There was lung surgery, but doctors soon discovered the cancer had spread to his brain. That autumn, he traveled to the US for treatment and was eventually hospitalized at the UCLA Medical Center in Los Angeles, CA. He died November 29, 2001, at ex-bandmate McCartney's house in Los Angeles, at aged 58, with his wife and son at his side. Just one year after his death, Harrison's final studio album, "Brainwashed," was released. It was produced by Lynne, Harrison's son Dhani Harrison and Harrison himself, and featured a collection of songs he'd been working at the time of his death. Dhani finished putting the album together and it was released in November of 2002. The Beatles The Beatles were an English rock band that became arguably the most successful act of the 20th century. They contributed to music, film, literature, art, and fashion, made a continuous impact on popular culture and the lifestyle of several generations. Their songs and images carrying powerful ideas of love, peace, help, and imagination evoked creativity and liberation that outperformed the rusty Soviet propaganda and contributed to breaking walls in the minds of millions, thus making impact on human history. In July of 1957, in Liverpool, 'Paul McCartney (I)' met John Lennon . Both were teenagers. Paul impressed John with his mastery of acoustic guitar, and was invited to join Lennon's group, The Quarrymen. George Harrison joined them in February of 1958. In 1959 they played regular gigs at a club called The Casbah. They were joined by vocalist Stuart Sutcliffe, and by drummer Peter Best, whose mother owned The Casbah club. Early incarnations of the band included The Quarrymen, Johnny & the Moon Dogs, and The Silver Beetles. John Lennon dreamed up the band's final name, The Beatles, a mix of beat with beetle. In 1960 The Beatles toured in Hamburg, Germany. There they were joined by Ringo Starr , who previously played with Rory Storm and the Hurricanes. In Hamburg, The Beatles made their first studio work as a backing band for singer Tony Sheridan's recordings for the German Polydor label, however, in the credits the band's name was changed to The Beat Brothers. From February 1961 to August 1963, The Beatles played a regular gig at the Cavern. They were paid five pounds for their first show, rising to three hundred pounds per show in 1963. In two and a half years The Beatles gave 262 shows at the Cavern in Liverpool. Brian Epstein was invited to be the manager of the Beatles in November 1961. His diplomatic way of dealing with the Beatles and with their previous manager resulted in a December 10, 1961, meeting, where it was decided that Epstein would manage the band. A 5-year management contract was signed by four members at then-drummer Pete Best's home on January 24, 1962. Epstein did not put his signature on it, giving the musicians the freedom of choice. At that time McCartney and Harrison were under 21, so the paper wasn't technically legal. None of them realized this and it did not matter to them. What mattered was their genuine trust in Epstein. He changed their early image for the good. Brian Epstein made them wear suits and ties, classic shoes, and newer haircuts. They were advised to update their manners on stage and quit eating and drinking in public. Brian Epstein worked hard on both the Beatles' image and public relations. He improved their image enough to make them accepted by the conservative media. Most if not all of their communication off-stage was managed by Brian Epstein. On January 1, 1962, The Beatles came to London and recorded fifteen songs at the Decca Records. They were not hired, but the material helped them later. During the year 1962, they made several trips to London and auditioned for various labels. In May of 1962 Epstein canceled the group's contract with Tony Sheridan and the German label. Brian Epstein was persistent in trying to sign a record deal for the Beatles, even after being rejected by every major record label in UK, like Columbia, Philips, Oriole, Decca, and Pye. Epstein transferred a demo tape to disc with HMV technician Jim Foy, who liked their song and referred it to Parlophone's George Martin. On June 6, 1962, at the Abbey Road studios, they passed Martin's audition with the exception of Pete Best. George Martin liked them, but recommended the change of a drummer. Being asked by John Lennon, Paul McCartney, and George Harrison; Epstein fired Pete Best. After a mutual decision the band was completed with Ringo Starr , who duly became the fourth Beatle. In September of 1962 The Beatles recorded their first hit Love Me Do, which charted in UK, and reached the top of the US singles chart. London became their new home since 1963. On February 11, 1963, The Beatles recorded the entire album 'Please, Please me' in one day, working non-stop during ten-hour studio session. In May and June, 1963, the band made a tour with Roy Orbison. In August of 1963, their single She Loves You became a super hit. Their October 1963 performance at the London Palladium made them famous in Great Britain and initiated the Beatlemania in the UK. The show at the London Palladium was broadcast live and seen by twelve million viewers. Then, in November 1962, The Beatles gave a charity concert at the Prince of Wales Theatre in London. There, performing for the rich and famous, John Lennon made his famous announcement: Would the people in the cheaper seats clap your hands? And the rest of you, if you'll just rattle your jewelry. In early performances the Beatles included popular songs from the 40s and 50s. They played rock-n-roll and R&B-based pop songs while they gradually worked on developing a style of their own. Their mixture of rock-n-roll, skiffle, blues, country, soul, and a simplified version of 1930s jazz resulted in several multi-genre and cross-style sounding songs. They admitted their interest in the music of Buddy Holly, Elvis Presley, Little Richard and other entertainers of the 40s, 50s and early 60s. Beatles' distinctive vocals were sometimes reminiscent of the Everly Brothers' tight harmonies. By 1965 their style absorbed ethnic music influences from India and other Oriental cultures, and later expanded into psychedelic experiments and classical-sounding compositions. Their creative search covered a range of styles from jazz and rock to a cosmopolitan cross-cultural and cross-genre compositions. Initially the Beatles were a guitars and drums band. In the course of their career every member became a multi-instrumentalist. George Harrison played the lead guitar and also introduced such exotic instruments as ukulele, Indian sitars, flutes, tabla, darbouka, and tampur drums. John Lennon played a variety of guitars, keyboards, harmonicas and horns. Paul McCartney played bass guitar, acoustic and electric guitars, piano and keyboards, as well as over 40 other musical instruments. The Beatles were the first popular band that used a classical touch of strings and keyboard instruments; their producer George Martin scored Baroque orchestrations in several songs, such as Yesterday, Eleanor Rigby, In My Life, and a full orchestra in Sgt. Pepper. John Lennon and Paul McCartney played piano in many of their songs. Their jamming on a piano together led to creation of their best-selling hit I Want to Hold Your Hand in 1963. At first the Beatles were rejected by Dick Clark after testing a recording of their song on his show. Then Brian Epstein approached Ed Sullivan, who discussed them with Walter Cronkite after seeing them on his CBS Evening News in 1963. Brian Epstein also managed to get their music played by influential radio stations in Washington and New York. The US consumer reaction was peaking, a single 'I Want to Hold Your Hand' was released in December 1963 by the Capitol Records. Their sensational tour in the USA began with three TV shows at the Ed Sullivan Theater in New York, in February of 1964. After that The Beatles endured several years of extremely intensive recording, filming, and touring. They stopped public performances after 1966, but continued their recording contracts. By 1985 The Beatles had sold over one billion records. Music became their ticket to ride around the world. Beatlemania never really ended since its initiation. It still lives as a movable feast in many hearts and minds, as a sweet memory of youth, when all you need is love and a little help from a friend to be happy. The Beatles' first two feature films, A Hard Day's Night (1964) and Help (1965), were made in collaboration with an American director, Richard Lester . Their humorous, ironic, and farcical film performances are reminiscent of the Marx Brothers' comedies. Later The Beatles moved into the area of psychedelic innovations with the animated film Yellow Submarine (1966). Their surrealistic TV movie The Magical Mystery Tour (1967) became the cause for the first major criticism of their work in the British press. Their film music was also released as studio albums. Original music by The Beatles as well as re-makes of their songs has been also used, often uncredited, in music scores of feature films and documentaries. Some of The Beatles concert and studio performances were filmed on several occasions and were later edited and released after the band's dissolution. In 1999 the remastered and remixed film The Beatles Yellow Submarine Adventure delighted a younger audience with incredible animation and songs. All four members were charismatic and individually talented artists, they sparked each other from the beginning. Eventually they made a much better group effort under the thorough management by Brian Epstein . His coaching helped consolidate their talents and mutual stimulation into beautiful teamwork. Paul McCartney had the privilege of a better musical education, having studied classical piano and guitar in his childhood. He progressed as a lead vocalist and multi-instrumentalist, as well as a singer-songwriter. McCartney wrote more songs for the Beatles than other members of the band. His songs Yesterday, Eleanor Rigby, Blackbird, When I'm 64, Let It Be are among the Beatles' best hits. Yesterday is considered the most-covered song in history with over three thousand versions of it recorded by various artists. McCartney accepted the agreement that was offered by John Lennon in 1957, about the 50/50 authorship of every song written by either one of them. Most of The Beatles' songs are formally credited to both names, regardless of the fact that many of the songs were written individually. On June 25, 1967, The Beatles made history becoming the first band globally transmitted on TV to an estimated 400 million people worldwide. The Beatles were a segment in the first-ever worldwide satellite hook-up and their new song "All You Need Is Love" was broadcast live during the show. Two months later The Beatles lost their creative manager Brian Epstein , whose talent for problem-solving was unmatched. "That was it, the beginning of the end", said Lennon. Evolution of each member's creativity and musicianship also led to individual career ambitions. John Lennon was experimenting with psychedelic poetry and art. His creativity was very unique and innovative. Lennon wrote Come Together, Girl, Revolution, Strawberry Fields and many other Beatles' hits. An out-of-context reprinting of Lennon's remarks on the Beatlemania phenomenon caused problems in the media. His comparison of Beatles' popularity to that of Jesus Christ was used to attack them publicly, causing cancellations of their performances and even burning of their records. Lennon had to apologize several times in press and on TV, including at a Chicago press conference. In 1967 John Lennon met Japanese artist Yoko Ono , whom he later married. George Harrison was the lead guitar player and also took sitar lessons from Ravi Shankar . Harrison had his own inner light of creativity and spirituality, he wrote Something, Taxman, I me mine, and other hits. Ringo Starr sang 'Yellow Submarine' and a few other songs. He has made a film career and also toured with his All Stars Band and released several solo albums. His 1973 release "Ringo" was the last album to feature all four living Beatles, although not on the same song. The Beatles created over 240 songs, they recorded many singles and albums, made films and TV shows. Thousands of memorable pictures popularized their image. In their evolution from beginners to the leaders of entertainment, they learned from many world cultures, absorbed from various styles, and created their own. Their cross-style compositions covered a range of influences from English folk ballads to Indian raga; absorbing from Johann Sebastian Bach , Ludwig van Beethoven , Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky , Karlheinz Stockhausen , Elvis Presley, Everly Brothers, Little Richard, and others. The songwriting and performing talents of Paul McCartney, John Lennon, George Harrison, and Ringo Starr, fused in the Beatles' music. Lennon and McCartney initiated changes in music publishing industry by breaking the Tin Pan Alley monopoly of songwriting. Their legacy became possible due to highly professional work by Brian Epstein and George Martin. In 1994 three surviving members reunited and produced Lennon's previously unknown song 'Free as a Bird'. It was preserved by Yoko Ono on a tape recording made by Lennon in 1977. The song was re-arranged and re-mixed with the voices of three surviving members. The Beatles Anthology TV documentary was watched by 420 million people in 1995. The Beatles represent the collective consciousness of several generations. Millions of viewers and listeners across the universe became conditioned to the sounds and images of The Beatles. Their influence on the modern world never stopped. Numbers may only show the tip of the iceberg (record sales, shows admissions, top hits, etc.). As image-makers and role models they pushed boundaries in lifestyle and business, affecting customers behavior and consumption beyond the entertainment industry by turning all life into entertainment. A brilliant blend of music and lyrics in their songs made influence on many minds by carrying messages like: give peace a chance and people working it out. A message more powerful than political control, it broke through second and third world censorship and regulations and set many millions free. Steve Jobs , being a big fan of Paul McCartney and The Beatles, referred to them on many occasions and also was interviewed on a showing of a Paul McCartney concert. When asked about his business model, Steve Jobs replied: My model for business is The Beatles: They were four guys that kept each other's negative tendencies in check; they balanced each other. And the total was greater than the sum of the parts. Great things in business are never done by one person, they are done by a team of people. The Beatles made impact on human history, because their influence has been liberating for generations of nowhere men living in misery beyond the Iron Curtain. Something in their songs and images appealed to everybody who wanted to become free as a bird. Their songs carrying powerful ideas of real love, peace, help, and imagination evoked creativity that outperformed the rusty Soviet propaganda and contributed to breaking chains and walls in the minds of millions. The Beatles expressed themselves in beautiful and liberating words of love, happiness, freedom, and revolution, and carried those messages to people across the universe. Their songs and images helped many freedom-loving people to come together for revolutions in Prague and Warsaw, Beijing and Bucharest, Berlin and Moscow. The Beatles has been an inspiration for those who take the long and winding road to freedom. Even after The Beatles had gone, the individual members continued to spread their message; from the concert for Bangladesh by George Harrison and Ringo Starr in 1971, to 2003 "Back in USSR" concert by Paul McCartney on the Red Square in Moscow, and his 2004 show near the Tsar's Winter Palace in St. Petersburg where the Communist Revolution took place, just imagine. In 2005 the Entertainment magazine poll named The Beatles the most iconic entertainers of the 20th Century. In July of 2006, the guitar on which Paul McCartney played his first chords and impressed John Lennon, was sold at an auction for over $600,000. In July 2012, Paul McCartney rocked the opening ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. He delivered a live performance of The Beatles 's timeless hit "Hey Jude" and engaged the crowd of people from all over the world to join his band in a sing along finale. The show was seen by a live audience of 80000 people at the Olympic Park Stadium in addition to an estimated TV audience of two billion people worldwide. Jack MacGowran Jack MacGowran, the great Irish character actor known for his roles in the plays of Samuel Beckett , was born on October 13, 1918 in Ireland. He established his professional reputation as a member of the Abbey Players in Dublin, but he won his greatest fame for assaying Beckett's characters onstage. (In 1971, MacGowran would win the Obie Award for Best Performance By an Actor assaying "Beckett" on the off-Broadway stage.) MacGowran's appearance as the Squire's right-hand man in John Ford 's paean to Ireland, The Quiet Man introduced9 him to world cinema. He moved to London in 1954, where he joined The Shakespeare Company (before it won the patronage of Queen Elizabeth II and added the sobriquet "Royal" to its name). At the Shakespeare Company, he became friends with fellow Irishman-abroad Peter O'Toole, with whom he would co-star in Richard Brooks 's Lord Jim (1965) a decade later. In New York, he appeared as Joxer, one of the greatest roles in modern Irish drama, in the Broadway musical "Juno", which was based on 'Sean O'Casey''s 1924 masterpiece " The Shame of Mary Boyle ". Fittingly, he played O'Casey's brother Archie in Young Cassidy , one of John Ford's last films (which the director had to abandon due to ill health). One of his only movie leads came with 1968's Wonderwall , an exercise in "mod" cinema (as genre that ironically harkened back to the first cinema, that of the silent screen), a film that is remembered mostly for 'George Harrison''s score. By that time, MacGowran had established himself as the actor to go to for roles calling for an impish, Puckish character. He was in great demand for comedies, such as the Oscar-winning 'Tom Jones (1963)_ (Best Picture of 1963) and Start the Revolution Without Me . In the classical genre, he memorably played The Fool to the great 'Paul Scofield''s watershed interpretation of King Lear in Peter Brooks 's 1971 film that captured Scofield's magisterial performance, arguably the greatest interpretation of Lear in the 20th Century. After starring in the first London production of Beckett's "Endgame", MacGowran began a busy career as a character actor in motion pictures. Director Roman Polanski used him twice, as a gangster in his absurdist Cul-De-Sac and as Professor Abronsius, the Vampire Hunter, in his horror film parody The Fearless Vampire Killers , a role that was written especially for him. His last film was a more straightforward horror picture, the 1973 blockbuster The Exorcist , in which he played a doomed film director. Jack MacGowran died on January 31, 1973, of complications from influenza, which he had caught in London during a flu epidemic. The cinema and the stage lost a unique talent that never has been replaced. Sheila James Kuehl Babyboomers remember well the diminutive (4'10"), dark-haired comedienne Sheila James who raised a smile with her portrayals of tomboyish kid sisters and boy-crazy high schoolers on late 50s and early 60s TV. For a while she was a huge hit backed by her characters' plaintive, pony-tailed presences, strategies and sheer persistence to get what they wanted. In her best known show The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis , Sheila gave plain-Jane teenagers everywhere hope that they too could net the guy of their dreams. She was born Sheila James Kuehl on February 9, 1941, in Tulsa Oklahoma and pursued acting as an adolescent. She started things off with quite a bang at age 10 with a five-season regular role as Stuart Erwin and June Collyer 's tomboy daughter Jackie in The Stu Erwin Show . She appeared in her first film (using the stage name of Sheila James) at age 12 with an unbilled role in Those Redheads from Seattle and the next year was glimpsed in the MGM classic musical Seven Brides for Seven Brothers . In the meantime Sheila made appearances on such TV series as "Mayor of the Town," "My Little Margie," "Date with the Angels," "The Bob Cummings Show," "The Millionaire" and "National Velvet" before landing the role that her famous -- squinchy-nosed high schooler Zelda Gilroy in The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis . As the obsessed student who only had eyes for the poetic, lovelorn title character ( Dwayne Hickman ), Zelda's confidence in hooking up with the uninterested Dobie never wavered, despite competition in the form of spoiled, dreamy blonde Tuesday Weld as Thalia Meninger. Sheila was an instant hit as Zelda, so much so that a 1962 pilot entitled "Zelda" was filmed as a possible spinoff. However, when Hollywood gossip spread that the 21-year-old Sheila was a lesbian, the powers-that-be decided to permanently shelve the project. The actress began to see her surge of popularity, not to mention her ability to find acting jobs, diminish after this. Despite some comedy roles in "Petticoat Junction," "Ozzie and Harriet" and "The Donna Reed Show," she found Hollywood reticent to cast her. She did appear as Sally Ragsdale on a 1964 episode of Petticoat Junction in which she joined as one of the singing "Ladybugs" along with lovely Petticoat Junction girls Linda Henning , Jeannine Riley and Pat Woodell . The pretty foursome even took their act to "The Ed Sullivan Show" in which they appeared as a mop-haired female version of the Beatles and performed the Fab Four's hit song "I Saw Her Standing There" with Henning as drummer "Ringo Starr," Riley as guitar player "John Lennon," Woodell as "Paul McCartney" and James as guitar player "George Harrison". Sheila would appear in one more regular series, co-starring with Kathleen Nolan of "The Real McCoys" fame in the short-lived service comedy Broadside , before seeing the writing on the wall. After the show's quick demise, a practical Sheila decided to take a different direction in her life. She first found a job as a student campus adviser at UCLA which led to her appointment as the college's associate dean. At age 34 (and back to using her real name Sheila Kuehl), she was admitted into Harvard Law School where she rose to the top of her class and was elected student council president. Thereafter, Sheila returned on a rare occasion to TV (guest appearances on "Love American Style," "Emergency!") and film ( Bring Me the Head of Dobie Gillis ), a sequel to the popular comedy show in which she and Dobie (Hickman) have married and have a child! Sheila made bold moves into the political arena on feminist issues and went on to serve as the first openly gay member of the California State Assembly (6 years) and Senate (8 years). She later focused on community programs and policies as Director of the Public Policy Institute at Santa Monica College and played host of the West Hollywood cable show "Get Used To It", that dealt with gays and gay issues. She also worked in tandem with Planned Parenthood of California in helping to develop legislation. To this day, the former child actress continues to be a strong and vital force in Los Angeles politics. Anoushka Shankar Anoushka Shankar was born on the 9th June 1981 in London. At the age of nine, Anoushka began training on the sitar with her father, Ravi Shankar, and by the age of thirteen was giving her first public performances. Her first album, Anoushka, was released in 1998 and she has since released a further five studio albums. She is working on a new album, due for release in autumn 2011. In 2003, Anoushka played the sitar and conducted the performances in Concert for George, a concert documentary commemorating the first anniversary of the passing of George Harrison. 2004 saw the release of Ancient Marks, a unique short film by Ethan Boehme, for which Anoushka composed and recorded the soundtrack. In the same year, she earned a Best Supporting Actress nomination from India's National Film Awards for her debut acting role in Dance Like a Man. She also played the sitar on the soundtrack to the 2006 film Water. She divides her time between London, Delhi and California. In 2010, Anoushka married the British director Joe Wright, and is expecting their first child in spring 2011. Stuart Cooper Stuart Cooper's films have won more than twenty international awards. Notably the Silver Medal at the Venice Film Festival, the Gold Medal at the Moscow Film Festival, the Prix CIDALC Gandhi Peace Award and in consecutive years two Silver Bears at the Berlin International Film Festival. Cooper trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London and appeared in films with Orson Welles and as one of the dozen in "The Dirty Dozen." He established a London based production company where he began writing and directing documentaries and features. Cooper established his partnership with the late Oscar-winning photographer John Alcott who also collaborated and served as Stanley Kubrick's longtime cinematographer on "A Clockwork Orange," Barry Lyndon" and "The Shining." Cooper's war film "Overlord" rediscovered at the Telluride Film Festival has become a classic. "Overlord" has since been distributed theatrically worldwide with an acclaimed DVD distributed by the Criterion Collection. Recently hailed by a laureate of esteemed critics including Roger Ebert, A.O. Scott, Joe Morgenstern and Kevin Thomas, the film has now been included on all time top 10 lists alongside films such as "The 400 Blows," "The Seventh Seal" and "The Seven Samurai." "Overlord" was honored in the 2014 Cannes Classic Film Festival and Lumiere Grand Lyon Film Festival followed by an international Bluray release. Cooper's film Little Malcolm, produced by George Harrison was remastered by Cooper and released by the British Film Institute on DVD/Bluray in 2011 in conjunction with Martin Scorsese's documentary on George Harrison. Cooper's cult film The Disappearance starring Donald Sutherland and Christopher Plummer has been released on Bluray by Twilight Time to critical acclaim in 2013. Cooper's mini-series credits includes "The Fortunate Pilgrim" (NBC), Italian Prize winner, based on Mario Puzo's autobiography starring Sophia Loren, Edward James Olmos, Hal Holbrook, John Turturro, and Annabella Sciorra. "The Long Hot Summer" (NBC), Emmy nominated, starring Don Johnson, Cybil Shepherd, Jason Robards, Judith Ivy, and Ava Gardner. "A.D. - Anno Domini" (NBC), the acclaimed twelve-hour, sixty- million dollar mini-series, written by Anthony Burgess, starring James Mason, Ava Gardner, Susan Sarandon, Richard Kiley, Coleen Dewhurst, Jack Warden, John Houseman, and Fernando Rey. Ravi Shankar Ravi Shankar was a world-renowned musician, composer, performer, and scholar of classical Indian music. He was one of the leading cultural figures of the twentieth century whose accomplishments placed him as the leading figure of an important musical tradition. His long and distinguished musical career included numerous recordings, performances at all the world's leading venues, and a series of unprecedented collaborations with other leading musicians. Although he is well known because of his interaction with the popular music world, it is important to underscore that Shankar is considered the leading international figure in a very elevated art form, Hindustani music. Shankar was born on April 7, 1920, in Varanasi, India. He moved to Paris in 1930, and received most of his education there. From the age of 12, he performed as a musician and dancer on tour in Europe and America with his brother Uday Shankar, and in 1939 had his first concert as soloist at a music conference in Allahabad. By 1945 Shankar's reputation as the leading performer of traditional Hindustani music on the sitar had coalesced. He began to branch out as a composer, writing music for ballet and for important films such as such as Dharti Ke Lal and Neecha Nagar. He also composed the song Sare Jahan Se Accha, which is one of the most widely known piece of music in India. In 1949, Shankar became Music Director of All-India Radio at Delhi, and founded the Vadya Vrinda Chamber Orchestra. During the years 1950-55 Shankar composed some of his most famous music, most notably in the internationally-acclaimed film studios of Calcutta, where he scored The Ray Triology. For his outstanding contribution to Indian music and culture, he received his first of five Presidential Awards in 1962, India's highest honor in the arts. In the mid-1960s, his preeminence as one of the world's leading serious musicians was augmented with wide popular success. George Harrison of The Beatles developed a deep, abiding interest in Hindustani music, and began to study with Shankar. One influence of this study can be heard in his song Within You, Without You. Shankar died in San Diego, California in 2012 at the age of 92. Zouzou Danièle Ciarlet, AKA Zouzou, is today one of the most revered - even though quite obscure for most - icons of the 60s Parisian scene. Discovered at age 16 by then young design artist Jean-Paul Goude, she briefly modelled for Yves Saint Laurent, and, as a tireless night-clubber, is better known, in the mid-60s, under the nickname "Zouzou la twisteuse". Shortly after that, she was romantically involved with Rolling Stones member Brian Jones, whom she followed around the world. She was also a good friend of John Lennon and George Harrison and was photographed by Richard Avedon and Helmut Newton, got to meet Bob Dylan, Andy Warhol and most of all, Jack Nicholson who was, along with Marianne Faithfull, very... faithful friends. She also recorded two EPs as a singer at the end of the 60s, and a duet with Dani, another French 60s icon. After a few roles in underground and experimental French films (under the direction of Philippe Garrel or Yves Lagrange), she got a cinematographic breakthrough in 1972 with Eric Rohmer's L'amour l'après-midi, and developed an international career as an actress, a career which unfortunately, and progressively, slowed down because of her addiction to heroin. She spent seven years on the Cariibean Island of Saint Barthélémy so as to shape up, but her return to Paris, in the mid-80s, was followed by two jail incarcerations due to mild drug dealings. In the mid-90s, she was drug free at last, and, to get a fresh start, she sold the newspapers "La rue" and "Le réverbère" (the equivalent of British "The Big Issue") in the Parisian metro. In November 2003, an autobiography entitled "Zouzou jusqu'à l'aube" ("Zouzou until Dawn") was released, where she told with an ultimate honesty the extreme ups and downs of her incredible life. A compilation of all her songs was also released, and a documentary, "Zouzou l'héroïne", told in images the fate of probably one of the most beautiful woman of the world, revered as the "female Marlon Brando" when she burst into the Parisian scene, more than 40 years ago. Siddhartha Khosla Siddhartha Khosla is a film and television composer, and singer/songwriter/producer for critically acclaimed band Goldspot. Khosla's current composing slate includes upcoming NBC TV drama "This Is Us," (Mandy Moore, Milo Ventimiglia, Sterling K. Brown, Dan Fogelman EP), hit Lionsgate TV drama "The Royals," (Elizabeth Hurley, Mark Schwahn EP), and feature films drama "Liv" (2016) with Teddy Sears and Catherine Eaton, and comedy "Fat Camp" (2017). Khosla also recently composed original songs for Academy Award winner Brie Larson and Donald Sutherland's upcoming musical film "Basmati Blues," also due out in 2016. Khosla recently composed the scores for ABC comedy pilots "Chunk and Bean" and "Square Roots," and NBC comedy pilot "Imaginary Friend." Forged from the creative mind of Khosla and first discovered on KCRW's "Morning Becomes Eclectic," -- arguably the most influential radio station in the country -- Goldspot's ear-pleasing and catchy sound has been described by LA Times Magazine as "A hint of George Harrison at his transcendental best" , by NPR as "An inventive sound and independent vision." In 2013, his album Aerogramme topped Los Angeles Times Pop Music Editor's year end best albums list, earning the title of "#1 Album of the Year." His hit single "Friday" reached #10 in the UK radio charts, with album "Tally of the Yes Men" reaching #11 in the Alternative charts. Goldspot has released three studio albums (Mercury UK/Universal Records, Mt. Hoboken Records, and SONY India) and Khosla's songs have been featured on numerous TV shows ('How I Met Your Mother', 'The OC', 'The Neighbors'), major brand advertising campaigns (Google, Target, Apple), and films (Today's Special starring The Daily Show's Aasif Mandvi). Khosla's India-born parents came to the US in the mid-seventies to make the American dream their own. Their son was born on these shores, and his parents kept their heritage alive for him though music, playing old Indian movie soundtracks in their home. As a teenager, Khosla embraced Western bands as well: The Smiths, The Cure, The Beatles & Paul Simon. Today, his musical roots inform his scores and songs to convey a sound -- from vintage electric guitars and rare 1950s organs to live orchestras and instruments from the Eastern hemisphere like the harmonium, to the Greek bouzouki, to 80's omnichord synthesizers and Flemish harpsichords - that is engagingly unique. In November 2013, Khosla was invited as the musical guest for First Lady Michelle Obama's Diwali celebration at the White House. Khosla has a B.A. from the University of Pennsylvania, where he composed and sang for his award-winning a cappella group "Off The Beat." During his time at Penn, Khosla's group earned 4 consecutive Album of Year awards, Arrangement of the Year, and Song of the Year honors from the Contemporary A Cappella Recording Awards. Khosla is managed by Steve Nice (Nice Management & Consulting) and represented by WME's Bradley Rainey and Amos Newman. Shawn-Caulin Young A product of America's hard-working middle class, Shawn-Caulin Young was born on March 22,1982 in the small town of Lamar, Colorado to his father, jockey/race horse trainer Jim Young and his mother, Olympic swimming hopeful Julie Young. Shawn (youngest of four) grew up in a predominately Latino \ Navajo community in the deserts of Farmington, New Mexico. His heritage includes those of Irish, English, Native, Norwegian and Swedish descent. Upon discovering his love for acting in high school, Shawn-Caulin pursued a BFA in Acting from the prestigious performing arts conservatory, The Hartt School (UHA). After classically training in England and graduating with top honors from Hartt, he moved to NYC where he began his career in film and television. A self-professed "student of life" he has continued to explore his love of the human condition by studying acting with greats such as Anthony Meindl and the legendary Larry Moss. Young was "discovered" by Burrows/Boland Casting and director Robert Zemeckis during the casting process of what would have been a live-action version of the beloved Beatles' cartoon, The Yellow Submarine. Zemeckis selected him (second only to Cary Elwes) from an international talent pool to play famed Beatles's guitarist George Harrison. Since then, Shawn has gone on to work on numerous film, television, and theater productions around the world. An experienced horseman, stuntman, true collaborator and lover of life, he enjoys spending his spare time coaching/mentoring children and young adults around the world in the art of acting. Brian Epstein Brian Epstein was the original manager and the mastermind behind the success of The Beatles . He was born Brian Samuel Epstein on September 19, 1934 into a Jewish-English family in Liverpool, UK. Epstein's family owned a store, where Paul McCartney's piano was bought. After three terms Epstein dropped out of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA) in London, where he was a classmate of Peter O'Toole . Back in Liverpool he was put in charge of the record sales in his father's stores. He also wrote a regular column in Mersey Beat magazine, which promoted The Beatles. Epstein's store was just down the street from the Cavern Club, where he went to see a Beatles' performance, after a few customers requested their single at his store. Epstein was treated to a VIP admission and was welcomed in the club's public announcement. He remembered, "I was immediately struck by their music, their beat, and their sense of humor on stage. And, after-wards, when I met them, I was struck again by their personal charm. And it was there that, really, it all started." He also recognized The Beatles' members as regular customers at his NEMS record store. His diplomatic way of dealing with The Beatles and with their unofficial manager, Allan Williams , resulted in a December 10, 1961, meeting, where it was decided that Epstein would manage the band. A five-year management contract was signed by the four members at then-drummer Pete Best's home on January 24, 1962. Epstein did not put his signature on it, giving the musicians the freedom of choice. At that time McCartney and Harrison were under 21, so the paper wasn't technically legal. None of them realized this and it did not matter to them. What mattered was their genuine trust in Epstein. Epstein was persistent in trying to sign a record deal for The Beatles, even after being rejected by every major record label in UK, like Columbia, Philips, Oriole, Decca, and Pye. Epstein transferred a demo tape to disc with HMV technician Jim Foy, who liked the song and referred it to Parlophone's George Martin. They passed Martin's audition with the exception of Pete Best. Being asked by John Lennon, Paul McCartney, and George Harrison; Epstein fired Best. Ringo Starr duly became the fourth Beatle. Having no experience at artist management, Epstein made the right steps by bringing serious improvements to their image. They switched from blue jeans and leather jackets to suits and cleaned up their stage act. He advised them not to smoke or snack in public. Epstein directed the famous synchronized bow at the end of their shows. Overall improvements to The Beatles' image made by Epstein transformed their appearance enough to get them accepted by the mainstream media and public of that time. Detail-oriented and highly focused on maintaining their clean-cut image, Epstein called them "The Boys" and managed every aspect of their career, their everyday life, concert gigs, and media appearances. His personal friendship with George Martin was also important. By leaving the recording production and the repertoire work mainly in the professional care of Martin, Epstein made himself available for other artist management contracts. He successfully managed Gerry and the Pacemakers , Billy J. Kramer & The Dakotas, Cilla Black as well as other artists. His NEMS Enterprises lineup grew to include The Bee Gees , Jimi Hendrix , and Cream. He was a creative member of The Beatles, a multi-talented man with a good disposition, sharp memory, and an eye for details. A good character reference was given to Epstein by the British Army as "Sober, conscientious, and utterly trustworthy". Though he was dismissed from service for being "incurably civilian". The Army used a different set of criteria than the entertainment industry to judge a person's character. His homosexuality and prescription drug (barbiturate) dependency in those days, with pressures from both social and legal restrictions, caused him additional stress. He died of a drug overdose on August 27, 1967. The Beatles lost their uniting creative manager and soon walked their separate ways. Aimee Nash Aimee Nash is an Australian Singer, Songwriter, Actor, Multi-instrumentalist, Record Producer and co-founding member of Australian duo The Black Ryder. She is also the Owner & Director of Creative Agency The Anti-Machine Machine LLC. Aimee appeared in the Warner Bros film adaption of Anne Rice's novel 'Queen of the Damned' as a Vampire singer in the Vampire band in 2002. The band comprised of iconic Australian musicians Rowland S. Howard, Hugo Race & Robin Casinader. Aimee was represented by John Cann at June Cann Management in Australia until John passed away in 2008. Aimee also appeared in The Black Ryder film "Sweet Come Down" (2009) directed by Michael Spiccia & "Let Me Be Your Light" directed by Juan Azulay (2015). The Black Ryder have played / toured with The Jesus & Mary Chain, The Cult, Black Rebel Motorcycle Club, Primal Scream, The Brian Jonestown Massacre, The Black Angels, The Charlatans, Spectrum (Pete Kember), Broken Social Scene, The Raveonettes, Tamaryn. The Black Ryder performed at "George Fest - A Night to Celebrate the Music of George Harrison" in 2014 with their version of 'Isn't It A Pity'. "George Fest" is a live album and concert DVD package documenting the George Fest tribute concert to former Beatle George Harrison, held at the Fonda Theatre in Los Angeles on 28 September 2014. The album and documentary were released on 26 February 2016. Paul Hughes He took up acting late in life when, in 2010, he decided to audition for a play at The Rose Theatre, Kingston, and, on being cast immediately wanted more. Very soon other parts, as diverse as 'George Harrison' in a Beatles tribute play and 'Mr Marlow' in 'She Stoops to Conquer', soon followed and with an agent now on board roles in short films quickly followed together with his first appearance at The Camden Fringe. He played a lead character, 'Tony Mirra' in the major television series 'Mafias Greatest Hits' and took a leading role in the British Council funded 'Tea & Crumpets' a dramatic short film about the horrors of sex trafficking. This was shortly followed with an appearance on a TV game show in Japan as 'The Exorcist'. His first feature films were 'London Latino' and 'M.O.N.E.Y.' featuring Emmy Award winning actor Wil Johnson. Also cast by 'Redzz', the popular rap artist, as the lead in his million plus viewed video 'The Prisoner' closely followed by the horror film 'The Hunted' which was launched at Cannes in 2013, where he played the crazy serial killer 'Papa'. In the short film 'In A Dream', written and directed by the very talented guys who worked on the visual effects of Wachowski's 'Cloud Atlas', he was cast as the 'TV Chat Show Host'. In celebration of the 50th anniversary of 'Dr Who' the BBC ran a huge Worldwide promotion and cast him to play 'Tom Baker' which launched in October 2013, the year ending on another high note for him when playing 'Shamrayev' in Chekhov's 'The Seagull' on the London fringe theatre circuit. Throughout 2014 the steady stream of work has continued the climax being cast as 'King Saul' in Hollywood director Timothy Chey's production of 'David and Goliath' which launched across the U.S.A. in 2015. With further feature films already being planned for 2016 and the year starting off with the neo-noir psych-thriller 'Night Drive' the future is indeed looking bright. Jagan Ramamoorthy Award winning Durfee Foundation Fellow and CalArts scholar, Jagan Ramamoorthy is a virtuoso violinist renowned for his eclectic tone, unique timber and soulful aesthetics in musical expressions. Jagan is currently producing a "War on Terror" film trilogy, in an indirect adaptation of the bestselling book "The Last Circle" (Author: Cheri Seymour). Jagan Ramamoorthy has been a rare genre violin soloist and has accompanied / collaborated with the legendary Indian percussionist / GRAMMY winner, Zakir Hussein on tours and many other globally renowned artists. Jagan was featured as a soloist for the Qualcomm industry annual meet; at the George Harrison memorial concert in 2007 and the World Festival of Sacred Music, 2008 to name a few. Apart from being a brilliant musician, Jagan is also prolific writer-screenwriter, producer and composer. Jagan comes from a traditional South Indian family, boasting of a vast repertoire in musical and writing skills, sound design for shorts, features and documentary scores alike. He has worked with the top film composers, namely, Thomas Newman, Harry Gregson Williams, Michael Giaccino and Chris Young, who are considered the biggest talents in the Hollywood industry. Two times LA Treasures awardee, Jagan is a resident of Los Angeles city in California. If you wish to work with him, kindly send inquiries about collaboration and 'work for hire' to his public relations manager via an email or phone call, listed on the pro.imdb.com profile. Jonathan Wacks Jonathan Wacks - Bio Jonathan Wacks is the Founding Director of the Barry R. Feirstein Graduate School of Cinema at Steiner Studios in Brooklyn, NY, and Professor in Film at Brooklyn College. He has directed a number of films including Powwow Highway (Warner Bros), produced by Beatle, George Harrison. The film was winner of the Sundance Film Festival Filmmaker's Trophy, nominated for 4 Independent Spirit Awards, and winner of awards for best picture, director, and actor at the American Indian Film Festival in San Francisco. Wacks' first film, Crossroads/South Africa (PBS), won a Student Academy Award in the documentary category. He then produced the acclaimed cult-hit Repo Man (Universal), starring Emilio Estevez and Harry Dean Stanton, and directed, Mystery Date (Orion), starring Ethan Hawke and Terri Polo, Ed and His Dead Mother, starring Steve Buscemi and Ned Beatty. He also directed an array of TV productions including 21 Jump Street, with Johnny Depp, Sirens and Going To Extremes. Prior to his career as a director, Wacks served as Vice President of Production at the Samuel Goldwyn Company. He is a former Chairman of the Board of the Independent Feature Project/West (IFP/West), the largest organization of independent filmmakers in America, and has served on the selection committee of the Writers' Program at the Sundance Institute. His work has been seen at numerous international film festivals including Sundance, Montreal, Tokyo, Florence, London, Leipzig, Leeds, Cape Town, Deauville, New York, Munich, and Berlin. Wacks has written several screenplays including, Recoil based on the Jim Thompson novel, No Cure for Love, Another Year in Africa, Coldsleep Lullaby, and Stuck. He served as Chair of the Visual and Media Arts Department at Emerson College, Head of the Film Department at the Vancouver Film School in British Columbia and Chair of the Moving Image Arts Department at the College of Santa Fe. He was also Director of Garson Studios in Santa Fe. Wacks holds a BA (Hons.) from the University of Essex (UK) and an MFA from the UCLA School of Theater, Film and Television. He is a member of the Directors Guild of America. George Harrison Marks George Harrison Marks was a British glamour photographer active in the sex industry from the mid 1950s till his death in the late 1990s. As a photographer he founded the Kamera group of magazines with his then 'supposed' wife, the model and actress Pamela Green, although they were never actually married. In 1958, as an offshoot of his magazines, Marks began making short films for the 8mm market of his models undressing and posing topless, popularly known as "glamour home movies". A recent episode of BBC's Balderdash and Piffle program attributed the earliest use of the word "glamour" as a euphemism for nude modeling/photography to Marks' 1958 publicity materials. One of Marks' most popular 8mm glamour films was The Window Dresser (1961), starring Pamela Green as a cat-burglar who hides from the law by posing as a lingerie shop dummy. Marks does a character turn as the shop's exaggeratedly gay owner, but the short's obvious raison d'etre remained Pam's show stopping shop window striptease. After a judge threw out an obscenity charge against The Window Dresser (according to legend remarking "I'll buy a copy for my son, case dismissed"), Marks continued to make more 8mm glamour films throughout the 1960s. Marks' background as a music hall performer is evident in the "little stories" he would devise for his 8mm glamour films, as well as the occasional bit parts he would write for himself and his onetime comedy partner Stuart Samuels (a.k.a. Sam Stuart). Of the more notable 8mm glamour films, "Witches Brew" (1960) features Pamela Green as a Witch casting spells and a brief appearance by Marks as her hunchback assistant. "Model Entry" (1965) sees a cat burglar breaking into Marks' studio, then stripping and leaving him her address. While "Danger Girl" stars June Palmer as a stripping secret agent who is put into bondage by a Russian Spy, only for her to break free and throw him onto a circular saw in the grisly finale. In an even more macabre vein is "Perchance to Scream" (1967) in which Marks model Jane Paul is transported to a medieval torture chamber where Stuart Samuels plays an evil inquisitor who sentences topless women to be whipped and beheaded by a masked executioner. After directing The Nine Ages of Nakedness, Marks endured a particularly turbulent time in the early seventies when he was made bankrupt (in 1970), was the subject of an obscenity trial at the Old Bailey (in 1971) and his drinking began to become more heavy. Ironically a segment of The Nine Ages of Nakedness had ended with Marks' alter-ego 'The Great Marko' being brought up before a crooked Judge (Cardew Robinson) on obscenity charges. Marks made ends meet during this period by continuing to shoot short films for the 8mm market and releasing them via his Maximus films company. While his earlier 8mm films largely consisted of nothing more explicit than the models posing topless, late sixties titles like Apartment 69 and The Amorous Masseur were generally soft core sex affairs. One Maximus short 'The Ecstasy of Oral Love', even adopts a pseudo-sex education front, showing a couple frantically licking each other, ending with some relatively graphic oral sex scenes which are inter-cut with supposedly socially redeeming title cards issuing advice to 'young married couples'. The Maximus films also provided some notable discoveries. Sue Bond, later in sitcoms and The Benny Hill Show, began her career in Marks soft core sex shorts of this period like 'First You See It', 'Hot Teddy' and 'Coitus-An Experiece in Motion and Emotion', today Mrs. Bond claims never to have met Marks and refuses to acknowledge the existence of these films. Marks' short 'The Naked Face' (late 60's/early 70s) gave some early exposure to Nicola Austine, a ubiquitous nude model/actress in the 1970s thanks to regular appearances in films, Titbits magazine and Top of the Pops record covers. While the Collinson Twins (Mary Collinson and Madeleine Collinson) had appeared as saucy maids in the period dress Maximus short 'Halfway Inn', prior to starring in Hammer's Twins of Evil. Unbeknownst to the actors/actresses who appeared in the Maximus films, Marks would also publish stills taken during their making in short lived magazines like Impact 70, under the guise of the film stills being 'romantic photo stories' without getting their permission or issuing further payment. The editorial notes of Impact 70- which features the Collinsons in stills taken from Halfway Inn and Sue Bond in stills taken from First You See It- ironically state "neither said photos nor words used to describe them are meant to depict the actual conduct or personality of the models". This sideline only came to light when a "malicious" person connected to the Top of the Pops music program was reading a Marks magazine and recognized two people (in stills taken from Maximus shorts) in it, as being part of the TOTP crew and had them fired from their long standing jobs as crowd controllers and musical stand-ins. In the mid seventies Marks had begun selling explicit photo sets to porn publisher David Sullivan's top shelf magazines, such as "Latent Lesbian Fantasy" featuring Cosey Fanni Tutti, which appeared in the first issue of Sullivan's Ladybirds magazine in August 1976. Evidently Marks had also sold Sullivan the rights to some of his 8mm sex films as well, as adverts by Kelerfern (a Sullivan mail order company) carried Marks directed sex shorts like ''Hole in One'', ''Nymphomania'', ''King Muff'' and ''Doctor Sex'' for sale around this period. Sullivan is also believed to have been behind a mysterious company calling itself the "Ultimate Film Club", who advertised in the back pages of magazines like Cinema Blue and Sullivan's own Playbirds, and sold several of Marks' late 60s/early 70s Maximus films. The Ultimate Film Club was based out of an Essex P.O. Box, but claimed to have bases in Copenhagen, Stockholm and Hamburg. The descriptions of the Marks films they were selling left little to the imagination, Santa's Coming stars "the biggest Father Christmas you have ever seen", Anna's Manor is a "tale of rape and lust", The Danish Maid "features a 9 ½" male- interesting point for the ladies", while the blurb for Goodnight Nurse claims "see the girls in complete nurses uniform sexually arouse their patient- and his response. His 8" weapon soon whips into action". The Danish Maid was in fact a remake of an older Marks 8mm film called The French Maid (1961), in which a chap orders a maid from a newspaper, falls asleep and dreams of a sexy girl, only to be woken up by a maid who turns out to be anything but. The Danish Maid adds soft core sex to the proceedings and a variation on the joke punch line; in The French Maid the real maid turns out to be a old, unattractive woman, while in The Danish Maid it turns out to be a man in drag who arrives at the luckless protagonists door. As well as mail order, The Ultimate Film Club claimed these films could be also be purchased at the porn shop of their "London Agents", G&B Books based at 130 Godwin Road in London, which was in fact yet another company run by David Sullivan. Sullivan also used the same address for his companies "Subdean Publishing" (in 1972) and "K.G Imports" which advertised in the same magazines and claimed to offer "Hard Scandinavian" magazines. A further Kelerfern Advert for Marks films available on super 8mm, that appeared in Rustler Vol. 3 No 3 (circa 1978), also listed for sale the titles; ''Inferno'', ''Lesson For Lolita'', ''Blow Job'', ''Pussy Lovers'', ''Sex Crazy'', ''Morning Lust'', ''Any Way You Like'', ''Cum Lay with Me'', ''Hot Ass'', ''Gym Slip Rampage'' and ''Bottoms Up!''. A more historically important Marks film, that was shot for his Maximus company circa 1974, but later sold by Kelerfern was Sex is My Business (a.k.a. Sex Shop), notable for starring a pre-fame Mary Millington. Sex is My Business was shot late on a Saturday night at a sex shop, located on London's Coventry Street. The storyline concerns a powerful aphrodisiac being dropped by a customer, whose potency renders the shops' staff and customers sex crazy. Millington is the films main focus of attention, playing a member of staff who drags a customer into the back room for some multi-position sex, thoughtfully turning on the shops CCTV camera so others can watch. Marks' wife Toni, also has a small, non-sex role in the film. Harrison Marks' involvement in the film was not well known, and was only discovered when a super 8mm print of the film was privately transferred to DVD in 2008. Curiously Marks claimed never to have worked with Millington prior to making Come Play With Me in 1977, and he would appear to have forgotten about making the film. While the Marks films offered in UK porn magazines throughout the 1970s appear to have been softcore, and their pornographic nature greatly exaggerated by the Ads (a familiar trait of David Sullivan's), since the early 1970s onwards Marks had begun dabbling in more explicit material, the extent of which has rarely been acknowledged. He made short films for a British hardcore pornographer known only as "Charlie Brown", and began making hardcore versions of his own Maximus short films which were released overseas on the Color Climax and Tabu labels. "Unaccustomed as I Am", a black and white Maximus short starring Marks 1970s discovery Clyda Rosen, for instance, was also filmed in a colour hardcore version called Die Lollos (a.k.a The Customs). The two versions of these films were generally filmed on alternate weeks, with the hardcore version usually shot a week before the soft one. Marks had a peculiar repertory company for his hardcore films, which included big bust models like Clyda Rosen and Nicky Stanton for the female leads. Ex-bodybuilder Howard "Vanderhorn" Nelson in non-sex character parts, usually wearing elaborate disguises so people wouldn't recognize him. A diminutive man with long ginger hair, who played one of the hippies in Die Lollos and other bit parts, who was the boyfriend of one of Marks' models and like Howard only ever did non-sex roles. The regular male lead in Marks hardcore films was a well endowed actor who later had a legit role in the BBC's TV adaptation of [[The Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy]]. In later years Marks was reluctant to discuss these hardcore short films and claimed 'not to remember' their names, some titles are however now known including Dolly Mixture (1973) a horror themed short sex film in which a Frankenstein like mad doctor puts together a female creation (Clyda Rosen), who ends up having a threesome with a passing insurance investigator and the doctor's hunchback assistant. Dolly Mixture was shot in a hardcore version and then a soft one during which Clyda and the male lead got "carried away" and inconveniently began to have real sex on camera. Other hardcore Marks shorts include, ''Autograph Hunter'', ''Tea and Crumpet'', ''The Tunnel of Love'', ''Duty Free'', ''Big N' Busty'', ''Bistro Bordello'' (1973) starring Ava Cadell, ''Arabian Knights'' and ''Busty Baller'' (1979). The latter, a Color Climax production, was shot in an apartment overlooking Bond Street Station in Oxford Street, and features Nicky Stanton seducing a passing Window Cleaner, who ends up filling more than just his bucket. A soft version of the film called ''Busty Ravers'' was also made as a free gift for the porn magazine 'Peaches'. Arabian Knights' (filmed for Color Climax in 1979) was shot at the Hotel Julius Caesar in Queens Gardens in Bayswater and is notable for featuring the only known hardcore performance of Jada Smith (later known as Rosemary England) and for starring mainstream actor Milton Reid in a non-sex role. Arabian Knights was shot during the winter months, a cast member later recalled the surreal experience of acting out the film's middle eastern slave auction scenario, then in-between takes staring out of one of the Julius Caesar's windows to discover it had began snowing. During filming several of the actresses trashed their rooms and abused a member of the hotel staff, who went on to tip the press off about a blue movie being filmed on the premises. As a result an undercover journalist hid on the Julius Caesar Hotel's roof observing the filming of Arabian Knights through a spy hole, and the story was subsequently reported in The Sunday People the following weekend. The bad publicity caused by the Sunday People's piece meant ''Arabian Knights'' would turn out to be Milton Reid's last film, ostracized by the film community, he never acted again. In the late 1970's Marks was hired as photographer for Janus magazine- which specialized in spanking material- even managing to get his bodybuilder friend Howard Nelson on the front cover of issue two (as a "spanking milkman"). Marks also began making short films on the subject for the 8mm market. Two of the earliest appear to have been ''Rawhide'', sold by Kelerfern circa 1977, in which according to the ad "the ageing headmaster really gives two naughty schoolgirls some punishment", and Late for School copyrighted 'Janus Publications 1977'. These shorts featured actresses recognizable from soft core films of the period like Come Play With Me's Lisa Taylor and Sonia Svenberger. In 1982 Marks left the Janus stable to set up his own magazine Kane on the same subject. Corporal punishment would now become Marks' big theme for the final act of his career. Making the transition from 8mm to videotape, Marks made around 80 videos of this nature with titles like The Prefect's Lesion (1981), Five of the Best (1988), The Spanking Academy of Dr. Blunt (1992), Schoolgirl Fannies on Fire (1994), Spanked Senseless (1995) and Stinging Stewardesses (1996). As with the 8mm striptease films and ''Naked As Nature Intended'', the spanking videos clearly existed solely for the purpose of titillation yet at the same time adopted an asexual stance, bringing Marks career curiously full circle. Marks died of bone cancer on the 27th June 1997. Geoffrey Giuliano Geoffrey Giuliano has been a professional actor from the age of twelve. Earning a Master's degree in Acting/Directing in 1976 Giuliano went on to work extensively in the theatre as well as doing literally hundreds of voice overs and narrations for both syndicated radio and within the international audio book industry. Geoffrey now works almost exclusively as an actor in film and television. Giuliano is also the author of some thirty internationally bestselling books on the Beatles, John Lennon and other iconic musicians of the 1960's including 'The Beatles / A Celebration',' John Lennon My Brother', 'Dark Horse / The Life & Art Of George Harrison', 'Blackbird / The Life & Times Of Paul McCartney', The Beatles Album / Thirty Years Of Music & Memorabilia', 'The Rolling Stones Album / Thirty Years Of Music & Memorabilia', 'The Lost Beatles Interviews', 'Behind Blue Eye's / The Life Of Pete Townshend', 'The Lost John Lennon Interviews', 'John Lennon & Paul McCartney / Behind The Myth', 'Things We Said Today / Conversations With The Beatles','Glass Onion / The Beatles In Their Own Words',' Lennon In America / Based On The Lost John Lennon Diaries 1971-1980' and 'Revolver / The Secret Life Of The Beatles amongst them. In 2005 his book, 'Paint It Black' / The Murder Of Brian Jones' was made into a feature film by Stephen Wooly entitled, 'Stoned / The Wild & Wicked World Of Brian Jones.' Geoffrey is also a veteran journalist writing for literally dozens of the high profile newspapers and magazines including The Sunday People, The Daily Mail, The News Of The World, The Mail On Sunday, Playgirl and Rolling Stone. In late 2008 Geoffrey Giuliano founded Icon Books and G2 Media Arts to market his extensive backlist of newly updated books as well as publish new literary and audio works. He is the father of his business partner, Avalon Giuliano. Finally, he is a noted graphic designer, singer songwriter and visual artist. Today he makes his home in Bangkok and is the father of a young son, Eden Garret Giuliano born in 2007. Geoffrey is also a longtime advocate of ethical vegetarianism, animal rights, a student of Vedic philosophy and a vocal advocate of personal freedom and consciousness exploration. Pamela Green Pamela Green was a wonderful woman who began as an artist, spending seven years studying art and painting, including the last four years at St. Martin's School of Art in London. During the late 1950s, when the magazine "Kamera" created by Pamela and George Harrison Marks became hugely successful, Pamela would be busy finding and training other models to appear in the magazine. Later in her career, she would advise other models and actresses about using make-up, lighting, and costumes. She would often work behind the scenes with her life partner Doug Webb on British films and TV. One of the original dam busters, Webb worked as a stills photographer. You can see his work firsthand in The Killing of Sister George , Krull , Perfect Friday , and The Promise , among several other films. Indeed, when Pamela was auditioned for the role of Millie in Michael Powell's film Peeping Tom in 1959, she did so at her own studio, which meant Powell had a firsthand experience of the type of sets and costumes Pamela had created for many of her most famous shoots with Harrison. Powell was so enamored of her Rita Landre persona that he later incorporated several of Pamela's images and designs into the fabric of his film. Much of what you see in the film during Pamela's scenes are her own creations and were used in "Kamera" magazines and calendars. And that magazine is now very much a collectors' item along with the early postcards. Pamela would reissue these postcards during the 1990s, and they were again hugely successful. From her home in the Isle of Wight, Pamela attended various shows, and met and greeted fans. She hoped publish a book of Doug Webb's brilliant photography. Funnily enough, Doug only began shooting his wonderful nudes of Pamela when he noticed her trying to shoot her own photos using a camera that she had specially mounted with a mirror so that she could shoot nude photographs by herself. This sums up the wonderful ingenuity, the drive, and the creativity of this beautiful woman. Late in life, the same natural beauty she was when she first shed her clothes in that cold Art Studio back in 1949, you can only marvel at her brilliant career. On May 7, 2010, Pamela died after a battle with leukemia. She had many friends and fans across the globe and was celebrated on Yahoo with a fan club as well as her own Web site. She will be much missed by us all. Jasmine Jaisinghani Jasmine Jaisinghani is a versatile figure in the Los Angeles film community, established as an independent filmmaker and consultant in international cinema. She is experienced in film festivals at all levels from Artistic Director to Cultural Relations. Jasmine is an alumna of the Tribeca Film Institute and Film Independent's talent programs. With roots in the theatre, Jasmine holds a degree from Carnegie Mellon University's School of Drama program in Direction. Jasmine started in independent producing while working for Wim Wenders Productions in Los Angeles. She has produced two mini-features for ITVS' FutureStates series: Tent City, for director Aldo Velasco, which premiered at the SXSW Film Festival and Beholder, for director Nisha Ganatra (Transparent) starring Jessica Paré (Mad Men). Beholder premiered at the SXSW Film Festival and also screened at the Tribeca Film Festival. She executive produced award-winning filmmaker Igor Voloshin's Bedouin.The film premiered at the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival, where it was nominated for the Crystal Globe. Jasmine has consulted on Bollywood productions incorporating Hollywood production elements, such as Ra.One staring Shah Rukh Khan. She has also worked with independent filmmakers like Kamal K.M. on his award-winning film I.D., which won a Jury Prize at the Los Angeles Film Festival in 2013. Jasmine served as the first Artistic Director for the Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles (IFFLA), one of the oldest US festivals focused on Indian and Indian diasporic film, in 2014 and 2015. Intimately involved in all aspects of the festival including programming, sponsorship and production, Jasmine elevated the profile of the prestigious film festival, ushering sponsorships from HBO and Zee Cinema. Jasmine has worked extensively with AFI FEST, a program of the American Film Institute, overseeing Cultural Relations and previously facilitating the attendance of international auteurs and several Foreign Film Language Oscar contenders. She has garnered funding support from consulates, embassies, international trade and promotional organizations and media networks to support the festival's robust slate of world cinema. Jasmine's professional background began in the music industry at Capitol Records, segueing her to George Harrison's label, Dark Horse Records. She has credits on the music documentary Concert For George; Harrison's Grammy-winning album Brainwashed; The Dark Horse Years box set and The Traveling Wilburys. Gary Wright Gary Wright was born in Creskill, New Jersey on April 26, 1943. He began his career in show business debuting on the Captain Video show in New York at the age of seven. He also made a living appearing in radio and television commercials before appearing in the play Fanny. It was also at this time that he began taking piano and organ lessons, this led to him joining several bands while he was in high school. Upon graduation he went to college to study psychology, first in New York, then in Berlin. While in Europe, he met Englishman Mike Harrison, which led to the formation of the progressive/hard rock band Spooky Tooth. When the band temporarily disbanded in 1970, Wright became a solo artist and formed the band Wonderwheel. It was also during this period that Wright began to play on several sessions for other artists, most notably on the George Harrison classic 'All Things Must Pass'. In 1973, Spooky Tooth re-united but broke up again in 1974. Wright resumed his solo career, this time with more success. He released the keyboard dominated Dream Weaver in 1975, which yielded two number-two singles in the title track and "Love is Alive". Today, Wright continues to perform both as a solo artist and as a sometime member of Ringo Starr's All-Stars. Teri Martine Popular British bondage and S&M fetish pin-up model Teri Martine was born in Southend, Essex, England. Teri liked to play dress up and was a bit of a tomboy in her younger days. The buxom, shapely and alluring blonde answered an ad in the local newspaper "The Southend Standard" for a modeling job in her late teens and soon got many bookings for amateur model gigs. She quit her full-time job as a manager at a local dress salon and began her professional modeling career in 1964. Teri briefly worked for the Rosaleigh Ann Model Agency prior to hooking up with another modeling agency run by famous British pin-up queen June Palmer, who soon became one of Martine's best friends. Martine not only posed for pictures for noted British glamor photographer George Harrison Marks, but also did everything from auto shows to amateur group sessions at various studios to promotions to commercial stuff for advertising throughout the 60s. In the late 60s Teri branched out and began modeling such fetish items as leather, latex and vinyl garments. Among the fetish magazines and adult publications Martine has done pictorials for are "Pussycat," "Latex Nurse," "Adam," "Follies," "Beau," "Parade," "Bizarre," and "Ace." Teri's sole film credit was a co-starring role in the 1968 British soft-core romp "For Men Only." In 1969 she moved to America and married a US marine. Martine worked as a Bunny at a Playboy Club for about six months before eventually quitting and finding another gig as a glamor model. Teri started doing bondage-themed pictures in the early 70s. Martine has since appeared in numerous bondage magazines and has even done a few shows like Glamourcon. She still continues to do costume bondage photo shoots and short film loops on her official website. Teri Martine lives in the United States somewhere in the Midwest. Allen Klein Klein was born in 1931, into a New Jersey Jewish family. His mother died before he was a year old, and his father placed young Allen and his two sisters in Newark's Hebrew Shelter Orphanage. Later he lived with an aunt. In his teens, Klein worked several jobs while attending night school; in class, he sometimes appeared asleep, but when given a math or accounting question, he could work out the answer in seconds, without even opening his eyes. Klein went on from accounting classes (marrying wife Betty after college) to working in the field, eventually for a company who handled the bookkeeping for several show-business personalities, learning the ins and outs of the business as he went along. When Klein met singer Bobby Darin at a wedding in the late 1950s, he candidly asked him "How would you like to make $100,000?" When the surprised Darin asked what he would have to do for it, Klein's reply was "Nothing. Just let me go over your accounts." Klein's investigation of Bobby Darin's books resulted, true to his prediction, in a $100,000 check given to Darin by his record company, and Allen Klein began making a name for himself - a good one among celebrity clients, who praised him for the money and financial security he was able to give them, and a nasty one among industry insiders, who spoke of his tenaciousness and tendency to be blunt, and as a contract-buster to be looked out for. Either way, Klein well earned his nickname "the Robin Hood of Pop." The "British Invasion" of the early 1960s brought Klein many more clients - some readily, some only with time. As The Beatles became the biggest act in popular music, Klein expressed an interest in "buying" them from Brian Epstein , but made little progress. In the meantime, he took over management of The Rolling Stones from Andrew Loog Oldham , bought a quantity of stock in MGM, and gained control of the Cameo-Parkway record label. The latter he merged with his own company, resulting in the birth of ABKCO (for Allen & Betty Klein and Company). Ironically, it was Paul McCartney who first suggested Klein be contacted to possibly work in some way for the Beatles, after the Rolling Stones sang his praises (so to speak) with the ready cash Klein acquired for them, by an advance on their recording contract. John Lennon met Klein casually in 1968, on the set of The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus , but only months later did Klein's chance truly come, when he read Lennon's comment in the press that business problems at Apple Corps (the Beatles' company) would leave them "broke in six months". Their management had foundered since Brian Epstein's death, with no one person acting as "the boss" in over a year, and the band mostly in charge of their own affairs. Klein invited Lennon and Yoko Ono to visit his hotel suite in London, and spent an evening getting acquainted with them. He impressed Lennon greatly by knowing not only his song lyrics, but the real meaning and intent behind many of them. Lennon felt a kind of kinship with Klein, both of them growing up without a father around and raised by an aunt, and each preferring to speak their minds. Klein was also kind to Yoko, which was a rare occurrence at the time. After meeting with Klein, Lennon immediately endorsed him as his de facto manager (writing the chairman of EMI "From now on Allen Klein handles all my stuff"), and convinced George Harrison and Ringo Starr to also take him on. Paul McCartney objected, preferring his soon-to-be father-in-law Lee Eastman to take the reins. An attempt at a joint meeting between the band and both would-be managers misfired badly, as Eastman first patronized, then lost his temper with Klein. Klein used this to his advantage, gaining the immediate sympathies of Lennon, Harrison and Starr, and their signatures on paper soon afterward as their new manager. McCartney chose Eastman instead, but did pose for "signing" pictures with Klein. Allen Klein's involvement with the Beatles was a factor in their breakup, the same with countless other things. He successfully renegotiated their recording contract with EMI, after threatening to have the Beatles quit recording if their royalty rates weren't increased, and stopped the money and resources that were pouring out of Apple, getting them on a more solid financial footing. (Apple staff balked at now having to punch in on a time-clock.) He wasn't able to regain control of Northern Songs (Lennon and McCartney's publishing company) though, or realize many of the original hopes for Apple as a conglomorate. And he wasn't able to stop the band from growing apart, as people. Klein's working relationship with the former Beatles deteriorated considerably after their split. He helped George Harrison put together the The Concert for Bangladesh , with the proceeds going to UNICEF, but some mistakes in paperwork and timing kept much of the money frozen in an escrow account, instead of going where it was needed. Lennon and Yoko Ono also cooled on Klein, after Klein had sided with Harrison in declining Ono a chance to perform at the concert, and was unable to help in their custody battle for her daughter Kyoko. Eventually suits and countersuits began to fly. Klein eventually settled with Lennon, Harrison and Starr in January 1977, and continued his own business career, eventually owning the publishing and recordings of many of his artists (and thereby considerable control of their potential income). Early records by Herman's Hermits, the Rolling Stones, the Animals, and Phil Spector are still sold through ABKCO, while most of the Cameo/Parkway repertoire (including hits by Chubby Checker , The Dovells, Little Eva, The Tymes, and ? and the Mysterians) has been in the vaults since the 1980s. Asha Puthli Asha Puthli is one of the most successful vocalists ever to come out of India. Perhaps best known for her stirring vocals on free jazz legend Ornette Coleman's Science Fiction album, Asha is a cosmopolitan pioneer of jazz, funk, soul and electronic dance music who has recorded ten solo albums for major labels. A quick glance at some of the artists with whom she has recorded, sung or shared the stage is a testament to her eclecticism: Alice Coltrane, Roy Ayers, Henry Threadgill, Grace Jones, Mirielle Mathieu, Sonny Rollins, Charlie Haden,Renato Zero, Barry White, Bill Laswell, Patti Smith, Nina Hagen, Don Cherry, Freddie Hubbard, and Django Reinhardt.to name a few. Trained in Indian classical singing and a natural jazz improviser, Asha Puthli created her own unique sound in the 1970s - soft, slinky, sexy, meditative, and chilled out. Captured on classic recordings like "Space Talk" and "Say Yes," that distinctively cool sound prefigured the entire rise of acid jazz and ambient dance music. Today, as Asha Puthli prepares to release new material, her songs are being rediscovered by legions of hip-hop, neo-soul, nu-jazz, and electronica fans. Asha's underground 1970s albums, helmed by renowned producers like Del Newman and Teo Macero, have become popular hip-hop break records, sampled by the likes of The Notorious B.I.G., Jay-Z, The Neptunes,Jermaine Dupri, Jagged Edge, SWV, J-Walk, Governor Feat. 50 Cent, Dilated Peoples, Redman, P. Diddy and The Aboriginals; and her cover of George Harrison's "I Dig Love" was sampled by Diplo for UK Mobo award winner Kano's "Reloaded". In 2005, Asha also co-wrote and sings the lead vocal on Stratus' "Looking Glass." In 2014 Chris Brown's " Loyal" was a chart buster in USA and U.K. This year - 2015 - "Terry" another hit by Action Bronson who sampled Asha's cover of the Bill Wither's / Issac Hayes song "Let me in your Life". Born and raised in Bombay, Asha emigrated to the United States to pursue jazz. Upon her arrival, Asha was championed by Columbia Records impresario John Hammond, who had forged a brilliant career discovering acts like Billie Holiday, Bob Dylan and Bruce Springsteen. Hammond sent her to record with avant-garde pioneer Ornette Coleman, and her performances on his arresting Science Fiction album garnered her the highly prestigious Downbeat Critics' Poll award for "best female jazz vocalist," alongside Ella Fitzgerald. Asha's series of inventive solo albums for CBS records, including her self-titled 1973 debut, 1975's She Loves to Hear the Music, 1976's The Devil Is Loose, and 1979's Asha L'Indiana, reflect the young singer's burgeoning interest in pop, rock, soul, funk and disco. Asha's gossamer, Eastern-influenced cooing over bass-driven grooves on songs like "Flying Fish" and "Space Talk" was the precursor to disco hits like "I Feel Love" and "Love to Love You Baby," and her four-octave soprano sound provided the sonic template for future electronic dance music hits by Blondie, Kate Bush, Ofra Haza, Kylie Minogue and others. Recognized in critical circles as a "fusion pioneer," Asha's distinctive, unusual recordings predate fusion of east and west celebrated today in styles like worldbeat and bhangra by almost twenty years. During the 1970s, Asha also branched out into films, starring in lead roles in movies by Louis Malle, Merchant-Ivory and Bruno Corbucci. Her cosmopolitan sense of glamour rocketed her to visibility as a fashion icon: a Studio 54 headliner, she was dressed by A-list designers from Bob Mackie To Manolo Blahnik, and photographed by iconic lensers such as Richard Avedon, Andy Warhol, Francesco Scavullo, Peter Beard And David Bailey. The new millennium saw Asha re-emerge as an in-demand guest artist on the electronica circuit, appearing on funk experimentalist Bill Laswell's Asana Vol. 3, "Hey Diwani, Hey Diwani" with techno-fusion group Dum Dum Project, and a variety of rare groove and yoga music collections. In 2006, she appears on Laswell's Asana OHM Shanti, an album that also features Karsh Kale, Pharoah Sanders, Grandmaster Dxt And Ustad Sultan Khan. Like her mentor Ornette Coleman, Asha Puthli has always been ahead of her time, and now, forty plus years after her debut, she is finally taking her rightful place in the pantheon of jazz legends and fusion trailblazers. In 2013 The Grammy Museum in Los Angeles installed an exhibit of Asha Puthli's costume and albums as a music fusion pioneer from India, Another major exhibition which includes her first Jazz recording opened in 2014 at the Smithsonian , Washington D.C. in an exhibit titled " Indian Americans who changed the Nation". Joe Massot Joseph Martin Massot was an American-born British film director and writer most notable for the film Wonderwall (1968) which featured George Harrison's first soundtrack. He also directed Led Zeppelin concert film The Song Remains The Same (1976), although he was removed from this project and didn't finish it. He also directed Space Riders and Reflections On Love (1966). He was given writing credit on the George Lazenby box office flop Universal Soldier (1971). Inspired by Oasis's song 'Wonderwall', a direct reference to his film, Massot cut a new directors version of Wonderwall in 1999, and included a previously unreleased Harrison song 'In the First Place' which Massot had discovered in a sound archive. Massot died on 4 April 2002, after a short illness, at his Flood Street home in London, England. Joseph Newton Cohen With his extensive knowledge of international finance, as well as his in-depth experience in the entertainment industry, Joseph N. Cohen is highly regarded for his investment banking and media expertise. A graduate of both Yale and Oxford, Cohen has held senior positions at several of the leading investment banking firms, including N.M. Rothschild & Sons, Salomon Brothers, Lehman Brothers Kuhn Loeb, Orion Royal Bank and Samuel Montagu. For the past thirty years he has focused his efforts on the entertainment and media industries and is active in motion picture, television and other media financing throughout the world. Cohen's involvement in the motion picture industry began in the UK in the early 1980s, where he pioneered the use of tax based lease financing for feature films and with several partners, including Samuel Montagu and Investors in Industry, financed over GBP 400 million of UK-qualified production. Cohen also founded Canadian Entertainment Investors (C.E.I.), which was one of the leading financiers for the Canadian film and television industry and which pioneered the use of public limited partnership offerings to finance Canadian-qualified productions. In December 1993, Cohen completed a four-year term as President and Chief Operating Officer of Largo Entertainment, the joint venture between JVC/Victor Company of Japan Ltd. and Hollywood producer Lawrence Gordon. Cohen advised JVC on the creation of Largo and under his tenure, Largo produced several major box office hits including Point Break, Unlawful Entry, and Timecop as well as the critically acclaimed film Malcolm X, which it co-financed with Warner Bros. Cohen is also an active producer and financier of motion pictures. Producer credits include the Showtime Original Movie, Beyond Forgiveness, starring Thomas Ian Griffith and Rutger Hauer (1995), and Solo, starring Mario Van Peebles, for Sony Pictures Entertainment (1996). Executive Producer credits include Iron Eagle IV, starring Lou Gossett, Jr (1995); The Assignment, starring Aidan Quinn, Donald Sutherland and Ben Kingsley, for Sony Pictures Entertainment (1997); Wing Commander, starring Freddie Prinze, Jr, Matthew Lillard and Saffron Burrows, for Twentieth Century Fox (1999); Delivering Milo, starring Albert Finney and Bridget Fonda (2001); Jane Doe, starring Teri Hatcher and Rob Lowe (2001); Fear X, starring John Turturro (2003); and Masked and Anonymous, starring Bob Dylan, John Goodman, Jessica Lange and Jeff Bridges (2003). In 1996, Cohen retired as Co-Chairman of InterMedia/Film Equities to form American Entertainment Investors ("AEI"). Cohen was instrumental in the creation of Alcon Entertainment, an independent production company established by Frederick W. Smith, Chairman and Founder of Federal Express Corp. AEI advises Alcon on all aspects of finance, distribution and strategic planning. Alcon's productions include the family hit My Dog Skip, starring Kevin Bacon, Diane Lane and Frankie Muniz; Lost And Found, starring David Spade and Sophie Marceau; the hit comedy Dude, Where's My Car? starring Ashton Kutcher and Seann William Scott; Affair Of The Necklace, starring Hilary Swank, the critically acclaimed Insomnia; starring Al Pacino, Robin Williams and Hillary Swank; Love Don't Cost A Thing; Chasing Liberty; Sisterhood Of The Traveling Pants; One Missed Call; Something Borrowed starring Kate Hudson; the highly successful P.S. I Love You, starring Hilary Swank and Gerard Butler; Book Of Eli, starring Denzel Washington; Dolphin Tale starring Morgan Freeman, Ashley Judd and Harry Connick Jr; the hit sequel Sisterhood Of The Traveling Pants 2; and the blockbuster hit The Blindside, starring Sandra Bullock. Alcon also acquired North American distribution rights to the Bruce Willis action film Sixteen Blocks and the Nicholas Cage thriller The Wicker Man, both released in 2006. Cohen negotiated an output arrangement with Warner Bros on Alcon's behalf under which Warners distributes Alcon produced films on an exclusive basis around the world. AEI also advises River Road Entertainment on all aspects of finance, distribution, and strategic planning. River Road's first film project was Brokeback Mountain, which won three Academy Awards, including Best Director for Ang Lee, and generated almost $200 million in worldwide box office, which represented 15 times its negative cost. River Road also co-financed the critically acclaimed Lust, Caution, directed by Ang Lee, and Robert Altman's Prairie Home Companion, starring Meryl Streep, Kevin Kline, Lindsay Lohan, Lily Tomlin, Woody Harrelson, Tommy Lee Jones, Virginia Madsen, and John C. Reilly. Subsequently, River Road has produced and financed FUR, starring Nicole Kidman and Robert Downey, Jr.; the documentaries Chicago 10 and Food, INC.; the highly acclaimed Into The Wild, starring Emile Hirsch and directed by Sean Penn; The Runaways, starring Kristen Stewart and Dakota Fanning; and the winner of the Cannes Palme d' Or Award, The Tree of Life, directed by Terrence Malick and starring Brad Pitt and Sean Penn; and Twelve Years a Slave, which has been nominated for 9 Oscars in 2014. Cohen is on the Board of Exclusive Media Group, a vertically integrated global film entertainment company, founded in 2008 with the backing of the private equity fund Cyrte Investments. Exclusive-backed films include: The Way Back; Let Me In; the critically-acclaimed The Ides of March, directed by George Clooney and starring George Clooney, Ryan Gosling, Philip Seymour Hoffman and Paul Giamatti; The Woman in Black, starring Daniel Radcliffe; and End of Watch, starring Jake Gyllenhaal. AEI advises a number of other independent production and distribution companies on all aspects of finance, distribution, strategic planning and acquisitions. AEI is frequently called upon to value film and television libraries and advise on the purchase and sale of such libraries. In 2001, AEI represented InterMedia on the acquisition of the Largo library. Cohen personally has advised on economic and financial matters in a number of complex litigations in the motion picture and television industries and has frequently served as an expert witness. In 2010, AEI advised Goldman Sachs and Assured Guaranty, the primary creditors of the Weinstein Company, on a restructuring of the company's capital base. AEI now serves as the Administrator of Portfolio Funding Company, LLC, which owns the bulk of the Weinstein Company Library. From 2006 to 2010, Cohen co-managed EF Solutions LLC, which invested in a broad range of project financings for the film and television industries, including super-gap loans, prints and advertising funding, bridge financing, monetizing soft money benefits and financing library acquisitions. Cohen has recently established a new Mezzanine fund, Ariel Film Partners I, LLC, with a group of private investors. Other prominent transactions in which Cohen has been involved include representing the Saleh family in the sale of the Angelika Theater; valuing Prism Entertainment after its bankruptcy filing; advising Pioneer Electronics with regard to Carolco Pictures' bankruptcy proceedings; raising debt financing for Showscan Entertainment and the Left Bank Group; advising on the construction of a major new international theme park; advising a major minority shareholder on the divestiture of his shares in a large regional broadcaster; advising a major public company on the sale of its television library; and advising two Hollywood studios on international co-financing transactions. At InterMedia, Cohen represented such clients as JVC/Victor Company of Japan, PolyGram Filmed Entertainment, Shepperton Studios, Japan Satellite Broadcasting, Penta Film, Showscan Entertainment, Scott Free Productions, Rizzoli Corriere della Sera, Alliance Entertainment, as well as several of the major Hollywood studios. Prominent transactions included the structuring and negotiating of U.S. theatrical, home video, and television distribution arrangements on behalf of Polygram International; advising an investment group headed by directors Ridley and Tony Scott on the purchase of Shepperton Studios; representing George Harrison on the sale of his film production company, Hand Made Films; and initiating and negotiating the sale of King's Road's library. Cohen also advised both Dean Witter and E.F. Hutton in the area of motion picture limited partnership investment. Cohen began his career in 1969 as an investment analyst and portfolio manager at N.M. Rothschild & Sons in London. In 1973, he moved to Salomon Brothers in New York, where he supervised the firm's interests in the Far East primarily Japan. At Salomon Brothers, Cohen worked closely with Japanese banks, trading companies and corporations. He was intimately involved in the creation of the certificate of deposit market for US branches and subsidiaries of Japanese banks and headed the team that launched the first US private placement for a Japanese bank-Bank of Tokyo. He was named vice president of the international division at Kuhn, Loeb & Co. (later Lehman Brothers Kuhn Loeb) in 1976, where he specialized in bond issues for sovereign and international agency credits (including the management of direct, guaranteed and municipal bond issues by France, Norway, Sweden, Austria, Denmark, Venezuela, European Economic Community, European Coal and Steel Community, European Investment Bank and the Asian Development Bank), reserve asset management for Central Banks and US debt and equity issues for foreign companies. Cohen was responsible for managing Central Bank portfolios in excess of $1.5 billion on behalf of Indonesia, Spain, Malaysia and the Philippines. His last two years with the firm were spent managing the Eurobond operation (underwriting, trading and sales) in London. Cohen was appointed executive director in charge of US investment banking at Orion Bank in 1980. Orion at that time was the largest consortium merchant bank in the world and was one of the few non-U.S. investment banks to take an active lead management position of Eurodollar bond issues on behalf of U.S. corporations. Cohen was largely responsible for establishing Orion as a leading underwriter of U.S. corporate issues in the international capital markets and received particular recognition for a series of innovative issues on behalf of General Telephone and Electronics. From 1983 to 1985, he served as managing director of Samuel Montagu (New York). At Montagu, he was active in advising on a number of prominent leveraged buy-outs, including a high-profile management acquisition of Hills Bros. Coffee. With a proven track record of creative and sophisticated financial strategies, Cohen is recognized as an innovative leader in the ever-changing market of entertainment and media financing. He is considered an authority on the subject and has spoken before the American Film Market, Wertheim Schroder/Variety Seminar, Paul Kagan Seminars, the L.A. County Bar Association, UCLA, Cinetex, Festival of Festivals, and other organizations in the entertainment business, and has published many articles in the field. Cohen is a member of the Academy of Motion Picture, Arts and Sciences and was adjunct professor in The Peter Stark Producing Program in the University of Southern California Graduate School of Cinema/Television for sixteen years. Cohen is a director of PacWest BanCorp Group, the holding company of Pacific Western Bank. In addition, he is a Trustee of the Yale Library Associates and is a member of the Board of Governors of the Reconstructionist Rabbinical College. Michael Pakleppa Born 1950 in Heidelberg, Germany. Since 1970 TV movies, feature films, shorts, documentaries, specials, worked on various theatrical feature films as co-director, editor, trailer and dubbing director in Germany, England, USA and Africa. Pakleppa has worked in New German Cinema in 1972, co-operating in the former creative center of German author's cinema "Filmverlag der Autoren" with directors like R.W. Fassbinder, Werner Herzog or Wim Wenders. In the 1980's he developed a European network of co-production and distribution through which he was either distributing or co-producing major works of the New British and American Cinema including some films of John Carpenter, Neil Jordan, Monty Python, the animation hits "When The Wind Blows", "The Last Unicorn" (German version) and Valhalla and independent German films. He is working on the development of a live action version of the Rankin/Bass 1982 animation film "The Last Unicorn" written by fantasy novelist Peter S. Beagle in creative co-operation with 'Ray Cooper' former creative head of George Harrison's HandMade Films and co-operator of Terry Gilliam, Bob Dylan and Elton John. Lale Arpaci Lale Arpaci is a multiple award winning Producer/Director at Jukin Media where she is producing Ridiculousness Miami as well as a trailer series for AOL Moviephone. She recently produced an international commercial campaign for Jukin Media as well as their top hit "Now That's Funny" for Channel 5 in the United Kingdom. Previous to this she produced seasons 1-7 of MTV's highest-rated show, "Ridiculousness," hosted by Rob Dyrdek. She was also a producer on Spike TV's "Disorderly Conduct: Video on Patrol," "World's Wildest Vacation Videos" seasons 1 and 2; "Out of Control Drivers" on TLC; "My Viral Video" on Biography, and "Vegas Confessions" season 1 on HDNet. In 2015 Lale directed Nu House DJ Eche Palante's official music video for "A Discussion Between Saxes." That year she won a worldwide music video competition, and the film she directed became the official music video for "Protection" by Lucinda Williams. She was also selected as Finalist in the worldwide music video competitions for Royksopp's "Running to the Sea" (2015) and George Harrison's "What is Life" (2014). In 2007, USA Today Live tapped Lale to serve as supervising producer and director of a 13-episode celebrity interview series, which featured interviews with Paris Hilton, Jessica Alba, Hilary Duff, Tori Spelling, Brooke Shields, Leonard Nimoy, Dana Delany, Zachary Quinto, and more. She also served as assistant story editor on Bravo's "Work Out" and as associate producer on a Telepictures courtroom show pilot and, was approached to produce and direct "Press Pass," a pilot presentation for Bravo. Lale has served as casting producer on a variety of series including "Bad Sex" season 2; "High School Reunion"; "Ultimate Cake Off" on TLC; "Bridezillas" on WeTV; "Dress My Nest" with Thom Filicia of "Queer Eye for the Straight Guy," and a reality show pilot for Adam Sandler. She has also directed and produced industrial videos for Taco Bell Corporation, Hyundai and for the City of Los Angeles hydroelectric power plants. Before becoming a producer and director in her own right, she worked with legendary writer/producer/director Mel Brooks on the film adaptation of the musical "The Producers" and with writer/director Phil Alden Robinson. She has also served as marketing consultant and music supervisor for the UPN network. Lee Rocker Rockabilly singer, songwriter, and uptight double bass player Lee Rocker was born Leon Drucker on August 3, 1961 in Massapequa, Long Island, New York. His father Stanley Drucker was the longtime principal clarinetist in the New York Philharmonic Orchestra while his clarinetist mother Naomi has been teaching music at Hofstra University since 1969. Lee's sister Roseanne is a country music singer/songwriter. Rocker began taking classical cello lessons at age eight. He soon thereafter learned how to play the electric bass. Lee jammed with fellow musicians Jimmy McDonnell (a.k.a. Slim Jim Phantom) and Brian Setzer throughout grade school. In the late 70s Rocker, McDonnell, and Setzer formed the rockabilly band the Stray Cats. The Stray Cats scored several hit songs (most notably the rousing "Rock This Town" in 1982) and released a few successful albums prior to breaking up in 1984. In 1985 Lee formed the group Phantom, Rocker & Slick with McDonnell and former David Bowie guitarist Earl Slick; they scored a minor hit with the song "Men Without Shame." The Stray Cats got back together in 1986, but this reunion proved to be short-lived. Among the musicians Rocker has collaborated with throughout the years are Carl Perkins, Dave Edmunds, Eric Clapton, George Harrison, Jeff Beck, and Willie Nelson. Lee has recorded a handful of solo albums, starting with "Big Blue" in 1994 and "Atomic Boogie Hour" in 1995. In 2002 Rocker toured America with ex-Elvis Presley guitarist Scotty Moore. More recently Lee has released a few more albums: "Bulletproof" came out in 2003, "Racin' The Devil" followed in 2006, "Black Cat Bone" was issued in 2007, and "Rock This World" was released in 2009. Rocker continues to tour all over the country with his band. He lives in California with his wife Deborah and two children. Alan Kozlowski Celebrated for both his unique artistic vision and deep understanding and love of music, Alan Kozlowski is an award winning visual artist, filmmaker, Grammy-nominated music producer. Inspired by the culture of world music in 1960s San Francisco, Alan moved to Spain in 1968, to study with legendary Gypsy flamenco guitarist Diego del Gastor, and shortly thereafter began his study of photography and the visual arts. Alan's diverse interests and talents integrate extraordinary life experience and a penchant for technology, creating a rich tapestry of artistic adventure and creative expression. Much of Alan's artistic focus centers around mentor, teacher and dear friend, Ravi Shankar. First exposed to his music at a concert in San Francisco in 1965, Alan was blessed to meet Ravi under auspicious circumstances in 1978, which began 35 years of study and collaboration. Alan went on to perform with Ravi in venues around the world, including Carnegie Hall, The Kennedy Center, and London's Royal Opera House. To commemorate Ravi's 75th birthday, Alan co-produced with George Harrison "In Celebration," a four-CD collectors edition of his works. In 1993 Alan directed "Ravi Shankar: The Concert For World Peace" at London's Royal Albert Hall, released worldwide by A&E, and in October 2011 filmed "Ravi Shankar, Tenth Decade In Concert: Live In Escondido", released on DVD. Alan actively documented many of the major milestones of Ravi's life, from 1978 until his final concert in November 2012, and managed his archives for twenty-five years. Following Ravi's passing in December 2012, Alan mined the archives to produce "Sangeet Ratna" (Jewel Of Music), a 35-minute tribute to his life and work, presented in March 2013, at Ravi's memorial event at Nehru Park in New Delhi. Alan is currently in the process of expanding the short film into a feature length documentary. Alan's passion for documenting music resulted in collaborations with artists such as Jackson Browne, Jeff Bridges, Kenny Loggins, Lee Rittenour, Lionel Richie, Michael Hedges, Michael McDonald and Earth Wind and Fire. In 1994 Alan was Director of Photography, co-produced and edited an intimate portrayal of life on the road in the Disney documentary "Jackson Browne: Going Home" which won the cable ACE Award for "Best Music Special of the Year", and recently traveled with Jackson to Cuba, to film a video collaboration with musicians around the world for Playing For Change, performing "Guantanamera". In addition to filming music, Alan also produces artists, including Indian vocalist Lakshmi Shankar's Grammy-nominated album "Dancing In The Light", and Spanish flamenco pianist, Pedro Ricardo Miño's "Piano Flamenco". Alan worked with Jeff Bridges and T-Bone Burnett to capture ancillary material for the Academy Award winning "Crazy Heart" and created all promotional materials and live performance videos for Jeff's 2012 Blue Note Records release, "Jeff Bridges". As Director Of Photography, Alan showcased his talent as in the visually stunning film "For Us The Living: The Medgar Evers Story" (1983 Directed by Michael Schultz, starring Howard E. Rollins Jr., Irene Cara, Laurence Fishburne, Roscoe Lee Browne) and the majestic award winning film "Travellers and Magicians" (2003 Directed by Khyentse Norbu. The latter opened at the Venice and Toronto film festivals to critical acclaim and won the Best Of Festival award at the 2004 Telluride Mountain Film Festival. In 1984, Alan co-founded Pacific Ocean Post, a leading film and television post-production studio in Santa Monica, California, employing more than 300 special effects, animation, sound, and editorial professionals, breaking new ground in the integration of digital technology and visual expression. Under Alan's leadership, Pacific Ocean Post helped bring home the Visual Effects Oscars for Independence Day (1997), Titanic (1998) and What Dreams May Come (1999). POP was acquired by Liberty Media in 1998, facilitating Alan's return to his artistic pursuits. Alan's focus on photography has resulted in the publishing of "On The Path-Tibet", a collection of photos from his travels through Tibet, and exhibitions in London, Santa Monica, Telluride, Malibu, Bangkok and Koh Samui. In 2002 Alan created On The Path, a performing arts center, gallery, and multimedia production facility in Santa Monica, followed by a venture into new media. Fascinated by the intersection of art and technology, Alan co-created two iPad apps. On The Music Path offers one-on-one, immersive instruction with world-renowned musicians such as Jackson Browne, Richard Thompson and Eric Johnson. Imagine Clarity is a mindfulness meditation resource for the corporate world, for which Alan serves as creative director. Through his continual travel, deep exploration, extensive relationships, vivid imagination and unending curiosity Alan Kozlowski remains to this day...On The Path of discovery. Mark Davis At age 14, Mark Davis began playing piano in studio sessions and transposing copy work for artists such as Minnie Riperton and Rotary Connection for record industry icons, Phil and Leonard Chess. Shortly thereafter, Mark began working for Curtis Mayfield and Calvin Carter, Founders of VJ Records. At the age of 19, he caught the eye of Motown legend, Berry Gordy and was personally signed to the label. A recipient of over 30 platinum and gold albums, Mark has developed a remarkable thirty-five year reputation as a producer, musician, artist, composer, arranger, and creative business consultant in both music and film. At Motown, Mark worked under the legendary Norman Whitfield and established himself as one of Pop Contemporary and R&B's leading record producers creating albums with artists such as Marvin Gaye, Diana Ross, Earth, Wind, and Fire, The Temptations, Smokey Robinson, Stevie Wonder, Lionel Ritchie, and the Jackson Five. After Motown, Davis was hired by Universal Pictures to produce, score, and consult for films like "Animal House," "Car Wash," Richard Pryor's "Bustin' Loose" & "Which Way is Up," as well as Cheech & Chong's - "Next Movie." At the same time, he was hired by Mo Ostin to head up A&R for Warner Brothers Records. There, he consulted on numerous projects for Ostin and Lenny Waronker, producing artists like Natalie Cole, Sly and the Family Stone, and the late George Harrison of the Beatles for his Dark Horse Record Company. Recently Davis has taken an active role as CEO of Thunder Bay Pictures. He oversees the company's key relationships with artists like Smokey Robinson and coordinates the company's strategic alliances. He also wrote and directed the Company's latest project, "The Evolution of Stem Cell Research." John Hoving John has engaged in a multifaceted career working in both the Corporate and Non-Profit worlds becoming a seasoned veteran in the intricacies of fund-raising, event management, and production and coordination. He began his career as a page on the Main floor of Tiffany & Company while attending New York University. After graduating with a Bachelor of Arts in Political Science & Philosophy, he moved into in the corporate training program and then back to the main floor as Assistant Manager. As Associate Director of Design he worked with the firm's Design Director, overseeing the development and production of all new products for the store in addition to the management of the Design Department, which includes both the interior and window display departments. After Tiffany, John enrolled in the Fordham Masters program in Social Work, graduated several years later and began working as a clinical therapist in a drug and alcohol rehabilitation hospital in upstate New York. But when his friend Robert F. Kennedy Jr. asked him to join Riverkeeper, then a small grass roots environmental group he saw an opportunity to make a real difference. Over the course of 5 years as the Director of Development, John successfully oversaw the complete renovation of the organization's overall fund raising strategy, direction, and developed significant new corporate and individual donor solicitation programs, all of which resulted in major sources of financial support and revenue for the organization. He is responsible for the creation of Riverkeeper's Annual Awards dinner and produced the first three, overseeing and managing every detail. This annual event continues to be one of the main sources of revenue for the organization. As Vice President of Development at the Caron Foundation, he was responsible for all aspects of development, fund-raising, public relations and special events. He conceived and produced a spectacular fund raising event honoring the Chairman & CEO of Viacom called "A Musical Tribute to the Beatles", attended by well over 1000 people and followed by a concert with an all-star cast of musicians singing their favorite Beatles song. This event was the most successful revenue generating vehicle in the organization's history. As an independent event producer John has had the unique opportunity to work in both the music and film business in a variety of different production positions in locations around the world from, the Bahamas to Africa with different, a wide variety of companies, organizations, musicians and personalities, some of which include; Paul McCartney, Ringo Starr, George Harrison, The Rolling Stones, U2, The Who, Eric Clapton, Bob Dylan, Elton John. James Taylor, Neil Young, Sting, Davis Bowie, Madonna, The cast of The Sopranos, Sex and the City; Tom Hanks, HBO, Live Nation, Hammerstein Ballroom and Sony Signatures Licensing. In Chicago during the filming of "The Dark Knight" he worked on his first motion picture on the set as a production coordinator, and was also a background actor who appeared in several scenes throughout the film. He then worked on several other films in the Location Department which was an easy transition for him after working in special events and music production and site coordination as many of these skill sets applied across the board in the film business. he continues to work with Olmos Productions on a part time basis as the Vice President of Media in addition to considering writing a book based on the writings and conversations with his grandfather, former Chairmen of Tiffany & Company, Walter Hoving. Topics under consideration include advice and thoughts about Business, Manners and Personal Development to Mr. Hoving's career and experiences at Tiffany. He also recently wrote the forward to the 50th anniversary edition of "Tiffany's Table Manners for Teenagers", a book according to his grandfather was written for him! John is now working again with Robert F. Kennedy Jr. who is the president of Waterkeeper Alliance. His title is Director of Special Operations overseeing communication &b media content for the international environmental organization. He is married to Kyle O'Brien who works as a Major Motion Picture Accountant and live in New York City with several Golden Retriever's! Stephen Snyder With almost almost three decades in casting, Stephen Snyder has gone on to cast numerous Emmy Award Winning and multi nominated Music Videos, Independent Films & Shorts, including: Legendary Rock Music Videos from Kiss, Rem, Cheap Trick, Nirvana, TLC, Tom Petty, George Harrison, Bob Dylan, Billy Idol, Eric Clapton, Phil Collins, Bon Jovi, Crosby Stills & Nash, Spinal Tap, Rod Stewart, Ozzy Osborne, Van Halen, Genesis, Michael Jackson, Janet Jackson, David Lee Roth, Megadeath, Garth Brooks, Toby Keith, Trace Adkins, Clint Black, Alan Jackson, Traveling Willbuyrs, to Metallica. To Many # 1 Video's including Country Superstars: Toby Keith, Brooks Dunn, Brad Paisley, Trace Adkins, Willie Nelson, and Gretchen Wilson. Casting for Indie Films, Shorts, and "Fifty and Over Club" TV Pilot-Series!, the Film "Powned" w/Eric Roberts, Multiple Fringe Fest Award Winning Plays by Neil Le Bute "Some Girls" "Trouble Dolls" The Load In" "Taming of the Shrew on Theater Row in Hollywood, Received the Grand Jury Prize with Director Varda Hardy for "ODE TO LA" 2012! Cast Over 50 Independent Films in Los Angeles. Recent Casting Includes: Multiple Mini Series "Ratchet Pack," "Runaway Stars," "Slick," Short Film, Music Video "Trailer Choir for the Film "Whisky for Men". The 2nd Season of "Talk Show with Spike Feresten," Recent Film 'Skid-Marks" The Movie. "F*ck You! Pay Me! Award Winning Directors The Derrick Brothers "Windows" Film Short Directed By 35 Time Award Winning Varda Hardy W/ Lou Gossett Jr. Casting Director, Stephen H. Snyder has also worked closely with proclaimed award winning directors : James Cameron (The Abyss - LA Casting), F. Gary Gray (Negotiator, Set it Off), Robert Zemekis, Cameron Crowe (Jerry Mc Guire), David Kellogg (Inspector Gadget), Tobe Hooper, Scott Calvert (Basketball Diaries), Wayne Isham and Karl Kosak (Skidmarls). Yawar Charlie Yawar Charlie, the grandson of Indian film legend, Noor Mohammed Charlie, and son of Pakistani television stars, Latif and Masooma Charlie, is setting out to make his mark in both Hollywood and Bollywood. Having been raised in the states, Yawar has been performing since the age of 6 under the supervision of his grandfather, Noor Mohammed Charlie. Raised in San Francisco, Yawar attended The University of San Francisco, majoring in both Psychology and Communication. He later attend The University of California, Davis, where he earned his Master in Fine Arts degree. His singing talents recently caught the attention of Ustad Sultan Khan, one of India's premier classical musicians. Having performed with international artists like Duran Duran, Talvin Singh, George Harrison and Madonna, Ustad Sultan Khan asked Yawar to collaborate with him on his new fusion concept album. The result was the song, "Love So Deep", a beautiful blend of traditional Indian melodies and modern English pop music. Steven Arnold Steven F. Arnold (1943-1994), trend-setting American artist and protégé of Salvador Dali, was a visionary filmmaker, photographer, painter, illustrator, set and costume designer, and assemblage artist. Steven Arnold was born on May 18, 1943, to a seamstress mother, and a hardware clerk father in Oakland California. At four or five years old, he found a chest of theatrical costumes and make-up belonging to his uncle in the attic of his parent's house, and from then on devoted himself to the art of transformation, constantly dressing up to amuse himself, his fashion model sister, and his babysitter. His parents encouraged his fantasies, and allowed him to build sets and puppets to put on shows for the neighborhood children, to whom he said, he never related. In the fall of 1958 Arnold entered Oakland Technical High School, where he met his lifelong friend, muse, and collaborator, Pandora. The pair became inseparable, and would spend hours in Steven's bedroom drinking champagne and Romilar cough syrup, smoking opium, marijuana, and cigarettes, dressing up, and playing with make-up. Steven's bedroom in 1959, as Pandora remembers, was "like LOUIS XIV - beyond belief for a child". Steven and Pandora's high school art teacher, Violet Chew, was the pair's mentor and main source of inspiration. Chew taught her students by ancient Chinese methods, which worked from the inside out, encouraging students to confront problems on a soul-level, and to use their art as a means of exploring and solving these problems. She also introduced the young Steven to antique and junk shopping, art history, cutting-edge fashion, and Eastern spiritual traditions, which made a lasting impact on Arnold's philosophy and art. She saw great potential in her student, and arranged for Arnold to drop homeroom and physical education in order to spend three periods with her each day. It was also around this time that Violet Chew's friend, artist Ira Yeager noticed that "it was Steven who actually initiated 'hippie' dress in San Francisco, before it was fashionable." After graduating high school in the Spring of 1961, Arnold won a full scholarship to the San Francisco Art Institute. In the spring of 1964, after earning perfect grades for two years at the Institute, Arnold took a break to study abroad in Paris and enrolled at Ecole Des Beaux Arts. Disappointed with the stiff, traditional curriculum at Ecole Des Beaux Arts, Arnold and a group of American classmates rented villas on the small island of Formentera off the coast of Spain. For the next several months the group lived communally, taking LSD every day, experimenting with paints and costumes, taking up residence in caves, and exploring the small island. Returning to San Francisco in the Spring of 1965, Arnold resumed his studies at the San Francisco Art Instuite, turning his eye on filmmaking: writing, directing, and designing three short films over the next two years. By late 1967 Arnold was on the verge of graduating from the San Francisco Art Institute, and his final student film, Messages, Messages, was drawing critical attention, and went on to win invites to Cannes' Director's Fortnight, the Chicago International FIlm Festival, and the Toronto Film Festival. Due to the critical success of their film, Arnold and collaborator Michael Wiese decided that Messages, Messages was worthy of a more elaborate hometown premier than the San Francisco Art Institute could provide, so in February of 1968, shortly before their graduation, the pair rented the Palace Theatre in San Francisco's north beach for the occasion. In addition to Messages, Messages, Arnold also curated "a rare collection of early surrealist films by Man Ray, Melies, and old French animations." The evening was such a huge success that theatre's owner offered to allow Arnold to continue holding screenings. This led to the March 1968 inauguration of Arnold's Nocturnal Dreamshows, the very first of the weekly midnight movie showcases that became nationally popularized in the 1970s. The Nocturnal Dreamshows also launched The Cockettes, an influential, groundbreaking psychedelic San Francisco drag troupe, into underground fame. Since 1967, Arnold had also been illustrating posters for local businesses, and was among the original group of rock poster artists in San Francisco, creating some of the first handbills for the famed Matrix nightclub, which was later credited for originating the "San Francisco sound" of the psychedelic '60s. In 1969, Arnold began filming Luminous Procuress, which went on to win him the 1972 New Director's award at the San Francisco International Film Festival, an extended exhibition at the Whitney Museum of American Art, and a second invite to Cannes' Director's Fortnight. Salvador Dali was so impressed with the film, that he arranged a private screening at the St. Regis Hotel, to which he invited New York's elite, including Andy Warhol, who also praised the film's genius. Arnold became a favorite of Dali's, and in 1974 went to study with the master in Spain, helping Dali to embellish and inaugurate his Museo-Teatro Dali. After returning to California, and failing to make any progress on other film projects, Arnold was driven to find new modes of expression. By establishing his Los Angeles photography studio and west-coast salon Zanzibar, Arnold did just that. From 1982-89, Steven Arnold found his niche, designing and shooting tableau vivants for four books, leaving thousands of living tableau photographs and negatives unpublished. He also left behind a social legacy in Los Angeles which, according to many who saw Zanzibar at it's height, has never been equaled. Arnold adored the vast cross-section of society represented at his nightly Salons, but also culled inspiration from his dreams, world religions, sexuality, fine art masterpieces, Jungian archetypes, social attitudes, excess, and artifice, working all night, and waking each afternoon to sketch dreams and visions into his growing collection of sketchbooks. In addition to his photography, Arnold also translated these drawings into a large body of paintings and assemblage sculpture between 1990 and his his early death in 1994. This prolific period led to brushing shoulders with the likes of Vogue's Diana Vreeland, actress Ellen Burstyn, psychedelic explorer Timothy Leary, Simon Doonan, Michelle Pfeiffer, Jay Leno, Warhol Superstar Holly Woodlawn, The Cars, George Harrison, Blondie's Debbie Harry, and John Waters' stars Divine and Susan Tyrell, among others. Arnold was diagnosed with AIDS in 1988 at the height of his popularity and died in 1994. His works are in the collections of the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York, Frankfurter Kunstverein in Germany, the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York, Cinematheque Francaise in Paris, the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (SF MoMA), the Oakland Museum of California, the ONE Gay and Lesbian Archive and Museum in Los Angeles, and the Cincinnati Art Museum. Steven Arnold's vast artistic catalog continues to be exhibited worldwide, and is the focus of the upcoming documentary Heavenly Bodies, slated for release in 2014. Peter Ishkhans A full on life stylist whose canvas ranges from hair and fashion to home décor, Peter Ishkhans embodies a style and aesthetic that's made him the guru of taste and wellness from both Hollywood's hottest stars, rock and roll legends and media power brokers. Ishkhans now in the second season of his highly rated hour-long series "Peter Perfect" on The Style Network, is soon be branded as one of the new faces of Style as he continues to deliver his expertise, knowledge and charismatic charm to his worldwide viewers and fan base. Ishkhans is now co-host of Fashion Police for E!, and appears regularly on E! and Style as a guest commentator for The Daily 10, and many of their 25 Best and Worst Specials. He most recently lent his style insight as an expert witness on Fox's Family Court. Several of his other E & Style guest appearances include, Split Endz, Style Her Famous and How Do I Look?. His national exposure has also been heightened with Oprah, America's Top Model, E! Emmy and Oscar Countdown, Extreme Makeover, and TV Candy to name but a few. With a client roster that has included Eva Mendes, Eva Longoria, Amy Adams, Alyssa Milano and Benjamin Mackenzie among others, and a list that began with George Harrison, Bill Wyman, Billy Idol, Robert Plant, Marianne Faithfull and Sarah Ferguson, Duchess of York, Ishkhans attributes his success to his insistence on always bringing out the beauty and greatness that lies within the person. Ishkhans began his career 28 years ago in London and came to New York in 1988 to work at a top salon on Madison Avenue. With his knowledge of both hair and products, he was asked by John Frieda to market and sell the salon's Frizz Ease products, and he was instrumental in helping make that line a fashion staple for women worldwide. Ishkhans was also the top stylist at the salon in Bergdorf Goodman, before moving to Los Angeles. Ishkhans owns Peter Ishkhans at Joseph Martin Salon in Beverly Hills. Peter's salon embraces a community atmosphere that offers a hip yet relaxing escape. Ishkhans has also been sought out for his design advice and more often than not, he finds himself giving fashion and interior decorating tips for those clients seeking to bring understated taste into their lifestyle. World wide trend communicator, cutting edge stylist, fashion/wellness and decorator extraordinaire, Ishkhans incorporates his many talents giving viewers and clients alike an experience they will not soon forget, true taste. Maurice DePas Maurice DePas started off his career in the entertainment industry as a singer/songwriter and was a member of the popular 1980's new wave band Maurice & the Cliches. M&TC released several albums, most notably their third; "C'est La Vie", which contained the radio and Billboard chart hit, "Soft Core". Originally hailing from Vancouver Canada, Maurice and the band moved to Los Angeles in 1983 upon signing an international deal with American record label Applause/RMS. Their music is still available on several 80's movie soundtracks, compilation CD's and through iTunes and similar digital outlets. The band went their separate ways in 1986 and Maurice transitioned into the film business as a Storyboard Artist for the prestigious commercial production house, N. Lee Lacy. In the late 80's when Steve Golin & Joni Sighvatsson left Lacy's to found Propaganda Films, Maurice came along as a Production Co-coordinator, and subsequently reached Producer status at that company. He continued as a Producer at Limelight, DNA and The Film Syndicate throughout the golden age of music video production working with high profile artists such as George Harrison, Rod Stewart and Aretha Franklin and many others. Maurice's camera career started with him shooting B camera material on these music video productions and he soon graduated into a talented Director of Photography in his own right. He was the DP on Peabody award (1993) winning projects and numerous productions and programs over the years. A cross trained film professional, he has worked in various departments including Post Production duties on the final season of the Buena Vista comedy series "Dinosaurs" (1994) As a Director, he is responsible for a number of music videos, commercials and documentary films. Of particular note are the History Channel's "The Personal Experience/Helicopter Warfare in Viet Nam" (2001) and his two independent feature length videos on historical re-enacting; "On His Majesty's Service" (2010) and "Living History" (2014). He continues to do occasional camera work as a non union operator. Most recently photographing the trial of convicted murderer Christian Gerhartsreiter and various interviews for the film; "My Friend Rockefeller" (2016). Since 2015 he has been working in the production accounting department on network television series. Will Roberts Academy Award winning filmmaker Will Roberts has worked in film, television and communications for over 25 years. As a producer/director of documentary work, his films have won top awards from The American Film Festival, The Information Film Producers of America, The National Council on Family Relationships, Freedoms Foundation at Valley Forge, The Festival of the Americas, and The International Film Festivals of Antwerp, Chicago, Denver, New York, Mannheim, Moscow, Leipzig, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Sydney, Perth, Popoli and Thessaloniki. His work has been featured at museums, libraries, universities and theaters throughout the world. Roberts has produced and directed film and video shoots throughout the US, Europe, South America, Central America, the Middle East and Eastern Europe. He has, in most of these instances, worked with local crews, television technicians and services. He has done freelance work/licensed material to CBS 60 Minutes, NBC Nightly News , Good Morning America, PBS, Bravo, BBC, and TV in Argentina, Australia, France, Germany, Japan, Russia and Sweden. Roberts has received grants from The American Film Institute, The Ohio Arts Council and The National Endowment for the Arts. He has worked on projects for the National Endowment for the Humanities, CPB, PBS, the Peace Child Foundation, and the United Nations. He has served on the Board of Trustees of the Ohio Citizen's Committee for the Arts and as a juror at major international film festivals. An Ohio native, Roberts graduated from Antioch College with a BA in Communications, Pre-Law in 1974. His Senior Project, a 16mm, 43 minute film titled "Men's Lives" (a documentary film about growing up male in America, made with classmate Joshua Hanig) received the Academy Award for Best Student Documentary(1975). It would become one of the most widely viewed educational films of its time. Roberts did graduate work in Film, Television and Mass Communications at Ohio University in Athens. His Senior Thesis Project, a 57 minute film, "Between Men" (a documentary about masculinity and the military in the USA) would become the only film to win both the Critic's Medallion at the Moscow International Film Festival and the George Washington Honor Medal from Freedom's Foundation at Valley Forge (1979). As a visiting professor at Antioch College in Yellow Springs, Ohio, Roberts taught courses in beginning, intermediate and advanced film and video production. He created the course Master's and Mentors of Communications, bringing in prominent communications professionals (actors, directors, producers, cinematographers, writers, etc.) to present and discuss their work (1987-88). Over the course of his 30 years as a journalist/filmmaker Roberts has interviewed thousands of subjects. These include such notables as George Harrison, Daniel Ortega, Stas Namin, Rod Serling, Buffy Saint Marie, Ernesto Cardinalli, Renate Blume, Cliff Robertson, Ravi Shankar, Patti Smith, Phil Everly, Tikhon Khrenikov, King Vidor, Yoko Ono and hundreds of "on the street" and "location specific"interviews in many situations and countries with a wide diversity of children and adults. He has been a featured speaker and presenter at the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, The American Film Institute, The Museum of Modern Art in New York, The Whitney, The International Conference on World Affairs, The Palace of Cultural Affairs in Lisbon, The Hall of Cinema in Moscow , The Mannheim Palace in Germany, The National Men's Conference, The Honolulu Friends Gathering, The Committee for World Democracy, The San Francisco Press Club, and at hundreds of other universities, museums, libraries, and conferences. He has worked as co-director/co-producer with film and television composer Ben Vaughn on a new documentary digital feature with the working title "The Geator with the Heater". The film tells the story of legendary, R&B disc jockey, Jerry Blavatt. Excerpts are currently available on You Tube. Recently Roberts worked with the Director Joe Terrence Gray and The International Bluegrass Music Museum doing interviews for their Video Oral History Project. Roberts was interviewed and provided archive material for the German Film "Der Rote Elvis." (2007), and has assisted with providing materials for the German Website deanreed.de. Alan Balsam Alan Balsam was born to Michael and Anita Balsam on 2nd April, 1950. He grew up in Los Angeles and attended California State University at Long Beach, graduating in 1972. He began his career making short promotional films featuring entertainers such as Bette Midler and George Harrison and took his first credit as an assistant film editor on 'Fatso' in 1979. He always worked in television on the AFI salute to Bette Davis and 'Heroes of Rock and Roll'. Lon Van Eaton Lon Van Eaton has enjoyed a lifelong career in the entertainment industry that spans four decades. It includes being signed as a recording artist/song writer to The Beatles' legendary Apple Records, and having had the rare privilege of being produced by George Harrison on the highly acclaimed Van Eaton album, Brother. Stone Soup Records Mr. Van Eaton met George Harrison just prior to the "Concert For Bangladesh" and his time spent with the Beatles made a lifelong impact on the young Van Eaton as to how the power of music and media can make a difference in the world. These experiences form the philosophical and ideology bedrock of Stone Soup Records a new record label dedicated to: Music for the Higher Good. A simple, yet powerful idea. Through the collective contributions of artists and those who support music, we can make a cultural difference. The initial release is entitled "American Made" to support the Troops and Veterans. Howard Nelson Howard Nelson was an ex-champion bodybuilder turned minor exploitation film actor. Usually cast as `heavies' due to his muscular appearance, Nelson's most regular employer was close personal friend George Harrison Marks. For many years Nelson worked in Marks' Studio in Farringdon, co-workers generally remember him as a nice fellow, albeit one obsessed by body building. As well as being a regular in Marks' softcore films (The Nine Ages of Nakedness, Come Play with Me), Nelson also made several (non sex) appearances in various hardcore loops made by Marks. As late as the mid-eighties Nelson was still popping up in titles like `Duty Free' a hardcore Marks farce set in a customs office. Wisely Howard wore dark glasses for the role. Anthony Aramouni Anthony Aramouni is a Montreal based singer/songwriter. Growing up playing the violin, Anthony was taught the guitar at the age of twelve by his father. It was few years later that he started composing and writing his own material. His unwavering passion for music is reflected in his daily life and further translates into the songs he writes. The lifelong work of many great singer/songwriters like Bob Dylan, Mark Knopfler, John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison, Jim Croce, Eric Clapton, Neil Young, Leonard Cohen, Paul Simon, James Taylor, Jackson C. Frank and many more, have laid the grounds in which Anthony finds his own particular voice as a songwriter. His music has been compared to some of the work of more recent renowned artists such as Ryan Adams and Ray Lamontagne. Anthony will be releasing his first EP called "Once in a While" this summer.	i don't know
What year: Rod Stewart was born, so was Bob Marley?	cbwcancerproject - Bob Marley Bob Marley Export (PDF) Bob Marley was a youthful talent of music. He spent his days composing songs of reggae accordance, and performing for the world’s most welcome ears. Young Marley was born in St. Anna, Jamiaca, on February 6th, 1945. His father, Norval Marley, was a Jamaican of English descent. Marley’s mother, Cadella Booker, was a youthful Jamaican woman. Bob Marley was not condoled by the themes of Rastafarian culture until he met and married Rita Marley. She enhanced Marley’s spirituality, sensibility, and ability to comprise music from recurring Rasta themes. Marley lived until age 36, travelling the world with music in his mind. What was not known by anyone then, was that Marley had an advanced case of Skin Cancer, called Malignant Melanoma. Marley eventually died of this lethal affliction at the age of 36, after collapsing in New York City’s Times Square while jogging. He was pronounced dead several hours later in a Miami Hospital. The cancer he had ignored and neglected, had spread to his brain, lungs, and stomach. Marley’s father also died of Malignant Melanoma, though it was far before Marley had seen its effect. Malignant Melanoma is common among Europeans, and is thought to be hereditary in many cases. Even though Marley left this world promptly, his music strikes a feeling in our minds we have marveled for our whole lives. Bob Marley is unequivocally one of the most inspirational men of our time. Marley's face is often seen in advertising, and was one of the most photographed celebrities of his time The Cancer: Malignant Melanoma is the most serious type of Skin Cancer and is responsible for the highest amount of fatalities. This cancer is easily treatable at an early state, but becomes progressively grim as the expansion period grows. Melanoma starts in moles and some birthmarks as a mutation of a Melanocyte, or the tissue of a mole. Bob Marley was a staple of simplistic Reggae-style music Symptoms: 1.) Change in color, size, or texture of a mole or birth mark 2.) Skin lesions with irregular borders 3.) Enlargement or negligent healing of an existing skin lesion 4.) Large brown spots with darker freckles 5.) Hard, dome-shaped bumps on the skin at any part of the body 6.) Soreness or tenderness of skin 7.) The negligence of hair growth on a mole Causes: People who are most at risk…. 1.) Fair Skin 2.) Spend a lot of time outdoors or in leisure activities 3.) History of Sunburn 4.) Family history of Skin Cancer 5.) Many Moles 7.) Large dark colored birthmark known as Congenital Melanocytic Nevus 8.) Pre-cancerous skin lesions, such as Actinic Keratosis (Bob Marley) 9.) HIV This disgusting skin fixture is a Congenital Melanocytic Nevus which became malignant Statistics, or Epidemiology: 1.) One person dies every 62 minutes of Melanoma 2.) One in 55 people will be diagnosed during their lifetime 3.) Melanoma is the most common form of cancer for young adults ages 25-29 4.) The survival rate of early detection is 99 percent, while more advanced forms result in a 15 percent survival rate 5.) The vast majority of Melanoma mutations are from Ultraviolet Rays 6.) An estimated 114,900 new cases of melanoma were diagnosed in 2010 alone 7.) Melanoma is the fifth most common form of cancer in Males and sixth for Females 8.) Women aged 39 and under have a higher probability of developing Melanoma than any other cancer besides Brest Cancer 9.) One or more blistering sunburns in adolescence more than doubles your chances of contracting Melanoma later in life 10.) Survivors of Melanoma are more than 9 times as likely as the common public to reform Melanoma 11.) Melanoma counts for less than 5 percent of Skin cancer patients, but accounts for more than 75 percent of deaths Treatments: Malignant melanoma treatment comes in a few forms. Depending on the progression of the skin cancer, the malignant melanoma treatment will vary. Being that some malignant melanoma end up effecting the whole body or specific organs, additional treatments and trips to the doctor may be necessary than a person with the first stages. part of the skin, a person will most likely notice it on the legs of women and the backs of men. These are the most common places you will find them on each. When the melanoma spreads farther, it is then considered Metastatic melanoma which will need its own malignant melanoma treatment. Malignant melanoma treatment has been on the increase as more people are finding out about he skin cancer and diagnosing it more frequently. Education on malignant melanoma and malignant melanoma treatment is good because there are many people that go every day having no clue they have a cancer. The longer the cancer goes undetected and not cured, the worse it becomes. It is known that if a person does not get a malignant melanoma treatment within the first year, the chances of survival drop from 90% down to 70%. This is quite a significant drop and reinforce why a malignant melanoma treatment is so important. Hope: Current research suggests that most forms of skin cancer are easier to treat than the majority of cancers. Malignant Melanoma, the type of cancer afflicting young Marley, is more dangerous, but more easily treated at an early state. Luckily Skin Cancers are much more easily recognized and treated in most situations, and will most of the time require little surgery to remove. Conclusion Questions: 1.) Marley found himself constantly at motion. It is no secret that Bob Marley often travelled around the world to promote the development of his musical career. Marley was often in places of humidity and relentless heat, as he himself describes his activity to bring him to the most beautiful but hot furiously hot places on Earth. Marley’s home, in Jamaica, is a hot place, located rather close to the equator. Throughout his lifetime, Marley did not often visit the doctors’ office, because of his constant business and active lifestyle. Marley often neglected to notice the importance of his health, and shrugged it off until a lesion on his toe wouldn’t heal. Even in the face of a diagnosis, Marley would not follow with any treatment, as his Rastafarian culture promoted self-help. 2.) Marley sought no treatment. Rastafarian culture promotes the refusal of help from others, as it is believed that self exploration and spirituality is the only natural medicine. 3.) Bob Marley kept his entire medical identity a secret, and died without the knowledge of most. Marley never started any foundations for cancer. Bibliography: Confelli, Morris J. Marley: Young. Baltimore: Wroughtwood, 1991. Print. Fortsmought, Jenning. The Marley Story. NYC: Bookhouse, 1999. Print. Gooding, Cleland. "Bob Marley Story." HypelifeMagazine. Hypelife, n.d. Web. 10	one thousand nine hundred and forty five
What year were all these people born: David Hassellhoff, Michael Barrymore and Mister T?	Rod Stewart - Biography - IMDb Rod Stewart Biography Showing all 82 items Jump to: Overview (4) \| Mini Bio (1) \| Spouse (3) \| Trade Mark (2) \| Trivia (38) \| Personal Quotes (34) Overview (4) 5' 10" (1.78 m) Mini Bio (1) Rod Stewart was born on January 10, 1945 in Highgate, London, England as Roderick David Stewart. He has been married to Penny Lancaster since June 16, 2007. They have two children. He was previously married to Rachel Hunter and Alana Stewart . Spouse (3) ( 6 April 1979 - 1984) (divorced) (2 children) Trade Mark (2) Fifth child of Robert and Elsie Stewart. His brothers and sisters are Mary, Peggy, Don and Bob. Has eight children: Sarah Thubron Streeter (born 1964) born to art student Susannah Boffey; Kimberly Stewart (born 21 August 1979) and Sean Stewart (born 1 September 1980) born to Alana Stewart (ex-wife of actor George Hamilton ; Ruby Stewart (born 17 June 1987), born to Kelly Emberg , his girlfriend at the time; Renee Stewart (born 1 June 1992), Liam McAlister Stewart (born 4 September 1994), born to ex-wife Rachel Hunter , a model, Alistair Wallace Stewart (born 27 November 2005) and Aiden Stewart (born 16 February 2011), born to wife Penny Lancaster . Contrary to popular belief, he was never a professional soccer player with Brentford Football Club before becoming a musician, this was one of many stories invented by his publicist when Rod was starting to hit the big time. Rod was successfully sued by Brazilian singer Jorge Ben Jor who claimed the tune to Rod's "Do Ya Think I'm Sexy?" was too similar to his song "Taj Mahal". Ben won the lawsuit and asked Rod to donate all his profits from the song to UNICEF. His daughter, Kimberly Stewart , designs shoes. Lead singer for the 1970s rock group The Faces . Inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1994. Gave his friend Elton John the nickname "Sharon". Covered Elton John 's hit song "Your Song". Although he was born in England and has English blood on his mother's side, he has Scottish blood on his father's side and prefers to be considered a Scotsman. In 1998, he bought the Victorian mansion Stargroves in Hampshire, which had previously belonged to Mick Jagger of The Rolling Stones . He put on the first concert at SkyDome in Toronto, Canada in 1989. Voted the sexiest male spectacles wearer in a 2004 poll by Specsavers opticians. (March 9, 2005) Proposed to girlfriend Penny Lancaster at the top of the Eiffel Tower in Paris, France. They married according to their plan, on board his yacht "Lady Anne MaGee" in the Portofino harbor, Italy, after his divorce from Rachel Hunter was finalized. Contray to rumor, he did not play the harmonica on Millie Small 's 1964 #2 hit "My Boy Lollipop", her credited as Millie. Underwent successful surgery for thyroid cancer in July 2000, and announced he was completely recovered in January 2001. In an early stage of The Kinks , before future frontman Ray Davies was willing to be the lead singer, they recruited Stewart (who grew up in the same neighborhood as the Davies brothers) as a singer. After a couple of weeks of trying to be a band, Stewart and the future Kinks found that they did not get along that well, with their musical tastes being too different, and parted ways. First artist to record the Burt Bacharach / Carole Bayer Sager song "That's What Friends Are For" (for the movie Night Shift (1982)), four years before it became a number one hit for Dionne Warwick , Elton John , Gladys Knight and Stevie Wonder . Was the original lead singer of the Jeff Beck Group. However, when the band was scheduled to appear at Woodstock he quit on the eve of the show due to the fact that his best friend Ronnie Wood , who was playing bass at the time, was kicked out. Is a supporter of Glasgow Celtic Football Club. Winner of the 1993 Brit Award for Outstanding Contribution. He was awarded the CBE (Commander of the Order of the British Empire) in the 2007 Queen's New Years Honours List for his services to music. The story that Rod once worked as a gravedigger was another myth which he created with his publicist. (November 14, 2006) Inducted into the UK Music Hall of Fame for his outstanding contribution to British music and integral part of British music culture. Ranked #94 on VH1's 100 Sexiest Artists. Ranked #71 on VH1's 100 Greatest Artists of Rock & Roll. Lives in Los Angeles, California. Had relationships with Dee Harrington (1971-1975), Kelly Emberg (1983-1990), Bebe Buell and Britt Ekland . He was awarded a Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for Recording at 6801 Hollywood Boulevard in Hollywood, California on October 11, 2005. Recorded several of his multi-platinum selling albums at Cherokee Recording Studios, including "A Night on the Town", "Footloose and Fancy Free" and "Blondes Have More Fun". The 2009 Sunday Times List estimated his net worth at $164 million. Discovered busking in a train station in the early 1960s by British blues pioneer Long John Baldry . Baldry was so impressed with Stewart's vocal prowess, he invited him to join his band, The Hoochie Coochie Men. Stewart has often admitted in interviews that he owes his great success to that chance meeting with Baldry. When then-girlfriend Britt Ekland discovered that Rod was seeing other women, she filed a $12.5 million palimony suit, claiming that, as she had given up much of her career for him, she deserved a large portion of his income. The lawsuit was dismissed. When asked what he had like to have as his epitaph on Piers Morgan Tonight: Episode dated 30 March 2011 (2011), Stewart quipped, "I'm a celebrity, get me out of here.". During a period when first touring in the United States where rowdy Rod and his band were prohibited from staying in some hotels, the boys used to masquerade as Fleetwood Mac in order acquire accommodation. A lifelong collector of model trains, Stewart maintains an elaborate outlay in an upstairs room of his Los Angeles home that stretches the length of his house. Bases his layout scale on the 1940s New York Central and Pennsylvania line. (July 2, 2007) Performed at the "Concert for Diana" at the new Wembley Stadium in London, England. He was awarded the Knight Bachelor of the Order of the British Empire in the 2016 Queen's Birthday Honours List for his services to Music and Charity. He is a singer and songwriter in Essex, England. Personal Quotes (34) Instead of getting married again, I'm going to find a woman I don't like and just give her a house. [on looking young] The secret is to moisturise the face. I've been doing that since I was 17 years old. [on Brigitte Bardot ] She's the only woman I've ever had a sexual fantasy about. With me, looks come first, and she's everything a woman should be. She's blonde and beautiful, she's got the most incredible legs--et cetera, et cetera. And she's French as well. [on his former wife, Rachel Hunter , shortly after their break-up] She was the first woman who left me. [on being awarded the CBE] It's a marvellous occasion. We're the only country in the world to honour the common man. Elvis was the king. No doubt about it. People like myself, Mick Jagger and all the others only followed in his footsteps. [on his move to Los Angeles, California] The British taxation in 1975 was absolutely crippling. I think about 84% of my income was going in income tax. And I wasn't inspired by the music scene in '73, '74, '75 either. I don't believe you should flaunt your wealth like Liberace or something. I don't know anybody that doesn't like being famous and anybody that doesn't like it shouldn't have thought about being famous in the first place. I think it's absolutely marvelous being famous. I love it. I like walking down the street and being recognised. I don't go out of my way to be recognised. I mean I don't go walking down the street in a pink satin suit. I don't think people expect Bruce Springsteen to come out in a pink satin jacket, but Rod Stewart they do. And I like doing it, I don't wear it just because I think I have to. I'm a very flamboyant person. I don't mind buying one round of drinks, but I am bloody well not going to buy another. I don't miss a penny. I get a daily statement about where every penny is going and every investment. I wouldn't say I worry about money, but you never know what's around the corner. I worry more about my children's views on money sometimes. They've grown up privileged and it's an ongoing battle. They know the price of everything and the value of nothing. I've been lucky. I couldn't deal with it if I'd run out of barnet. Imagine me with a Bobby Charlton comb-over. My age group and our age group, the Stones [ The Rolling Stones ] and Elton [ Elton John ], it's hard to get on the radio. And it's hard to buy records now 'cos you can't buy 'em anywhere. My audience like to go in and buy records. [on Mick Jagger ] I've got utmost respect for Mick and the boys. I love 'em to death. He's a great singer, he's one of the greatest. He's not quite as good as me. I've always looked on myself as one of a band and never sought a solo career. It's always been a spiritual home, but as I don't live there I shouldn't comment on Scottish independence. If it's good for the Scots I'm happy. I hope it's not a lot of kids thinking ' Braveheart (1995)'. I'd hate to see the union broken after all these years. And I don't think it will happen. I'm a romantic and like a one-on-one situation, candlelight and foreplay, all the old-fashioned things. There's never been much rivalry between any of our generation - well, maybe me and Elton [ Elton John ] but that's friendly. [on Mick Jagger ] Mick's a fine blues singer, but technically not as good as me. He's made the best of what he's got, but I don't think he could do standards and he may not want to. Every three years, Model Railroader puts me on their cover, which is better than Rolling Stone. [on Elton John ] The second-best rock singer ever. [on Tom Waits ] He's one of my favorite all-time songwriters. [on "Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?"] It certainly wasn't one of the best songs I've written. It transformed me overnight into a sex symbol I suppose, for want of a better word, and everything that goes with that, and for a long time I believed everything I read about myself in the papers. People, when we do live shows, they love that song, everywhere around the world. I believe I'm a romantic. I can cry at sad films and I like candle-lit dinners. All depends what you describe as being a romantic. [on love songs] I've always written songs like that. I think it comes as the years go on, you mature a little bit and you want to write songs that are more loving songs. I've got a lot of English blood in me, not too much English blood, but I consider myself to be a fairly good lover, I've had no complaints. I've had no compliments either. When Scotland play England, I don't care if it's schoolboys or what it is, it's very serious. [on the World Cup in 1986] If that had been an English goal when Maradona [ Diego Maradona ] handballed it, everyone would have said it was OK, it's just that it was on the other team, but I've got a feeling that none of the British teams could have won it, maybe it's about time we had a Great Britain team. It's only an idea. [on the World Cup in 1986] We played three, we weren't too good in the last one, but I was real proud of them. I was really proud of the British teams all round, not just Scotland. Being a football fan and playing Wembley, it's not like Wham! - I don't think are real football fans - but it means a hell of a lot to me. [on the suggestion his tax exile status could have prevented a knighthood] Mick [ Mick Jagger ] doesn't pay taxes here, and Tom [ Tom Jones ] lives in America. If my time comes, it will. And if it doesn't, I'm not bothered. Are you kidding? I never expected a CBE. People said I went astray with Da Ya Think I'm Sexy? and they're absolutely right. I jumped on a bandwagon, but everyone loves it. It's my novelty song. I try to give the audience what they want, and sod the critics.	i don't know
What year were these people born: Jackie Chan, John Travolta and Oprah Winfrey?	Born In The Year Of The Horse? Then You Must Be... - Jetset Times BY WENDY HUNG This week marks the arrival of Chinese New Year (CNY), on January 31st, to be exact. The best part about being Chinese, Taiwanese, Singaporean, Malaysian…etc, is that once Christmas starts, the so-called “holiday spirit” doesn’t really end until CNY is over! This year celebrates the year of the horse. If you’re not familiar with Chinese zodiac signs, just know there are twelve animals that comprise the entire zodiac cycle. Anyone born in the year of 1930, 1942, 1954, 1966, 1978, 1990, 2002, 2014 were (or will be) born in the year of the horse. According to Chinese culture, each animal represents a particular type of personality, ie: monkeys are smart yet mischievous (that’s me!), dogs are loyal, dragons are powerful…you get the drift. Ancient Chinese believed that horses are extremely intelligent, but they also need to be tamed and trained by humans. Although they symbolize a road to success, they run wild by nature. Without human’s guidance, horses can be lost, without a clear destination in life. In this regard, horses have become not only a symbol of traveling but also speedy success In celebration of Chinese New Year, let’s break it down! If you were born in the year of the horse, then you must be… 1. A leader!	1954
What year did movie legend James Dean die?	John Travolta John Travolta Tarot Card (Equivalent of "2/18/1954") The High Priestess: A pure, exalted and gracious influence. Education, knowledge, wisdom, and esoteric teachings. The forces of nature. Intuition, foresight, and spiritual revelation of the most mysterious and arcane sort. Rune (Equivalent of "John Joseph Travolta") Ger is one of the runes that touches on the cycles of the year, in this case the fall harvest. These cycles are eternal, which is represented in the rune by the fact that it is unchanged by reversal. Ger can represent pregnancy or other forms of fruitfulness, and is especially indicative of the cycles of providence and karma - that which has been sown is now being reaped. This rune can also represent the cycles of wealth, for crops were frequently a sign of wealth. Birth Mates (Equivalents of "2/18/1954") Public Role (Equivalents of "John Travolta") Words that embody things that may be a part of you are "Comet, Drum, Fever, Foot, Friend, Iron, Light, Lips, Past, Pitch, Wolf, Zoo". Words that embody people or things in your periphery are "Abyss, Ancient, Archive, Arrow, Astronaut, Birth, Butterfly, City, Commerce, Curse, Doctor, Electricity, Empire, Enthusiasm, Freedom, Genius, Humor, Idiot, Madness, Moon, Resurrection, Risk, Rose, Ruby, Shark, Shield, Skull, Sleep, Snare, Spiral, Tactics, Thorn, Transformation, Vaccine, Voyage, Woman, Wood". Explanation The profile above is based on Numerology , the ancient practice of uncovering hidden associations between words by converting letters into numbers (A=1, B=2, C=3, etc). Our own contribution to the art of numerology (that's right - you saw it at Facade first) is using this approach to find the Tarot card and Rune that represent a person, celebrities who shared the same birth path, and words that have significant meaning to your public or private life: Tarot Card: This is the card whose numeric value matches that of a birthdate. For example, George S. Patton (one of the greatest generals of World War II) was born on 11/11/1885. The numeric value of this date is 8, which associates with the 8th Tarot card, The Chariot - the symbol of victory through might and advancement through bold action. Note: Because the 1st Tarot card (The Fool) is labeled with the number 0, the card associated with a given birth path is always labeled with a number 1 less than the birth path itself. For example, the birth path 22 is associated with the 22nd Tarot card (The World), which is labeled with the number 21. Rune: This is the rune whose numeric value matches that of a birth name. For example, Robert Oppenheimer (the father of the atomic bomb) was born under the rune Tyr, which symbolizes a great victory earned at a terrible price - a rather poetic summary of our entry into the Atomic Age. Birth Mates: These are people whose birthdate is an exact numeric match. For example, Madonna (fashion icon starting in the 1980s) was born on 8/16/1958, and Coco Chanel (fashion icon starting in the 1920s) was born on 8/19/1883 - both dates have a numeric value of 38. Birth mates share many of the same challenges, opportunities, and choices in life, which often leads them to share similar roles in society. The Public Role and Private Persona are composed of words that equate to a person's public name and nickname. The different ways that words may be associated with names are: Identity: These are words whose numeric value is an exact match. For example, the numeric value of "Adolf Hitler" is 110, which is the same numeric value as "Osama bin Laden" (as bad luck would have it, Adolf and Osama share the same Tarot card and birth path as well). Identities are common in some fundamental way, although the commonality may be very obscure. You might think of words as the siblings of their identities. Another interesting example of identity is "Death" and "Change", both words with a numeric value of 38. Product: These are words whose numeric value is a superset of another. For example, the numeric value of "Fulfillment" is 130, which is a superset of the numeric value of "Peace", which is 30. Products are things that you can create from their components. Component: These are words whose numeric value is a subset of another. For example, the numeric value of "Sex" is 48, which is a subset of the numeric value of "Sharon Stone", which is 148. Components are things that make up a product. Mirror: These are words whose numeric value is a digit by digit reflection. For example, the numeric value of "Rose" is 57, whereas the numeric value of "Thorn" is 75. Mirrors are things that belong together, either as compliments or as opposites. Like a thorn to a rose, mirrors are often unrelated in what they offer, but inextricably connected nonetheless. Words are sometimes thought of as the allies or enemies of their mirrors. Another interesting example of a mirror is "Romance" (whose numeric value is 69!) and "Playboy" (whose numeric value is 96). Cause: These are words whose value matches the secondary numeric value of another. For example, the date "9-11-2001" has a numeric value of 14 (9+1+1+2+0+0+1=14), the word "Warning" has a numeric value of 86, and the word "Martyr" has a numeric value of 95. If you add up the digits of "Warning" (8+6=14) and "Martyr" (9+5=14), the results equal the value of "9-11-2001". Causes are things that precede their effects. Effect: These are words whose secondary numeric value matches the value of another. For example, the numeric value of "Winter" is 89, and the numeric value of "Ice" is 17. If you add up the digits of "Winter" (8+9=17), the result equals the value of "Ice" (17). Effects are things that follow their cause. Distant: These are words whose secondary numeric values are an exact match. For example, the numeric value of "Rome" is 51, "War" is 42, and "Conquest" is 114. If you add up the digits (5+1=6, 4+2=6, 1+1+4=6), each one equals 6. Distants are things that are loosely related, like cousins within a family. Italics: The words in your reading that appear in italics are more strongly associated with you than the other words in the same category. For example, if your reading included the line "Distant: trance, struggle, victory", then all three of these words would be loosely related to you, but the word struggle would be the most significant among them. Celebrity Profiles	i don't know
What year were all these people born: American actress Michelle Pfeiffer, British comedian Dawn French and British musician Billy Bragg?	IMDb: Most Popular People With Biographies Matching "The League" Most Popular People With Biographies Matching "The League" 1-50 of 1,687 names. Teresa Palmer Actress and model Teresa Palmer has gathered some impressive film credits. She was born in Adelaide, South Australia, to Kevin Palmer, an investor, and Paula Sanders, a former missionary and nurse. She completed high school at Mercedes College in 2003, where she was a popular student who was well-known for her practical jokes. She worked in a Cotton On outlet in Rundle Mall until she was discovered and cast on the spot--without an audition--in her feature film debut and breakthrough role in 2:37 . Made by first-time writer/director/producer Murali K. Thalluri , the film competed in the 2006 Cannes Film Festival in "Un Certain Regard" and chronicles the lives of six students over the course of day and ends in a devastating suicide. Teresa immediately went to work on back-to-back film projects including December Boys opposite "Harry Potter" star Daniel Radcliffe --a coming-of-age story about four adolescent orphans, based on the book by Michael Noonan and directed by Rod Hardy ( Robinson Crusoe , Buffalo Girls , The X-Files and The Practice ). She also starred as stripper-turned-criminal "Dale" in the British/Australian co-production Restraint , a film noir/psychological thriller that follows the plight of a pair of fugitives on the run from a murder scene. Directed by David Denneen , the film also features former Calvin Klein model Travis Fimmel and British actor Stephen Moyer . In 2006 Teresa worked with Japanese director Takashi Shimizu on the Sony Pictures production The Grudge 2 . Set in Tokyo, the horror sequel to the box-office hit The Grudge also starred Sarah Michelle Gellar and Jennifer Beals . Later that year Teresa signed on to play the female lead in Doug Liman 's action fantasy film Jumper , but was subsequently replaced by Rachel Bilson . Early 2007 saw her star opposite former real-life boyfriend Topher Grace as the love interest in the retro comedy film Take Me Home Tonight . Shortly after filming ended, Teresa decided to move permanently from Adelaide to Los Angeles following a public split from her then-boyfriend of two years, Australian Rules football star Stuart Dew. Teresa was due to play a small part in George Miller 's doomed superhero film "Justice League: Mortal", but the production fell through after months of problems. Teresa briefly dated her "Justice League: Mortal" co-star Adam Brody in early 2008; later that year she had a relationship with British comedian Russell Brand , whom she met on the set of her latest film, Bedtime Stories , a Disney children's comedy starring Lucy Lawless , Guy Pearce and Keri Russell and was released on Christmas 2008. Anna Kendrick Anna Kendrick was born in Portland, Maine, to Janice (Cooke), an accountant, and William Kendrick, a teacher. She has an older brother, Michael Cooke Kendrick , who has also acted. She is of English, Irish, and Scottish descent. For her role as "Dinah" in "High Society" on Broadway, Anna Kendrick was nominated for a Tony Award (second youngest ever), a Drama Desk Award, and a Fany Award (best actress featured in a musical). Her spectacular performance landed her the Drama League and Theatre World Award. She was a lead performer with Cabaret's Kit Kat Club at "Carnegie Hall Live" in My Favorite Broadway: The Leading Ladies (1999) (TV). She also had the privilege of working with director Scott Ellis and choreographer Susan Stroman at the New York City Opera House with Jeremy Irons amongst many more celebrity status actors, playing the role of "Fredrika" in "A Little Night Music". Anna work-shopped "Jane Eyre" & "The Little Princess" for Broadway and starred in the feature film Camp with director Todd Graff . Dwayne Johnson Dwayne Douglas Johnson, also known as The Rock, was born on May 2, 1972 in Hayward, California, to Ata Johnson (born Feagaimaleata Fitisemanu Maivia) and Canadian-born professional wrestler Rocky Johnson (born Wayde Douglas Bowles). His father is black (of Black Nova Scotian descent), and his mother is of Samoan background (her own father was Peter Fanene Maivia , also a professional wrestler). While growing up, Dwayne traveled around a lot with his parents and watched his father perform in the ring. During his high school years, Dwayne began playing football and he soon received a full scholarship from the University of Miami where he had tremendous success as a football player. In 1995, Dwayne suffered a back injury which cost him a place in the NFL. He then signed a 3 year deal with the Canadian League but left after a year to pursue a career in wrestling. He made his wrestling debut in the USWA under the name Flex Kavanah where he won the tag team championship with Brett Sawyer. In 1996, Dwayne joined the WWE and became Rocky Maivia where he joined a group known as "The Nation of Domination" and turned heel. Rocky eventually took over leadership of the "Nation" and began taking the persona of The Rock. After the "Nation" split, The Rock joined another elite group of wrestlers known as the "Corporation" and began a memorable feud with Steve Austin . Soon the Rock was kicked out of the "Corporation". He turned face and became known as "The Peoples Champion". In 2000, the Rock took time off from WWE to film his appearance in The Mummy Returns . He returned in 2001 during the WCW/ECW invasion where he joined a team of WWE wrestlers at The Scorpion King , a prequel to The Mummy Returns . Dwayne has a daughter, Simone Alexandra, born in 2001, with his ex-wife Dany Garcia . Ben Affleck American actor and filmmaker Benjamin Géza Affleck-Boldt was born on August 15, 1972 in Berkeley, California, and was raised in Cambridge, Massachusetts. His mother, Chris Anne (née Boldt), is a school teacher, and his father, Timothy Byers Affleck, is a social worker; the two are divorced. Ben has a younger brother, actor Casey Affleck , who was born in 1975. He is of mostly English, Irish, German, and Scottish ancestry. His middle name, "Géza", is after a family friend. Affleck wanted to be an actor ever since he could remember, and his first acting experience was for a Burger King commercial, when he was on the PBS mini-series, The Voyage of the Mimi . It was also at that age when Ben met his lifelong friend and fellow actor, Matt Damon . They played little league together and took drama classes together. Ben's teen years consisted of mainly TV movies and small television appearances including Hands of a Stranger and The Second Voyage of the Mimi . He made his big introduction into feature films in 1993 when he was cast in Dazed and Confused . After that, he did mostly independent films like Kevin Smith 's Mallrats and Chasing Amy which were great for Ben's career, receiving renowned appreciation for his works at the Sundance film festival. But the success he was having in independent films didn't last much longer and things got a little shaky for Ben. He was living in an apartment with his brother Casey and friend Matt, getting tired of being turned down for the big roles in films and being given the forgettable supporting ones. Since Matt was having the same trouble, they decided to write their own script, where they could call all the shots. So, after finishing the script for Good Will Hunting , they gave it to their agent, Patrick Whitesell , who showed it to a few Hollywood studios, finally being accepted by Castle Rock. It was great news for the two, but Castle Rock wasn't willing to give Ben and Matt the control over the project they were hoping for. It was friend Kevin Smith who took it to the head of Miramax who bought the script giving Ben and Matt the control they wanted and, in December 5, 1997, Good Will Hunting was released, making the two unknown actors famous. The film was nominated for 9 Academy Awards and won two, including Best Original Screenplay for Ben and Matt. The film marked Ben's breakthrough role, in which he was given for the first time the chance to choose roles instead of having to go through grueling auditions constantly. Affleck chose such roles in the blockbusters Armageddon , Shakespeare in Love , and Pearl Harbor . In the early years of the 2000s, he also starred in the box office hits Changing Lanes , The Sum of All Fears , and Daredevil , as well as the disappointing comedies Gigli and Surviving Christmas . While the mid 2000s were considered a career downturn for Affleck, he received a Golden Globe nomination for his performance in Hollywoodland . In the several years following, he played supporting roles, including in the films Smokin' Aces , He's Just Not That Into You , State of Play , and Extract . He ventured into directing in 2007, with the thriller Gone Baby Gone , which starred his brother, Casey Affleck , and was well received. He then directed, co-wrote, and starred in The Town , which was named to the National Board of Review Top Ten Films of the year. For the political thriller Argo , which he directed and starred in, Affleck won the Golden Globe Award and BAFTA Award for Best Director, and the Academy Award, Golden Globe Award, and BAFTA Award for Best Picture (Affleck's second Oscar win). In 2014, Affleck headlined the book adaptation thriller Gone Girl . He starred as Bruce Wayne/Batman in the superhero film Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice , briefly reprised the character in Suicide Squad , and will do so again in Justice League , and other sequels. Affleck married actress Jennifer Garner in 2005. The couple has three children. Daniel Radcliffe Daniel Jacob Radcliffe was born on July 23, 1989 in Fulham, London, England, to casting agent Marcia Gresham (née Jacobson) and literary agent Alan Radcliffe . His father is from a Northern Irish Protestant background, while his mother was born in South Africa, to a Jewish family (from Lithuania, Poland, Russia, and Germany). Daniel began performing in small school productions as a young boy. Soon enough, he landed a role in David Copperfield , as the young David Copperfield. A couple of years later, he landed a role as Mark Pendel in The Tailor of Panama , the son of Harry and Louisa Pendel ( Geoffrey Rush and Jamie Lee Curtis ). Curtis had indeed pointed out to Daniel's mother that he could be Harry Potter himself. Soon afterwards, Daniel was cast as Harry Potter by director, Chris Columbus in the film that hit theaters in November 16, 2001, Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone . He was recognized worldwide after this film was released. Pleasing audiences and critics everywhere, filming on its sequel, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , commenced shortly afterwards. He appeared again as Harry in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban directed by Alfonso Cuarón , and then appeared in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire directed by Mike Newell . Shortly afterwards, he finished filming December Boys in Adelaide, Australia, Kangaroo Island, and Geelong, Australia which began on the 14 November 2005 and ended sometime in December. On January 27, 2006, he attended the South Bank Awards Show to present the award for "Breakthrough Artist of the Year" to Billie Piper . Daniel reprised his famous character once again for the next installment of the Harry Potter series, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix . In February 2007, he took on his first stage role in the West End play Equus, to worldwide praise from fans and critics alike. Also that year, he starred in the television movie My Boy Jack , which aired on 11 November 2007 in the UK. After voicing a character in an episode of the animated television series The Simpsons in late 2010, Radcliffe debuted as J. Pierrepont Finch in the 2011 Broadway revival How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying, a role previously held by Broadway veterans Robert Morse and Matthew Broderick. Other cast members included John Larroquette, Rose Hemingway and Mary Faber. Both the actor and production received good reviews, with USA Today commenting: "Radcliffe ultimately succeeds not by overshadowing his fellow cast members, but by working in conscientious harmony with them - and having a blast in the process." Radcliffe's performance in the show earned him Drama Desk Award, Drama League Award and Outer Critics Circle Award nominations. The production itself later received nine Tony Award nominations. Radcliffe left the show on 1 January 2012. His first post-Harry Potter project was the 2012 horror film The Woman in Black, adapted from the 1983 novel by Susan Hill. The film was released on 3 February 2012 in the United States and Canada, and was released on 10 February in the UK. Radcliffe portrays a man sent to deal with the legal matters of a mysterious woman who has just died, and soon after he begins to experience strange events from the ghost of a woman dressed in black. He has said he was "incredibly excited" to be part of the film and described the script as "beautifully written". In 2013, he portrayed American poet Allen Ginsberg in the thriller drama Kill Your Darlings , directed by John Krokidas. He also starred in an Irish-Canadian romantic comedy film The F Word directed by Michael Dowseand written by Elan Mastai, based on TJ Dawe and Michael Rinaldi's play Toothpaste and Cigars and then he starred in an American dark fantasy horror film directed by Alexandre Aja Horns. Both of the films premiered at the 38th Toronto International Film Festival. Radcliffe also performed at the Noël Coward Theatre in the stage play revival of Martin McDonagh's dark comedy The Cripple of Inishmaan as the lead, Billy Claven, for which he won the WhatsOnStage Award for Best Actor in a Play. In 2015, Radcliffe starred as Igor in a science fiction horror film Victor Frankenstein , directed by Paul McGuigan and written by Max Landis, which was based on contemporary adaptations of Mary Shelley's 1818 novel Frankenstein. In 2016, he appeared as a wealthy villain in the mystery/action film Now You See Me 2 , and as an oftentimes mobile corpse in the indie fantasy Swiss Army Man . Now being one of the world's most recognizable people, Daniel leads a somewhat normal life. He has made friends working on the Harry Potter films, which include his co-stars Rupert Grint and Emma Watson . Scott Patterson An accomplished actor in film, television and theater, Scott Patterson is well known to television audience from his seven seasons as diner owner Luke Danes in the hit series "Gilmore Girls." Patterson now brings his many talents to the network's new comedy "Aliens In America," playing Gary Tolchuk, the aspiring entrepreneur dad of a Wisconsin family whose lives are turned upside down by the arrival of a Pakistani Muslim exchange student. Patterson, born in Philadelphia and raised in New Jersey, attended Rutgers University and pursued a degree in comparative literature. He studied acting in New York with renowned coaches Robert Lewis and Sondra Lee and observed Paul Newman, Arthur Penn and Frank Corsaro at The Actors Studio, where he appeared in numerous productions. The theater company he founded in 1988 in New York City, Arc Light, produced the works of John Bishop, Sam Shepherd, Harold Pinter and Shakespeare. Patterson recently completed filming on the upcoming horror feature "Saw IV." He appeared on the big screen in "Her Best Move," "Little Big League," "Three Wishes," "Highway 395" and "Rhapsody in Bloom." On television, in addition to his memorable role as Luke on "Gilmore Girls," Patterson appeared on "Seinfeld," "Will & Grace," "It's Like, You Know" and "Fired Up." He has also guest starred on "Arli$$" and "Get Real," and voiced the character of Lieutenant Farraday in the 2004 animated series "Justice League Unlimited," from Warner Bros. Animation. Patterson writes music and paints in his spare time. His gallery show of completed works will be announced in early 2008. Patterson also collects art, artifacts and rare writings. His prehistoric petrified baby frog collection is on loan to the Louvre in Paris through 2010. Patterson currently resides in Los Angeles. Elle Fanning Mary Elle Fanning was born on the 9th of April 1998 in Conyers, Georgia, USA, to Heather Joy (Arrington) and Steven J. Fanning. Her mother played professional tennis, and her father, now an electronics salesman, played minor league baseball. She is of German, Irish, English, French, and Channel Islander descent. Elle's ascent into stardom began when she was almost three years old, when she played the younger version of her sister, Dakota Fanning 's, character Lucy in the drama film I Am Sam . She then played younger Dakota again in Taken as Allie, age 3. But her first big independent movie without her sister was in 2003's Daddy Day Care as Jamie. She then had two guest appearances on Judging Amy and CSI: Miami . Dakota Fanning Hannah Dakota Fanning was born on the 23rd of February 1994, in Conyers, Georgia, USA, to Heather Joy (Arrington) and Steven Fanning . Her mother played professional tennis, and her father, now an electronics salesman, played minor league baseball. She is of German, Irish, English, French, and Channel Islander descent. Before her debut into the cinematic world, Dakota did her own acting around her house. She was very active for her age, and often put a blanket under her shirt and pretended to be having a baby, using her younger sister, Elle Fanning , who is also an actress now, as the baby. Dakota went to a playhouse near her home, where the children that attended put on a play every week to show to their parents. But the people running the playhouse noticed that Dakota stood out, and advised her parents to take her to an agency. They believed that she was extremely talented. The Fanning family were advised to spend six weeks in Los Angeles, a long way from their home in Georgia. But there Dakota managed to get her first work; to star in a national Tide commercial. She was chosen out of many, many other children. The family then decided to move to Los Angeles permanently, for it looked like Dakota's career was looking very good. After they moved, Dakota signed with a professional agency, and soon won a role in the movie Tomcats . She then went onto a small project called Father Xmas as Clairee. But Dakota's big break-through was yet to come. She auditioned for one of the main characters in I Am Sam , and the director and the rest of the crew were amazed by her extraordinary talent. Dakota was cast, and starred in the movie as Lucy Diamond Dawson, alongside major Hollywood stars Sean Penn and Michelle Pfeiffer . After I Am Sam her talent was immediately recognized around the world. She went straight onto Trapped as Abby Jennings, alongside Charlize Theron , then played the younger version of Reese Witherspoon in 2002's Sweet Home Alabama But Dakota still had two more movies to come in 2002. Firstly she got a huge role in Steven Spielberg's Taken , the mini-TV series, and narrated the ten whole episodes, as well as having a part. This was a little more challenging, as she was playing a troubled alien child, but she managed to do brilliantly. Her last movie for 2002 was the children's movie Hansel & Gretel as Katie. 2003 was also a brilliant year for Dakota, as she starred in a number of exciting projects. Firstly, it was as Sally Walden in The Cat in the Hat with Mike Myers , then she played Lorraine "Ray" Schleine, a bratty little girl, in the sweet comedy Uptown Girls alongside Brittany Murphy . She then voiced preschool Kim in Kim Possible: A Sitch in Time . In 2004, Dakota appeared in the violent thriller, Man on Fire , alongside Denzel Washington . Her reviews were excellent. First in 2005 was Nine Lives , as Maria, then the chilling Hide and Seek alongside Robert De Niro . By now, she was the busiest child actress in Hollywood, with a resume to die for. Her younger sister, Mary Elle Fanning ( Elle Fanning ), had also been discovered a few years earlier. After Hide and Seek came War of the Worlds , which was one of her major movies out of everything she'd worked in. Not only did it make her more popular, but she got to play the daughter of A-list Hollywood actor Tom Cruise . They had four very successful premieres; the first in Tokyo, Japan, the second in France, the third in London, England and the fourth in New York, USA. The reviews were outstanding, especially Dakota's. She then voiced Lilo in Lilo & Stitch 2: Stitch Has a Glitch . Krysten Ritter Krysten Ritter stars as Jessica Jones in the Peabody, Hugo, and Emmy Award winning Netflix original series, "Marvel's Jessica Jones." Her performance, which earned her a prestigious Critics Choice nomination, a Saturn nomination, a Webby Award and a Glamour Best International TV Actress Award, has received rave reviews with the show being celebrated by critics and audiences alike for it's groundbreaking depiction of a reluctant anti-super-heroine with an alcohol problem and a wicked case of PTSD: who will not let a sexual assault from her past define her. She will also play Jessica Jones in "Marvel's Defenders" and the second season of "Marvel's Jessica Jones". Additional acting roles include her critically acclaimed turn as Jane Margolis on AMC's hit series, "Breaking Bad", the titular character in the cult favorite "Don't Trust the B-- in Apartment 23", "Big Eyes" directed by Tim Burton, indie darling "Listen Up Phillip", "Life Happens" which she co-wrote and co-produced, as well as roles in "Veronica Mars", "The Blacklist", "Confessions of a Shopaholic", and "She's Out of My League." Growing up in a small-town farm in rural Pennsylvania, Ritter started her career in front of the camera as a model at 15-years-old. Her body of work has subsequently spanned film, television, theatre, writing, producing, music, and fashion design. In 2012, Ritter launched her production company Silent Machine where she juggles many projects in various stages of development, always with the objective of highlighting complex female protagonists. Ritter and her dog Mikey split their time between New York and Los Angeles. John Krasinski Tall, handsome American film and television star John Krasinski is probably best known for his role as sardonic nice guy "Jim Halpert" on NBC's popular TV series, The Office , for which he won a 2007 and 2008 Screen Actors Guild Award for outstanding performance by an ensemble in a comedy series. Born John Burke Krasinski on October 20, 1979, in Newton, Massachussetts, USA, he is the youngest of three brothers. His mother, Mary Claire (Doyle), is a nurse, and his father, Ronald Krasinski, is an internist. His father is of Polish descent and his mother is of Irish ancestry. His first stage experience was starring in a satirical high school play, written and cast by B.J. Novak . Also good at sports, he played on the same Little League baseball team as B.J. Novak , now a writer and co-star on The Office . After graduating from Newton South High School in 1997, Krasinski planned to be an English major and deferred his first semester of college to teach English in Costa Rica. He attended Brown University, graduating in 2001, as a playwright with honors, then studied at the Eugene O'Neill National Theatre Institute in Waterford, Connecticut. During the summer of 2000, he worked as a script intern on Late Night with Conan O'Brien . Krasinski made his big screen debut in 2002, then played several small roles like "Ben" in Kinsey , and "Bob Flynn" in Duane Hopwood . He appeared as "Corporal Harrigan" in Jarhead , by director Sam Mendes , then played a supporting role as "Ben" in The Holiday , a romantic comedy by director Nancy Meyers . He is billed as the voice of "Lancelot" in Shrek the Third . Krasinski co-starred opposite Robin Williams and Mandy Moore in the romantic comedy License to Wed , as well as with George Clooney and Renée Zellweger in the football screwball comedy, Leatherheads . He is also director and writer of Brief Interviews with Hideous Men , a big screen adaptation of the eponymous collection of short stories by David Foster Wallace . Krasinski was featured in People Magazine's Sexiest Men Alive issue of 2006. He claims Los Angeles as his current home but travels to New York City and his hometown of Newton, MA, frequently. Kurt Russell Kurt Russell was born Kurt Vogel Russell in Springfield, Massachusetts, to Louise Julia (Crone), a dancer, and actor Bing Russell (Neil Oliver Russell). He is of English, German, Scottish, and Irish descent. Russell landed a part in the Elvis Presley movie, It Happened at the World's Fair , when he was 10 years old. In 1960, Walt Disney himself signed Russell to a 10-year contract. Once his stint as a child actor ended, he spent the early 1970s playing minor league baseball. In 1979, he gave a classic performance as Elvis Presley in John Carpenter 's A.B.C. TV movie. He followed with roles in a string of well-received films: Used Cars , Escape from New York , The Thing and Silkwood . In 1983, he became reacquainted with Goldie Hawn (who appeared with him in The One and Only, Genuine, Original Family Band ) when they worked together on Swing Shift . The two have lived together ever since. The movie was a failure - as was their next one together, Overboard . During the 1980s, Russell starred in a rash of disappointments: The Best of Times , Big Trouble in Little China and Winter People . Finally, his career seemed to be seriously stalled. He only landed Tango & Cash after Patrick Swayze dropped out; Dennis Quaid was the first choice for the part in Backdraft . In the end, these two roles were the key in reestablishing him as a box-office draw. Russell and Goldie Hawn live on a 72-acre retreat, Home Run Ranch, outside of Aspen. He has two sons, Boston Russell (from a brief marriage to actress Season Hubley ) and Wyatt Russell (with Goldie Hawn ). Molly Ephraim Born and raised in Pennsylvania, Molly began working professionally at age thirteen at Philadelphia's Prince Music Theater in a production of "The Snow Queen." Soon after she played Little Red Ridinghood in the Arden Theater's production of "Into the Woods," for which she was nominated for a Barrymore Award. She went on to reprise this role when she made her Broadway debut at 15 in "Into the Woods" on Broadway in 2002, and was nominated for a Drama League Award. Molly also performed in the Broadway revival of "Fiddler on the Roof" in 2004. She then attended Princeton University where she was a member of the Triangle Club, and graduated in 2008 with a B.A. in Religion. During this time she also made her film debut in Disney's "College Road Trip" as Wendy Greenhut. After graduating, Molly performed in several Off-Broadway plays including "End Days" at Ensemble Studio Theater, and in some television work including "Royal Pains" and an HBO Pilot, "The Wonderful Maladys." Molly has starred in several regional productions, including the "The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee" at Barrington Stage Company and North Shore Music Theatre in 2008, and Westport Country Playhouse's 2010 production of "The Diary of Anne Frank" in which she played Anne. Molly is best known for her role in the 2010 movie "Paranormal Activity 2" in which she plays teenage daughter, Ali and the ABC comedy written by Jack Burditt and starring Tim Allen, entitled "Last Man Standing" Dylan McDermott A Golden Globe winner and Emmy nominee, Dylan McDermott has proved his talent in film, television and theater. He was born Mark Anthony McDermott in Waterbury, Connecticut, to Diane (Marino) and Richard McDermott. Diane was 15 and Richard was 17 when Dylan was born. Richard earned money by hustling pool. Dylan is of Italian (from his maternal grandfather), Irish, English and French descent. During Dylan's early years, his parents separated. In 1967, when Dylan was five, his mother was murdered by her live-in boyfriend. The murder was initially ruled an accidental shooting occurring while her boyfriend cleaned his gun, but police reopened the case in 2012 and revealed evidence showing it was impossible for her death to be have been accidental. Dylan and his sister Robin, who was then six months old, were taken in by their grandmother, Avis (Rogers) Marino. When Dylan was 15, his father met and married playwright/activist Eve Ensler . Eve adopted Dylan. Eve encouraged him to go to acting school and Fordham University in New York City. He met his now ex-wife, Shiva Rose , at a coffee shop in Venice, California, on the same day he got a big acting break by being cast in the film In the Line of Fire with Clint Eastwood . As a result of his connection with Eastwood, Dylan attended a dinner honoring Clint. There, he met Jeffrey Kramer , a man who used to frequent a bar where Dylan had earlier worked. Kramer was, at that time, the president of David E. Kelley Productions. He asked Dylan to meet David E. Kelley for a then-upcoming series about lawyers, The Practice , and the rest was history. Another mentor of Dylan is Joanne Woodward , who discovered him while he was doing workshops at the Neighborhood Playhouse. The series earned him a Golden Globe in 1999 and nominations in 2000 and 2001, as well as an Emmy nomination in 1999. Kiersey Clemons An undeniable talent on the rise, actress and musician Kiersey Clemons has quickly become known for the diverse and captivating characters she has brought to life on screen. On the film front, this year Clemons can be seen co-starring in "Neighbors 2: Sorority Rising" [Universal Pictures, May 2016] as 'Beth' opposite Chloe Grace Moretz, Seth Rogen, and Zac Efron. Clemons can also be seen appearing on Joe Swanberg's Netflix Anthology series, "Easy" as the Vegan Cinderella. 2016 has seen Clemons' star grow to the next level, filming Sony's "Flatliners" and Warner's "Justice League," as well as WB's "Flash," Marc Webb's Amazon Studio's "Only Living Boy In New York" and indie feature "An La Minute." 2015 was a breakout year for Clemons, hitting the big screen in "Dope" [Open Road Films] which premiered to critical acclaim at Sundance. Clemons was a scene stealer, "Diggy," a tough lesbian high schooler with a colorful imagination who gets caught up in a plan to unload a big stash of drugs. "Dope," produced by Forest Whitaker's Significant Productions and Pharrell Williams, was released nationwide in June and re-released nationwide in September. The film won the African-American Film Critics Association award for Best Screenplay and was nominated at multiple festivals including Cannes and the Deauville American Film Festival. In 2016 "Dope" was nominated for three NAACP Image Awards including Outstanding Motion Picture, Outstanding Writing in a Motion Picture, and Outstanding Directing in a Motion Picture. Aside from her work in film, Clemons is also making her mark in television and can currently be seen recurring as 'Bianca' on the Golden Globe and Emmy award winning Amazon series "Transparent." Season 2 was released on December 11, 2015 and was recently nominated at both The People's Choice Awards and SAG Awards for Favorite Streaming Series and Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series, respectively. Additional recent TV credits include Steven Spielberg's "Extant" [CBS] alongside Halle Berry, and Fox's "New Girl." In addition to acting, Clemons is a talented musician and works on her craft daily. She has collaborated with Grammy Award winning producer/artist Pharrell Williams on multiple tracks, and her vocals can be heard in a handful of projects including "Dope" and "Transparent." In September 2015, she appeared in Lady Gaga's most powerful music video to date "Til it Happens to You," directed by Catherine Hardwicke, best known for "Twilight." Receiving an Oscar Nomination for Best Original Song, "Til it Happens to You," was written exclusively for "The Hunting Ground," a 2015 documentary about the college campus rape epidemic taking place around the country. Born in Pensacola, Florida, Clemons and her family settled in Redondo Beach, California when she was 12 years old. She was immersed in creativity throughout her childhood, taking vocal lessons, modeling, participating in local theater, and putting on shows for her family and friends. By 16-years-old she yearned for a bigger platform, and reached out to an agency seeking representation. They immediately signed her, and soon after she landed her first TV gig, a guest star role on the hit Disney Channel Original series, "Shake it Up!" Proving herself to the network, she eventually became a recurring character, "Kira Starr," on "Austin & Ally." Disney worked with her yet again, in the Disney Channel Original Movie, "Cloud 9," where she starred as "Skye Sailor." Clemons also appeared on "CSI: Crime Scene Investigation," "Good Luck Charlie," and "Bucket & Skinner's Epic Adventures," early on in her career. Mickey Rourke Mickey Rourke was born Phillip Andre Rourke, Jr. on September 16, 1952, in Schenectady, New York, the son of Annette (Cameron) and Phillip Andre Rourke. His father was of Irish and German descent, and his mother was of French-Canadian, English, and German ancestry. When he was six years old, his parents divorced. A year later, his mother married Eugene Addis, a Miami Beach police officer, and moved to Miami Shores, Florida. After graduating from Horace Mann Junior High School, Rourke's family moved to a house located on 47th Street and Prairie Avenue in Miami Beach. In 1969 Rourke attended Miami Beach Senior High School, where he played second-string first baseman under coach Skip Berkman. He also acted in a school play, "The Serpent," directed by legendary "Teacher To The Stars" Jay W. Jensen . In 1971 he graduated from Miami Beach Senior High School, and after working for a short time as a bus boy at the famed Forge Restaurant on Miami Beach, Rourke moved back to New York to seek out a career in acting. Rourke's teenage years were more aimed toward sports more than acting. He took up self-defense training at the Boys Club of Miami. It was there he learned boxing skills and decided on an amateur career. At the age of 12, Rourke won his first boxing match as an 118-pound bantamweight, defeating Javier Villanueva. Some of his early matches were fought as Andre Rourke. He continued his boxing training at the famed 5th Street Gym in Miami Beach,soon joining the Police Athletic League boxing program. In 1969 Rourke, now weighing 140 pounds, sparred with former World Welterweight champion Luis Rodriguez. Rodriguez was the number one-rated middleweight boxer in the world and was training for his match with world champion Nino Benvenuti . Rourke claims to have received a concussion in this sparring match. In 1971, at the Florida Golden Gloves, Rourke received another concussion from a boxing match. Doctors told him to take a year off and rest. In 1972 Rourke knocked out Ron Robinson in 18 seconds and John Carver in 39 seconds. On Aug. 20, 1973, Rourke knocked out 'Sherman "Big Train"' Bergman' in 31 seconds. Shortly after, Rourke decided to retire from amateur boxing. From 1964 to 1973, Rourke compiled an amateur boxing record of 27 wins (17 by knockout) and 3 defeats. At one point, he reportedly scored 12 consecutive first-round knockouts. As an amateur, Rourke had been friendly with pro-boxer Tommy Torino. When Rourke decided to return to boxing as a professional in 1991, Torino promoted some of Rourke's fights. Rourke was trained by former pro-boxer Freddie Roach at Miami Beach's 5th Street Gym and the Outlaw Boxing Club Gym in Los Angeles. He made $250 for his pro debut, but by the end of his second year of boxing, he had earned a million dollars. In June 1994, Rourke appeared on the cover of World Boxing Magazine. He sparred with world champions James Toney , John David Jackson , and Tommy Morrison . Rourke wished to have 16 professional fights and then fight for a world title. However, he retired in 1994 after eight bouts and never got his desired title fight. His boxing career resulted in severe facial injuries that required a number of operations to repair his damaged face. Rourke went back to acting but worked in relative obscurity until he won a Golden Globe Award for his role as Randy "The Ram" Robinson in The Wrestler . He was nominated for Best Actor, as well, but lost. Allison Janney Allison Janney is an award-winning actress who has earned a solid reputation in stage productions and in many supporting roles on screen, and who more recently has become prominent by portraying one of the major characters in the popular TV series The West Wing . Entertainment Weekly magazine describes Janney's screen presence as "uncommonly beautiful and infinitely expressive". As an actor, the magazine deems her to be "one to watch". Janney was born in Boston, Massachusetts, to Macy Brooks (Putnam), a former actress, and Jervis Spencer Janney, Jr., a real estate developer and jazz musician. While studying at Kenyon College, Janney answered a casting call for an on-campus play that was to be directed by Kenyon's most famous alumnus, the legendary actor Paul Newman . During her audition/interview, Janney played upon Newman's known passion for race car driving - she explained how she cut thirty minutes off of the 130 mile journey from her home town to the college. She got chosen for the play's cast. After earning her degree in drama, Janney took Joanne Woodward's suggestion to do further study at New York's Neighborhood Playhouse. She also studied at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts in London. John Cusack John Cusack is, like most of his characters, an unconventional hero. Wary of fame and repelled by formulaic Hollywood fare, he has built a successful career playing underdogs and odd men out--all the while avoiding the media spotlight. John was born in Evanston, Illinois, to an Irish-American family. With the exception of mom Nancy (née Carolan), a former math teacher, the Cusack clan is all show business: father Dick Cusack was an actor and filmmaker, and John's siblings Joan Cusack , Ann Cusack , Bill Cusack and Susie Cusack are all thespians by trade. Like his brother and sisters, John became a member of Chicago's Piven Theatre Workshop while he was still in elementary school. By age 12, he already had several stage productions, commercial voice overs and industrial films under his belt. He made his feature film debut at 17, acting alongside Rob Lowe and Andrew McCarthy in the romantic comedy Class . His next role, as a member of Anthony Michael Hall 's geek brigade in Sixteen Candles , put him on track to becoming a teen-flick fixture. Cusack remained on the periphery of the Brat Pack, sidestepping the meteoric rise and fall of most of his contemporaries, but he stayed busy with leads in films like The Sure Thing and Better Off Dead... . Young Cusack is probably best remembered for what could be considered his last adolescent role: the stereo-blaring romantic Lloyd Dobler in Say Anything... . A year later, he hit theaters as a grown-up, playing a bush-league con man caught between his manipulative mother and headstrong girlfriend in The Grifters . The next few years were relatively quiet for the actor, but he filled in the gaps with off-screen projects. He directed and produced several shows for the Chicago-based theater group The New Criminals, which he founded in 1988 (modeling it after Tim Robbins ' Actors' Gang in Los Angeles) to promote political and avant-garde stage work. Four years later, Cusack's high school friends Steve Pink and D.V. DeVincentis joined him in starting a sister company for film, New Crime Productions. New Crime's first feature was the sharply written comedy Grosse Pointe Blank , which touched off a career renaissance for Cusack. In addition to co-scripting, he starred as a world-weary hit man who goes home for his ten-year high school reunion and tries to rekindle a romance with the girl he stood up on prom night ( Minnie Driver ). In an instance of life imitating art, Cusack actually did go home for his ten-year reunion (to honor a bet about the film's financing) and ended up in a real-life romance with Driver. Cusack's next appearance was as a federal agent (or, as he described it, "the first post-Heston, non-biblical action star in sandals") in Con Air , a movie he chose because he felt it was time to make smart business decisions. He followed that with Clint Eastwood 's Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil , in which he played a Yankee reporter entangled in a Savannah murder case. Cusack has always favored offbeat material, so it was no surprise when he turned up in the fiercely original Being John Malkovich . Long-haired, bearded and bespectacled, he was almost unrecognizable in the role of a frustrated puppeteer who stumbles across a portal into the brain of actor John Malkovich . The convincing performance won him a Best Actor nomination at the Independent Spirit Awards. In 2000, Cusack was back to his clean-shaven self in High Fidelity , another New Crime production. He worked with Steve Pink and D.V. DeVincentis to adapt Nick Hornby 's popular novel (relocating the story to their native Chicago), then starred as the sarcastic record store owner who revisits his "Top 5" breakups to find out why he's so unlucky in love. The real Cusack has been romantically linked with several celebs, including Driver, Alison Eastwood , Claire Forlani and Neve Campbell . He's also something of a family man, acting frequently opposite sister Joan Cusack and pulling other Cusacks into his films on a regular basis. He seems pleased with the spate of projects on his horizon, but admits that he still hasn't reached his ultimate goal: to be involved in a "great piece of art". Margaret Hamilton Margaret Hamilton was Born December 9, 1902 in Cleveland, Ohio to Jennie and Walter Hamilton. She later attended Hathaway Brown School in Shaker Heights, Ohio, and practiced acting doing children's theater while a Junior League of Cleveland member. Margaret had already built her resume with several performances in film before she came to her most memorable and astronomically successful role, Almira Gulch/ The Wicked Witch of the West in The Wizard of Oz . The character is considered to be one of the screen's greatest and most memorable villains of all time. Natasha Richardson Natasha Jane Richardson was born in Marylebone, London, England, to director and producer Tony Richardson and actress Vanessa Redgrave . She was the sister of actress Joely Richardson , the niece of actors Corin Redgrave and Lynn Redgrave , and the granddaughter of actors Michael Redgrave and Rachel Kempson . Trained at London's Central School of Speech and Drama, Richardson performed extensively on stage in roles, including "Helena" in "A Midsummer Night's Dream" and Ophelia in "Hamlet" at the Young Vic. In 1986, she garnered the London Drama Critics' Most Promising Newcomer Award for her performance as "Nina" in "The Seagull", with Vanessa Redgrave and Jonathan Pryce . In 1987, she played "Tracey Lord" in Richard Eyre 's musical, "High Society". Neil Patrick Harris Neil Patrick Harris was born in Albuquerque, New Mexico, on June 15, 1973. His parents, Sheila Gail (Scott) and Ronald Gene Harris, were lawyers and ran a restaurant. He grew up in Ruidoso, New Mexico, a small town 120 miles south of Albuquerque, where he first took up acting in the fourth grade. While tagging along with his older brother of 3 years, Harris won the part of Toto in a school production of The Wizard of Oz . His parents moved the family to Albuquerque in 1988, the same year that Harris made his film debut in two movies: Purple People Eater and Clara's Heart , which starred Whoopi Goldberg . A year later, when Neil was 16, he landed the lead role in Steven Bochco 's television series about a teen prodigy doctor at a local hospital, Doogie Howser, M.D. , which launched Harris into teen-heartthrob status. The series lasted1989-1993 and earned him a People's Choice Award for Favorite Male Performer in a New Series (1990) and a Golden Globe Nomination (1990). Harris attended the same high school as Freddie Prinze Jr. , La Cueva High School in Albuquerque. Neil acted on stage in a few plays while there, one of which was his senior play, Fiddler on the Roof , in which he portrayed Lazar Wolf the butcher (1991). When "Doogie Howser, M.D." stopped production in 1993, Harris took up stage acting, which he had always wanted to do. After a string of made-for-television movies, Harris acted in his first big screen roles in nine years, Starship Troopers with Casper Van Dien and then The Proposition . In July 1997, Harris accepted the role of Mark Cohen for the Los Angeles production of the beloved musical, Rent . His performance in "Rent" garnered him a Drama-League Award in 1997. He continued in the musical, to rave reviews, until January 1998. He later reprised the role for six nights in his hometown of Albuquerque, New Mexico, in December 1998. In 1999, Harris returned to television in the short-lived sitcom Stark Raving Mad , with Tony Shalhoub . He was also in the big-screen projects The Next Best Thing and Undercover Brother , and he can be heard as the voice of Peter Parker/Spider-Man in the newest animated Spider-Man series. Harris has continued his stage work, making his Broadway debut in 2001 in "Proof." He has also appeared on stage in "Romeo and Juliet," "Cabaret," Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street in Concert , and, most recently, "Assassins." In 2005, Harris returned to the small screen in a guest-starring role on Numb3rs and a starring role in the sitcom How I Met Your Mother . Neil played the title role in the web-exclusive musical comedy Dr. Horrible's Sing-Along Blog , widely downloaded via iTunes to become the #1 TV series for five straight weeks, despite not actually being on television. Patrick Wilson Patrick Joseph Wilson was born in Norfolk, Virginia and raised in St. Petersburg, Florida, the son of Mary Kathryn (Burton), a voice teacher and professional singer, and John Franklin Wilson, a news anchor. Wilson has a B.F.A. in Drama from Carnegie-Mellon University. His theater work has produced many nominations and awards. He was nominated for Best Actor in a Musical for The Full Monty, a Drama League Award for Fascinating Rhythm, a Drama Drama League Award for Bright Lights, Big City an Encores nomination for Tenderloin. He had national tours in Carousel (Drama Logue Award winner and L.A. Ovation nomination) and Miss Saigon. Regionally, he has appeared in Sweet Bird of Youth (La Jolla), Ciderhouse Rules (Mark Taper Forum), Romeo and Juliet: The Musical (Ordway), Lucky in the Rain (Goodspeed), Harmony (La Jolla), The Full Monty (Globe). Patrick is married to actress Dagmara Dominczyk . Alison Lohman Alison Lohman was born in Palm Springs, California, to Diane (Dunham), a patisserie owner, and Gary Lohman, an architect. Her ancestry includes English, German, and Scottish. She grew up in a family with no showbiz connections but she always wanted to perform. By age 9, she had landed her first professional, theatrical role playing "Gretyl" in "The Sound of Music" at Palm Desert's McCallum Theater. At 11, Alison won the Desert Theater League's award for "Most Outstanding Actress in a Musical" for the title role in "Annie" and, by age 17, she had appeared in 12 different productions. An accomplished singer, she performed as a featured solo vocalist for Frank Sinatra , Bob Hope and the Desert Symphony. As a senior in high school, Alison was an awardee of the National Foundation of the Advancement of the Arts. The offer of a scholarship to NYU's Tisch School soon followed but, instead, she moved to Los Angeles to pursue a career in film. She attended a session of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts in London. JoBeth Williams The product of a musical family, Margaret JoBeth Williams was born in Houston, Texas, to Frances Faye (Adams), a dietitian, and Fredric Roger Williams, a wire/cable company manager and opera singer. Her father encouraged her early interest in theater during high school. She made her professional debut at age 18 in a Houston-based musical production, then studied at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, with the intentions of becoming a child psychologist. The acting bug hit her again, however, and she decided to pursue theater after receiving her B.A. in English in 1970. Working intensely to lose her Texas twang, her early training came as a member of the Trinity Repertory Company, where she stayed for two-and-a-half years. In New York the lovely Jobeth became a daytime regular in the mid-1970s on both Somerset and in a vixenish role on Guiding Light before making a brief but memorable impact in a highly popular film at the end of the decade. In the Dustin Hoffman starring film Kramer vs. Kramer , Jobeth plays Hoffman's gorgeous sleepover who gets caught stark naked by his young, precocious son ( Justin Henry ) the following morning. She also impressed on the stage with major roles in "Moonchildren" and "A Coupla White Chicks Sitting Around Talking." Her star maker would could in the form of the strong-willed mother of three who fights to save her brood from home-invading demons in Steven Spielberg 's humongous critical and box-office hit Poltergeist , which also made a major star out of movie husband Craig T. Nelson . Officially in the big leagues now, she joined the star ensemble cast of The Big Chill , and appeared opposite Nick Nolte in Teachers . Disappointing outcomes in the lackluster sequel Poltergeist II: The Other Side and the intriguing but overlooked American Dreamer prodded her to search for more challenging work on TV. It is the small screen, in fact, that has particularly shown off the range of Jobeth's talent over the years, particularly in domestic drama. Cast in some of the finest TV-movies served up, Jobeth won deserved Emmy nominations for her real-life mother of an ill-fated missing child in Adam and real-life surrogate mother in Baby M . Other monumental mini-movie efforts include her nurse in the apocalyptic drama The Day After ; her magnetic performance opposite Terry Kinney as an adulterous worshiper and minister who carry out plans to kill their respective spouses in the gripping suspense show Murder Ordained ; alcoholic James Woods ' long-suffering wife in My Name Is Bill W. ; a social worker trying to reach a deaf girl in Breaking Through ; and the overbearing mother whose son turns to drugs in Trapped in a Purple Haze . She continues to balance both film and TV projects into the millennium. Behind the scenes she was nominated for an Academy Award for her directorial debut of Showtime's On Hope and continues to seek out other directing projects. It doesn't hurt being married to a director for encouragement. She and John Pasquin , who directed her in the film Jungle 2 Jungle and on the short-lived TV series Payne , have two children. More recent film roles include playing Drew Barrymore 's mom in Fever Pitch . Paul Giamatti Paul Giamatti is an American actor who has worked steadily and prominently for over twenty years, and is best known for leading roles in the films American Splendor , Sideways , and Barney's Version (for which he won a Golden Globe), and supporting roles in the films Cinderella Man , The Illusionist , and San Andreas . Paul Edward Valentine Giamatti was born June 6, 1967 in New Haven, Connecticut, and is the youngest of three children. His mother, the former Toni Marilyn Smith, was an actress before marrying. His father, Bart Giamatti (Angelo Bartlett Giamatti), was a professor of Renaissance Literature at Yale University, and went on to become the university's youngest president (in 1986, Bart was appointed president of baseball's National League. He became Commissioner of Baseball on April 1, 1989 and served for five months until his untimely death on September 1, 1989. He was commissioner at the time Pete Rose was banned from the game). Paul's father also wrote six books. Paul's older brother, Marcus Giamatti , is also an actor. His sister, Elena, designs jewelry. His ancestry is Italian (from his paternal grandfather), German, English, Dutch, Scottish, and Irish. Paul graduated from Choate Rosemary Hall prep school, majored in English at Yale, and obtained his Master's Degree in Fine Arts, with his major in drama from the Yale University School of Drama. His acting roots are in theatre, from his college days at Yale, to regional productions (Seattle, San Diego and Williamstown, Massachusetts), to Broadway. Stephen Kramer Glickman Stephen Kramer Glickman was born March 17th 1979 in London, Ontario, Canada, but was raised in Carlsbad, California where he grew up performing in live theatre and collecting Star Wars toys. Stephen is of Russian Jewish descent and is very involved in the Los Angeles Jewish community and the Anti-Defamation League. He is very close to his mother, a 19-year cancer survivor, who lives in San Diego with her horse, sheep, goat and 150 pound pig. His sister, Natalie London, is a brilliant author and musician. Stephen sits on the board of entertainment directors for the Leukemia Lymphoma Society and was recently nominated for "Man of the Year" by the organization. After attending the American Academy of Dramatic Arts and graduating from the American Musical Dramatic Academy in New York City, Stephen started performing stand up comedy and was propelled intro the spotlight when he was cast on "Last Comic Standing" on NBC. Shortly after his stint on Last Comic Standing, Stephen was cast as Shrek in the Broadway Musical, "Shrek The Musical" where he worked alongside Jeffrey Katzenberg, David Geffen and Sam Mendes. This success was followed by a recurring role on the ABC Televison series "Carpoolers" with fellow Canadians Bruce McCulloch and Scott Thompson. Stephen's career quickly intensified when he was cast as the lead role of Gustavo Rocque on Nickelodeon's series, "Big Time Rush". The series premiere was the highest-rated and most-watched live-action debut in the history of the network with 6.8 million total viewers. Due to the popularity of "Big Time Rush", Stephen became a celebrity presenter at The Kids Choice Awards and helped win a nomination for best series. Currently, Stephen is playing the role of Pigeon Toady in the upcoming Warner Brothers animated film "Storks" directed by Nick Stoller and Doug Sweetland. Stephen stars in the film along with Andy Samberg, Jennifer Aniston, Keegan Michael key, Jordan Peele, Kelsey Grammer and more. This is Stephen's first animated film and his first theatrical film. Stephen can often be found performing stand up at the Hollywood Improv, Upright Citizens Brigade, IO West, The Laugh Factory and The Comedy Store. Once a month on Saturday night, Stephen produces and hosts The Night Time Show at The Hollywood Improv (add comma) which is the only live late night show in Los Angeles. Guests on the Night Time Show have included Harland Williams, Nick Swardson, Laurie Kilmartin, Tom Segura and Dane Cook and many more. http://theinterrobang.com/the-l/ Andrew Scott Andrew Scott grew up in Dublin, Ireland with an older and a younger sister, Sarah and Hannah. His father, Jim, worked in the Fas government employment agency, and his mother, Nora, taught art at a secondary school. Andrew attended Gonzaga, a Jesuit school for boys on the south side of Dublin. From the age of 8 he took drama classes for children on Saturdays at the Anne Kavanagh school, and then in his early twenties he helped tutor younger students. He made two commercials for Irish television, for Flahavan's Porridge and Disney/Fanta. At 17 Andrew starred in his first professional role in the 1994 Irish drama "Korea." Later that year, he matriculated into Trinity College in Dublin to begin a degree in drama, but left after six months. He went on to perform at the Abbey Theatre, the national theater of Ireland, in four plays. In early 2000 Scott moved to London for a supporting role in "Longitude," a multi-part television movie starring Michael Gambon. Scott played many roles on the stage and received two Olivier awards. In 2006, Scott made his Broadway debut in David Hare's "The Vertical Hour" starring with Bill Nighy and Julianne Moore. He was nominated for a Drama League award for his role. Occasional film and television work in Britain, Ireland and America interspersed his stage career. Most notable of these was "Band of Brothers," "John Adams," and the television comedy series, "My Life in Film." "Sherlock," a modern-day revamp of the classic stories by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle for BBC Television proved to be a turning point in Scott's career in 2010 when he gained notice as Moriarty, the fictional detective's nemesis. Scott starred in the play, "Birdland" by Simon Stephens, in the spring of 2014, where he played the role of a jaded rock star contemplating the meaning of fame. His film work stepped up considerably with roles in several important movies including 20th Century Fox's James McAvoy and Daniel Radcliffe starrer, "Frankenstein" released in 2015. Kyle Chandler Kyle Chandler was born in Buffalo, New York, to Sally Jeanette (Meyer), who bred dogs, and Edward Chandler, a farm owner. He is of German, English, and Irish descent. Kyle grew up in the small town of Social Circle, Georgia (population 4,500). On the family farm, the only TV station they got was Ted Turner 's TBS. Kyle would watch old movies, go out and perform the roles in his backyard. As a drama major at the University of Georgia, Kyle met and was signed by an ABC scout in a 1988 talent search. Kyle says of his first 18 months in LA, "I poured beer and sold souvenirs at the Museum of Natural History". (USA Today, 27 May 1994, p.8) But that didn't last all that long - Kyle has worked steadily in television and may be best remembered as the minor league ballplayer "Jeff Metcalf" in the 40s drama Homefront or as "Gary Hobson" on Early Edition with co-star Fisher Stevens . His work on Homefront led to a role in George Strait 's feature film Pure Country , and a small part in Mulholland Falls . Kyle and his wife, Katherine, live in Los Angeles, California with their daughters and their two terriers, Buckley and Otis. Jeremy Sumpter Jeremy Robert Myron Sumpter was born on February 5, 1989 in Monterey, California, to Sandra (Johnson) and Gary Sumpter. He was raised in his mother's hometown, Mount Sterling, Kentucky. At a young age, he enjoyed mountain climbing and play with his friends like any other normal kid, but when he went to Lexington, Kentucky, to model, he won the numerous awards and met his manager Mark Robert. Soon after that, Jeremy, his twin sister Jessica Sumpter , his little sister Gigi Sumpter , and his mom and dad moved to Los Angeles, California. He started filming Local Boys and then Just a Dream . His next movie was Frailty , in which he played young Adam Meeks, opposite Bill Paxton and Matthew McConaughey . "Bill had been one of my favorite actors so to be able to work with him was unbelievable," says Jeremy. The adult Adam Meeks was played by Matthew McConaughey. Next, Jeremy was chosen by Danny Glover to play Henry Sturbuck in the Showtime original film Just A Dream. "Working with Danny was great, we had a great time filming in a small town in Utah," explains Jeremy. Jeremy received the "Best Performance in a TV Movie, Mini-Series or Special - Leading Young Actor" from the Young Artist Awards. Jeremy was able to use his surfing skills on his next film, "Local Boys." This coming of age film was shot on location in southern California. "This was a hard film to shoot since we were surfing at the beach almost everyday and there were all these girls around in bikinis," jokes Jeremy. After a worldwide search, Jeremy was chosen to play "Peter" in the P.J. Hogan film Peter Pan . This was one of the most coveted roles in films for a teen actor in recent years. "It was a part that I really wanted," says Jeremy, "since I'd be able to fight pirates and fly around the stage on wires." Jeremy trained extensively in sword fighting and gymnastics prior to shooting the movie in Australia. Clubhouse was Jeremy's first television series, a dream role since he had always loved baseball and played little league when he was younger. Jeremy was cast in the role of Justin in Cyber Seduction: His Secret Life. After wrapping, he immediately went on to star in The Sasquatch Dumpling Gang in Oregon. A lot of the people from Napoleon Dynamite were involved in the film and it was a lot of fun for him to shoot. Jeremy shot "Calvin Marshall" in Oregon. Jeremy Sumpter shot the Warner Bros./New Line big budget film "Into the Storm" and the independent feature film "Animal." "The Squeeze," a feature film which was released in 2015 and starred Jeremy and Christopher McDonald. They teed off in a high stakes gambling matches careening throughout the South and landing in Las Vegas. Jeremy was also Co-Producer. Jeremy recently shot Take Down" which is being distributed around the world. In the future, Jeremy hopes to also work behind the camera as a director and producer. In his spare time, he surfs, plays basketball, football, golf and shoots pool. Doris Day One of America's most prolific actresses was born Doris Mary Ann Von Kapplehoff on April 3, 1922, in Cincinnati, Ohio, to Alma Sophia (Welz), a housewife, and William Joseph Kappelhoff, a music teacher and choir master. Her grandparents were all German immigrants. She had two brothers, Richard, who died before she was born and Paul, a few years older. Her parents divorced while she was still a child and she lived with her mother. Like most little girls, Doris liked to dance. At fourteen, she formed a dance act with a boy, Jerry Doherty, and they won $500 in a local talent contest. She and Jerry took a brief trip to Hollywood to test the waters. They felt they could succeed, so she and Jerry returned to Cincinnati with the intention of packing and making a permanent move to Hollywood. Tragically, the night before she was to move to Hollywood, she was injured riding in a car hit by a train, ending the possibility of a dancing career. It was a terrible setback, but after taking singing lessons she found a new vocation, and at age 17, she began touring with the Les Brown Band. She met trombonist Al Jorden, whom she married in 1941. Jorden was prone to violence and they divorced after two years, not long after the birth of their son Terry. In 1946, Doris married George Weidler , but this union lasted less than a year. Day's agent talked her into taking a screen test at Warner Bros. The executives there liked what they saw and signed her to a contract (her early credits are often confused with those of another actress named Doris Day, who appeared mainly in B westerns in the 1930s and 1940s). Her first starring movie role was in Romance on the High Seas . The next year, she made two more films, My Dream Is Yours and It's a Great Feeling . Audiences took to her beauty, terrific singing voice and bubbly personality, and she turned in fine performances in the movies she made (in addition to several hit records). She made three films for Warner Bros. in 1950 and five more in 1951. In that year, she met and married Martin Melcher , who adopted her young son Terry, who later grew up to become Terry Melcher , a successful record producer. Charlton Heston With features chiseled in stone, and renowned for playing a long list of historical figures, particularly in Biblical epics, the tall, well built and ruggedly handsome Charlton Heston was one of Hollywood's greatest leading men and remained active in front of movie cameras for over sixty years. As a Hollywood star, he appeared in 100 films over the course of 60 years. He played Moses in the epic film, The Ten Commandments (1956), for which he received his first Golden Globe Award nomination. He also starred in Touch of Evil (1958) with Orson Welles; Ben-Hur, for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor (1959); El Cid (1961); and Planet of the Apes (1968). He also starred in the films The Greatest Show on Earth (1952); Secret of the Incas (1954); The Big Country (1958); and The Agony and the Ecstasy (1965). A supporter of Democratic politicians and civil rights in the 1960s, Heston later became a Republican, founding a conservative political action committee and supporting Ronald Reagan. Heston's most famous role in politics came as the five-term president of the National Rifle Association, from 1998 to 2003. Heston was born John Charles Carter on October 4, 1924, in No Man's Land, Illinois, to Lila (Charlton) and Russell Whitford Carter, who operated a sawmill. He had English and Scottish ancestry, with recent Canadian forebears. Heston made his feature film debut as the lead character in a 16mm production of Peer Gynt , based on the Henrik Ibsen play. In 1944, Heston enlisted in the United States Army Air Forces. He served for two years as a radio operator and aerial gunner aboard a B-25 Mitchell stationed in the Alaskan Aleutian Islands with the 77th Bombardment Squadron of the Eleventh Air Force. He reached the rank of Staff Sergeant. Heston married Northwestern University student Lydia Marie Clarke, who was six months his senior. That same year he joined the military. Heston played 'Marc Antony' in Julius Caesar , and firmly stamped himself as genuine leading man material with his performance as circus manager 'Brad Braden' in the Cecil B. DeMille spectacular The Greatest Show on Earth , also starring James Stewart and Cornel Wilde . The now very popular actor remained perpetually busy during the 1950s, both on TV and on the silver screen with audience pleasing performances in the steamy thriller The Naked Jungle , as a treasure hunter in Secret of the Incas and another barn storming performance for Cecil B. DeMille as "Moses" in the blockbuster The Ten Commandments . Heston delivered further dynamic performances in the oily film noir thriller Touch of Evil , and then alongside Gregory Peck in the western The Big Country before scoring the role for which he is arguably best known, that of the wronged Jewish prince who seeks his freedom and revenge in the William Wyler directed Ben-Hur . This mammoth Biblical epic running in excess of three and a half hours became the standard by which other large scale productions would be judged, and it's superb cast also including Stephen Boyd as the villainous "Massala", English actor Jack Hawkins as the Roman officer "Quintus Arrius", and Australian actor Frank Thring as "Pontius Pilate", all contributed wonderful performances. Never one to rest on his laurels, steely Heston remained the preferred choice of directors to lead the cast in major historical productions and during the 1960s he starred as Spanish legend "Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar" in El Cid , as a US soldier battling hostile Chinese boxers during 55 Days at Peking , played the ill-fated "John the Baptist" in The Greatest Story Ever Told , the masterful painter "Michelangelo" battling Pope Julius II in The Agony and the Ecstasy , and an English general in Khartoum . In 1968, Heston filmed the unusual western Will Penny about an aging and lonely cowboy befriending a lost woman and her son, which Heston has often referred to as his favorite piece of work on screen. Interestingly, Heston was on the verge of acquiring an entirely new league of fans due to his appearance in four very topical science fiction films (all based on popular novels) painting bleak future's for mankind. In 1968, Heston starred as time traveling astronaut "George Taylor", in the terrific Planet of the Apes with it's now legendary conclusion as Heston realizes the true horror of his destination. He returned to reprise the role, albeit primarily as a cameo, alongside fellow astronaut James Franciscus in the slightly inferior sequel Beneath the Planet of the Apes . Next up, Heston again found himself facing the apocalypse in The Omega Man as the survivor of a germ plague that has wiped out humanity leaving only bands of psychotic lunatics roaming the cities who seek to kill the uninfected Heston. And fourthly, taking its inspiration from the Harry Harrison novel "Make Room!, Make Room!", Heston starred alongside screen legend Edward G. Robinson and Chuck Connors in Soylent Green . During the remainder of the 1970s, Heston appeared in two very popular "disaster movies" contributing lead roles in the far fetched Airport 1975 , plus in the star laden Earthquake , filmed in "Sensoround" (low bass speakers were installed in selected theaters to simulate the earthquake rumblings on screen to movie audiences). He played an evil Cardinal in the lively The Four Musketeers: Milady's Revenge , a mythical US naval officer in the recreation of Midway , also filmed in "Sensoround", an LA cop trying to stop a sniper in Two-Minute Warning and another US naval officer in the submarine thriller Gray Lady Down . Heston appeared in numerous episodes of the high rating TV series Dynasty and The Colbys , before moving onto a mixed bag of projects including TV adaptations of Treasure Island and A Man for All Seasons , hosting two episodes of the comedy show, Saturday Night Live , starring as the "Good Actor" bringing love struck Mike Myers to tears in Wayne's World 2 , and as the eye patch wearing boss of intelligence agent Arnold Schwarzenegger in True Lies . He also narrated numerous TV specials and lent his vocal talents to the animated movie Hercules , the family comedy Cats & Dogs and an animated version of Ben Hur . Heston made an uncredited appearance in the inferior remake of Planet of the Apes , and his last film appearance to date was in the Holocaust themed drama of Rua Alguem 5555: My Father . Heston narrated for highly classified military and Department of Energy instructional films, particularly relating to nuclear weapons, and "for six years Heston [held] the nation's highest security clearance" or Q clearance." The Q clearance is similar to a DoD or Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) clearance of Top Secret. Heston was married to Lydia Marie Clark Heston since March 1944, and they have two children. His highly entertaining autobiography was released in 1995, titled appropriately enough "Into The Arena". Although often criticized for his strong conservative beliefs and involvement with the NRA, Heston was a strong advocate for civil right many years before it became fashionable, and was a recipient of the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award, plus the Kennedy Center Lifetime Achievement Award. In 2002, he was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, and did appear in a film or TV production after 2003. He died in April 2008. Truly, Charlton Heston is one of the legendary figures of US cinema. Vinnie Jones Vincent Peter Jones was born on January 5, 1965 in Watford, England. He first came to public notice as a professional footballer, playing in the English Football League. Noted as one of soccer's hard men, he leaped to fame when a photographer, at a match, snapped him "marking" Newcastle United's Paul Gascoigne , by grabbing his testicles. He has played for Wimbledon, Leeds United, Sheffield United, Chelsea, and Queens Park Rangers. Internationally, he played for Wales, qualifying for that nationality through his grandparents. He made his first acting appearance in the British comedy/thriller, Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels , at age 33, although he had previous presented a video on football's hard men (for which he was censured by the Football Association). He starred in the blockbuster, X-Men: The Last Stand , as "Cain Marko", also known as "The Juggernaut". Prior to that, he played the scowling soccer coach illustrating both his likability and comedic side in Dreamworks' She's the Man , with Amanda Bynes . Other projects include a lead role in Johnny Was , starring Roger Daltrey , Eriq La Salle and Lennox Lewis , and he also appears in the independent feature, The Riddle , starring Vanessa Redgrave and Derek Jacobi . Over the years, he has received a number of prestigious awards, which showcase his accomplishments as a talented actor. In 1997, he won Satellite TV's "Personality of the Year", from Satellite TV Europe Magazine. In 1998, GQ Magazine named Jones "Man of the Year". He was awarded Best Actor for Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels at the Odeon Audience Awards and also won the award for Outstanding New Talent from the Sir James Carreras Award Variety Club of GB. Jones won Best Debut in 1999 for Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels at Empire Magazine's "The Awards 1999" and was titled the Male Cigar Personality of the Year at the Millennium Cigar Awards. In 2001, he was named Best British Actor for Empire Magazine's "The Awards 2001". In 2002, Jones received the award for Best Supporting Actor for Night at the Golden Eagle at the New York Film Festival and, in 2005, he was honored with Best Newcomer for Slipstream at London's Sci-Fi Film Festival. Mikaela Hoover Mikaela Hoover was born on July 12 in Colbert, Washington and is the first of 4 siblings. Mikaela started taking dance classes at age 2 and stared school plays and local commercials as a child. She was a cheerleader in high school and the captain of her high school dance team as well as being on the Debate team. After graduation she was accepted to Loyola Marymount University's theatre program in Los Angeles. After getting her BA in theatre she booked the first movie she auditioned for called "Frank". She later went on to play the role of Madison in the WB's "Sorority Forever" and landed a recurring role on the ABC show "Happy Endings". She has guest starred on many extremely popular sitcoms including "How I Met Your Mother", "Two and a Half Men", "Saint George", "The League", and "Anger Management". She has done many projects with writer/director James Gunn (Guardians of the Galaxy) including "The Sparky and Mikaela Show", "PG Porn", "Humanzee", and the movie "Super". Scott Caan Scott Caan is the son of tough guy actor James Caan . While it is obvious that he admires tough method actors like Marlon Brando and Sean Penn , Scott also has a strong egalitarian streak, evidenced by his reasoning for baring his body in films. He is quoted as saying that originally only the women in the scene were to be nude, but that he felt it really sexist, so he stripped too. Scott was born on August 23, 1976 in Los Angeles, California. He spent his childhood being shuttled between his parent's homes. His mom is actress and model Sheila Ryan ; the Caans divorced when Scott was a year old. He has an older half-sister, Tara, and three younger half-brothers: Alexander, Jacob, and James. His paternal grandparents were German Jewish immigrants. Self-desribed as a bad kid who was always getting into trouble, Scott initially steered clear of acting, opting to play sports instead. Scott benefited from his father's hands-on approach to child rearing; the elder Caan reportedly took a five-year hiatus to coach all of his son's little league teams. He also pursued his love of hip-hop by forming a group with his friend The Alchemist ; as The Whooliganz, the duo made inroads on the music scene and signed an ill-fated contract with Tommy Boy Records. It did not take long for Scott to appear in front of the camera; in 1995, he took roles in a couple independent films, Star Struck and A Boy Called Hate . Critical of his performances, Scott enrolled at Playhouse West in Los Angeles to study acting. Roles in more indies followed, including Bongwater and Gregg Araki 's Nowhere . His first major film was also a hit; he had a supporting role in Enemy of the State for director Tony Scott . He then appeared (in the buff) in Varsity Blues as a wisecracking receiver. By now, Scott had built a reliable reputation for playing strong-minded characters with a sense of humor, exemplified by his work in movies such a Boiler Room , Ready to Rumble , and his second hit picture, Gone in Sixty Seconds . Scott's star rose with a fun supporting turn in Steven Soderbergh 's Ocean's Eleven remake. At this time he had more indie turns in the films American Outlaws , Novocaine , and Sonny - Nicolas Cage 's directorial debut starring James Franco . Scott followed up with his own directorial outing, Dallas 362 . Scott reprised his role as Turk Malloy in Ocean's Twelve , then took a supporting roles in two very different pictures: the sexy, ocean-bound thriller Into the Blue and in Nicole Holofcener 's indie comedy, Friends with Money . 2006 marked Caan's return to the director¹s chair, with The Dog Problem , and soon was back for Ocean's Thirteen . Over the past few years, Scott made memorable appearances as a recurring character on Entourage . He has a starring role in the remake of the TV series Hawaii Five-0 . Scott has also established himself as a photographer, having been mentored in the medium by cinematographer Phil Parmet . In 2009, he published his book, Scott Caan Photographs, Vol. 1. Vanessa Redgrave On January 30, 1937, renowned theatre actor Michael Redgrave was performing in a production of Hamlet in London. During the curtain call, the show's lead, Laurence Olivier , announced to the audience: "tonight a great actress was born". This was in reference to his co-star's newborn daughter, Vanessa Redgrave. Vanessa was born in Greenwich, London, to Michael Redgrave and Rachel Kempson , both thespians. Three quarters of a century after her birth (despite numerous ups and down) this rather forward expectation has definitely been lived up to with an acclaimed actress that has won (among many others) an Academy Award, two Emmys, two Golden Globes, two Cannes Best Actress awards, a Tony, a Screen Actors Guild award, a Laurence Olivier theatre award and a BAFTA fellowship. Growing up with such celebrated theatrical parents, great expectations were put on both herself, her brother Corin Redgrave and sister Lynn Redgrave at an early age. Shooting up early and finally reaching a height just short of 6 foot, Redgrave initially had plans to dance and perform ballet as a profession. However she settled on acting and entered the Central School of Speech and Drama in 1954 and four years later made her West End debut. In the decade of the 1960s she developed and progressed to become one of the most noted young stars of the English stage and then film. Performances on the London stage included the classics: 'A Touch of Sun', 'Coriolanus', 'A Midsummer's Night Dream', 'All's Well that Ends Well', 'As You Like It', 'The Lady from the Sea', 'The Seagull' and many others. By the mid 1960s, she had booked various film roles and matured into a striking beauty with a slim, tall frame and attractive face. In 1966 she made her big screen debut as the beautiful ex-wife of a madman in an Oscar nominated performance in the oddball comedy Morgan! , as well as the enigmatic woman in a public park in desperate need of a photographer's negatives in the iconic Blow-Up and briefly appeared in an unspoken part of Anne Boleyn in the Best Picture winner of the year A Man for All Seasons . She managed to originate the title role in "The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie" the same year on the London stage (which was then adapted for the big screen a few years later, but Maggie Smith was cast instead and managed to win an Oscar for her performance). Her follow up work saw her play the lead in the box office hit adaptation Camelot , a film popular with audiences but dismissed by critics, and her second Academy Award nominated performance as Isadora Duncan in the critically praised Isadora . Her rise in popularity on film also coincided with her public political involvement, she was one of the lead faces in protesting against the Vietnam war and lead a famous march on the US embassy, was arrested during a Ban-the-Bomb demonstration, publicly supported Yasar Arafat's Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and fought for various other human rights and particularly left wing causes. Despite her admirably independent qualities, most of her political beliefs weren't largely supported by the public. In 1971 after 3 films back to back, Redgrave suffered a miscarriage (it would have been her fourth, after Natasha Richardson , Joely Richardson and Carlo Gabriel Nero ) and a break up with her then partner and father of her son, Franco Nero . This was around the same time her equally political brother Corin introduced her to the Workers Revolutionary Party, a group who aimed to destroy capitalism and abolish the monarchy. Her film career began to suffer and take the back seat as she became more involved with the party, twice unsuccessfully attempting to run as a party member for parliament, only obtaining a very small percentage of votes. In terms of her film career at the time, she was given probably the smallest part in the huge ensemble who-dunnit hit, Murder on the Orient Express and given another thankless small part as Lola Deveraux in the Sherlock Holmes adventure The Seven-Per-Cent Solution . After a celebrated Broadway debut, she created further controversy in 1977 with her involvement in two films, firstly in Julia where she acted opposite Jane Fonda as a woman fighting Nazi oppression and narrated and featured in the documentary The Palestinian where she famously danced holding a Kalashnikov rifle. She publicly stated her condemnation of what she termed "Zionist hudlums", which outraged Jewish groups and as a result a screening of her documentary was bombed and Redgrave was personally threatened by the Jewish Defense League (JDL). Julia happened to be a huge critical success and Redgrave herself was nominated for a Best Supporting Actress Oscar, but Jewish support groups demanded her nomination to be dropped and at the event of the Academy Awards burned effigies of Redgrave and protested and picketed. Redgrave was forced to enter the event via a rear entrance to avoid harm and when she won the award she famously remarked on the frenzy causes as "Zionist hoodlums" which caused the audience to audibly gasp and boo. The speech reached newspapers the next morning and her reputation was further damaged. It came as a surprise when CBS hired her for the part of real life Nazi camp survivor Fania Fenelon in Playing for Time , despite more controversy and protesting (Fenelon herself didn't even want Redgrave to portray her) she won an Emmy for the part and the film was one of the highest rating programs of the year. Her follow up film work to her Oscar had been mostly low key but successful, performances in films such as Yanks , Agatha , The Bostonians , Wetherby and Prick Up Your Ears further cemented her reputation as a fine actress and she received various accolades and nominations. However mainly in the 1980s, she focused on TV films and high budget mini-series as well as theatre in both London and New York. She made headlines in 1984 when she sued the Boston Symphony Orchestra for $5 million for wrongful cancellation of her contract because of her politics (she also stated her salary was significantly reduced in Agatha for the same reason). She became more mainstream in the 1990s where she appeared in a string of high profile films but the parts often underused Redgrave's abilities or they were small cameos/5-minute parts. Highlights included Howards End , Little Odessa , Mission: Impossible and Cradle Will Rock , as well as her leading lady parts in A Month by the Lake and Mrs Dalloway . In 2003 she finally won the coveted Tony award for her performance in 'The Long Day's Journey Into Night' and followed up with another two Tony nominated performances on Broadway, her one woman show 'The Year of Magical Thinking' in 2007 and 'Driving Miss Daisy' in 2010 which not only was extended due to high demand, but was also transferred to the West End for an additional three months in 2011. Vanessa continues to lend her name to causes and has been notable for donating huge amounts of her own money for her various beliefs. She has publicly opposed the war in Iraq, campaigned for the closure of Guantanamo Bay, supported the rights of gays and lesbians as well as AIDs research and many other issues. She released her autobiography in 1993 and a few years later she was elected to serve as a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador. She also famously declined the invitation to be made a Dame for her services as an actress. Many have wondered the possible heights her career could have reached if it wasn't for her outspoken views, but being a celebrity and the artificial lifestyle usually attached doesn't seem to interest Redgrave in the slightest. Vanessa has worked with all three of her children professionally on numerous occasions (her eldest daughter, Natasha Richardson tragically died at the age of 45 due to a skiing accident) and in her mid 70s she still works regularly on television, film and theatre, delivering time and time again great performances. Peta Wilson With her distinctive voice, ultra-intense eyes and statuesque frame, Peta Wilson probably could have carried her breakout television show, "La Femme Nikita," on looks alone. Such was television in 1997. But when viewers realized that this killer- with-a-killer body could actually act, the show became the highest-rated drama on cable. Indeed "La Femme Nikita" was yet more proof that an inexpensively produced series could bypass the traditional TV networks and still make lots of money if it had something special to offer. In this case, Peta Wilson was that "something special." Producer Joel Surnow, who later went on to produce "24," said watching Peta Wilson as "Nikita" was "like watching lightning in a jar." She beat out 200 actors for the role patterned after the female assassin "Nikita" in the dark French film by Luc Bresson. What set her apart from the pack were her ideas on what the Anglo version of the broody French killer should be like. In order to grab and hold an American television audience for the long term, "Nikita" had to become a very different person, Peta told the production team. Her version of "Nikita," the drop-dead-gorgeous killer with a heart of gold, not only clicked with viewers but transcended the show and has been copied in film and TV ever since. Wilson took herself out of the Hollywood loop when "Nikita" ended in 2001 and returned to her native Australia to decompress, build her dream house and give birth to the son conceived with Damian Harris, the director-producer son of the late acting legend Richard Harris. Marlowe Harris-Wilson was born Feb. , 2002. Motherhood tempered Wilson's instincts to jump back into the Hollywood game but the offer in 2003 to appear opposite Sean Connery in the big-budget film, "The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen," was something she couldn't pass up. "Superman Returns" (2006), "Gardens of the Night" (2008) and "Beautiful" (2009) kept her on track. Born to a military family in Sydney, Wilson moved frequently as a child and is perhaps the only Hollywood star to have ever lived 8 years in Papua New Guinea. But when the fire for acting hit, there was no putting it out and her path from the Antipodes eventually led to the Hollywood studio of legendary acting coach Arthur Mendoza, a protégé of Stella Adler. Though her beauty was unmistakable, it was Wilson's raw talent that immediately made Mendoza realize he had a serious Hollywood contender on his hands. During the six years between Wilson's arrival in Hollywood and her role as "Nikita," it was Mendoza who drew out and shaped the actor within. Mykelti Williamson Perhaps best remembered for his touching performance as "Bubba" opposite Tom Hanks in the Academy Award-winning Forrest Gump , Mykelti Williamson is one of the most sought-after actors in Hollywood, who has been steadily honing his craft since he first began acting professionally at the age of 18. This past fall Williamson starred as Lt. Philip Gerard, the hardnosed detective determined to recapture escaped convict Dr. Richard Kimble ( Tim Daly ) in CBS' update of the classic 1960's action series The Fugitive . The son of an Air Force Staff Sergeant (father) and certified public accountant (mother), Williamson was born in St. Louis, MO, and began performing on the stage at the age of 9. Like many youngsters, he was enamored with the concept of television, and thought that the images he was seeing on the small screen were reality. It wasn't until his mother put him in a church play that he realized that what the people on the small screen were doing was performing. He was instantly hooked. At the age of 15, Williamson and his family settled in Los Angeles. A superb athlete, he excelled at both football and basketball, but the acting bug led him to quit sports and dance with the cheerleading squad, much to the chagrin of his coaches. Nina Arianda Nina Arianda made her break-out debut in the 2010 off-Broadway production of Venus in Fur just months after graduating from NYU's Tisch graduate acting program. Her performance garnered the attention of the entire New York theater community. Following her off-Broadway acclaim, Nina procured roles in Woody Allen's Oscar-winning film Midnight in Paris, Tom McCarthy's Win Win, and Vera Farmiga's Higher Ground. Venus in Fur transferred to Broadway in 2011 where Nina's performance went on to become the most critically acclaimed of the 2011-2012 season resulting in her winning the 2012 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play. This recognition followed her 2011 nod for her Broadway debut performance as "Billie Dawn" in Born Yesterday. In 2011, Nina appeared in Universal's Tower Heist starring Ben Stiller and Eddie Murphy and made her network television debut on the Emmy-winning series "The Good Wife." In addition to the Tony Award, Nina has been honored with numerous accolades for her work in the theater including recognition from The Drama League, an Outer Critics Circle Award, the Actors' Equity Association Clarence Derwent Award, the Theater World Award and the Clive Barnes Award. Nina was named 2011 Stage Star of the Year by New York Magazine, and topped Forbes Magazine's 2011 Top 30 Under 30 in entertainment list. She was also honored by Marie Claire Magazine with their 2012 Women on Top Award for top performer. Following Venus in Fur's successful Broadway run, Nina has appeared on NBC's landmark series "30 Rock," and CBS's "Hostages." She can be seen in the recently released films Lucky Them starring Toni Collette, Thomas Haden Church and Oliver Platt, Rob the Mob where she stars alongside Michael Pitt, Andy Garcia and Ray Romano, and in the upcoming film The Disappearance of Eleanor Rigby starring Jessica Chastain and James McAvoy, . Nina has wrapped filming The Humbling directed by Barry Levinson, starring Al Pacino and will be starring with Sam Rockwell in Sam Shepard's Fool for Love at Williamstown Theater Festival beginning July 2014. Lou Ferrigno An internationally famous and well respected bodybuilder / actor, Lou Ferrigno first appeared on TV screens in 1977 as the musclebound The Incredible Hulk , the alter ego of meek scientist Bruce Banner. Ferrigno was born in Brooklyn, New York, in 1951 and as a child suffered from an ear infection that resulted in permanent partial hearing loss. Undeterred by what some may have perceived as a disadvantage, Lou threw himself into athletics (predominantly weightlifting and body building) and at the age of 21 won his first Mr. Universe title. For good measure, he came back and won it again the following year! He also played professional football in the Canadian Football League, before coming to the attention of producer Kenneth Johnson , who was seeking just the right person to portray on screen the comic book superhero, The Incredible Hulk. With his 6' 5", 285 lb. frame, Lou was the biggest professional bodybuilder of the time, and had recently starred in the documentary Pumping Iron , about the 1975 Mr. Olympia contest in South Africa. He successfully auditioned for the part of the green-skinned Goliath, and that is the role with which he is most closely identified. "The Hulk" was a huge ratings success and spawned several telemovies after the initial TV series completed its run. Lou continued to remain busy in films and TV with appearances often centered around his remarkable physique. His films included Hercules , Sinbad of the Seven Seas and Frogtown II . Lou has additionally guest-starred on several TV shows including The Fall Guy and The New Mike Hammer and had a recurring role on The King of Queens . In 1997 he was featured in the dynamic documentary about his sensational return to professional bodybuilding at age 43, Stand Tall . The film detailed how he returned to compete in the Masters category of the Mr. Olympia contest against several familiar bodybuilding foes. In more recent years, he has appeared in several films, including The Misery Brothers , Ping! , From Heaven to Hell and a cameo as a security guard in the big-budget remake of Hulk . Big Lou is also a successful author with two books detailing his bodybuilding knowledge, and his life behind the scenes playing the Incredible Hulk on TV in the 1970s, plus he has a popular website frequented by his many fans worldwide. Amanda Plummer The daughter of Canadian actor Christopher Plummer and American actress Tammy Grimes , Amanda Plummer was born in New York City on March 23, 1957. Her breakthrough role came when she starred opposite Robin Williams in The Fisher King . However, Plummer may be best remembered for her work in the Quentin Tarantino classic Pulp Fiction . Tarantino wrote the parts of two robbers who hold up a restaurant specifically for Plummer and her partner-in-screen-crime Tim Roth . Since that stand-out role, Plummer has continued to appear in a wide variety of films, including The Prophecy , Freeway , and My Life Without Me . Ray Fisher Ray Fisher is an American stage actor, best known for his role in the comedy The Good, the Bad and the Confused. On April 24, 2014, it was announced that Fisher will portray the superhero Victor Stone/Cyborg in the upcoming film Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice. and is expected to reprise his role in Justice League films. On October 15, 2014, it was announced that Fisher will reprise his role as Victor Stone/Cyborg in his own solo Cyborg film in 2020. John Matuszak John Daniel Tooz Matuszak was an American football defensive lineman in the National Football League and also an actor. Matuszak was born in Oak Creek, Wisconsin. He attended the University of Tampa and played for their football team. Matuszak also played for the Houston Oilers of the NFL and joined the Houston Texans of the World Football League, but never played for them. His first major role as an actor was in the 1979 movie "North Dallas Forty" as a football player. He also appeared in the movies "Caveman", "The Ice Pirates", and "One Crazy Summer" but is known for his role in "The Goonies". He also had guest appearances on popular TV shows "Perfect Strangers", "MAS*H", "The Dukes of Hazzard", "Hunter", "Silver Spoons", "The A-Team", "1st & Ten", "Miami Vice" and "Cheers". He died on June 17, 1989 aged 38 due to a heart failure. Greg Cipes Gregory Michael Cipes realized his calling as an entertainer early in life. Having been born and raised in South Florida to a family of 9 brothers and sisters, Greg's inspiration to join the entertainment business was drawn from his thespian grandparents and TV director father. After dozens of roles in children's theater and numerous national commercials, made his professional off-Broadway acting and singing debut, starring as Young Solomon in the production "The Rothschild's" at the age of 13. At 16 he wrote, recorded and self produced his first single and eventual South Florida dance club hit with his band "Cipes and the People", whose album has since sold 60,000 copies plus. His new band, "Super Space Fighters" has been touted by critics as being a fresh take on Rock and Roll by mashing the sounds of the likes of the Beatles, Grateful Dead and Bob Marley (I). Cipes's new band has just started playing festivals across the United States. At the age of 17, Greg became nationally ranked as a Junior Professional surfer with an unheard of 13 corporate sponsors. He's been featured several surfing magazines, and has graced the cover of "Eastern Surf Magazine" while appearing in numerous advertising campaigns for his sponsors. Gary Busey A blond-haired, fair-complexioned actor with a toothy grin and capable of an unsettling glint in his eyes, Gary Busey was born in Goose Creek, Texas, and was raised in Oklahoma. He is the son of Sadie Virginia (Arnett), a homemaker, and Delmar Lloyd Busey, a construction design manager. He has English, as well as Irish, Scottish, and German, ancestry. He graduated from Nathan Hale High School in Tulsa, Oklahoma in 1962 and for a while was a professional musician. A talented drummer, he played in several bands, including those of country-and-western legends Leon Russell , Kris Kristofferson and Willie Nelson . Busey's first film appearance was as a biker in the low-budget Angels Hard as They Come and, over the next few years, he landed several film roles generally as a country hick/redneck or surly, rebellious types. His real breakthrough came in the dynamic film The Buddy Holly Story , with Busey taking the lead role as Buddy Holly , in addition to playing guitar and singing all the vocals! His stellar performance scored him a Best Actor nomination and the attention of Hollywood taking overcasting agents. Next up, he joined fellow young actors William Katt and Jan-Michael Vincent as surfing buddies growing up together in the cult surf film Big Wednesday , directed by John Milius . However, a string of appearances in somewhat mediocre films took him out of the spotlight for several years, until he played the brutal assassin Mr. Joshua trying to kill Los Angeles cops Mel Gibson and Danny Glover in the runaway mega-hit Lethal Weapon . Further strong roles followed, including alongside Danny Glover once again in Predator 2 . He was back on the beaches, this time tracking bank robbers with FBI agent Keanu Reeves , in Point Break and nearly stole the show as a psychotic Navy officer in league with terrorists led by Tommy Lee Jones taking over the USS Missouri in the highly popular Under Siege . The entertaining Busey has continued to remain busy in front of the cameras and has certainly developed a minor cult following among many film fans. Plus, he's also the proud father of accomplished young actor Jake Busey , whose looks make him almost a dead ringer for his famous father. Candice Bergen One cool, eternally classy lady, Candice Bergen was elegantly poised for trendy "ice princess" stardom when she first arrived on the 60s screen, but she gradually reshaped that débutante image in the 70s both on- and off-camera. A staunch, outspoken feminist with a decisive edge, she went on to take a sizable portion of these contradicting qualities to film and, most particularly, to late 80s TV. The daughter of famed ventriloquist Edgar Bergen and former actress and "Chesterfield Girl" Frances Bergen , the Beverly Hills born-and-bred Candice was surrounding by Hollywood glitter and glamour from day one. At the age of 6, she made her radio debut on her father's show. Of extreme privilege, she attended Westlake School for Girls in Los Angeles, the Cathedral School in Washington D.C. and then went abroad to the Montesano (finishing) School in Switzerland. Although she began taking art history and creative drawing at the University of Pennsylvania, she did not graduate due to less-than-stellar grades. In between studies, she also worked as a Ford model in order to buy cameras for her new passion--photography. Her Grace Kelly -like glacial beauty deemed her an ideal candidate for Ivy League patrician roles, and Candice made an auspicious film debut while still a college student portraying the Vassar-styled lesbian member of Sidney Lumet 's The Group in an ensemble that included the debuts of other lovely up-and-comers including Joan Hackett and Joanna Pettet . Film offers started coming her way, both here and especially abroad (spurred on by her love for travel). Other than her top-notch roles as the co-ed who comes between Jack Nicholson and Art Garfunkel in Carnal Knowledge and her prim American lady kidnapped by Moroccan sheik Sean Connery in The Wind and the Lion , her performances were deemed a bit too aloof to really stand out among the crowd. During this time, she found a passionate second career as a photographer and photojournalist. A number of her works went on to appear in an assortment of magazines including Life, Playboy and Esquire. Most of Candice's 1970s films were either unmemorable or dismissed altogether, including the campus comedy Getting Straight opposite the hip counterculture star of the era -- Elliott Gould ; the disturbingly violent Soldier Blue ; the epic-sized bomb The Adventurers ; T.R. Baskin ; Bite the Bullet ; The Domino Principle , Lina Wertmüller 's long-winded and notoriously long-titled Italian drama A Night Full of Rain ; and the inferior sequel to the huge box-office soaper Love Story , entitled Oliver's Story alongside original star Ryan O'Neal . Things picked up toward the second half of the decade, however, when the seemingly humorless Candice took a swipe at comedy. She made history as the first female guest host of Saturday Night Live and then showed an equally amusing side of her in the dramedy Starting Over as Burt Reynolds ' tone-deaf ex-wife, enjoying a "best supporting actress" Oscar nomination in the process. She and Jacqueline Bisset also worked well as a team in George Cukor 's Rich and Famous , in which her mother Frances could be glimpsed in a Malibu party scene. Candice also made her Broadway debut in 1985 replacing Sigourney Weaver in David Rabe 's black comedy "Hurlyburly". In 1980 Candice married Louis Malle , the older (by 14 years) French director. They had one child, Chloe. In the late 80s, Candice hit a new career plateau on comedy television as the spiky title role on Murphy Brown , giving great gripe as the cynical and competitive anchor/reporter of a TV magazine show. With a superlative supporting cast around her, the CBS sitcom went the distance (ten seasons) and earned Candice a whopping five Emmys and two Golden Globe awards. TV-movie roles also came her way as a result with colorful roles ranging from the evil Arthurian temptress "Morgan Le Fey" to an elite, high-classed madam -- all many moons away from her initial white-gloved debs of the late 60s. Malle's illness and subsequent death from cancer in 1995 resulted in Candice maintaining a very low profile for quite some time. Since then, however, she has returned with a renewed vigor (or should I say vinegar) on TV, with many of her characters enjoyable extensions of her "Murphy Brown" curmudgeon. Lightweight fare such as Miss Congeniality , Sweet Home Alabama and The In-Laws have had her chomping again at the comedy bit. In 2005, she joined the cast of Boston Legal playing a brash, no-nonsense lawyer while trading barbs with a much less serious William Shatner , earning an Emmy nomination the following year. Her second husband (since 2000) is Marshall Rose, a Manhattan real estate developer. Donna Murphy Donna Murphy is an accomplished and respected actress who has been building a career of striking range and diversity. She won the first of two Tony Awards for Best Actress, along with the Drama Desk and Drama League Awards for her portrayal of Fosca in Stephen Sondheim and James Lapine 's "Passion" and dazzled television viewers and critics alike when Passion was televised on PBS' American Playhouse. She was awarded her second Tony and Drama League Awards, as well as Drama Desk and Outer Critics Circle nominations for her performance as Anna Leonowans in the highly acclaimed revival of "The King and I". Her feature film work includes Center Stage , directed by Nicholas Hytner , co-starring with Patrick Stewart in Star Trek: Insurrection , The Astronaut's Wife with Johnny Depp , and Jade , directed by William Friedkin . Michael Richards Immortalized as Cosmo Kramer on the classic American sitcom Seinfeld , L.A. comedy star Michael Richards was born and raised in South Los Angeles, California, to Phyllis (Nardozza) Richards, a medical records librarian. He is of Italian descent. Michael displayed an early talent for performance as a top Forensic League competitor during grade school. He went on to star in multiple high school and college productions while working as an ambulance attendant and hospital orderly. Michael trained as a medic in the US Army during the Vietnam War, was appointed writer and director of plays on drug abuse and race relations for the Army's V-Corp Training Roadshow. He attended the California Institute of the Arts and was mentored by famed performance art guru Allan Kaprow. He graduated from Evergreen State College in Washington with his BFA in drama. After first performing with the San Diego Repertory Company, he subsequently returned to L.A. where he was discovered by Budd Friedman, founder of the Improv comedy club and talent manager Charles Joffe. Michael performed regularly in comedy clubs during the late 1970s and 1980s while driving a school bus by day. Inspired by the physical comedy of such legends as Charles Chaplin and Jacques Tati , he paid his dues on the comedy circuit until comedian Billy Crystal noticed him and gave him a break on one of his comedy specials. Michael earned a regular spot on the sketch comedy series Fridays , where he created the character of Battle Boy who liked to blow up army soldiers. He also appeared in such minor slapstick films as Young Doctors in Love and Transylvania 6-5000 . Everything finally came together for the elastic-faced comedian in 1989, after being cast as Cosmo Kramer, Jerry Seinfeld 's convulsive, frizzy-mopped neighbor and pal on Seinfeld . The frenzied character earned him three Emmy awards, SAG awards, and instant cult status. Also a trained theater actor under the tutelage of Stella Adler, Michael starred in regional productions, Off-Broadway, and in London's West End. In addition to his comedic roles, Michael worked regularly as a dramatic "heavy" in television throughout the 1980s in shows such as Miami Vice, St. Elsewhere, and Hill Street Blues. His film credits include Unstrung Heroes, Trial and Error, and the cult classic UHF among others. In 2013, Michael starred in TVLand's ensemble comedy series Kirstie with fellow TV comedy veterans Kirstie Alley and Rhea Perlman. Richard Chamberlain Richard Chamberlain became THE leading heartthrob of early 1960s TV. As the impeccably handsome Dr. Kildare, the slim, butter-haired hunk with the near-perfect Ivy-League charm and smooth, intelligent demeanor, had the distaff fans fawning unwavering over him throughout the series' run. While this would appear to be a dream situation for any new star, to Chamberlain it brought about a major, unsettling identity crisis. Born George Richard Chamberlain in Beverly Hills on March 31, 1934, he was the second son of Elsa Winnifred (von Benzon) (1902-1993) and Charles Axiom Chamberlain (1902-1984), a salesman. He has English and German ancestry. Richard experienced a profoundly unhappy childhood and did not enjoy school at all, making up for it somewhat by excelling in track and becoming a four-year letterman in high school and college. He also developed a strong interest and enjoyment in acting while attending Pomona College. Losing an initial chance to sign up with Paramount Pictures, the studio later renewed interest. Complications arose when he was drafted into the Army on December 7, 1956 for 16 months, serving in Korea. Chamberlain headed for Hollywood soon after his discharge and, in just a couple of years, worked up a decent resumé with a number of visible guest spots on such popular series as Gunsmoke and Mr. Lucky . But it was the stardom of the medical series Dr. Kildare that garnered overnight female worship and he became a huge sweater-vested pin-up favorite. It also sparked a brief, modest singing career for the actor. The attention Richard received was phenomenal. True to his "Prince Charming" type, he advanced into typically bland, soap-styled leads on film befitting said image, but crossover stardom proved to be elusive. The vehicles he appeared in, Twilight of Honor with Joey Heatherton and Joy in the Morning opposite Yvette Mimieux , did not bring him the screen fame foreseen. The public obviously saw the actor as nothing more than a TV commodity. More interested in a reputation as a serious actor, Chamberlain took a huge risk and turned his back on Hollywood, devoting himself to the stage. In 1966 alone he appeared in such legit productions as "The Philadelphia Story" and "Private Lives," and also showed off his vocal talents playing Tony in "West Side Story". In December of that year a musical version of "Breakfast at Tiffany's" starring Richard and Mary Tyler Moore in the sparkling George Peppard / Audrey Hepburn roles was headed for Broadway. It flopped badly in previews, however, and closed after only four performances. Even today it is still deemed one of Broadway's biggest musical disasters. An important dramatic role in director Richard Lester 's Petulia led Richard to England, where he stayed and dared to test his acting prowess on the classical stage. With it, his personal satisfaction over image and career improved. Bravura performances as "Hamlet" (1969) and "Richard II" (1971), as well as his triumph in "The Lady's Not for Burning" (1972), won over the not-so-easy-to-impress British audiences. And on the classier film front, he ably portrayed Octavius Caesar opposite Charlton Heston 's Julius Caesar and Jason Robards ' Brutus; composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky in Ken Russell 's grandiose The Music Lovers opposite Glenda Jackson ; and Lord Byron alongside Sarah Miles _ in Lady Caroline Lamb . While none of these three films were critical favorites, they were instrumental in helping to reshape Chamberlain's career as a serious, sturdy and reliable actor. With his new image in place, Richard felt ready to face American audiences again. While he made a triumphant Broadway debut as Reverend Shannon in "The Night of the Iguana" (1975), he also enjoyed modest box-office popularity with the action-driven adventure movies The Three Musketeers as Aramis and a villainous role in The Towering Inferno , and earned cult status for the Aussie film The Last Wave . On the television front, he became a TV idol all over again (on his own terms this time) as the "King of 80s Mini-Movies". The epic storytelling of The Count of Monte-Cristo , The Thorn Birds and Shogun , all of which earned him Emmy nominations, placed Richard solidly on the quality star list. He won Golden Globe awards for his starring roles in the last two miniseries mentioned. In later years the actor devoted a great deal of his time to musical stage tours as Henry Higgins in "My Fair Lady", Captain Von Trapp in "The Sound of Music" and Ebenezer Scrooge in "Scrooge: The Musical". Enormously private and having moved to Hawaii to avoid the Hollywood glare, at age 69 finally "came out" with a tell-all biography entitled "Shattered Love," in which he quite candidly discussed the anguish of hiding his homosexuality to protect his enduring matinée idol image. Since then, he has accepted himself and shown to be quite a good sport in the process, appearing as gay characters in the film I Now Pronounce You Chuck & Larry , and in TV episodes of Will & Grace , Desperate Housewives and Brothers & Sisters . Tim McGraw Three-time Grammy Award winner Tim McGraw, the son of former major league reliever Tug McGraw , is a country music superstar who has sold over 40 million albums. Eleven of his album have debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard country album chart and he has had 21 hit No. 1 singles on the Billboard Hot Country 100 chart. He and his wife Faith Hill won Grammy Awards in 2001 and 2006 for their duos "Let's Make Love" and "Like We Never Loved At All". An aspiring actor, McGraw has appeared in eight movies between 2004 and 2011. Perrey Reeves Perrey Reeves was born in New York City and raised in the countryside of New Hampshire. Her parents, both academics, were from upper-class families. Her paternal grandfather, Hazard E. Reeves , was a sound pioneer who introduced magnetic stereophonic sound to films, and her maternal great-grandfather, James H. Hughes, was a U.S. Senator from Delaware (from 1937 to 1943). Perrey's parents preferred not to own a television but rather submerge their children in the vast realms of literature. Thus, her educational background ranged from years abroad in France and Italy to the Ivy League colleges of the US. Drama studies were what really interested her, however, resulting in her choosing an acting career. Her interests are as eclectic and diverse as the roles she has played and the life she has led. A lifelong vegetarian, she finds mental and physical balance in meditation and yoga, which she has faithfully practiced for over a decade. In the midst of acting, she also focuses much of her creative energies renovating a new home with her fiancée. She describes their abode as a "quaint country oasis in the hills of Hollywood". When not standing in line at Home Depot, she passionately donates her time to The International Fund for Animal Welfare and lives with many furry creatures. She joins the comically dynamic cast in DreamWorks' October release, Old School , directed by Todd Phillips . Co-starring opposite Will Ferrell , she plays his traditional wife who is dedicated to the white picket fence dream. Vince Vaughn , Luke Wilson , Leah Remini and Ellen Pompeo round out the stellar cast. Perrey is accomplished on both the big and small screens. She has co-starred in features such as Tri-Star's The Suburbans , Miramax's Smoke Signals , Trimark's Kicking and Screaming and Universal's Child's Play 3 . She has landed series regular roles in four pilots and has guest starred on numerous television shows ranging from Fox's The X-Files to the WB's Off Centre . She has played lead roles in made-for-television movies, including CBS' An Element of Truth and ABC's Escape to Witch Mountain . Perrey showcased her talents on stage in theater productions of "High Tor", "House Arrest", "Women of Manhattan", "Picnic" and "Last Night at Ballyhoo" at The Canon Theatre in which she played Rhea Perlman 's daughter.	1957
What year: Elvis had a hit with Jailhouse Rock, famous musical South Pacific was out at the movies and famous TV lesbian Sandi Toksvig was born?	House of Fraser British Academy Television Awards in by BAFTA - issuu issuu T I T L E 2 T I T L E 2 T I T L E PA G E T I T L E 4 T I T L E CO N T EN TS WELCOME HRH The Duke Of Cambridge, KG Amanda Berry OBE Anne Morrison CHAIR OF THE ACADEMY 12 Through such incredible shows as Hancock’s From dodging the Phantom Flan Flinger Half Hour and Steptoe and Son, Roy and dancing with zombies as Michael Jackson Galton OBE and Alan Simpson OBE are to chopping up veg as an angry chef and widely considered to be the godfathers of the co-hosting Red Nose Day since the very British situation comedy genre. Tonight, they beginning, Sir Lenny Henry has been are the recipients of the Academy’s highest tickling ribs of television audiences for honour, the Fellowship. WORDS BY M AT THEW BELL WORDS BY TOBY WEIDM ANN THE MAGIC BOX 49 A special photographic essay capturing the magic of British television, and its stars, from the past year. BY JONATHAN BIRCH 70 C O N T E N T S THE NOMINATIONS 6 PA G E T I T L E H R H T H E D U K E O F C A M B RI D G E, KG President of the Academy B A F T A A M A N DA B ER RY OBE Chief Executive of the Academy A N N E M O RRISO N Chair of the Academy very warm welcome to the House of Fraser British Academy Television Awards in 2016. A fortnight ago we celebrated the best behind-the-scenes practitioners at the Television Craft Awards. Tonight, we look to the programmes and performances themselves, and judging from the strength of the nominations it has been another premiere year for television. Television is ingrained into the very fabric of our society, with the best programmes and performances reflecting, and indeed, shaping the cultural landscape of this country. The strength of British television is its ability to connect the nation and bind it together, and that’s thanks to the creativity and vision of the many incredibly talented individuals working in the industry. Two such individuals are the joint recipients of this evening’s Fellowship, the highest accolade the Academy bestows. In many ways, Ray Galton and Alan Simpson can be considered the fathers of modern situation comedy, setting the benchmark through such classic series as Hancock’s Half Hour and Steptoe and Son. A fabulously wide range of genres, subjects and perspectives have been covered by tonight’s nominees and we congratulate all of them on their achievements. Just as variety is important to the continuing success of television, so too is diversity in the industry. This is by no means a new issue, but it was firmly put back on the map by Lenny Henry at his BAFTA Television Lecture in 2014. Henry is the worthy recipient of a BAFTA Special Award this evening. It’s said that talent, such as his, will always shine through, but that’s easy to say in retrospect. He may now be considered one of the UK’s greatest performers, but he has had to break down barriers and challenge stereotypes throughout his career. BAFTA is working hard to ensure diversity remains firmly on the industry agenda. We have been working behind the scenes for many years, nurturing talented people, regardless of their background, to enter, thrive and excel within the industry. Through our year-round learning and new talent programme, including mentoring and scholarships, talent initiatives such as Breakthrough Brits, and festivals such as Guru Live, BAFTA continues to support the television industry and champion our brightest stars. Our thanks to the Television Committee, led by Krishnendu Majumdar and Emma Morgan; the brilliant BAFTA staff; our juries; our host Graham Norton; our title sponsor House of Fraser and all our wonderful partners, who believe in what we do. Enjoy the ceremony. F O L LO W U S \| # B A F TA T V \| B A F TA .O R G @ B A F TA 7 W E L C O M E WELCOM E TO THE HOUSE OF FR A SER BRITISH ACA DE MY TELE VISION AWA RDS N I G EL O D DY Chief Executive Officer of House of Fraser t House of Fraser, we are once again proud to be the title sponsor of the British Academy Television Awards. We have now been working with BAFTA for four years in total and continue to enjoy a close collaboration with an organisation that celebrates excellence, award-winning performances, teamwork and everything that is great about television. As a company with a long British history and heritage of providing the very best, House of Fraser’s aim is to provide trust, inspiration and advice to its customers, in order to make each customer feel like a VIP. We strive to create a customer experience that feels like ‘walking down the red carpet’, so that every time a customer puts on a purchase from one of House of Fraser’s premium fashion brands they ‘Wear it like they’ve won it’. Fashion and the small screen have always gone hand-in-hand and we believe the power of fashion creates excitement and brings glamour. Working with BAFTA builds on these values and makes them a great partner of choice for House of Fraser. Good luck to each and every nominee this evening and congratulations in advance to all the winners and nominees. I wish everybody a wonderful night. 9 S P O N S O R ’ S W E L C O M E WELCOM E FROM OUR SPONSOR BURLINGTON ARCADE, London \| COVENT GARDEN, London \| CANARY WHARF, London HARRODS, London \| SELFRIDGES & CO, London, Birmingham & Manchester HOUSE OF FRASER, Oxford Street, Westfield & Bluewater T I T L E 12 ADELE AT THE BBC Adele Adkins, Guy Freeman, Anouk Fontaine, Simon Staffurth BRITAIN’S GOT TALENT Richard Holloway, Amelia Brown, Lee McNicholas, Matt Banks Colin Barr, Ruth Kelly, James Newton, Rupert Houseman MINNOW FILMS/BBC TWO GREAT ORMOND STREET Dollan Cannell, Catey Sexton, Lucy Hillman FILMS OF RECORD/BBC TWO THA MES/SYCO PRODUCTION FOR ITV/ITV T H E N O M I N A T I O N S BBC EVENTS PRODUCTION/BBC ONE THE DETECTIVES STRICTLY COME DANCING Louise Rainbow, Vinnie Shergill, Sarah James, Nikki Parsons BBC ENTERTAINMENT/BBC ONE TFI FRIDAY ANNIVERSARY SPECIAL Chris Evans, Will Macdonald, Clare Barton, Suzi Aplin OLGA TV, MONKEY KINGDOM, ZIMPLE/CHANNEL 4 * Given in honour of Sir Lew Grade THE MURDER DETECTIVES Ben Brown, Bart Corpe, Neil Grant, Dave Nath FILMS OF RECORD/CHANNEL 4 THE TRIBE Production Team RENEGADE/CHANNEL 4 FEATURES FEMALE PERFORMANCE IN A COMEDY PROGRAMME BACK IN TIME FOR DINNER MICHAELA COEL Emily Shields, Leanne Klein, Kim Maddever Chewing Gum N O M I N A T I O N S BRITISH BAKE OFF PETER KAY’S CAR SHARE POLDARK Nominations are correct at the time of press. T H E COMEDY AND COMEDY ENTERTAINMENT PROGRA MME Jane Hudson (Chair) Vanya Barwell Humphrey Elles-Hill Jonathan Harvey Charlie Higson Paterson Joseph Helen Kennedy Hannah Pescod Steve Speirs Newton Velji Jane Wallbank J U R I ES Suri Krishnamma Avril Russell Anand Tucker ENTERTAINMENT PROGRA MME Sarah Whitehead (Chair) Tazeen Ahmad Mike Blair Rita Daniels Guy Davies Afua Hirsch Sean McAllister Marina Parker Clare Sillery Colin Stone Helen Veale DRA MA SERIES Krishnendu Majumdar (Chair) Nicholas Brown Ruth Caleb Amanda Coe Jill Green Lynn Horsford Jessica Hynes Robert Jones Ruth Kenley-Letts ENTERTAINMENT PERFORMANCE Greg Barnett (Chair) Emma Clarke Matthew Hall Danielle Lux Bob Massie Suk Pannu Kalpna Patel-Knight Simon Proctor Livia Simoka Neil Smith Nick Wood Matt Young FACTUAL SERIES Brian Woods (Chair) Kate Blewett Paul Crompton Stacey Dooley Sean Doyle Tom Giles Krishnendu Majumdar (Chair) Ninder Billing Katie Boyd Asif Hasan Maria Knowles Jago Lee Kat Lennox Lucy Leveugle Jonathan Meenagh Satmohan Panesar James Quinn Natalie Rose Hilary Rosen FEMALE PERFORMANCE IN A COMEDY PROGRA MME John Willis (Chair) Arsher Ali Sacha Dhawan Julie Hesmondhalgh Natalie Hill Kerry Howard Cameron McAllister Andy Pryor Charlotte Ritchie Sarah Solemani J U R I E S 30 FEATURES T H E Jane Lush (Chair) Andrew Billen Martin Dance Lorraine Heggessey Gemma John-Lewis Dan McGolpin Kate Teckman Emma Westcott Steven D Wright Anna Hall Leanne Klein Jamie Morris Daniel Pearl Lucy Pilkington Gian Quaglieni Seyi Rhodes Xoliswa Sithole T H E J U R I ES INTERNATIONAL LIVE EVENT NEWS COVERAGE Sara Putt (Chair) Gina Cronk Sophie Gardiner Claire Hungate Metin Huseyin Wunmi Mosaku Hilary Norrish Barney Reisz Eve Stewart Hugh Warren Peter White Patrick Keegan (Chair) Edith Bowman Liz Clare Craig Gledhill Emma Hardy Andy Hodges Sonia Lovett Susan Maxwell Gill Penlington Simon Pizey David Sabel Sally Wood Neil Grant (Chair) Samira Ahmed Lucy Hillman David Modell Jane Mote Nick Read Wendy Robbins Samir Shah Fiona Stourton REALITY & CONSTRUCTED FACTUAL T H E MALE PERFORMANCE IN A Ade Rawcliffe (Chair) Kwadjo Dajan Bryan Elsley Barbara Emile Charlie Hampton Liz Lewin Helen McCrory Gabriel Range Deborah Sathe Chris Sussman Celia Taylor Emma Westcott COMEDY PROGRA MME Richard Boden (Chair) Isibeal Ballance Simon Block Bill Broomfield Abigail Dankwa Anita Lowenstein Martin Oxley Katherine Parkinson Andrew Newman (Chair) Iain Coyle Peter Davey Shannon Delwiche Rick Edwards Gavin Henderson Syeda Irtizaali Ruby Kuraishe Barbara Lee Jo McGrath Dean Nabarro Rosemary Newell MINI-SERIES LEADING ACTRESS Hannah Wyatt (Chair) Sanjeev Bhaskar Liesel Evans Kate Harwood Tom Hollander Nana Hughes Alison Jackson Paul Marquess Tom Miller Damien Molony Heida Reed Helen Bullough (Chair) Foz Allan Danny Brocklehurst Belinda Campbell Phil Clarke Caroline Hollick Jermaine Julian Manda Levin Hilary Martin Jon Mountague Alison Newman Kate Oates Continued overleaf... 31 J U R I E S LEADING ACTOR T H E SCRIPTED COMEDY Dan Isaacs (Chair) Andy Baker Jonathan Brackley Pippa Brown Elaine Cameron Mobashir Dar Naomi de Pear Stefan Golaszewski Saurabh Kakkar Richard Laxton China Moo-Young Helen Williams SINGLE DRA MA Laurence Marks (Chair) David Aukin Sally Avens Louis Barfe Dominic Bird Amanda Jenks Katie Keenan Regina Moriarty Geoff Sax 32 SOAP & CONTINUING DRA MA Richard Watsham (Chair) Paul Annett Sylvie Boden Simon Gibney Waris Islam Paul Marquess Tanya Qureshi Stephen Russell Alison Slade Morenike Williams Benji Wilson John Yorke Ron Chakraborty Peter Davey Moz Dee John Rowlinson Adam Smith Ben Bailey Smith Jo Tongue SUPPORTING ACTOR Shirley Jones (Chair) Darren Boyd Karen Bryson Shaun Holder Jermaine Julien Sarah Lazenby Jill Robertson Michael Socha Amanda Stavri SPECIALIST FACTUAL SUPPORTING ACTRESS Anne Morrison (Chair) Tom Brisley Clemency Burton-Hill Peter Collins Helen Hawken Emma Hindly Margy Kinmonth Diarmaid MacCulloch Nick Mirsky David Okuefuna Priya Singh Paul Wooding Otto Bathurst (Chair) Rosie Alison Sarah Brewerton Elinor Burns Rory Kinnear Damian Lewis Barney Reisz Ed Rubin Katie Swinden Paul Unwin Pier Wilkie Â SPORT Jane Hudson (Chair) Tom Beck Kevin Cahill J U R I E S Elizabeth McIntyre (Chair) Taghi Amirani Richard Bradley Simon Dickson Mark Hedgecoe Bill Hobbins Kate Kinninmont Derren Lawford Kim Longinotto Sara Ramsden Sanjay Singhal Lucy Willis Saskia Schuster Brian Viner Will Wyatt T H E J U R I ES PA G E T I T L E a THE OFFICIAL HAIR STYLIST HOUSE OF FRASER BRITISH ACADEMY TELEVISION AWARDS IN 2016 F E L L O W S H I P 34 A C A D E M Y RAY GALTON A C A D E M Y & Words by Matthew Bell Images courtesy of the BBC Photo Library 35 F E L L O W S H I P OBE Above: Hancock’s Half Hour (1956-1960) 36 F E L L O W S H I P Galton and Simpson learned their craft writing for radio, moving on to shows such as Calling All Forces and Workers Playtime; on the latter they worked for the first time with Tony Hancock. Immediately recognising Hancock’s comic talent and wanting to leave variety shows behind them, Galton and Simpson approached the BBC with an idea for a new type of programme with Hancock as its star. “We [wanted] to do what is now called a sitcom, but in those days the phrase was unheard of,” recalled Galton. Helped by Happy-Go-Lucky producer Dennis Main Wilson, who went on to produce the first four radio series of Hancock’s Half Hour, the BBC gave Galton and Simpson the green light. Hancock’s Half Hour, in which Hancock was supported by the comic geniuses of Kenneth Williams, Sid James, Bill Kerr and Hattie Jacques, ran from 1954 to 1961, initially on the radio and then on television. It made Galton and Simpson’s name. While writing the long-running series, Galton and Simpson formed the writers’ co-operative, Associated London Scripts, with Eric Sykes and Milligan. At the RTS lunch, Galton and Simpson fondly recalled an era when they wrote together above a shop in Shepherd’s Bush. A C A D E M Y his year’s BAFTA Fellowship is awarded to one of the country’s premier comedy writing teams, Ray Galton and Alan Simpson. The duo invented the modern television situation comedy genre with Hancock’s Half Hour and then perfected it with Steptoe and Son. “We are extremely delighted to receive the Fellowship,” Galton and Simpson say. “We always wanted a Fellowship even though we did not know what a Fellowship was! It’s not the sort of thing one associates with a couple of Cockney lads… apart from Alfred Hitchcock, of course.” Galton and Simpson met for the first and almost last time 70 years ago in unprepossessing circumstances – a tuberculosis sanatorium in Surrey. Speaking at a Royal Television Society lunch held in their honour a few years ago, Galton recalled the moment in 1948 when he first saw Simpson, a tall, broad man, being wheeled through the ward: “Suddenly, this shadow went across the window and it went dark. I looked up and I saw a body disappearing down the corridor. It was Alan. Spike Milligan later called him, ‘He who blocks out the sun,’” he recalled. While recovering from the illness, which had come close to killing both of them, Galton and Simpson discovered a shared loved of US radio entertainers Don Ameche and Jack Benny, and filled the long days by writing a pastiche of hospital life, Have You Ever Wondered?, for the sanatorium’s hospital radio service. “We were lucky enough to be thrown together in a disastrous episode that resulted in a friendship that has lasted nearly 70 years,” they note. “Who said TB was bad for you?” On their discharge from the sanatorium, the young Londoners were determined to make it in showbusiness. They wrote to and were knocked back by established comedy writers Frank Muir and Denis Norden, before being hired – at five shillings a gag – to pen jokes for comedian Derek Roy on the 1951 radio show, Happy-Go-Lucky. A C A D E M Y “We [wanted] to do what is now called a sitcom, but in those days the phrase was unheard of.” “Ray couldn’t type so I had the typewriter and, as we agreed a line, I typed it. Nothing went down until we both agreed it,” said Simpson. “All the writers who wrote solo, like Spike and Eric, would come into the office with a piece of paper and say, ‘Listen to this.’ But because we had a sounding board, never once did we say to someone else, ‘Read this’. I find it amazing people write comedy on their own,” added Galton. The final series of Hancock’s Half Hour, now known simply as Hancock, was a solo vehicle for the lugubrious comic. It included the much-loved episode, ‘The Blood Donor’, which probably contains Galton and Simpson’s most quoted lines. “A pint? Have you gone raving mad?” said Hancock. “I mean, I came here in all good faith, to help my country. I don’t mind giving a reasonable amount, but a pint? Why, that’s very nearly an armful.” Galton and Simpson had become the most in-demand writers on British television. As well as Hancock’s Half Hour, they also penned a Sid James vehicle, Citizen James (1960-62), and the film, The Rebel (1961), with Hancock playing a talentless artist. “Tony was a delight to work with,” they recall. “His first readings were always perfect in every respect, which is more of a rarity than you would imagine. The only other performer who came anywhere close was Bernard Braden. Tony’s only problem was learning the lines. But he was, without doubt, one of the greatest ‘timers’ in the business.” Hancock’s partnership with Galton and Simpson over almost a decade was the high point of the comedian’s career; after he inexplicably dropped the writers, his work deteriorated rapidly. The duo, however, soon found their feet, penning single-episode comedies for a new BBC show, Comedy Playhouse. For the first series, which ran over the winter of 1961-62, Galton and Simpson wrote 10 scripts. The fourth story, ‘The Offer’, went on to seal their reputation as Britain’s greatest comedy writing partnership. Having written three of the scripts for Comedy Playhouse, the duo ran out of ideas. “When we were in this situation, we used to amuse each other by coming up with outlandish suggestions that would never make a series,” Simpson told the RTS luncheon guests. “Ray even came up with one about two rag and bone men.” 37 F E L L O W S H I P Above: Steptoe and Son (1962-1974) “We were lucky enough to be thrown together in a disastrous episode that resulted in a friendship that’s lasted 70 years.” 38 F E L L O W S H I P Death Us Do Part creator Johnny Speight, on shows such as ITV sitcom Spooner’s Patch (1979-82). In a fitting postscript to a long and glittering television career, Galton wrote (with John Antrobus) the 1997 BBC sitcom Get Well Soon, which he based on his – and Simpson’s – life in the tuberculosis sanatorium 50 years earlier. Galton and Simpson had come full circle. “We’ve had the good fortune to write for some highly talented performers throughout our career,” they say, listing Hancock, Corbett, Brambell, Jimmy James, Frankie Howerd, Richard Burton, Donald Wolfit, Jack Hawkins, Les Dawson, Peter Sellers, June Whitfield, Hattie Jacques and Paul Merton, among many more. “Our only regret is that we came into the business too late to work with such wonderful performers as Will Hay and Sid Field. Ken would have been a ‘doddle’ as well – the man responsible for one of the funniest lines in the history of showbusiness; namely, as the sergeant-at-arms said to King Harold at the Battle of Hastings: ‘Keep blinking, it’ll work its way out!’” A C A D E M Y The “dirty old man”, Albert Steptoe, played by Wilfrid Brambell, and his frustrated son, Harold (Harry H Corbett), who was forever trying to improve his mind and social standing, were born. And the British public loved them. Initially, Galton and Simpson were reluctant to return to the characters. “We knew the show was good and that it could make a series, but we didn’t want to get tied up again for 10 years,” recalled Galton. The BBC badgered them and, when Brambell and Corbett agreed to reprise their roles, Galton and Simpson followed suit. Steptoe and Son ran for eight series and spawned two feature films, before the series ended with the 1974 Christmas special. Steptoe and Son brought sympathetically drawn working class characters to British television comedy for the first time – three years before Till Death Us Do Part introduced loudmouth cockney Alf Garnett to television audiences. It was often sad, sometimes tragic, but always very funny. And hugely popular among audiences as well as critics. At the peak of its popularity, Steptoe and Son was pulling in audiences of 28 million. “The great thing with Steptoe was that, after a career working predominantly with comedians, we found ourselves writing for two giants of legitimate theatre,” they note (Brambell came from the Abbey Theatre in Dublin, and Corbett from the Theatre Workshop in Stratford). “When Harry accepted the part, he was working for the Bristol Old Vic in Richard II. He was a noted Shakespearian actor – we soon knocked that on the head.” The long-running BBC situation comedy was Galton and Simpson’s greatest success but the duo also wrote for Frankie Howerd’s BBC shows and penned his 1971 film, Up the Chastity Belt. They also adapted French comic novel Clochemerle for the BBC in 1972. Simpson retired after ITV’s 1997 series The Galton & Simpson Playhouse, although Galton continued to write, often with Till L’Instant Champagne, with Vitalie Taittinger. Vitalie Taittinger is an active member of the family Champagne House. Champagne for the Independently Minded Official Champagne to BAFTA Champagne Taittinger is widely stocked in many independent wine merchants, Majestic Wine Warehouse, ASDA, Morrisons, Sainsbury’s, Tesco, Waitrose, Harrods and Fortnum & Mason. @TaittingerUK · www.taittinger.com · taittinger_uk A C A D E MY A C A D E M Y 19 9 9 Elizabeth Taylor 20 0 0 Michael Caine 20 0 0 Stanley Kubrick (posthumous) 20 0 0 Peter Bazalgette 20 01 Albert Finney 20 01 John Thaw 20 01 Dame Judi Dench 20 02 Warren Beatty 20 02 Merchant Ivory Productions 20 02 Andrew Davies 20 02 Sir John Mills 20 03 Saul Zaentz 20 03 David Jason 20 0 4 John Boorman 20 0 4 Roger Graef 20 05 John Barry OBE 20 05 Sir David Frost OBE 20 0 6 Lord Puttnam CBE 20 0 6 Ken Loach 20 07 Anne V Coates OBE 20 07 Richard Curtis CBE 20 07 Will Wright 20 08 Sir Anthony Hopkins CBE 20 08 Bruce Forsyth CBE 20 0 9 Terry Gilliam 20 0 9 Nolan Bushnell 20 0 9 Dawn French & Jennifer Saunders 2010 Vanessa Redgrave CBE 2010 Shigeru Miyamoto 2010 Lord Bragg 2011 Sir Christopher Lee CBE 2011 Peter Molyneux OBE 2011 Sir Trevor McDonald OBE 2012 Martin Scorsese 2013 Sir Alan Parker 2013 Gabe Newell 2013 Michael Palin CBE 2014 Dame Helen Mirren 2014 Rockstar Games 2014 Julie Walters CBE 2015 Mike Leigh 2015 David Braben OBE 2015 Jon Snow 2016 Sir Sidney Poitier 2016 John Carmack Names and honours correct at time of presentation. T H E Alfred Hitchcock Freddie Young OBE Grace Wyndham Goldie David Lean Jacques Cousteau Sir Charles Chaplin Lord Olivier Sir Denis Forman Fred Zinnemann Lord Grade Sir Huw Wheldon David Attenborough CBE John Huston Abel Gance Michael Powell Emeric Pressburger Andrzej Wajda Sir Richard Attenborough CBE Sir Hugh Greene Sam Spiegel Jeremy Isaacs Steven Spielberg Federico Fellini Ingmar Bergman Sir Alec Guinness CH, CBE Paul Fox Louis Malle Sir John Gielgud David Plowright Sydney Samuelson CBE Colin Young CBE Michael Grade CBE Billy Wilder Jeanne Moreau Ronald Neame CBE John Schlesinger CBE Dame Maggie Smith Woody Allen Steven Bochco Julie Christie Oswald Morris OBE Harold Pinter CBE David Rose Sean Connery Bill Cotton CBE Eric Morecambe & Ernie Wise T H E O F 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1976 1977 1978 1979 1979 1980 1980 1981 1981 1981 1982 1983 1984 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 19 9 0 19 91 19 92 19 92 19 93 19 93 19 94 19 95 19 96 19 96 19 96 19 96 19 97 19 97 19 97 19 97 19 97 19 97 19 98 19 98 19 9 9 O F F E L L O W S 40 FEL LOWS New Zealand’s Most Awarded Winery OFFICIAL WINE SUPPLIER T O B A F TA Villa Maria wines are widely available from Waitrose, Majestic, Morrisons, Tesco, Sainsbury’s, Asda, Co-op, www.nzhouseofwine.co.uk and many independent retailers. For further information please visit www.villamariaestate.co.uk V I L L A M A R I A E S TAT E . C O . U K @VILLAMARIA_UK S P E C I A L 42 A W A R D A W A R D S P E C I A L T H E CBE THE SPECIAL AWARD Words by Toby Weidmann Portrait and Television Lecture image by Jonathan Birch Other images courtesy of the BBC Photo Library 43 SIR LENNY HENRY A W A R D newsreader Trevor McDonald (aka Trevor McDoughnut, huge spectacles et al) all given the Henry treatment over the years. “Back in the day I was driven by two things – the ambition instilled in me by my mum and the encouragement and support of my mates, who were very important to me,” says Henry, who was born in Dudley and, although he now predominantly resides in London, still has that friendly West Midlands twang. “They supported my attempts at comedy around the local clubs and discotheques and I felt I owed it to them to succeed. We were all very close, still are in many ways… I was performing as an impressionist at the Queen Mary Ballroom at Dudley Zoo, and a local DJ said, after a while, ‘Hey – you should be on one of them talent programmes.’ He wrote away to New Faces, I auditioned when I was 15 and then I made my television debut in January 1975. I won the programme and was seen by 16 million people. I didn’t stop working for 10 years after that.” More than 40 years on and Henry is widely regarded as one of the UK’s bestknown and most beloved performers. As well as his comedy output, both for television and live stand-up (Henry was the first British comedian to release a stand-up show as a feature-length film, 1989’s Lenny Henry Live S P E C I A L atanga, my friends!” Those of us from a certain generation cannot fail to hear these words and not think of comedian Lenny Henry – it was, after all, one of the hottest catchphrases in schoolyards and playing fields across the UK circa the mid-1980s. For those who are unfamiliar with the phrase, it comes from Henry’s outrageous character Joshua Yarlong, aka Africa’s best-known (and rather rambunctious) television presenter. Yarlong is one of many outlandish and hilarious characters created and performed by Henry across numerous comedy series, ranging from Tiswas, Three of a Kind, The Lenny Henry Show, Lenny Henry in Pieces, Chef! and many more. Rastafarian Razzmatazz, soul lover man Theophilus P Wildebeeste (the man who put ‘moan’ into ‘harmonious’), Jamaican grandpa Deakus, south London pirate radio wideboy Delbert Wilkins and bad-tempered chef Gareth Blackstock are just a few of his other memorable creations. But it was through impersonations that Henry first broke onto the small screen and made his name, winning nationwide talent contest New Faces in 1975 as a freshfaced 16-year-old. He clearly has a gift for impressions, with such beloved characters as Frank Spencer, David Bellamy and T H E Above: Lenny Goes to Town (1998) A W A R D S P E C I A L T H E Above: Lenny’s Big Atlantic Adventure (2000) Top right: Lenny Goes to Town (1998) Right: Hope and Glory (1999-2000) “The biggest, most extraordinary moment perhaps has been the British public’s commitment to Comic Relief.” Among the highs of such a long-running career – which include starring in the first all-black British sitcom, The Fosters; winning the Golden Rose at the Montreux Television Festival for Three of a Kind with “my brilliant” co-stars Tracey Ullman and David Copperfield; being nominated for a BAFTA for The Lenny Henry Show in 1985; and performing at two “bum-shatteringly nerve-racking” Nelson Mandela concerts, held at Wembley – there have naturally been some lows, too. Before Tiswas and Three of a Kind, Henry appeared in The Black and White Minstrel Show, the stage show run by Henry’s first agent, 45 and Unleashed), he has written books, been a BBC Radio 1 DJ, performed Shakespeare and other plays on stage, and starred in films. And then there’s Red Nose Day, the now annual television event that Henry helped launch in 1988 to support the charity Comic Relief (30 million viewers tuned in to that first night, raising more than £15 million). Henry’s services to charity and the arts were recognised in 1999 when he was appointed a CBE, and then knighted in the Queen’s 2015 Birthday Honours. “The biggest, most extraordinary moment [in my career] perhaps has been the British public’s commitment to Comic Relief,” Henry notes. “To raise more than a billion pounds since 1988 is a huge achievement and everyone in the business who has given their time for free, to make documentaries, to work on the shows or run, jump, climb or swim [for charity] deserves massive respect, love and huzzahs for their efforts. The announcement of the billion – for everyone connected to Comic Relief and Sport Relief – Richard Curtis and Kevin Cahill, in particular – was a huge high. Top notch!” Above: Lenny Henry delivers BAFTA’s Television Lecture in 2014 because it is in the process of A W A R D 46 Robert Luff. “He was my agent and, in many ways, my mentor in those first years in the business and I kind of did everything I was told, including doing a 12-minute act in that show. It led to a period of self-reflection, where I basically got a bit sad and vowed to get myself out of this parlous situation, which I did by leaving the Minstrels. My life changed from that moment on.” (Perhaps pointedly, when asked what advice he’d give his younger self, Henry responds: “Don’t sign anything without showing it to a lawyer first, fool!”) As one of the UK’s leading black performers, Henry has been a strong advocate in the campaign for improved diversity in the arts, an aim that BAFTA shares. Henry took the opportunity provided by the platform of BAFTA’s annual Television Lecture to focus on the subject in 2014, taking the television industry to task over its record on diversity with a headlinegrabbing speech. He joined us again a year and a half later to assess what progress had been made and discover whether this will be S P E C I A L helping to create a better industry.” enough to ensure growth and sustainability for diverse talent in the industry. “BAFTA is the British television industry,” he says. “It can, at times, be a window of the industry at its worse – it was at a BAFTA ceremony that I joked that it was, ‘All white on the night’. But BAFTA also shows what the industry can be at its best. It has been incredibly supportive of television diversity and given me a platform to raise these issues. I want to be part of BAFTA because it is in the process of helping to create a better industry.” He adds: “I want to ensure that the young, up-and-coming talent enter an industry that is truly diverse and reflects the society we live in. Imagine a world where women weren’t on television and every time they were, their words were written by men. That’s the way it can feel as a black person in our industry and I don’t want that to be the reality for new people coming in.” As well as his incredible back catalogue, it’s such progressive thinking as this that underlines why Sir Lenny is a worthy recipient of BAFTA’s Special Award this evening. His ambitions may have changed since those early days – “Today, I am driven by an ambition to do good work and to work with people who feel the same” – but his drive to succeed and make a difference to the television industry remain the same. T H E “I want to be part of BAFTA B e s t Dramatic V i e w s GOOD LUCK TO ALL THOSE NOMINATED THIS EVENING FROM MONDRIAN LONDON. MONDRIANLONDON.COM \| 020 3747 1234 The Official Chocolatier to the British Academy of Film and Television Arts A PHOTOGRAPHIC ESSAY BY JONATHAN BIRCH here is an inherent veritas about television, initially borne out of those early news-led broadcasts of the 1930s and substantiated by the vast array of today’s reality programming. Television’s factual output ranges from educational shows to series made purely for entertainment, and even its dramas and comedies are often set in and mimic present day life. And those that aren’t, thematically are often connected to the world in which we live now. But is this truth real or merely an illusion? The difference is more obvious with fiction, but everything from documentaries to live events have an inner narrative, driven by the directors, editors, vision mixers, camera crews et al who create them, designed to capture and hold the interest of the viewers at home. This year’s photo essay reflects upon this duality between the real and the illusory, while capturing some of the year’s most bewitching British stars who inhabit that glowing magic box in the room. DANNY DYER K A T H E R I N E PA R K I N S O N T I T L E 50 DA N N Y DYER TO M B R A D BY Born in Canning Town, Danny Dyer was the perfect candidate to take over the management of The Queen Vic as Mick Carter in EastEnders, a role he’s made his own since 2013. DYER WEARS: Skylar suit blazer and trousers, and white slim fit shirt, both from Kenneth Cole; and Christian Louboutin double Tom Bradby served as political editor for ITV News from 2005. He headed up ITV’s coverage of the General Election 2015 and was made the main newscaster for News at Ten in October. BRADBURY WEARS: Kenneth Cole white shirt; and own suit and shoes. buckle strap brogues N I N A S OSA N YA E S S A Y Winner of the Female Performance in a Comedy Programme category at the Television Awards in 2014, Katherine Parkinson starred in Humans and The Kennedys this past year. PARKINSON WEARS: Biba wrap over button detail maxi dress; and Bionda Castana silver point low heel shoes; with Margaux earrings and Melissa ring, from CARAT* CO L I N M O RGA N Colin Morgan has moved on from playing the lead in long-running series Merlin to starring in hit genre series Humans in 2015, Channel 4’s highest rated drama for more than 20 years. MORGAN WEARS: Hudson suit jacket and trousers, from Kenneth Cole; Linea navy roll neck; and Crockett and Jones brown lace brogues; with Double 8 Origin watch, from 88 Rue Du Rhone A DA M H I L LS & A L E X B RO O K ER Comedians Adam Hills and Alex Brooker are two thirds of The Last Leg, the weekly topical talk show they have co-hosted with Josh Widdicombe since 2012. HILLS WEARS: New and Lingwood Thornton wool coat; Corsivo check suit; Kenneth Cole shirt; and Kurt Geiger black plain brogues BROOKER WEARS: Howick blue shirt; and Kurt Geiger black elasticated strap over shoes SUZI PER RY Sports reporter Suzi Perry fronted the BBC’s coverage of Formula 1 in 2015. Most recently, she took part in the BT Sport Relief Hell On High Seas challenge. PERRY WEARS: Biba art deco inspired fully beaded maxi dress; and Bionda Castana cream and silver mesh point heels; with chandelier earrings, from CARAT* Between comedies You, Me and the Apocalypse and W1A, actress Nina Sosanya had a busy year in 2015. She is currently starring in new ITV crime drama series Marcella. SOSANYA WEARS: Biba cowl neck detail luxe maxi dress; with Delta ring, Crux ring and palm bracelet, from CARAT* EL E A N O R TO M L I N S O N Actress Eleanor Tomlinson has been wowing viewers as Demelza Poldark in the BBC’s new adaptation of the Winston Graham novels. TOMLINSON WEARS: Julien Macdonald brown with rose sequin top dress; and Jimmy Choo embellished stilettos; with Melissa ring and Orion ring, from CARAT* SA N J EE V B H A S K A R OBE Best known for the beloved Goodness Gracious Me, the BAFTA-nominated Sanjeev Bhaskar has been showing his dramatic talents in intense crime thriller Unforgotten. BHASKAR WEARS: Howick tailored Dickson suit; Kenneith Cole Russ shirt; Wyndham tie; and his own shoes A N I TA R A N I It’s been a busy year for presenter Anita Rani, appearing in The One Show, Four Rooms and Countryfile, while also salsa-ing into a semi-final place in Strictly Come Dancing. RANI WEARS: Nafsika Skourti one-shoulder mesh long dress; and Bionda Castana cream mesh stiletto heels; with Electra necklace in rose gold, Garuda drop earrings, Sloane ring and Gunner ring, from CARAT* ST EPH EN M A N GA N Stephen Mangan is perhaps best known for his comic roles in such series as Episodes, but he recently played Arthur Conan Doyle in the drama Houdini and Doyle. MANGAN WEARS: Howick tailored Gallon suit; Wilton shirt; and Crockett and Jones black patent brogues 65 C R E D I T S K AT H ER I N E PA R K I N S O N ES S AY S H A RO N H O RGA N WITH THANKS... Sharon Horgan has been nominated twice for a BAFTA this year, at tonight’s ceremony and the Television Craft Awards two weeks ago, for her performance in and co-writing of Catastrophe. HORGAN WEARS: Sister Jane white blouse; Pied a Terre Floral Jacquard maxi skirt; and Bionda Castana purple point mesh Photographer Jonathan Birch www.jonathanbirch.co.uk Tel: +44 (0) 7811 368 117 Email: [email protected] Instagram: jbirchphoto shoes; with Rocco ear cuffs, Melissa ring, Electra necklace and Regal green necklace, from CARAT* B R EN DA B L E T HYN OBE The thrice nominated and BAFTA-winning actress has been simply captivating as the irascible DCI in Vera, based on the novels of Ann Cleeves, since 2011. BLETHYN WEARS: Biba fully pleated collar detail volume blouse; and own trousers; with Margaux earrings, from CARAT* A M A N DA H O L D EN Amanda Holden has been a big part of the success of Britain’s Got Talent. The show won a BAFTA in 2010 and is nominated again this year in the Entertainment Programme category. HOLDEN WEARS: Adrianna Papell mint green sequined floor-length dress; with Evergreen Bracelet, Triangle Border Set Drops, Indira ring and Melissa ring, from CARAT* G EO RG I N A C A M PB EL L After winning the Leading Actress award last year for Murdered by My Boyfriend, Georgina Campbell starred in After Hours and Tripped in 2015. CAMPBELL WEARS: Finery black spaghetti string jumpsuit; and Bionda Castana silver and nude leather heels; with Orion bracelet, Rocco ear cuff earrings, Sloane ring and Eternity ring, from CARAT* Additional shots from this photo essay, plus additional star portraits, will feature on bafta.org Camera/Lighting Hannah Taylor [email protected] Digital Mollie Rose, Artur Tixiliski [email protected] [email protected] Shoot Producer Janette Dalley Shoot Stylist Orsolya Szabo at Sarah Laird [email protected] Styling Assistant Anna Ryall General Assistants Emilia McKay, Nikki Hopkins Behind the Scenes Photographer Stephen Butler Clothes and accessories provided by House of Fraser: www.houseoffraser.co.uk Watches by 88 Rue Du Rhone: www.88rdr.com Jewellery by CARAT* London: www.caratlondon.com Mirrors Biba Sandringham mirror, Shabby Chic Venetian white mirror and Linea fluted base magnifying mirror, all from House of Fraser: www.houseoffraser.co.uk Beauty services provided by: Hair by Edward James, using Aveda haircare Make up provided by M·A·C Cosmetics Skin finishing St.Tropez Lighting provided by: TCS Lighting – Danny Murphy and Joyce van Berkel Set Build Simon Godfrey Shot at Holborn Studios: www.holbornstudios.com C R E D I T S Bertie Carvel’s 2015 roles as Dr Simon Foster and magician Jonathan Strange could not have been more different, although both performances shared the actor’s disarming charm. CARVEL WEARS: Kenneth Cole Hudson suit and waistcoat; Wilton shirt; and Crockett and Jones brown brogues Photography Essay Retouching Edd Kaspar [email protected] Instagram: eddkaspar_retouching E S S A Y B ERT I E C A RV EL 66 T I T L E WHERE TIME BEGINS OFFICIAL TIMING PARTNER TO 87WA154306 Collection 88RDR.COM Discover our multi-award winning Self Tan Classic Mousse, for a glamorous, fabulous and natural looking tan that lasts. Newly formulated with our mood-enhancing fragrance and no self tan smell, this lightweight mousse is easy to apply, for a streak-free, flawless finish every time. â€˜THE A-LIST STAPLE STRIKES ANOTHER SCORE.â€™ InStyle Best Beauty Buys 2016 St.Tropez, the official Tanning and Skin Finishing partner of the House of Fraser British Academy Television Awards 2016. PA G E T I T L E Broadcasting excellence since 1983 [email protected] www.ctvob.co.uk Photo Credits: Virgin London Marathon -Tom Watkins/Rex/Shutterstock NFL - David Fisher/Rex Features The Open - R&A The Ashes - Andrew Fosker/REX/Shutterstock Monty Python Live - Geoff Robinson/Rex Features BAFTA Awards - BAFTA/Steve Butler Brit Awards - Brian Rasic/Rex Features Victorias Secret - David Fisher M E M O R I A M The following pages honour the esteemed contribution to the television industry by those individuals who have sadly died in the last 12 months. To learn more about their many achievements, visit bafta.org/heritage/inmemoryof CI L L A B L ACK OBE H A ZEL A DA I R RO B ERT BA N KS ST E WA RT R U T H B OSW EL L Writer, Producer, Actress 09 July 1920 — 22 November 2015 Writer, Script Editor, Producer 16 July 1931 — 14 January 2016 Producer, Writer, Publisher 03 May 1929 — 18 October 2015 M ERV A D ELS O N K EN BA R N ES DAV I D B OW I E Producer 23 October 1929 — 08 September 2015 Writer 14 February 1933 — 04 August 2015 Singer, Songwriter, Actor 08 January 1947 — 10 January 2016 EL L EN A L B ERT I N I D OW G EO RG E BA R R IS T ER RY B R A I N Actress 16 November 1913 — 04 May 2015 Car Designer 20 November 1925 — 05 November 2015 Animator, Writer 1956 — 25 March 2016 PA U L A L M O N D W I L L I A M BA ST EDWA R D B U R N H A M Director, Producer, Writer 26 April 1931 — 09 April 2015 Screenwriter 03 April 1931 — 04 May 2015 Actor 25 December 1916 — 30 June 2015 ROSA L I N D A N D ERS O N RO N N I E BA X T ER J U DY C A R N E Producer 07 July 1946 — 23 January 2016 Director, Producer 25 April 1931 — 31 October 2015 Actress 27 April 1939 — 03 September 2015 SYLV I A TO M B E A R D RO B ERT CH E T W YN A N D ERS O N Actor 25 April 1965 — 20 July 2015 Director, Actor 07 September 1930 — 08 November 2015 J O N B E A ZL E Y G EO RG E CL AY TO N JOHNSON Actor 29 July 1933 — 22 October 2015 Commissioning Executive, Producer 17 July 1959 — 19 March 2016 RO B ERT BA LS ER T H EO D O R E B I K EL G EO RG E CO L E OBE Animator, Director 25 March 1927 — 04 January 2016 Actor, Singer 02 May 1924 — 20 July 2015 Actor 22 April 1925 — 05 August 2015 PE T ER BA L DW I N Writer, Actor 10 July 1929 — 25 December 2015 M E M O R I A M Actress, Writer, Producer 27 March 1927 — 16 March 2016 Singer, Presenter, Actress 27 May 1943 — 01 August 2015 I N M E M O R I A M N ATA L I E CO L E R I CH A R D DAV I ES V I O L E T TA FA R J EO N Singer, Actress 06 February 1950 — 31 December 2015 Actor 25 January 1926 — 08 October 2015 Actress 27 September 1923 — 16 July 2015 J ACK I E CO L L I N S OBE M I CH A EL D E A N FR A N K FI N L AY CBE Writer, Actress 04 October 1937 — 19 September 2015 Broadcaster 15 May 1933 — 05 October 2015 Actor 06 August 1926 — 30 January 2016 DAV I D CO O K PETER R AY FI T Z WA LT ER Writer, Actor 21 September 1940 — 16 September 2015 DIM MOCK CVO, CBE Editor, Producer, Journalist 21 February 1944 — 04 April 2016 Broadcaster, Executive 06 December 1920 — 20 November 2015 RO N N I E G L EN N FR E Y Singer, Songwriter, Actor, Guitarist 06 November 1948 — 18 January 2016 CO R B E T T CBE VA L D O O N I C A N Actor, Comedian 04 December 1930 — 31 March 2016 Singer, Broadcaster 03 February 1927 — 01 July 2015 C AT H ER I N E CO U LS O N DIANA DOUGL AS Actress 22 October 1943 — 28 September 2015 Actress 22 January 1923 — 03 July 2015 Producer, First Assistant Director, Production Manager 22 August 1933 — 13 November 2015 M A LCO L M CR A D D O CK R I CK D U CO M M U N CO L I N FRY Producer 02 August 1938 — 15 August 2015 Actor 03 July 1956 — 12 June 2015 Medium, Broadcaster 19 May 1962 — 25 August 2015 Y VO N N E CR A I G R I CH A R D DYSA RT ALEX GIANNINI Actress 16 May 1937 — 17 August 2015 Actor 30 March 1929 — 05 April 2015 Actor 06 June 1958 — 02 October 2015 ROSA L I N D DA L L A S CL I FFO R D E A R L J ACK G O L D Graphic Designer 02 March 1949 — 14 March 2015 Actor 29 August 1933 — 30 July 2015 Director, Producer, Actor 28 June 1930 — 09 August 2015 PA U L DA N I ELS A L E X A N D ER FA R IS ST EPH EN H A N CO CK Magician, Broadcaster 06 April 1938 — 17 March 2016 Composer 11 June 1921 — 28 September 2015 Actor 24 November 1925 — 01 November 2015 R AY FR I F T 71 M E M O R I A M I N M E M O R I A M GA RY H OW E J U L I A J O N ES Ventriloquist, Broadcaster 21 September 1947 — 28 April 2015 Casting Director 22 November 1960 — 16 September 2015 Actor, Writer 27 March 1923 — 09 October 2015 CL I FFO R D H AT TS OBE PE T ER H OW EL L L E W IS J O N ES Production Designer 10 November 1921 — 27 July 2015 Actor 25 October 1919 — 20 April 2015 Actor 21 March 1924 — 03 August 2015 GRAHA M HEADICAR N O R M A N H U D IS J O H N K EL L EH ER Sound Editor 31 May 1965 — 12 October 2015 Writer 27 July 1922 — 08 February 2016 Producer, Writer 14 April 1950 — 21 June 2015 CH A R L ES H ER B ERT R AYM O N D H U G H ES FR A N K K EL LY Actor 23 December 1948 — 31 October 2015 Costume Designer 25 April 1937 — 15 December 2015 Actor 28 December 1938 — 28 February 2016 J I M MY H I L L OBE J I L L HYE M G EO RG E K EN N EDY Footballer, Broadcaster 22 July 1928 — 19 December 2015 Actress, Screenwriter 08 January 1937 — 05 June 2015 Actor 18 February 1925 — 28 February 2016 PA U L H I N E M A N SA EED J A FFR E Y OBE R EDV ERS K YL E Producer, Director 11 September 1972 — 04 September 2015 Actor 08 January 1929 — 15 November 2015 Broadcaster 25 November 1929 — 18 November 2015 DAV E H O L L A N D NEVILLE JASON D O N L E AV ER Stunt Performer, Actor 14 April 1950 — 12 February 2016 Actor, Director 29 May 1934 — 16 October 2015 Director, Producer 27 September 1929 — 13 December 2015 G O RD O N H O N E YCO M BE R I CH A R D J O H N S O N G R ACE L EE W H I T N E Y Broadcaster, Actor 27 September 1936 — 09 October 2015 Actor, Producer, Writer 30 July 1927 — 06 June 2015 Actress 01 April 1930 — 01 May 2015 B O B H O R N ERY K AT Y J O N ES G EO FFR E Y L E W IS Actor 28 May 1931 — 26 May 2015 Producer 08 August 1963 — 24 April 2015 Actor, Writer, Director 31 July 1935 — 07 April 2015 M E M O R I A M K EI T H H A R R IS I N M E M O R I A M ST EPH EN L E W IS K I T T Y M CG EE V ER A U B R E Y M O R R IS Actor, Writer 17 December 1926 — 12 August 2015 Actress 15 October 1966 — 16 August 2015 Actor 01 June 1926 — 15 July 2015 SU E L LOYD - RO B ERTS CBE ANNE MEARA EN YO M O RT T Y Journalist, Broadcaster 27 October 1950 — 13 October 2015 Actress 20 September 1929 — 23 May 2015 Unit Driver 11 October 1955 — 19 September 2015 RO B ERT LO G G I A K EI T H M I CH EL L BA R RY N E W B ERY Actor 03 January 1930 — 04 December 2015 Actor 01 January 1926 — 20 November 2015 Production Designer 10 February 1927 — 25 February 2015 J O H N LU C A S CL I FF M I CH EL M O R E CBE DAV I D N O B B S Production Designer, Art Director 05 April 1944 — 25 August 2015 Broadcaster 11 December 1919 — 17 March 2016 Writer 13 March 1935 — 09 August 2015 EL I Z A B E T H M ACL EN N A N WA R R EN M I TCH EL L N ATA S H A PA R RY Actress 16 March 1938 — 23 June 2015 Actor 14 January 1926 — 14 November 2015 Actress 02 December 1930 — 22 July 2015 PAT R I CK M ACN EE A L M O L I N A RO RO B I N PH I L L I PS Actor 06 February 1922 — 25 June 2015 Actor 24 June 1919 — 30 October 2015 Actor, Director 28 February 1940 — 25 July 2015 A D R I A N M A LO N E RO N M O O DY CO N R A D PH I L L I PS Producer 03 February 1937 — 13 March 2015 Actor 08 January 1924 — 11 June 2015 Actor 13 April 1925 — 13 January 2016 H EN N I N G M A N K EL L D I CK I E M O O R E N E A L E PI R I E Writer 03 February 1948 — 05 October 2015 Actor 12 September 1925 — 10 September 2015 Hair Designer 01 July 1973 — 15 August 2015 D EN IS E M AT T H E WS B I L L M O O R ES H A R RY PI TCH (A K A VA N I T Y ) Actor 16 October 1934 — 13 April 2015 Musician 09 May 1925 — 15 July 2015 Actress, Singer 04 January 1959 — 15 February 2016 73 M E M O R I A M I N M E M O R I A M LO U IS E PLOW R I G H T D EN IS E RO B ERTS O N B R I A N S E W EL L Actress 01 June 1956 — 01 March 2016 Agony Aunt, Broadcaster 09 June 1932 — 01 April 2016 Writer, Critic 15 July 1931 — 19 September 2015 H U G H PRYS O R- J O N ES A L E X RO CCO GA R RY S H A N D L I N G Broadcaster 18 January 1949 — 05 August 2015 Actor 29 February 1936 — 18 July 2015 Comedian, Actor, Director, Writer, Producer 29 November 1949 — 24 March 2016 JIM PULLIN J O N RO L L A S O N Writer, Producer 23 August 1957 — 17 July 2015 Actor, Writer 09 April 1931 — 20 February 2016 ANTHONY READ J ACK RO L L I N S Screenwriter 21 April 1935 — 21 November 2015 Producer, Talent Manager 23 March 1915 — 18 June 2015 REX REASON M I CH A EL ROS EN B ERG Actor 30 November 1928 — 19 November 2015 Producer 25 December 1943 — 21 October 2015 RO G ER R EES CH R ISTO PH ER ROZ YK I Actor 05 May 1944 — 10 July 2015 Actor 15 October 1943 — 10 April 2015 BA RO N ES S RU T H EL DA R RYA Z A N OV R EN D EL L CBE Director, Writer, Actor 18 November 1927 — 30 November 2015 D ER EK S M I T H Writer 17 February 1930 — 02 May 2015 A L A N R I CK M A N SA M SA R P O N G H OWA R D S M I T H Actor 21 February 1946 — 14 January 2016 Actor, Producer 19 December 1975 — 26 October 2015 Producer 29 March 1934 — 02 March 2015 RO B ERT R I E T T I H U G H S CU L LY N I CH O L A S S M I T H Actor 08 February 1923 — 03 April 2015 Broadcaster 05 March 1943 — 08 October 2015 Actor 05 March 1934 — 06 December 2015 D I CK S H A R PL ES Writer 07 June 1927 — 19 October 2015 ROS E TO B I A S S H AW ST UA RT S H ERW I N Actor 16 May 1927 — 23 April 2015 D EB O R A H S H I PL E Y Producer, Director 13 November 1955 — 22 November 2015 Producer 16 April 1927 — 17 March 2015 M E M O R I A M Casting Director 07 September 1919 — 27 October 2015 I N M E M O R I A M I N S ERG I O S O L L I M A FR ED T H O M PS O N A L A N W I L L IS Writer, Director 17 April 1921 — 01 July 2015 Actor 19 August 1942 — 01 November 2015 Music and Sound Editor 12 January 1937 — 25 April 2015 S H I R L E Y ST EL FOX A N T H O N Y VA L EN T I N E D O U G L A S W I L M ER Actress 11 April 1941 — 07 December 2015 Actor 17 August 1939 — 02 December 2015 Actor 08 January 1920 – 31 March 2016 RO B I N ST E WA RT D E W I VA U G H A N OW EN H ER B ERT W IS E Actor 09 October 1946 — 22 November 2015 Executive 18 December 1954 — 20 May 2015 Director 31 August 1924 — 05 August 2015 ED ‘ST E W P OT’ ST E WA RT TO N Y VO G EL S I R T ER RY WO GA N Broadcaster 23 April 1941 — 09 January 2016 Actor 29 June 1942 — 27 July 2015 Broadcaster 03 August 1938 — 31 January 2016 T ER RY SU E- PAT T D ER EK WA R E CH R ISTO PH ER WO O D Actor 29 September 1964 — 22 May 2015 Actor, Stunt Performer 27 February 1938 — 22 September 2015 Writer 05 May 1935 — 09 May 2015 SAW YER TO N Y WA R R EN MBE PE T ER WO O D SW EE T EN Writer, Creator Coronation Street 08 July 1936 — 01 March 2016 Director 08 October 1925 — 11 February 2016 L EO N A R D W H I T E V I C TO R I A WO O D CBE Producer, Director, Actor 05 November 1916 — 02 January 2016 Actress, Comedian, Writer 19 May 1953 — 20 April 2016 Actor 12 May 1995 — 23 April 2015 DAV I D SW I F T Actor 03 April 1931 — 08 April 2016 H A R RY N I G EL T ER RY W H I T TA K ER Actor 15 August 1945 — 30 April 2015 Child Actor 2011 — 01 July 2014 Assistant Director, Production Manager 21 May 1922 — 19 February 2016 GA R E T H T H O M A S G ER A L D W I L L I A M S B U D YO R K I N Actor 12 February 1945 — 13 April 2016 Commentator, Broadcaster 24 June 1929 — 21 January 2016 Producer, Director 22 February 1926 — 18 August 2015 75 M E M O R I A M The Academy has made every effort to compile an accurate In Memoriam listing of television practitioners between 15 April 2015 and 20 April 2016. > freuds is proud to be entering its nineteenth year with BAFTA and delighted to be the retained agency for the House of Fraser British Academy Television Awards. â€” For further information contact: Ruth Settle Director +44 (0)20 3003 6344 hBr g u o r kth a e r B # its BREAKTHROUGH BRITS DO YOU KNOW SOMEONE ABOUT TO BREAKTHROUGH? BAFTA is looking for the brightest up-and-coming craft talent in the film, television and games industries for our flagship new talent programme. If you know someone who is making a real impact in their field, recommend them as a Breakthrough Brit now. Email [email protected] and we will invite them to apply. IN PARTNERSHIP WITH T I T L E 78 CO M M IT TEES HRH The Duke of Cambridge, KG Academy President O F T H E T EL E V IS I O N CO M M I T T EE Greg Dyke Academy Vice President for Television B OA R D O F T R UST EES Anne Morrison Chair of the Academy Jane Lush Deputy Chair of the Academy Harvey Elliott Chair, Games Committee Dame Pippa Harris DBE Chair, Film Committee Krishnendu Majumdar Chair, Television Committee Emma Morgan Deputy Chair, Television Committee Sara Putt Chair, Learning & New Talent Committee Marc Samuelson Deputy Chair, Film Committee Medwyn Jones Chair, Commercial Committee Paul Morrell OBE Co-optee Samir Shah OBE Co-optee John Smith Chair, Finance & Audit Committee Amanda Berry OBE - Chief Executive Kevin Price - Chief Operating Officer EL EC T ED M E M B ERS Krishnendu Majumdar - Chair Emma Morgan - Deputy Chair Otto Bathurst Helen Bullough* Daniel Isaacs Laurence Marks Elizabeth McIntyre Sara Putt Brian Woods Hannah Wyatt EL EC T ED M E M B ERS O F T H E FI L M CO M M I T T EE Dame Pippa Harris DBE - Chair Marc Samuelson - Deputy Chair Rosie Alison Noel Clarke Andrew Curtis Christopher Figg Pippa Markham Nik Powell Kenith Trodd Clare Wise EL EC T ED M E M B ERS O F T H E GA M ES CO M M I T T EE Harvey Elliott - Chair* Georg Backer Nick Button-Brown Ray Maguire Jo Twist * Childrenâ€™s Representatives O F F I C E RS A C A D E MY O FFI CERS Barbara Broccoli OBE Academy Vice President for Film A C A D E M Y T H E BAFTA 195 PICCADILLY Prestigious Headquarters of the British Academy of Film and Television Arts Lead your guests up the red carpet into this glamorous and unique venue, featuring versatile entertaining spaces and state-of-the-art screening facilities. www.bafta.org/195-piccadilly PA RT N ERS BAFTA’s partners have shown great loyalty in their year-round association with the BAFTA brand, and share our commitment and passion for the industries we represent. 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A C A D E M Y A C A D E MY S U P P O RT ERS Alpha Grip Barco Brightcove Channel 4 CTV Outside Broadcast Dolby The Farm Portaprompt B A F TA C YM R U AB Acoustics Aberystwyth University Access Bookings AGFX Audi UK BBC Cymru Wales Bluestone National Park Resort Capital Law Cardiff Airport Cardiff and Vale College Cardiff Business Council Cardiff Council Champagne Taittinger Cuebox Deloitte Denmaur Independent Papers DW ELP Ethos Elin Rees Public Relations Ffilm Cymru Wales The Galashan Trust Great Western Railway Gorilla Genero HMV Holiday Inn Express Hotel Chocolat T H E ITV Cymru Wales Ken Picton M·A·C Cosmetics manorhaus Mint Digital Pinewood Studios Group Prince’s Gate Royal Welsh College of Music & Drama S4C Sony St David’s Hall St David’s Hotel & Spa Sunflower&I Trosol University of Wales Trinity St David Villa Maria Warner Edwards Gin Wales Games Development Show Welsh Government Wow Event Hire Wrexham Glyndwr University B A F TA S COT L A N D Access Bookings Anta Arran Aromatics Audi UK Aveda BBC Scotland Blue Parrot Company bottlegreen Champagne Taittinger Channel 4 Cineworld Cocoa Mountain The Corinthian Club Creative Scotland Deloitte Denmaur Independent Papers Designs by M Edit 123 Eteaket evian The Galashan Trust Grosvenor Cinema M·A·C Cosmetics Material Menabrea MCL Create PRS for Music Radisson Blu Hotel, Glasgow Rekorderlig Rock Rose Gin Saint Lager STV Virgin Trains Wire Media The Woven Thread B A F TA LOS A N G EL ES Adrian Flambard AKA Hotel Residences AMD American Airlines BBC America The Beazley Group Best Practices Laboratory A C A D E MY British Film Commission Burberry The Camera House Creative Artists Agency Dana and Albert R Broccoli Charitable Foundation Deadline The Farm LA The Four Seasons Hotel Los Angeles at Beverly Hills FremantleMedia North America The GREAT Britain campaign The Hollywood Reporter ICM Partners Jaguar Land Rover Kodak Mandarin Oriental Hyde Park London Mark Pigott Mulberry Outpost Worldwide Pinewood Studios Group Screen International Technicolor United Talent Agency Violet Grey William Morris Endeavor Wiston Estates Winery The Wrap B A F TA N E W YO R K AMC BBC America Diageo The East India Company Elemis The GREAT Britain Campaign HBO The Hollywood Reporter L’Oreal The Republic of Tea Retro Report The Savoy Schweppes The Standard Tribeca Shortlist Variety B A F TA A S I A Champagne Taittinger M·A·C Cosmetics The Peninsula Beijing and Hong Kong Swarovski For further information about partnership opportunities, please contact: Louise Robertson +44 (0)20 7292 5844 [email protected] Natalie Moss +44 (0)20 7292 5846 [email protected] 81 PA RT N E RS A C A D E MY PA RT N ERS 88 Rue Du Rhone Audi UK Badoit bottlegreen Champagne Taittinger Deloitte Denmaur Independent Papers evian Fortnum & Mason Grolsch Hotel Chocolat Republic of Photography Villa Maria O F Helping you to shine Congratulations to the winners and nominees of the House of Fraser British Academy Television Awards in 2016. Deloitte have been the scrutineers of BAFTA’s awards for a decade and we are proud of our long-standing association with BAFTA and wider relationships in the media sector. Whether or not today is your day in the spotlight, find out how we’re helping the industry stand out by visiting www.deloitte.co.uk/tmt © 2016 Deloitte LLP. All rights reserved. T EL E V I S I O N AWA R DS With enduring thanks to all the Official Partners to the House of Fraser British Academy Television Awards in 2016. PA RT N ERS D EN M A U R Official Beer I N D EP EN D EN T PA P ERS Official Make Up R EP U B L I C O F Official Car P H OTO G R A P H Y Official Photobooth C H A M PA G N E TA I T T I N G ER ST.T RO P E Z Official Champagne Official Tanning and Skin Finishing Partner H OT EL C H O CO L AT F O RT N U M & M A S O N Official Chocolate B OT T L E G R EEN 88 R U E D U R H O N E Official Cordial S U B EL L A LO N D O N BADOIT 88 R U E D U R H O N E H OT EL C H O CO L AT An exclusive discount voucher across a range of stunning timepieces. www.88rdr.com Twenty-seven iconic milk, dark and white chocolates. www.hotelchocolat.co.uk AV EDA H O U S E O F FR A S ER Aveda Thickening Tonic and Aveda Shampure Dry Shampoo. www.aveda.co.uk Elegant Howick cufflinks and a stylish Biba pouchette. www.houseoffraser.co.uk B OT T L E G R EEN M·A·C COS M E T I C S A range of bottlegreen’s mixers: Classic, Light, Elderflower and Pink tonic waters. www.bottlegreendrinks.com M·A·C takes the runway to the red carpet with these beauty essentials. www.maccosmetics.com C A R AT* ST.T RO P E Z The modern twist on the oldschool friendship bracelet in a variety of metal and stone colours. www.caratlondon.com St.Tropez Self Tan Luxe Facial Oil and St.Tropez Self Tan Classic Bronzing Mousse. www.sttropeztan.com C H A M PA G N E TA I T T I N G ER S U B EL L A LO N D O N A bottle of Champagne Taittinger Brut Réserve NV in a gift box. www.taittinger.com An elegant tote-bag in a dark navy canvas with black faux leather features. www.subellalondon.com F O RT N U M & M A S O N VILL A M ARIA A specifically selected, bespoke blend of finest quality loose leaf tea. www.fortnumandmason.com A tour, wine tasting and lunch at the Villa Maria winery, Auckland. www.villamaria.co.nz 85 P R O V I D E RS A huge thanks to the following brands that have generously provided gifts for this year’s nominees and citation readers. Behind the best live events Tel: +44 (0)1293 582000 Email: [email protected] LIGHT MOTIF LONDON Venue Finding \| Event Production & Management \| Concept & Design \| Lighting \| AV For more information: 020 7183 5381 \| \| www.lightmotif.co.uk F u l [email protected] am \| London \| SW6 Advert.indd 1 11/04/2016 18:58 Exterion Media, proud to be a Official Outdoor Media Partner of the House of Fraser British Academy Television Awards in 2016 [email protected] T: 020 7428 5544 @ExterionMediaUK www.exterionmedia.co.uk A CK N OW L ED G E M EN TS TH E ACA D E MY WISH ES TO TH A N Kâ€Ś House of Fraser Our title sponsor Krishnendu Majumdar, Emma Morgan and members of the Television Committee Television jury members and chairs All broadcasters and production companies for their invaluable assistance Graham Norton, our host 89 A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T S Anne Morrison, Chair of the Academy Angela Scanlon & Radzi Chinyanganya, our BAFTA Online content hosts All staff at the Academy BBC Ceremony broadcaster freuds Awards PR The Southbank Centreâ€™s Royal Festival Hall Ceremony and Event venue Source 2 Screen Online viewing platform Creative Technology Ltd Screen supplier Whizz Kid Entertainment Ceremony co-producers Not Make Believe. 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No part of this publication may be reproduced without the written permission of BAFTA. © BAFTA Publishing 2016 C R E D I T S www.denmaur.com Published by Producers Lucia McGuinness & Rhiannon Jones B R O C H U R E Team Impression Tel: +44 (0)113 272 4800 [email protected] www.teamimpression.com PA G E T I T L E 93	i don't know
What year were these entertainers all born: Morrisey, Bob Mortimer and Julian Clary?	TV SHOWS U to V \| TVH TV Shows U to V W » UFO (1970) Gerry and Sylvia Anderson's first full attempt at real-life action was much more adult orientated than their previous offerings. Under threat from a mysterious green skinned, liquid breathing alien race, Earth set up SHADO (Supreme Headquarters, Alien Defence Organisation) under the leadership of former USAF commander Ed Straker. Not wishing to cause wide spread panic amongst the public, SHADO's secret headquarters was buried deep below the Harlington-Straker film studios on the outskirts of London. From here, Straker, assisted by Colonel Alec Freeman , Captain Peter Carlin, and Colonel Paul Foster, ran operations and kept in touch with the planet's first line of defence which was situated on Moonbase, where response to an alien attack came in the form of typical Anderson gadgetry, namely the Interceptor Spacecraft. If this line of defence were breached then SHADO could still call on Skydivers, nuclear crafts capable of either underwater or aerial combat. The organisations female staff were clad in white cat suits and had purple hair, the most famous of them being Gabrielle Drake and Wanda Ventham. The series was developed by Gerry and Sylvia Anderson and Reg Hill in the autumn of 1968 while production of the mostly forgotten puppet series The Secret Service was still in progress. The Anderson's were also completing production on their first live-action feature film Doppelganger. Around that time ATV supremo Lew Grade agreed to finance UFO to the tune of £100,000 per episode. Filmed over a period of 18 months the series used the facilities offered by three studios starting with the MGM British Studios in Boreham Wood followed by the Anderson's own Century 21 Studios in Slough and finally to ATV's Elstree Studios. Towards the end of 1969 MGM decided to close down the Boreham Wood studios and production on UFO came to an enforced halt. By that time only 17 episodes of the 26 had been completed and it wasn't until May 1970 that the production of the full run was finally finished. UFO had all the elements for a successful series; a good strong storyline, plenty of action and the wonderful Anderson models. Where the show failed was in the uncertainty of programme schedulers who couldn't make up their mind if the series should be aimed at children or adults, and as a result it meandered between Saturday morning and late night 'graveyard' slots until, eventually, a planned second season was cancelled to make way for the Andersons' next project, Space 1999. Links: DVD Availibility: UKRIDGE (1968) Stanley Featherstonehaugh Ukridge is a fictional character from the short stories and novels of P. G. Wodehouse. And while Ukbridge (pronounced Ewkridge) never enjoyed the same popularity as Bertie Wooster and Jeeves here was another of the author's amiable eccentric characters from the 1920s bought to life in exemplary style by the BBC. Ukridge is a bounder, a schemer and an outrageous conman who will do anything for financial gain - as long as it doesn't involve working. He is an opportunist who never passes up a chance to exploit any kindness shown to him. And yet, as with so many other television rogues down the years, the viewing public took him straight to their collective heart, due in no small part to the amiable performance of Anton Rodgers in the lead role, suitably accompanied by Julian Holloway as his chum, Corky, and Marian Spencer as Aunt Julia. Richard Waring adapted Wodehouse's scripts for television. Wodehouse must have retained a certain fondness for him; his last appearance in a Wodehouse story being was as late as 1966. Links: DVD Availibility: UNDERMIND (1965) Undermind was a very unusual British science fiction thriller series for its time in that there wasn't a rocket, flying saucer or extraterrestrial to appear at all over the course of its run. Over its eleven episodes Undermind told a story about alien subversion where an alien force, that was never identified by name or location, sought to establish a foothold in Britain by undermining society and morale. These aliens had sent high frequency signals from space that are picked up by people who become brainwashed into subversive acts to create a climate of social unrest. The series villains ended up being everyday people who suddenly underwent a dramatic change in their personality, and behaving or acting in ways totally foreign to all those that knew them. But they all shared one small thing in common - an acute susceptibility to high frequency signals. Undermind was created by writer Robert Banks-Stewart and was produced by Michael Chapman. The series main cast consisted of two regular players - Jeremy Wilkin as Drew Herriot and Rosemary Nicols (who'd later go on to star in Department S) as Anne Herriot - while each episode featured new characters and guest stars suited to that weeks story. In the series premiere episode "Instance 1" (a.k.a. "Onset Of Fear") written by Robert Banks-Stewart, Drew Herriot (Jeremy Wilkins) returned from Australia to find his policeman brother Frank (Jeremy Kemp) had provoked a scandal involving a top politician. Appalled by this uncharacteristic behavior, Drew and his brother's estranged wife Anne (Rosemary Nicols) searched for the cause behind Frank's strange actions. With the help of a psychiatrist, they discovered that Frank had become 'emotionless' and uncover a web of similar cases - the victims all being susceptible to high frequency signals. Frank killed the psychiatrist, Dr. Poulson (Paul Maxwell) and tried to have Drew and Anne eliminated. But in the end, it was he who was shot, and as he died, he told Drew: "There are more of us..." (Review: Bob Furnell) Links: DVD Availibility: THE UNTOUCHABLES (1959) One of the true greats from the golden age of US dramatic television, The Untouchables was a glorious hark back to the classic Warner Bros gangster movies of the 1930's in its harsh, brutally unstinting depiction of a violent era and the battle to recapture a nation's self respect from the bloody taint of mobsterism run riot. Beginning life as a two part TV Movie presentation on CBS's Desilu Playhouse in April, 1959, The Scarface Mob related real life Treasury agent Eliot Ness' fight to smash legendary gang lord Al Capone's infamous Chicago syndicate. Ness and his band of agents were said to be incorruptible, thereby earning themselves their nickname. The series that followed between October 1959 to September 1963, although a consistent top ten ratings hit, was plagued by controversy and threats from certain quarters. The USA's Italian community complained strongly that the series was 'dragging their names through the mud', in response to this charge, the producers added a disclaimer to the end of each show admitting that much of the action was fictional. Indeed, most of the criminals that Ness and his 'Untouchables' came up against in the series, he never even met in real life. Originally to have starred long time MGM movie star Van Johnson in the Ness role, the part was eventually accepted by Robert Stack, whose powerful performance and commanding screen presence elevated the television incarnation of the real life Ness into a charismatic, iconic symbol of justice which foreshadowed and paved the way for Jack Lord's much later success with Hawaii Five-O's Steve McGarret. Another reason for the show's success was the inspired decision to have veteran 30's and 40's "Voice of the Newsreels", Walter Winchell, as the series narrator. His distinctive vocal style and accepted air of authority imbued the events of an episode with an innate realism which effortlessly glossed over any dramatic liberties taken with historical fact, and convinced the viewer utterly that what they were watching actually took place. The series also attracted a plethora of top flight guest stars, amongst the ranks of which Neville Brand's excellent Al Capone, Bruce Gordon's Frank Nitti and Clu Gulagher's "Mad Dog" Coll, were just a few of the highlight performances. The series finally succumbed by the fourth season, to the toll taken on it by the myriad outside controversies which it had attracted and the resultant fall in ratings. However, as a prime example of top flight, expertly produced, exciting crime drama, The Untouchables more than lived up to its illustrious name and reputation. A 1987 movie featured Kevin Costner and Sean Connery. (Review: Stephen R Hulse) Links: DVD Availibility: UP POMPEII (1970) The bawdy tales of ancient Rome as told by Lurcio (Frankie Howerd), slave to the womanising senator Ludicrus Sextus. The show was loosely based on the Burt Shevelove, Larry Gelbhart and Stephen Sondheim musical A Funny Thing Happened On The Way To The Forum, in which Howerd had starred on the London stage. Written by Carry On stalwart Talbot Rothwell, the series featured lots of women showing lots of cleavage, awful puns and smutty asides crudely but brilliantly delivered by Howerd, who 'oohed' and 'aahed' through every episode in the camp comic style that made him a cult figure in his later years. Howerd was a past master at the double entendre and in this series he had the chance to relish in it. Each show started with 'The Prologue', where Howerd participated with his audience and let them in to his confidence whilst bringing them up to date with the comings and goings in Ancient Rome, until he was interrupted by Senna, The Soothsayer, who would reveal that weeks plot in the form of a prediction. From that moment on Howerd would have to contend with his master, his master's wife and their offspring as poor Lurcio became the innocent pawn in their lusty machinations. Popular enough on television to generate a 1975 feature film and a 45 minute Easter special (Further Up Pompeii) in the same year. LWT made a one-off special in 1991 (Up Pompeii's Missus), a revival that failed to recapture the feel of the original. A sequel, Whoops Baghdad, followed Pompeii in 1973. Links: DVD Availibility: UPSTAIRS DOWNSTAIRS (1970) Yet another in UK television's long and illustrious history of producing period drama of the very highest quality, Upstairs Downstairs was originally conceived as a comedy vehicle for co-creators, actresses Jean Marsh and Eileen Atkins. However, on approaching experienced producer's John Hawkesworth and John Whitney, the seasoned veterans reworked the premise, wisely promoting the dramatic elements of the format to centre stage and relocating the main settings to an Edwardian town house in London. Eventually the show went into production at London Weekend Television, who, following a change in the company's management, lost faith in the fledgling series potential. The programme was left languishing on the shelf for six months before eventually being allocated a 10.15pm Sunday night slot. However, it quickly confounded expectations by gathering both viewers and critical acclaim from the outset. In addition to excellent production design and first class writing, the series boasted an impressive cast headed by Gordon Jackson as Hudson, the loyal and conscientious butler to the Bellamy family. Jean Marsh herself played Rose, the upstairs parlour maid, while Pauline Collins was outstanding as feisty, fiery, maid Sarah. (A role originally earmarked for Atkins, but one which she was unable to take due to prior stage commitments.) Along with the more overtly traditional emotional turmoils which are a dramatic staple of television period drama, the series elevated itself to classic status by highlighting the effects of a social order and way of life doomed to extinction by the after-effects of the Great War and the end of the Victorian way of life. During its successful run the series won a number of prestigious awards, both in Britain and the US where it netted an impressive seven Emmys and a Golden Globe. An Ivor Novello award was bestowed on composer Alexander Faris for his theme tune, 'The Edwardians.' Upstairs, Downstairs was shown in over 70 countries to a cumulative audience of over one billion viewers and spawned a spin-off series (Thomas and Sarah), which starred Collins with real life husband, John Alderton. As elegant and sophisticated as the age it portrayed, Upstairs, Downstairs was a classic series which stands as yet another landmark of quality British drama. Links: DVD Availibility: VAN DER VALK (1972) British made detective series starring Barry Foster in the title role as Dutch detective Commissaris Piet Van der Valk. The series was based on the novels of Nicolas Freeling (the first of which was published in 1962) but this was not the detective's first screen outing, having first appeared in a 1968 British made b-movie entitled Amsterdam Affair featuring German actor Wolfgang Kieling in the main role. Following the TV series debut in 1972 a Dutch language version was made by Filmking in 1973, Because of the Cats was a Dutch/Belgian co-production starring British actor Bryan Marshall and there was also a Franco-German series of made-for-TV movies starring Frank Finlay: Van der Valk und das Madchen (1972), Van der Valk und die Reichen (1973), and Pas de frontieres pour l'inspecteur: Le bouc emissaire (1975). But it is Barry Foster's portrayal which is best remembered as the moody blond, curly haired detective who works for the local CID. Also memorable was the beautifully filmed extensive Amsterdam location shots which acted as a backdrop for the investigation of such gritty cases of drugs, prostitution and murder. After an initial two-year run (6 episodes in 1972 and 7 episodes in 1973) the series disappeared from our screen for four years returning in 1977 in a longer, twelve-episode, third series made by Thames Television's subsidary, Euston Films. The format was revived once again towards the end of Thames' life as a part of the ITV network, with four two-hour episodes of the fourth series in January and February 1991, and the fifth series three two-hour episodes in February 1992 in a longer two-hour format. The series signature tune, Eye Level played by the Simon Park Orchestra, reached number one in the UK singles charts in 1973. Links: DVD Availibility: VANITY FAIR (1967) The launch of Britain's first official colour television service on BBC2 on 2nd December 1967 included a visit to Billy Smarts Circus, a new series featuring globetrotting reporter Alan Whicker, and the first colour drama series; Vanity Fair. Hot on the heels of her success in The Forsyte Saga, Susan Hampshire was cast as the manipulative, selfish and deceitful Becky Sharp, the anti-heroine of Thackery's 19th century novel ('Vanity Fair: A Novel Without A Hero'), which is set in the time of the Napoleonic wars, and is itself based on an idea by John Bunyan (in his allegory 'Pilgrim's Progress'), where he created a mythical fair in the city of Vanity, which had been established by Beelzebub. Thackery's inspiration is taken from the description of the fair being a place that never closes and where all manner of temptations are on offer, including titles, kingdoms, pleasures and lusts. Originally published as a serial before being sold in book form; 'Vanity Fair' was printed in 20 monthly parts between January 1847 and July 1848 and was meant as a satirical look at a sophisticated and materialistic society in early 19th-century England. It was the first work that Thackeray published under his own name, and was extremely well-received at the time although in some quarters it was heavily criticised for having structural problems with accusations that Thackeray sometimes lost track of the huge scope of his work, mixing up characters' names and minor plot details. The story opens when Amelia Sedley (Marilyn Taylerson), the kind hearted but sheltered child of a rich city merchant, invites Rebecca (Becky) Sharp, the penniless orphaned daughter of an artist and French opera dancer, to come home for a visit. The two sharply contrasting characters had been resident at Miss Pinkerton's Academy for young ladies, where Amelia's student fees were paid by her father and where Becky paid for her education by teaching French to the other girls. Becky is portrayed as a strong-willed and cunning young woman determined to make her way in society and was based in part on Thackeray's maternal grandmother who abandoned her husband and children when she eloped with an Army captain. With her eye on the Sedley family assets Becky tries to force Amelia's oversized brother into a marriage, but when she is unsuccessful she turns her charms on Sir Pitt Crawley and becomes governess to his children. Becky becomes a favourite of Pitt's rich and capricious sister, Miss Crawley. When the old man's wife dies he proposes to Becky who then has to admit that she is already married to his younger son, Rawdon. The young couple immediately fall from favour with Miss Crawley, and have to learn to live on Becky's wits. In the meantime, Amelia's lifestyle takes a downturn when her father loses all her money and her engagement to the vain and shallow George Osborne (Roy Marsden) breaks down as a consequence. William Dobbin (Bryan Marshall), who is George's friend and who is secretly in love with Amelia, persuades George to defy his father and go on with the marriage. This he does and is summarily disinherited. George, Rawdon and William are all in the army and when news reaches them of Napoleon's escape from exile, they are called to duty in Brussels, where Becky has an affair with George and quickly becomes the toast of the town. This leads to arguably the big scene of the entire series, where the Duchess of Richmond arrives in Brussels for a great ball. The scene is recreated by the BBC in a way that is entirely representative of their deserved reputation for lavish costume drama during this golden television era. The scene is brought to an abrupt end by the sound of cannon fire and the news that Napoleon's army is at the gates. For those looking for the moral in this story there is a disappointment. There is no moral, no hero and ultimately it is the untrustworthy, self-centred and scheming Becky who triumphs. And whilst the compassionate Amelia finally marries Dobbin, by the time they come together his love for her has lost much of its intensity. The series was shown in the US under the Masterpiece Theatre banner in 1972 and Susan Hampshire won a deserved Emmy Award for Outstanding Continued Performance in a Leading Role, Drama/Comedy Within a Limited Series. Eve Matheson starred as Becky in a 1987 remake and yet another version, starring Natasha Little, appeared in 1998 (each by the BBC). Links: DVD Availibility: VARIETY PARADE (1954) A show of which very little is known. It doesn't appear on IMDb and there does not seem to be any reference to it elsewhere - except the accompanying photograph from The Television Annual for 1955. From what we can make out Variety on Parade was steeped in the old muic-hall tradition and was a showcase for stars of stage, television and radio. Its intention was to recreate and reinvigorate that same music-hall spirit which had dwindled over the previous thirty years. It was produced by the prolific Bill Lyon-Shaw, the man who produced and directed Sunday Night at the London Palladium in 1956, was credited with discovering Benny Hill and became head of light entertainment at the BBC. He later became the programme controller of Tyne Tees Television in the North-East and passed away in May 2010 at the grand old age of 96. Lyon-Shaw intended to work as a surveyor but went into repertory and ran his own company at Margate. He joined TV after working as production manager to Jack Payne. "“When I produced Sunday Night at the London Palladium we had 18 million viewers. Now there are hundreds of channels, not 18 million between the lot of them," he said in 2009, adding, "Now it’s (television) ceased to be an entertainment industry and become a business." (Pictured are Syd Seymour and his comical Mad Hatters Band as they appeared on Variety Parade). Links: DVD Availibility: VENDETTA (1966) Underworld investigations series based on an idea and format by writers Brian Degas (co-creator of Colditz) and Tudor Gates and starring Italian actor Stelio Candelli as ex-Mafia man turned investigator, Danny Scipio. The series, produced by the BBC, ran for two seasons (between 1966 and 1968) and was filmed mainly on location in Malta, which doubled (trebled or even quadrupled for that matter) for any of the foreign locations where the particular episode was meant to be set. Scipio was aided by fellow crime-busting partner Angelo James, and the series featured a number of British actors in supporting roles. (Kenneth Cope is featured in the above photograph with Candelli and McCallum from left to right). Kieron Moore took over as Mike Hammond, a District Attorney, half-way through the last series when Neil McCallum's character Angelo James was badly wounded in an ambush. All 36 episodes were produced by William Slater whose other TV credits include Maigret, Drama Playhouse and The Onedin Line. Links: DVD Availibility: A VERY PECULIAR PRACTICE (1986) BBC comedy-drama series by Andrew Davies inspired by his experiences as a lecturer at the University of Warwick. Click Here for review VIC REEVES BIG NIGHT OUT (1990) Vic Reeves Big Night Out was perhaps one of the most weird and wonderful comedies to come out of the 1990s, but the origins of the show started way before that. The original concept for the Big Night Out began back in the 80s when Vic Reeves, or Jim Muir as he is really called, started a show for a friend in a pub in London. At first only friends attended, but soon word spread of the ever changing show that had its roots in the variety shows of years gone by. By 1986 Vic, or Jim's night was a regular fixture at the Goldsmith's Tavern. From only having a handful of audience members its popularity grew until the numbers trying to get in were more than the pub could handle. One of these was Bob Mortimer who was a solicitor with a surreal sense of humour and soon he was up on stage with Vic. In 1988 the show had moved to the Albany Empire and by 1990 the first TV series of Vic Reeves Big Night Out was aired on channel 4. The show was met by a mixed reaction - people either 'got it' or didn't, but those who did couldn't wait for their weekly half hour of crazy characters, novelty acts and songs, in the main performed by Vic and Bob. Each show would open with a song, sung by Vic in a typically surreal way. One episode began with Vic climbing out of a top loading washing machine singing 'Stay with Me' by the Faces. In each show Vic would be sitting behind a huge desk decorated with fake horse brasses on the front and a collection of clutter on the top - much of this he managed to work into the show for comedic effect. He would then welcome on a range of acts to perform for the audience. But unlike the usual variety shows that you have probably seen, the acts Vic had were anything but conventional. The acts that were seen on the show frequently included: the Ponderers who pondered over things, Graham Lister a jobsworth whose main aim was to ruin Vic in any way possible (he was played by Bob), Wavey Davey who waved at people (often as something terrible was happening to them), The Living Carpets, Tinker's Rucksack and Judge Lionel Nutmeg, played once again by Bob who would preside over any 'crimes' that might have been committed by a person watching the show. He would use his 'wheel of justice' to decide on the fate of any unfortunate audience member who was brave enough to get up on stage with them and 'confess' to their crimes. The show also featured Les who was played by Fred Aylward, with a shaved head and vacant expression Les didn't say much, but he was scared of chives and loved spirit levels. When he came on stage, dressed in a lab coat Vic would tell the audience a Les fact which became more and more bizarre as the series went on. Morrissey the Consumer Monkey was one of the many puppets that Vic Reeves has used throughout the years and he was always popping up on The Big Night Out. He would come up from underneath the desk as Vic would control him, while Bob did the voice (he didn't sound anything like Morrissey by the way). He would tell the audience about faulty goods that he had encountered that week and more often than not they would be an item from the extensive Reeves and Mortimer range. This led to Vic and Bob trying to cover up their tracks. Much of the fun of Vic Reeves Big Night Out came from the fact that no one knew what was going to happen next, and in some cases it looks like Vic and Bob aren't too sure either! The result of this was a fun mix of humour, song, dance and pretty much everything else in between. While the show on DVD was given a 15 rating it was actually a PG programme, the fact that it was on after 10.30 was more to do with how many people channel 4 thought would watch it rather than concerns over the content. Some of the episodes featured some names that would go on to be big names in the world of comedy including Paul Whitehouse, Charlie Higson and Caroline Aherne. They would come on dressed up as various characters and have to put up with whatever Vic deemed fit to subject them to. In most cases it was standing in the tiny section of fenced in grass which was called Novelty Island and was used as an area for acts to perform. Such was the popularity of the show that it was commissioned for a second series. Vic Reeves and Bob Mortimer went on to have several other popular shows including - Shooting Stars, Reeves and Mortimer and the recent House of Fools. Each show ended with a song - usually Mr Songwriter, sung by Vic as he tried to avoid being put off by Bob (sometimes as himself, sometimes as someone like Graham Lister), Les or anyone else who came on stage. Review: Joanne Kerrigan. 2014	one thousand nine hundred and fifty nine
What year: The Magnificent Seven was out at the movies, The Shadows were Britain?s biggest selling band of the year and Carol Vorderman was born?	Famous and historic events from 1959 More Uk destinations Important Dates in British History - a timeline Here are events from 1959 that have shaped Britain and its peoples and affected its history. If you feel we have left something out please don't hesitate to let us know .	i don't know
What year: Coronation Street was on TV for the first time, Spartacus was out at the movies (starring Kirk Douglas) and Bono out of U2 was born?	IMDb: Most Popular People With Biographies Matching "Peter O'Toole" Most Popular People With Biographies Matching "Peter O'Toole" 46 names. Barbara Hershey Barbara Hershey was born Barbara Lynn Herzstein in Hollywood, California, to Melrose (Moore) and Arnold Nathan Herzstein, a horse racing columnist. Her father, born in Manhattan, was from a Jewish family (from Hungary and Russia), and her mother, originally from Arkansas, had English and Scots-Irish ancestry. Hershey was raised in a small bungalow, and had aspirations of being an actress from her earliest memories. The multi-award-winning actress has been in some of Hollywood's most memorable films. She has been a winner of an Emmy and a Golden Globe for A Killing in a Small Town . She won two consecutive Best Actress awards at the Cannes Film Festival, (which is unprecedented) for Shy People and A World Apart . She won a Gemini Award for Anne of Green Gables: A New Beginning for PBS and a Lifetime Achievement Award at the Vienna International Film Festival. She's worked with some of the world's great directors, among them - Martin Scorsese , William Wyler , Woody Allen , Jane Campion and Darren Aronofsky . The versatile actress was first discovered by a talent agent while she was attending Hollywood High School. She began working in television, The Monroes , and film, With Six You Get Eggroll , with Doris Day . And with roles in The Baby Maker and Boxcar Bertha , Hershey quickly advanced to starring roles. Hershey returned to television in 1990 with her highly-lauded performance in A Killing in a Small Town , Paris Trout , Return to Lonesome Dove , the British mini-series, Daniel Deronda and the last season of Chicago Hope . During the same period, Hershey remained active in features. She was nominated for an Oscar and Golden Globe for The Portrait of a Lady . She also starred in Merchant-Ivory's A Soldier's Daughter Never Cries and the award-winning Australian film, Lantana . Recently, Hershey has recently performed in James Wan 's cult-hit, Insidious and Darren Aronofsky 's award-winning Black Swan , playing Natalie Portman 's insane mother. Hershey resides in Los Angeles. Luke Goss Luke Goss started his acting career playing 'Danny Zuko' in the smash hit musical Grease, on London's West End, and later toured with the production throughout the United Kingdom. He established himself as a screen actor in 2002 with performances in two very different features: David Goyer's independent drama ZigZag, with John Leguizamo, Oliver Platt, Natasha Lyonne and Wesley Snipes; and Guillermo Del Toro's supernatural action feature Blade II, with Snipes and Ron Perlman. The following year, he starred in the title role of the critically acclaimed British gangster film Charlie, and in the title role in the Emmy Award-winning Hallmark miniseries Frankenstein, with Donald Sutherland and William Hurt. In 2005, Goss traveled to India to play the role of King Xerxes in the Biblical epic One Night With The King, opposite Omar Sharif and Peter O'Toole, firmly establishing him as a versatile actor. He then went on to star in The Man, with Samuel L. Jackson and Eugene Levy; Mercenary, with Steven Seagal; Bone Dry, with Lance Henriksen; Unearthed, with Emmanuelle Vaugier; Deep Winter, with Michael Madsen; and Shanghai Baby, with Bai Ling. 2008 reunited Goss with Guillermo Del Toro in Universals Hellboy II: The Golden Army, the sequel that opened in the number one spot at the U.S. box office. The role earned Goss 2 MTV Movie Award nominations. He recently completed the starring role in Tekken, a sci-fi feature thriller based on the popular video and arcade game. He is attached to play 'Kristoff,' in a big screen adaptation of the Top Cow comic book, Magdalena, being developed and produced by Gale Anne Hurd's Valhalla Pictures, Platinum Studios and Top Cow. He has recently completed filming his first role for Network Television in JJ Abrams "Fringe". Luke Goss has recently completed leading roles in Across The Line, Blood Out, and has taken over Universals Death Race franchise, firmly establishing him as a leading man. Wendy Makkena Wendy Makkena recently wrapped the film "The Discovery" with Riley Keough, Rooney Mara, Jason Segel, and Robert Redford, playing the role of Maggie, Mr. Redford's beloved wife. Her film "Fair Market Value" had its World Premiere at The Bentonville Film Festival in April. She recurs on the CBS show NCIS as psychiatrist Dr. Rachel Cranston. Ms. Makkena also starred in the Fox series "Oliver Beene", the CBS series "Listen Up" opposite Jason Alexander, the ABC series "The Job" opposite Denis Leary, the CBS series "Judging Amy" opposite Tyne Daly, recurred on "NYPD Blue" opposite David Caruso, and played the lead character of All The Way Mae in the TV series "A League of Their Own", directed by Penny Marshall. She has also appeared in "Alpha House"(Amazon); "Rizzoli and Isles" (TNT); "The Good Wife"(CBS); "Desperate Housewives" (ABC); "Law & Order" (NBC); "Law and Order:SVU" (NBC); CSI(CBS); "House" (Fox). She has also had leading roles in the popular films "Finding North", "Camp Nowhere", "Noise", and "Air Bud". She is best known to audiences for her role of Sister Mary Robert in "Sister Act". Ms. Makkena is also an accomplished theatre actress, her roles on stage as varied as they are on screen. In Cynthia Ozick's "The Shawl", director Sydney Lumet was looking for a woman to play the lead opposite Diane Wiest. Auditioning for Mr. Lumet despite the fact that she was over twenty years too young for the part of a Polish Concentration Camp survivor, she convinced him and the show's sold out audiences. The New York Times said, "Ms. Makkena is every bit Ms. Wiest's equal, wearing her character's angular brittleness with a heartbreaking air of apology, even in the simple way she wraps her arms around her chest" though no one ever recognized her once the curtain came down. On Broadway she has appeared in numerous productions, including the leading role of Terry in the Tony Award Winning Best Play, "Side Man"; "Pygmalion" with Peter O'Toole; and "Lend Me A Tenor". Off-Broadway she has appeared in Richard Greenberg's "American Plan", Donald Marguelies's "Loman Family Picnic", and "Prin" with Eileen Atkins. Also Off Broadway-- at Playwrights Horizons on Theater Row she starred in "The Water Children" (NY & LA), for which she won an LA Drama Critic's Circle Award and the Robbie Award for Best Actress. She was selected by Harold Pinter to appear in the American Premiere of "Mountain Language" opposite David Strathairn, and performed in the "The Birthday" with Jean Stapleton. She is also proud to have worked with such artists as Beth Henley and Julie Taymor. She was thrilled this summer to renew her relationship with the renowned New York Stage & Film Company. And she is looking forward to returning to the stage in New York this October with Shem Bitterman's "In Harms Way" which originally opened this year in LA to rave reviews. Wendy is a classically trained Julliard Harpist, performing at Carnegie Hall at age ten, plays R&B Guitar, and danced for six years with The New York City ballet. Santiago Cabrera Santiago grew up in London, Romania, Toronto and Madrid. Although he considers Santiago, Chile, his hometown, he splits his time between London and Los Angeles. Cabrera trained at London's prestigious Drama Centre under renowned instructors Yat Malgrem and Christopher Fettes, whose students include many great actors, among them Sir Sean Connery and Sir Anthony Hopkins. Concurrent with his final year at the Centre, he made his television debut with small roles in British television, and on the London stage, playing Montano in Shakespeare's "Othello", at the London Greenwich Theatre, directed by Rupert Goold. His most recent stage role was Romeo in London's Middle Temple Hall production of "Romeo and Juliet". Cabrera's breakthrough role came in the highly successful first season of NBC's ensemble drama series "Heroes"(2006-2007). There he played Isaac Mendez, a heroin-addicted, lovesick artist able to paint the future and seduced viewers with his moody, manly charm, even though his character didn't live past the first season. He also plays a strong recurring role, as the mythical character Lancelot, in the very popular BBC series "Merlin" (2008-2010). He can be seen in the historic epic "Cristiada" (2011) opposite Andy Garcia and Peter O'Toole playing the lead role of Father Vega, a priest turned General during the Cristero War in 1920's Mexico. He was most recently seen in Steven Soderbergh's film, "Che. Part 1" (2008) opposite Benicio del Toro, for which he won critical acclaim for his portrayal of legendary Cuban guerrilla commander Camilo Cienfuegos. In addition to his native Spanish language, he is fluent in English, French and Italian. Tiffany Dupont Tiffany Louise Dupont is an American actress known for her portrayal of Frannie Morgan on ABC Family's hit drama series Greek from 2007-2011 and most recently for her recurring role as feisty vlogger Serena Parrish on TNT's crime drama Murder in the First (2016) opposite Taye Diggs and Ian Anthony Dale. Aside from her role on Murder in the First, she has appeared in numerous television series, including Reckless (2014), Anger Management (2014), NCIS: Los Angeles (2014), Mom (2014), Hawaii Five-0 (2013), Supernatural (2013), Franklin & Bash (2012), Castle (2012), CSI: Miami (2012), The Big Bang Theory (2011), The Glades (2011), NCIS (2011), 90210 (2010), CSI: NY (2010), The Whole Truth (2010) and Melrose Place (2009), among others. She has also starred in several independent films starting with One Night With the King (2006), opposite Omar Sharif and Peter O'Toole and winning a C.A.M.I.E. award for her portrayal as Queen Esther. She also starred in The Work and the Glory (2004) and Cheaper By the Dozen opposite Steve Martin and Tom Welling (2003). Growing up, Tiffany was encouraged to participate in a diverse range of activities including dance, martial arts and music. She majored in music at The University of Georgia earning a full scholarship to study violin performance. She was very active in Student Government and was crowned Miss UGA during her junior year. Fully immersed in the arts from a young age, Tiffany's true passion was always acting and she has been a working actress in Los Angeles since 2002. Tiffany, a declared foodie, an accomplished dancer, loves to run, and is a motorcycle enthusiast. She is also super passionate about women's rights & gender equality, and enjoys supporting the cause in many ways, one of which involves regularly volunteering for The Geena Davis Institute for Gender in the Media. Ken Duken Ken Duken was born on the 17th of April 1979 as a son of an actress and a doctor in Heidelberg / Germany. He started to learn acting from his stage actress mother Christina Loeb. Later he took courses by James Reynolds and Bruce McDonald but he never attended drama school. Before starting his career on television in 1997 Ken acted throughout different stage plays, for example "Visit from an old Lady". In the year 1998 he got a hold of his first leading role in the film "Land of Milk and Honey" (direction: Friedemann Fromm), and played side by side with Franka Potente and Heiner Lauterbach. BILD, largest daily paper in Germany, called him a "Shootingstar" with great talent and charisma. In 2000 Ken convinced in the role of Mark, a young guy confined to a wheelchair, in the motion picture "Gran Paradiso" from Miguel Alexandre. This film was nominated for the German Film Award. After some German productions, for example "Nightshift" (ZDF, direction: Lars Becker), Ken took part in the comedy "100 per cent" from Simon Verhoeven. Throughout the last years Ken Duken above all was shooting abroad together with great actors like Peter O'Toole, Klaus Maria Brandauer, Max von Sydow and Dominique Pinon. With the Italian production "Hidden Children" (2003, direction: Leone Pompucci) he gained great success and won amongst others the French Movie-Award at the 18th "Reincontres de Television de Reims". In 2003 Ken and some friends founded the film production company "Grand Hotel Pictures". The successful debut's name was "From another Point of View" (direction and production), which premiered on the 15th of April 2004 in Munich, starring his wife Marisa Leonie Bach and Dominique Pinon, famous French actor (Alien4, Amélie...). At the same time he put on Music-Videos (e.g. Curse - "Gangster-Rap", Oomph - "Das letzte Streichholz") and began to write the script for his first own film "Waiting for Eve". In 2005 Ken played the leading role in the movie "Another league" (produced by Wüste Film, winner of the Berlinale 2004 with "Against the wall") for which he was assigned as best actor at the Comedy-Festival in Monte Carlo. Furthermore he took part at the big Italian production "Karol" (film version of the life of the deceased Pope John Paul II (Karol Woytila)) for Channel 5 (Italy) which achieved an audience rating of 47%. In Poland this film beat all records and was more successful than "Star Wars 3" or "War of the worlds". In March 2005 Ken Duken was awarded with the Grimme Award for his role in "Kiss and Run" before he started filming "Störtebeker" (a movie about the life of the most famous German pirate) in May 2005. Afterwards he played the character Teddy Schrader in Lars Becker's "Nightshift". In summer 2006 Ken played the role of Anatol Kuragin in the international production "War & Peace", based on the novel of Tolstoj, directed by Robert Dornhelm, where he had to shoot in Vilnius/Lithuania and St. Petersburg and afterward he was shooting another international production in Morocco - "Ali Baba", directed by Pierre Aknine. After leading roles in the movies "Distanz" and "Gellert", which were produced by Grand Hotel Pictures, he took part in the Italian production "Il Commissario de Luca", directed by Antonio Frazzi and played Ben Winter, a war returnee from Afganistan in the tv movie "Willkommen zuhause". In 2008 Ken won his second Grimme Award for "Eine andere Liga" and the Franz Hofer Award. In the same year he played the name part in the fairy tale "Koenig Drosselbart", co-starred with Gary Dourdan in the international production "Fire", played the leading role in "Das Unglueck von Ueberlingen" (directed by Till Endemann), a tv movie about the air plane crash in Ueberlingen in 2002, and took part in Quentin Tarantino's "Inglorious Basterds". In 2009 he won the "Bayerischen Fernsehpreis" for "Willkommen zuhause" in the category "best actor TV-movie". At the moment he co-stars with Till Schweiger in his new movie "Zweiohrkueken. Jack MacGowran Jack MacGowran, the great Irish character actor known for his roles in the plays of Samuel Beckett , was born on October 13, 1918 in Ireland. He established his professional reputation as a member of the Abbey Players in Dublin, but he won his greatest fame for assaying Beckett's characters onstage. (In 1971, MacGowran would win the Obie Award for Best Performance By an Actor assaying "Beckett" on the off-Broadway stage.) MacGowran's appearance as the Squire's right-hand man in John Ford 's paean to Ireland, The Quiet Man introduced9 him to world cinema. He moved to London in 1954, where he joined The Shakespeare Company (before it won the patronage of Queen Elizabeth II and added the sobriquet "Royal" to its name). At the Shakespeare Company, he became friends with fellow Irishman-abroad Peter O'Toole, with whom he would co-star in Richard Brooks 's Lord Jim (1965) a decade later. In New York, he appeared as Joxer, one of the greatest roles in modern Irish drama, in the Broadway musical "Juno", which was based on 'Sean O'Casey''s 1924 masterpiece " The Shame of Mary Boyle ". Fittingly, he played O'Casey's brother Archie in Young Cassidy , one of John Ford's last films (which the director had to abandon due to ill health). One of his only movie leads came with 1968's Wonderwall , an exercise in "mod" cinema (as genre that ironically harkened back to the first cinema, that of the silent screen), a film that is remembered mostly for 'George Harrison''s score. By that time, MacGowran had established himself as the actor to go to for roles calling for an impish, Puckish character. He was in great demand for comedies, such as the Oscar-winning 'Tom Jones (1963)_ (Best Picture of 1963) and Start the Revolution Without Me . In the classical genre, he memorably played The Fool to the great 'Paul Scofield''s watershed interpretation of King Lear in Peter Brooks 's 1971 film that captured Scofield's magisterial performance, arguably the greatest interpretation of Lear in the 20th Century. After starring in the first London production of Beckett's "Endgame", MacGowran began a busy career as a character actor in motion pictures. Director Roman Polanski used him twice, as a gangster in his absurdist Cul-De-Sac and as Professor Abronsius, the Vampire Hunter, in his horror film parody The Fearless Vampire Killers , a role that was written especially for him. His last film was a more straightforward horror picture, the 1973 blockbuster The Exorcist , in which he played a doomed film director. Jack MacGowran died on January 31, 1973, of complications from influenza, which he had caught in London during a flu epidemic. The cinema and the stage lost a unique talent that never has been replaced. John Hallam Talented and diverse Irish born character actor whose career has embraced British institutions from Raffles to Dr Who. After apprenticing in provincial theatre this commanding, actor appeared in two contrasting war films in 1968 - The Charge of the Light Brigade and Carry On up the Khyber. His next two roles were equally diverse - appearing in the unusual John Huston directed A Walk with Love and Death, then with cheeky Cockney Tommy Steele in Where's Jack? By this stage his career had gathered some momentum and in 1971 he worked with several luminaries - Peter O'Toole in Murphy's War, Michael Caine and Omar Sharif in The Last Valley and Richard Burton in Villain. In 1973 it was the hard-bitten crime drama The Offence with Sean Connery and he also worked with Joss Ackland and James Cossins in Hitler: The Last Ten Days. That year he also featured in bona fide classic The Wicker Man. If film work wasn't hugely successful in the next few year, he kept himself working with a variety of roles in television in a diverse range of shows - Emmerdale Farm, Raffles, Return of the Saint. 1980 and 1981 saw roles in a couple of fantasy-spectaculars, Flash Gordon and special-effects bonanza Dragonslayer. It was 1991 before he returned to cinemas in any significant way, though, in Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves, then in 1997 in another fantasy adventure Kull the Conqueror. Meanwhile he appeared in popular soap opera Eastenders as 'Barnsey' Barnes for 2 years between 1988-90. Often portrayed as a hardman or heavy onscreen, offscreen Hallam likes gardening! Peter Medak Peter Medak is an international Film Director. Born in Budapest, Hungary and fled to England at the age of 18 during the famous uprising against the communist regime. He immediately began his Film career with associated British Picture Corporation in Borehamwood. He studied and worked his way through by being an assistant editor, assistant cameraman and eventually a 3rd, 2nd and 1st assistant Director on some of the most remarkable British Films of the late 50's and early 6O's. He was fortunate enough to work with some of the most legendary British film Directors such as Sir Carol Reed, David Lean, Anthony Asquith, Fred Zimmerman and many others. He was signed in 1963 by Universal Studios in Hollywood where for the first six months he the chance to observe Alfred Hitchcock and many others. He started Directing television for the studio in Hollywood and in England. In 1967 He went under contract with Paramount Studios where he finally achieved his dream and directed his first feature film called:Negatives with Glenda Jackson in her first ever film. He then proceeded making two highly acclaimed black comedies:A day in the death of Joe Egg (starring Alan Bates and Janet Suzman) and The Ruling Class (Starring Peter O' Toole) for which he received An Academy Award Nomination. Since that time he has Directed a great number of Feature Films on both sides of The Atlantic starring Peter Sellers, Alan Bates, George C Scott, Richard Harris, Gary Oldman, Ted Danson and many more. In recent years he made The Krays which won him The Evening Standard Award for Best Director in England. Then he made: Let Him Have It, Romeo is Bleeding, The Men's Club etc etc. In addition, he has Directed a great number of Television plays, minis series, Films for Television, operas and stage productions over the past 50 years of his Directing career and continues today. Chuck Shamata Chuck Shamata has enjoyed an extensive film, television and theatre career. Recently, he completed John Madden's gun control thriller Miss Sloane, starring Jessica Chastain. His feature credits also include Flash of Genius, The Sentinel, Cinderella Man, The Day After Tomorrow, One Week, Still Mine, Clown, Wargames: The Dead Code, and Joshua Then And Now. Shamata has been nominated for three Canadian Screen Awards. His first feature, Between Friends, is acknowledged as one of Canada's best, for which the legendary Vittorio De Sica presented him a "Migliore Attore" award at the Sorrento Film Festival. Shamata's television credits are equally wide-ranging. He recurs in the Crackle TV series The Art of More, and stars as Uncle Cheech in the hit animated series Fugget About It. He has appeared in series ranging from The Mod Squad and Barretta To Beauty and the Beast and as a regular in the USA network remake of Kojak. He earned a Best Actor Bijou award for portraying a family man facing homosexuality in the breakthrough CBC network film The Running Man. Other notable credits include Showtime's Tony Bill-Directed Whitewash: The Clarence Brandley Story, The Engagement Ring, The award-winning Almost Golden: The Jessica Savitch Story, The Company and Jackie Bouvier Kennedy Onassis (as Pierre Salinger). Shamata has performed on stages from Halifax to Los Angeles, in classics such as Uncle Vanya (opposite Peter O'Toole), A Doll's House, The Good Woman of Setzuan, To Clothe the Naked, and in contemporary plays including The Country Girl, Battering Ram, My Fat Friend, Chapter Two, and The Indian Wants The Bronx, among many others. Chuck Shamata and his wife Diane live in Toronto. They have two children and three grandchildren. Norman Howell At 14 his rodeo career landed him an acting part in the 1971 film The Cowboys. He was taught how to throw his first movie punch by the legendary John Wayne, who along with Yakima Canutt were the innovators of the modern movie fight. This planted the seed that Norman may prefer stunt work over acting roles. Soon after, his career took off. He doubled John Travolta, Richard Chamberlain, Peter O'Toole, Bruce Willis, Mark Harmon, Dirk Benedict, and was Roger Moore's stunt-double in 007. Norman's stunt coordinator career started with Footloose and then Kevin Costner gave this nominee his first big break as a stunt coordinator on Dances with Wolves and as 2nd unit director in The Bodyguard, Open Range and Mr. Brooks. His creativity and execution has earned him a place in the top five for outstanding stunt coordination. Alan Feinstein Alan Feinstein has appeared in over 100 television productions, co-starring on "Nip Tuck," "Crossing Jordan," and "N.Y.P.D. Blue." Series leads in "The Runaways," "Jigsaw John," "Berrengers," Second Family Tree," and more than 800 episodes of daytime drama. He co-starred opposite Peter Strauss and Peter O'Toole in "Masada," Lindsay Wagner in "The Two Worlds of Jenny Logan," Vanessa Redgrave in "Second Serve," as well as opposite Diane Keaton in the feature film "Looking For Mr. Goodbar." Winner of the New York Drama Desk Award for his portrayal of "Marco" in Arthur Miller's 'A View From the Bridge'. 3 Los Angeles Drama-logue awards for his performances in 'Cold Storage', 'Dancing in the End Zone', and as "Jamie" in 'Long Days Journey Into Night'. Alan's roles on Broadway include his debut in Edward Albee's 'Malcolm,' and was picked by Tennessee Williams for the role of "Stanley Kowalski" in the 25th anniversary Broadway revival of 'A Streecar Named Desire'. He starred on stage at the Guthrie Theatre in 'The Price' after having auditioned for playwright Arthur Miller. He also starred in productions of Herb Gardner's 'Conversations With My Father' at Philidelphia's Walnut Street Theatre and the Pioneer Theatre Company of Salt Lake City. Other performances include productions at The Old Globe, The Long Wharf Theatre, The Williamstown Summer Festival, The Alley Theatre, The Philidelphia Theatre Company, and was a member of New York's famed Circle Repertory Company. Los Angeles stage appearances include 'Talley's Folly' at the Grove Theatre Center, David Mamet's 'Lakeboat', directed by Joe Montegna at the Tiffany Theatre, Tina Howe's 'One Shoe Off', the world premiere of 'The Sisters' at the historic Pasadena Playhouse, and 'Ghetto' at the Mark Taper Forum. Tom Alter Tom Alter, the son and grandson of American Presbyterian missionaries who first came to India in 1916, grew up in north India in the towns of Rajpur and Mussoorie, and studied at Woodstock School. It was while teaching at a school in Jagadhri, Haryana in the early 1970s that Alter picked honed his Hindi and fell in love with the movies, in specific Indian cinema. In that era television was not common in India and so most people went to the movies, often several times a week. Alter was enamored by the films and in June 1972, after noticing a small classified ad in the newspaper, he enrolled at the prestigious prestigious Film and Television Institute of India of Pune. Alter was one of two people selected out of more than 1000 applicants that year and he learned his craft at the FTII, where he studied with the likes of Benjamin Gilani, Naseeruddin Shah, Shabana Azmi, Mithun Chakraborthy and others. After graduating from FTII, Alter headed straight to Bombay and soon got his first break in the Dev-Anand starrer 'Sahib Bahadur' directed by Chetan Anand. His first release, however, was Ramanand Sagar's 'Charas' in which he played the superstar Dharmendra's CID boss. Steady work came to Alter throughout the 1970s and 80s and he worked with luminaries such as V Shantaram, Raj Kapoor, Hrishikesh Mukherjee, Manmohan Desai, Manoj Kumar and Satjajit Rai as well as a host of lesser-known directors. He has also acted in regional cinema - Bengali, Assamese, Telegu, Tamil and Kumaoni films. Alter was witness to the coming of television to India and worked on the small screen in a number of popular serials, the biggest of which was the popular drama 'Junoon' which ran for five years. In it, he played the role of the mob lord Keshal Kalsi - KK, as he was famously known - and his performance earned rave reviews. During this same period Alter acted in the ensemble comedy 'Zabaan Sambhalke', another drama called 'Ghutan', and hosted the health-based talk show 'Mere Ghar Aana Zindagi'. Some of his most famous movie roles have been as Musa in Vidhu Vinod Chopra's acclaimed crime drama 'Parinda', Mahesh Bhatt's blockbuster romance 'Aashiqui', and Ketan Mehta's 'Sardar', in which Alter essayed the role of Lord Mountbatten. Alter has also accumulated a body of theatrical work, the most recent having been in the theatrical reproduction of William Dalrymple's 'City of Djinns' and the solo play 'Maulana', based on Maulana Azad for which he has received much critical acclaim. He has also received praise for his role in the art film 'Ocean of An Old Man', which has been screened at film festivals around the world. Among several international assignments was the opportunity to work with Peter O'Toole in the Hollywood film 'One Night With The King'. In addition to acting, Alter has also ventured into direction - he directed a one-shot episode for the short-lived series 'Yule Love Stories' in the mid-1990s - and was a sports journalist in the late 1980s to early 1990s. He has written three books, one non-fiction and two fiction, and in 2008 was awarded the prestigious Padma Shree by the Indian government in recognition for his services to the field of arts and cinema. Marina Anderson Marina Anderson is a dual citizen (American-Canadian), multi-hyphenate. A noted actress, voice-over artist, writer, producer, designer makeup artist, acting teacher, coach, personal manager and career consultant.Marina has ventured in practically every facet of the entertainment industry in front of and behind the camera. She was singly responsible via her efforts as personal manager and publicist, for resurrecting the career of actor David Carradine (her now, ex-husband), which culminated with his being cast in Quentin Tarantino's film Kill Bill. It was Marina who befriended and introduced Tarantino to Carradine, which ultimately led to his being cast in the film. During their six years together, her life and career with Carradine has been highly publicized worldwide. It was publicly acknowledged that Marina was the sole motivating factor of his sobriety after many years of alcohol abuse (E! True Hollywood Stories and E! Hollywood Wives Tales). Marina combined her skills to rebuild his career as well as pursuing her own. All is recounted in her memoir, David Carradine, The Eye Of My Tornado, which is being developed as a film. Originally published 2010, the book takes readers through Anderson's very private journey and beyond her publicized marriage and divorce to Carradine. Endorsed by Dr. Drew Pinsky, a new, updated version is selling worldwide. During this time and throughout her career, Marina has been cast in unique and diverse starring, recurring, and supporting roles in many independent feature films. Her talents as a skilled, versatile character actress were showcased in many comedic and dramatic films and television shows where she displayed chameleon like qualities in roles from murderers to moms, attorneys to bimbos. She has achieved notoriety and recognition in her own right within the indie movie circuit as well as prime-time mainstream distribution. Her talents have lent themselves to hosting, reporting and other journalistic ventures as well. Marina was voted YouTube's #1 TV Executive from the four-million viewership web series Pure Pwnage, and co-lead in Sophie Chase, (which was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award -- the first in the history of the TV Academy) Outstanding Achievement In Video Content For Non-Traditional Delivery Platforms (New Media - iPod, Broadband), Canada's four Genie Award (Canada's Oscars) winning film (including Best Picture and director) 32 Short Films About Glenn Gould, directed by Francois Girard and co-lead in The Motion Picture Academy Award and The Carl E. David Award winning film short Legacy. She has also been cast as the co-lead in an episode of Unsolved for NBC Universal as well as appearances on: Bones (opposite Emily Deschanel and David Boreanaz), The Mentalist (opposite Robin Tunney), Dexter (opposite Jennifer Carpenter), Law & Order LA, Desperate Housewives, supporting and guest star roles: Sex & Mrs. X (for Hearst/Lifetime opposite Linda Hamilton), Forever Knight, Dracula: The Series, and recurring guest on Kung Fu: The Legend Continues (opposite David Carradine), Largo Winch, and CBC's highly rated series Scales of Justice. Many other television appearances include: Seinfeld, Big Time Rush, Jane By Design, Parenthood, Ghost Whisperer, Side Order of Life (Becca's mom), 12 Miles of Bad Road, and Studio 60 On The Sunset Strip and many national on camera and voice-over commercials including Federal Express, Pillsbury crescent rolls, Jell-O pudding, Home Depot, Safeway markets, Thicker Fuller Hair, Pacific Horizon furniture and Alburtus Magnus College. Film credits include starring and supporting roles: Natural Selection (stars Breaking Bad's Uncle Jack - Michael Bowen), co lead role in Dangerous Curves (opposite David and Robert Carradine), Macon County Jail (opposite Ally Sheedy), Licensed To Wed, Wild Hogs, Rendition, Kiss Of A Stranger (opposite Mariel Hemmingway), My Little Hollywood (Sylvester and Frank Stallone, Dennis Hopper), Naked Movie (Christian Slater, Tori Spelling), Shepherd (opposite Roddy Piper), co-lead in The Donor/La Donneuse, American Reel, three films for famed director Walter Hill and more. To add to her schedule, Marina has her own jewelry line -- The Flying Goddess(TM) which has been covered in the media and is in the possession of celebrities such as: Shirley MacLaine, Fran Drescher, Dr. Maya Angelou, Jillie Mack (Mrs. Tom Selleck) and Jan (Mrs. Mickey) Rooney. She is also a columnist for Headlines & Global News (HNGN) and freelance writer for other publications. 2012, Marina opened her own publicity company, The Media Hound PR specializing in the entertainment industry, publishing, book launch campaigns and various events (for celebs such as Dick Van Dyke and Gary U.S. Bonds) and branding (Morgan Brown Designs). Clients have included actor-environmentalists Ed Begley Jr, and Rachelle Carson-Begley, actor-author Robby Benson, music icons Alan Parsons, Blanche Garcia (expert Interior designer/consultant Travel Channel), Cari Cucksey (star of Cash & Cari HGTV), Mark Breslin (owner/founder Yuk Yuks Canada), Malibu Playhouse, just to name a few. Marina is also developing film, TV, reality projects, paints, sculpts, enjoys playing guitar, singing, dancing, horseback riding, jet skiing, golf and bowling! Previous owner of Lulu The Collie (who was Lassie IX's sister and a Ralph Lauren Model) and three cats, Marina actively supports animal and children's rights groups (American Oceans, World Wildlife Foundation, PETA. MADD, ASPCA, Children Uniting Nations, LA Family Housing, to name a few). Her first children's book (based on her beloved Lulu with a "Lassie-feeling" story), The Adventures of Lulu The Collie is scheduled for release early 2014. Marina began her acting and modeling career in the San Fernando Valley at age 13, appearing in various commercials and television shows. An Art major at Ulysses S. Grant High School, she later attended Los Angeles Valley College where she became their first female DJ (KLAV). After attaining her Associate Arts degree in Theatre/Cinema, Coco received the ASO scholarship, which allowed her to pursue Journalism and Broadcasting at California State University Northridge and UCLA. Originally trained in theatre, Marina has performed leads in over twenty productions and touring companies including Taming Of The Shrew, Twelfth Night, Butterflies Are Free, My Fair Lady and Company. Marina has also hosted her own roving reporter on-the-town interview show for WCCO radio Minneapolis. As an artist, she sold her Grandma Moses style primitive paintings (as Nina Penn) to various galleries in Southern California and also ran her own basket decorating company (The Basket Lady), which sold worldwide high-end, one-of-a-kind creations she crafted herself, to famous Hollywood clientele. Entertainment runs in Marina's family. Her mother (Mariana Dottore, the Sicilian side) was a contract singer for Warner Bros. in the 40's, also Pasadena Civic Light Opera as well as appearing in various noted nightclubs. She is related to famed Cardinal d'Este (Villa d'Este in Italy) and Lucrezia Borgia. Coco's father (Joseph Benjamin, Lithuanian descent) was a professional musician, inventor, aerospace engineer and Imagineer for EPCOT/Disney. Her father's uncle was film and TV producer, Harry Joe Brown (Randolph Scott westerns, classic films such as Cpt. Blood starring Errol Flynn). Via Brown, Marina is related to acclaimed actor Peter O'Toole and Academy Award winning lyricist, Ray Evans (Mona Lisa, Que Sera Sera, Silver Bells, Mr. Ed and Bonanza themes). Marina has one older brother, Daniel who is also a professional musician as well as a computer programmer and analyst. He is happily married to Maggie Lew (Benjamin), a real estate investor born in Hong Kong). In 1990, Marina returned to acting and moved to Toronto, Canada, where she received her dual citizenship, wrote and developed comedy projects as well as guest starred in many Canadian-American TV and film projects (as Marina Anderson). It was there in Toronto, where Marina had recurring guest star roles on the show Kung Fu: The Legend Continues, where she met Carradine (1992). They did not start their relationship until 1995. On February 20, 1998, Marina and David were married in a highly publicized ceremony on Laramie Street of the Warner Bros. Studio's Western street back lot where they first met in the 70s. David was filming the original series Kung Fu and Marina was taking acting classes located on the lot. Marina divorced David December 12, 2001 and changed her name to Coco d'Este for a time. Marina enjoys working on the other side of the camera "at practically every studio in town in just about every capacity from production assistant to Executive Assistant of company's CEO's to producing". Marina co-owned American Biograph Productions, where she held the position VP of Publicity and was the youngest producer at that time to join the Academy of TV Arts and Sciences. The company produced commercials and live-action promotions for record companies such as Motown and Warner Bros. Freelancing in other areas over the years, Marina has held the positions of: Script Analyst for ShowTime/Viacom, makeup artist (specializing in glamour makeovers, personal makeup artist to Yoko Ono), Director of Publicity for various companies, and freelance journalist and screenwriter. She has worked as Director of Publicity for various companies and publications and as a modeling, makeup and acting teacher (John Casablancas/Elite, John Robert Powers, Sutherland Models (Canada), Film Actors Lab, and others). Appearances (as herself): Marilu Henner, Larry King (subbing host Joy Behar) Inside Edition, Insider, Access Hollywood, Entertainment Tonight, AM LA Hard Copy, Celebrity Justice, CNN, Radaronline.com, various news networks and Internet worldwide, Date My House, No Love In LA (Documentary), Your SCV TV, Global Village Television.com, Home Shopping Petwork (HSP), LA San Fernando Valley International Film Festival Gala Awards Presenter, Paris Hilton Documentary Warner Bros., Howard Stern, E! Hollywood Wives Tales, E! True Hollywood Story, E! Fashion Emergency, Q Television Brunch, Music +, 2001 Oscars pre show, Celebrity Justice, Crossing Over With John Edward, Home and Family Show (2), DogCatRadio.com, First Miss Dog Beauty Pageant, Telegado Awards, Woof! Woof! Mathew Margolis' Guide to Dog Training, American Oceans Celebrity Sports Invitational (jet ski competition), Dream Foundation Celebrity Sports Invitational (jet ski competition), Night of 101 Stars Academy Awards, Hollywood Santa Clause Lane Parade Starring (6 productions) KLAV Los Angeles DJ/radio talk show, WCCO radio (Twin Cities/MN) Roving Reporter/LA Laison, SUN TV - Host/roving reporter, Balance Bracelets infomercial, SCVTV The Beauty Spot (her own show). Swen Temmel Swen Temmel was born in a small city in Austria called Graz. He moved to America with his mother and father in 1997. He knew very little English or anything about the culture. Starting school at Santa Monica Elementary and graduating from Malibu High in 2010. Being completely immersed in in the language and culture he quickly caught on. He has now done more than 70 student and independent films, numerous commercials, including a non smoking PSA running across all the schools in America and an Argentinian PSA for safe driving. He has also done his fair share of theater and musical productions as well. His music experience includes playing the piano and the guitar. In December of 2012 he graduated from the renowned Lee Strasberg theatre and film Institute completing the 2-year conservatory program. Wanting to expand his acting knowledge he also took classes at the Groundlings Theatre in Hollywood. In 2013 he finished a semester at the world famous Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts in London where he studied Shakespeare. Alumni including Anthony Hopkins, Roger Moore, Kenneth Branagh, Peter O'Toole, Victoria Principal and Orlando Bloom. His passion is film and TV but he continuously acts on stage as well. Having done multiple shows all around town the one that stands out most is "The Sunshine Boys" which was performed at the Malibu Playhouse (Performing Arts Theatre) were he shared the Stage with the legendary Dick Van Dyke. Alongside is busy acting career he is working on getting his Business degree. He is student at Santa Monica College but plans on transferring to a University next year were he will finish his studies. Asif Basra Asif Basra is an Indian film and theatre actor. He has appeared in several international English-language productions, such as the acclaimed 2006 movie Outsourced (United States), Tandoori Love (Switzerland/ Germany) and One Night with the King (United States) with Omar Sharif and Peter O'Toole. Asif has starred in a number of popular Hindi movies, including Once Upon a Time in Mumbai, Jab We Met and Kai Po Che. His performance in Rahul Dholakia's Parzania received much critical acclaim. In 2014, he starred in the Tamil film Anjaan, and most recently he has acted alongside Ranbir Kapoor in his new film Roy. Asif has also worked with some of India's leading directors, including Anurag Kashyap on his film Black Friday. Other film roles have included playing the tailor in Hindi movie Lamhaa: The Untold Story of Kashmir and a fakir in Janaki Vishwanathan's Yeh Hai Bakrapur. Asif has starred in many plays in India and abroad, performing in English, Hindi and Urdu theatre productions. He toured India, the United States, the UK and Dubai playing five characters in Feroz Khan's production of Mahatma V/s Gandhi. He performed the title role in Manav Kaul's acclaimed Mamtaz Bhai Patang Waale, and played a 12-year old child with Spina Bifida in Main Bhi Superman. Asif Basra was born in Amravati on 27th July 1967. In 1989 he moved to Mumbai to pursue his acting career, and continues to live and work there. Jeanne Wolf Jeanne Wolf is one of the country's most respected journalists. She covers every aspect of show business for TV, internet, radio, newspapers and magazines. Her contributions have been rewarded with the coveted Publicists Guild Press Award. She produces exclusive video profiles for JeanneWolfsHollywood.com, including her series "Closer Encounters" which examines A-list stars such as Johnny Depp, Jim Carrey, Cameron Diaz, through the stages of their career. Wolf has earned a reputation for inside scoops which has made her a sought after TV guest. As West Coast Editor for Parade Magazine, her stories on Angelina Jolie, Michael Jackson, Oprah Winfrey, and Javier Bardem made international news, while her daily column "Celebrity Parade" on Parade.com created a continual stir on the Internet. Wolf has been Editor-at-Large for US Magazine, Redbook, and Ladies Home Journal; Contributing Editor for TV Guide; and regular columnist for Movies.com, ABC.com, and TVGuide.com. On radio, she hosts the syndicated "Jeanne Wolf's Hollywood." Wolf did a daily celebrity report for the ABC Radio Network and produced successful ABC network specials including "The High Price of Fame" and "Countdown to the Academy Awards." On TV, Wolf honed her skills on "Entertainment Tonight" (1981), where she created "Inside Entertainment Report." Her wide-ranging career includes reporting for "ABC News Nightline" (1980) and ABC's "Good Morning America" (1975) and her PBS interview series "Jeanne Wolf With ..." She has been a frequent contributor to the E! Channel. For the Food Network, she was executive producer of "TV Guide's Celebrity Dish." Jeanne Wolf is president of Pentacom Productions-- a team whose creative programming has won many major awards in television to include: An Ohio State Award and a Freedom Foundation Award for "Eric Hoffer: The Crowded Life"; the Golden Gate Award at the San Francisco Film Festival for "Moments Without Proper Names"; a regional Emmy for "The Best"; and a Du Pont/Columbia citation, a Chicago Film Festival Award, the Freedom Foundation Award and a Gold Medal at MIFED in Milan for the PBS special, "The Crisco Kid." Pentacom's promotional film for Marco Island, "Florida Get Away From It All!" was awarded an Addy. "The Donsinger Women and Their Handyman Jack," profiling playwright Tennessee Williams, was judged Best Program at the San Francisco Independent Film Festival. Other projects include "Carnival in Rio" with Arnold Schwarzenegger; "The Best of Brazilian Television" with Candice Bergen; and "The World of James Joyce," hosted by Peter O'Toole; "A Day in the Life of Hawaii"; and "Son Of A Son Of A Sailor." Michael Deeley Oscar-winning film producer Michael Deeley has produced more than 30 movies, including such classics as The Italian Job, The Deer Hunter and Blade Runner. He has made films for Universal, Paramount, Twentieth Century Fox, Warner Brothers, Columbia, United Artists, EMI, HBO, CBS and NBC. Born in London in 1932 he was educated at Stowe and served as a Second Lieutenant in the British army in Malaya. Entering the film industry in 1952 as an assistant editor, he worked for Jacques Tati and Douglas Fairbanks Jr. before joining the editing team on several US TV series including the popular Robin Hood. In 1956 Deeley produced his first film starring Peter Sellers and Spike Milligan. Two B-pictures followed before in 1958 he joined MCA Universal as head of TV film distribution in Great Britain. By 1964 Deeley had become General Manager and producer of Woodfall Films - the most innovative production company in London, responsible for a series of films culminating in the Oscar winning Tom Jones. During his tenure he oversaw the production of the swinging-sixties classic The Knack which won the prestigious Palme d'Or. During the late 60s, as an independent, Deeley produced a number of movies for Paramount Pictures including The Italian Job starring Michael Caine and Noël Coward and Murphy's War starring Peter O'Toole. In 1967 he was part of a successful bid for the British independent TV franchise for Wales and the West of England. In 1973 he became managing director and later owner of British Lion Films which successfully produced eight films in Britain, Italy and the USA including Nicolas Roeg's Don't Look Now and The Man Who Fell To Earth and Robin Hardy's The Wicker Man which later developed a cult following. In the mid-70s, Deeley sold British Lion to EMI and became Managing Director of EMI Films Ltd and President of EMI Films Inc. Films included Sam Peckinpah's Convoy, Death On The Nile and in 1979 he won an Oscar as producer of The Deer Hunter starring Robert De Niro. In addition EMI Films Inc invested in Columbia Pictures' Close Encounters Of The Third Kind and The Deep. In 1982 Deeley finished work with Ridley Scott on a four year project, which turned out to be the biggest picture of his career - Blade Runner. Between 1985 and 1990 he was Head of Production for Consolidated Entertainment Inc, responsible for numerous TV movies including the period drama Young Catherine starring Vanessa Redgrave. Michael Deeley is Deputy Chairman of The British Screen Advisory Council and recently completed work on his autobiography Don't Shoot The Producer. Anna Valle Elected as Miss Italy in 1995, she started acting in a lot of TV movies and Tv series that gave her such a big audience: "Commesse", "Per amore", "Papa Giovanni", and many others. She has even starred in some international projects like "Augustum" with Peter O'Toole and Charlotte Rampling, in which she played Cleopatra, the Egyptian queen, and the Deutsch TV Series "Aeon". However,her most important roles are three: the one of the unlucky Iranian princess Soraya in the biopic about her life, "Soraya" (2003), the sweet mistress Margherita in "Cuore" (this performance took her to win a prestigious "Grolla d'oro") and the intense Claudia Castelli in "Le stagioni del cuore", with Alessandro Gassman. She hasn't had a great cinema career: she starred in "Sottovento!" (2001) a boat movie that didn't earn any money, but in 2006/7, after a cameo in the biopic "Callas and Onassis" in which she played Jackie Onassis, she shot three movies: "SoloMetro", "MissTake-una commedia nera" and especially "carnera", a movie based upon the life of the boxer Primo Carnera. Angela Crow Angela started her career young, playing truant from school to appear in 'Jane Eyre' by a touring company. She won the Gilbert award for Comedy, the Tree award for Drama and the Emile Littler award for Outstanding Talent during her years at RADA. By the time she had joined "Coronation Street" in 1960 she had already appeared as lead in many theatre productions, including Lily Smalls in the original stage production of 'Under Milk Wood'. Her television credits included "The Laughing Woman", playing opposite Peter O'Toole, and "The Dance Dress". Today, Angela is as busy as ever with her theatre work. Dror Soref Dror Soref is an award-winning filmmaker who began his career directing music videos for "Weird Al" Yankovic, which helped establish the rock parodist as a major star. Following his success in music videos, Soref directed Platinum Blonde, an inspirational short that was nominated for the Gold Hugo Award for Best Short Film at the Chicago International Film Festival. Platinum Blonde drew the attention of Paramount Studio's President. Consequently, Soref was retained under contract to develop projects at Paramount Studios for him to write and direct. With the help of the Studio, The Seventh Coin became Soref's debut as a feature film writer/director. The Seventh Coin, starring Peter O'Toole, won two festival awards including Best Picture. During the early years of Soref's 25-year relationship with Paramount, Soref co-founded Orbit Productions, serving as one of its commercial directors. As Orbit's CEO, Soref ran one of Hollywood's most successful commercial production companies at the time. Some of Orbit's clients include such brands as Ford, Coca Cola, Toyota, McDonald's, and Fujifilm. Soref later parlayed a successful career in commercials into feature films, signing a multiple-picture deal with Mike Medavoy's Phoenix Pictures with one for Soref himself to direct. The first motion picture under this deal was Basic starring John Travolta and Samuel L. Jackson, released by Columbia Pictures. In 2009, Soref co-wrote and directed the critically acclaimed thriller Not Forgotten, starring Simon Baker, Paz Vega and Chloe Moretz. The film was selected for a Special Screening at the Slamdance Film Festival, and was accorded rave reviews by The Hollywood Reporter and Variety. It was nominated for the Saturn Award by the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy, and Horror (2010). In June 2011, Soref served as one of the producers of Twist: An American Musical based on the Charles Dickens' classic. The play was written by William F. Brown (The Wiz) and was choreographed and directed by Emmy award winning Debbie Allen. It was staged at The Pasadena Playhouse to rave reviews. In 2012 Soref directed the experimental short film Morning exploring the parallels between the love of Man and God, and that of man and woman. The film was selected for a number of festivals including the Seattle Erotic Art Festival. Soref received a BA in Economics from the University of Haifa, Israel, graduating with Honors. While a student, he wrote frequently on Israeli-Palestinian relations, and was nominated by his party, at the age of 23, to run for Parliament. Soref served in the Israeli Defense Force as a combat officer in the elite Golani Brigade, where the unit under his command was cited for excellence. Soref studied film production in the MFA Program of Cinema Arts at the University of Southern California (USC). April Ashley April Ashley was born a boy in 1935 and christened George Jamieson. His father was a sailor in the British Royal Navy during WWII with an affinity for drink who sired 10 children in quick succession. George(April) was frail, with a calcium deficiency and refused to eat most food or drink his school milk and ended up with malnutrition. After leaving the merchant marine, April moved to London at the urging of her friend Ronald Cogan. She worked as a table wiper, bacon slicer and a string of other small jobs to pay the bills. April was absolutely facinated with London. April aquired the nickname "Eyelashes" after Albert Einstein remarked in the resturant Quo Vardis in Soho that he should be Madame Butterfly with his thick long lashes. Albert Einstein had asked to be introduced to April (even though April was still dressing androgenously). In 1956, while on holiday in the South of France, April met up with some friends who suggested she work at Le Carrousel nightclub in Paris. The management at Le Carrousel, which specialized in female impersonators, was stunned by her feminine looks. She was immediately asked to join the troupe and stayed with them for four years. April paid 2,000 pounds for the sex-change operation. The process was excruciating and the side-effects - dizziness, nausea and swelling - lasted for two years. As a woman, April felt confident to pursue a career in the public eye. April was queen of the catwalk, Vogue's favorite underwear model photographed by Terence Donovan and David Bailey, and was in constant demand by photographers. She did the Royal shows for Deenfield Furs, appeared in Road to Hong Kong with Bob Hope, Bing Crosby and Joan Collins. April married Arthur Corbett, son of Lord Rowallen in 1961. They opened a successful nightclub together in Spain and became close friends with Peter O'Toole and Omar Sharif. After 7 years of marriage April and her husband filed for divorce. The divorce left April completely without funds and the discovery of her transsexual past by the British tabloids ruined her personal life and modeling career (a la Caroline 'Tula' Cossey) Instead of losing her place in swinging London, though, April rallied by shifting her position slightly and opening a restaurant. April and Desmonds, or AD8, was opened on March 1, 1970, at 8 Egerton Graden Mews, Knightsbridge, just down from Harrods. Lord Lichfield bought it eventually. As London's most glamourous hostess, April was once more all over the paper. She was interviewed about her 23 inch waist, her taste for citrus colours, her beehive, tailored pants and sequined Biba dresses. In 1975, after a massive heart attack, April retreated to Hay-on-Wye on the Welsh border where she lived for 11 years with her dog Flora, before small legacies from two locals allowed her to move to the warmer, more liberal France, Spain and finally America's West Coast. David C. Williams David Williams has scored more than 50 feature and television films encompassing a wide range of styles and genres. He has worked with some of the biggest names in the industry including Francis Coppola on the MGM film "Supernova". He recently scored Sony Pictures/MTV psychological thriller "The Dorm", directed by Rachel Talalay ("Doctor Who"), and produced by Michael Frislev and Chad Oakes (FX's "Fargo"). Other films he has scored include Miramax's "Phantoms" (Ben Affleck, Rose McGowan, Liev Schreiber, Joanna Going, Peter O'Toole), Sony Pictures romance "Ice Castles", the suspense feature "Freezer" (Dylan McDermott, Peter Facinelli) directed by two-time Academy Award nominee and multi-Emmy winner Mikael Salomon, Sony Pictures drama "No Way Back" (Russell Crowe), the action-comedy "Give 'Em Hell Malone" (Thomas Jane, Elsa Pataky, Ving Rhames) directed by Russell Mulcahy ("Highlander"), A&E's historical drama "Benedict Arnold" (Aidan Quinn, Kelsey Grammer), the indie WWII period drama "Christina" (Stephen Lang), ABC-Disney's fantasy "Fallen" (Paul Wesley, Tom Skerritt, Bryan Cranston), FOX's military drama "A Glimpse Of Hell" (James Caan, Robert Sean Leonard), NBC/Universal's "L.A. Law: The Movie", and Dimension's "The Prophecy" (Christopher Walken, Virginia Madsen, Viggo Mortensen) directed by Gregory Widen ("Backdraft"). He graduated from Missouri State University with studies in composition and orchestration. He also had post-graduate work at North Texas University. David also studied with celebrated Oscar-winning composer John Corigliano. He is an ASCAP Award winner and is a member of the SCL. He lives in Los Angeles, California. Kirstie Pooley Kirstie Pooley Born in London is the daughter of actor and painter Olaf Pooley and actress Irlin Hall . She was only 16 when she landed her first role on stage in Sandy Wilson's "The Boyfriend". Kirstie trained at the Italia Conti Stage School and went onto to win a scholarship at The Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art. She appeared in a number of television series including the award winning production of the Glittering Prizes for the BBC playing Helga. She played Eva (lead) in The Vorpal Blade opposite Peter Cushing for Anglia TV. and was Co-Star in Whoops Apocolypse with John Cleese. You will have also seen her in The Professionals, Target and Bill series, before winning the lead role Jella opposite Sir Peter Hall and Delphine Seyrig in "Der Letze Schrei" Interwest Films Berlin for Director Robert Van Ackeran. She also played Eva Braun opposite Steven Berkoff's Hitler in "War and Remembrance" Co-Star for ABC/Paramount. And played the lead Eliza Doolittle opposite Peter O'Toole in "Pygmalion" on Broadway. Kirstie moved to Los Angeles in 2003 with her husband and two daughters Olivia and Juliet Holland-Rose now both aspiring young actresses. Recently she joined forces with Argonaut Films as a producer in 2005 after working at the Writers Bootcamp/WBC Productions where she worked in development. She specializes in Film Finance and development working both in the US and UK. Salamat Mukhammed-Ali Salamat was born in the former Soviet Union, in the country of Kazakhstan. His creative career started in 1991 when, as a lead singer, he founded a very successful rock band "Epoch". Salamat left the music industry after he was offered to be a technical director of a National Television Network "MiKTV". Salamat directed music videos for the Nation's top artists such as Makpal Zhunisova, Myra Ilyasova, Dinara Kyrkybaeva and others. He also produced and directed National commercials and well-known Public Service Announcements. In 2007 Salamat's animated music video in 3D received "Best Audience Choice Award". The award was presented to him by the country's #1 National TV Newtork "Channel Kazakhstan". In 2009 his other music video "Ainaldym elm" took the first prize of "The Best Music Video of Kazakhstan" at the Shymkent Music Video Awards. During this time, Salamat was considered to be the best music video director in the country. This is when the President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev has offered Salamat to be a director, editor, and supervisor, putting him in charge of the TV series for his presidential outreach and children's programs "Intellectual Olympics" and "IQ-Action". In 2014 both series have won multiple international TV awards. In March of 2015 Salamat premiered his first feature film "The Whole World At Our Feet" in Kazakhstan, starring Armand Assante, Peter O'Toole, Cary-Hiroyuki Tagawa, Michael Madsen, Tommy Lister, Bolo Yeung, Don "The Dragon" Wilson, and Oliver Gruner. This was Peter O'Toole's last picture. The movie received a wide theatrical release in Kazakhstan and topped the Asian Box Office. Its record high ratings have surpassed such blockbusters as Transformers, Fast & Furious 7, and Interstellar, which were running in the theaters at the same time. "The Whole World At Our Feet" is considered one of Kazakhstan's top 5 best blockbusters ever made. According to the article in Forbes (online May edition) "The Whole World At Our Feet" received the highest ratings ever from the audiences in Kazakhstan. In 2016 "The Whole World At Our Feet" has started it's festival circuit and has won "The Best Feature Film" and "Best Director" at the Balkan Festival For Film And Television "Art Amphora" in Bulgaria. Shoreline Entertainment has acquired to distribute the film in 67 countries. Salamat Mukhammed-Ali has held the title of the leading music video and commercial directors in Central Asia. Now, he is one of Kazakhstan's hottest movie directors and producer. After reaching these heights in Kazakhstan, Salamat has decided to move further with his film career. He's producing and directing films in the United States. Many of those will be joint productions with other countries. Today he's developing several feature films and television series together with Gray Frederickson, Peter Zhmutski and Gamal Diab. Matthew Metcalfe Producer, Matthew Metcalfe was born in Christchurch, New Zealand before moving to Papua New Guinea and later Australia as a child. He later moved back to New Zealand to attend University and it was here that Matthew's association with the screen began while at The University of Auckland where he started acting in amateur theater and taking small roles in such shows as Hercules and Xena. Following graduation with a degree in management and applied mathematics, he started his producing career on the the short films "9 Across" and "Little Samurai", both of which achieved significant theatrical releases in their domestic territory of New Zealand. Matthew later went on to work as as New Zealand producer on the German TV Drama "Das Traumshiff", as Associate Producer on the German Mini Series, "Bird of Paradise" and Executive Producer on the German TV feature "Kreuzfahrt ins Gluck". He also won several awards as a producer of Music Videos for such international acts as "Slayer", "Hayley Westenra", "Pacifier" and "Eskimo Joe". In 2002 he was awarded a Tui award for producing the cult music video for NZ rapper, Che Fu "Fade Away". In television Matthew wrote and produced the prime time New Zealand TV series "Air Force", as well as producing the Vietnam documentary "Vietnam - My Fathers War" and the music series "White Trash to Rock Gods". Recently he produced the prime time documentary "Soldiers of Fortune" which told the story of New Zealand security contractors working in Iraq. Filming took place in October 2006 in and around Baghdad for this groundbreaking documentary. In feature films, Matthew has produced the Lions Gate Films thriller, "Nemesis Game" and the First Look Pictures horror "The Ferryman" and the multi award winning drama/comedy for Paramount "Dean Spanley" starring Peter O'Toole and Sam Neill. His most recent production is the romantic comedy "Love Birds" starring Rhys Darby and Golden Globe winner Sally Hawkins. Ken LaZebnik Ken LaZebnik is a playwright and screenwriter whose work has been produced at theaters across America, and whose film and TV scripts have ranged from collaborations with Garrison Keillor and Robert Altman, to the popular CBS series Touched by An Angel. His plays have frequently been premiered at The Mixed Blood Theatre in Minneapolis, and Artistic Director Jack Reuler has directed all of them. The most recent of these collaborations was On The Spectrum, which premiered in November, 2011. On The Spectrum was awarded a Steinberg Citation from the American Theatre Critics Association, honoring it as one of the three best new plays produced outside of New York during the year. This spring, On The Spectrum had a successful run in Los Angeles at the Fountain Theatre. Other plays Mixed Blood has premiered include Vestibular Sense, League of Nations, and Calvinisms. Together with Garrison Keillor, LaZebnik co-wrote director Robert Altman's last film: A Prairie Home Companion, starring Meryl Streep, Lindsay Lohan, and John C. Reilly. LaZebnik has a long history of writing for Garrison Keillor's "Prairie Home Companion" radio show. LaZebnik's wrote the Lionsgate film Thomas Kinkade's Christmas Cottage, released in 2008. It stars Peter O'Toole as the popular painter Thomas Kinkade's mentor; Marcia Gay Harden plays Kinkade's mother. LaZebnik's play Rachel Calof, adapted from the memoir of a Jewish homesteader in North Dakota, premiered at the New York International Fringe Festival in August, 2011. His play Theory of Mind, commissioned for young audiences by the Cincinnati Playhouse in the Park, has also been produced in Minnesota, Hawaii and Michigan. For television, he has written on series as varied as Touched By An Angel, Providence, and Star Trek: Enterprise. During his seven-year tenure on Touched By An Angel, he wrote over twenty episodes, including four popular Christmas episodes which have been released on DVD. In 2012 LaZebnik wrote an episode of Army Wives, and is currently writing for an upcoming Hallmark Channel show, When Calls The Heart. He wrote three PBS specials for their series "In Concert at the White House," which were filmed in the East Room of the White House. These featured such varied performers as Broadway stars Patti LuPone and Jennifer Holiday, and country star Toby Keith. Julien Vialon Julien Vialon was born in 1968 in Clermont-Ferrand, Auvergne, France. His father taught him architecture, design and also about Italian creativity. His mother introduced him to travel and foreign cultures. He first came to London at age 7 and, that same year, discovered his first film on the silver screen; "Goldfinger". His decision was made: later, Julien would become an actor. He made his first debut on stage at age 15, in a local theatre group, performing in English. After getting a degree at University in Literature and Foreign Languages (English, Italian, Spanish), he then moved to Paris and joined the prestigious Florent Acting School. He made his first screen debut as a professional, playing opposite Marcello Mastroianni, in "Three lives and only one death". After appearing in many French TV series and short films, he began to travel around the world, filming commercials. He reinvested the money he made from these in his first directorial debut; to date, he has directed six short films and written two features. In 2004, his third short film script won the award for best short film at a festival in Paris and was later shown at the Cannes Film Festival in the "Short Film Corner". Back on stage, he performed the singing part of "Enjolras", the revolutionary, in "Les Misérables" in Paris in 2006. He then joined the American Actors Studio, where he spent two years improving his grasp of the Stanislavski "method". 2008 saw him portraying the lead part of Bartolomeo Vanzetti in the play "Sacco & Vanzetti". This was the story of two Italian men who went to the United States in the late 1910s in search of the "American dream" and ended up - on the electric chair. A worldwide scandal at the time, their story was later immortalized in the Joan Baez song "Here's to you, Nicola and Bart". In 2010, Julien moved on to London and the play "Platform" marked his stage debut in England, at Kevin Spacey's Old Vic. Chosen by Ron Howard to join the stellar-cast of "Rush", his next feature, Julien faced Daniel Brühl and Chris Hemsworth in this recreation of the 1976 Formula One season. The film will be released in 2013. Following that performance, Julien was cast in "Katherine of Alexandria", directed by Michael Redwood. Facing Peter O'Toole and Edward Fox, Julien plays the part of the pagan Emperor Maxentius. The film is expected to hit the screen in March 2013. Before that, Julien will be seen playing opposite Cameron Diaz and Michael Fassbender in the new Ridley Scott film, "The Counselor". "Saleh Sharif" will mark the third cooperation between Julien Vialon and film maker Zahi Farah, after "TIme" and "Rage". During the spring of 2013, Julien will join the team of "Skins", the Channel 4 TV series, for its 7th season. Later on, Julien will appear in "Base", directed by Richard Parry and produced by Vertigo Films. The english urban myth of the Victorian era, known as "Spring-Heeled jack": very popular in its time, due to the tales of his bizarre appearance and ability to make extraordinary leaps, to the point that he became the topic of several works of fiction. Julien portrayed Thomas Herring, a time-traveling adventurer, sent to capture Spring-Heeled Jack. The film is directed by Steven Wheeler. 2014 will see the collaboration between Julien and italian director Alessandro Zonin, on "From Italy with love" and "Momento Divino" (release 2015) and also Stephen Frears, on his Lance Armstrong biopic, starring Ben Foster. 2015 will see Julien back on stage, this time in Paris, in Nathalie Veneau's adaptation of Conan Doyle's novel "The valley of fear". He'll portray the famous detective Sherlock Holmes. BW Nana Fischer Nana Fischer trained at Shiseido in her native Japan. After working in Tokyo, London and Paris for leading designers she entered the film world with Troy (2004) and Roger Michell's landmark Venus (2006) starring Peter O'Toole. Along with musical features like Mamma Mia! and Sweeney Todd, Nana worked on King Lear in Great Performances and The Wolfman, two productions heavily reliant on makeup and hair. Her work can also be seen on 12 Years A Slave, World War Z, X-Men: First Class, Hanna, The King's Speech. Creating iconic looks, Nana styled Michael Fassbender's character David in Prometheus (2012) and Fassbender's hair and makeup in The Counselor (2013), where she was hair department head. Nana devised the compelling gangster look for James Franco in Spring Breakers (2012) and his period groove in Oz The Great and Powerful (2013). Additionally, Nana designed hair, makeup and prosthetics for Bukowski (2014). She has been personal hair designer and makeup artist to both Michael Fassbender in Macbeth (2014), Trespass Against Us (2014) and Frank (2014) and to James Franco in Good People (2014), This Is The End (2013) and Tar (2012). The daughter of two artists, Nana Fischer speaks Japanese, German, English and a little French - but her real language is transformation. Amy Wright Born and raised in Simcoe, Ontario Amy Wright makes her career by choreographing and casting projects viewed by International audiences. Since her professional beginning in 1995 Amy has become one of Canada's most in demand Choreographers. Her work includes feature films, movies of the week, television series, reality TV, commercials and stage musicals, including Canada's prestigious Shaw Festival. Amy is the Casting Director, Choreographer and Consulting Producer for the International hit television series "The Next Step". Amy's choreography was featured on three episodes of So You Think You Can Dance Canada (Season one). Recent work includes: Crimson Peak with Tom Hiddleston, directed by Guillermo Del Toro (Feature Film), Global TV's Working The Engles directed by Jason Priestly, Saving Hope (CTV), Lost Girl and Copper (Showcase), Defiance and 12 Monkeys (SyFy), Hemlock Grove (Netflix), Degrassi: TNG (CTV). Amy is proud of her work on Emmy and Golden Globe winner Grey Gardens (HBO) with stars Drew Barrymore and Jessica Lange. The IIFA Awards (2011) opening, a "flash mob" with over 200 dancers live onstage, remains Amy's most watched choreography with over 600 million viewers worldwide. Amy choreographed Academy Award nominee Helen Mirren and star Brian Cox for the feature film Red. Working with the same director (Robert Schwentke), Amy choreographed Rachel McAdams and Eric Bana for their wedding dance for the feature film The Time Traveler's Wife. Over the years, Amy has been fortunate to work with some of the hottest stars in the business: Hedley, LeAnn Rimes, Will Ferrell, Lindsay Lohan, Colin Farrell, Molly Shannon, Alyssa Milano, Lauren Holly, Colin Mochrie, Lauren Holly and Hilary Duff and a movie produced by Britney Spears. Amy has choreographed eleven Academy Award Winners/Nominees: Julianne Moore, Woody Harrelson, Sissy Spacek, Richard Dreyfuss, Peter O'Toole, Joan Plowright, Jeremy Irons, Virginia Madsen, Helen Mirren, Ellen Page and Jessica Lange! Amy's commercial choreography includes the "Happy Dance" campaign for Lotto 6/49, spots for Walmart, Hasbro, Special K, Hellmann's Mayonnaise, Nestle's Ice Cream, Trident Gum, AT&T, Bud Light, Canada's Wonderland, Disney World, Molson Canadian, Kit Kat to name a few. Lee Mark Jones Born in the Wilds of Worcestershire in 1962, Lee began singing in a punk band Regular Wretches at the age of 15,leading to a wild and crazy journey in various bands. Touring the World with The Ramones, Motorhead,U2, Black Sabbath, and many others over the years and releasing many albums. During the 80's Lee did various acting roles including Sharpes Rifles, Hope and Glory and Velvet Goldmine. His only acting tuition was a drunken London weekend masterclass from Peter O'Toole. Moving to L.A, then Zaragoza, Spain then back to the UK his last band Gypsy Pistoleros toured extensively in the last 5 years, mostly in the US , playing with the likes of Motorhead, Motley Crue, L.A. Guns (Both), Ratt, Shinedown, Twisted Sister, Poison, Vince Neil, Bang Tango, Skid Row, Slaughter, Faster Pussycat,ZZ Top, Papa Roach, Staind, Buckcherry, Dirty Penny, Now Gypsy Lee Pistolero is a solo artist/songwriter, releasing 2 albums so far. Lee has returned with a passion to acting, his main concern now, with the Apres Vague -Salem Kapsaski film, a Horror Musical Spidarlings playing Psycho Serial Killer Ticks Next was playing 'The Reaper' in Andrew Jones'( Northbank Ent) Theatre of Fear U.S aka Midnight Horror Show) - released JSept 8th 2014 through 4Digital Media & Hannover House Oct US. Currently filming a very brilliant Tom Lee Rutter ( Carnie Films) Acid Western 'Stranger'. Starring as the Stranger, Due to play Carlisl'e in Blue Noon & a Medieval Fantasy 'Clan of the Raven' next year. Scott Schneid Born and raised in Brooklyn, New York, Scott arrived in Hollywood shortly after receiving his bachelor's degree from Harvard University. Landing a job in the William Morris Agency's training program, he worked evenings and weekends to develop the screenplay for what became Tri-Star's infamous "Silent Night, Deadly Night." At 27 he received executive producer credit on the Yuletide horror picture, the film going on to spawn four sequels for LIVE Home Video. Bitten by the creative bug, Scott formed a decade-long partnership with a former Morris trainee. Together they received writing credit on produced episodes of "Hardcastle & McCormack," "Rugrats," and "Friday The Thirteenth - The Series," the latter submitted for Emmy consideration by the producers. This was followed by the motion picture "Phantom Of The Mall," released theatrically in the U.S. by Fries Entertainment. Development deals and close calls followed. An action/murder mystery of theirs was optioned by Baer Entertainment/Orion Pictures, the late FX genius Stan Winston and producer Gale Anne Hurd got into business with them on one of their horror specs, they partnered with director Jon Turtletaub and producer Chuck Gordon on a comedy they developed, CBS green-lit an MOW they wrote that Burt Reynolds was attached to, and IRS Films - in conjunction with the Chiodo Bros. - hired them to write an original. Scott's decade-long roller coaster ride ended when he decided to pursue a welling interest in directing. Financing a 9-minute short, he was accepted into the American Film Institute's highly competitive MFA program. After his stint at the AFI, and 3 more shorts under his belt, Scott quickly optioned his first solo writing effort to producer Dale Pollock (Scott was the only director in his class of 24 that Pollock, former co-chair of the AFI producing program, got into business with). Although Pollock shut his company to become Dean of the North Carolina School Of The Arts, Scott once again optioned the project, this time to Beverly Hills-based Crusader Entertainment. Crusader attached Scott to direct the $8 million picture and placed it on the schedule for pre-production, but the film was scuttled due to internal politics. Scott wrote his next feature based on a childhood experience of his. A coming-of-age comedy, it was one of 20 American projects chosen as a "No Borders" selection by the Independent Film Project (IFP NY) with Scott attached to direct, and was showcased at their annual International Co-Production market in Manhattan. Next up, Scott produced and developed writer/director Rufus Williams' thriller "Butterfly Dreaming," which made its world premiere at the Seattle International Film Festival and was the opening night picture of the Santa Monica Film Festival, winning the Jury Prize for Best Thriller. "Butterfly Dreaming" was picked up for domestic distribution by Vanguard Cinema and released on DVD May 2010. While developing "Butterfly," Scott partnered with famed Hollywood producer David Foster on a horror-thriller. With Peter O'toole committed to playing one of the leads and ICM representing the package, the film began casting - South African director Jason Xenopoulos set to helm - but was put on hold when a portion of the financing fell out. Currently, Scott is working on "Dark Corners," a "Psycho"-like thriller he developed with Lorne Cameron and "Saw's" Tobin Bell; is partnered with writer-director Chuck Russell ("The Scorpion King," "The Mask") and producer Ryan Heppe on "Dark Thirst"; has optioned his "Goosebumps-like" script "Red Racer" to Canadian producer Bill Marks and award-winning director Gayle Harvey; and is writing a new psychological thriller entitled "The Protector." Rusty Waldman Bill Rubenstein Rubenstein attended Harvard College, where he studied photography with Marie Cosindas, play writing with William Alfred, and film with Alan Pakula. Upon graduating, Rubenstein went to work in the mail room at ICM, where, a few months later he was running the motion picture story department. After a brief stint as an agent (he represented "Tin Cup" co-writer John Norville, got actor James Russo his first part-- in "Fast Times at Ridgemont High"), Rubenstein went to work for producer George Litto ("Dressed to Kill," "Blow Out,") at 20th Century-Fox, where he worked closely with writers Waldo Salt, and Alvin Sargent. He wrote his first script, got signed by Evarts Ziegler's agency, then ICM, got a deal, then traveled for six months, mostly in South Asia. Returning to America, he wrote the first version of "Beyond Rangoon." During the many years it took to launch the project, he made a living as a photographer-- a career move jump started when Bono hired him to document the U2's "Joshua Tree" tour during the filming of "U2 Rattle and Hum." Rubenstein worked as a photographer on over 100 productions during this time, including films, commercials and videos with Aerosmith, Dolly Parton, Massive Attack, ATT, 7UP, Bryan Adams, and Madonna, who fired him from the "Express Yourself" video set at Culver Studios after finding out that David Fincher's producers had engaged him without asking her first. He was paid anyway. In 1992, U2 engaged Rubenstein to photograph key segments of the "Zoo TV" tour. In 1994, after spending four months in Malaysia shooting stills (and co-producing) "Beyond Rangoon," Rubenstein moved to a country south of Switzerland and north of Tunisia. There, he did his best to avoid Italian film and television producers, without success. He worked on a number of high profile miniseries for Italian television. With director Doug Nichol, he went to Spain and England to shoot a still-unfinished documentary about David Lean's right hand man Eddie Fowlie, featuring interviews with Richard Lester, Sir John Box, Sir Freddie Young, Peter O'Toole, Kevin Brownwell, Ken Annakin, and others. From 2001 through 2006 he was under contract to New Line Cinema. As of 2011, Rubenstein lives in Los Angeles, where he teaches at Columbia College Hollywood, gives advice to a rapper, and is writing a spec script about Robert Kennedy, for which he has interviewed many of Kennedy's closest friends and advisers. Eileen Buggy Eileen Buggy Chief Hair Stylist As a child, Eileen Buggy, along with her brother, well known actor Niall Buggy, attended the Brendan Smith Academy of Acting. She started her career in hairdressing at the age of fourteen. Just a few years later she was singing and touring with her band, but felt the need to get back to hairdressing after getting married and having a family. Eileen went on to open a very successful salon in Coolock, but always remained interested in the arts. When the opportunity arose in 1993 to work on the film "In the Name of the Father", she jumped at the chance. She found herself to be a natural with the actors and within a short time became one of the most sought after hairstylists in the film Industry. Soon she found herself to be working on such productions as "King Arthur", "The Butcher Boy", "Angela's Ashes", "Lassie", and much more. Her most recent work is on "Zonad", John Carney's latest project since his Oscar winning film "Once". Eileen has recently completed working on The Silence with the Emmy award winning director Dearbhla Walsh, and has worked with such actors as: Peter O'Toole, Samantha Morton, Kelly McDonald, Samantha Mumba, Billy Connelly, Anna Friel, Julie Walters, Cillian Murphy, Brendan Gleeson, Angie Dickenson, Patrick Bergin, Joanna Lumley, Cary Elwes, Emily Watson, Stellan Skarscard, Mads Mikelson, Robert Carlisle, Kerri Russell, Daniel Day Lewis, Eric Idle, John Lynch, Sally Hawkins, Martin Shaw, Andie Mac Dowell. Nominated for two Irish Film and Television Awards in the past two years, Eileen Buggy, chief hair stylist, can only get better from here. Barry Collins Barry Collins was born in 1941 in Halifax, West Yorkshire - where he still lives. For seven years he worked as a journalist before turning playwright in 1971. The one man play, Judgement, was first presented experimentally at the Theatre Royal, Bristol by Peter O'Toole in 1974. Its world premiere followed in 1975 with Colin Blakely starring in a production by Sir Peter Hall at the ICA, London. Since then the play has been translated into ten languages and performed in almost 20 countries - there was a revived production at the National Theatre, London in 1979, featuring Ben Kingsley. Richard J. Cook Having worked with and managed top entertainment industry professionals for over 20 years, Rich Cook has unique experience in the independent feature film industry with producing credits on 5 feature films and management roles of the theatrical, home video and international distribution of 7 feature films. His most notable work, One Night With The King, an epic adaptation of the Old Testament Book of Esther, is a story of a disenfranchised, minority orphan who saves her people and changes her world. The film opened as the year's #1 independent film in the United States. In addition to being the only non-studio release to break the top ten box office spot, debuting at #9 in a third less screens than the competition, the film placed fourth out of all films, including studio pictures, in terms of per-theater-performance. Shot entirely on location in India, One Night With The King featured such Hollywood luminaries as Peter O'Toole (Lawrence of Arabia, Troy), Omar Sharif (Lawrence of Arabia), John Rhys-Davies (Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Lord of the Rings trilogy) and John Noble (The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King, and television's Fringe, Sleepy Hollow). Cook managed the on-going success of One Night with the King with over 8 years of distribution circulation through Fox Home Entertainment, which has collected over $20 million in DVD and Blu-ray sales to date. He has also produced over 500 episodes of programs for television ranging from music specials, documentary, reality, and live TV. In addition to his producing credits, Cook has over 5,000 visual effects for Television and Film in his repertoire (including being on the Academy Award®-winning team for Best Visual Effects for the feature film Independence Day). Throughout his visual effects career, Cook has worked with over 50 different studios and production companies including Universal, Paramount, Warner Bros., Disney, and 20th Century Fox and on various 25 plus feature films and over 30 television shows and commercials. Some of his feature film credits include Independence Day, Godzilla, Men In Black, Star Trek: First Contact, and Dr. Dolittle. His television credits include "Star Trek" (The Next Generation, Deep Space Nine, and Voyager), "Stargate SG-1," "Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman," and "Poltergeist." His commercials include Pepsi, Coca-Cola, Lazy Boy, Lexus, and many more. From 2010 to 2013, Cook was CEO and Chairman of Gener8Xion Entertainment, an independent film and TV production and distribution company. Prior to being CEO of Gener8Xion he served under Matthew Crouch as President and Vice President for the company. Born and raised in Whittier, California, Cook resides in the Greater Los Angeles area with his wife Maria and their three children. Thomas Krygier A native of Germany, Thomas Krygier started as a self-taught photographer working for style magazines such as GQ and the FACE. In 1992 he walked into Tony Kaye Films with a one-minute film he has shot and based on the strength of the film and his stills portfolio, Krygier was signed to Tony Kaye's roster. Krygier joined to Arden Sutherland-Dodd in 1994 and later co-founded London production house Krygier Hirschkorn in 1999 with longtime producing partner Nick Hirschkorn. Krygier joined A Band Apart for US representation in 2004. Krygier's commercial credits include spots for inter net auction house Firedup.com featuring Bruce Willis; the launch for Eurostar in collaboration with Oscar-winning cinematographer Freddie Francis and a mini effects extravaganza for Cadbury Miniatures. Other credits include work for the British Army, Guide Dogs for the Blind, Sainsbury's, Mars, Citroen and the European. In 2001 Krygier directed a Zurich Financial spot, which promotes Zurich's sponsorship of the 2001 Lion's Rugby Union tour. The spot, "You Can", starring Peter O' Toole and lensed by Oscar-winning cinematographer Vittorio Storaro, aims to educate the public about the energy and fitness demanded by professional Rugby Union players. O'Toole gives a stirring performance as a wizard who inspires a young boy who doubts his rugby-playing abilities. In 1996, Krygier was selected to participate in the prestigious "Saatchi and Saatchi New Directors Showcase" screened at the Cannes Advertising Festival and ranked by Campaign magazine as one of "Europe's Hottest New Directors". Dean Measor Dean Measor was born in Brighton, East Sussex, England on the 3rd of October, 1965. He is best known for his varied work on Stage as a "Character Actor." He has also appeared in Feature Film, Television, Opera and Radio. Dean Measor is also an Illustrator/Artist. Dean Measor studied Drama full time at (L.I.S.A) The London and International School Of Acting, under International Drama Coach and Principal/Founder-Brian Lidstone (DGGB) Patrons of the London and International School Of Acting included: Dame Maggie Smith and Peter O'Toole, amongst others. Dean Measor also studied Print/Art-Design at the Melbourne College Of Printing and Graphic Arts, where he won three "Class Awards" in each of his three years of study. He is married to Artist/Designer Eva Measor. Dean Measor also plays drums, guitar and sings. His father worked for the Post Office in Brighton England. His mother, a housewife, was a former Book Keeper with a musical publishing company. After having Dean (their first child) they moved to the country village of Upper Beeding, West Sussex. Dean has one younger sister who was born in Shoreham, West Sussex. The family moved to Australia in 1970, settling in Melbourne. His father started working for the PMG (Post Master General)and Dean attended school up to the age of 16 in various Public Schools in and around Melbourne. Throughout his school years, Dean showed great interest in Sports such as Cricket, Basketball and Football. He also showed skill and a keen interest in Art, Drama and Music. Whilst at school, Dean played the guitar, drums and also sung. After leaving school Dean studied Printing and Design at The Melbourne College Of Printing & Graphic Arts in Australia. Dean then moved back to England to study Drama in 1988-90 at the London & International School Of Acting. After graduating from Drama School Dean got his "very first" Acting job touring for Producers Dale and Gloria Murray in the Pantomime, "Little Red Riding Hood." (1990) Dean Measor then worked for a brief time as a lay-out artist for a West Sussex Newspaper in Horsham. In late 1990, he again moved back to Australia to play Drums with his original rock band, "The Promise." During this time Dean Measor also worked as a freelance Artist-Designer.(Mainly in the textile printing industry) He also worked in the theatre and appeared in minor small and walk-on parts in television before getting his "first real break" with a guest speaking role in the Australian soap opera, "Neighbours." (1993) Ep.#1378 He then went on to work and tour with "Trebly Productions" in the Australian original stage play, "The College Room" as "Micky Blotts." Dean went on to work in Local Radio and in 1994 Dean was contracted as an Actor in the role of "Sports Student" in Opera Australia's Melbourne Production of "Die Meister Singer" Directed by Michael Hampe. His film "debut" was in "Body Melt" (1993) playing the voice of "Beauville" despite his name being spelt incorrectly in the credits. During a three month period in 1996, Dean travelled back to England and auditioned for various West End Productions. In 1997, Dean quit Acting and Performing for a brief period and joined the Royal Australian Navy. (He was discharged due to major Depression) Dean Measor is "best known" in Feature Film for his role(alongside the late and legendary Bill Hunter) as champion Jockey "Joe Byrnes" in the Australian comedy/drama, "Horseplay" (2003) The movie also stars Abbie Cornish. Dean Measor also appeared in the Award Winning Short Film, "I Can't Get Started" Written and Directed by Charles Williams, playing "The Little Guy." Dean Measor is also credited as playing the original character of "Robert Bright" in the "very first" production of the 2004 Australian Original Play "Who Will They Clone Next?" by Writer/Director Kerry Susan Drake. As an Artist/Illustrator Dean has created original work for the Anita Dobson Fan Club and for English Cricket legend, Geoffrey Boycott. He has also illustrated a handful of Children's Novels. Dean has suffered a long battle with Physical Illness and Major Depression. He has had over 25 major operations, (including eight in a three year period from 2005 to 2008.) In 2005, after a serious blood clot surgery, Dean suffered a major breakdown. He has continued to struggle in and out of hospital with poor health, major depression and anxiety. As a result, Dean has been forced to retire from the Acting Industry in 2011. He is not able to Illustrate/Paint anymore and is no longer involved in the Art Profession. His "last known" Stage performance was in (2005) in "Hot Waxxx" His "last known" Film credit was in (2005) in "Commedia dell'Arte-The Story the Style." Carlos DeMattos Carlos D. De Mattos co-founded in the 1970's one of the largest manufacturers of motion picture, TV and still photography equipment, Matthews Studio Equipment, Inc. In the 1980's he co-founded, Hollywood Rentals, Inc., the nation's largest independent suppliers of complete "one-stop" services to the entertainment industry, providing a wide range of support services to entertainment producers across North America, including: lighting, grip, transportation, generators, camera equipment, automated lighting and theatrical equipment, as well as expendable supplies. His Companies serviced and received credits for projects such as Steven Spielberg's "ET", "Jurassic Park"; James Cameron's "Terminator", "True Lies", Titanic"; Quentin Tarantino's "Jackie Brown"; Antonio Bandera's "The Mask of Zorro"; Tom Hank's "Forrest Gump" among others. In addition, they were also involved in major special events such as the "Rolling Stones Tour", Super Bowls, Olympic Games, Broadway shows, the ESPN "Extreme Games", etc. Mr. DeMattos is a co-recipient of two Technical Achievement Awards (OSCARS) from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in March 1983 and March 1985. He is also a co-recipient of a Technical Achievement Award from the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences (EMMY) in September 1989. In June 1991, the government of Portugal inducted him into the select membership of the prestigious Order of Henry the Navigator as a Knight Commander. In July 1998, he was awarded the Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year Award for the Greater Los Angeles area. In 2006 Mr. De Mattos Co-Produced a Feature length motion picture titled "One Night With the King" starring Hollywood Legends, Peter O'Toole and Omar Sharif, receiving the CAMIE Award "Character & Morality In Entertainment." On December 7, 2007, he was the Executive Producer of the motion picture, "Noëlle," which was released theatrically and released on DVD in all major retailers through Paramount Home Entertainment. On June 9, 2009 he was honored by the President of the Republic of Portugal with the COTEC Prize award for Innovative Entrepreneurship and Humanitarian achievements on behalf of all Portuguese Diaspora Worldwide. On May 25, 2012, he Co-Produced the movie "Cowgirls N' Angels" directed by Timothy Armstrong starring James Cromwell and Bailee Madison. He is presently Chairman of The Board of CINEMILLS Corporation, an Academy Award winning lighting manufacturer located in the Hollywood area which has serviced the motion picture and television industries for over 40 years and continues to be an innovator of lighting technology, producing numerous long-lasting, high efficiency and cost effective products for today's Entertainment markets. Recently in Partnership with his oldest son, Marcos M. De Mattos, they have development state-of-the-art one stop Studio Facilities in Burbank - CINEMILLS MEDIA CENTER pre-lit with the latest LED Lighting Technologies. He is a member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, the American Society of Cinematographers and the National Association Broadcasters (NAB). Ashley Potrykus Grew up in Ossineke, Michigan until age 20, went to elementary school at Sanborn school and graduated at Alpena High School in 2002. Didn't go to college but has worked at St. vincent De Paul - a resale store for 2 years. Brothers Chuck, and Joel Potrykus are filmmakers. Her favorite actor is Peter O' Toole and favorite actress is Lucy Lawless aka Xena: Warrior Princess. She likes cats and dogs and has a dog named Seager and a cat named Xena: Warrior Princess after the show. Loves to work on computers, make movies, fish, cars, play with her pets, watch kids, and hang out with her friends and Brothers. Olivier Janiak Born as Piotr Olivier Janiak in Krotoszyn, Poland in the year of 1974, Olivier is best know for his win of the Polish version of "Dancing with the Stars" (Taniec z Gwiazdami). One of the best known conferenciers and journalist of the Polish TVN Network, Janiak graduated in 1998 the Wroclaw Uniwersity holding as Masters in Law and Administration. His first job was in an advertising firm - his first TV appearance was through the casting of the show Big Star Party. From 2001, he was the host of the popular modern culture show "What about next week?" (Co za tydzien?) - in which he interviewed such stars as Brad Pitt, Kevin Spacey, Keanu Reeves, Peter O'Toole, Massive Attack and many more. Well traveled as a movie correspondent for the Polish TV, he has covered opening's of such movies as Constantine (in Paris), Superman Returns (in London) or Troy (in New York). In 2007 he started producing the Gentlemen's Calendar - from which all proceedings are forwarded to children from poor families. Actors that have been photographed for the calendar include Pawel Malaszynski, Marek Wlodarczyk, Pawel Delag and Maciej Zakoscielny. Hope Arthur Hope Arthur has been working in the theatre for over 40 years and is a graduate of Northwestern University and the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA) in London, England. She made her New York debut on Broadway in Eduardo De Filippo's The Best House in Naples and continued working in all media (Broadway, Off-Broadway, Stock, Film, TV and Radio). She has also been teaching at the Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute for nearly 30 years. Among the people with whom she has worked in various capacities-acting with, directing, or teaching-are Albert Finney, Brian Bedford, Peter O'Toole (who honored her by dedicating to her the 2nd book of his memoirs "Loitering with Intent-The Apprentice"), Richard Kavanian (German Film/TV star), Burkhard Kosminski (Co-Director of the German National Theatre), Robert Reed, Alec Baldwin, Bridget Fonda, Chandra Wilson (2007 Emmy Award Winner), Adam Sandler, John Leguizamo, Jamie Gertz, Jesse L. Martin and Kathryn Erby, among others. She is also moderately well known as the co-author, with her ex-husband-Arthur Frommer, of the travel guide series "Europe on $$ A Day". Hope has been working on Entitled: The Story of a Selfish Bastard since 2013 with her student Yitzy Hoppenstein. K.C. Schulberg For a period of seven years, until 1998, when he resigned to move to Europe and form his own production company, Schulberg was under contract to New York-based Hallmark Entertainment. With an annual turnover of $275 million, Hallmark Entertainment was the world's leading producer of movies and miniseries for television, and the third largest producer of American primetime programming. Schulberg held a number of senior level positions including Worldwide Production Supervisor and Sr. VP, Worldwide Marketing. As Worldwide Production Supervisor, he was the number-two production executive, overseeing the company's extensive slate of films. In his capacity as head of worldwide marketing, Schulberg crafted the company's corporate image and the international and domestic marketing campaigns for every film in the company's production slate of 60-80 films per year. He presided over a golden era at Hallmark Entertainment when the company won the top slot in audience ratings and awards across all the major networks. Productions for which Schulberg was directly responsible included Gulliver's Travels (5 Emmy Awards), starring Kristin Scott Thomas, Omar Sharif, Peter O'Toole and Ted Danson; The Odyssey, directed by Andrei Konchalovsky, starring Isabella Rossellini, Vanessa Williams and Armand Assante; Streets Of Laredo (2 Emmy Awards) by Larry McMurtry; Gypsy (National Board of Review winner) starring Bette Midler; and Scarlett, The Sequel To Gone With The Wind (3 Emmy Awards). Prior to joining Hallmark, Schulberg was an independent producer and film executive who worked on more than twenty-five feature films, including the Universal Pictures release, King Of New York, directed by Abel Ferrara, starring Christopher Walken, Wesley Snipes and Laurence Fishburne; the U.S. shoot of Luc Besson's The Big Blue, produced by Gaumont, starring Jean-Marc Barr, Jean Reno and Rosanna Arquette; Waiting For The Moon (Sundance Grand Prize Winner) starring Oscar-winner Linda Hunt; and Candy Mountain, directed by Robert Frank, starring Tom Waits and Leon Redbone. In 1990, just prior to joining Hallmark, Schulberg produced Rebecca Miller's first film, the award-winning Florence, starring Oscar-winner, Marcia Gay Hardin Leaving Hallmark in 1998, Schulberg moved to Europe and acquired Paris-based production company, The Stellar Group. The Stellar Group is a 62,500 euro S.a.r.l., originally founded in 1991. Schulberg broadened the mission of the company to include film, television and music consulting, talent management of musical artists and the production of feature films and television products. The company quickly secured consulting contracts with a wide array of clients including: Pandora Cinema, The Film Festivals Entertainment Group, EMI Music Publishing/France, Dennis Davidson Productions, The European Film Awards, 3DD Entertainment and France Telecom/Noos. From 1999-2001, Schulberg, through the Stellar Group, was contracted by Pandora Cinema, the company responsible for such notable award-winning productions as Shine, Kolya, Like Water For Chocolate. Films produced by Pandora during Schulberg's term included, Trixie, directed by Alan Rudolph, produced by Robert Altman, starring Emily Watson and Nick Nolte; Maybe Baby, directed by Ben Elton, starring Joely Richardson, Hugh Laurie, Emma Thompson and Rowan Atkinson; The Old Man Who Read Love Stories, starring Oscar-winner Richard Dreyfuss; and Honest, directed by Dave Stewart (co-founder of the Eurythmics), starring three members of female British pop group, All Saints. In the realm of music, The Stellar Group was instrumental in forging the European success (Gold Record) of Portland-based retro-chic band, Pink Martini, managing their first European tour. The Stellar Group also managed the career of young European-born sensation, Sabina, who recently signed with Universal/Verve records in New York through her group, Brazilian Girls. The Stellar Group's production and development slate includes a number of projects for both cinema and television, including: Emily, starring Calista Flockhart, Romy a miniseries on the life of Romy Schneider, The Dare, based on the short story by Budd Schulberg, The Tattooed Princess; and The Wide World Of Music, a series of feature-length music documentaries. Schulberg has a B.F.A. in Directing from Carnegie-Mellon University's famed school of theater. He has been guest lecturer at both Columbia University and NYU Graduate Film Schools. He has been invited to participate in the Cinemart Producer's Panel at the Rotterdam International Film Festival for the last three years and was also invited to the inaugural Berlin Film Festival co-production market. Additionally, he has twice served on the jury of the Avignon/New York Film Festival and is a member of the European Film Academy. Schulberg is a third-generation film executive. His grandfather, B.P. Schulberg, produced over 50 films, including the first film to win the Academy Award, Wings(1927) and ran Paramount Studios during Hollywood's Golden Era from 1927 until 1935. His father, Stuart Schulberg, was an independent producer/director and prominent television producer who served for ten years as executive producer of The Today Show. His uncle, Budd Schulberg, penned the screenplay for On The Waterfront (8 Academy Awards) and wrote the seminal Hollywood novel, What Makes Sammy Run?	1960
What year were all these people born: singer Boy George, singer KD.Lang and actor George Clooney?	IMDb: Most Popular People With Biographies Matching "Peter O'Toole" Most Popular People With Biographies Matching "Peter O'Toole" 46 names. Barbara Hershey Barbara Hershey was born Barbara Lynn Herzstein in Hollywood, California, to Melrose (Moore) and Arnold Nathan Herzstein, a horse racing columnist. Her father, born in Manhattan, was from a Jewish family (from Hungary and Russia), and her mother, originally from Arkansas, had English and Scots-Irish ancestry. Hershey was raised in a small bungalow, and had aspirations of being an actress from her earliest memories. The multi-award-winning actress has been in some of Hollywood's most memorable films. She has been a winner of an Emmy and a Golden Globe for A Killing in a Small Town . She won two consecutive Best Actress awards at the Cannes Film Festival, (which is unprecedented) for Shy People and A World Apart . She won a Gemini Award for Anne of Green Gables: A New Beginning for PBS and a Lifetime Achievement Award at the Vienna International Film Festival. She's worked with some of the world's great directors, among them - Martin Scorsese , William Wyler , Woody Allen , Jane Campion and Darren Aronofsky . The versatile actress was first discovered by a talent agent while she was attending Hollywood High School. She began working in television, The Monroes , and film, With Six You Get Eggroll , with Doris Day . And with roles in The Baby Maker and Boxcar Bertha , Hershey quickly advanced to starring roles. Hershey returned to television in 1990 with her highly-lauded performance in A Killing in a Small Town , Paris Trout , Return to Lonesome Dove , the British mini-series, Daniel Deronda and the last season of Chicago Hope . During the same period, Hershey remained active in features. She was nominated for an Oscar and Golden Globe for The Portrait of a Lady . She also starred in Merchant-Ivory's A Soldier's Daughter Never Cries and the award-winning Australian film, Lantana . Recently, Hershey has recently performed in James Wan 's cult-hit, Insidious and Darren Aronofsky 's award-winning Black Swan , playing Natalie Portman 's insane mother. Hershey resides in Los Angeles. Luke Goss Luke Goss started his acting career playing 'Danny Zuko' in the smash hit musical Grease, on London's West End, and later toured with the production throughout the United Kingdom. He established himself as a screen actor in 2002 with performances in two very different features: David Goyer's independent drama ZigZag, with John Leguizamo, Oliver Platt, Natasha Lyonne and Wesley Snipes; and Guillermo Del Toro's supernatural action feature Blade II, with Snipes and Ron Perlman. The following year, he starred in the title role of the critically acclaimed British gangster film Charlie, and in the title role in the Emmy Award-winning Hallmark miniseries Frankenstein, with Donald Sutherland and William Hurt. In 2005, Goss traveled to India to play the role of King Xerxes in the Biblical epic One Night With The King, opposite Omar Sharif and Peter O'Toole, firmly establishing him as a versatile actor. He then went on to star in The Man, with Samuel L. Jackson and Eugene Levy; Mercenary, with Steven Seagal; Bone Dry, with Lance Henriksen; Unearthed, with Emmanuelle Vaugier; Deep Winter, with Michael Madsen; and Shanghai Baby, with Bai Ling. 2008 reunited Goss with Guillermo Del Toro in Universals Hellboy II: The Golden Army, the sequel that opened in the number one spot at the U.S. box office. The role earned Goss 2 MTV Movie Award nominations. He recently completed the starring role in Tekken, a sci-fi feature thriller based on the popular video and arcade game. He is attached to play 'Kristoff,' in a big screen adaptation of the Top Cow comic book, Magdalena, being developed and produced by Gale Anne Hurd's Valhalla Pictures, Platinum Studios and Top Cow. He has recently completed filming his first role for Network Television in JJ Abrams "Fringe". Luke Goss has recently completed leading roles in Across The Line, Blood Out, and has taken over Universals Death Race franchise, firmly establishing him as a leading man. Wendy Makkena Wendy Makkena recently wrapped the film "The Discovery" with Riley Keough, Rooney Mara, Jason Segel, and Robert Redford, playing the role of Maggie, Mr. Redford's beloved wife. Her film "Fair Market Value" had its World Premiere at The Bentonville Film Festival in April. She recurs on the CBS show NCIS as psychiatrist Dr. Rachel Cranston. Ms. Makkena also starred in the Fox series "Oliver Beene", the CBS series "Listen Up" opposite Jason Alexander, the ABC series "The Job" opposite Denis Leary, the CBS series "Judging Amy" opposite Tyne Daly, recurred on "NYPD Blue" opposite David Caruso, and played the lead character of All The Way Mae in the TV series "A League of Their Own", directed by Penny Marshall. She has also appeared in "Alpha House"(Amazon); "Rizzoli and Isles" (TNT); "The Good Wife"(CBS); "Desperate Housewives" (ABC); "Law & Order" (NBC); "Law and Order:SVU" (NBC); CSI(CBS); "House" (Fox). She has also had leading roles in the popular films "Finding North", "Camp Nowhere", "Noise", and "Air Bud". She is best known to audiences for her role of Sister Mary Robert in "Sister Act". Ms. Makkena is also an accomplished theatre actress, her roles on stage as varied as they are on screen. In Cynthia Ozick's "The Shawl", director Sydney Lumet was looking for a woman to play the lead opposite Diane Wiest. Auditioning for Mr. Lumet despite the fact that she was over twenty years too young for the part of a Polish Concentration Camp survivor, she convinced him and the show's sold out audiences. The New York Times said, "Ms. Makkena is every bit Ms. Wiest's equal, wearing her character's angular brittleness with a heartbreaking air of apology, even in the simple way she wraps her arms around her chest" though no one ever recognized her once the curtain came down. On Broadway she has appeared in numerous productions, including the leading role of Terry in the Tony Award Winning Best Play, "Side Man"; "Pygmalion" with Peter O'Toole; and "Lend Me A Tenor". Off-Broadway she has appeared in Richard Greenberg's "American Plan", Donald Marguelies's "Loman Family Picnic", and "Prin" with Eileen Atkins. Also Off Broadway-- at Playwrights Horizons on Theater Row she starred in "The Water Children" (NY & LA), for which she won an LA Drama Critic's Circle Award and the Robbie Award for Best Actress. She was selected by Harold Pinter to appear in the American Premiere of "Mountain Language" opposite David Strathairn, and performed in the "The Birthday" with Jean Stapleton. She is also proud to have worked with such artists as Beth Henley and Julie Taymor. She was thrilled this summer to renew her relationship with the renowned New York Stage & Film Company. And she is looking forward to returning to the stage in New York this October with Shem Bitterman's "In Harms Way" which originally opened this year in LA to rave reviews. Wendy is a classically trained Julliard Harpist, performing at Carnegie Hall at age ten, plays R&B Guitar, and danced for six years with The New York City ballet. Santiago Cabrera Santiago grew up in London, Romania, Toronto and Madrid. Although he considers Santiago, Chile, his hometown, he splits his time between London and Los Angeles. Cabrera trained at London's prestigious Drama Centre under renowned instructors Yat Malgrem and Christopher Fettes, whose students include many great actors, among them Sir Sean Connery and Sir Anthony Hopkins. Concurrent with his final year at the Centre, he made his television debut with small roles in British television, and on the London stage, playing Montano in Shakespeare's "Othello", at the London Greenwich Theatre, directed by Rupert Goold. His most recent stage role was Romeo in London's Middle Temple Hall production of "Romeo and Juliet". Cabrera's breakthrough role came in the highly successful first season of NBC's ensemble drama series "Heroes"(2006-2007). There he played Isaac Mendez, a heroin-addicted, lovesick artist able to paint the future and seduced viewers with his moody, manly charm, even though his character didn't live past the first season. He also plays a strong recurring role, as the mythical character Lancelot, in the very popular BBC series "Merlin" (2008-2010). He can be seen in the historic epic "Cristiada" (2011) opposite Andy Garcia and Peter O'Toole playing the lead role of Father Vega, a priest turned General during the Cristero War in 1920's Mexico. He was most recently seen in Steven Soderbergh's film, "Che. Part 1" (2008) opposite Benicio del Toro, for which he won critical acclaim for his portrayal of legendary Cuban guerrilla commander Camilo Cienfuegos. In addition to his native Spanish language, he is fluent in English, French and Italian. Tiffany Dupont Tiffany Louise Dupont is an American actress known for her portrayal of Frannie Morgan on ABC Family's hit drama series Greek from 2007-2011 and most recently for her recurring role as feisty vlogger Serena Parrish on TNT's crime drama Murder in the First (2016) opposite Taye Diggs and Ian Anthony Dale. Aside from her role on Murder in the First, she has appeared in numerous television series, including Reckless (2014), Anger Management (2014), NCIS: Los Angeles (2014), Mom (2014), Hawaii Five-0 (2013), Supernatural (2013), Franklin & Bash (2012), Castle (2012), CSI: Miami (2012), The Big Bang Theory (2011), The Glades (2011), NCIS (2011), 90210 (2010), CSI: NY (2010), The Whole Truth (2010) and Melrose Place (2009), among others. She has also starred in several independent films starting with One Night With the King (2006), opposite Omar Sharif and Peter O'Toole and winning a C.A.M.I.E. award for her portrayal as Queen Esther. She also starred in The Work and the Glory (2004) and Cheaper By the Dozen opposite Steve Martin and Tom Welling (2003). Growing up, Tiffany was encouraged to participate in a diverse range of activities including dance, martial arts and music. She majored in music at The University of Georgia earning a full scholarship to study violin performance. She was very active in Student Government and was crowned Miss UGA during her junior year. Fully immersed in the arts from a young age, Tiffany's true passion was always acting and she has been a working actress in Los Angeles since 2002. Tiffany, a declared foodie, an accomplished dancer, loves to run, and is a motorcycle enthusiast. She is also super passionate about women's rights & gender equality, and enjoys supporting the cause in many ways, one of which involves regularly volunteering for The Geena Davis Institute for Gender in the Media. Ken Duken Ken Duken was born on the 17th of April 1979 as a son of an actress and a doctor in Heidelberg / Germany. He started to learn acting from his stage actress mother Christina Loeb. Later he took courses by James Reynolds and Bruce McDonald but he never attended drama school. Before starting his career on television in 1997 Ken acted throughout different stage plays, for example "Visit from an old Lady". In the year 1998 he got a hold of his first leading role in the film "Land of Milk and Honey" (direction: Friedemann Fromm), and played side by side with Franka Potente and Heiner Lauterbach. BILD, largest daily paper in Germany, called him a "Shootingstar" with great talent and charisma. In 2000 Ken convinced in the role of Mark, a young guy confined to a wheelchair, in the motion picture "Gran Paradiso" from Miguel Alexandre. This film was nominated for the German Film Award. After some German productions, for example "Nightshift" (ZDF, direction: Lars Becker), Ken took part in the comedy "100 per cent" from Simon Verhoeven. Throughout the last years Ken Duken above all was shooting abroad together with great actors like Peter O'Toole, Klaus Maria Brandauer, Max von Sydow and Dominique Pinon. With the Italian production "Hidden Children" (2003, direction: Leone Pompucci) he gained great success and won amongst others the French Movie-Award at the 18th "Reincontres de Television de Reims". In 2003 Ken and some friends founded the film production company "Grand Hotel Pictures". The successful debut's name was "From another Point of View" (direction and production), which premiered on the 15th of April 2004 in Munich, starring his wife Marisa Leonie Bach and Dominique Pinon, famous French actor (Alien4, Amélie...). At the same time he put on Music-Videos (e.g. Curse - "Gangster-Rap", Oomph - "Das letzte Streichholz") and began to write the script for his first own film "Waiting for Eve". In 2005 Ken played the leading role in the movie "Another league" (produced by Wüste Film, winner of the Berlinale 2004 with "Against the wall") for which he was assigned as best actor at the Comedy-Festival in Monte Carlo. Furthermore he took part at the big Italian production "Karol" (film version of the life of the deceased Pope John Paul II (Karol Woytila)) for Channel 5 (Italy) which achieved an audience rating of 47%. In Poland this film beat all records and was more successful than "Star Wars 3" or "War of the worlds". In March 2005 Ken Duken was awarded with the Grimme Award for his role in "Kiss and Run" before he started filming "Störtebeker" (a movie about the life of the most famous German pirate) in May 2005. Afterwards he played the character Teddy Schrader in Lars Becker's "Nightshift". In summer 2006 Ken played the role of Anatol Kuragin in the international production "War & Peace", based on the novel of Tolstoj, directed by Robert Dornhelm, where he had to shoot in Vilnius/Lithuania and St. Petersburg and afterward he was shooting another international production in Morocco - "Ali Baba", directed by Pierre Aknine. After leading roles in the movies "Distanz" and "Gellert", which were produced by Grand Hotel Pictures, he took part in the Italian production "Il Commissario de Luca", directed by Antonio Frazzi and played Ben Winter, a war returnee from Afganistan in the tv movie "Willkommen zuhause". In 2008 Ken won his second Grimme Award for "Eine andere Liga" and the Franz Hofer Award. In the same year he played the name part in the fairy tale "Koenig Drosselbart", co-starred with Gary Dourdan in the international production "Fire", played the leading role in "Das Unglueck von Ueberlingen" (directed by Till Endemann), a tv movie about the air plane crash in Ueberlingen in 2002, and took part in Quentin Tarantino's "Inglorious Basterds". In 2009 he won the "Bayerischen Fernsehpreis" for "Willkommen zuhause" in the category "best actor TV-movie". At the moment he co-stars with Till Schweiger in his new movie "Zweiohrkueken. Jack MacGowran Jack MacGowran, the great Irish character actor known for his roles in the plays of Samuel Beckett , was born on October 13, 1918 in Ireland. He established his professional reputation as a member of the Abbey Players in Dublin, but he won his greatest fame for assaying Beckett's characters onstage. (In 1971, MacGowran would win the Obie Award for Best Performance By an Actor assaying "Beckett" on the off-Broadway stage.) MacGowran's appearance as the Squire's right-hand man in John Ford 's paean to Ireland, The Quiet Man introduced9 him to world cinema. He moved to London in 1954, where he joined The Shakespeare Company (before it won the patronage of Queen Elizabeth II and added the sobriquet "Royal" to its name). At the Shakespeare Company, he became friends with fellow Irishman-abroad Peter O'Toole, with whom he would co-star in Richard Brooks 's Lord Jim (1965) a decade later. In New York, he appeared as Joxer, one of the greatest roles in modern Irish drama, in the Broadway musical "Juno", which was based on 'Sean O'Casey''s 1924 masterpiece " The Shame of Mary Boyle ". Fittingly, he played O'Casey's brother Archie in Young Cassidy , one of John Ford's last films (which the director had to abandon due to ill health). One of his only movie leads came with 1968's Wonderwall , an exercise in "mod" cinema (as genre that ironically harkened back to the first cinema, that of the silent screen), a film that is remembered mostly for 'George Harrison''s score. By that time, MacGowran had established himself as the actor to go to for roles calling for an impish, Puckish character. He was in great demand for comedies, such as the Oscar-winning 'Tom Jones (1963)_ (Best Picture of 1963) and Start the Revolution Without Me . In the classical genre, he memorably played The Fool to the great 'Paul Scofield''s watershed interpretation of King Lear in Peter Brooks 's 1971 film that captured Scofield's magisterial performance, arguably the greatest interpretation of Lear in the 20th Century. After starring in the first London production of Beckett's "Endgame", MacGowran began a busy career as a character actor in motion pictures. Director Roman Polanski used him twice, as a gangster in his absurdist Cul-De-Sac and as Professor Abronsius, the Vampire Hunter, in his horror film parody The Fearless Vampire Killers , a role that was written especially for him. His last film was a more straightforward horror picture, the 1973 blockbuster The Exorcist , in which he played a doomed film director. Jack MacGowran died on January 31, 1973, of complications from influenza, which he had caught in London during a flu epidemic. The cinema and the stage lost a unique talent that never has been replaced. John Hallam Talented and diverse Irish born character actor whose career has embraced British institutions from Raffles to Dr Who. After apprenticing in provincial theatre this commanding, actor appeared in two contrasting war films in 1968 - The Charge of the Light Brigade and Carry On up the Khyber. His next two roles were equally diverse - appearing in the unusual John Huston directed A Walk with Love and Death, then with cheeky Cockney Tommy Steele in Where's Jack? By this stage his career had gathered some momentum and in 1971 he worked with several luminaries - Peter O'Toole in Murphy's War, Michael Caine and Omar Sharif in The Last Valley and Richard Burton in Villain. In 1973 it was the hard-bitten crime drama The Offence with Sean Connery and he also worked with Joss Ackland and James Cossins in Hitler: The Last Ten Days. That year he also featured in bona fide classic The Wicker Man. If film work wasn't hugely successful in the next few year, he kept himself working with a variety of roles in television in a diverse range of shows - Emmerdale Farm, Raffles, Return of the Saint. 1980 and 1981 saw roles in a couple of fantasy-spectaculars, Flash Gordon and special-effects bonanza Dragonslayer. It was 1991 before he returned to cinemas in any significant way, though, in Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves, then in 1997 in another fantasy adventure Kull the Conqueror. Meanwhile he appeared in popular soap opera Eastenders as 'Barnsey' Barnes for 2 years between 1988-90. Often portrayed as a hardman or heavy onscreen, offscreen Hallam likes gardening! Peter Medak Peter Medak is an international Film Director. Born in Budapest, Hungary and fled to England at the age of 18 during the famous uprising against the communist regime. He immediately began his Film career with associated British Picture Corporation in Borehamwood. He studied and worked his way through by being an assistant editor, assistant cameraman and eventually a 3rd, 2nd and 1st assistant Director on some of the most remarkable British Films of the late 50's and early 6O's. He was fortunate enough to work with some of the most legendary British film Directors such as Sir Carol Reed, David Lean, Anthony Asquith, Fred Zimmerman and many others. He was signed in 1963 by Universal Studios in Hollywood where for the first six months he the chance to observe Alfred Hitchcock and many others. He started Directing television for the studio in Hollywood and in England. In 1967 He went under contract with Paramount Studios where he finally achieved his dream and directed his first feature film called:Negatives with Glenda Jackson in her first ever film. He then proceeded making two highly acclaimed black comedies:A day in the death of Joe Egg (starring Alan Bates and Janet Suzman) and The Ruling Class (Starring Peter O' Toole) for which he received An Academy Award Nomination. Since that time he has Directed a great number of Feature Films on both sides of The Atlantic starring Peter Sellers, Alan Bates, George C Scott, Richard Harris, Gary Oldman, Ted Danson and many more. In recent years he made The Krays which won him The Evening Standard Award for Best Director in England. Then he made: Let Him Have It, Romeo is Bleeding, The Men's Club etc etc. In addition, he has Directed a great number of Television plays, minis series, Films for Television, operas and stage productions over the past 50 years of his Directing career and continues today. Chuck Shamata Chuck Shamata has enjoyed an extensive film, television and theatre career. Recently, he completed John Madden's gun control thriller Miss Sloane, starring Jessica Chastain. His feature credits also include Flash of Genius, The Sentinel, Cinderella Man, The Day After Tomorrow, One Week, Still Mine, Clown, Wargames: The Dead Code, and Joshua Then And Now. Shamata has been nominated for three Canadian Screen Awards. His first feature, Between Friends, is acknowledged as one of Canada's best, for which the legendary Vittorio De Sica presented him a "Migliore Attore" award at the Sorrento Film Festival. Shamata's television credits are equally wide-ranging. He recurs in the Crackle TV series The Art of More, and stars as Uncle Cheech in the hit animated series Fugget About It. He has appeared in series ranging from The Mod Squad and Barretta To Beauty and the Beast and as a regular in the USA network remake of Kojak. He earned a Best Actor Bijou award for portraying a family man facing homosexuality in the breakthrough CBC network film The Running Man. Other notable credits include Showtime's Tony Bill-Directed Whitewash: The Clarence Brandley Story, The Engagement Ring, The award-winning Almost Golden: The Jessica Savitch Story, The Company and Jackie Bouvier Kennedy Onassis (as Pierre Salinger). Shamata has performed on stages from Halifax to Los Angeles, in classics such as Uncle Vanya (opposite Peter O'Toole), A Doll's House, The Good Woman of Setzuan, To Clothe the Naked, and in contemporary plays including The Country Girl, Battering Ram, My Fat Friend, Chapter Two, and The Indian Wants The Bronx, among many others. Chuck Shamata and his wife Diane live in Toronto. They have two children and three grandchildren. Norman Howell At 14 his rodeo career landed him an acting part in the 1971 film The Cowboys. He was taught how to throw his first movie punch by the legendary John Wayne, who along with Yakima Canutt were the innovators of the modern movie fight. This planted the seed that Norman may prefer stunt work over acting roles. Soon after, his career took off. He doubled John Travolta, Richard Chamberlain, Peter O'Toole, Bruce Willis, Mark Harmon, Dirk Benedict, and was Roger Moore's stunt-double in 007. Norman's stunt coordinator career started with Footloose and then Kevin Costner gave this nominee his first big break as a stunt coordinator on Dances with Wolves and as 2nd unit director in The Bodyguard, Open Range and Mr. Brooks. His creativity and execution has earned him a place in the top five for outstanding stunt coordination. Alan Feinstein Alan Feinstein has appeared in over 100 television productions, co-starring on "Nip Tuck," "Crossing Jordan," and "N.Y.P.D. Blue." Series leads in "The Runaways," "Jigsaw John," "Berrengers," Second Family Tree," and more than 800 episodes of daytime drama. He co-starred opposite Peter Strauss and Peter O'Toole in "Masada," Lindsay Wagner in "The Two Worlds of Jenny Logan," Vanessa Redgrave in "Second Serve," as well as opposite Diane Keaton in the feature film "Looking For Mr. Goodbar." Winner of the New York Drama Desk Award for his portrayal of "Marco" in Arthur Miller's 'A View From the Bridge'. 3 Los Angeles Drama-logue awards for his performances in 'Cold Storage', 'Dancing in the End Zone', and as "Jamie" in 'Long Days Journey Into Night'. Alan's roles on Broadway include his debut in Edward Albee's 'Malcolm,' and was picked by Tennessee Williams for the role of "Stanley Kowalski" in the 25th anniversary Broadway revival of 'A Streecar Named Desire'. He starred on stage at the Guthrie Theatre in 'The Price' after having auditioned for playwright Arthur Miller. He also starred in productions of Herb Gardner's 'Conversations With My Father' at Philidelphia's Walnut Street Theatre and the Pioneer Theatre Company of Salt Lake City. Other performances include productions at The Old Globe, The Long Wharf Theatre, The Williamstown Summer Festival, The Alley Theatre, The Philidelphia Theatre Company, and was a member of New York's famed Circle Repertory Company. Los Angeles stage appearances include 'Talley's Folly' at the Grove Theatre Center, David Mamet's 'Lakeboat', directed by Joe Montegna at the Tiffany Theatre, Tina Howe's 'One Shoe Off', the world premiere of 'The Sisters' at the historic Pasadena Playhouse, and 'Ghetto' at the Mark Taper Forum. Tom Alter Tom Alter, the son and grandson of American Presbyterian missionaries who first came to India in 1916, grew up in north India in the towns of Rajpur and Mussoorie, and studied at Woodstock School. It was while teaching at a school in Jagadhri, Haryana in the early 1970s that Alter picked honed his Hindi and fell in love with the movies, in specific Indian cinema. In that era television was not common in India and so most people went to the movies, often several times a week. Alter was enamored by the films and in June 1972, after noticing a small classified ad in the newspaper, he enrolled at the prestigious prestigious Film and Television Institute of India of Pune. Alter was one of two people selected out of more than 1000 applicants that year and he learned his craft at the FTII, where he studied with the likes of Benjamin Gilani, Naseeruddin Shah, Shabana Azmi, Mithun Chakraborthy and others. After graduating from FTII, Alter headed straight to Bombay and soon got his first break in the Dev-Anand starrer 'Sahib Bahadur' directed by Chetan Anand. His first release, however, was Ramanand Sagar's 'Charas' in which he played the superstar Dharmendra's CID boss. Steady work came to Alter throughout the 1970s and 80s and he worked with luminaries such as V Shantaram, Raj Kapoor, Hrishikesh Mukherjee, Manmohan Desai, Manoj Kumar and Satjajit Rai as well as a host of lesser-known directors. He has also acted in regional cinema - Bengali, Assamese, Telegu, Tamil and Kumaoni films. Alter was witness to the coming of television to India and worked on the small screen in a number of popular serials, the biggest of which was the popular drama 'Junoon' which ran for five years. In it, he played the role of the mob lord Keshal Kalsi - KK, as he was famously known - and his performance earned rave reviews. During this same period Alter acted in the ensemble comedy 'Zabaan Sambhalke', another drama called 'Ghutan', and hosted the health-based talk show 'Mere Ghar Aana Zindagi'. Some of his most famous movie roles have been as Musa in Vidhu Vinod Chopra's acclaimed crime drama 'Parinda', Mahesh Bhatt's blockbuster romance 'Aashiqui', and Ketan Mehta's 'Sardar', in which Alter essayed the role of Lord Mountbatten. Alter has also accumulated a body of theatrical work, the most recent having been in the theatrical reproduction of William Dalrymple's 'City of Djinns' and the solo play 'Maulana', based on Maulana Azad for which he has received much critical acclaim. He has also received praise for his role in the art film 'Ocean of An Old Man', which has been screened at film festivals around the world. Among several international assignments was the opportunity to work with Peter O'Toole in the Hollywood film 'One Night With The King'. In addition to acting, Alter has also ventured into direction - he directed a one-shot episode for the short-lived series 'Yule Love Stories' in the mid-1990s - and was a sports journalist in the late 1980s to early 1990s. He has written three books, one non-fiction and two fiction, and in 2008 was awarded the prestigious Padma Shree by the Indian government in recognition for his services to the field of arts and cinema. Marina Anderson Marina Anderson is a dual citizen (American-Canadian), multi-hyphenate. A noted actress, voice-over artist, writer, producer, designer makeup artist, acting teacher, coach, personal manager and career consultant.Marina has ventured in practically every facet of the entertainment industry in front of and behind the camera. She was singly responsible via her efforts as personal manager and publicist, for resurrecting the career of actor David Carradine (her now, ex-husband), which culminated with his being cast in Quentin Tarantino's film Kill Bill. It was Marina who befriended and introduced Tarantino to Carradine, which ultimately led to his being cast in the film. During their six years together, her life and career with Carradine has been highly publicized worldwide. It was publicly acknowledged that Marina was the sole motivating factor of his sobriety after many years of alcohol abuse (E! True Hollywood Stories and E! Hollywood Wives Tales). Marina combined her skills to rebuild his career as well as pursuing her own. All is recounted in her memoir, David Carradine, The Eye Of My Tornado, which is being developed as a film. Originally published 2010, the book takes readers through Anderson's very private journey and beyond her publicized marriage and divorce to Carradine. Endorsed by Dr. Drew Pinsky, a new, updated version is selling worldwide. During this time and throughout her career, Marina has been cast in unique and diverse starring, recurring, and supporting roles in many independent feature films. Her talents as a skilled, versatile character actress were showcased in many comedic and dramatic films and television shows where she displayed chameleon like qualities in roles from murderers to moms, attorneys to bimbos. She has achieved notoriety and recognition in her own right within the indie movie circuit as well as prime-time mainstream distribution. Her talents have lent themselves to hosting, reporting and other journalistic ventures as well. Marina was voted YouTube's #1 TV Executive from the four-million viewership web series Pure Pwnage, and co-lead in Sophie Chase, (which was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award -- the first in the history of the TV Academy) Outstanding Achievement In Video Content For Non-Traditional Delivery Platforms (New Media - iPod, Broadband), Canada's four Genie Award (Canada's Oscars) winning film (including Best Picture and director) 32 Short Films About Glenn Gould, directed by Francois Girard and co-lead in The Motion Picture Academy Award and The Carl E. David Award winning film short Legacy. She has also been cast as the co-lead in an episode of Unsolved for NBC Universal as well as appearances on: Bones (opposite Emily Deschanel and David Boreanaz), The Mentalist (opposite Robin Tunney), Dexter (opposite Jennifer Carpenter), Law & Order LA, Desperate Housewives, supporting and guest star roles: Sex & Mrs. X (for Hearst/Lifetime opposite Linda Hamilton), Forever Knight, Dracula: The Series, and recurring guest on Kung Fu: The Legend Continues (opposite David Carradine), Largo Winch, and CBC's highly rated series Scales of Justice. Many other television appearances include: Seinfeld, Big Time Rush, Jane By Design, Parenthood, Ghost Whisperer, Side Order of Life (Becca's mom), 12 Miles of Bad Road, and Studio 60 On The Sunset Strip and many national on camera and voice-over commercials including Federal Express, Pillsbury crescent rolls, Jell-O pudding, Home Depot, Safeway markets, Thicker Fuller Hair, Pacific Horizon furniture and Alburtus Magnus College. Film credits include starring and supporting roles: Natural Selection (stars Breaking Bad's Uncle Jack - Michael Bowen), co lead role in Dangerous Curves (opposite David and Robert Carradine), Macon County Jail (opposite Ally Sheedy), Licensed To Wed, Wild Hogs, Rendition, Kiss Of A Stranger (opposite Mariel Hemmingway), My Little Hollywood (Sylvester and Frank Stallone, Dennis Hopper), Naked Movie (Christian Slater, Tori Spelling), Shepherd (opposite Roddy Piper), co-lead in The Donor/La Donneuse, American Reel, three films for famed director Walter Hill and more. To add to her schedule, Marina has her own jewelry line -- The Flying Goddess(TM) which has been covered in the media and is in the possession of celebrities such as: Shirley MacLaine, Fran Drescher, Dr. Maya Angelou, Jillie Mack (Mrs. Tom Selleck) and Jan (Mrs. Mickey) Rooney. She is also a columnist for Headlines & Global News (HNGN) and freelance writer for other publications. 2012, Marina opened her own publicity company, The Media Hound PR specializing in the entertainment industry, publishing, book launch campaigns and various events (for celebs such as Dick Van Dyke and Gary U.S. Bonds) and branding (Morgan Brown Designs). Clients have included actor-environmentalists Ed Begley Jr, and Rachelle Carson-Begley, actor-author Robby Benson, music icons Alan Parsons, Blanche Garcia (expert Interior designer/consultant Travel Channel), Cari Cucksey (star of Cash & Cari HGTV), Mark Breslin (owner/founder Yuk Yuks Canada), Malibu Playhouse, just to name a few. Marina is also developing film, TV, reality projects, paints, sculpts, enjoys playing guitar, singing, dancing, horseback riding, jet skiing, golf and bowling! Previous owner of Lulu The Collie (who was Lassie IX's sister and a Ralph Lauren Model) and three cats, Marina actively supports animal and children's rights groups (American Oceans, World Wildlife Foundation, PETA. MADD, ASPCA, Children Uniting Nations, LA Family Housing, to name a few). Her first children's book (based on her beloved Lulu with a "Lassie-feeling" story), The Adventures of Lulu The Collie is scheduled for release early 2014. Marina began her acting and modeling career in the San Fernando Valley at age 13, appearing in various commercials and television shows. An Art major at Ulysses S. Grant High School, she later attended Los Angeles Valley College where she became their first female DJ (KLAV). After attaining her Associate Arts degree in Theatre/Cinema, Coco received the ASO scholarship, which allowed her to pursue Journalism and Broadcasting at California State University Northridge and UCLA. Originally trained in theatre, Marina has performed leads in over twenty productions and touring companies including Taming Of The Shrew, Twelfth Night, Butterflies Are Free, My Fair Lady and Company. Marina has also hosted her own roving reporter on-the-town interview show for WCCO radio Minneapolis. As an artist, she sold her Grandma Moses style primitive paintings (as Nina Penn) to various galleries in Southern California and also ran her own basket decorating company (The Basket Lady), which sold worldwide high-end, one-of-a-kind creations she crafted herself, to famous Hollywood clientele. Entertainment runs in Marina's family. Her mother (Mariana Dottore, the Sicilian side) was a contract singer for Warner Bros. in the 40's, also Pasadena Civic Light Opera as well as appearing in various noted nightclubs. She is related to famed Cardinal d'Este (Villa d'Este in Italy) and Lucrezia Borgia. Coco's father (Joseph Benjamin, Lithuanian descent) was a professional musician, inventor, aerospace engineer and Imagineer for EPCOT/Disney. Her father's uncle was film and TV producer, Harry Joe Brown (Randolph Scott westerns, classic films such as Cpt. Blood starring Errol Flynn). Via Brown, Marina is related to acclaimed actor Peter O'Toole and Academy Award winning lyricist, Ray Evans (Mona Lisa, Que Sera Sera, Silver Bells, Mr. Ed and Bonanza themes). Marina has one older brother, Daniel who is also a professional musician as well as a computer programmer and analyst. He is happily married to Maggie Lew (Benjamin), a real estate investor born in Hong Kong). In 1990, Marina returned to acting and moved to Toronto, Canada, where she received her dual citizenship, wrote and developed comedy projects as well as guest starred in many Canadian-American TV and film projects (as Marina Anderson). It was there in Toronto, where Marina had recurring guest star roles on the show Kung Fu: The Legend Continues, where she met Carradine (1992). They did not start their relationship until 1995. On February 20, 1998, Marina and David were married in a highly publicized ceremony on Laramie Street of the Warner Bros. Studio's Western street back lot where they first met in the 70s. David was filming the original series Kung Fu and Marina was taking acting classes located on the lot. Marina divorced David December 12, 2001 and changed her name to Coco d'Este for a time. Marina enjoys working on the other side of the camera "at practically every studio in town in just about every capacity from production assistant to Executive Assistant of company's CEO's to producing". Marina co-owned American Biograph Productions, where she held the position VP of Publicity and was the youngest producer at that time to join the Academy of TV Arts and Sciences. The company produced commercials and live-action promotions for record companies such as Motown and Warner Bros. Freelancing in other areas over the years, Marina has held the positions of: Script Analyst for ShowTime/Viacom, makeup artist (specializing in glamour makeovers, personal makeup artist to Yoko Ono), Director of Publicity for various companies, and freelance journalist and screenwriter. She has worked as Director of Publicity for various companies and publications and as a modeling, makeup and acting teacher (John Casablancas/Elite, John Robert Powers, Sutherland Models (Canada), Film Actors Lab, and others). Appearances (as herself): Marilu Henner, Larry King (subbing host Joy Behar) Inside Edition, Insider, Access Hollywood, Entertainment Tonight, AM LA Hard Copy, Celebrity Justice, CNN, Radaronline.com, various news networks and Internet worldwide, Date My House, No Love In LA (Documentary), Your SCV TV, Global Village Television.com, Home Shopping Petwork (HSP), LA San Fernando Valley International Film Festival Gala Awards Presenter, Paris Hilton Documentary Warner Bros., Howard Stern, E! Hollywood Wives Tales, E! True Hollywood Story, E! Fashion Emergency, Q Television Brunch, Music +, 2001 Oscars pre show, Celebrity Justice, Crossing Over With John Edward, Home and Family Show (2), DogCatRadio.com, First Miss Dog Beauty Pageant, Telegado Awards, Woof! Woof! Mathew Margolis' Guide to Dog Training, American Oceans Celebrity Sports Invitational (jet ski competition), Dream Foundation Celebrity Sports Invitational (jet ski competition), Night of 101 Stars Academy Awards, Hollywood Santa Clause Lane Parade Starring (6 productions) KLAV Los Angeles DJ/radio talk show, WCCO radio (Twin Cities/MN) Roving Reporter/LA Laison, SUN TV - Host/roving reporter, Balance Bracelets infomercial, SCVTV The Beauty Spot (her own show). Swen Temmel Swen Temmel was born in a small city in Austria called Graz. He moved to America with his mother and father in 1997. He knew very little English or anything about the culture. Starting school at Santa Monica Elementary and graduating from Malibu High in 2010. Being completely immersed in in the language and culture he quickly caught on. He has now done more than 70 student and independent films, numerous commercials, including a non smoking PSA running across all the schools in America and an Argentinian PSA for safe driving. He has also done his fair share of theater and musical productions as well. His music experience includes playing the piano and the guitar. In December of 2012 he graduated from the renowned Lee Strasberg theatre and film Institute completing the 2-year conservatory program. Wanting to expand his acting knowledge he also took classes at the Groundlings Theatre in Hollywood. In 2013 he finished a semester at the world famous Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts in London where he studied Shakespeare. Alumni including Anthony Hopkins, Roger Moore, Kenneth Branagh, Peter O'Toole, Victoria Principal and Orlando Bloom. His passion is film and TV but he continuously acts on stage as well. Having done multiple shows all around town the one that stands out most is "The Sunshine Boys" which was performed at the Malibu Playhouse (Performing Arts Theatre) were he shared the Stage with the legendary Dick Van Dyke. Alongside is busy acting career he is working on getting his Business degree. He is student at Santa Monica College but plans on transferring to a University next year were he will finish his studies. Asif Basra Asif Basra is an Indian film and theatre actor. He has appeared in several international English-language productions, such as the acclaimed 2006 movie Outsourced (United States), Tandoori Love (Switzerland/ Germany) and One Night with the King (United States) with Omar Sharif and Peter O'Toole. Asif has starred in a number of popular Hindi movies, including Once Upon a Time in Mumbai, Jab We Met and Kai Po Che. His performance in Rahul Dholakia's Parzania received much critical acclaim. In 2014, he starred in the Tamil film Anjaan, and most recently he has acted alongside Ranbir Kapoor in his new film Roy. Asif has also worked with some of India's leading directors, including Anurag Kashyap on his film Black Friday. Other film roles have included playing the tailor in Hindi movie Lamhaa: The Untold Story of Kashmir and a fakir in Janaki Vishwanathan's Yeh Hai Bakrapur. Asif has starred in many plays in India and abroad, performing in English, Hindi and Urdu theatre productions. He toured India, the United States, the UK and Dubai playing five characters in Feroz Khan's production of Mahatma V/s Gandhi. He performed the title role in Manav Kaul's acclaimed Mamtaz Bhai Patang Waale, and played a 12-year old child with Spina Bifida in Main Bhi Superman. Asif Basra was born in Amravati on 27th July 1967. In 1989 he moved to Mumbai to pursue his acting career, and continues to live and work there. Jeanne Wolf Jeanne Wolf is one of the country's most respected journalists. She covers every aspect of show business for TV, internet, radio, newspapers and magazines. Her contributions have been rewarded with the coveted Publicists Guild Press Award. She produces exclusive video profiles for JeanneWolfsHollywood.com, including her series "Closer Encounters" which examines A-list stars such as Johnny Depp, Jim Carrey, Cameron Diaz, through the stages of their career. Wolf has earned a reputation for inside scoops which has made her a sought after TV guest. As West Coast Editor for Parade Magazine, her stories on Angelina Jolie, Michael Jackson, Oprah Winfrey, and Javier Bardem made international news, while her daily column "Celebrity Parade" on Parade.com created a continual stir on the Internet. Wolf has been Editor-at-Large for US Magazine, Redbook, and Ladies Home Journal; Contributing Editor for TV Guide; and regular columnist for Movies.com, ABC.com, and TVGuide.com. On radio, she hosts the syndicated "Jeanne Wolf's Hollywood." Wolf did a daily celebrity report for the ABC Radio Network and produced successful ABC network specials including "The High Price of Fame" and "Countdown to the Academy Awards." On TV, Wolf honed her skills on "Entertainment Tonight" (1981), where she created "Inside Entertainment Report." Her wide-ranging career includes reporting for "ABC News Nightline" (1980) and ABC's "Good Morning America" (1975) and her PBS interview series "Jeanne Wolf With ..." She has been a frequent contributor to the E! Channel. For the Food Network, she was executive producer of "TV Guide's Celebrity Dish." Jeanne Wolf is president of Pentacom Productions-- a team whose creative programming has won many major awards in television to include: An Ohio State Award and a Freedom Foundation Award for "Eric Hoffer: The Crowded Life"; the Golden Gate Award at the San Francisco Film Festival for "Moments Without Proper Names"; a regional Emmy for "The Best"; and a Du Pont/Columbia citation, a Chicago Film Festival Award, the Freedom Foundation Award and a Gold Medal at MIFED in Milan for the PBS special, "The Crisco Kid." Pentacom's promotional film for Marco Island, "Florida Get Away From It All!" was awarded an Addy. "The Donsinger Women and Their Handyman Jack," profiling playwright Tennessee Williams, was judged Best Program at the San Francisco Independent Film Festival. Other projects include "Carnival in Rio" with Arnold Schwarzenegger; "The Best of Brazilian Television" with Candice Bergen; and "The World of James Joyce," hosted by Peter O'Toole; "A Day in the Life of Hawaii"; and "Son Of A Son Of A Sailor." Michael Deeley Oscar-winning film producer Michael Deeley has produced more than 30 movies, including such classics as The Italian Job, The Deer Hunter and Blade Runner. He has made films for Universal, Paramount, Twentieth Century Fox, Warner Brothers, Columbia, United Artists, EMI, HBO, CBS and NBC. Born in London in 1932 he was educated at Stowe and served as a Second Lieutenant in the British army in Malaya. Entering the film industry in 1952 as an assistant editor, he worked for Jacques Tati and Douglas Fairbanks Jr. before joining the editing team on several US TV series including the popular Robin Hood. In 1956 Deeley produced his first film starring Peter Sellers and Spike Milligan. Two B-pictures followed before in 1958 he joined MCA Universal as head of TV film distribution in Great Britain. By 1964 Deeley had become General Manager and producer of Woodfall Films - the most innovative production company in London, responsible for a series of films culminating in the Oscar winning Tom Jones. During his tenure he oversaw the production of the swinging-sixties classic The Knack which won the prestigious Palme d'Or. During the late 60s, as an independent, Deeley produced a number of movies for Paramount Pictures including The Italian Job starring Michael Caine and Noël Coward and Murphy's War starring Peter O'Toole. In 1967 he was part of a successful bid for the British independent TV franchise for Wales and the West of England. In 1973 he became managing director and later owner of British Lion Films which successfully produced eight films in Britain, Italy and the USA including Nicolas Roeg's Don't Look Now and The Man Who Fell To Earth and Robin Hardy's The Wicker Man which later developed a cult following. In the mid-70s, Deeley sold British Lion to EMI and became Managing Director of EMI Films Ltd and President of EMI Films Inc. Films included Sam Peckinpah's Convoy, Death On The Nile and in 1979 he won an Oscar as producer of The Deer Hunter starring Robert De Niro. In addition EMI Films Inc invested in Columbia Pictures' Close Encounters Of The Third Kind and The Deep. In 1982 Deeley finished work with Ridley Scott on a four year project, which turned out to be the biggest picture of his career - Blade Runner. Between 1985 and 1990 he was Head of Production for Consolidated Entertainment Inc, responsible for numerous TV movies including the period drama Young Catherine starring Vanessa Redgrave. Michael Deeley is Deputy Chairman of The British Screen Advisory Council and recently completed work on his autobiography Don't Shoot The Producer. Anna Valle Elected as Miss Italy in 1995, she started acting in a lot of TV movies and Tv series that gave her such a big audience: "Commesse", "Per amore", "Papa Giovanni", and many others. She has even starred in some international projects like "Augustum" with Peter O'Toole and Charlotte Rampling, in which she played Cleopatra, the Egyptian queen, and the Deutsch TV Series "Aeon". However,her most important roles are three: the one of the unlucky Iranian princess Soraya in the biopic about her life, "Soraya" (2003), the sweet mistress Margherita in "Cuore" (this performance took her to win a prestigious "Grolla d'oro") and the intense Claudia Castelli in "Le stagioni del cuore", with Alessandro Gassman. She hasn't had a great cinema career: she starred in "Sottovento!" (2001) a boat movie that didn't earn any money, but in 2006/7, after a cameo in the biopic "Callas and Onassis" in which she played Jackie Onassis, she shot three movies: "SoloMetro", "MissTake-una commedia nera" and especially "carnera", a movie based upon the life of the boxer Primo Carnera. Angela Crow Angela started her career young, playing truant from school to appear in 'Jane Eyre' by a touring company. She won the Gilbert award for Comedy, the Tree award for Drama and the Emile Littler award for Outstanding Talent during her years at RADA. By the time she had joined "Coronation Street" in 1960 she had already appeared as lead in many theatre productions, including Lily Smalls in the original stage production of 'Under Milk Wood'. Her television credits included "The Laughing Woman", playing opposite Peter O'Toole, and "The Dance Dress". Today, Angela is as busy as ever with her theatre work. Dror Soref Dror Soref is an award-winning filmmaker who began his career directing music videos for "Weird Al" Yankovic, which helped establish the rock parodist as a major star. Following his success in music videos, Soref directed Platinum Blonde, an inspirational short that was nominated for the Gold Hugo Award for Best Short Film at the Chicago International Film Festival. Platinum Blonde drew the attention of Paramount Studio's President. Consequently, Soref was retained under contract to develop projects at Paramount Studios for him to write and direct. With the help of the Studio, The Seventh Coin became Soref's debut as a feature film writer/director. The Seventh Coin, starring Peter O'Toole, won two festival awards including Best Picture. During the early years of Soref's 25-year relationship with Paramount, Soref co-founded Orbit Productions, serving as one of its commercial directors. As Orbit's CEO, Soref ran one of Hollywood's most successful commercial production companies at the time. Some of Orbit's clients include such brands as Ford, Coca Cola, Toyota, McDonald's, and Fujifilm. Soref later parlayed a successful career in commercials into feature films, signing a multiple-picture deal with Mike Medavoy's Phoenix Pictures with one for Soref himself to direct. The first motion picture under this deal was Basic starring John Travolta and Samuel L. Jackson, released by Columbia Pictures. In 2009, Soref co-wrote and directed the critically acclaimed thriller Not Forgotten, starring Simon Baker, Paz Vega and Chloe Moretz. The film was selected for a Special Screening at the Slamdance Film Festival, and was accorded rave reviews by The Hollywood Reporter and Variety. It was nominated for the Saturn Award by the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy, and Horror (2010). In June 2011, Soref served as one of the producers of Twist: An American Musical based on the Charles Dickens' classic. The play was written by William F. Brown (The Wiz) and was choreographed and directed by Emmy award winning Debbie Allen. It was staged at The Pasadena Playhouse to rave reviews. In 2012 Soref directed the experimental short film Morning exploring the parallels between the love of Man and God, and that of man and woman. The film was selected for a number of festivals including the Seattle Erotic Art Festival. Soref received a BA in Economics from the University of Haifa, Israel, graduating with Honors. While a student, he wrote frequently on Israeli-Palestinian relations, and was nominated by his party, at the age of 23, to run for Parliament. Soref served in the Israeli Defense Force as a combat officer in the elite Golani Brigade, where the unit under his command was cited for excellence. Soref studied film production in the MFA Program of Cinema Arts at the University of Southern California (USC). April Ashley April Ashley was born a boy in 1935 and christened George Jamieson. His father was a sailor in the British Royal Navy during WWII with an affinity for drink who sired 10 children in quick succession. George(April) was frail, with a calcium deficiency and refused to eat most food or drink his school milk and ended up with malnutrition. After leaving the merchant marine, April moved to London at the urging of her friend Ronald Cogan. She worked as a table wiper, bacon slicer and a string of other small jobs to pay the bills. April was absolutely facinated with London. April aquired the nickname "Eyelashes" after Albert Einstein remarked in the resturant Quo Vardis in Soho that he should be Madame Butterfly with his thick long lashes. Albert Einstein had asked to be introduced to April (even though April was still dressing androgenously). In 1956, while on holiday in the South of France, April met up with some friends who suggested she work at Le Carrousel nightclub in Paris. The management at Le Carrousel, which specialized in female impersonators, was stunned by her feminine looks. She was immediately asked to join the troupe and stayed with them for four years. April paid 2,000 pounds for the sex-change operation. The process was excruciating and the side-effects - dizziness, nausea and swelling - lasted for two years. As a woman, April felt confident to pursue a career in the public eye. April was queen of the catwalk, Vogue's favorite underwear model photographed by Terence Donovan and David Bailey, and was in constant demand by photographers. She did the Royal shows for Deenfield Furs, appeared in Road to Hong Kong with Bob Hope, Bing Crosby and Joan Collins. April married Arthur Corbett, son of Lord Rowallen in 1961. They opened a successful nightclub together in Spain and became close friends with Peter O'Toole and Omar Sharif. After 7 years of marriage April and her husband filed for divorce. The divorce left April completely without funds and the discovery of her transsexual past by the British tabloids ruined her personal life and modeling career (a la Caroline 'Tula' Cossey) Instead of losing her place in swinging London, though, April rallied by shifting her position slightly and opening a restaurant. April and Desmonds, or AD8, was opened on March 1, 1970, at 8 Egerton Graden Mews, Knightsbridge, just down from Harrods. Lord Lichfield bought it eventually. As London's most glamourous hostess, April was once more all over the paper. She was interviewed about her 23 inch waist, her taste for citrus colours, her beehive, tailored pants and sequined Biba dresses. In 1975, after a massive heart attack, April retreated to Hay-on-Wye on the Welsh border where she lived for 11 years with her dog Flora, before small legacies from two locals allowed her to move to the warmer, more liberal France, Spain and finally America's West Coast. David C. Williams David Williams has scored more than 50 feature and television films encompassing a wide range of styles and genres. He has worked with some of the biggest names in the industry including Francis Coppola on the MGM film "Supernova". He recently scored Sony Pictures/MTV psychological thriller "The Dorm", directed by Rachel Talalay ("Doctor Who"), and produced by Michael Frislev and Chad Oakes (FX's "Fargo"). Other films he has scored include Miramax's "Phantoms" (Ben Affleck, Rose McGowan, Liev Schreiber, Joanna Going, Peter O'Toole), Sony Pictures romance "Ice Castles", the suspense feature "Freezer" (Dylan McDermott, Peter Facinelli) directed by two-time Academy Award nominee and multi-Emmy winner Mikael Salomon, Sony Pictures drama "No Way Back" (Russell Crowe), the action-comedy "Give 'Em Hell Malone" (Thomas Jane, Elsa Pataky, Ving Rhames) directed by Russell Mulcahy ("Highlander"), A&E's historical drama "Benedict Arnold" (Aidan Quinn, Kelsey Grammer), the indie WWII period drama "Christina" (Stephen Lang), ABC-Disney's fantasy "Fallen" (Paul Wesley, Tom Skerritt, Bryan Cranston), FOX's military drama "A Glimpse Of Hell" (James Caan, Robert Sean Leonard), NBC/Universal's "L.A. Law: The Movie", and Dimension's "The Prophecy" (Christopher Walken, Virginia Madsen, Viggo Mortensen) directed by Gregory Widen ("Backdraft"). He graduated from Missouri State University with studies in composition and orchestration. He also had post-graduate work at North Texas University. David also studied with celebrated Oscar-winning composer John Corigliano. He is an ASCAP Award winner and is a member of the SCL. He lives in Los Angeles, California. Kirstie Pooley Kirstie Pooley Born in London is the daughter of actor and painter Olaf Pooley and actress Irlin Hall . She was only 16 when she landed her first role on stage in Sandy Wilson's "The Boyfriend". Kirstie trained at the Italia Conti Stage School and went onto to win a scholarship at The Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art. She appeared in a number of television series including the award winning production of the Glittering Prizes for the BBC playing Helga. She played Eva (lead) in The Vorpal Blade opposite Peter Cushing for Anglia TV. and was Co-Star in Whoops Apocolypse with John Cleese. You will have also seen her in The Professionals, Target and Bill series, before winning the lead role Jella opposite Sir Peter Hall and Delphine Seyrig in "Der Letze Schrei" Interwest Films Berlin for Director Robert Van Ackeran. She also played Eva Braun opposite Steven Berkoff's Hitler in "War and Remembrance" Co-Star for ABC/Paramount. And played the lead Eliza Doolittle opposite Peter O'Toole in "Pygmalion" on Broadway. Kirstie moved to Los Angeles in 2003 with her husband and two daughters Olivia and Juliet Holland-Rose now both aspiring young actresses. Recently she joined forces with Argonaut Films as a producer in 2005 after working at the Writers Bootcamp/WBC Productions where she worked in development. She specializes in Film Finance and development working both in the US and UK. Salamat Mukhammed-Ali Salamat was born in the former Soviet Union, in the country of Kazakhstan. His creative career started in 1991 when, as a lead singer, he founded a very successful rock band "Epoch". Salamat left the music industry after he was offered to be a technical director of a National Television Network "MiKTV". Salamat directed music videos for the Nation's top artists such as Makpal Zhunisova, Myra Ilyasova, Dinara Kyrkybaeva and others. He also produced and directed National commercials and well-known Public Service Announcements. In 2007 Salamat's animated music video in 3D received "Best Audience Choice Award". The award was presented to him by the country's #1 National TV Newtork "Channel Kazakhstan". In 2009 his other music video "Ainaldym elm" took the first prize of "The Best Music Video of Kazakhstan" at the Shymkent Music Video Awards. During this time, Salamat was considered to be the best music video director in the country. This is when the President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev has offered Salamat to be a director, editor, and supervisor, putting him in charge of the TV series for his presidential outreach and children's programs "Intellectual Olympics" and "IQ-Action". In 2014 both series have won multiple international TV awards. In March of 2015 Salamat premiered his first feature film "The Whole World At Our Feet" in Kazakhstan, starring Armand Assante, Peter O'Toole, Cary-Hiroyuki Tagawa, Michael Madsen, Tommy Lister, Bolo Yeung, Don "The Dragon" Wilson, and Oliver Gruner. This was Peter O'Toole's last picture. The movie received a wide theatrical release in Kazakhstan and topped the Asian Box Office. Its record high ratings have surpassed such blockbusters as Transformers, Fast & Furious 7, and Interstellar, which were running in the theaters at the same time. "The Whole World At Our Feet" is considered one of Kazakhstan's top 5 best blockbusters ever made. According to the article in Forbes (online May edition) "The Whole World At Our Feet" received the highest ratings ever from the audiences in Kazakhstan. In 2016 "The Whole World At Our Feet" has started it's festival circuit and has won "The Best Feature Film" and "Best Director" at the Balkan Festival For Film And Television "Art Amphora" in Bulgaria. Shoreline Entertainment has acquired to distribute the film in 67 countries. Salamat Mukhammed-Ali has held the title of the leading music video and commercial directors in Central Asia. Now, he is one of Kazakhstan's hottest movie directors and producer. After reaching these heights in Kazakhstan, Salamat has decided to move further with his film career. He's producing and directing films in the United States. Many of those will be joint productions with other countries. Today he's developing several feature films and television series together with Gray Frederickson, Peter Zhmutski and Gamal Diab. Matthew Metcalfe Producer, Matthew Metcalfe was born in Christchurch, New Zealand before moving to Papua New Guinea and later Australia as a child. He later moved back to New Zealand to attend University and it was here that Matthew's association with the screen began while at The University of Auckland where he started acting in amateur theater and taking small roles in such shows as Hercules and Xena. Following graduation with a degree in management and applied mathematics, he started his producing career on the the short films "9 Across" and "Little Samurai", both of which achieved significant theatrical releases in their domestic territory of New Zealand. Matthew later went on to work as as New Zealand producer on the German TV Drama "Das Traumshiff", as Associate Producer on the German Mini Series, "Bird of Paradise" and Executive Producer on the German TV feature "Kreuzfahrt ins Gluck". He also won several awards as a producer of Music Videos for such international acts as "Slayer", "Hayley Westenra", "Pacifier" and "Eskimo Joe". In 2002 he was awarded a Tui award for producing the cult music video for NZ rapper, Che Fu "Fade Away". In television Matthew wrote and produced the prime time New Zealand TV series "Air Force", as well as producing the Vietnam documentary "Vietnam - My Fathers War" and the music series "White Trash to Rock Gods". Recently he produced the prime time documentary "Soldiers of Fortune" which told the story of New Zealand security contractors working in Iraq. Filming took place in October 2006 in and around Baghdad for this groundbreaking documentary. In feature films, Matthew has produced the Lions Gate Films thriller, "Nemesis Game" and the First Look Pictures horror "The Ferryman" and the multi award winning drama/comedy for Paramount "Dean Spanley" starring Peter O'Toole and Sam Neill. His most recent production is the romantic comedy "Love Birds" starring Rhys Darby and Golden Globe winner Sally Hawkins. Ken LaZebnik Ken LaZebnik is a playwright and screenwriter whose work has been produced at theaters across America, and whose film and TV scripts have ranged from collaborations with Garrison Keillor and Robert Altman, to the popular CBS series Touched by An Angel. His plays have frequently been premiered at The Mixed Blood Theatre in Minneapolis, and Artistic Director Jack Reuler has directed all of them. The most recent of these collaborations was On The Spectrum, which premiered in November, 2011. On The Spectrum was awarded a Steinberg Citation from the American Theatre Critics Association, honoring it as one of the three best new plays produced outside of New York during the year. This spring, On The Spectrum had a successful run in Los Angeles at the Fountain Theatre. Other plays Mixed Blood has premiered include Vestibular Sense, League of Nations, and Calvinisms. Together with Garrison Keillor, LaZebnik co-wrote director Robert Altman's last film: A Prairie Home Companion, starring Meryl Streep, Lindsay Lohan, and John C. Reilly. LaZebnik has a long history of writing for Garrison Keillor's "Prairie Home Companion" radio show. LaZebnik's wrote the Lionsgate film Thomas Kinkade's Christmas Cottage, released in 2008. It stars Peter O'Toole as the popular painter Thomas Kinkade's mentor; Marcia Gay Harden plays Kinkade's mother. LaZebnik's play Rachel Calof, adapted from the memoir of a Jewish homesteader in North Dakota, premiered at the New York International Fringe Festival in August, 2011. His play Theory of Mind, commissioned for young audiences by the Cincinnati Playhouse in the Park, has also been produced in Minnesota, Hawaii and Michigan. For television, he has written on series as varied as Touched By An Angel, Providence, and Star Trek: Enterprise. During his seven-year tenure on Touched By An Angel, he wrote over twenty episodes, including four popular Christmas episodes which have been released on DVD. In 2012 LaZebnik wrote an episode of Army Wives, and is currently writing for an upcoming Hallmark Channel show, When Calls The Heart. He wrote three PBS specials for their series "In Concert at the White House," which were filmed in the East Room of the White House. These featured such varied performers as Broadway stars Patti LuPone and Jennifer Holiday, and country star Toby Keith. Julien Vialon Julien Vialon was born in 1968 in Clermont-Ferrand, Auvergne, France. His father taught him architecture, design and also about Italian creativity. His mother introduced him to travel and foreign cultures. He first came to London at age 7 and, that same year, discovered his first film on the silver screen; "Goldfinger". His decision was made: later, Julien would become an actor. He made his first debut on stage at age 15, in a local theatre group, performing in English. After getting a degree at University in Literature and Foreign Languages (English, Italian, Spanish), he then moved to Paris and joined the prestigious Florent Acting School. He made his first screen debut as a professional, playing opposite Marcello Mastroianni, in "Three lives and only one death". After appearing in many French TV series and short films, he began to travel around the world, filming commercials. He reinvested the money he made from these in his first directorial debut; to date, he has directed six short films and written two features. In 2004, his third short film script won the award for best short film at a festival in Paris and was later shown at the Cannes Film Festival in the "Short Film Corner". Back on stage, he performed the singing part of "Enjolras", the revolutionary, in "Les Misérables" in Paris in 2006. He then joined the American Actors Studio, where he spent two years improving his grasp of the Stanislavski "method". 2008 saw him portraying the lead part of Bartolomeo Vanzetti in the play "Sacco & Vanzetti". This was the story of two Italian men who went to the United States in the late 1910s in search of the "American dream" and ended up - on the electric chair. A worldwide scandal at the time, their story was later immortalized in the Joan Baez song "Here's to you, Nicola and Bart". In 2010, Julien moved on to London and the play "Platform" marked his stage debut in England, at Kevin Spacey's Old Vic. Chosen by Ron Howard to join the stellar-cast of "Rush", his next feature, Julien faced Daniel Brühl and Chris Hemsworth in this recreation of the 1976 Formula One season. The film will be released in 2013. Following that performance, Julien was cast in "Katherine of Alexandria", directed by Michael Redwood. Facing Peter O'Toole and Edward Fox, Julien plays the part of the pagan Emperor Maxentius. The film is expected to hit the screen in March 2013. Before that, Julien will be seen playing opposite Cameron Diaz and Michael Fassbender in the new Ridley Scott film, "The Counselor". "Saleh Sharif" will mark the third cooperation between Julien Vialon and film maker Zahi Farah, after "TIme" and "Rage". During the spring of 2013, Julien will join the team of "Skins", the Channel 4 TV series, for its 7th season. Later on, Julien will appear in "Base", directed by Richard Parry and produced by Vertigo Films. The english urban myth of the Victorian era, known as "Spring-Heeled jack": very popular in its time, due to the tales of his bizarre appearance and ability to make extraordinary leaps, to the point that he became the topic of several works of fiction. Julien portrayed Thomas Herring, a time-traveling adventurer, sent to capture Spring-Heeled Jack. The film is directed by Steven Wheeler. 2014 will see the collaboration between Julien and italian director Alessandro Zonin, on "From Italy with love" and "Momento Divino" (release 2015) and also Stephen Frears, on his Lance Armstrong biopic, starring Ben Foster. 2015 will see Julien back on stage, this time in Paris, in Nathalie Veneau's adaptation of Conan Doyle's novel "The valley of fear". He'll portray the famous detective Sherlock Holmes. BW Nana Fischer Nana Fischer trained at Shiseido in her native Japan. After working in Tokyo, London and Paris for leading designers she entered the film world with Troy (2004) and Roger Michell's landmark Venus (2006) starring Peter O'Toole. Along with musical features like Mamma Mia! and Sweeney Todd, Nana worked on King Lear in Great Performances and The Wolfman, two productions heavily reliant on makeup and hair. Her work can also be seen on 12 Years A Slave, World War Z, X-Men: First Class, Hanna, The King's Speech. Creating iconic looks, Nana styled Michael Fassbender's character David in Prometheus (2012) and Fassbender's hair and makeup in The Counselor (2013), where she was hair department head. Nana devised the compelling gangster look for James Franco in Spring Breakers (2012) and his period groove in Oz The Great and Powerful (2013). Additionally, Nana designed hair, makeup and prosthetics for Bukowski (2014). She has been personal hair designer and makeup artist to both Michael Fassbender in Macbeth (2014), Trespass Against Us (2014) and Frank (2014) and to James Franco in Good People (2014), This Is The End (2013) and Tar (2012). The daughter of two artists, Nana Fischer speaks Japanese, German, English and a little French - but her real language is transformation. Amy Wright Born and raised in Simcoe, Ontario Amy Wright makes her career by choreographing and casting projects viewed by International audiences. Since her professional beginning in 1995 Amy has become one of Canada's most in demand Choreographers. Her work includes feature films, movies of the week, television series, reality TV, commercials and stage musicals, including Canada's prestigious Shaw Festival. Amy is the Casting Director, Choreographer and Consulting Producer for the International hit television series "The Next Step". Amy's choreography was featured on three episodes of So You Think You Can Dance Canada (Season one). Recent work includes: Crimson Peak with Tom Hiddleston, directed by Guillermo Del Toro (Feature Film), Global TV's Working The Engles directed by Jason Priestly, Saving Hope (CTV), Lost Girl and Copper (Showcase), Defiance and 12 Monkeys (SyFy), Hemlock Grove (Netflix), Degrassi: TNG (CTV). Amy is proud of her work on Emmy and Golden Globe winner Grey Gardens (HBO) with stars Drew Barrymore and Jessica Lange. The IIFA Awards (2011) opening, a "flash mob" with over 200 dancers live onstage, remains Amy's most watched choreography with over 600 million viewers worldwide. Amy choreographed Academy Award nominee Helen Mirren and star Brian Cox for the feature film Red. Working with the same director (Robert Schwentke), Amy choreographed Rachel McAdams and Eric Bana for their wedding dance for the feature film The Time Traveler's Wife. Over the years, Amy has been fortunate to work with some of the hottest stars in the business: Hedley, LeAnn Rimes, Will Ferrell, Lindsay Lohan, Colin Farrell, Molly Shannon, Alyssa Milano, Lauren Holly, Colin Mochrie, Lauren Holly and Hilary Duff and a movie produced by Britney Spears. Amy has choreographed eleven Academy Award Winners/Nominees: Julianne Moore, Woody Harrelson, Sissy Spacek, Richard Dreyfuss, Peter O'Toole, Joan Plowright, Jeremy Irons, Virginia Madsen, Helen Mirren, Ellen Page and Jessica Lange! Amy's commercial choreography includes the "Happy Dance" campaign for Lotto 6/49, spots for Walmart, Hasbro, Special K, Hellmann's Mayonnaise, Nestle's Ice Cream, Trident Gum, AT&T, Bud Light, Canada's Wonderland, Disney World, Molson Canadian, Kit Kat to name a few. Lee Mark Jones Born in the Wilds of Worcestershire in 1962, Lee began singing in a punk band Regular Wretches at the age of 15,leading to a wild and crazy journey in various bands. Touring the World with The Ramones, Motorhead,U2, Black Sabbath, and many others over the years and releasing many albums. During the 80's Lee did various acting roles including Sharpes Rifles, Hope and Glory and Velvet Goldmine. His only acting tuition was a drunken London weekend masterclass from Peter O'Toole. Moving to L.A, then Zaragoza, Spain then back to the UK his last band Gypsy Pistoleros toured extensively in the last 5 years, mostly in the US , playing with the likes of Motorhead, Motley Crue, L.A. Guns (Both), Ratt, Shinedown, Twisted Sister, Poison, Vince Neil, Bang Tango, Skid Row, Slaughter, Faster Pussycat,ZZ Top, Papa Roach, Staind, Buckcherry, Dirty Penny, Now Gypsy Lee Pistolero is a solo artist/songwriter, releasing 2 albums so far. Lee has returned with a passion to acting, his main concern now, with the Apres Vague -Salem Kapsaski film, a Horror Musical Spidarlings playing Psycho Serial Killer Ticks Next was playing 'The Reaper' in Andrew Jones'( Northbank Ent) Theatre of Fear U.S aka Midnight Horror Show) - released JSept 8th 2014 through 4Digital Media & Hannover House Oct US. Currently filming a very brilliant Tom Lee Rutter ( Carnie Films) Acid Western 'Stranger'. Starring as the Stranger, Due to play Carlisl'e in Blue Noon & a Medieval Fantasy 'Clan of the Raven' next year. Scott Schneid Born and raised in Brooklyn, New York, Scott arrived in Hollywood shortly after receiving his bachelor's degree from Harvard University. Landing a job in the William Morris Agency's training program, he worked evenings and weekends to develop the screenplay for what became Tri-Star's infamous "Silent Night, Deadly Night." At 27 he received executive producer credit on the Yuletide horror picture, the film going on to spawn four sequels for LIVE Home Video. Bitten by the creative bug, Scott formed a decade-long partnership with a former Morris trainee. Together they received writing credit on produced episodes of "Hardcastle & McCormack," "Rugrats," and "Friday The Thirteenth - The Series," the latter submitted for Emmy consideration by the producers. This was followed by the motion picture "Phantom Of The Mall," released theatrically in the U.S. by Fries Entertainment. Development deals and close calls followed. An action/murder mystery of theirs was optioned by Baer Entertainment/Orion Pictures, the late FX genius Stan Winston and producer Gale Anne Hurd got into business with them on one of their horror specs, they partnered with director Jon Turtletaub and producer Chuck Gordon on a comedy they developed, CBS green-lit an MOW they wrote that Burt Reynolds was attached to, and IRS Films - in conjunction with the Chiodo Bros. - hired them to write an original. Scott's decade-long roller coaster ride ended when he decided to pursue a welling interest in directing. Financing a 9-minute short, he was accepted into the American Film Institute's highly competitive MFA program. After his stint at the AFI, and 3 more shorts under his belt, Scott quickly optioned his first solo writing effort to producer Dale Pollock (Scott was the only director in his class of 24 that Pollock, former co-chair of the AFI producing program, got into business with). Although Pollock shut his company to become Dean of the North Carolina School Of The Arts, Scott once again optioned the project, this time to Beverly Hills-based Crusader Entertainment. Crusader attached Scott to direct the $8 million picture and placed it on the schedule for pre-production, but the film was scuttled due to internal politics. Scott wrote his next feature based on a childhood experience of his. A coming-of-age comedy, it was one of 20 American projects chosen as a "No Borders" selection by the Independent Film Project (IFP NY) with Scott attached to direct, and was showcased at their annual International Co-Production market in Manhattan. Next up, Scott produced and developed writer/director Rufus Williams' thriller "Butterfly Dreaming," which made its world premiere at the Seattle International Film Festival and was the opening night picture of the Santa Monica Film Festival, winning the Jury Prize for Best Thriller. "Butterfly Dreaming" was picked up for domestic distribution by Vanguard Cinema and released on DVD May 2010. While developing "Butterfly," Scott partnered with famed Hollywood producer David Foster on a horror-thriller. With Peter O'toole committed to playing one of the leads and ICM representing the package, the film began casting - South African director Jason Xenopoulos set to helm - but was put on hold when a portion of the financing fell out. Currently, Scott is working on "Dark Corners," a "Psycho"-like thriller he developed with Lorne Cameron and "Saw's" Tobin Bell; is partnered with writer-director Chuck Russell ("The Scorpion King," "The Mask") and producer Ryan Heppe on "Dark Thirst"; has optioned his "Goosebumps-like" script "Red Racer" to Canadian producer Bill Marks and award-winning director Gayle Harvey; and is writing a new psychological thriller entitled "The Protector." Rusty Waldman Bill Rubenstein Rubenstein attended Harvard College, where he studied photography with Marie Cosindas, play writing with William Alfred, and film with Alan Pakula. Upon graduating, Rubenstein went to work in the mail room at ICM, where, a few months later he was running the motion picture story department. After a brief stint as an agent (he represented "Tin Cup" co-writer John Norville, got actor James Russo his first part-- in "Fast Times at Ridgemont High"), Rubenstein went to work for producer George Litto ("Dressed to Kill," "Blow Out,") at 20th Century-Fox, where he worked closely with writers Waldo Salt, and Alvin Sargent. He wrote his first script, got signed by Evarts Ziegler's agency, then ICM, got a deal, then traveled for six months, mostly in South Asia. Returning to America, he wrote the first version of "Beyond Rangoon." During the many years it took to launch the project, he made a living as a photographer-- a career move jump started when Bono hired him to document the U2's "Joshua Tree" tour during the filming of "U2 Rattle and Hum." Rubenstein worked as a photographer on over 100 productions during this time, including films, commercials and videos with Aerosmith, Dolly Parton, Massive Attack, ATT, 7UP, Bryan Adams, and Madonna, who fired him from the "Express Yourself" video set at Culver Studios after finding out that David Fincher's producers had engaged him without asking her first. He was paid anyway. In 1992, U2 engaged Rubenstein to photograph key segments of the "Zoo TV" tour. In 1994, after spending four months in Malaysia shooting stills (and co-producing) "Beyond Rangoon," Rubenstein moved to a country south of Switzerland and north of Tunisia. There, he did his best to avoid Italian film and television producers, without success. He worked on a number of high profile miniseries for Italian television. With director Doug Nichol, he went to Spain and England to shoot a still-unfinished documentary about David Lean's right hand man Eddie Fowlie, featuring interviews with Richard Lester, Sir John Box, Sir Freddie Young, Peter O'Toole, Kevin Brownwell, Ken Annakin, and others. From 2001 through 2006 he was under contract to New Line Cinema. As of 2011, Rubenstein lives in Los Angeles, where he teaches at Columbia College Hollywood, gives advice to a rapper, and is writing a spec script about Robert Kennedy, for which he has interviewed many of Kennedy's closest friends and advisers. Eileen Buggy Eileen Buggy Chief Hair Stylist As a child, Eileen Buggy, along with her brother, well known actor Niall Buggy, attended the Brendan Smith Academy of Acting. She started her career in hairdressing at the age of fourteen. Just a few years later she was singing and touring with her band, but felt the need to get back to hairdressing after getting married and having a family. Eileen went on to open a very successful salon in Coolock, but always remained interested in the arts. When the opportunity arose in 1993 to work on the film "In the Name of the Father", she jumped at the chance. She found herself to be a natural with the actors and within a short time became one of the most sought after hairstylists in the film Industry. Soon she found herself to be working on such productions as "King Arthur", "The Butcher Boy", "Angela's Ashes", "Lassie", and much more. Her most recent work is on "Zonad", John Carney's latest project since his Oscar winning film "Once". Eileen has recently completed working on The Silence with the Emmy award winning director Dearbhla Walsh, and has worked with such actors as: Peter O'Toole, Samantha Morton, Kelly McDonald, Samantha Mumba, Billy Connelly, Anna Friel, Julie Walters, Cillian Murphy, Brendan Gleeson, Angie Dickenson, Patrick Bergin, Joanna Lumley, Cary Elwes, Emily Watson, Stellan Skarscard, Mads Mikelson, Robert Carlisle, Kerri Russell, Daniel Day Lewis, Eric Idle, John Lynch, Sally Hawkins, Martin Shaw, Andie Mac Dowell. Nominated for two Irish Film and Television Awards in the past two years, Eileen Buggy, chief hair stylist, can only get better from here. Barry Collins Barry Collins was born in 1941 in Halifax, West Yorkshire - where he still lives. For seven years he worked as a journalist before turning playwright in 1971. The one man play, Judgement, was first presented experimentally at the Theatre Royal, Bristol by Peter O'Toole in 1974. Its world premiere followed in 1975 with Colin Blakely starring in a production by Sir Peter Hall at the ICA, London. Since then the play has been translated into ten languages and performed in almost 20 countries - there was a revived production at the National Theatre, London in 1979, featuring Ben Kingsley. Richard J. Cook Having worked with and managed top entertainment industry professionals for over 20 years, Rich Cook has unique experience in the independent feature film industry with producing credits on 5 feature films and management roles of the theatrical, home video and international distribution of 7 feature films. His most notable work, One Night With The King, an epic adaptation of the Old Testament Book of Esther, is a story of a disenfranchised, minority orphan who saves her people and changes her world. The film opened as the year's #1 independent film in the United States. In addition to being the only non-studio release to break the top ten box office spot, debuting at #9 in a third less screens than the competition, the film placed fourth out of all films, including studio pictures, in terms of per-theater-performance. Shot entirely on location in India, One Night With The King featured such Hollywood luminaries as Peter O'Toole (Lawrence of Arabia, Troy), Omar Sharif (Lawrence of Arabia), John Rhys-Davies (Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Lord of the Rings trilogy) and John Noble (The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King, and television's Fringe, Sleepy Hollow). Cook managed the on-going success of One Night with the King with over 8 years of distribution circulation through Fox Home Entertainment, which has collected over $20 million in DVD and Blu-ray sales to date. He has also produced over 500 episodes of programs for television ranging from music specials, documentary, reality, and live TV. In addition to his producing credits, Cook has over 5,000 visual effects for Television and Film in his repertoire (including being on the Academy Award®-winning team for Best Visual Effects for the feature film Independence Day). Throughout his visual effects career, Cook has worked with over 50 different studios and production companies including Universal, Paramount, Warner Bros., Disney, and 20th Century Fox and on various 25 plus feature films and over 30 television shows and commercials. Some of his feature film credits include Independence Day, Godzilla, Men In Black, Star Trek: First Contact, and Dr. Dolittle. His television credits include "Star Trek" (The Next Generation, Deep Space Nine, and Voyager), "Stargate SG-1," "Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman," and "Poltergeist." His commercials include Pepsi, Coca-Cola, Lazy Boy, Lexus, and many more. From 2010 to 2013, Cook was CEO and Chairman of Gener8Xion Entertainment, an independent film and TV production and distribution company. Prior to being CEO of Gener8Xion he served under Matthew Crouch as President and Vice President for the company. Born and raised in Whittier, California, Cook resides in the Greater Los Angeles area with his wife Maria and their three children. Thomas Krygier A native of Germany, Thomas Krygier started as a self-taught photographer working for style magazines such as GQ and the FACE. In 1992 he walked into Tony Kaye Films with a one-minute film he has shot and based on the strength of the film and his stills portfolio, Krygier was signed to Tony Kaye's roster. Krygier joined to Arden Sutherland-Dodd in 1994 and later co-founded London production house Krygier Hirschkorn in 1999 with longtime producing partner Nick Hirschkorn. Krygier joined A Band Apart for US representation in 2004. Krygier's commercial credits include spots for inter net auction house Firedup.com featuring Bruce Willis; the launch for Eurostar in collaboration with Oscar-winning cinematographer Freddie Francis and a mini effects extravaganza for Cadbury Miniatures. Other credits include work for the British Army, Guide Dogs for the Blind, Sainsbury's, Mars, Citroen and the European. In 2001 Krygier directed a Zurich Financial spot, which promotes Zurich's sponsorship of the 2001 Lion's Rugby Union tour. The spot, "You Can", starring Peter O' Toole and lensed by Oscar-winning cinematographer Vittorio Storaro, aims to educate the public about the energy and fitness demanded by professional Rugby Union players. O'Toole gives a stirring performance as a wizard who inspires a young boy who doubts his rugby-playing abilities. In 1996, Krygier was selected to participate in the prestigious "Saatchi and Saatchi New Directors Showcase" screened at the Cannes Advertising Festival and ranked by Campaign magazine as one of "Europe's Hottest New Directors". Dean Measor Dean Measor was born in Brighton, East Sussex, England on the 3rd of October, 1965. He is best known for his varied work on Stage as a "Character Actor." He has also appeared in Feature Film, Television, Opera and Radio. Dean Measor is also an Illustrator/Artist. Dean Measor studied Drama full time at (L.I.S.A) The London and International School Of Acting, under International Drama Coach and Principal/Founder-Brian Lidstone (DGGB) Patrons of the London and International School Of Acting included: Dame Maggie Smith and Peter O'Toole, amongst others. Dean Measor also studied Print/Art-Design at the Melbourne College Of Printing and Graphic Arts, where he won three "Class Awards" in each of his three years of study. He is married to Artist/Designer Eva Measor. Dean Measor also plays drums, guitar and sings. His father worked for the Post Office in Brighton England. His mother, a housewife, was a former Book Keeper with a musical publishing company. After having Dean (their first child) they moved to the country village of Upper Beeding, West Sussex. Dean has one younger sister who was born in Shoreham, West Sussex. The family moved to Australia in 1970, settling in Melbourne. His father started working for the PMG (Post Master General)and Dean attended school up to the age of 16 in various Public Schools in and around Melbourne. Throughout his school years, Dean showed great interest in Sports such as Cricket, Basketball and Football. He also showed skill and a keen interest in Art, Drama and Music. Whilst at school, Dean played the guitar, drums and also sung. After leaving school Dean studied Printing and Design at The Melbourne College Of Printing & Graphic Arts in Australia. Dean then moved back to England to study Drama in 1988-90 at the London & International School Of Acting. After graduating from Drama School Dean got his "very first" Acting job touring for Producers Dale and Gloria Murray in the Pantomime, "Little Red Riding Hood." (1990) Dean Measor then worked for a brief time as a lay-out artist for a West Sussex Newspaper in Horsham. In late 1990, he again moved back to Australia to play Drums with his original rock band, "The Promise." During this time Dean Measor also worked as a freelance Artist-Designer.(Mainly in the textile printing industry) He also worked in the theatre and appeared in minor small and walk-on parts in television before getting his "first real break" with a guest speaking role in the Australian soap opera, "Neighbours." (1993) Ep.#1378 He then went on to work and tour with "Trebly Productions" in the Australian original stage play, "The College Room" as "Micky Blotts." Dean went on to work in Local Radio and in 1994 Dean was contracted as an Actor in the role of "Sports Student" in Opera Australia's Melbourne Production of "Die Meister Singer" Directed by Michael Hampe. His film "debut" was in "Body Melt" (1993) playing the voice of "Beauville" despite his name being spelt incorrectly in the credits. During a three month period in 1996, Dean travelled back to England and auditioned for various West End Productions. In 1997, Dean quit Acting and Performing for a brief period and joined the Royal Australian Navy. (He was discharged due to major Depression) Dean Measor is "best known" in Feature Film for his role(alongside the late and legendary Bill Hunter) as champion Jockey "Joe Byrnes" in the Australian comedy/drama, "Horseplay" (2003) The movie also stars Abbie Cornish. Dean Measor also appeared in the Award Winning Short Film, "I Can't Get Started" Written and Directed by Charles Williams, playing "The Little Guy." Dean Measor is also credited as playing the original character of "Robert Bright" in the "very first" production of the 2004 Australian Original Play "Who Will They Clone Next?" by Writer/Director Kerry Susan Drake. As an Artist/Illustrator Dean has created original work for the Anita Dobson Fan Club and for English Cricket legend, Geoffrey Boycott. He has also illustrated a handful of Children's Novels. Dean has suffered a long battle with Physical Illness and Major Depression. He has had over 25 major operations, (including eight in a three year period from 2005 to 2008.) In 2005, after a serious blood clot surgery, Dean suffered a major breakdown. He has continued to struggle in and out of hospital with poor health, major depression and anxiety. As a result, Dean has been forced to retire from the Acting Industry in 2011. He is not able to Illustrate/Paint anymore and is no longer involved in the Art Profession. His "last known" Stage performance was in (2005) in "Hot Waxxx" His "last known" Film credit was in (2005) in "Commedia dell'Arte-The Story the Style." Carlos DeMattos Carlos D. De Mattos co-founded in the 1970's one of the largest manufacturers of motion picture, TV and still photography equipment, Matthews Studio Equipment, Inc. In the 1980's he co-founded, Hollywood Rentals, Inc., the nation's largest independent suppliers of complete "one-stop" services to the entertainment industry, providing a wide range of support services to entertainment producers across North America, including: lighting, grip, transportation, generators, camera equipment, automated lighting and theatrical equipment, as well as expendable supplies. His Companies serviced and received credits for projects such as Steven Spielberg's "ET", "Jurassic Park"; James Cameron's "Terminator", "True Lies", Titanic"; Quentin Tarantino's "Jackie Brown"; Antonio Bandera's "The Mask of Zorro"; Tom Hank's "Forrest Gump" among others. In addition, they were also involved in major special events such as the "Rolling Stones Tour", Super Bowls, Olympic Games, Broadway shows, the ESPN "Extreme Games", etc. Mr. DeMattos is a co-recipient of two Technical Achievement Awards (OSCARS) from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in March 1983 and March 1985. He is also a co-recipient of a Technical Achievement Award from the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences (EMMY) in September 1989. In June 1991, the government of Portugal inducted him into the select membership of the prestigious Order of Henry the Navigator as a Knight Commander. In July 1998, he was awarded the Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year Award for the Greater Los Angeles area. In 2006 Mr. De Mattos Co-Produced a Feature length motion picture titled "One Night With the King" starring Hollywood Legends, Peter O'Toole and Omar Sharif, receiving the CAMIE Award "Character & Morality In Entertainment." On December 7, 2007, he was the Executive Producer of the motion picture, "Noëlle," which was released theatrically and released on DVD in all major retailers through Paramount Home Entertainment. On June 9, 2009 he was honored by the President of the Republic of Portugal with the COTEC Prize award for Innovative Entrepreneurship and Humanitarian achievements on behalf of all Portuguese Diaspora Worldwide. On May 25, 2012, he Co-Produced the movie "Cowgirls N' Angels" directed by Timothy Armstrong starring James Cromwell and Bailee Madison. He is presently Chairman of The Board of CINEMILLS Corporation, an Academy Award winning lighting manufacturer located in the Hollywood area which has serviced the motion picture and television industries for over 40 years and continues to be an innovator of lighting technology, producing numerous long-lasting, high efficiency and cost effective products for today's Entertainment markets. Recently in Partnership with his oldest son, Marcos M. De Mattos, they have development state-of-the-art one stop Studio Facilities in Burbank - CINEMILLS MEDIA CENTER pre-lit with the latest LED Lighting Technologies. He is a member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, the American Society of Cinematographers and the National Association Broadcasters (NAB). Ashley Potrykus Grew up in Ossineke, Michigan until age 20, went to elementary school at Sanborn school and graduated at Alpena High School in 2002. Didn't go to college but has worked at St. vincent De Paul - a resale store for 2 years. Brothers Chuck, and Joel Potrykus are filmmakers. Her favorite actor is Peter O' Toole and favorite actress is Lucy Lawless aka Xena: Warrior Princess. She likes cats and dogs and has a dog named Seager and a cat named Xena: Warrior Princess after the show. Loves to work on computers, make movies, fish, cars, play with her pets, watch kids, and hang out with her friends and Brothers. Olivier Janiak Born as Piotr Olivier Janiak in Krotoszyn, Poland in the year of 1974, Olivier is best know for his win of the Polish version of "Dancing with the Stars" (Taniec z Gwiazdami). One of the best known conferenciers and journalist of the Polish TVN Network, Janiak graduated in 1998 the Wroclaw Uniwersity holding as Masters in Law and Administration. His first job was in an advertising firm - his first TV appearance was through the casting of the show Big Star Party. From 2001, he was the host of the popular modern culture show "What about next week?" (Co za tydzien?) - in which he interviewed such stars as Brad Pitt, Kevin Spacey, Keanu Reeves, Peter O'Toole, Massive Attack and many more. Well traveled as a movie correspondent for the Polish TV, he has covered opening's of such movies as Constantine (in Paris), Superman Returns (in London) or Troy (in New York). In 2007 he started producing the Gentlemen's Calendar - from which all proceedings are forwarded to children from poor families. Actors that have been photographed for the calendar include Pawel Malaszynski, Marek Wlodarczyk, Pawel Delag and Maciej Zakoscielny. Hope Arthur Hope Arthur has been working in the theatre for over 40 years and is a graduate of Northwestern University and the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA) in London, England. She made her New York debut on Broadway in Eduardo De Filippo's The Best House in Naples and continued working in all media (Broadway, Off-Broadway, Stock, Film, TV and Radio). She has also been teaching at the Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute for nearly 30 years. Among the people with whom she has worked in various capacities-acting with, directing, or teaching-are Albert Finney, Brian Bedford, Peter O'Toole (who honored her by dedicating to her the 2nd book of his memoirs "Loitering with Intent-The Apprentice"), Richard Kavanian (German Film/TV star), Burkhard Kosminski (Co-Director of the German National Theatre), Robert Reed, Alec Baldwin, Bridget Fonda, Chandra Wilson (2007 Emmy Award Winner), Adam Sandler, John Leguizamo, Jamie Gertz, Jesse L. Martin and Kathryn Erby, among others. She is also moderately well known as the co-author, with her ex-husband-Arthur Frommer, of the travel guide series "Europe on $$ A Day". Hope has been working on Entitled: The Story of a Selfish Bastard since 2013 with her student Yitzy Hoppenstein. K.C. Schulberg For a period of seven years, until 1998, when he resigned to move to Europe and form his own production company, Schulberg was under contract to New York-based Hallmark Entertainment. With an annual turnover of $275 million, Hallmark Entertainment was the world's leading producer of movies and miniseries for television, and the third largest producer of American primetime programming. Schulberg held a number of senior level positions including Worldwide Production Supervisor and Sr. VP, Worldwide Marketing. As Worldwide Production Supervisor, he was the number-two production executive, overseeing the company's extensive slate of films. In his capacity as head of worldwide marketing, Schulberg crafted the company's corporate image and the international and domestic marketing campaigns for every film in the company's production slate of 60-80 films per year. He presided over a golden era at Hallmark Entertainment when the company won the top slot in audience ratings and awards across all the major networks. Productions for which Schulberg was directly responsible included Gulliver's Travels (5 Emmy Awards), starring Kristin Scott Thomas, Omar Sharif, Peter O'Toole and Ted Danson; The Odyssey, directed by Andrei Konchalovsky, starring Isabella Rossellini, Vanessa Williams and Armand Assante; Streets Of Laredo (2 Emmy Awards) by Larry McMurtry; Gypsy (National Board of Review winner) starring Bette Midler; and Scarlett, The Sequel To Gone With The Wind (3 Emmy Awards). Prior to joining Hallmark, Schulberg was an independent producer and film executive who worked on more than twenty-five feature films, including the Universal Pictures release, King Of New York, directed by Abel Ferrara, starring Christopher Walken, Wesley Snipes and Laurence Fishburne; the U.S. shoot of Luc Besson's The Big Blue, produced by Gaumont, starring Jean-Marc Barr, Jean Reno and Rosanna Arquette; Waiting For The Moon (Sundance Grand Prize Winner) starring Oscar-winner Linda Hunt; and Candy Mountain, directed by Robert Frank, starring Tom Waits and Leon Redbone. In 1990, just prior to joining Hallmark, Schulberg produced Rebecca Miller's first film, the award-winning Florence, starring Oscar-winner, Marcia Gay Hardin Leaving Hallmark in 1998, Schulberg moved to Europe and acquired Paris-based production company, The Stellar Group. The Stellar Group is a 62,500 euro S.a.r.l., originally founded in 1991. Schulberg broadened the mission of the company to include film, television and music consulting, talent management of musical artists and the production of feature films and television products. The company quickly secured consulting contracts with a wide array of clients including: Pandora Cinema, The Film Festivals Entertainment Group, EMI Music Publishing/France, Dennis Davidson Productions, The European Film Awards, 3DD Entertainment and France Telecom/Noos. From 1999-2001, Schulberg, through the Stellar Group, was contracted by Pandora Cinema, the company responsible for such notable award-winning productions as Shine, Kolya, Like Water For Chocolate. Films produced by Pandora during Schulberg's term included, Trixie, directed by Alan Rudolph, produced by Robert Altman, starring Emily Watson and Nick Nolte; Maybe Baby, directed by Ben Elton, starring Joely Richardson, Hugh Laurie, Emma Thompson and Rowan Atkinson; The Old Man Who Read Love Stories, starring Oscar-winner Richard Dreyfuss; and Honest, directed by Dave Stewart (co-founder of the Eurythmics), starring three members of female British pop group, All Saints. In the realm of music, The Stellar Group was instrumental in forging the European success (Gold Record) of Portland-based retro-chic band, Pink Martini, managing their first European tour. The Stellar Group also managed the career of young European-born sensation, Sabina, who recently signed with Universal/Verve records in New York through her group, Brazilian Girls. The Stellar Group's production and development slate includes a number of projects for both cinema and television, including: Emily, starring Calista Flockhart, Romy a miniseries on the life of Romy Schneider, The Dare, based on the short story by Budd Schulberg, The Tattooed Princess; and The Wide World Of Music, a series of feature-length music documentaries. Schulberg has a B.F.A. in Directing from Carnegie-Mellon University's famed school of theater. He has been guest lecturer at both Columbia University and NYU Graduate Film Schools. He has been invited to participate in the Cinemart Producer's Panel at the Rotterdam International Film Festival for the last three years and was also invited to the inaugural Berlin Film Festival co-production market. Additionally, he has twice served on the jury of the Avignon/New York Film Festival and is a member of the European Film Academy. Schulberg is a third-generation film executive. His grandfather, B.P. Schulberg, produced over 50 films, including the first film to win the Academy Award, Wings(1927) and ran Paramount Studios during Hollywood's Golden Era from 1927 until 1935. His father, Stuart Schulberg, was an independent producer/director and prominent television producer who served for ten years as executive producer of The Today Show. His uncle, Budd Schulberg, penned the screenplay for On The Waterfront (8 Academy Awards) and wrote the seminal Hollywood novel, What Makes Sammy Run?	i don't know
What year: Marilyn Monroe died, Tom Cruise was born and John Lennon got married for the first time?	Clark Gable - Biography - IMDb Clark Gable Biography Showing all 184 items Jump to: Overview (5) \| Mini Bio (2) \| Spouse (5) \| Trade Mark (4) \| Trivia (107) \| Personal Quotes (42) \| Salary (19) Overview (5) 6' 1" (1.85 m) Mini Bio (2) William Clark Gable was born on February 1, 1901 in Cadiz, Ohio, to Adeline (Hershelman) and William Henry Gable, an oil-well driller. He was of German, Irish, and Swiss-German descent. When he was seven months old, his mother died, and his father sent him to live with his maternal aunt and uncle in Pennsylvania, where he stayed until he was two. His father then returned to take him back to Cadiz. At 16, he quit high school, went to work in an Akron, Ohio, tire factory, and decided to become an actor after seeing the play "The Bird of Paradise". He toured in stock companies, worked oil fields and sold ties. On December 13, 1924, he married Josephine Dillon , his acting coach and 15 years his senior. Around that time, they moved to Hollywood, so that Clark could concentrate on his acting career. In April 1930, they divorced and a year later, he married Maria Langham (a.k.a. Maria Franklin Gable ), also about 17 years older than him. While Gable acted on stage, he became a lifelong friend of Lionel Barrymore . After several failed screen tests (for Barrymore and Darryl F. Zanuck ), Gable was signed in 1930 by MGM's Irving Thalberg . He had a small part in The Painted Desert (1931) in 1931. Joan Crawford asked for him as co-star in Dance, Fools, Dance (1931) and the public loved him manhandling Norma Shearer in A Free Soul (1931) the same year. His unshaven lovemaking with bra-less Jean Harlow in Red Dust (1932) made him MGM's most important star. His acting career then flourished. At one point, he refused an assignment, and the studio punished him by loaning him out to (at the time) low-rent Columbia Pictures, which put him in Frank Capra 's It Happened One Night (1934), which won him an Academy Award for his performance. The next year saw a starring role in Call of the Wild (1935) with Loretta Young , with whom he had an affair (resulting in the birth of a daughter, Judy Lewis ). He returned to far more substantial roles at MGM, such as Fletcher Christian in Mutiny on the Bounty (1935) and Rhett Butler in Gone with the Wind (1939). After divorcing Maria Langham, in March 1939 Clark married Carole Lombard , but tragedy struck in January 1942 when the plane in which Carole and her mother were flying crashed into Table Rock Mountain, Nevada, killing them both. A grief-stricken Gable joined the US Army Air Force and was off the screen for three years, flying combat missions in Europe. When he returned the studio regarded his salary as excessive and did not renew his contract. He freelanced, but his films didn't do well at the box office. He married Silvia Ashley, the widow of Douglas Fairbanks , in 1949. Unfortunately this marriage was short-lived and they divorced in 1952. In July 1955 he married a former sweetheart, Kathleen Williams Spreckles (a.k.a. Kay Williams ) and became stepfather to her two children, Joan and Adolph ("Bunker") Spreckels III. On November 16, 1959, Gable became a grandfather when Judy Lewis , his daughter with Loretta Young , gave birth to a daughter, Maria. In 1960, Gable's wife Kay discovered that she was expecting their first child. In early November 1960, he had just completed filming The Misfits (1961), when he suffered a heart attack, and died later that month, on November 16, 1960. Gable was buried shortly afterwards in the shrine that he had built for Carole Lombard and her mother when they died, at Forest Lawn Cemetery. In March 1961, Kay Gable gave birth to a boy, whom she named John Clark Gable after his father. Trade Mark (4) Pencil thin mustache that hugged his upper lip Often played a virile, lovable rogue whose gruff facade only thinly masked a natural charm and goodness. Distinctive, powerful voice Oversized ears Trivia (107) Adolf Hitler esteemed the film star above all other actors, and during the war offered a sizable reward to anyone who could capture and return Gable, who had enlisted in the Army Air Corps and was flying combat missions over Germany, unscathed to him. A few months after his death, his wife gave birth to John Clark Gable . John is into racing and has appeared in at least one film. Actress Judy Lewis is Clark's out-of-wedlock daughter by actress Loretta Young . The two had a romance during the filming of Call of the Wild (1935). 1970s: His Encino, CA, estate was subdivided and turned into a very upscale tract development called "Clark Gable Estates.". Interred at Forest Lawn, Glendale, California, USA, in the Great Mausoleum, Sanctuary of Trust, on the left hand side, next to Carole Lombard . 1995: Chosen by Empire magazine as one of the 100 Sexiest Stars in film history (#36). It was at Gable's 36th birthday that Judy Garland sang "Dear Mr. Gable: You Made Me Love You." Gable's first two wives - Josephine Dillon and Maria Franklin Gable (aka Ria Langham) - were 14 and 17 years older than he was, respectively. 1942: He enlisted in the army in honor of his late wife, Carole Lombard . She had been killed in a plane crash while on tour selling war bonds. When he was first cast in It Happened One Night (1934) opposite Claudette Colbert , he told director Frank Capra that he would give the role a shot, but if things weren't going well after a few days, he would leave the production. So durable, he could play the same role in both an original ( Red Dust (1932)) with Jean Harlow and Mary Astor , and its remake ( Mogambo (1953)) with Ava Gardner and Grace Kelly . When he was born he was mistakenly listed as a female on his birth certificate. He disliked Greta Garbo , a feeling that was mutual. She thought his acting was wooden while he considered her a snob. Playing a cowboy in his last film, The Misfits (1961), which was also the final film for co-star Marilyn Monroe , the aging Gable diligently performed his own stunts, taking its toll on his already guarded health. He died from a heart attack before the film was released. Pictured on one of four 25¢ US commemorative postage stamps issued on 23 March 1990 honoring classic films released in 1939. The stamp features Gable and Vivien Leigh as Rhett Butler and Scarlett O'Hara from Gone with the Wind (1939). The other films honored were Beau Geste (1939), Stagecoach (1939) and The Wizard of Oz (1939). Grandfather of Clark Gable III , who's the first child of his son John Clark Gable and his ex-wife Tracy Yarro. Clark James was born on September 10, 1988 at a hefty 10 lbs. Gable was dyslexic, a fact which didn't emerge until several years after his death. Cousin-in-law of William B. Hawks . Joined the Army Air Corps during the Second World War, and was commissioned an officer with service number 565390. Rose to the rank of captain and served primarily in Public Affairs, making training films and performing public relations visits to soldiers and airmen in Europe. Inducted into the Lou Holtz/Upper Ohio Valley Hall of Fame in 2004. He was seriously considered to play Tarzan in Tarzan the Ape Man (1932), but he was deemed an unknown and Johnny Weissmuller was chosen instead. He was voted the 8th Greatest Movie Star of all time by Entertainment Weekly. Was Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster 's inspiration for half of Superman's alter ego name Clark Kent ("Kent" came from Kent Taylor ). He worked as a lumberman in the Willamette Valley of Oregon in the early 1920s. After a couple of months of doing that, he quit, saying that "the work was too hard" and he would rather act instead. He then left to go to Hollywood, where he began his acting career. 1952: His widow, Kay Williams , divorced her previous husband, Adolph Spreckels Jr., heir to the Spreckels Sugar fortune. In the divorce papers she alleged that he beat her with one of her slippers. His wife Sylvia Ashley was born Edith Louise Sylvia Hawkes in 1904. She was the widow of Douglas Fairbanks . Her first husband was Lord Anthony Ashley (they divorced November 28, 1934), her third was Lord Stanley of Alderney, and her fifth was Prince Dimitri Djordjadze (whom she married in 1954 and stayed married to until her death). She died June 29, 1977. Her grave stone refers to her as "Princess Sylvia Djordjadze." His widow, Kay Williams , was born August 7, 1917, and died in May of 1983. He was voted the 21st Greatest Movie Star of all time by Premiere Magazine. Named the #7 greatest actor on The 50 Greatest Screen Legends List by the American Film Institute In some radio interviews at the end of his life, his voice has a haunting similarity to Walt Disney 's. Served as a Captain in the U.S. Army Air Corps during World War II making training films. Also trained as an aerial gunner, he flew 5 combat missions with the 8th Air Force's 351st Bombardment Group (Heavy) while making his films and was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross and Air Medal. Is the subject of the song "Clark Gable" by The Postal Service. Is portrayed by James Brolin in Gable and Lombard (1976), Bruce Hughes and Shayne Greenman in Blonde (2001), Charles Unwin in Lucy (2003), Larry Pennell in Marilyn: The Untold Story (1980), Edward Winter in The Scarlett O'Hara War (1980), Boyd Holister in Grace Kelly (1983) and Gary Wayne in Malice in Wonderland (1985). Military records on celebrities released by the Pentagon in 2005 reveal that Gable, upon enlistment, was described as a "motion picture specialist" and his weekly wage was listed as $7,500. A movie cameraman, Andrew J. McIntyre , enlisted along with Gable and trained with him, the documents showed. "In order to have something definite to describe and some tangible evidence of his experiences, it is proposed that there be enlisted his cameraman to be trained as an aerial gunner also who may make pictures of Gable in various theaters of operations," one Army memo said. Prior to making The Misfits (1961), he crash-dieted from a bloated 230 lbs. to 195 lbs. Twice in the previous decade he had suffered seizures that might have been heart attacks; once, ten years earlier, while driving along a freeway he had chest pains so severe that he had to pull off the road and lie down on the ground until he felt well enough to continue on. His father was of German, some Swiss-German, and distant Irish, ancestry. His mother was of half German and half Irish descent. Gave his Oscar for It Happened One Night (1934) to a child who admired it, telling him it was the winning of the statue that had mattered, not owning it. The child returned the Oscar to the Gable family after Clark's death. Had to have almost all of his teeth extracted in 1933 due to pyorrhea. The infection would have killed him had he not been rushed to a private hospital for treatment. 1933: Underwent cosmetic surgery on his ears and teeth. Gable's first screen test was made by director Mervyn LeRoy for Warner Bros. When studio head Jack L. Warner and production chief Darryl F. Zanuck saw the test they were furious at LeRoy for wasting their money on that big "ape" with those "huge floppy taxi-cab ears". Years later when Gable made it big, LeRoy used to tease Warner and say, "How would you like to have him and those huge floppy ears now?". He served as a pallbearer and usher at Jean Harlow 's funeral in 1937. 1938: In a poll of entertainment readers, he was overwhelmingly selected "King of Hollywood" and was officially crowned by columnist Ed Sullivan . When MGM remade Red Dust (1932) in 1953 as Mogambo (1953), Ava Gardner played the Jean Harlow part, Grace Kelly had the Mary Astor role, and Gable played his old part. Only Gable could fill Gable's shoes, even 21 years later. At the time of his death, his gun collection was valued at half a million dollars. He had a special gun room in his house filled with gold-inlaid revolvers, shotguns and rifles. 11/6/60: Gable was devastated to learn of the unexpected death of his close friend Ward Bond from a heart attack. Shortly afterwards Gable himself suffered a massive heart attack, and died ten days later in the hospital. Although it is often claimed that Gable died as a result of Marilyn Monroe 's behavior and performing his own stunts in The Misfits (1961), he was already in terrible health when filming began from years of excessive drinking and smoking more than three packs of cigarettes a day. He is the second cousin of film producer Thomas R. Bond II , President of American Mutoscope & Biograph, a motion picture and entertainment company. 1939: Part of Gable and Carole Lombard 's honeymoon was spent at the Willows Inn in Palm Springs, CA. Today the Inn continues to operate and anyone can stay in the same room, which is largely unaltered since that time. Some sources say he turned down the role of Colonel William Travis in The Alamo (1960) because he didn't want to be directed by John Wayne . However this seems unlikely, since Travis was 26 at the time of the battle, and Gable would have been 58 when the movie was filmed. Although he was never crowned #1 at the Box Office in the Top 10 Poll of Money-Making Stars, as ranked by Quigley Publications' annual survey of movie exhibitors, he made the list a then-record 15 times from 1932 to 1949, and a 16th time in 1955. Gable, "The King", was ranked in the top four of Box Office stars every year from 1934 to 1939 (the "Golden Age" of Hollywood), ranking #2 in 1934 and 1936 through 1938, inclusive, when he was topped by Shirley Temple . After ranking #3 at the Box Office in 1940, he slumped to #10 in 1941, a position he also held in 1942 and 1943. After returning from the war, he took the #7 spot in the Box Office poll in 1947 and 1948, before again slumping to #10 in 1949. He made his last appearance in the Top 10 in 1955, when he again placed #10. Despite his dyslexia, Gable became an avid reader. He would never allow himself to be photographed reading on film sets, fearing it would undermine his macho screen image. Discouraged by his failure to progress in films, Gable tried the stage and became an employable actor, first in stock and eventually on Broadway, without acquiring real fame. When he returned to Hollywood in 1930 for another try at movie acting, his rugged good looks, powerful voice and charisma made him an overnight sensation as the villainous Rance Brett in his first sound picture, The Painted Desert (1931). Gable exploded onto the screen in a dozen 1931 releases, in small parts at first, but he was an established star by the end of the year. Soon his success threatened to eclipse every other star, including his rival Gary Cooper . He was an early member of the right-wing Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals. Attempted suicide using a high-powered motorbike following his wife Carole Lombard 's death. During his time on Broadway Gable worked as a stage gigolo, performing stud services for such actresses as Pauline Frederick and Laura Hope Crews , who were considerably older than he. His much older first wife served as his first acting coach and paid for his false teeth. Later he married a woman seventeen years his senior, Texan heiress Maria Franklin Gable , who had underwritten his successful assault on Hollywood. Gable became increasingly unhappy with the mediocre roles offered him by MGM as a mature actor. He refused to renew his contract with them in 1953 and proceeded to work independently. He was a conservative Republican, although his third wife Carole Lombard , a liberal Democrat, encouraged him to support President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal reforms. In February 1952 Gable addressed a televised rally at Madison Square Gardens in New York in support of the Republican candidate Dwight D. Eisenhower , and a few days before his death he voted by post for Richard Nixon in the 1960 presidential election. 6/11/33: He was hospitalized for an infection of the gums the day before he was to begin shooting Dancing Lady (1933). He was hospitalized for several days, after which most of his teeth were extracted. Afterwards, he went on a vacation to Alaska and Canada with his wife, as it would take a couple of weeks for his gums to heal enough so he could be fitted for dentures. MGM shot around Gable until he returned and was fitted with a dental plate, but on July 30, after one day's shooting, the infection felled him again. In the days before antibiotics, the infection was so serious Gable's gall bladder was removed. Out another month, the film had to be shut down and went $150,000 over budget. MGM boss Louis B. Mayer docked Gable two weeks pay, which caused bad feelings between the studio and its top star. In order to teach him a lesson, Mayer lent him to Columbia Pictures, then a poverty-row studio, to make a comedy. The movie, Frank Capra 's masterpiece It Happened One Night (1934), swept the Academy Awards the next year and brought Gable his only Oscar. 3/15/46: Was injured in a car crash at the traffic circle at Sunset Blvd. and Bristol Ave. in the Los Angeles neighborhood of Brentwood. According to a press release from MGM, Gable was driving east on Sunset Blvd. and had entered the south half of the traffic circle when he was struck by another car, whose driver apparently had become confused by the "round-about" and was driving in a westerly direction on the same arc of the circle. Gable drove his car over a curb to avoid hitting the the other car, and it struck a tree, throwing him against the steering wheel. He was treated at Cedars of Lebanon Hospital for a bruised chest and a cut on his right leg that required stitches. The driver of the other car drove away from the site without checking on Gable or reporting the accident. The hit-and-run accident gave rise to the urban legend that Gable had struck and killed a pedestrian while driving drunk, an incident that allegedly was covered up by MGM. Though reported in several biographies, there is no basis in fact for the allegations. In the 1950s Gable joined Walt Disney , John Wayne , James Stewart and other politically conservative entertainers to "assist" the House Un-American Activities Committee in its efforts to find alleged Communist infiltration in the film industry. 11/16/60: Gable sat up in his hospital bed while reading a magazine and suffered his fourth and final heart attack. He was dead within seconds and attempts to revive him were unsuccessful. Proposed his headstone should read: "Back to silents." It was not used by his widow though. 1948: Proposed marriage to Nancy Reagan . As head of the actors' division of the Hollywood Victory Committee, Gable sent his wife Carole Lombard on one of the first tours, in January 1942, to her home state of Indiana, where she sold $2 million worth of bonds. On the plane trip back to Hollywood the plane crashed, killing Lombard and her mother. Gable drank heavily for six months before enlisting as a private in the Army Air Corps. He served as a combat cameraman in Britain, rose to the rank of major, and eventually was furloughed to Fort Roach, as the First Motion Picture Unit headquarters came to be known. Gable's discharge papers were signed by Captain Ronald Reagan . 1999: The American Film Institute named Gable among the Greatest Male Stars of All Time, ranking at #7. Turned down Cary Grant 's role in The Philadelphia Story (1940) because he thought the film was too wordy. His private funeral service at the Church of the Recessional in Forest Lawn Park was attended by 200 mourners including Spencer Tracy , Robert Taylor , James Stewart , Norma Shearer , Ann Sothern , Marion Davies , Frank Capra , Robert Stack , Jack Oakie , Roy Rogers , Dale Evans , Van Johnson and Howard Strickling , Gable's longtime publicity man at MGM. There was no eulogy. The closed casket was adorned with yellow roses shaped like a crown, befitting the one-time King of Hollywood. He was baptized as a Catholic, but raised as a Protestant. However, he did not practice any religion as an adult. 11/5/60: His heart attack happened when he was changing a tire on his jeep. President Dwight D. Eisenhower , a close friend of Gable's, sent him a message of support wishing him a speedy recovery. Contrary to popular belief, Gable did not perform his own stunts in The Misfits (1961). He was only used for the close ups while a stunt double stood in for him in the long shots. His heart attack was caused by his lifestyle - thirty years of heavy smoking and drinking, plus his increasing weight in later years. It is also believed his crash diet before filming began may have been a contributing factor. Director Howard Hawks had long intended to make Hatari! (1962) with Gable and John Wayne . However, by the time filming began Gable was already dead. In the mid-1950s he started to receive television offers but rejected them outright, even though some of his peers, like his old flame Loretta Young , were flourishing in the new medium. In 1955, he formed a production company with Jane Russell and her husband Bob Waterfield , and they produced The King and Four Queens (1956), the star's one and only production. The stress of making the film took such a toll on his health that Gable decided not to produce again. Well known for his pipe smoking, sustaining at least two bowlfuls a day. To this day he still has pipes named after him. Originally the image of Gable as an outdoors man was an invention of the studios, designed to bolster his masculine screen image during the early 1930s. However, he soon discovered that he enjoyed hunting, shooting and fishing, so the image swiftly became the reality. In order to expedite divorce from his second wife Ria so he could marry Carole Lombard , Gable paid his ex-wife a $500,000 settlement in 1939, nearly everything he had at the time. Despite his rising popularity, Gable balked at playing gangsters and overtly callous characters, and was therefore very pleased to be cast in Red Dust (1932), the film that set the seal on his stardom. As a teenager his voice was very high-pitched, however with vocal training he was able to lower it over time. His voice later proved a major asset in his climb to fame. Once named Mutiny on the Bounty (1935) as his favorite of his movies, despite the fact that he did not like his co-star Charles Laughton . He was also initially disappointed by the casting of Franchot Tone as Midshipman Byam since the two actors had been bitter rivals for the affections of Joan Crawford . However, during filming they became close friends. He disliked his most famous film Gone with the Wind (1939), which he regarded as "a woman's picture.". He liked westerns, and once expressed his regret that he didn't make more of them. He was highly patriotic, a staunch anti-communist and a firm believer in military intervention. Among the political leaders he admired were President Dwight D. Eisenhower , Sir Winston Churchill and King George VI . Until John Wayne 's stardom eclipsed Gable's in the late 1940s, many Americans thought of Gable as THE American star. Gable and then future wife Carole Lombard first met in late 1924 while working as extras on the set of Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ (1925). They would make three films together as extras, Ben-Hur, The Johnstown Flood (1926) and The Plastic Age (1925) and star together in No Man of Her Own (1932), but not become romantically attached until 1936. On Easter weekend, 1935, Gable flew to Houston to give away step-daughter Jana in her marriage to Dr. Thomas Burke. He separated from wife Maria ('Ria') in October, 1935. Met his second wife Ria when he was in a play. Her brother, Booth Franklin, brought her backstage and introduced them. His two step-children from wife Ria were George Anna "Jana" (b. circa 1913) and Alfred Lucas (b. circa 1919). In order to hide that she and Gable had an illegitimate child, fearing that it would ruin both of their careers, Loretta Young secretly gave birth to her daughter Judy Lewis pretending she was vacationing in Europe. When she returned to Hollywood, she claimed that Judy was adopted. Gable met Judy only once when she was a teenager. His father always opposed his decision to become an actor, and even after Gable became a major star he still denounced acting as a "sissy" occupation. Gable became a Freemason in 1933 just to please his father. However, he showed no grief when his father died aged 78 from a heart attack on 4 August 1948, having outlived his three wives. Died on the first birthday of his granddaughter, Maria. In 1949 he served as a pallbearer at the funeral of director Victor Fleming , whom he considered something of a father figure. Turned down Robert Mitchum 's role in Home from the Hill (1960). He was so disappointed by the critical and commercial failure of Adventure (1945) that he did not agree to make another film until more than a year had passed. Fortunately, The Hucksters (1947) proved to be a success and his performance was acclaimed. Although discharged from the US Army Air Force early in 1944, he refused to make another movie until the war had ended. Watched very little television except boxing matches. Had a fear of flying, and made all long journeys across America by train. Grandfather of Kayley Gable . He was already good friends with Hattie McDaniel prior to their making Gone with the Wind (1939) together, and wanted her to play the part of "Mammy", but it was her coming fully dressed and nailing the part that got her the coveted role. When it came time for the premiere on December 15, 1939, producer David O. Selznick attempted to bring along McDaniel. MGM advised him not to because of Georgia's strict segregation laws, which would have prevented McDaniel from being at the same function, on an equal basis, with whites. Gable was so outraged he told MGM he would not attend the premiere unless she was allowed to attend, also. She eventually convinced him to attend without her. In the late 1940s MGM wanted to cast him alongside Angela Lansbury in a drama to be called "Angel's Flight" but Gable strongly disliked the storyline and the studio canceled the picture. He appeared in three Best Picture Academy Award winners, the first two of which were in consecutive years: It Happened One Night (1934), Mutiny on the Bounty (1935) and Gone with the Wind (1939). Wallis Clark also appeared in all three films. Gable was a chain smoker by the time he was sixteen. He was known to smoke 3 or 4 packs of cigarettes a day as an adult. He declined an offer to make a film with Errol Flynn , as Flynn was eight years younger than him. He was the second husband of Carole Lombard while his Manhattan Melodrama (1934) co-star William Powell was her first husband. Played the part of newspaper reporter in nine films, more than any other kind of role. Recovering alcoholic Spencer Tracy tried to avoid Gable when he was trying to stay off drink, as Gable was always surrounded by alcohol. Personal Quotes (42) The only reason they come to see me is that I know that life is great - and they know I know it. [on his acting ability] I worked like a son of a bitch to learn a few tricks and I fight like a steer to avoid getting stuck with parts I can't play. This "King" stuff is pure bullshit. I eat and sleep and go to the bathroom just like everybody else. There's no special light that shines inside me and makes me a star. I'm just a lucky slob from Ohio. I happened to be in the right place at the right time, and I had a lot of smart guys helping me--that's all. Working with Marilyn Monroe on The Misfits (1961) nearly gave me a heart attack. I have never been happier when a film ended. [about The Misfits (1961)] This is the best picture I have made, and it's the only time I've been able to act. Hell, if I'd jumped on all the dames I'm supposed to have jumped on, I'd have had no time to go fishing. The things a man has to have are hope and confidence in himself against odds, and sometimes he needs somebody, his pal or his mother or his wife or God, to give him that confidence. He's got to have some inner standards worth fighting for or there won't be any way to bring him into conflict. And he must be ready to choose death before dishonor without making too much song and dance about it. That's all there is to it. It is an extra dividend when you like the girl you've fallen in love with. I hate a liar. Maybe because I'm such a good one myself, heh? Anyway, to find someone has told an out-and-out lie puts him on the other side of the fence from me for all time. I'm no actor and I never have been. What people see on the screen is me. [on rumors he was dull in bed] I can't emote worth a damn. Everything Marilyn [ Marilyn Monroe ] does is different from any other woman, strange and exciting, from the way she talks to the way she uses that magnificent torso. [on Spencer Tracy ] The guy's good. There's nobody in the business who can touch him, and you're a fool to try. And the bastard knows it, so don't fall for that humble stuff! Every picture I make, every experience of my private life, every lesson I learn are the keys to my future. And I have faith in it. I am intrigued by glamorous women . . . A vain woman is continually taking out a compact to repair her makeup. A glamorous woman knows she doesn't need to. [about Gary Cooper ] Coop is a right guy, the kind you like to hunt and fish with and not talk about making movies. I laid it on him one time about his romance with Carole [ Carole Lombard , Gable's wife] and he got pale as hell. She told me about it during a drunken argument we had. After that, Coop and I didn't hunt together so much and when we did, we kept an eye on each other. She used to throw him up to me in my face and that was hard to take, especially since I didn't know the whole truth until years later. I got to admit I was jealous. [on playing Rhett Butler in Gone with the Wind (1939)] I discovered that Rhett was even harder to play than I had anticipated. With so much of Scarlett preceding his entrance, Rhett's scenes were all climaxes. There was a chance to build up to Scarlett, but Rhett represented drama and action every time he appeared. He didn't figure in any of the battle scenes, being a guy who hated war, amid he wasn't in the toughest of the siege of Atlanta shots. What I was fighting for was to hold my own in the first half of the picture--which is all Vivien's [ Vivien Leigh ]--because I felt that after the scene with the baby, Bonnie, Rhett could control the end of the film. That scene where Bonnie dies, and the scene where I strike Scarlett and she accidentally tumbles down stairs, thus losing her unborn child, were the two that worried me most. Types really don't matter. I have been accused of preferring blondes. But I have known some mighty attractive redheads, brunettes, and yes, women with grey hair. Age, height, weight haven't anything to do with glamour. [on Jean Harlow ] She didn't want to be famous. She wanted to be happy. I bring to a role everything I am, was and hope to be. This power that I'm supposed to have over women was never noticed when I was a stage actor on Broadway. I don't know when I got it. And by God, I can't explain it. I don't believe I'm king of anything, but I know why they like to think I am. I'm not much of an actor, but I'm not bad unless it's one of those things outside my comprehension. I work hard. I'm no Adonis, and I'm as American as the telephone poles I used to climb to make a living. So men don't get sore if their women folks like me on the screen. I'm one of them, they know it, so it's a compliment to them. They see me broke, in trouble, scared of things that go bump in the night, but I come out fighting. They see me making love to Jean Harlow or Claudette Colbert and they say, 'If he can do it, I can do it,' and figure it'll be fun to go home and to make love to their wives. [in 1958] My days of playing the dashing lover are over. I'm no longer believable in those parts. There has been considerable talk about older guys wooing and winning leading ladies half their age. I don't think the public likes it, and I don't care for it myself. It's not realistic. Actresses that I started out with like Joan Crawford and Barbara Stanwyck have long since quit playing glamor girls and sweet young things. Now it's time I acted my age. Let's be honest. It's a character role, and I'll be playing more of them. There's a risk involved, of course. I have no idea if I can attain the success as a character actor as I did playing the dashing young lover, but it's a chance I have to take. Not everybody is able to do it. I don't want a lot of strangers looking down at my wrinkles and my big fat belly when I'm dead. When I die, don't let them make a circus out of it. Method actors are like hams. If any child of mine becomes an actor I will turn in my grave. The public interest in my playing Rhett [in Gone with the Wind (1939)] puzzled me. I was the only one, apparently, who didn't take it for granted that I would. I found myself trapped by a series of circumstances over which I had no control. It was a funny feeling. I think I know now how a fly must react after being caught in a spider's web. Scarlett doesn't always love Rhett. It's the first time that the girl isn't sure that she wants me from the minute she sets eyes on me. Single men never have any problems. I suppose that the public builds some kind of idea from what they've seen of me on the screen. I don't discuss women at all with anyone. There are good qualities in all women. Some may be lacking in some of these qualities and should have them. I'm liable to say so and hurt their feelings, and it wouldn't be meant that way at all. I was scared, when I discovered that I had been cast by the public. I felt that every reader would have a different idea as to how Rhett should be played on the screen, and I didn't see how I could please everybody. ["Miami News" article 1939 on public reaction to Gone with the Wind (1939)] Damn it. I never conceived of this. When I rode through Atlanta's streets today it wasn't like an opening at Grauman's Chinese at Hollywood. It wasn't like anything I ever experienced in my life. It was almost too big for me to take. For the first time I actually realized I wasn't Clark Gable to Atlanta, but Rhett Butler [laughs] . . . and I hope to heaven when I leave here tomorrow night, after everybody has seen the picture, that I leave as Rhett Butler and not Clark Gable. [In 1932] I have been in show business for 12 years. They have known me in Hollywood but two. Yet as picture-making goes, two years is a long time. Nevertheless, my advice has never been asked about a part in a picture. I found out I was going into "Susan Lenox" in Del Monte. Read it in a paper. When I walked on the set one day, they told me I was going to play Red Dust (1932) in place of John Gilbert . I have never been consulted as to what part I would like to play. I am paid not to think. I was pretty sore because they insisted on taping my ears back. One day, in a scene with [ Greta Garbo ], the tape snapped loose and one ear flapped in the breeze. That was the end of the taping. They see me as an ordinary guy, like a construction worker or the guy who delivers your piano. It's a chain of accidents. When you step into Hollywood, you wind yourself into thousands of chains of accidents. If all of the thousands happen to come out exactly right - and the chance of that figures out to be one in eight million - then you'll be a star. [on playing Fletcher Christian in Mutiny on the Bounty (1935)] The character is a pansy. And I'm not going to be seen wearing a pigtail and knickers. [on Carole Lombard ] After we got married, I asked her what she wanted more than anything. We were looking over the property and she said, "I'd like manure for the bottom thirty." And she meant it, too. [on The Misfits (1961)] The title sums up this mess. [ Arthur Miller , [ Marilyn Monroe ]and [ Montgomery Clift ]--they don't know what the hell they're doing. We don't belong in the same room together. [What he wants on his tombstone] "He was lucky and he knew it". [on his preference for brothels] When it's over it's over. No questions, no tears, no farewell kisses. When I came to town 25 years ago my six feet, two inches were considered pretty high up. But year by year they keep coming in - taller and taller. Today, it would appear than an actor under six feet is virtually a runt. (1955) Salary (19)	1962
What year: 'Summer Holiday' starring Cliff Richard was out at the movies, Ringo Starr joined The Beatles and MC Hammer was born?	Marilyn Monroe \| Biography, News and Photos \| Contactmusic.com News Pictures Film Comments Quotes RSS Biography Marilyn Monroe (born Norma Jeane Mortenson; June 1st 1926 - August 5th 1962) Marilyn Monroe is one of the most iconic Hollywood actresses to have ever lived and is best known for starring in 'Gentlemen Prefer Blondes' and 'Some Like It Hot' among others, as well as for being one of the most beautiful women in the world. Net worth: Marilyn Monroe's net worth was around $370,000 at the time of her death ($2.17 million in today's money) (Forbes). Childhood: Marilyn Monroe was born in LA. Her parents were Gladys Baker and, according to Marilyn's birth certificate, her ex husband Martin Mortensen - though Marilyn had always denied he was her biological father, instead believing that it was Charles Gifford. Marilyn was in and out of foster care all her childhood due to her mother's mental health problems, being cared for first by Albert and Ida Bolender before returning to her mother who was quickly sectioned. She later lived with her mother's friend Grace McKee, who introduced her to the world of cinema, but she left to live with her great-aunt Olive Brunings due to Grace's husband attempts to sexually abuse Marilyn. However, she was once again attacked by family members. She had a positive life living with her Aunt Ana, but she then went back to Grace. During that time she met her first boyfriend Jim Dougherty who she was forced to marry due to her unstable living arrangements. She attended Van Nuys High School, before working at the Radioplane Munitions Factory while husband Jim served in the Merchant Marine during World War II. She then joined the Blue Book Modeling Agency, dying her brunette hair blonde. Her modelling success attracted the attention of film executive Ben Lyon, who encouraged Marilyn's name change. She chose 'Monroe', her mother's maiden name, while Lyon decided on 'Marilyn' because she reminded him of Marilyn Miller. During her early acting career, she enrolled at the University of California studying literature and art appreciation. Film career: Marilyn Monroe's first credited movie role was in 1947's 'Dangerous Years'. In 1948, she signed a contract with Columbia Pictures and subsequently appeared in the musical 'Ladies of the Chorus'. She went back to modelling after her film career then began to wane, and posed nude for photographer Tom Kelly. Things started to look up in 1949 when she appeared in the Marx Brothers' 'Love Happy' and, after a few more brief screen roles, she landed her breakthrough role in 'The Asphalt Jungle' opposite Louis Calhern and later appeared in the comedy 'All About Eve'. In 1952, a nude photograph of Marilyn leaked, but there was much speculation over whether or not it was her. She admitted to posing for the pictures to pay her rent, prompting much sympathy from the media and the public, and the photo later featured in Playboy. There was much interest in Marilyn and her unhappy background thence forth making her 1952 film 'Clash by Night' rather popular. In 1953, she appeared in 'Niagara', where it started to become clear that she was not the easiest person to work with due to her erratic behaviour caused by her stage fright. Though her performance was well reviewed, many commented negatively on what they viewed as 'vulgarity' during promotional events. Later that year, she starred alongside Jane Russell in 'Gentlemen Prefer Blondes' in which she sang the famous song 'Diamonds Are A Girl's Best Friend'. Despite her dedication to the role, she was increasingly late to the set annoying director Howard Hawks. 'How to Marry a Millionaire' came next, also starring Betty Grable and Lauren Bacall. She had further director struggles during the filming of 'River Of No Return' with Otto Preminger becoming annoyed by Marilyn's acting coach Natasha Lytess' constant presence, and thus the actress refused to speak to him. In 1954, she appeared in the poorly reviewed 'There's No Business Like Show Business'. The following year, she landed a role in 'The Seven Year Itch' which featured the famous scene depicting Marilyn in a white dress with her skirt blown up. She subsequently had a close friendship with photographer Milton Greene, who advised her to break away from her financially crippling contract with 20th Century Fox and even mortgaged his home to help fund her career as well as offering her accomodation. After briefly being mentored in acting by Constance Collier before his death, she went on to study under Lee Strasberg who became extremely impressed with her progress. She appeared in 'Bus Stop' in 1956 opposite Don Murray and, while impressing critics with her much improved acting performance, subsequently landed a Golden Globe nomination. She co-starred with Laurence Olivier in the following year's 'The Prince and the Showgirl' which landed her a BAFTA nomination. Olivier later admitted that he, like 'River Of No Return' director Preminger, found the presence of her acting coach (now Paula Strasberg) irksome. She was in 1959's 'Some Like It Hot' which also starred Jack Lemmon and Tony Curtis. While it was expected that she would be suffering stage fright and would often be late, director Billy Wilder did not expect her behaviour to be so aggressive as it turned out to be. However, despite her unpredictability, she won a Golden Globe for her role. Her penultimate film was 'Let's Make Love' in which she starred alongside Yves Montand. Her tardiness became a problem during the filming once again, but Montand was able to improve her attitude. Her last completed film was 1960's 'The Misfits' starring Clark Gable, during which she was frequently ill. She was later hospitalised for undisclosed reasons, while some of the other actors also took ill from exhaustion. Before her death, she began filming 'Something's Got to Give' with Dean Martin, though she was still getting sick a lot. 20th Century Fox attempted to sue her due to her lack of attendance in filming, as she often appeared in the media and magazines looking perfectly well. She famously sang 'Happy Birthday' to President John F. Kennedy at Madison Square Garden in 1962. Personal life: Marilyn Monroe had surgery to 'soften' her appearance at the suggestion of her early associates. She had a bump removed from her nose and her slight overbite corrected. In the early fifties, she dated baseball player Joe DiMaggio whom she married in 1954. They divorced that same year. She soon re-married to director Arthur Miller but their marriage also ended in 1961. She suffered two miscarriages during their marriage. She also had an affair with actor Yves Montand, which ended when he refused to leave his wife. There are claims that she was also very briefly married to Bob Slatzer, as well as that she had an affair with both John and Robert Kennedy. In her final years, she began seeing a psychiatrist while suffering from insomnia. She began taking prescription medication from several doctors, while refusing any help from her husband. She also developed a dependence on alcohol. Following her second divorce, she attended the Payne Whitney Psychiatric Clinic before transferring to Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center. She took a break from acting as she recovered in hospital, during which time she had surgery on her fallopian tubes and gallbladder. Marilyn died on August 5th 1962 from 'acute barbiturate poisoning' in what was thought to be suicide. There has, however, been much speculation surrounding her death, particularly with her last phone call being to President John F. Kennedy. Biography by Contactmusic.com	i don't know
Which English King was known as ' (name) The Great'?	Alfred the Great: The Most Perfect Man in History? \| History Today Alfred the Great: The Most Perfect Man in History? Anglo-Saxon England Alfred Political Barbara Yorke considers the reputation of King Alfred the Great, and the enduring cult around his life and legend. King Alfred of Wessex (r.871-99) is probably the best known of all Anglo-Saxon rulers, even if the first thing to come into many people’s minds in connection with him is something to do with burnt confectionery. The year 1999 saw the 1100th anniversary of his death on October 26th, 899, at the age of about 50. The occasion is being marked with conferences and exhibitions in Winchester, Southampton and London, but the scale of celebrations will be modest compared with those which commemorated his millenary, and culminated in the unveiling by Lord Rosebery of his statue in Winchester. Alfred’s reputation still stands high with historians, though few would now want to follow Edward Freeman in claiming him as ‘the most perfect character in history’ (The History of the Norman Conquest of England, 5 volumes, 1867-79). Alfred is someone who has had greatness thrust upon him. How and why did he acquire his glowing reputation, and how does it stand up today? There can be no doubt that Alfred’s reign was significant, both for the direction of the country’s development and for the fortunes of his descendants. After the kingdoms of Northumbria, East Anglia and Mercia had fallen to the Vikings, Wessex under Alfred was the only surviving Anglo-Saxon province. Alfred nearly succumbed to the Vikings as well, but kept his nerve and won a decisive victory at the battle of Edington in 879. Further Viking threats were kept at bay by a reorganisation of military service and particularly through the ringing of Wessex by a regular system of garrisoned fortresses. At the same time Alfred promoted himself as the defender of all Christian Anglo-Saxons against the pagan Viking threat and began the liberation of neighbouring areas from Viking control. He thus paved the way for the future unity of England, which was brought to fruition under his son and grandsons, who conquered the remaining areas held by the Vikings in the east and north, so that by the mid-tenth century the England we are familiar with was ruled as one country for the first time. His preservation from the Vikings and unexpected succession as king after the death of four older brothers, seem to have given Alfred a sense that he had been specially destined for high office. With the help of advisers from other areas of England, Wales and Francia, Alfred studied, and even translated from Latin into Old English, certain works that were regarded at the time as providing models of ideal Christian kingship and ‘most necessary for all men to know’. Alfred tried to put these principles into practice, for instance, in the production of his law-code. He became convinced that those in authority in church or state could not act justly or effectively without the ‘wisdom’ acquired through study, and set up schools to ensure that future generations of priests and secular administrators would be better trained, as well as encouraging the nobles at his court to emulate his own example in reading and study. Alfred also had the foresight to commission his biography from Bishop Asser of Wales. Asser presented Alfred as the embodiment of the ideal, but practical, Christian ruler. Alfred was the ‘truthteller’, a brave, resourceful, pious man, who was generous to the church and anxious to rule his people justly. One could say that Asser accentuated the positive, and ignored those elements of ruthless, dictatorial behaviour which any king needed to survive in ninth-century realpolitik. Alfred and Asser did such a good job that when later generations looked back at his reign through their works they saw only a ruler apparently more perfect than any before or after. Alfred is often thought to have provided his own epitaph in this passage from his translation of the Consolation of Philosophy by Boethius: I desired to live worthily as long as I lived, and to leave after my life, to the men who should come after me, the memory of me in good works. Alfred, particularly as presented by Asser, may have had something of a saint in him, but he was never canonised and this put him at something of a disadvantage in the later medieval world. The Normans and their successors were certainly interested in presenting themselves as the legitimate heirs of their Anglo-Saxon predecessors, but favoured the recognised royal saints, especially Edmund of the East Angles, killed by the Danish army which Alfred defeated, and Edward the Confessor, the last ruler of the old West Saxon dynasty. St Edmund and St Edward can be seen supporting Richard II on the Wilton diptych, and members of the later medieval royal houses were named after them. Nor were Alfred’s heroic defeats of the pagan Vikings enough to make him the favoured military hero of the post-Conquest period. None of the Anglo-Saxon rulers qualified for this role. After Geoffrey of Monmouth’s successful promotion, the British Arthur was preferred – a man whose reputation was not constrained by inconvenient facts, and who proved extremely adaptable to changing literary conventions. However, Alfred was lauded by Anglo-Norman historians, like William of Malmesbury, Gaimar and Matthew Paris, and their presentations, and occasional embellishments, of his achievements would be picked up by later writers. Alfred’s well-attested interest in learning made him the obvious choice to be retrospectively chosen as the founder of Oxford University when that institution felt the need to establish its historical credentials in the 14th century. Alfred’s lack of a saintly epithet, a disadvantage in the high Middle Ages, was the salvation of his reputation in a post-Reformation world. As a pious king with an interest in promoting the use of English, Alfred was an ideal figurehead for the emerging English Protestant church. The works he had commissioned or translated were interpreted as evidence for the pure Anglo-Saxon church, before it had become tainted by the false Romanism introduced by the Normans. With a bit of selective editing, Anglo-Saxon ecclesiastical provision came to bear an uncanny resemblance to Elizabethan Anglicanism. Archbishop Matthew Parker did an important service to Alfred’s reputation by publishing an edition of Asser’s Life of Alfred in 1574, even if he could not resist adding the story of the burnt cakes which came from a separate, later, Anglo-Saxon source. Perhaps even more significant for getting Alfred’s reputation widely known was the enthusiastic notice of him in John Foxe’s Book of Martyrs (1570 edition), where material derived from sources of Alfred’s own time was mixed with stories with a later currency, such as his visit to the Danish camp as a minstrel which was first recorded in a post-Conquest account. It was also writers of the sixteenth century who promoted the designation of Alfred as ‘the Great’, an epithet that had never been applied to him in the Anglo-Saxon period. Comparable claims of the contribution of the Anglo-Saxons to English life were used to support radical political change in the seventeenth century, when it was argued, for instance, that the right of all freemen to vote for representatives in Parliament was a lost Anglo-Saxon liberty. The relative abundance of sources from Alfred’s reign, including his surviving law-code and Asser’s description of his interest in law and administration, naturally meant that attention was drawn to him by those searching for an ancient constitution to serve contemporary needs. Alfred himself was an unlikely champion for the more radical movements, and was more readily adopted by those who wanted to show Stuart, and eventually Hanoverian, rulers, how they could become successful constitutional monarchs by emulating their most famous Anglo-Saxon ancestor. Robert Powell, in his Life of Alfred, published in 1634, attempted to draw parallels between the reigns of Alfred and Charles I, something which often called for considerable ingenuity, and his hope that Charles would share the same respect for English law as that apparently shown by Alfred proved misplaced. Rather more impressive as a work of scholarship was Sir John Spelman’s Life of King Alfred, which drew upon an extensive range of primary material and itself became a source for later biographers. The work was dedicated to the future Charles II when Prince of Wales, and was completed during the Civil War in 1642, in the royalist camp at Oxford. Spelman was to die the following year of camp fever, and publication of the biography was delayed until more propitious times. In fact, any attempts to interest Stuart monarchs in their Saxon forebears had only a limited success. The Stuarts’ preferred cultural reference points were from the classical world rather than the history of their own islands. The common Saxon heritage of the Hanoverians and the Anglo-Saxons provided more fertile ground for the promotion of a cult of King Alfred. His first aristocratic and royal backers came from the circle which gathered around Frederick, Prince of Wales (1707-51), the eldest son of George II, and was united by the opposition of its members to the prime minister Robert Walpole. Walpole’s opponents called themselves ‘the Patriots’, and Alfred was the first ‘Patriot King’, who had saved his country from tyranny, as it was devoutly hoped Frederick himself would do when he succeeded his father. A number of literary works centred upon Alfred were dedicated to the prince. Sir Richard Blackmore’s Alfred: an Epick Poem in Twelve Books (1723) enlivened the conventional accounts of Alfred’s reign with an extensive description of his imaginary travels in Europe and Africa, in which were concealed many heavy-handed compliments to Prince Frederick. Of much more lasting worth was Thomas Arne’s masque Alfred, which was first performed in 1740 at the prince’s country seat of Cliveden. The main text was provided by two authors already active in Frederick’s cause, James Thomson and David Mallett, but included an ode by Viscount Bolingbroke, one of the leaders of the opposition to Walpole who had defined their political philosophy in his essay ‘The Idea of a Patriot King’ (1738). A visual representation of this political manifesto was provided in Lord Cobham’s pleasure grounds at Stowe. Alfred’s bust was included alongside those of other Whig heroes in ‘The Temple of British Worthies’ completed in 1734-35 by William Kent. Alfred is described as ‘the mildest, justest, most beneficient of kings’ who ‘crush’d corruption, guarded liberty, and was the founder of the English constitution’, in pointed reference to qualities which George II was felt to lack. Alfred’s bust was placed next to that of the Black Prince, a Prince of Wales whose noble qualities were perceived as having been inherited by Frederick, particularly if he followed the example of King Alfred rather than that of his father. The Stowe landscape gardens also contain a Gothic Temple, in which ‘Gothic’ should be understood as ancient Germanic. The building was dedicated ‘to the Liberty of our Ancestors’, and was surrounded by statues of Germanic deities (albeit in Classical pose), while the ceiling of the dome was decorated with the arms of the earls of Mercia from whom Lord Cobham claimed descent. This new interest in the Germanic past began to trickle down to other sectors of society. Those who could not afford to erect their own monuments to Alfred’s greatness might nevertheless find remembrances of him in the Wessex landscape. In 1738, the antiquarian Francis Wise, hoping to improve his promotion prospects at the University of Oxford, produced a pamphlet ‘concerning some antiquities in Berkshire’ in which he argued that the White Horse of Uffington had been cut to commemorate Alfred’s victory over the Vikings at the battle of Ashdown, and that all other visible antiquities nearby had some connection with the campaign. His claims were entirely spurious, but helped to publicise the idea that Alfred’s influence permeated the very fabric of the country. Those who could not have a Saxon memorial in their grounds or in the nearby countryside could at least own a print of the new genre of History painting. Alfredian topics, especially ‘Alfred in the neatherd’s cottage’ (the cake-burning episode), were among those frequently reproduced. Alfred at Stowe was also remembered as one ‘who drove out the Danes, secur’d the seas’, and his role as defender of the country and supposed founder of the British navy ensured him increasing fame as the country found itself embroiled in frequent foreign wars as the reign of Frederick’s son, George III, progressed. A series of patriotic Alfred plays, opera and ballets were performed, particularly during the French Wars (1793-1815). More often than not they ended with the rousing anthem which had closed Arne’s Alfred, ‘Rule Britannia’, which became increasingly popular as an expression of loyalty to the crown under the threat of foreign attack. It was from this period that ‘Alfred’ became favoured as a Christian name at all levels of society. As in other European countries, a new national pride in nineteenth-century England had an important historical dimension, and an accompanying cult of the heroes who had made later success possible. The English, it was believed, could trace language and constitutional continuity back to the fifth century when they had defeated the effete Romans, and it became increasingly felt that other, positive, facets of ‘the national character’ could be traced back this far as well. These characteristics were felt to have made those of Anglo-Saxon descent uniquely programmed for success, and to rule other less fortunately endowed peoples, and the best of them were represented by King Alfred himself. Alfred was fast being rediscovered as ‘the most perfect character in history’, and alongside his defence of constitutional liberties, his country and true religion, was added renewed admiration for his Christian morality and sense of duty. Anglo-Saxonism, and the accompanying Alfredism, could be found on both sides of the Atlantic. Thomas Jefferson had ingeniously argued that, as the Anglo-Saxons who had settled in Britain had ruled themselves independently from their Continental homelands, so the English settlers of America should also be allowed their independence. He believed both countries shared an Anglo-Saxon heritage, and proposed a local government for Virginia based on a division into hundreds, an Anglo-Saxon institution widely believed then to have been instituted by Alfred. A less attractive side of this fascination with Anglo-Saxon roots was that it helped foster a belief in racial superiority, as celebrated in a shortlived periodical called The Anglo-Saxon (1849-50), which aimed to demonstrate how ‘the whole earth may be called the Fatherland of the Anglo-Saxon. He is a native of every clime – a messenger of heaven to every corner of this Planet.’ One of the chief supporters of The Anglo-Saxon, who wrote large segments of it if no other copy was available, was Martin Tupper, the author of several volumes of popular, highly sentimental and moralistic verses. Alfred was one of Tupper’s particular heroes, largely because he felt many of the King’s writings anticipated his own, and it was through his impetus that the millenary of Alfred’s birth at Wantage was celebrated in 1849, one of the earliest of all such jubilees. The event was not the success for which Tupper had hoped, largely because he left arrangements rather late in the day and had no influential backers. Many of the details were still not fixed on the eve of the event to the indignation of the few local gentry inveigled into attending, but the event still managed to attract crowds estimated at 8,000-10,000 who enjoyed traditional games and an ox-roast, as well as Tupper’s specially composed Jubilee song: Anglo-Saxons! – in love are we met To honour a name we can never forget! Father, and Founder, and King of a race That reigns and rejoices in every place, Root of a tree that o’ershadows the earth First of a Family blest from his birth Blest in this stem of their strength and their state Alfred the Wise, and the Good, and the Great! During the reign of Victoria, who gave birth to the first Prince Alfred since the Anglo-Saxon period (b.1844), King Alfred was accepted as founder of the nation and its essential institutions to such an extent that one commentator was moved to complain ‘it is surely a mistake to make Alfred, as some folks seem to do, into a kind of ninth-century incarnation of a combined School Board and County Council’. Alfred was no longer a mirror for princes, but an exemplar for people at all levels of society and, above all, for children. Charles Dickens’s A Child’s History of England (1851-53) can stand for many such works where Alfred was used to demonstrate the best of the English character: The noble king ... in his single person, possessed all the Saxon virtues. Whom misfortune could not subdue, whom prosperity could not spoil, whose perseverance, nothing could shake. Who was hopeful in defeat, and generous in success. Who loved justice, freedom, truth and knowledge. So much had Alfred become the epitome of the ideal Victorian that Walter Besant, in a lecture on Alfred in 1897, thought it entirely appropriate to apply to him verse that Alfred, Lord Tennyson had written to commemorate Prince Albert. Alfred was no longer the totem of one political party. In 1877 Robert Loyd-Lindsay, Conservative MP for Berkshire and a perfect exemplar of the paternal landlord of Disraeli’s ‘Young England’ movement, provided Wantage with the statue that Tupper had hoped to raise in 1849, but for which he had failed to get funds. Wantage also got the grand occasion it had missed then as Edward, Prince of Wales, to whom Lindsay had once been an equerry, unveiled the statue carved by Count Gleichen, one of the Prince’s German cousins. In 1901, the year of Queen Victoria’s death, there were even greater celebrations to commemorate the millenary of that of Alfred. Problems with the calculation of Anglo-Saxon dates meant it was widely believed then that Alfred had died in 901, rather than 899, which is now recognised as the true date of his death, but at the time it seemed particularly apposite to many that the great Queen and her illustrious forebear had died a thousand years apart. On the surface the Alfred millenary appeared to fulfil its aim, as advertised in the National Committee’s prospectus, of being ‘a National Commemoration of the king to whom this Empire owes so much’. The procession through the heart of Winchester to the site of Hamo Thornycroft’s giant statue of the King, included representatives of Learned Societies and Universities ‘from all lands where the English speaking-race predominate’ (needless to say, they were all white males) and members of the different armed forces. Alfred was further commemorated in the same year by the launching of a new Dreadnought, the HMS King Alfred. But in 1901 Britain was embroiled in the Boer War, and the priority was the reality of the present rather than an imagined past. The National Committee did not raise nearly as much money as it had expected and had to abandon many of its ambitious plans, including one for a Museum of Early English History. Many were worried at the direction Britain’s imperial policy was taking. Charles Stubbs, Dean of Ely, took advantage of the millenary year to suggest that Alfred’s standards were not only in advance of his own age, but in advance of those of many statesman of the present day, especially in their conduct of the Boer War, which had been prompted by ‘insolence of pride ... by passion of vengeance ... by lust of gold’. But there was also a more positive side to the celebrations when Alfred was used, as he had been in the past, as a cloak for the introduction of change in society. It was not by chance that the statue was unveiled by the Liberal leader Lord Rosebery, for the former Whig support for British Worthies had never completely died away, and Liberals were prominent in the many commemorations of the latter part of the nineteenth century. It was a row over the statue of Oliver Cromwell, commissioned in 1895 by Rosebery from Thornycroft for the House of Commons, that precipitated the former’s resignation as Prime Minister. The most active members of the National Committee were leading Liberals and others, like the positivist Frederic Harrison and litterateur Walter Besant, who were associated with them in the promotion of Working Mens’ Colleges or the London County Council, formed in 1888 with Lord Rosebery as its first Chairman. Most active of all in the promotion of Alfred was the secretary of the National Committee and mayor of Winchester, Alfred Bowker, who used the millenary as an opportunity to develop the profile and scope of the Corporation of Winchester by, for instance, purchasing the site of Alfred’s final resting-place at Hyde Abbey with adjoining land that could be used for public recreation (as it still is today). Lord Rosebery commented that the statue he was to unveil in Winchester can only be an effigy of the imagination, and so the Alfred we reverence may well be an idealised figure ... we have draped round his form ... all the highest attributes of manhood and kingship. Alfred, though no doubt gratified by his posthumous fame, would have trouble recognising himself in some of his later manifestations, and would find it difficult to comprehend, let alone approve, some of the constitutional developments he was supposed to have championed. One hopes that it will not be possible for such a wide divorce between an idealised Alfred and the reality of Anglo-Saxon rule to occur again, but it is possible that Alfred’s symbolic career is not over. Now that Britain is relapsing into its regional components, who better than Alfred, the champion of the English language and Anglo-Saxon hegemony, to be a figurehead of the new England? Barbara Yorke is Reader in History at King Alfred’s College, Winchester. Her latest book is Anglo-Saxons (Sutton Pocket Histories, 1999).	Alfred the Great
Can you name the London theatre named after Queen Victoria's husband?	BBC - History - Alfred the Great z Alfred the Great © King of the southern Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex and one of the outstanding figures of English history, as much for his social and educational reforms as for his military successes against the Danes. He is the only English monarch known as 'the Great'. Alfred was born at Wantage in Oxfordshire in 849, fourth or fifth son of Aethelwulf, king of the West Saxons. Following the wishes of their father, the sons succeeded to the kingship in turn. At a time when the country was under threat from Danish raids, this was aimed at preventing a child inheriting the throne with the related weaknesses in leadership. In 870 AD the Danes attacked the only remaining independent Anglo-Saxon kingdom, Wessex, whose forces were commanded by Alfred's older brother, King Aethelred, and Alfred himself. In 871 AD, Alfred defeated the Danes at the Battle of Ashdown in Berkshire. The following year, he succeeded his brother as king. Despite his success at Ashdown, the Danes continued to devastate Wessex and Alfred was forced to withdraw to the Somerset marshes, where he continued guerrilla warfare against his enemies. In 878 AD, he again defeated the Danes in the Battle of Edington. They made peace and Guthrum, their king, was baptised with Alfred as his sponsor. In 886 AD, Alfred negotiated a treaty with the Danes. England was divided, with the north and the east (between the Rivers Thames and Tees) declared to be Danish territory - later known as the 'Danelaw'. Alfred therefore gained control of areas of West Mercia and Kent which had been beyond the boundaries of Wessex. Alfred built up the defences of his kingdom to ensure that it was not threatened by the Danes again. He reorganised his army and built a series of well-defended settlements across southern England. He also established a navy for use against the Danish raiders who continued to harass the coast. As an administrator Alfred advocated justice and order and established a code of laws and a reformed coinage. He had a strong belief in the importance of education and learnt Latin in his late thirties. He then arranged, and himself took part in, the translation of books from Latin to Anglo-Saxon. By the 890s, Alfred's charters and coinage were referring to him as 'king of the English'. He died in October 899 AD and was buried at his capital city of Winchester.	i don't know
In what year (or century) was Michelangelo born?	Michelangelo born - Mar 06, 1475 - HISTORY.com Michelangelo born Publisher A+E Networks Michelangelo Buonarroti, the greatest of the Italian Renaissance artists, is born in the small village of Caprese on March 6, 1475. The son of a government administrator, he grew up in Florence, a center of the early Renaissance movement, and became an artist’s apprentice at age 13. Demonstrating obvious talent, he was taken under the wing of Lorenzo de’ Medici, the ruler of the Florentine republic and a great patron of the arts. For two years beginning in 1490, he lived in the Medici palace, where he was a student of the sculptor Bertoldo di Giovanni and studied the Medici art collection, which included ancient Roman statuary. With the expulsion of the Medici family from Florence in 1494, Michelangelo traveled to Bologna and Rome, where he was commissioned to do several works. His most important early work was the Pieta (1498), a sculpture based on a traditional type of devotional image that showed the body of Christ in the lap of the Virgin Mary. Demonstrating masterful technical skill, he extracted the two perfectly balanced figures of the Pieta from a single block of marble. With the success of the Pieta, the artist was commissioned to sculpt a monumental statue of the biblical character David for the Florence cathedral. The 17-foot statue, produced in the classical style, demonstrates the artist’s exhaustive knowledge of human anatomy and form. In the work, David is shown watching the approach of his foe Goliath, with every muscle tensed and a pose suggesting impending movement. Upon the completion of David in 1504, Michelangelo’s reputation was firmly established. That year, he agreed to paint a mural for the Florence city hall to rest alongside one being painted by Leonardo da Vinci, another leading Renaissance artist and an influence on Michelangelo. These murals, which depicted military scenes, have not survived. In 1505, he began work on a planned group of 12 marble apostles for the Florence cathedral but abandoned the project when he was commissioned to design and sculpt a massive tomb for Pope Julius II in Saint Peter’s Basilica in Rome. There were to have been 40 sculptures made for the tomb, but the pope soon ran out of funds for the project, and Michelangelo left Rome. In 1508, he was called back to Rome to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel–the chief consecrated space in the Vatican. Michelangelo’s epic ceiling frescoes, which took several years to complete, are among his most memorable works. Central in a complex system of decoration featuring numerous figures are nine panels devoted to biblical world history. The most famous of these is The Creation of Adam, a painting in which the arms of God and Adam are outstretched toward each other. In 1512, Michelangelo completed the Sistine Chapel ceiling and returned to his work on Pope Julius II’s tomb. He eventually completed a total of just three statues for the tomb, which was eventually placed in the church of San Pietro in Vincoli. The most notable of the three is Moses (1513-15), a majestic statue made from a block of marble regarded as unmalleable by other sculptors. In Moses, as in David, Michelangelo infused the stone with a powerful sense of tension and movement. Having revolutionized European sculpture and painting, Michelangelo turned to architecture in the latter half of his life. His first major architectural achievement was the Medici chapel in the Church of San Lorenzo in Florence, built to house the tombs of the two young Medici family heirs who had recently died. The chapel, which he worked on until 1534, featured many innovative architectural forms based on classical models. The Laurentian Library, which he built as an annex to the same church, is notable for its stair-hall, known as the ricetto, which is regarded as the first instance of mannerism as an architectural style. Mannerism, a successor to the Renaissance artistic movement, subverted harmonious classical forms in favor of expressiveness. In 1534, Michelangelo left Florence for the last time and traveled to Rome, where he would work and live for the rest of his life. That year saw his painting of the The Last Judgment on a wall above the altar in the Sistine Chapel for Pope Paul III. The massive painting depicts Christ’s damnation of sinners and blessing of the virtuous, and is regarded as a masterpiece of early mannerism. During the last three decades of his life, Michelangelo lent his talents to the design of numerous monuments and buildings for Rome, which the pope and city leaders were determined to restore to the grandeur of its ancient past. The Capitoline Square and the dome of St. Peter’s, designed by Michelangelo but not completed in his lifetime, remain two of Rome’s most famous visual landmarks. Michelangelo worked until his death in 1564 at the age of 88. In addition to his major artistic works, he produced numerous other sculptures, frescoes, architectural designs, and drawings, many of which are unfinished and some of which are lost. He was also an accomplished poet, and some 300 of his poems are preserved. In his lifetime, he was celebrated as Europe’s greatest living artist, and today he is held up as one of the greatest artists of all time, as exalted in the visual arts as William Shakespeare is in literature or Ludwig van Beethoven is in music. Related Videos	1475
In what year was Elvis Presley born?	THE LIFE OF THE ARTIST MICHELANGELO MUSIC? LET PAGE LOAD, THEN CLICK HERE. Michelangelo di Ludovico Buonarroti Simoni (known as Michelangelo) was born on 6 March 1475 in the Tuscan town of Caprese, near Arezzo. His family were natives of Florence and they returned to the city within a few weeks of the birth, when Ludovico Buonarroti's term as mayor of Caprese had ended. Soon after their arrival, the Buonarrotis sent the baby to a wet-nurse living on the family farm a few miles away in Settignano. This environment seems to have had a crucial effect on Michelangelo, for the area around Settignano was full of stone quarries. His wet-nurse's father and husband were both stonemasons, and Michelangelo often jested later in life that "with my wet-nurse's milk, I sucked in the hammer and chisels I use for my statues". From an early age the young Michelangelo was consumed with artistic ambition. As a boy of 13, he persuaded his reluctant father to allow him to leave his grammer school and become an apprentice to the artist Domenico Ghirlandaio, one of the most successful fresco painters in Florence. The young Michelangelo's prodigious skill - and, perhaps, his single-mindedness - soon aroused jealousy among his fellow students in the garden. His biographer and friend, Giorgio Vasari, tells of how another young sculpter, Pietro Torrigiano, later described as a bully, punched him violently in the face, crushing and breaking his nose. Michelangelo was deeply upset by the incident, and by the disfigurement to his face - physically, and psychologically, it seems to have marked him for life. Michelangelo's skill now attracted the personal attention of Lorenzo de' Medici (called the Magnificent), who was effective ruler of Florence at the time. He was so impressed by a statue Michelangelo was carving that he invited him to live in the Medici household. CHANGING FORTUNES Michelangelo spent two happy years in the Medici household and worked on an impressive marble relief, The Battle of the Centaurs. But when Lorenzo died in 1492, Michelangelo's fortunes began to take a downward turn, and he went bact to live with his father. Lorenzo's successor, Piero de' Medici, was friendly to the artist but had little interest in art. Indeed, the only work Piero commissioned from Michelangelo was a snowman, a childish whim after a heavy snowfall in January 1494. As a consolation, Michelangelo devoted his skills to a detailed study of anatomy by dissecting corpses in the church of Santo Spirito - a curious privilege bestowed by the prior in return for a carved wooden crucifix. Under piero's rather haphazard reign, political Florence became increasingly unstable and blood and thunder preachers found wide audiences. A charismatic Dominican called Savonarola had a particularly disturbing influence, denouncing the corruption of Florence and prophesying the imminent doom of the sinful city. The invasion of Italy by Charles VIII of France added fuel to the unrest. Apparently, with the words of Savonarola ringing in his ears, Michelangelo packed up and left for Venice in October 1494 - the first of his many "flights". A VISIT TO ROME In 1496 Michelangelo was summoned to Rome as a result of the famous "Sleeping Cupid affair" which had made him a reputation. Here he carved the marble Bacchus for the banker, Jacopo Galli, and the famous Pieta' (below), now in St Peter's, for the French Cardnial Jean Bilheres de Lagraulas. The startling beauty and originality of the Pieta' brought Michelangelo enduring fame. He was soon being heralded as Italy's formost sculptor. By 1501, he was able to return to Florence as a hero. There he carved the magnificent statue of David further enhancing his reputation. The statue was placed in front of the Palazzo della Signoria, where it stood as a symbol of Republican freedom, courage and moral virtue. The legendary sculptor went from strength to strength. Soon after the death of Pope Alexander VI he was summoned back to Rome to serve the new Pope, Julius II. Julius was the first of the seven popes that Michelangelo worked for and their relationship was tempestuous. In the spring of 1505, Julius commissioned Michelangelo to create a tomb for him. It was to be a free-standing shrine with over 40 statues, a grand monument to himself. The scale of the project suited the scope of Michelangelo's vision, and he spent eight months enthusiastically quarrying marble at Carrara. But the Pope soon began to grow impatient at the lack of results and gradually started to lose interest. A PLAN FOR ST PETER'S By then, the Pope had concieved an even grander plan for the complete rebuilding of the church of St Peter's in Rome, and he had entrusted the design to his favorite architect, Bramante. When Michelangelo returned to Rome, burning with desire to make his magnificent vision live, the Pope refused to see him. Michelangelo left Rome for Florence in a fury, deliberately leaving the day before the laying of the cornerstone for the new St Peter's. Pope Julius matched his wrath, however, and sent envoys and demands for his return "by fair means or foul". Eventually Michelangelo succumbed, and went to the Pope with a rope around his neck - a sarcastic gesture of submission. Julius, who was in a more amenable mood, having just conquered Bologna, rewarded Michelangelo with a commission for a colossal statue of himself, to be cast in bronze. (The statue was later destroyed) Michelangelo was still dreaming of completing the tomb, but Julius was bent on redecorating the Sistine ceiling. Michelangelo eventually accepted the commission, possibly goaded on by Bramante's suggestion that he might lack the ability for such a task. But he always insisted that painting was not his trade, and he again tried to get out of the commission when spots of mould started to appear on the first section of his fresco. By 1512, after four years of exhausting labor, however, the ceiling was finally completed. When his work was unveiled, the effect was awe-inspiring and people would travel hundreds of miles to see this work of an "angel". As usual, Michelangelo sent the money he recieved for the work to his demanding family. Julius died in 1513, leaving money for the completion of his tomb, and Michelangelo moved some marble he had quarried from his workshop near St Peter's to a house in the Macel de' Corvi, which he kept from 1513 until his death. Successive popes were keen that Michelangelo should work for their own glory, and distracted him with other commissions. Then, in 1527, Rome was sacked by the Imperial troops of Charles V, a mainly protestant army bent on the destruction of the Papacy. An orgy of murder and pillage followed and Pope Clement VII was imprisoned in the Castel Sant' Angelo. The Medici were yet again expelled from Florence, and the republicans put the artist in charge of the fortifications of his native city. In September 1529, fearing trechery, Michelangelo fled wisely to Venice. Eventually Pope Clement VII, then restored to power in Rome, wrote to pardon Michelangelo and ordered him to continue work on a chapel for the Medicis at San Lorenzo in Florence. Michelangelo finished the tombs for the Medici chapel, but in 1534, three years after his father's death, he left Florence in the tyrannical grip of Alessandro de' Medici, never to return. Michelangelo went to Rome, where Pope Clement had in mind a grandiose scheme for the decoration of the altar wall of the Sistine Chaple. Clement died before the painting was begun, but his successor, Paul III, set him to work on the project. The Last Judgement was painted from 1536 to 1541, and is a terrifying vision expressing the artist's own mental suffering. NEW FRIENDS Michelangelo had always been a practising Catholic and was a deeply pious man. In later life, his religion became profoundly important to him. This was partly the result of his great affection and admiration for Vittoria Colonna, the Marchioness of Pescara - the only woman with whom he had a special relationship. For Michelangelo was widely believed to be homosexual and it is true that he showed a preoccupation with the male nude unmatched by any other artist. In the 1530's, he seems to have fallen in love with a beautiful young nobelman, Tommaso Cavalieri, to whom he wrote many love sonnets. Michelangelo insisted that their friendship was Platonic - he believed that a beautiful body was the outward manifestation of a beautiful soul. Michelangelo was naturally a recluse. He was melancholic and introverted, but at the same time emotional and explosive. He lived a temperate life, but in a fair degree of domestic squalor which no servant would tolerate for long. He preferred to be alone "like a genie shut up inside a bottle", contemplating death. In 1544 and 1545 he suffered two illnesses which did actually bring him close to death. Evidently the great papal commissions had weakened his condition. Paul III made Michelangelo Architect-in-Chief of St Peter's, and his work on the church continued throughout the rest of his life, under three successive popes - Julius II, Paul IV, and Pius IV. He tried to return to the simplicity of his old rival Bramante's design, but St Peter.s was not finished in his lifetime, nor exactly to his designs. Finally, in his old age, Michelangelo also had time to work for himself and the sculptures of this period, such as the Duomo Pieta' (below), reveal an intense spirituality and tenderness. Pope Julius II used to remark that he would gladly surrender some of his own years and blood to prolong Michelangelo's life, so that the world would not be deprived too soon of the sculptor's genius. He also had a desire to have Michelangelo embalmed so that his remains, like his works, would be eternal. As it happened, Michelangelo outlived Julius II, and was buried with great pomp and circumstance after his death on 18 February 1564. THE MAKING OF A MASTERPIECE THE SISTINE CHAPEL On 10 May 1508 Michelangelo signed the contract for the decoration of the Sistine Ceiling - a momentous task which was to pose one of the greatest human as well as artistic challenges. The work had been commissioned by Pope Julius II, whose uncle Sixtus IV, had authorized the building of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican. On the walls were 15th-century frescoes showing scenes from the life of Moses and Christ, while the ceiling was a traditional star-spangled blue. Julius, however, who was bent on the whole-scale "restoration" of Christian Rome, wanted something grander and more "progressive". By July, the scaffolding was in place and the cardinals, who had complained of the noise and rubble, were able to conduct their services in peace. A few weeks later, five young assistants arrived in Rome, but on finding the door of the Chapel bolted, they took the hint and returned to Florence. In the end, Michelangelo painted the ceiling almost entirely alone, triumphing over months of tremendous physical discomfort. The completed ceiling was unveiled on 31 October 1512. "When the work was thrown open", reported Giorgio Vasari, "the whole world came running to see what Michelangelo had done; and certainly it was such as to make everyone speechless with astonishment". (above)The ""ignudi", or nudes, seated directly above the Prophets (on the ceiling) and Sibyls, may represent "angels", although they seem to be an entirely personal contribution. They support bronze medallions, attached to garlands or acorns - the heraldic device of the Della Rovere family of Julius II. (above) In the 1980's restoration work began on the Sistine Ceiling frescoes. Centuries of grime was removed to reveal the original state of Michelangelo's paintings. This lunette with Matthan, one of the Ancestors of Christ, shows that the artist's colours are much crisper and brighter than is often supposed.	i don't know
Zeus is the king of the Gods in which mythology?	Myth of Zeus, King of the Gods *** Zeus, King of the Gods The mythical story of Zeus, King of the Gods by Caroline H. Harding and Samuel B. Harding The Myth of Zeus, King of the Gods In the northern part of Greece there was a very high mountain called Mount Olympus; so high that during almost all the year its top was covered with snow, and often, too, it was wrapped in clouds. Its sides were very steep, and covered with thick forests of oak and beech trees. The Greeks thought that the palaces of their gods were above the top of this mountain, far out of the reach of men, and hidden from their sight by the clouds. Here they thought that the gods met together in a grand council hall, and held great feasts, at which they talked over the affairs of the whole world. Zeus, who ruled over the land and the air, was the king of the gods, and was the greatest and strongest among them. The strength of all the other gods put together could not overcome him. It was he who caused the clouds to form, and who sent the rain to refresh the thirsty earth. His great weapon was the thunderbolt, which he carried in his right hand. But the thunderbolt was seldom used, for the frown and angry nod of Zeus were enough to shake the palaces of the gods themselves. Although Zeus was so powerful, he was also king and generous to those who pleased him. The people who lived upon the earth loved as well as feared him, and called him father. He was the most just of all the gods. Once when there was a great war between the Greeks and another people, all the other gods took sides, and tried to help those whom they favored all they could. But Zeus did not. He tried to be just, and at last he gave the victory to the side which he thought deserved to have it. The oak was thought to be sacred to Zeus because it was the strongest and grandest of all the trees. In one part of Greece there was a forest of these, which was called the forest of Dodona. It was so thick and that the sunbeams scarcely found their way through the leaves to the moss upon the ground. Here the wind made strange low sounds among the knotted branches, and people soon began to think that this was their great god Zeus speaking to men through the leaves of his favorite tree So they set this forest apart as sacred to him; and only his servants, who were called priests, were allowed to live in it. People came to this place from all parts of Greece to ask the advice of the god; and the priests would consult with him, and hear his answers in the murmuring of the wind among the branches. Picture of Zeus, King of the Gods The Greeks also built beautiful temples for their gods, as we build churches. To these temples they brought rich gifts of gold and silver and other precious things, to show how thankful they were for the help which the gods gave them. In each temple there was a great block of marble called the altar, and on this a small fire was often kept burning by the priests. If anyone wished to get the help of one of the gods, he would bring a dove, or a goat, or an ox to the temple, so that the priests might kill it, and burn part of its flesh as an offering. For they thought that the smell of the burning flesh pleased the gods. Since Zeus was the greatest of the gods, many of the most beautiful temples in Greece were built in his honor. A part of one of these temples to Zeus is still standing, and you can see it if you ever go to Greece. It was made of the finest white marble, and was surrounded on all sides by rows of tall columns beautifully carved. In another temple there was a great statue of Zeus, made of ivory and gold. It was over sixty feet high, and showed the god seated on a great throne which was covered with carving. The robe of the god was of solid gold. But it was the face of the statue which the Greeks though was most wonderful. It was so grand and beautiful that they said: "Either the sculptor must have gone up into heaven and seen Zeus upon his throne, or the god must have come down to earth and shown his face to the artist." Besides building temples for their gods, the Greeks held great festivals in their honor also. The greatest of these festivals was the one which was held in honor of Zeus at a place called Olympia. Every four years messengers would go about from town to town to give notice of it. Then all wars would cease, and people from all over Greece would come to Olympia to worship the god. There they would find the swiftest runners racing for a wreath of olive leaves as a prize. There they would also find chariot races and wrestling matches and other games. The Greeks believed that Zeus and the other gods loved to see men using their strength and skill to do them honor at their festivals. So for months and months beforehand men practiced for these games; and the one who gained the victory in them was looked upon as ever after the favorite of gods and men. The Legend and Myth about Zeus, King of the Gods Statue of Zeus The Myth of Zeus, King of the Gods The story of Zeus, King of the Gods is featured in the book entitled Greek Gods, Heroes and Men by Caroline H. Harding and Samuel B. Harding, published in 1906 by Scott, Foresman and Company. Zeus, King of the Gods - A Myth with a Moral Many of the ancient Myth Stories, like the legend of Zeus, King of the Gods, incorporate tales with morals that provided the old story-tellers with short examples of exciting tales for kids and children of how to act and behave and reflected important life lessons. The characters of the heroes in this type of fable demonstrated the virtues of courage, love, loyalty, strength, perseverance, leadership and self reliance. Whereas the villains demonstrated all of the vices and were killed or punished by the gods. The old, famous myth story and fable, like Zeus, King of the Gods, were designed to entertain, thrill and inspire their young listeners... The Myth of Zeus, King of the Gods - the Magical World of Myth & Legend The story of Zeus, King of the Gods is one of the fantastic stories featured in ancient mythology and legends. Such stories serve as a doorway to enter the world of the Ancient Greeks and Romans. The names of so many of the heroes and characters are known today through movies and games but the actual story about such characters are unknown. Reading a myth story such as Zeus, King of the Gods is the easy way to learn about the stories of the classics. The Magical World of Myth and Legend The Short Story and Myth of Zeus, King of the Gods The myth about Zeus, King of the Gods is featured in the book entitled Greek Gods, Heroes and Men by Caroline H. Harding and Samuel B. Harding, published in 1906 by Scott, Foresman and Company. Learn about the exciting adventures and dangerous quests undertaken by the mythical characters that feature in the hero myths, fables and stories about the gods and goddesses of Ancient Greece and Rome that are available on this website. Myths and Stories about gods and goddesses Zeus, King of the Gods Zeus, King of the Gods Short story of Zeus, King of the Gods A Myth Story of the Ancient World The gods, goddesses of the ancient Myth Stories & Legends The monsters and beasts of classical Mythology The story of Zeus, King of the Gods by Caroline H. Harding and Samuel B. Harding A famous Myth Story and fable of the Ancient World for schools and kids	Greek
Which country has the longest alphabet?	Zeus: King of the Gods: Olympians, Book 1 Book Review What parents need to know Educational value Begins with Gaea, the earth mother, and covers the fall of the Titans and the rise of Zeus and the Olympians. The facts readers may miss in this more action-oriented storytelling are revisited in a generous appendix that includes an author's note, profiles of some of the gods, two pages of extra details on specific panels in the story, a discussion guide, a bibliography, and recommended reading for younger and older readers. A family tree precedes the book. Positive messages Mythology is often seen as a way to mirror the more intense desires and drives of human beings and could serve as cautionary tales to mortals the way they did back when they were part of the oral tradition. The struggle for power and revenge in this volume leads to some extremely violent ends for the formerly high and mighty. Positive role models Characters are driven by a desire for power and revenge -- just look at the fierce depiction of Zeus on the book's cover. He undergoes many trials to take his rightful place, and saving his siblings is a nice gesture, but he's depicted here as driven by a lust for power. Only small gestures of good emerge, such as Rhea saving her son, Zeus, from her husband, Kronos -- but that only fulfills a curse Gaea set upon him, that one of his children will take him down. Metis also helps Zeus but wants to rule with him in return. Violence One of the more disturbing aspects of Greek mythology is Kronos eating his own children. Oddly, they eventually burst forth unscathed. Also, battles between Titans and Zeus rage for most of the book. Kronos fights with his giant sickle, killing his father, Ouranos, to take power. Then he fights against Zeus and his lightning bolts. Creatures with 100 hands, the enormous dragon-like Kampe who tries to roast Zeus, and cyclopes with their one eye may seem a bit scary. Many creatures fall to Tartaros and are imprisoned there. A mention that most early humans die during the war against the Titans. Sex Some innuendo in Zeus' interactions with Metis. They frolic in the water in a few panels, and Zeus asks for a kiss. Then they lie around in the grass together and Zeus makes a joke about how he can "grow pretty big." Titans are depicted as gigantic muscular beings, with private areas always hidden in shadow. Language Not applicable Parents Need to Know Parents need to know that Zeus: King of the Gods is the first in a 12-book graphic-novel series that highlights one Greek god at a time. Zeus' rise to power was a violent power struggle with crashing mountains and gargantuan Titans trying to take out the Olympians. Who wouldn't want to oust the father that ate your other siblings whole? Zeus travels to Tartaros and fights some creepy mythical creatures too. Sexual content is heavy on the innuendo when Zeus flirts with Metis. Plus giant Titans aren't clothed (really, how could they be?); private areas are well obscured with shading, however. A generous appendix provides profiles of the gods, a discussion guide, extra storytelling behind specific panels, and a bibliography. User reviews Review this title! What's the story? ZEUS: KING OF THE GODS begins at the complete beginning, Kaos, and ends with Zeus taking up his thrown on Mt. Olympus. After Gaea, the earth mother, begat the Titans and had her husband, Ouranos, killed, Zeus' future father, Kronos, became lord of the universe. Since Kronos was too much like his father, Gaea cursed him, telling him that his own child would overthrow him. So he ate all his children -- he thought. But his mom, Rhea, managed to hide Zeus away on the island of Crete. There he developed his powers and his hatred of Kronos. With a little help from Gaea, Zeus was ready to overthrow his father and set his siblings free. Is it any good? QUALITY This early, dark mythology of the gods will not be familiar to most readers, yet it's well told, and author George O'Connor's love of mythology shines through. Despite the fact that this Olympic story has to be the hardest one to tell visually -- he literally had to start with nothing, or "Kaos" (his chosen spelling). There's no making that panel interesting. But the art improves promptly. His Titans are dark masses of muscle towering over clouds and mountains. Glimpses of giant cyclops eyes and creatures with 100 hands are fantastically creepy. The lightness of a baby-blue blanket is almost jarring when Zeus appears. His early life is a brief sunny moment in the story before mountains explode and thunderbolts rain down in the big, dramatic power struggle for dominance over the universe. However, the introduction of humans into the world seems glossed over and confusing. An extra few panels with Prometheus and his clay would have been welcome. Families can talk about... Families can talk about one of the author's excellent questions in the appendix discussion guide. For starters, which superheroes are similar to characters in Greek mythology? For those who've read about the gods in other formats, do you prefer this graphic-novel version or a more text-heavy treatment? What can graphic novels convey better than text alone? What can more text-based storytelling convey better than graphic novels? For those who know more stories of Greek gods, how is Zeus' story unique? Why is he chosen as the king of the gods? Book details	i don't know
What does the French phrase BEAU GESTE mean?	Beau geste - definition of beau geste by The Free Dictionary Beau geste - definition of beau geste by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/beau+geste Also found in: Thesaurus , Wikipedia . beau geste n. pl. beaux gestes or beau gestes (bō zhĕst′) 1. A gracious gesture. 2. A gesture noble in form but meaningless in substance. [French : beau, noble + geste, gesture.] beau geste n, pl beaux gestes (bo ʒɛst) a noble or gracious gesture or act, esp one that is meaningless [literally: beautiful gesture] n., pl. beaux gestes (boʊ ˈʒɛst) French. a fine or noble gesture, often futile or made only for effect. ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend: beau geste - a gracious (but usually meaningless) gesture gesture - something done as an indication of intention; "a political gesture"; "a gesture of defiance" beau geste Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: Milligan References in periodicals archive ? There are a number of interesting entries in the five-year-old geldings' maiden, including Inexorable and Beau Geste, while there is little doubt that Charlton Kings will start favourite if trainer-jockey Paul Cashman elects to run. TRAVEL: Singing praises of Gran Canaria Congratulations to divisional winners in the Australian IRC National Championships conducted by the Newcastle Cruising Yacht Club namely: Wild Rose--winner IRC Division C, with Patrice and Quest (Bob Steel) second and third respectively in IRC Division A behind winner Team Beau Geste. Travel: BEEN THERE.. DUNE THAT; GRAN CANARIA HAS EVERYTHING, FROM BUSTLING NIGHTLIFE TO SPLENDID ISOLATION Karl Kwok's mighty TP52 Team Beau Geste, sailing for the Royal Hong Kong Yacht Club, overcame Tony Kirby's Ker 4,6 Patrice, from the Cruising Yacht Club of Australia, in IRC Division 1 results by four points. Copyright © 2003-2017 Farlex, Inc Disclaimer All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.	noble gesture
Who presents BBC TV's Dragon's Den?	Beau geste - definition of beau geste by The Free Dictionary Beau geste - definition of beau geste by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/beau+geste Also found in: Thesaurus , Wikipedia . beau geste n. pl. beaux gestes or beau gestes (bō zhĕst′) 1. A gracious gesture. 2. A gesture noble in form but meaningless in substance. [French : beau, noble + geste, gesture.] beau geste n, pl beaux gestes (bo ʒɛst) a noble or gracious gesture or act, esp one that is meaningless [literally: beautiful gesture] n., pl. beaux gestes (boʊ ˈʒɛst) French. a fine or noble gesture, often futile or made only for effect. ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend: beau geste - a gracious (but usually meaningless) gesture gesture - something done as an indication of intention; "a political gesture"; "a gesture of defiance" beau geste Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: Milligan References in periodicals archive ? There are a number of interesting entries in the five-year-old geldings' maiden, including Inexorable and Beau Geste, while there is little doubt that Charlton Kings will start favourite if trainer-jockey Paul Cashman elects to run. TRAVEL: Singing praises of Gran Canaria Congratulations to divisional winners in the Australian IRC National Championships conducted by the Newcastle Cruising Yacht Club namely: Wild Rose--winner IRC Division C, with Patrice and Quest (Bob Steel) second and third respectively in IRC Division A behind winner Team Beau Geste. Travel: BEEN THERE.. DUNE THAT; GRAN CANARIA HAS EVERYTHING, FROM BUSTLING NIGHTLIFE TO SPLENDID ISOLATION Karl Kwok's mighty TP52 Team Beau Geste, sailing for the Royal Hong Kong Yacht Club, overcame Tony Kirby's Ker 4,6 Patrice, from the Cruising Yacht Club of Australia, in IRC Division 1 results by four points. Copyright © 2003-2017 Farlex, Inc Disclaimer All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.	i don't know
When you are ironing clothes, which require the greatest heat, wool, linen or nylon?	How to Iron Linen Shirts and Pants How to Iron Linen Shirts and Pants How to Iron Linen Shirts and Pants Getty Images By Mary Marlowe Leverette Updated September 10, 2016. Linen shirts, pants and dresses are perfect choices to wear during humid, hot weather. The natural flax fibers help to wick moisture away from the skin. Linen clothes can be made from light to heavyweight woven fabrics and will wear well if handled correctly. Most linen clothing will shrink slightly when washed so consider that as you purchase clothes. Linen fabrics are washable but you may see clothes that have a dry clean only tag. If the linen garment is structured - like a jacket - or lined, you should heed the dry cleaning instructions. While the linen is washable, the inner linings or materials used to help a jacket keep its shape may not be washable. Water and agitation may cause those materials to shrink and become misshapen. That damage can not be reversed. After linen is washed at home, it should not be dried on high heat which causes fibers to shrink together and break. Instead, air dry on a padded hanger to prevent creases or tumble only briefly in a dryer set on a low heat temperature. continue reading below our video How to Iron Table Linens Required Tools For Ironing Linen Clothes Spray bottle . Linen is nearly impossible to iron unless it is damp. Fill an inexpensive spray bottle with clean water to dampen the clothes. A good quality steam iron . High heat and plenty of steam are essential for ironing linen. Your iron should able to produce both. A spray feature is also helpful for those areas that need even more dampness. Sturdy ironing board . Ironing linen requires steady, even strokes. That's hard to do if the ironing surface is wobbly or small. If you don't have a good ironing board, follow these tips for ironing on other surfaces . Pressing Cloth . It is always important to have a buffer between the hot iron and the linen fibers to prevent flattening them to the point of creating a shine. Tips for Successfully Ironing Linen Pants and Shirts At least five or ten minutes before ironing linen clothes, give them a good spritz with plain cool water. Pay particular attention to shirt collars, cuffs, pocket flaps and button plackets. Roll the garment loosely and let the moisture penetrate the linen fibers. Set the steam iron on the cotton/linen setting or high heat . Be sure the iron's faceplate and water tank are clean and that the tank is filled with water. No one needs rusty water or sticky residue on clean linen. If your ironing board cover is wearing thin or has heavy staining, use an old terry cloth towel under the linen. This will pad the surface, protect any buttons on the garment and give you a clean finish. Padding is particularly important if there is embroidery on the linen. Always iron on the wrong side and iron the embroidered area first. Start with the heavier areas of the shirt or pants first (collars, cuffs, waistbands) and use a bit more water if necessary to get a smooth finish. Keep the iron moving constantly and smoothly to prevent scorching. Staying too long in one spot can bring a disaster. As you iron , gently stretch the garment to square corners and even edges. While the fabric is damp and hot, you can reshape crumpled areas. Press linen clothes on the wrong side or use a pressing cloth to prevent shiny spots. This is particularly important with darker colors. Use spray-on starch or fabric sizing for areas like collars and cuffs that you want particularly crisp. The starch also helps to protect the linen from stains. When ironing is complete, hang the garment in an uncrowded space to dry completely. Wait at least ten to fifteen minutes before putting on the freshly ironed piece to allow the fibers to cool and relax. Wearing linen while damp will cause excess creasing. 5 Tips to Avoid Having to Iron Linen Clothes Adopt the relaxed look. The more often linen is worn and washed, the softer and more supple it will become. Skip the clothes dryer. After linen clothes are removed from the washer, shake well to remove wrinkles. Hang on a padded hanger or lay the garment flat on a towel. While the fabric is wet, gently pull the seams, hems and any misshapen areas to smooth. Use a clothes steamer . You won't get a crisp look but the steamer will remove sharp creases and heavy wrinkles. Always test wrinkle relaxing fabric sprays on an inside hem before using. Some can cause spotting and staining on linen, especially on dark colors. Avoid folding linen clothes. Hang in a closet with plenty of room to prevent wrinkling from overcrowding.	Linen
'Better to die than to be a coward' is the motto of which famous Army fighting force?	Ironing Tips \| Sunbeam® Ironing Tips Use these ironing tips to press garments with ease. Before ironing, check garment label and follow manufacturer’s instructions. If instructions do not exist, start with a low-heat setting and test by ironing a small area, then gradually increase heat. Sort garments by fabric type. Iron articles requiring a low-temperature setting first, then gradually work up the temperature range. When changing from a high-temperature setting to a lower setting, allow 5 minutes for temperature change. When steam ironing, use long, slow passes over the fabric for steam to penetrate fabric and allow the heat off the soleplate to dry any moisture. If the garment is lined, use a low heat setting. Ensure zippers are closed and flaps are flat. Iron over flaps, holding the garment taut. Spray starch makes the job easier and helps to press in crisp creases. Ironing Shirts Use these ironing tips to press shirts to crisp, professional look. When ironing cotton dress shirts, use the cotton setting and plenty of steam. Iron lengthwise, not in circles. Begin with the collar and work toward the middle from the outer edges. Lay shoulder over narrow edge of the board and iron one side of the front. Then, iron the shoulder, across the back (below the collar line), then the other shoulder and finally the remainder of the front. Iron sleeves and cuffs, working down from the underarm seams. To remove creases, shift the double layer of sleeve fabric and iron out. Iron body of garment, from half of the front around the back, then second half of front. If your shirt does not open, slip over end of ironing board and iron front and back in turn. Ironing Pants Use these ironing tips to press pants and trousers to creased perfection. Begin with the waistband and inseam area, then pockets and cuffs. Pull waistband on pointy end of the board, as if you’re “dressing” the ironing board. Iron upper-front part of the pants, including the waistband. Place pants parallel to ironing board lengthwise so both legs are facing the same direction. Iron each leg by moving the iron back and forth along the pant leg. Take cuff of the leg and bring it over towards the waistband to iron the inner part of the leg. Repeat these 2 steps for the second leg. Hang pants up when ironing is completed, either by the waistband or by the cuffs, or on a shirt hanger, by folding them in half and maintaining the creases. Soleplate Benefits Tips for Ironing Specific Fabrics Acetate When ironing acetate, use a low temperature setting and no steam. Turn the fabric inside out to prevent shine marks. Acrylic When ironing acrylic, turn the fabric inside out, set the temperature to a low setting and do not use any steam. Use a spray if necessary. Make sure to iron the fabric while it is completely dry, so it doesn’t stretch out of shape Corduroy When ironing corduroy, turn the garment inside out and use a heavy ironing cloth. Then, use your hand to smooth the fabric. Cotton Iron cotton while the fabric is still damp, or pre-moisten it with a spray bottle. Set the temperature to a high setting and use steam for stubborn wrinkles and creases. Cotton-Blend Iron cotton-blends on low heat and use steam. Iron the garment inside out or place a press cloth, such as a clean cotton handkerchief or fabric scrap, between the iron and the fabric to prevent iron marks and shine. Denim Iron denim on the highest heat setting and use steam. Use starch for crisp, neatly creased fabric. Linen Iron linen garments inside out or place a press cloth, such as a clean cotton handkerchief or fabric scrap, between the iron and the fabric to prevent shine. Always iron linen while the fabric is still damp, or pre-moisten it with a spray bottle. Use spray-on starch or fabric sizing for collars, cuffs or any other areas that you want to make crisp. Nylon When ironing nylon, use the lowest temperature setting on the iron and place a press cloth, such as a clean cotton handkerchief or fabric scrap, between the iron and the fabric. If necessary, convert to the “Steamer” function to gently remove wrinkles from nylon. Polyester When ironing polyester, make sure the fabric is slightly damp, or pre-moisten it with a spray bottle. Set the temperature to low or medium heat. Start ironing at the top and work your way down the garment, pressing firmly on the creases and re-wetting them if necessary. Rayon When ironing rayon, turn the garment inside out, set the temperature to low heat and don’t use any steam. Iron one small area at a time to avoid stretching. Silk Iron silk while the fabric is still damp, or pre-moisten it with a spray bottle. Turn the garment inside out before ironing, and set the temperature to the lowest heat setting. Place a press cloth, such as a clean cotton handkerchief or fabric scrap, between the iron and the fabric to prevent shine. Viscose Iron viscose while the fabric is still damp, or pre-moisten it with a spray bottle. Set the temperature to the lowest setting and use a dry iron unless otherwise noted on the tag. Place a press cloth, such as a clean cotton handkerchief or fabric scrap, between the iron and the fabric to prevent shine. Wool & Wool-Blends Iron wool and wool-blends on low heat and use steam (ironing wool while it is dry can damage the fabric). Turn the garment inside out to prevent iron marks and shine. Window Decor Drapes can easily be steamed using the Vertical Shot of Steam® feature while hanging in place. Start at the top and continue down in a straight line. Steaming your drapes on a regular basis can help eliminate spots, odors and wrinkles. Shop Sunbeam	i don't know
What do sumo wrestlers throw in the ring before they engage in combat?	Sumo Wrestling - A History and Style Guide By Robert Rousseau Updated March 12, 2016. When you think of sumo wrestling, one thing inevitably comes to mind. Sheer size. The sumo wrestlers of today are huge men that attempt to move others out of a ring or force them to the ground. In fact, the way they attack each other is similar to the way NFL offensive linemen attack defensive linemen, minus the uniforms and need for touchdowns. So keep reading for a good deal more on this martial sport that originated in Japan , the only place where it is currently practiced professionally. History of Sumo Sumo has changed a lot over the years, depending on the whims of the ruling parties and elite. What is known is that in ancient times it was associated with the Shinto religion and rituals correlated to it, via support from the Japanese imperial court. In fact, province representatives were even required to compete in contests known as sumai no sechie or in English, "sumai party." The Sumo ring, called a dohyo, came into being during a tournament organized by the principal warlord in Japan, Oda Nobunaga (the Edo period). continue reading below our video How to Throw a Perfect Spiral in Football Wrestlers, called rikishi, wore looser loincloths at the time, rather than the less flexible and tighter mawashi they cloth themselves with today. In addition, the rules began to change during the Edo period toward those of today, as previously there were different goals other than to move an opponent out of the ring or bring them to the ground. Along with this, professional sumo tournaments also began during the Edo period in the Tomioka Hachiman Shrine in 1684. Beginning practitioners were mostly ronin (masterless samurai ) that needed extra money. Soon after, these tournaments began being held in the Eko-in, though since 1909 they've been housed in the Ryogoku Kokugikan with a change to the Kuramae Kokugikan in the post war years until 1984. Sumo Characteristics and Specifics Sumo competitors are large, powerful men that rely on leverage, size, and power to push opponents out of the dohyo. Rikishi life is very strict, with all rules coming down from the Sumo Association. Along with this, wrestlers are often mandated to live in communal training stables known as heya. There are six divisions in sumo. These are makuuchi, juryo, makushita, sandanme, jonidan, and jonokuchi. The top division is makuuchi, and they fall in favor from there respectively. Wrestlers initially enter into the beginning division or jonokuchi and attempt to work their way up. At the top of the makuuchi division are the maegashira (numbered from one to about 16 or 17). Above these fighters are the three champions called sanyaku. They are titled komusubi, sekiwake, and ozeki in ascending order. The top dog is called the yokuzuna. The yokozuna is the grand champion. Interestingly, more than one wrestler can hold this title at the same time. There are six Grand Sumo tournaments every year. Sumo Rules and Etiquette There are a number of rituals that wrestlers engage in both before their bouts (including what they wear) as well as just before. Of particular note are the ladels of water they are given to rinse their mouths while on the dohyo, as well as the way competitors squat facing each other, clap their hands, and spread their hands wide to show that they are unarmed. In addition, rikishi throw salt in the ring, serving as one of the many ritual Shinto practices. Then of course there is the crouch before they charge one another. Both wrestlers must jump up from this crouch at the same time at the start of the bout or risk a referee restart. The referee points a war-fan at the winner of fights upon their conclusion, though this decision can be questioned and ultimately overturned by five judges sitting ringside. Fights usually last less than a minute. If a fight goes on for four minutes, the referee may call a water break. Ties are extremely rare. Sumo in MMA Size isn't everything, folks. Despite the fact that fighters like Lyoto Machida have used sumo wrestling to improve their takedown defense in the sport, wrestlers of this variety have not fared well in mixed martial arts as a whole. Along with this, Keith Hackney ( kung fu ) beat up Emmanuel Yarbrough (sumo wrestler) pretty badly back at UFC 3, and Royce Gracie was able to stop Akebono Taro by omoplata back in 2004. Three Famous Sumo Wrestlers Taiho: Taiho holds the record for most consecutive championships (6) and most tournament Championships (32) as a professional sumo. Kitanoumi: Kitanoumi was the youngest Yokozuna of all-time and possesses the record for most wins in one year (82). He is second to Chiyonofuji for most wins in the Makuuchi division (804) all-time. Chiyonofuji: Chiyonofuji held sumo's top rank for 10 years from 1981-91. He also holds the records for most Makuuchi division wins (807), most career wins (1,045), and is second in total tournament championships (31).	Salt
What was the operational squadron number of the Dambusters?	FREE Essay on Sumo: A Japanese Sport 630 Words Sumo has been a part of Japanese Culture for many years. People have enjoyed the sport because it tests two peoples brut strength. Sumo is fought in a circular ring. The object of Sumo is to either get your opponent to touch the ground with anything other than the souls of his feet, or to push him out of the ring. About fifteen hundred years ago is when the first recorded match was. The matches of Sumo were originally religious. They were held in Shinto shrines in hopes that the gods would bring them a good harvest. These religious Sumo matches took place with music, poetry, sacred dancing, and drama acts. A legend of Sumo is Kojiki, this legends says that Sumo was once between two gods. The fate of the Japanese islands depended on the outcome of the match. . Sumo was not always like it is today. There have been many versions of Sumo throughout history. During 645-794 (the Nara Period) Sumo was known as Sechiezumo. These matches were only held once a year, usually in late August. Sumo during 1185-1334 (the Kamakura Period) had few rules implemented during the matches. Sumo was a combination of wrestling and boxing. During this time period the military Shogunate took control over Japan. They fought many wars throughout their country. Sumo was used as a part of their combat techniques. Sumo has drastically changed to be the sport it is today. Today there are many rules enforced to keep the violence down. Before starting a Sumo match the wrestlers enter the arena from their respected sides. They then circle the ring counterclockwise. After they do this they stand clap and perform two Shiko stomps, with the right left first. They then rinse with Chikara Mizu (power water). They then throw salt into the ring. This purifies the ring and gets rid of the evil spirits. After this they enter the ring. They then couch with both arms down, clap and extend their arms. They then return to their corners and throw more salt.	i don't know
Where on the human body is the skin the thinnest?	human skin \| anatomy \| Britannica.com Human skin freckle Human skin, in human anatomy, the covering, or integument , of the body’s surface that both provides protection and receives sensory stimuli from the external environment . The skin consists of three layers of tissue: the epidermis , an outermost layer that contains the primary protective structure, the stratum corneum; the dermis , a fibrous layer that supports and strengthens the epidermis; and the subcutis, a subcutaneous layer of fat beneath the dermis that supplies nutrients to the other two layers and that cushions and insulates the body. Animation and microphotography showing the skin’s three layers: the epidermis, dermis, and subcutis. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Distinctive features The apparent lack of body hair immediately distinguishes human beings from all other large land mammals. Regardless of individual or racial differences, the human body seems to be more or less hairless, in the sense that the hair is so vestigial as to seem absent; yet in certain areas hair grows profusely. These relatively hairy places may be referred to as epigamic areas, and they are concerned with social and sexual communication, either visually or by scent from glands associated with the hair follicles. Human skin, whose cells are generated continuously by the body, serves as a protective barrier … © MinuteEarth (A Britannica Publishing Partner) The characteristic features of skin change from the time of birth to old age. In infants and children it is velvety, dry, soft, and largely free of wrinkles and blemishes. Children younger than two years sweat poorly and irregularly; their sebaceous glands function minimally. At adolescence hair becomes longer, thicker, and more pigmented, particularly in the scalp, axillae, pubic eminence, and the male face. General skin pigmentation increases, localized pigmented foci appear mysteriously, and acne lesions often develop. Hair growth, sweating, and sebaceous secretion begin to blossom. As a person ages , anatomical and physiological alterations, as well as exposure to sunlight and wind, leave skin, particularly that not protected by clothing, dry, wrinkled, and flaccid. Overview of why skin ages. Contunico © ZDF Enterprises GmbH, Mainz Similar Topics human skeletal system Human skin, more than that of any other mammal , exhibits striking topographic differences. An example is the dissimilarity between the palms and the backs of the hands and fingers. The skin of the eyebrows is thick, coarse, and hairy; that on the eyelids is thin, smooth, and covered with almost invisible hairs. The face is seldom visibly haired on the forehead and cheekbones. It is completely hairless in the vermilion border of the lips, yet coarsely hairy over the chin and jaws of males. The surfaces of the forehead, cheeks, and nose are normally oily, in contrast with the relatively greaseless lower surface of the chin and jaws. The skin of the chest, pubic region, scalp, axillae, abdomen, soles of the feet, and ends of the fingers varies as much structurally and functionally as it would if the skin in these different areas belonged to different animals. Section through human skin and underlying structures. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. The skin achieves strength and pliability by being composed of numbers of layers oriented so that each complements the others structurally and functionally. To allow communication with the environment, countless nerves—some modified as specialized receptor end organs and others more or less structureless—come as close as possible to the surface layer, and nearly every skin organ is enwrapped by skeins of fine sensory nerves. The dermis The dermis makes up the bulk of the skin and provides physical protection. It is composed of an association of fibres, mainly collagen , with materials known as glycosaminoglycans , which are capable of holding a large amount of water, thus maintaining the turgidity of the skin. A network of extendable elastic fibres keeps the skin taut and restores it after it has been stretched. Human Skin: Fact or Fiction? The hair follicles and skin glands are derived from the epidermis but are deeply embedded in the dermis. The dermis is richly supplied with blood vessels, although none penetrates the living epidermis. The epidermis receives materials only by diffusion from below. The dermis also contains nerves and sense organs at various levels. Blood and lymph vessels Ringling Bros. Folds Its Tent Human skin is enormously well supplied with blood vessels ; it is pervaded with a tangled, though apparently orderly, mass of arteries, veins, and capillaries. Such a supply of blood, far in excess of the maximum biologic needs of the skin itself, is evidence that the skin is at the service of the blood vascular system, functioning as a cooling device. To aid in this function, sweat glands pour water upon its surface, the evaporation of which absorbs heat from the skin. If the environment is cold and body heat must be conserved, cutaneous blood vessels contract in quick, successive rhythms, allowing only a small amount of blood to flow through them. When the environment is warm, they contract at long intervals, providing a free flow of blood. During muscular exertion, when great quantities of generated heat must be dissipated, blood flow through the skin is maximal. In addition to its control of body temperature , skin also plays a role in the regulation of blood pressure . Much of the flow of blood can be controlled by the opening and closing of certain sphincterlike vessels in the skin. These vessels allow the blood to circulate through the peripheral capillary beds or to bypass them by being shunted directly from small arteries to veins. Human skin is permeated with an intricate mesh of lymph vessels . In the more superficial parts of the dermis, minute lymph vessels that appear to terminate in blind sacs function as affluents of a superficial lymphatic net that in turn opens into vessels that become progressively larger in the deeper portions of the dermis. The deeper, larger vessels are embedded in the loose connective tissue that surrounds the veins. The walls of lymph vessels are so flabby and collapsed that they often escape notice in specimens prepared for microscopic studies. Their abundance, however, has been demonstrated by injecting vital dyes inside the dermis and observing the clearance of the dye. Connect with Britannica Facebook Twitter YouTube Instagram Pinterest Because lymph vessels have minimal or no musculature in their walls, the circulation of lymph is sluggish and largely controlled by such extrinsic forces as pressure, skeletal muscle action, massaging, and heat. Any external pressure exerted, even from a fixed dressing, for example, interferes with its flow. Since skin plays a major role in immunologic responses of the body, its lymphatic drainage is as significant as its blood vascular system. The skin surface The intact surface of the skin is pitted by the orifices of sweat glands and hair follicles—the so-called pores—and is furrowed by intersecting lines that delineate characteristic patterns. All individuals have roughly similar markings on any one part of the body, but the details are unique. The lines are oriented in the general direction of elastic tension. Countless numbers of them, deep and shallow, together with the pores, give every region of the body a characteristic topography . Like the deeper furrows and ridges on the palms and soles, the skin lines are mostly established before birth. The fine details of each area of body surface are peculiar to each individual. Fingerprints are used as a means of personal identification because they have a high relief, more evident patternings, and can be easily obtained. Some of the lines on the surface of the skin are acquired after birth as a result of use or damage. For example, furrows on the forehead are an accentuation of preexisting congenital lines that become strongly emphasized in old age. As the skin becomes less firm with aging, it also forms wrinkles. Certain occupations leave skin marks that, depending upon duration and severity, may be transient or permanent. The palms of the hands and the soles of the feet are etched by distinct alternating ridges and grooves that together constitute dermatoglyphics . The ridges follow variable courses, but their arrangement in specific areas has a consistent structural plan. Though apparently continuous, the ridges have many interruptions and irregularities, branching and varying in length. Every small area of surface has ridge details not matched anywhere in the same individual or in any other individual, even in an identical twin. This infallible signature makes dermatoglyphics the best-known physical characteristic for personal identification. The epidermis Editor Picks: Exploring 10 Types of Basketball Movies The epidermis is thicker on the palms and soles than it is anywhere else and is usually thicker on dorsal than on ventral surfaces. Omitting the fine details, it is divisible everywhere into a lower layer of living cells and a superficial layer of compact dead cells. General structure All the cells, living or dead, are attached to one another by a series of specialized surfaces called attachment plaques, or desmosomes. Thus, instead of being completely fused, the membranes of adjacent cells make a zipperlike contact, with fluid-filled spaces between the contact areas. This structural pattern ensures a concatenation of cells to one another so that they cannot be sloughed off easily; at the same time, it allows nutrient fluids to seep in from the vessels in the dermis. Epidermal cells, which multiply chiefly at the base in contact with the dermis, gradually ascend to the surface, manufacturing keratin as they go. They finally die in the upper part, forming a horny layer. The epidermis is thickest on friction surfaces and thinnest over the eyelids, on the lower parts of the abdomen, and around the external genitalia. Unlike that of most other mammals, it has an intricately sculptured underside and does not lie flat upon the dermis. Seen from beneath, there are straight and branching ridges and valleys, columns and pits, all finely punctuated. Because of this unevenness, it is almost impossible to state the exact thickness of epidermal tissue. Furthermore, individual differences, sex, and age have an enormous influence on the structure of the underside. Such labyrinthine patterns give human epidermis two unique advantages: it attains a more intimate connection with the subjacent dermis than if the surface were flat, and its source of dividing cells, the building blocks of the horny layer, is greatly increased. Major layers The clear stratification of the epidermis is the result of well-defined changes in its major constituent cells—the keratinocytes, or corneocytes—as they move peripherally from the basal layer, where they are continuously formed by mitosis , to the skin surface, where they are lost. In essence, the epidermis consists of a living malpighian layer, in contact with the basement membrane (which is attached to the dermis), and a superficial cornified (horny) layer of dead cells. The malpighian layer consists of both the stratum basale and the stratum spinosum of the epidermis. Trending Topics Eyjafjallajökull volcano The innermost cells of the malpighian layer, next to the basement membrane, make up the basal layer, or stratum basale. Immediately peripheral to the basal layer is the spinous, or prickle-cell, layer—the stratum spinosum. Its cells have a spiny appearance due to the numerous desmosomes on their surface. Studies with the electron microscope have revealed that desmosomes are symmetrical, laminated structures in which some layers are contributed by the plasma membranes of adjoining cells and some form an intercellular component. The spinous layer is succeeded by the granular layer, or stratum granulosum, with granules of keratohyalin contained in the cells. These small particles are of irregular shape and occur in random rows or lattices. The cells of the outer spinous and granular layers also contain much larger, lamellated bodies—the membrane-coating granules. They are most numerous within the cells of the spinous layer. In the granular layer they appear to migrate toward the periphery of each cell and to pass into the intercellular spaces, where they discharge their waxy lipid components. Peripheral to the granular layer is the stratum corneum, or horny layer, in which the keratinocytes have lost their nuclei and most of their organelles and contents, including the keratohyalin granules. They become progressively flattened and filled with keratin and are ultimately desquamated. Between the granular layer and stratum corneum, an unstainable stratum lucidum, or hyaline layer , can be recognized in palmar and plantar epidermis and some other regions (palmar and plantar refer to the palm surface of the hand and the bottom surface of the foot, respectively). Dynamics and organization Horizontal stratification is the most obvious histological feature of the epidermis. There is also, however, distinct evidence of vertical organization. In thin epidermis, though not in thick plantar skin, the cornified cells can be shown to be arranged in regular stacks, which must reflect the underlying dynamic mechanisms. It appears that several living spinous cells are precisely and symmetrically stacked beneath each cornified column and that these are related to their own basal cells; cells do not pass from one stock to another. All keratinocytes are formed by mitosis (cell division) in the lower region of the malpighian layer. Most of the dividing cells are found in the basal layer, although it is likely that about one-third of the divisions occur above this level. Proliferating cells undergo a cycle: mitosis is followed by an interphase, this in turn is followed by a phase of DNA synthesis, and then another short resting phase occurs before mitosis begins again. The complete mitotic cycle takes about 12 to 19 days. The time for the passage of cells through the epidermis, from formation to desquamation, has been variously estimated at one to three months. In normal skin the production and loss of cells must be finely balanced; otherwise the thickness of the epidermis would fluctuate. When the epidermis becomes abnormally thick, as in the plaques of psoriasis, this balance is altered. Either the production of cells in the malpighian layer must be abnormally high or their time of passage must be decreased. It is now generally agreed that such conditions result from a greatly increased production of cells; in fact, the cells move more, not less, rapidly through the epidermis. There is, however, a further controversial problem. If all the basal cells were continuously cycling, greater production could be achieved only by a substantial reduction in the duration of the cell cycle. An alternative hypothesis is that not all the cells are undergoing cycles at any one time, so that greater cell production can be achieved by recruiting resting cells into activity. It seems likely that the epidermis does indeed contain noncycling cells, which can become activated, and that the cell cycle in psoriatic epidermis is speeded up only about twofold, not twelvefold, as once proposed. When skin is wounded, there is a burst of epidermal mitotic activity about 40 hours later. It is evident, therefore, that local mechanisms of control must come into play; either inhibitors are dispersed by wounding, or stimulating hormones are released, or both. There is, on the one hand, some evidence of the existence of inhibitors, or chalones, but they have not been characterized. On the other hand, an epidermal growth factor (EGF) has been isolated from the salivary glands of mice and its chemical structure determined (a single-chain, folded polypeptide with 53 amino acid residues and three intramolecular disulfide bonds). It is not, however, extractable from skin, though the receptor protein to which it attaches in order to perform its action is present in many skin cells, and a closely similar molecule has been isolated from human urine . The keratin layer The final product of the epidermis is the keratin that packs the cornified cells. The term keratin is applied generally to the hard keratins of hair, horn, and nails, and to the soft keratin of the epidermis. They are all insoluble filamentous proteins, composed of polypeptide chains that are stabilized by links using two atoms of sulfur. The source of the keratin of the stratum corneum has been a subject of controversy; but it is now generally accepted that about a third of its total mass is made up of proteins synthesized in the granular layer and the remainder from so-called intermediate filaments, which are present in keratinocytes from the basal layer outward. The barrier that prevents water loss from the body is situated in the lower part of the horny layer. In this region the spaces between the compacted layers of keratin-filled cells contain lamellae of lipid (wax) that has been formed within the membrane-coating granules of the live epidermal cells below. Pigmentation The human skin is variously coloured and shows remarkable individual variations even within racial groups. The appearance of the skin is partly due to the reddish pigment in the blood of the superficial vessels. In the main, however, it is determined by melanin , a pigment manufactured by dendritic cells called melanocytes , found among the basal cells of the epidermis. Their numbers in any one region of the body, which range from about 1,000 to more than 2,000 per square millimetre, are roughly the same within and between races. Colour differences are due solely to the amount of melanin produced and the nature of the pigment granules. When the skin becomes tanned on exposure to sunlight, the melanocytes do not increase in number, only in activity. All melanocytes, whether resident in the basal epidermis or in the matrix of the hair, have migrated there during embryonic life from a region known as the neural crest. Each epidermal melanocyte is associated with a group of neighbouring keratinocytes into which it transfers granules of pigment by way of long, branching dendrites. The whole has been termed an epidermal melanocyte unit. Once inside the epidermal cells, the melanin granules tend to move above the nucleus, forming a shroud over it. Such an orientation of melanin suggests that it is there to protect the cells from damaging ultraviolet rays, and experiments with tissue cultures support this view. Melanin is of two kinds: dark brown eumelanin and pale red or yellowish phaeomelanin. Both are formed within the melanocytes by the initial oxidation of the amino acid tyrosine with the aid of the enzyme tyrosinase; subsequently their synthetic pathways diverge. In addition to protecting the skin from ultraviolet radiation , epidermal pigmentation forms epigamic markings. The heavy pigmentation of the nipples and areolae of breasts, as well as that in the labia minora, penis, and scrotum, is related to sexual communication. Immunoregulation and Langerhans cells Although synthesis of protective keratin is clearly a major function of the epidermis, the discovery of an immunoregulatory role for the epidermis has revolutionized concepts of its importance in the immune defense systems of the host. In addition to melanocytes, human epidermis contains another system of dendritic cells , which do not manufacture pigment. Their distribution extends farther toward the skin surface than that of the pigment cells. After their discovery by the German physician Paul Langerhans in 1868, their function remained obscure until it was realized that they are a vital part of the immunologic mechanism. Electron microscopic examination has revealed that the morphological hallmark of the Langerhans cell is a unique tennis-racket-shaped organelle, the Birbeck granule. Langerhans cells can be looked upon as “sentinel” cells of the immune system. By virtue of their situation, they are among the first cells to come into contact with foreign particulate substances encountering the skin. Their function is aided by the large surface area created by the dendritic processes of the cell. By means of specialized receptors on the cell membrane, the Langerhans cell recognizes invading as opposed to host molecules. By conveying this information to the lymphoid system, the body is able to mount a defensive immunologic response to the foreign material. The concept that the role of keratinocytes themselves is confined to the synthesis of a horny protective outer covering for the skin has also become outmoded. Keratinocytes secrete a number of immunostimulatory high-molecular-weight peptides, collectively termed epidermal cytokines. One of these, the epidermal-cell-derived thymocyte-activating factor (ETAF), is also secreted by epidermal Langerhans cells. It has the function of enhancing the immune responsiveness of the lymphoid system as well as apparently being involved in the body’s systemic reaction to infection and injury. Because the whole blood volume circulates through the skin every few minutes, immunoregulatory substances released by the cells of the epidermis may have a profound influence on the body’s capacity to mount immune responses to viral or bacterial infections or to cancerous growths. Hair Human hair has little protective value, even in hirsute (excessively hairy) persons. Eyelashes, eyebrows, and the hairs inside the external ears and nostrils have obviously useful functions, and scalp hair may be thick enough to provide some protection from the midday Sun. The beard and mustache, though, are embellishments, which establish maleness and are likely to be concerned with sexual or social communication; and axillary and pubic hair probably form part of scent-disseminating mechanisms. Learn how human hair grows. Contunico © ZDF Enterprises GmbH, Mainz An important role for hair, however, is its participation in the body’s sensory apparatus. All hair follicles are surrounded by sensory nerves, and pressure on the hair shaft is transmitted to these nerves. Other mammals, including subhuman primates, have highly specialized sensitive hair follicles around the eyes, lips, and muzzle. These produce “tactile” hairs, known as vibrissae or whiskers, which are particularly large in nocturnal mammals. The follicles from which these hairs emerge are rich in nerves and are surrounded by a sinus filled with blood. Humans are the only animals with no sinus hair follicles; but human hair follicles, particularly those of the face, are well supplied with nerves, and human skin is probably more sensitive than that of any other mammal. Hairs are manufactured by follicles. Essentially, these are tubelike pockets of the epidermis that extend through most or all of the depth of the skin and enclose a small papilla of dermis in their base. They lie at an angle to the skin surface. Two-thirds of the way up is a bulge, and attached to it are wisps of smooth muscle fibre that, on contracting, pull the follicle to a more or less perpendicular position. This action also puckers the skin into a mound on the surface—a so-called goose pimple. Exactly as in other mammals, the human hair is formed by division of cells in the region known as the bulb, at the base of the follicle. Pigment is incorporated from melanocytes in this region. Human hair follicles also go through cycles of activity. After a period of growth, the hair becomes clubbed, rather than cylindrical, in shape. Fibrous rootlets anchor the club to the surrounding follicular tissue. While forming the club, the follicle shrivels up, the lower part becoming largely dissipated. A resting follicle can be recognized at once by the clubbed hair and by the follicle’s short size and unique structure. Follicles remain dormant for variable periods of time. When they become active again, they reconstruct a bulb that manufactures a new hair. As the new hair works its way to the surface, the club hair is loosened from its moorings and shed. The activity of the hair follicles in the scalp is not synchronized, so that there is a small but steady molt of about 50 to 100 hairs a day from a total of around 150,000 follicles. There is, nevertheless, evidence of seasonal fluctuation, with the greatest hair loss in late summer and fall. A follicle may continue its activity for a long time, and hairs sometimes grow for several years and attain considerable lengths. Even in the human scalp—where the hair follicles are dense and vigorously productive—baldness occurs in a large number of individuals. Baldness is not a disease but is a systematic involution of hair follicles, culminating in organs similar to the primitive embryonic follicles; the numbers of follicles do not necessarily diminish. Until late in fetal life there is no line of demarcation between the forehead and scalp. After the fifth month of gestation the follicles in the rest of the scalp grow larger, but those of the forehead do not. After birth the hairs on the forehead become even smaller and nearly invisible. The hairline of newborn infants is usually indistinct; the familial hairline pattern is defined late in childhood through a process that is identical with that of baldness. When male-pattern baldness sets in, in the late 20s or earlier, the follicles affected undergo exactly the same changes as do those that establish the hairline. Male-pattern baldness and its female equivalent, which is usually more diffuse, are hereditary conditions. In males this type of baldness is believed to arise from defects in the hair stem cells, which are located in the hair bulb and eventually mature into progenitor hair cells that then develop into mature hairs. Paradoxically, since male hormones ( androgens ) stimulate the growth of most other hair, this type of baldness occurs only if androgens are present. Hairs vary in colour, diameter, and contour . The different colours result from variations in the amount, distribution, and type of melanin pigment in them, as well as from variations in surface structure that cause light to be reflected in different ways. Hairs may be coarse or so thin and colourless as to be nearly invisible. Straight hairs are round, while wavy hairs are alternately oval and round; very curly and kinky hairs are shaped like twisted ribbons. Human hair grows at the rate of about one-third of a millimetre a day, and once keratinized it is inert. If the colour or shape of a hair is altered as it is formed, several days must elapse before the effect becomes visible. Hairs become white with aging because of the failure of the melanocytes to inject pigment into the cells as they are formed. Tales of hair becoming white overnight may perhaps arise from cases of rapid differential shedding of pigmented hairs from a mixed population of white and dark ones, but the suggestion that individual dark hairs can somehow rapidly turn white is not true. The beard and mustache are the most obvious examples of hair that requires male sex hormones, or androgens, for its growth. Facial hairs begin to develop at puberty , about two years after the start of pubic hair growth. The rate of growth of the beard initially increases with age but levels out after 35. Hair on the chest—a traditional sign of masculinity—and that on the limbs are also androgen-dependent. Androgens cause longer hairs to be formed, partly by making them grow faster, but mainly by increasing the length of anagen, the growing phase. Fully formed hairs on the thigh are over three times longer in young men than in women; and the duration of anagen is around 54 days in males, compared with 22 days in females. Pubic and axillary hair are also dependent on androgens, but they differ from other body hair in that they are luxuriant in females as well as in males. Their growth requires lower levels of hormone. The lower triangle of pubic hair is present in persons with a rare disease known as male pseudohermaphroditism. These individuals are genetic males who remain female in form until puberty because they lack an enzyme necessary to bind two atoms of hydrogen to the male hormone testosterone, which is responsible for male sex characteristics. Since persons with male pseudohermaphroditism lack facial hair, even when adults, it seems that beard growth requires the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone but that pubic hair growth does not. Sebaceous glands The sebaceous glands are usually attached to hair follicles and pour their secretion, sebum , into the follicular canal. In a few areas of the body, disproportionately large sebaceous glands are associated with very small hair follicles; in other areas there are glands that are altogether free of follicles. The outstanding feature of sebaceous glands is their holocrine mode of secretion, involving complete disintegration of the sebaceous cells. The glands consist of a series of lobes, or acini, each with a duct running toward the main sebaceous duct. The cells are generated by cell division around the periphery of each lobe. As they move toward the centre of the lobe and toward the duct, they synthesize and accumulate fat globules and become progressively larger and distorted. Ultimately they disintegrate to form the secretion. Human sebum is a complex mixture of lipids—triglyceride fats (57.5 percent), wax esters (26 percent), squalene (12 percent), cholesterol esters (3 percent), and cholesterol (1.5 percent). The triglycerides are largely hydrolyzed by bacteria by the time the sebum reaches the skin surface, so that about a third of the surface fat consists of free fatty acids. The activity of the sebaceous glands is mainly controlled by androgens. The glands are quite large at birth because of the influence of maternal hormones during development, but they regress soon afterward. They become active again at, or somewhat in advance of, the first signs of puberty. Their rate of secretion is a little higher in adult men than in women, and it falls off gradually with age in both sexes. It is very low in eunuchs (castrated males) but has been shown to increase when they are treated with androgens. That other factors—for example, pituitary hormones—may also influence secretion is suggested by the observation that sebum production is abnormally high in acromegaly, a disorder resulting from excessive secretion of growth hormone. The function of sebum has been greatly debated. Some scientists have theorized that it is important as an emollient to prevent too rapid loss of water from the superficial layers of the stratum corneum; others have held that it is a functionless product of now useless, or vestigial, organs. Yet humans have more and larger glands than most mammals, and there is a specific plan in their distribution: they are largest and most numerous on the face and around the anogenital surfaces. The skin around the nose, mouth, and forehead and over the cheekbones has beds of gigantic glands, the secretion of which keeps these surfaces constantly oily. The sebaceous glands evenly spaced in rows at the border of the eyelids—the meibomian glands —are so large that they are easily seen with the naked eye when the eyelids are everted. The glands on the genitalia produce copious amounts of sebaceous matter called smegma. Only humans have rich populations of sebaceous glands on the hairless surfaces of the lips; these glands increase in number and size as persons mature. The inside of the cheeks also has many large sebaceous glands, and occasionally there are glands even on the gums and tongue. It seems highly unlikely, then, that sebum is functionless. While its significance is certainly not established, it is possible that it is concerned with subtle chemical communication by smell or taste. Such a function would bring human beings into line with other mammals. Sweat glands Sweat glands are coiled tubes of epidermal origin, though they lie in the dermis. Their secretory cells surround a central space, or lumen, into which the secretion is extruded. There are two distinct types: eccrine glands open by a duct directly onto the skin surface; apocrine glands usually develop in association with hair follicles and open into them. Most other mammals have numerous apocrine glands in the hairy skin; eccrine glands are usually absent from the hairy skin and limited to friction surfaces. In nonhuman primates there is a tendency for the number of eccrine sweat glands over the body to increase in progressively advanced animals at the same time that the number of apocrine glands becomes reduced. Prosimians (primitive primates, such as lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers) have only apocrine glands in the hairy skin; eccrine glands begin to appear in some of the higher forms. The great apes either have equal numbers or have more eccrine than apocrine glands. Humans have the most eccrine glands, with apocrine glands restricted to specific areas. Strictly speaking, apocrine glands have nothing to do with sweating. They appear late in fetal development (5 to 51/2 months) nearly everywhere on the body. Most of these rudiments disappear within a few weeks except in the external ear canals, in the axillae, on the nipples of the breasts, around the navel, and on the anogenital surfaces; single glands may be found anywhere. From this, one might speculate that the ancestors of humans had apocrine glands widely distributed over the body, and the embryonic rudiments may be reminders of the history of a once widespread organ system. Where they appear, the apocrine glands are large and numerous. In the axilla they are so large that the coils press upon each other, forming adhesions and cross-shunts of such complexity that the glands are more spongy than tubular. The complex of these large apocrine glands commingled with an equal number of eccrine sweat glands in the axilla composes what is known as the axillary organ, one of the most characteristic features of human skin. Other than humans, only chimpanzees and gorillas have axillary organs. In spite of their large size, apocrine glands secrete only small amounts of a milky, viscid fluid—pale gray, whitish, yellow, or reddish—which contributes very little to axillary sweat. If eccrine glands were not there, the axillae would be relatively dry. The odour of axillary secretion becomes more intense as it is decomposed by bacteria. Although axillary odours frequently seem unpleasant, they are not invariably so. The odour of individual human beings comes mostly from apocrine secretion, with some contribution from sebum. Since the body odours of all other animals have a social or sexual significance, it can be assumed that this is the archetypal purpose of apocrine secretion, even in humans. The view that the axillary organs are scent glands is supported by the finding that androsterones—the compounds that are responsible for the odour of the boar to which the sow responds—also occur in human axillary secretions. Humans have 2,000,000 to 5,000,000 eccrine sweat glands, with an average distribution of 150 to 340 per square centimetre. They are most numerous on the palms and soles and then, in decreasing order, on the head, trunk, and extremities. Some individuals have more glands than others, but there is no difference in number between men and women. The specific function of sweat glands is to secrete water upon the surface so that it can cool the skin when it evaporates. The purpose of the glands on the palms and soles, however, is to keep these surfaces damp, to prevent flaking or hardening of the horny layer, and thus to maintain tactile sensibility. A dry hand does not grip well and is minimally sensitive. The eccrine glands, then, can be divided into those that respond to thermal stimulation, the function of which is thermoregulation, and those that respond to psychological stimuli and keep friction surfaces moist. This makes a clear-cut distinction between the glands on the hairy surfaces and those on the palms and soles. In addition to thermal and psychological sweating, some individuals sweat on the face and forehead in response to certain chemical substances. The glands on the palms and soles develop at about 3 1/2 months of gestation, whereas those in the hairy skin are the last skin organs to take shape, appearing at five to 5 1/2 months, when all the other structures are already formed. This separation of events over time may represent a fundamental difference in the evolutionary history of the two types of glands. Those on palms and soles, which appear first and are present in all but the hooved mammals, may be more ancient; those in the hairy skin, which respond to thermal stimuli, may be more recent organs. The sweat glands in the hairy skin of subhuman primates possibly function subliminally, although they are structurally similar to those of humans. The skin of monkeys and apes remains dry even in a hot environment. Profuse thermal sweating in humans, then, seems to be a new function. Eccrine sweat glands respond to a variety of drugs with different properties. They often respond differently in different individuals under nearly identical conditions and sometimes even respond inconsistently in the same individual. Notwithstanding these apparent vagaries, the eccrine glands function continuously, although their secretion may be imperceptible. Sweating is essential for keeping the human body from becoming overheated. Nails A major characteristic of primates is that their fingers and toes terminate in nails rather than in claws. One can speculate that the development of nails into flattened plates reflects the discontinuation of their use for digging or for defending and attacking. In a broad sense, nails are analogous to hair, having similar composition (keratin) and some common structural features. Even their genesis and mode of growth are comparable, but not identical, to those of hair. Although apparently simple structures, nails are formed by complex and still poorly understood structural entities referred to as nail organs. Unlike hair, nails grow continuously, with no normal periods of rest; if their free edges were protected from wear, they would extend to prodigious lengths, growing in a twisted fashion like a ram’s horns. Nails grow about 0.1 millimetre per day, or roughly one-third as rapidly as hair. Growth is somewhat slower in winter than in summer and slower in infants and old people than in vigorous young adults. It requires about three months for a whole nail to replace itself. A number of factors can alter normal nail growth, among them age, trauma, poisons, and organic disorders. Habitual nail biting speeds up growth, and certain occupational practices can cause an increase in thickness. The nail-forming organ is particularly sensitive to physiological changes. During stressful periods or prolonged fever, or in response to noxious drugs, nails may become cracked, thinner, thicker, furrowed, or otherwise deformed, or they may be shed. Such sensitivity of response should make nails relatively good indexes of the health of individuals. But because of their ready response to so many internal and external factors, and because changes in them often occur without a known reason, signs of abnormality can be misleading or difficult to interpret. Like hair, the visible part of the nail plate is a dead structure. Defects inflicted upon it by mechanical means that do not disturb the underlying living tissue are eventually cast off at the free border. Nails have a root, buried beneath the skin; a plate that is firmly attached to a nail bed underneath; and a free edge. Depending upon its thickness and the quality of its surface, the nail plate may be pink or whitish; the nail itself is translucent and colourless, allowing the colour of the blood in the superficial capillaries of the nail bed to show through. At its base the nail plate may have a whitish, arched marking called a lunule. Always present on thumbnails, lunules may be present or absent on the other fingers and are nearly always absent on the little finger. There are variations in different individuals and even between the two hands of the same person; such variations are probably controlled by genetic factors. The nail itself consists of firmly cemented keratinized cells, flattened horizontally to the surface. Whereas the surface of nail plates may appear to be smooth, it is lined by parallel, longitudinal furrows, more strongly etched in some persons than in others and typically more prominent in the aged. These markings have some correspondence to the more pronounced grooves and ridges on the undersurface of the plate. Nails grow from a matrix at the base of the nail root. During the early part of their journey, matrix cells multiply and move forward, synthesizing keratin, underneath the fold of skin (eponychium) at the base of the nail. Once exposed to the surface, the nail is fully formed. The nail plate seems to glide over the nail bed, but it is firmly attached to it; the entire tissue, nail bed and plate, most likely moves forward as a unit. The nail bed has often been called sterile matrix, since it adds little or nothing to the nail plate. Yet under certain pathologic conditions, it assumes keratinizing activities that result in a variably thickened or deformed nail plate. Although less effective than claws for digging or gouging, the flattened nail is still an excellent adaptation that has added much to the development of manipulative skills. Nails not only protect the tips of fingers but also give them firmness and the ability to pick up or make contact with minute objects. Claws would be useless for such functions. Cutaneous sense organs The skin has both free nerve endings and so-called corpuscular endings, which include nonnervous elements. The corpuscular endings are further differentiated as encapsulated or nonencapsulated receptors. Free nerve endings occur in the epidermis, in the superficial dermis, where they are arranged in tufts, and in hair follicles. Merkel cells, which are found in the basal layer of the epidermis, are an example of nonencapsulated corpuscular receptors. The most striking example of an encapsulated receptor is the Pacinian corpuscle, an ovoid structure that is about one millimetre in length and lamellated in section, like an onion; these receptors can be found deep in the dermis. Various other dermal sense organs—for example, Golgi-Mazzoni corpuscles, Krause end bulbs, Meissner corpuscles, and Ruffini endings—have also been described. It can easily be demonstrated that touch, cold, warmth, and pain are each perceived in separate points on the skin surface. The various end organs were at one time, therefore, somewhat arbitrarily assigned as monitors of one or another of these qualities. A difficulty was that many of the receptors are present only in glabrous skin, even though hairy skin in similarly perceptive. These earlier ideas were undoubtedly too simple, but electrophysiologists have confirmed the view that the various end organs respond to specific stimuli. The functional existence of mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, and pain receptors has been established, though only some of these can be identified with classical end organs. The Merkel cells and Ruffini endings, for example, are “slowly adapting” mechanoreceptors; while the Meissner, Pacinian, and Golgi-Mazzoni corpuscles and the hair follicle receptors are “rapidly adapting” mechanoreceptors.	Eyelid
Who received a medal in 1838 for assisting her lighthouse keeper father rescue five people from a shipwreck ?	Structure and Function of the Skin - Skin Disorders - Merck Manuals Consumer Version Structure and Function of the Skin Structure and Function of the Skin By Robert J. MacNeal, MD, Maine Medical Center The skin has three layers: Epidermis Fat layer (also called the subcutaneous layer) Each layer performs specific tasks. Getting Under the Skin The skin has three layers. Beneath the surface of the skin are nerves, nerve endings, glands, hair follicles, and blood vessels. Epidermis The epidermis is the relatively thin, tough, outer layer of the skin. Most of the cells in the epidermis are keratinocytes. They originate from cells in the deepest layer of the epidermis called the basal layer. New keratinocytes slowly migrate up toward the surface of the epidermis. Once the keratinocytes reach the skin surface, they are gradually shed and are replaced by newer cells pushed up from below. The outermost portion of the epidermis, known as the stratum corneum, is relatively waterproof and, when undamaged, prevents most bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances from entering the body. The epidermis (along with other layers of the skin) also protects the internal organs, muscles, nerves, and blood vessels against trauma. In certain areas of the body that require greater protection (such as the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet), the outer keratin layer of the epidermis (stratum corneum) is much thicker. Scattered throughout the basal layer of the epidermis are cells called melanocytes, which produce the pigment melanin, one of the main contributors to skin color. Melanin's primary function, however, is to filter out ultraviolet radiation from sunlight (see Overview of Sunlight and Skin Damage ), which damages DNA, resulting in numerous harmful effects, including skin cancer. The epidermis also contains Langerhans cells, which are part of the skin's immune system. Although these cells help detect foreign substances and defend the body against infection, they also play a role in the development of skin allergies. Dermis The dermis, the skin's next layer, is a thick layer of fibrous and elastic tissue (made mostly of collagen, elastin, and fibrillin) that gives the skin its flexibility and strength. The dermis contains nerve endings, sweat glands and oil (sebaceous) glands, hair follicles, and blood vessels. The nerve endings sense pain, touch, pressure, and temperature. Some areas of the skin contain more nerve endings than others. For example, the fingertips and toes contain many nerves and are extremely sensitive to touch. The sweat glands produce sweat in response to heat and stress. Sweat is composed of water, salt, and other chemicals. As sweat evaporates off the skin, it helps cool the body. Specialized sweat glands in the armpits and the genital region (apocrine sweat glands) secrete a thick, oily sweat that produces a characteristic body odor when the sweat is digested by the skin bacteria in those areas. The sebaceous glands secrete sebum into hair follicles. Sebum is an oil, that keeps the skin moist and soft and acts as a barrier against foreign substances. The hair follicles produce the various types of hair found throughout the body. Hair not only contributes to a person's appearance but has a number of important physical roles, including regulating body temperature, providing protection from injury, and enhancing sensation. A portion of the follicle also contains stem cells capable of regrowing damaged epidermis. The blood vessels of the dermis provide nutrients to the skin and help regulate body temperature. Heat makes the blood vessels enlarge (dilate), allowing large amounts of blood to circulate near the skin surface, where the heat can be released. Cold makes the blood vessels narrow (constrict), retaining the body's heat. Over different parts of the body, the number of nerve endings, sweat glands and sebaceous glands, hair follicles, and blood vessels varies. The top of the head, for example, has many hair follicles, whereas the soles of the feet have none. Fat layer Below the dermis lies a layer of fat that helps insulate the body from heat and cold, provides protective padding, and serves as an energy storage area. The fat is contained in living cells, called fat cells, held together by fibrous tissue. The fat layer varies in thickness, from a fraction of an inch on the eyelids to several inches on the abdomen and buttocks in some people. Resources In This Article	i don't know
What was the name of the Brighton hotel bombed by the IRA in 1984?	BBC ON THIS DAY \| 12 \| 1984: Tory Cabinet in Brighton bomb blast About This Site \| Text Only 1984: Tory Cabinet in Brighton bomb blast There has been a direct bomb attack on the British Government at the Conservative party conference in Brighton. At least two people have been killed and many others seriously injured, including two senior Cabinet ministers. The blast tore apart the Brighton Grand Hotel where members of the Cabinet have been staying for the Conservative party conference. Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and her husband Dennis narrowly escaped injury. The IRA has issued a statement claiming it had placed a 100lb bomb in the hotel. The statement read: "Today we were unlucky, but remember, we only have to be lucky once; you will have to be lucky always. Give Ireland peace and there will be no war." The dead have not yet been named. Among the injured were Trade and Industry Secretary Norman Tebbit, his wife Margaret and Government Chief Whip, John Wakeham. Pulled from the rubble Firemen used BBC arc lights after cables were cut to rescue Mr Tebbit from the rubble, in a painstaking operation that took several hours. Breakfast television showed pictures of the rescue and a conscious Mr Tebbit, clearly in pain, being stretchered to safety. His wife suffered neck injuries. The bomb went off at 0254 local time, ripping open the front of the hotel on the top floors and sending masonry crashing down on guests sleeping below. Fireman say many lives were probably saved because the well-constructed Victorian hotel remained standing, despite the central section of eight floors collapsing into the basement. At Mrs Thatcher's insistence the conference opened on schedule at 0930. In her redrafted speech to the party she declared: "This attack has failed. All attempts to destroy democracy by terrorism will fail." The Queen was said to be "very shocked" by the bombing. Opposition Leader Neil Kinnock expressed his "horror and outrage". Meanwhile security in the seaside town has been massively increased as rescue workers continue to search for people trapped in the rubble. Detectives are now beginning a major investigation into who was behind the bombing and how such a major breach in security occurred.	The Grand
Which two tribes combined to defeat General Custer's forces at the Battle of Little Big Horn?	Brighton Grand Hotel bomber Patrick Magee pictured alongside Sir Anthony Berry's daughter \| Daily Mail Online comments Brighton bomber Patrick Magee has returned to the city where he planted a bomb that ripped through the Grand Hotel killing five people and injuring another 34. Magee attended a panel discussion alongside victim's daughter Jo Berry following a screening of the documentary Beyond Right & Wrong at The Old Market in Hove. The intended target of the 1984 IRA terrorist attack was Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and her Tory Cabinet, who were staying at the hotel during the Conservative Party conference. Scroll down for video Jo Berry, whose father was killed in the explosion, and Patrick Magee, the IRA member who planted the bomb Patrick Magee leaving Maze Prison, near Belfast, as part of the prisoner release programme in 1999 Patrick Magee, aged 35, pictured after he was found guilty at the Old Bailey of planting the bomb Magee was handed eight life sentences at the Old Bailey in 1986, with a recommendation he serve a minimum of 35 years. He was released in 1999 under the Good Friday Agreement - having served 13 years for the crime. RELATED ARTICLES Share this article Share The documentary follows the story of Jo Berry, whose father Sir Anthony Berry was killed in the explosion, and her reconciliatory journey with Magee. Ms Berry believed it important Magee attended last night's documentary screening. She said: 'For me, inviting Pat to be there is to show a living example of reconciliation and the power of empathy. It is really important to have him there to demonstrate that. 'Yes, some people will be upset but I think that for peace sometimes you have to take these risks.' Magee declined to give press interviews ahead of the 30th anniversary of the bombing, but Ms Berry believed he had changed considerably. Andrew Mosley (right), general manager of the Grand Hotel, holding a commemoration ceremony at the hotel The Grand Hotel in Brighton, pictured on October 12, 1984, following the deadly bomb blast Left, the Grand Hotel in Brighton pictured as debris from the building is cleared away, and right, the aftermath Sir Anthony Berry and his then fiance, Sarah, pictured together in 1966. Sir Berry was killed in the bomb blast but his daughter Jo has become friends with the IRA bomber responsible for planting the device 'When he planted the bomb he wasn’t seeing human beings. It was a strategy and now he sees human beings and wonderful human beings. It has been about him getting his humanity back. That has changed him, definitely. 'He regards me as a friend. He knows that my dad was a wonderful human being and he knows that some of the qualities I have came from my father and that weighs heavily on him.' Grand Hotel general manager Andrew Mosley said the commemorations were an opportunity to remind staff of what happened 30 years ago. 'To reflect on what it must have been like for our colleagues at the time and to remember those who lost their lives, those who were injured, the community in Brighton that was so badly affected, and members of the emergency services who were called to the blast. 'The message we want to send above all else is that we have not forgotten what happened here 30 years ago.' HOW EVENTS UNFOLDED... The hotel bomb was planted by Patrick Magee and caused the midsection of the hotel to collapse (pictured) Patrick Magee stayed at the Grand Hotel in Brighton during the weekend of September 14 to 17, 1984 under the pseudonym Roy Walsh. He planted the bomb under the bath in his room - number 629. The device had been fitted with a long-delay timer made from components and a safety device. It detonated at 2.54am on October 12 when the midsection of the hotel collapsed into the basement. Margaret Thatcher was still awake at the time working on her conference speech for the next day. Her bedroom and sitting room were not damaged and the Prime Minister and her husband escaped without injury. They were driven to Brighton police station and she gave an impromptu interview to the BBC where she said the conference would still go ahead. Five were killed including Tory MP Sir Anthony Berry, North-West area chairman Eric Taylor, Lady Shattock (wife of the western area chairman), Lady Maclean (wife of Sir Donald Maclean) and Roberta Wakeham (wife of the Parliamentary Treasury Secretary). The IRA claimed responsibility the next day and said it would try again. On 24 June 1985 following investigations into who had stayed in the room, Patrick Magee was arrested in Glasgow. Four members of an IRA unit were also imprisoned for involvement in the plot. Meanwhile, former Tory minister Lord Tebbit has said he can never forgive Magee after his bomb injured him and left his wife paralysed. The then trade and industry secretary, Lord Tebbit was severely injured in the blast and his wife Margaret was left paralysed from the neck down and needing 24-hour care. Lord Tebbit, writing in The Sunday Telegraph, said: ‘I am often asked if I can find it in my heart to forgive the creature, Patrick Magee. That is not possible, for Magee has never repented.’ Speaking to BBC News he added: 'One can hope that there’s a particularly hot corner of Hell reserved for him and they can repent in his own time there.' He continued: ‘Magee is just a low creature and an object of contempt, particularly as he now tries to make something of a living out of talking about it. ‘He was no more than a monkey on an organ grinder's organ.’ For the 83-year-old former RAF pilot, the anniversary was ‘just another day’ as he and his wife live with the injuries they sustained in the attack. Lord Tebbit and his wife Margaret (pictured at their Bury St Edmunds home) were both injured in the bombing Lord and Lady Tebbit leave hospital after being injured in the IRA bombing In a statement, David Cameron said the anniversary was a timely reminder of Mrs Thatcher’s words at the time that ‘Britain will never be cowed by terrorists’. He said: ‘It is a message we repeat today as we face down the threat from violent extremism, whether in the skies over Iraq or on the streets of our towns and cities. ‘As we remember today those killed and injured in Brighton, we must renew our vow that terrorism must never win.'	i don't know
Where would you find a 'Bullet Train'?	What is a Bullet Train? (with pictures) What is a Bullet Train? Last Modified Date: 29 November 2016 Copyright Protected: These 10 facts about space will blow your mind A bullet train is a term used to describe a high-speed passenger rail train. Originating in Japan, it is so named because of its sleek, aerodynamic appearance and its speed. The actual Japanese word for this rail service is Shinkansen, which, when literally translated into English, means “new trunk lines.” Public transportation is an important element of Japanese society, as the topography of the island nation limits the amount of available and usable space for roads. For many people, mass transportation is their main means of transportation. In light of this fact, the bullet train was conceived as a high-speed railway that would reduce the travel time between Japan’s large cities. The train achieves its high speed through the use of an aerodynamic shape and technology designed to fully maximize the power of the train. The railroad tracks for it were developed specifically for high-speed rail service. Conventional trains do not run on the Shinkansen lines and high-speed trains do not run on conventional tracks. This allows the trains to run at consistently high speeds, without having to reduce their operating speeds for slower trains on the tracks. The tracks are not designed to go around hills or mountains. Rather, a system of tunnels and viaducts allow the trains to go through any obstruction, which helps the Shinkansen maintain its high speeds. There are no railroad crossings, no changes of the right-of-way, and limited stops on the route. The bullet train began service in Japan in late 1964, connecting the cities of Tokyo and Osaka. The original trains traveled at approximately 125 miles per hour (200 kilometers per hour.) This allowed the 320 mile (550 kilometer) distance between Tokyo and Osaka to be traveled in about three hours. Today, the system consists of eight lines of service throughout most of Japan. It can reach speeds of up to 200 miles per hour (322 kilometers per hour) and make the journey between Tokyo and Osaka in approximately two and one-half hours. Since the Shinkansen began operation in 1964, over 6 billion passengers have traveled on the railway, and there have been no major accidents. The success of the high-speed rail line in Japan encouraged other nations to develop their own similar programs. High-speed rail is now a fixture of mass transportation in many European and Asian nations. Two of the more notable services are in France and Spain. The French Train à Grande Vitesse (TGV) line is widely considered to be the most extensive high-speed rail system in Europe. The TGV began service in 1981 between the cities of Paris and Lyon. By 2007, the line had over 200 destinations throughout France and in neighboring countries such as Germany, Switzerland, and Luxembourg. It is estimated that, as of 2009, the system has carried in excess of 1.3 billion passengers since service began. Spain's bullet train service, known as the Alta Velocidad Española, or AVE, began service in 1992 between the cities of Seville and Madrid. It has now expanded north to the city of Barcelona and south of Seville to the city of Malaga. Spain is planning future expansion of the line, which would ultimately create a larger network than the French line. Other nations with high-speed rail include the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, Portugal Taiwan and South Korea. China began development of its own program in the late 1990s and early 2000s. High-speed service began in Shanghai in 2004, and in 2008, service between Beijing and Tianjin was inaugurated. China is now embarking on an ambitious expansion program to provide high-speed service throughout the nation. Ad	Japan
What is the sea that lies between Italy and Yugoslavia?	This 300-MPH Bullet Train Will Take You From D.C. To New York In Just An Hour \| Co.Exist \| ideas + impact This 300-MPH Bullet Train Will Take You From D.C. To New York In Just An Hour Aren't you cute with your Acela? This maglev train project backed by some powerful names could zip commuters along the Northeast corridor. Best part: It's not (total) fantasy. 01 /05 The Northeast Maglev company is pursuing a plan to create a high-speed route between New York and D.C. using a train that levitates on magnets. 02 /05 It will be expensive, though: Just building between D.C. and Baltimore will cost $10 billion. 03 /05 If successful, the Northeast Maglev would carry passengers one way in 60 minutes, and from Baltimore to D.C. in 15 minutes. 04 /05 The train--like this one in Japan--would run on a bed of air, levitated by a series of electromagnetic coils located on the track. 05 /05 The current maglev project plans on using tunnels to bypass the curves, but that will require significant funds from the federal government, which seems unlikely in the current political climate. Slide Show: 5 images 18 Visions Of The City Of The Future, From The Past How The Robots Will Take Your Job And Kill The Economy Predictions About The Last Decade, From Futurists In 2005 Inside The Near-Future World Where All Our Data And Machines Are In Constant Communication Sydney Brownstone 11.07.13 7:57 AM Possibly egged on by Hyperloop optimism, an old proposal for turning the Northeast Corridor into a high-speed transit route has risen from the grave. Investors in the Northeast Maglev (TNEM) , an American company with funding from a Japanese government bank, say that a superconducting magnetic levitation train is the future of transportation between Washington, D.C. and New York City. If successful, the Northeast Maglev would carry passengers one way in 60 minutes, and from Baltimore to D.C. in 15 minutes. (Magnets! How do they work?) "What's happening is we're operating on 1940s and 1950s infrastructure and drowning in congestion," Northeast Maglev CEO and chairman Wayne Rogers tells Co.Exist. "This isn't pie-in-the-sky technology. This is something that you could fly to Tokyo, sit on a train, and actually ride a train that goes 311 miles per hour," he adds, referring to the maglev route currently being tested between Nagoya and Tokyo in Japan , which is planned to be completed by 2027. The train itself would run on a bed of air, levitated by a series of electromagnetic coils located on the track. In superconducting maglev trains, the interaction between the magnets on the track and the train not only holds the train up, but the coils also use an electric current to push and pull the train along. Similar magnetic levitation projects along the corridor have been considered in the past, but they repeatedly failed to gather legislative support. Curves that slowed down the train were a problem, as were low passenger projections, John Harding, a former U.S. Department of Transportation maglev scientist, told the Baltimore Sun . The current maglev project plans on using tunnels to bypass the curves, but that will require significant funds (train ridership is also at an all-time high). Rogers expects that the first leg of the route, just between D.C. and Baltimore, would cost some $10 billion . TNEM does have some high-profile support working in its favor, though. Its advisory board includes two former transportation secretaries, former majority leader Tom Daschle, Under Armour CEO Kevin Plank, former Northwest Airlines CEO Doug Steenland, and former governors of New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania (George Pataki, Christine Todd Whitman, and Ed Rendell). But while the Japanese government has committed to working with the United States , TNEM still anticipates needing funding from the federal government—an amount to be determined once the route is settled, says Rogers. The federal government is not doling out tens of billions of dollars to major, untested infrastructure projects these days. Still, Rogers is incredibly hopeful (as one would have to be). Compared to past attempts, "the concept is different, the sponsorship is different, the routing is different, and the technology is different," Rogers says. Plus, if people can get excited about the Hyperloop , why not get behind this? "I think one of the things [the Hyperloop] has done—without commenting on the feasibility of the Hyperloop or not—is it's brought people's attention to the problem and brings America back to the things it's good at, which is thinking big things and implementing cutting-edge technologies on terrific projects," Rogers says. That said, America is also great at producing faddish dreams that deflate quickly when it's time to actually make them happen. Tangible results? Suppose we'll find out. In the meantime, the Acela, our "fast" train , will keep inching along. Never miss a story.	i don't know
Which was the only state in the USA to be named after a President?	Masonic Presidents of the United States – Freemason Information Five Infamous Masons Many believe that every U.S. President was a Freemason. But, there were only a few Freemason Presidents in the long line of Americas Executive office. Among those President’s what also wore the Masonic Apron you will find a few familiar names among a few lesser known presidents. Along with their Masonic careers, so too will you discover a few lesser known facts that bear interesting consideration in light of their fraternal affiliation. American Masonic Presidents Freemason Presidents of the United States of America George Washington George Washington President 1789-1797 / Master Mason 1753 George Washington became a Mason at age 20 in 1753. it is suggested that he may have attended approximately nine Masonic lodge meetings during the remaining 46 years of his life, and probably never presided over any lodge. However, George Washington wrote letters in which he said he was happy to be a Mason, and, in 1791, described Masonry as being “founded in justice and benevolence…the grand object of Masonry is to promote the happiness of the human race.” Asked more specifically about Freemasonry in 1798, Washington wrote, “…So far as I am acquainted with the principles and Doctrines of Free Masonry, I conceive them to be founded on benevolence and to be exercised for the good of mankind. If it has been a Cloak to promote improper or nefarious objects, it is a melancholly [sic] proof that in unworthy hands, the best institutions may be made use of to promote the worst designs.” Interestingly, brother George Washington took his oath of office as the first President of the United States with his hand upon a Bible from St. John’s Lodge No. 1,of the Ancient York Masons. Since then, George Washington’s Inaugural Bible has been used used for the inaugurations of Warren G. Harding, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Jimmy Carter, and George H. W. Bush. Additional use has been made in the funeral processions of Presidents Washington and Abraham Lincoln and in the center-stone laying of the U.S. Capitol, the addition of the Washington Monument, the centennials of the cornerstone laying of the White House, U.S. Capitol, and the Statue of Liberty, the 1964 World’s Fair as well as the launching of the aircraft carrier George Washington. The Washington bible is, interestingly, still in active use by St. Johns Lodge when not in civic display. James Monroe President 1817-1825 / Master Mason 1776 Entered Apprentice in Williamsburg Lodge No. 6 at Williamsburg, VA., on November 9, 1775. Sadly there is no record of his taking any further degrees beyond the first. The records of Cumberland Lodge no. 8 in Tennessee, June 8, 1819, show a reception for Monroe as “a Brother of the Craft.” possibly a Master Mason in 1776. Said of the Masonic president James Monroe, he was an “Episcopalian of deistic tendencies who valued civic virtues above religious doctrine.” Stating in his first inaugural address the concept of religious freedom, “boasting that Americans may worship ‘the Divine Author’ in any manner they choose.” From The Religion of James Monroe , in the Virginia Quarterly Review, Autumn, 2003. Andrew Jackson President 1829-1837 / Master Mason 1800 It is suggested that President Jackson become a Mason in Harmony lodge No. 1 in Tennessee. Harmony Lodge began as No. 29 under the charter of North Carolina, later to be named No. 1 under the Tennessee grand Lodge in 1913. It has been said that Br. Jackson attended lodge at Clover Bottom Lodge under the Grand Lodge of Kentucky. He was present in lodge at Greeneville in 1801 and acted as Senior Warden pro-tem. The records of St. Tammany Lodge No. 29 at Nashville, which became Harmony Lodge no. 1 under the Grand Lodge of Tennessee, show that Jackson was a member. A very active Freemason, President Jackson served as the Grand Master of Tennessee Masons from 1822 to 1823. James K. Polk President 1845-1849 / Master Mason 1820 Master Mason 1820. EA, FC, MM, in Columbia Lodge No. 31, Columbia, Tenn., 1820, exalted a Royal Arch Mason in La Fayette Chapter No. 4 at Columbia in 1825. President Polk, as a Freemason and elected Commander in Chief, assisted in the cornerstone laying of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. on May 1, 1847. In Polk’s career as president he oversaw the opening of the U.S. Naval Academy and the Smithsonian Institution, the groundbreaking for the Washington Monument, and the issuance of the first postage stamps in the United States. Polk was an early supporter of westward expansion expressed in a term that Democrats would later call “Manifest Destiny.” James Buchanan President 1857-1861 / Master Mason 1817 Master Mason 1817, Entered Apprentice Dec. 11, 1816, Lancaster Lodge No. 43, Lancaster, PA, Fellowcraft & Master Mason degrees in 1817. President Buchanan was the Junior Warden of his lodge from 1821 to 1822, and the Worshipful Master of the lodge in 1825. He was later exalted in Royal Arch Chapter No. 43, in 1826 going on to become Deputy Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania. Said of Buchanan in his work President James Buchanan: A Biography, by Philip S Klein , “His many talents, which in a quieter era might have gained for him a place among the great presidents, were quickly overshadowed by the cataclysmic events of civil war and by the towering Abraham Lincoln.” Andrew Johnson President 1865-1869 / Master Mason 1851 Master Mason 1851, Entered Apprentice, Fellowcraft, in Greeneville Lodge No. 119 now No. 3 at Greeneville, Tenn. In 1851, johnson was probably a member of Greeneville Chapter No. 82, Royal Arch Masons, as he joined the Nashville York Rite Commandery of Knights Templar No. 1 in 1859. President Johnson received the Scottish Rite degrees in the White House in 1867. Johnson joined the fraternity at the conclusion of his Senatorial term in the House of Representatives in 1843. James A. Garfield President 1881 / Master Mason 1864 Master Mason 1864, EA & FC Magnolia Lodge No. 20, Columbus, Ohio, MM Columbus Lodge No. 30, 1864, Affiliated with Garrettsville Lodge No. 246 in 1866, Affiliated with Pentalpha Lodge No. 23 Washington, D. C. as charter member in 1869. Exalted in Columbus Royal Arch Chapter 1866, and Knight Templar 1866, 14th Degree Scottish Rite 1872. In his time, Garfield is credited as being a Chaplin of a lodge that he held membership in. Politically interesting, Garfield supported articles of impeachment against President (and Masonic Brother) Andrew Johnson over charges that he violated the Tenure of Office Act by removing Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton. William McKinley President 1897-1901 / Master Mason 1865 Master Mason 1865, He is sometimes said to have received EA, FC, MM, in Hiram Lodge No. 10 in Winchester, West Virginia, in 1865, but William Moseley Brown is authority for the statement that this event took place in Hiram Lodge No. 21 at Winchester, Virginia in that year. McKinley affiliated with Canton Lodge No. 60 at Canton, Ohio in 1867 and later became a charter member of Eagle Lodge No. 43. He received the Capitular degrees in Canton in 1883 and was made a Knight Templar in 1884. President William McKinley said in 1901 that the brotherhood of fraternal societies was similar to the brotherhood of “equal citizenship” in the U.S. It is suggested that McKinley became a Mason upon observing fraternal kindnesses exchanged between Masons in the Union and Confederate Armies during the Civil War. Theodore Roosevelt President 1901-1909 / Master Mason 1901 Master Mason 1901, EA, FC, MM, in Matinecock Lodge No. 806, Oyster Bay, NY in 1901. Somewhat active, and very supportive of Freemasonry. Theodore Roosevelt, said in 1902, “One of the things that attracted me so greatly to Masonry . . . was that it really did live up to what we, as a government, are pledged to — of treating each man on his merits as a Man”. From Roosevelt’s obituary in the New York Times , January 1919: Colonel Roosevelt was a member of the local lodge of Masons, and never failed to keep up his interest in it. He had made a habit for many years of visiting Masonic lodges wherever he went, as a member of the Oyster Bay lodge, and, returning, to tell his brother Masons here of his visits. William H. Taft President 1909-1913 / Master Mason 1901 President Taft was made a Master Mason at Sight in Kilwinning Lodge No. 356, in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1901. That made him a member at large, until the Grand Lodge issued a demit to Taft when he became a regular member of that lodge. Somewhat active, Taft was very supportive of Freemasonry. More on on Taft an Freemasonry from the National Heritage Museum: Making a Mason at Sight: The Case of President-Elect Taft . To the diversity of faith that Freemasonry supports, Tast was a member of the First Congregational-Unitarian Church which he joined at an early age through his parents. It is suggested that as he rose in government, he spent little time in Cincinnati. and attended the church infrequently worshiping when he could. Warren G. Harding President 1921-1923 / Master Mason 1920 President Harding received his Entered Apprentice Degree at Lodge No. 7O, in Marion, Ohio on June 28, 1901. He received no other degree until after becoming U.S. President, FC & MM in Marion Lodge No. 70 in 1920 (MM Aug. 27, 1920), Royal Arch Chapter degrees in Marion Chapter No. 62 in 1921; Knight Templar in Marion Commandery No. 36, in 1921, Scottish Rite and Shrine in 1921. Interestingly, Harding was blackballed on the first petition for membership in 1901 on objection and rumor over his heritage. That impediment was over come and he was made an Entered apprentice on June of that year, but delaying his further progress for nearly 20 years. Franklin D. Roosevelt President 1933-1945 / Master Mason 1911 Master Mason 1911, EA Oct 11, 1911, FC, MM, in Holland Lodge No. 8, New York City, in 1911, Scottish Rite in Albany Consistory 1929, Shrine in 1930. Somewhat active, and very supportive of Freemasonry Theodore Roosevelt, said in 1902, “One of the things that attracted me so greatly to Masonry . . . was that it really did live up to what we, as a government, are pledged to — of treating each man on his merits as a Man”. Harry S. Truman President 1945-1953 / Master Mason 1909 Master Mason 1909, EA Feb. 9, 1909, Belton Lodge No. 450, Grandview, Missouri, MM 1909. In 1911, Truman was the 1st WM of the new Grandview Lodge No. 618. Grand Master of Missouri 1940-1941. Very active and supportive of Freemasonry, Master of Missouri Lodge of Research while U.S. President, Masonic Ritualist, district lecturer and deputy Grand Master for several years, buried with Masonic rites in Independence, MO, in televised ceremony. Harry S. Truman was Grand Master of Missouri, an enthusiastic Masonic ritualist, and Master of lodges while an active politician. He attended Masonic lodge meetings while campaigning, and while he was President of the U.S., and he wrote, “The greatest honor that has ever come to me, and that can ever come to me in my life, is to be Grand Master of Masons in Missouri” Gerald R. Ford President 1974-1977 / Master Mason 1949 Master Mason 1951, EA Sep. 30, 1949, Malta Lodge No. 465, Grand Rapids, Michigan, courtesy FC & MM Columbia Lodge No. 3, Washington, D.C., Apr. 20 & May 18, 1951 Ford was initiated September 30, 1949, at Malta Lodge No. 465, in Grand Rapids, Michigan, along with his half-brothers Thomas Gardner Ford (1918-1995), Richard Addison Ford and James Francis Ford. The Fellowcraft and Master Mason Degrees were Conferred by Columbia Lodge No. 3, Washington, D.C., on April 20 and May 18, 1951, as a courtesy to Malta Lodge. Brother Ford was made a Sovereign Grand Inspector General, 33rd degree, and Honorary Member, Supreme Council A.A.S.R. Northern Jurisdiction at the Academy of Music in Philadelphia, on September 26, 1962, for which he served as Exemplar (Representative) for his Class. Brother and President Ford was unanimously elected an Active Member of the International Supreme Council, Order of DeMolay and its Honorary Grand Master, at its Annual Session held at Orlando, Florida, April 6-9, 1975. Ford held this post until January 1977, at which time he became a Past Honorary Grand Master, receiving his Collar and Jewel on October 24, 1978 in Topeka, Kansas, from the Hon. Thomas C. Raum, Jr., Grand Master, Order of DeMolay. Lyndon B. Johnson President 1963-1969 / Fellowcraft 1937 Lyndon B. Johnson was initiated on October 30, 1937 in Johnson City Lodge No. 561, at Johnson City, Texas. As having never completed his degrees, Johnson is not considered in this list as one of the Masonic Presidents. Ben Franklin Statesman While not a President, Ben Franklin is no less a prominent Founding Father and worthy of being added to this list.	Washington
What year was Juan Carlos proclaimed King of Spain?	James Garfield \| whitehouse.gov Air Force One James Garfield James Garfield was elected as the United States' 20th President in 1881, after nine terms in the U.S. House of Representatives. His Presidency was impactful, but cut short after 200 days when he was assassinated. As the last of the log cabin Presidents, James A. Garfield attacked political corruption and won back for the Presidency a measure of prestige it had lost during the Reconstruction period. He was born in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, in 1831. Fatherless at two, he later drove canal boat teams, somehow earning enough money for an education. He was graduated from Williams College in Massachusetts in 1856, and he returned to the Western Reserve Eclectic Institute (later Hiram College) in Ohio as a classics professor. Within a year he was made its president. Garfield was elected to the Ohio Senate in 1859 as a Republican. During the secession crisis, he advocated coercing the seceding states back into the Union. In 1862, when Union military victories had been few, he successfully led a brigade at Middle Creek, Kentucky, against Confederate troops. At 31, Garfield became a brigadier general, two years later a major general of volunteers. Meanwhile, in 1862, Ohioans elected him to Congress. President Lincoln persuaded him to resign his commission: It was easier to find major generals than to obtain effective Republicans for Congress. Garfield repeatedly won re-election for 18 years, and became the leading Republican in the House. At the 1880 Republican Convention, Garfield failed to win the Presidential nomination for his friend John Sherman. Finally, on the 36th ballot, Garfield himself became the "dark horse" nominee. By a margin of only 10,000 popular votes, Garfield defeated the Democratic nominee, Gen. Winfield Scott Hancock. As President, Garfield strengthened Federal authority over the New York Customs House, stronghold of Senator Roscoe Conkling, who was leader of the Stalwart Republicans and dispenser of patronage in New York. When Garfield submitted to the Senate a list of appointments including many of Conkling's friends, he named Conkling's arch-rival William H. Robertson to run the Customs House. Conkling contested the nomination, tried to persuade the Senate to block it, and appealed to the Republican caucus to compel its withdrawal. But Garfield would not submit: "This...will settle the question whether the President is registering clerk of the Senate or the Executive of the United States.... shall the principal port of entry ... be under the control of the administration or under the local control of a factional senator." Conkling maneuvered to have the Senate confirm Garfield's uncontested nominations and adjourn without acting on Robertson. Garfield countered by withdrawing all nominations except Robertson's; the Senators would have to confirm him or sacrifice all the appointments of Conkling's friends. In a final desperate move, Conkling and his fellow-Senator from New York resigned, confident that their legislature would vindicate their stand and re-elect them. Instead, the legislature elected two other men; the Senate confirmed Robertson. Garfield's victory was complete. In foreign affairs, Garfield's Secretary of State invited all American republics to a conference to meet in Washington in 1882. But the conference never took place. On July 2, 1881, in a Washington railroad station, an embittered attorney who had sought a consular post shot the President. Mortally wounded, Garfield lay in the White House for weeks. Alexander Graham Bell, inventor of the telephone, tried unsuccessfully to find the bullet with an induction-balance electrical device which he had designed. On September 6, Garfield was taken to the New Jersey seaside. For a few days he seemed to be recuperating, but on September 19, 1881, he died from an infection and internal hemorrhage. The Presidential biographies on WhiteHouse.gov are from “The Presidents of the United States of America,” by Frank Freidel and Hugh Sidey. Copyright 2006 by the White House Historical Association. Learn more about James Garfield 's spouse, Lucretia Rudolph Garfield .	i don't know
Which US President was a peanut farmer?	From peanut farmer to US president, Jimmy Carter fights for human rights \| The National Jimmy Carter by Kagan McLeod for The National From peanut farmer to US president, Jimmy Carter fights for human rights Profiles For generations, the sleepy settlement of Plains (population 680), set "among the pine trees, peanut fields, magnolias and gnats" of Southwest Georgia in the US, as the city itself puts it, had only one thing going for it - peanuts. That all changed in 1976 when local boy and peanut farmer Jimmy Carter, who had been elected governor of the State of Georgia in 1970, won the Democratic Party's presidential nomination and, to the surprise of many, Plains became the hometown of the 39th President of the United States. Carter has continued to make the town of Plains proud well after his four-year term in the White House, with his continuing efforts on human rights around the world. So his attack this week on America's "cruel and unusual" human-rights record, published on Sunday in The New York Times - a scathing comment on the US administration's drone warfare and terror laws - was entirely in keeping not only with his beliefs, but also with his record as president and his tireless work since as founder of the Atlanta-based Carter Center, dedicated since 1982 to "Waging peace. Fighting disease. Building hope". His personal path to power, however, began at Plains High School, where he was heavily influenced by a teacher, Julia Coleman, whom he mentioned in his inaugural presidential speech and always credited with having developed his sense of social responsibility. Community was always important to Carter, who began serving as a Sunday School teacher as a young man, but his first taste of public office came in 1955, when he ran for and won a seat on the Sumter County Board of Education. Research carried out in 1977 by Debrett's, the authority on English lineage, revealed that Carter was genetically cut out for high office - he was related to George Washington, three other early American presidents and Queen Elizabeth I. But it was the issue of racial segregation that led Carter on the march towards the highest office. Carter had joined the US Navy in 1943 and planned to make it a career. In 1954, however, the death of his father from cancer obliged him to resign his commission and return to Plains with his wife, Rosalynn, whom he had married in 1946, to run the family peanut farm. Immediately, they ran into trouble - natural, and man-made. First, a bad drought hit the farm's profits; then a White Citizens' Council was formed to maintain white supremacy in the South. Carter refused to join and, for a while, his business was boycotted. Segregation in the southern US would be a deciding factor in Carter's decision to run for office. In fact, he announced his candidacy for the state Senate in 1961 on the same day James Meredith attempted to enrol as the first black student at the University of Mississippi. Later, as governor and president, Carter was "continually reminded by national and world events of these earliest days of my political life and the similar challenges that still confront people everywhere who search for justice, truth, human rights and governments in which they can have confidence". Carter's presidency was unpretentious. On his inauguration day, Carter walked to the White House and, once there, he and Rosalynn kept things simple. Three of their four children were adults by that time and the last, Amy, was sent to a public school in Washington. The deeply religious Carter brought a level of moral clarity to the presidency, rooted in Old Testament values - his fierce critique in TheNew York Times of US policy under Barack Obama was in keeping with his political and religious beliefs. He attacked the current administration's official sanctioning of overseas assassinations, the "hundreds of innocent civilians" killed by the use of drones in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Somalia and Yemen, "unthinkable in previous times", the introduction of legislation to legalise the president's right to detain terror suspects indefinitely and the use of torture at Guantanamo Bay. But for Carter, these concerns were nothing new, and echoed a commitment to human rights he first expressed in his inaugural speech as a Democratic president. "Our commitment to human rights must be absolute, our laws fair," he said on January 20, 1977. "The powerful must not persecute the weak and human dignity must be enhanced." It was a doctrine to which he adhered faithfully throughout his presidency. At the time, Carter's presidency may have seemed a little dull, but that, say his supporters, was the beauty of it. After his defeat by Ronald Reagan in 1980, one presidential historian wrote that Carter would be remembered "for the things that didn't happen in his term. It was four years without war or social unrest" - and that, concluded James David Barber, "considering our record ... is no small achievement". There were, of course, dark moments. Perhaps one of his least popular acts was the boycott of the 1980 Moscow Olympics in protest of the Soviet Union's invasion of Afghanistan, and the consequent destruction of the dreams of a generation of young American athletes. The most disastrous, however, occurred in April 1980. After months of fruitless diplomacy, Carter gave the go-ahead for a bold military attempt to free 52 Americans who had been held hostage for more than a year at the US Embassy in Tehran, Iran. If they had pulled it off, it would have been the making of his presidency. But Operation Eagle Claw, launched from an aircraft carrier in the Indian Ocean, fell foul of mechanical problems, sandstorms and bad planning, leaving eight US servicemen dead and the mission a humiliating failure. As a former Navy man, Carter felt the losses deeply and publicly accepted responsibility for the failure. It was an admission that doubtlessly contributed to his landslide defeat to Reagan that November. Yet his brother Billy also contributed to his undoing. Billy was responsible for a number of embarrassing episodes and social gaffes, including trading on the family name to promote a brand of beer. More serious, however, were allegations that he had accepted money to act as an agent of Libya, and he found himself the subject of a Senate committee investigation into the "activities of individuals representing interests of foreign governments". "Billy has had no influence on US policy or actions concerning Libya in the past, and he will have no influence in the future," Carter wrote in August 1980. But the damage was done. For Jimmy Carter, however, the end of the presidency was the beginning of something bigger. Unlike many former presidents, Carter has grown in stature rather than been diminished by the loss of the office - a process that began with the foundation of The Carter Center. According to the historian Douglas Brinkley, who made Carter's legacy the subject of his Stuart Bernath Memorial Lecture in Chicago in 1996, Carter had taken his presidential capital and "invested it in the causes that were dearest to him as president, and the returns have been impressive", earning Carter respect as the best ex-president the country has ever had. Since he had left the White House 15 years earlier, Carter, "equipped with the unusual combination of spiritual strength, high-level international experience and brilliant organisational skills", had moved between "intractable problems and volatile trouble spots, ensuring democratic elections, mediating potentially murderous conflicts, listening to nations and leaders and common people who have no other audience, bringing help to the afflicted, peace to the beleaguered, hope to the despairing". Carter has always shown a special interest in the Middle East. Indeed, it was his success as president in bringing together Egypt's Anwar Sadat and Israel's Menachem Begin to sign the Camp David Accords in 1978 that paved the way for the Carter Center's acceptance worldwide as an honest broker for peace and laid the groundwork for the awarding of the Nobel Peace Prize to the former president in 2002. Over the past 30 years the Carter Center has intervened successfully in countries as diverse as North Korea, Sudan, Uganda and Liberia and launched health initiatives among some of the world's poorest communities. In January, for example, Carter announced US$40 million (Dh147m) in donations to the center's campaign to eradicate Guinea worm disease, from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and Sheikh Khalifa, President of the UAE. In all its forms, "human rights," Carter once said, was "the soul of our foreign policy" and, in his 87th year, it remains at the heart of his work. Members of the current US administration, smarting at the rebuke handed down by the peanut farmer who became one of their nation's most respected statesmen, would do well to revisit the cautionary words of Carter's inaugural speech. "To be true to ourselves, we must be true to others. We will not behave in foreign places so as to violate our rules and standards here at home, for we know that the trust which our nation earns is essential to our strength." ï¿½ The Biog ?October 1, 1924 born James Earl Carter, son of a businessman and a nurse, in Plains, Georgia 1943 joins US Navy 1946 marries Eleanor Rosalynn Smith 1953 resigns Navy commission as lieutenant to run family peanut farm after his fatherï¿½s death 1961 elected to state senate; re-elected in 1964 1966 defeated in bid to become governor of Georgia 1970 elected governor of Georgia 1976 wins Democratic presidential nomination and defeats Gerald Ford to become 39th US President 1980 boycotts Moscow Olympics; loses presidential election to Ronald Reagan 1982 founds The Carter Center in Atlanta 2002 wins Nobel Peace Prize	Jimmy Carter
What was the name of America's first atomic powered submarine?	U.S. Presidential Fun Facts Did you know that Andrew Johnson, the 17th president of the United States, was a tailor before he was president? Or that one of George Washington's favorite foods was ice cream ? These are just two of the interesting facts about past U.S. presidents National Geographic Kids has collected. Abraham Lincoln Many presidents had unusual careers before entering the White House. Jimmy Carter, the 39th president, was a peanut farmer. Ronald Reagan, the 40th president, was a movie actor. And Abraham Lincoln, the 16th president, once worked chopping rails for fences. According to John Riley of the White House Historical Association, Harry Truman was a haberdasher. A haberdasher (HAB-er-dash-er) is someone who deals in men's clothing and accessories, particularly hats. Once in the White House, each President made his mark in different ways. In fact, before Theodore Roosevelt, the 26th President, came to office, the White House wasn't even called the White House! People called the building the President's Palace, President's House, and the Executive Mansion. Roosevelt officially named it the White House in 1901. Theodore Roosevelt wasn't the only president to invent a new expression. Martin Van Buren, the eighth president, is sometimes credited with creating the word "OK." Van Buren was from Kinderhook, New York . During his campaign, Old Kinderhook (O.K.) clubs formed to support the president. Later "OK" or "okay" came to mean "all right." There have been many other interesting presidential firsts. James Polk, the 11th president, was the first president to have his photograph taken. Theodore Roosevelt was the first president to ride in a car while in office. His fifth cousin and the 32nd president, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, was the first to ride in an airplane. What will be the next big presidential first? First to ride in a spaceship? Theodore Roosevelt MORE FACTS At 6 feet, 4 inches (1.9 meters), Abraham Lincoln was the tallest U.S. president. In 1933, First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt took a flight over the area between Washington, D.C. , and Baltimore, Maryland , with famed aviator Amelia Earhart. The White House's first website made its debut in October of 1994 under the Clinton administration. The 18th president of the United States, Ulysses S. Grant, was given a $20 speeding ticket for riding his horse and buggy too fast down a street in Washington, D.C. William Henry Harrison, the ninth president, was the only president who studied to be a medical doctor. Millard Fillmore, the 13th president, was the first president to have a stepmother. James Garfield, the 20th president, was the first left-handed president.	i don't know

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